10 Notes on Current Protection and Management within Recommended Areas _____ 452 10.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) ____________452 10.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) ___453 10.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________________________________453 10.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) ________________________________________454 10.5 Thorny Passage (Eyre Bioregion) ____________________________________________________455 10.6 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) ______455 10.7 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) _____________________________________________456 10.8 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) _____________________________________________456 10.9 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf/North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) ___________________________________________________________________________457 10.10 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion)___________________________________457 10.11 South-Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) _________________________________459 10.12 Western Investigator Strait, between the “Toe” of Yorke Peninsula and Northern Kangaroo Island (Eyre/Gulf St Vincent Biregion Boundary)___________________________________________460 10.13 North-Western, Western and South-Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Region)______________461 10.14 Southern Eyre (Eyre Bioregion) ____________________________________________________461 10.15 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) _____________________________461 10.16 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) ____________________________________462 10.17 Southern Fleurieu / North-East Kangaroo Island / Backstairs Passage / Encounter Bay / Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) _____________________________________________________464 10.18 Upper South-East (Coorong / Otway Bioregion Boundary)______________________________468 10.19 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion)________________________________________________469 11 Other MPA / Reserve Nominations within each Recommended Area ____________ 471 11.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) ____________473 11.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) ___474 11.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________________________________475 11.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) ________________________________________475 11.5 Thorny Passage (Eyre Bioregion) ____________________________________________________475 11.6 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) ______476 11.7 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) _____________________________________________477 11.8 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) _____________________________________________477 11.9 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf / North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) ___________________________________________________________________________477 11.10 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion)___________________________________477 11.11 South-Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) _________________________________478 11.12 Western Investigator Strait, between “Toe” of Yorke Peninsula and Northern Kangaroo Island (Eyre / Gulf St Vincent Bioregion Boundary)_______________________________________________478 11.13 North-Western, Western and South-Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Bioregion) ___________479 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 2 Technical Report 2004 11.14 Southern Eyre (Eyre Bioregion) ____________________________________________________480 11.15 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) _____________________________481 11.16 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) ____________________________________482 11.17 Southern Fleurieu / North-East Kangaroo Island / Backstairs Passage / Encounter Bay / Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) _____________________________________________________484 11.18 Upper South-East (Coorong/Otway Bioregions Boundary) ______________________________488 11.19 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion)________________________________________________488 12 Miscellaneous Information about Conservation and Management within Recommended Areas ______________________________________________ 489 12.1 Overview ________________________________________________________________________489 12.1.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) ___________________ 12.1.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) ___________ 12.1.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) ________________________________________________ 12.1.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) ______________________________________________ 12.1.5 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) ______________ 12.1.6 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________________________________________ 12.1.7 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________________________________________ 12.1.8 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf/North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) ____ 12.1.9 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion) _________________________________________ 12.1.10 South-Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) _______________________________________ 12.1.11 North-Western, Western and South-Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________ 12.1.12 Southern Eyre coastal (Eyre Bioregion) ___________________________________________________ 12.1.13 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion)___________________________________ 12.1.14 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) _________________________________________ 12.1.15 Southern Fleurieu/North-East KI/Backstairs Passage/Encounter Bay/Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion)_________________________________________________________________________________ 12.1.16 Lower Upper South-East (Coorong/Otway Bioregions Boundary) ______________________________ 12.1.17 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion) ____________________________________________________ 489 490 491 491 492 492 492 493 493 494 494 495 496 497 498 500 500 References_______________________________________________________________ 501 Environmental and Geographic Index ________________________________________ 594 Appendix 1: The Commonwealth’s National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas – Goals and Criteria _________________________________ 608 Appendix 2. South Australian Marine Bioregions ______________________________ 611 Appendix 3. Existing MPAs in South Australia ________________________________ 620 Appendix 4: Examples of Species Biodiversity in South Australian Continental Shelf Waters ___________________________________________________________ 638 Appendix 5: IUCN Protected Area Management Categories, and Commonwealth Application to Australian Protected Areas _____________________________ 829 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 3 Technical Report 2004 10 Notes on Current Protection and Management within Recommended Areas 10.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) • A considerable number of coastal conservation parks in the region include intertidal components (Ashman, 1996). See also descriptions in Part 1 of this table, in section titled National and/or International Importance, for more information about the reasons for declaration, and features recognised under the Register of the National Estate. • Isles of St. Francis Conservation Park: Covers 1,315 hectares (Australian Heritage Commission, undated) and includes islands such as Egg, Smooth, Freeling, Dog, St. Francis, Masillon, and Fenelon. The park was proclaimed to “conserve island populations and habitat for threatened species” (Ashman, 1996). The boundary of the park extends to mean low water mark (DENR 1995, cited by Ashman, 1996). • Nuyts Archipelago Conservation Park: The park covers 9881 hectares (NPWSA, 2002a) and comprises 22 islands and reefs, such as Purdie Islands, Lounds Island, Lacy Islands, Evans Island, Goat Island, St. Peters Island, Eyre Island and Franklin Islands. The park was proclaimed to “conserve the island biogeography, biodiversity and rare and endangered wildlife populations” (Ashman, 1996). The boundary of the park extends to mean low water mark. St Peter Island was held as a pastoral lease until 1987 when it was purchased by the National Parks and Wildlife Service and proclaimed a Conservation Park. • Eba Island Conservation Park: Covers around 141ha (NPWSA, 2002a), and is situated in southern Streaky Bay. Proclaimed to protect breeding / roosting and feeding habitat for several seabird species. • Pigface Island Conservation Park: Covers around 13ha (NPWSA, 2002a), and is situated in southern Streaky Bay. Proclaimed to protect breeding areas for cormorants and gulls, and roosting and feeding habitats for other seabirds (Australian Heritage Commission, undated). • Acraman Creek Conservation Park: The park was proclaimed in 1991 and covers 3999 ha (NPWSA, 2002a). It was proclaimed to “conserve a mangrove estuarine system and associated samphire (and saltmarsh) community” (Ashman, 1996). • Laura Bay Conservation Park: Covers 275 hectares (NPWSA, 2002a) and was proclaimed to “conserve remnant mallee vegetation and coastal associations” (Ashman, 1996) The coastal mallee in the area previously covered a much larger portion of northern Eyre Peninsula. Laura Bay Conservation Park also serves to formally protect the mangrove habitat in that area. The park was described by the Australian Heritage Commission (undated) as being “generally in a disturbed natural condition, with some mangroves (that are) relatively undisturbed”. • Wittelbee Conservation Park: Covers 155 hectares (NPWSA, 2002a) and was proclaimed to “conserve a sheltered coastal environment including mallee and dune associations”. The boundary of the park extends to mean low water mark (DENR 1995, cited by Ashman, 1996). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 452 Technical Report 2004 • According to Morelli and de Jong (1995), a coastal reserve exists around “most of the perimeter” of Tourville Bay, and a “small section” of Davenport Creek is classified as a “Water Reserve”. • During the late 1990s, the Coastal Management Branch of DEH assessed 7 parcels of coastal land in S.A. that had been nominated for protection, by various agencies. The Gibson Peninsula was one of these areas, nominated as a Coastal Reserve, for “coastal dune and mangrove protection, and recreational rationalisation” (Coastal Protection Board 1998). • Netting Closures: Denial and Smoky Bays: all waters east of a line from Point Brown to Point James. Streaky Bay: all waters east of a line from Point de Mole to Cape Bauer. 10.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) • The Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve was designated in 1986 under the Fisheries Act 1982, for the protection of the small mainland breeding colony of the Australian sea lion, and no access is permitted into the reserve area, within 1 nautical mile (PIRSA 1999a). • All waters of Baird Bay are closed to netting, landward of a line between the two most seaward headland points on the east and west of the Bay entrance (PIRSA, 1999a). • Baird Bay Islands Conservation Park, 24ha (NPWSA, 2002a), is managed by DEH. • Point Labatt Conservation Park, 34 ha (NPWSA, 2002a), is managed by DEH, and adjoins the Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve. • Management plans have previously been prepared by government (DEH, formerly DELM and DEP), for Baird Bay (Bond, 1988), and Point Labatt Conservation Park (DELM, 1993). • At the time of writing, a Conservation Park was in the process of being established, that includes both coast and waters in the vicinity of Nicholas Baudin Island, the newly named granite outcrop off Cape Blanche. • Sceale Bay Conservation Reserve: is a coastal reserve of 525ha (NPWSA, 2002a), on the northern side of Sceale Bay, near Yanerbie. • Olive Island Conservation Park: 21ha (NPWSA, 2002a), Olive Island is approximately 8km seaward of Cape Bauer, and was proclaimed to “protect habitat for sea birds” (Ashman, 1996), such as the “large” cormorant rookery and habitat for “numerous” other seabird species (Australian Heritage Commission, undated). Also supports a breeding colony of Australian sea lions, which was the other major feature regarding declaration. 10.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) • Waters of the eastern side of Venus Bay are closed to netting (i.e. waters situated east of a straight line extending southerly across Venus Bay from the most westerly corner of Section 72 of Hundred of Wright, to the trigonometrical station on Point Weyland (PIRSA 1999a). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 453 Technical Report 2004 • Venus Bay Conservation Park (1460 ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a), was established in 1976, due to its significance as a breeding and nesting area for several coastal and sea bird species. The park includes the western peninsula (e.g. Point Weyland area), the large internal Germein Island, and smaller internal islands Garden Island, Tank Island, and Islands A, B, and C. Venus Bay Conservation Park is on the Register of the National Estate (see Part 1 of this table). A management plan (NPWSA, 1999) has been prepared for Venus Bay Conservation Park. • Venus Bay Conservation Reserve (3362 ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a) is situated on the north­western side of Venus Bay, and abuts the estuarine area, according to the S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas (2001). • Lake Newland Conservation Park (8922ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a) was established following long­term campaigning by the Nature Conservation Society, in light of the outstanding environmental values of the area, that were recognised by survey work during the preceding decade (see DEH, 2001a). For example, Lake Newland wetlands have long been considered by wetland assessors to have exceptional conservation value (Lloyd and Balla, 1986; and see management plan for the area by DEH, 2001) by virtue of the high diversity of flora and the fauna in the area’s saline ecosystem. In addition, the area has remained relatively free from the major impacts of land use and from resource use activities such as fishing. It shares the distinction, along with Big Swamp between Port Lincoln and Coffin Bay, of being one of the most important wetlands on Eyre Peninsula for its conservation value (DEH, 2001a). Buckley and Fotheringham, in a survey of the Eyre Peninsula coast for the Coastal Protection Board in 1987, also identified the Lake Newland region as a priority area for conservation management. The reasons given were “because of its size, diversity of landform, inaccessibility, and ability to complement Talia Caves on northern boundary and Walkers Rock on southern boundary.” Following the proclamation of the Lake Newland Conservation Park, a further 406 ha, Allotment 10 of Deposited Plan 40280, Hundred of Colton, along the southern edge of the park adjacent to Walkers Rock, was proclaimed in 1996 to extend the wildlife habitat, to rationalise the reserve boundary and to assist with the management of public access to Walkers Rock (DEH, 2001a). • Lake Newland Conservation Reserve (82.5ha). • There is a 1km marine “buffer” around the coast and islands of the Venus Bay Conservation Park (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001), but this is not currently recognised or managed as a marine protected area. 10.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) • The Investigator Group Conservation Park excludes Flinders Island, and, prior to 2002, also excluded Pearson Island. Flinders Islands is held as a pastoral lease. Pearson Island was previously managed as a Lighthouse Reserve, by the Commonwealth government (Edyvane, 1999b), but was added to the Investigator Group Conservation Park in 2002 (Office of Hon. J. Hill, Media Release, September, 2002). The area of the Conservation Park is now around 370 ha (NPWSA, 2002a), and includes the Topgallant Islands, Ward Islands, Pearson Islands, Veteran Isles, and Dorothee Island. • Waldegrave Islands (and nearby West Island and “The Watchers”) constitute the Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park (434ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 454 Technical Report 2004 • There is a 1km marine “buffer” around islands in the conservation parks, however these buffers do not currently function as marine protected areas, because no activities are currently prohibited in the areas. However, the conservation value of the Investigator Group has been recognised in PIRSA’s exclusion zone from aquaculture leases, for most of the islands in the group (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001). 10.5 Thorny Passage (Eyre Bioregion) • There are 1km marine extensions around Lincoln National Park, and its islands (Williams, Albatross, Smith, Hopkins, Lewis, Little Islet, Owen, and the small islet south of Taylor Island, an unnamed islet that is designated as a Conservation Reserve). However, these existing 1km marine extensions do not function as marine protected areas, because all marine uses and activities, other than aquaculture development, are permitted within the 1km boundary zones. • The Memory Cove Wilderness Area was declared in 2003 (Environment Minister’s Media Release, February, 2003). The original proposal also included the six islands in Thorny Passage, and the surrounding waters (B. Moore, NPWSA, pers. comm., 2000), however the 2003 declaration included only the mainland area in the vicinity of Memory Cove, now protected under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992. 10.6 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) • Tumby Island Conservation Park (35 ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a), 5km south­east of Tumby township, about 600m offshore, is managed by DEH. • Lipson Island Conservation Park is a small island park about 500m offshore from the coast at Lipson Cove. • The Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park (47,528 ha, including the “buffer” zone, according to NPWSA, 2002a) was declared primarily for the conservation of Cape Barren geese (which had suffered severe population declines during the middle of last century, from hunting), and to protect marine mammal habitat (Australian Heritage Commission, undated; Robinson et al., 1996; PISA Fisheries – Aquaculture Group, 1996). The Conservation Park includes 18 islands, but excludes Seal Rock, Linklater Point, Spilsby Island, the lighthouse on Winceby Island, and the navigation aid stations on Dangerous Reef and other reefs (PISA Fisheries – Aquaculture Group, 1996). The largest islands in the conservation park are Reevesby, Roxby, Stickney and Hareby (Australian Heritage Commission, undated). Spilsby Island is privately owned. • To minimise disturbance to breeding colonies of sea lions and cormorants, public access is restricted from English Island, Winceby Island, Dangerous Reef, Buffalo Rock, Seal Rock and Smith Rock (SANPWS 1990, cited by Edyvane, 1999b; Robinson et al., 1996; PISA Fisheries – Aquaculture Group, 1996). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 455 Technical Report 2004 • There is a 2NM seaward “buffer” designated by DEH around the Sir Joseph Banks Group. There is also a smaller seaward “buffer” around Dangerous Reef, designated by NPWSA in 1989, mainly to control shark viewing activities around the reef. Both buffers have been declared under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. However, these marine extensions do not function as marine protected areas, because apart from restrictions to aquaculture development within NPSWA buffer zones, and limitations and regulations for shark cage viewing and berleying activities that apply around Dangerous Reef, all other marine uses and activities are apparently permitted within the NPWSA boundary zones. • Net fishing is prohibited in the Tumby Bay / Tumby Island area described as follows (PIRSA 1999a): “All waters within a line drawn from a point on the mainland adjacent to Tumby Island, to the southern tip of Tumby Island, then following the high water mark on the eastern coast to a point on the north eastern side, to a point on the mainland 2.5km north of the jetty; also all waters within a 500m radius of the mouth of Second Creek, south of Tumby Bay”. 10.7 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • The Neptune Islands Conservation Park includes all the islands in the North and South Neptunes to low water mark, with the exception of the southern­most island of the South Neptunes. The park was proclaimed in 1967 mainly to conserve the New Zealand Fur Seal breeding colony on the southern island of the North Neptunes, which is one of the largest in Australia. Other features that contributed to the declaration include the small breeding population of Australian Sea Lions on the North Neptune Islands; Australian Sea Lion haul out areas located on the South Neptune Islands; the heritage buildings; and breeding / nesting populations of Cape Barren Goose, White­Bellied Sea Eagle, Osprey and Peregrine Falcons (DENR, 1995, cited by PISA­Fisheries Aquaculture Group, 1996). • There is a 2 nautical mile marine extension of the Neptune Islands Conservation Park (SA Coast and Marine Atlas 2003). This marine extension was declared under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, to regulate and manage shark berleying activities around the Neptune Islands. NPWSA has a set of conditions under which tourism operators who berley for sharks must operate. Other than shark berleying regulations, there are no restricted activities and all other marine uses and activities are permitted within the boundaries of the marine extension of the conservation park. 10.8 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • The Gambier Islands Conservation Park (72ha, NPWSA, 2002a) comprises North Island and two Islets (South West Rocks and Peak Rocks), and extends to low water mark around these islands. The park was proclaimed in 1967 to conserve island wildlife habitat and natural features (DENR, 1995, cited by PISA Fisheries ­ Aquaculture Group, 1996). Such features include breeding and haul out areas for Australian Sea Lions and breeding habitats for Little Penguins and Crested Terns (DENR, 1995, cited by PISA Fisheries ­ Aquaculture Group, 1996). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 456 Technical Report 2004 • The marine extension currently mapped (in the SA Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001) around the terrestrial Conservation Park is 1km around North Islet, South­west Rock and Peaked Rocks, although this is currently not designated or managed for any specific marine conservation purpose. There is currently no marine extension around Wedge Island, which does not form part of the terrestrial Conservation Park. • There is a netting closure between Wedge Island and North Islet: waters contained within two lines, from the westernmost point of both islands, to the easternmost points of both islands (PIRSA, 1999a). 10.9 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf/North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) • Franklin Harbour Conservation Park (managed by DEH) comprises the long narrow sandy peninsula, and four islands inside the bay (total 1334 ha), and was proclaimed in 1976 to conserve coastal and mangrove habitats. Features of significance in the designation of the park include the mangroves, which provide a sheltered fish nursery area, and are considered to be an important habitat for numerous wader and fish­eating bird species (DENR, 1995, cited by Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries, 1996). According to Smallridge (1995), the ecological importance of the mangrove and samphire communities at Franklin Harbour was recognised by the proclamation of the Franklin Harbour Conservation Park, and it is “a significant coastal park, and includes Aboriginal fish traps and islands”. • Netting closure: All waters inside Franklin Harbour, situated north­west of (i.e. enclosed by) a line from Victoria Point to Germein Point (PIRSA, 1999a). • There is an area of permanent closure to prawn fishing in the shallow coastal waters south of Cowell, which aims to protect small prawns that occur there, and juvenile fish (Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries, 1996). • There is a one kilometre seaward “buffer” around the Franklin Harbour Conservation Park. However, all marine uses and activities are permitted within the boundary zone, apart from PIRSA’s chosen restriction of aquaculture development in that area due to its conservation value (Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries, 1996). 10.10 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • Blanche Harbour – Douglas Bank Aquatic Reserve (3160ha) and Yatala Harbour Aquatic Reserve (1426 ha) are both within the vicinity of the area described in this table. Both were established during the early 1980s, to protect samphire flats (mainly at Yatala Harbour), intertidal mangroves, intertidal sand and mudflats, and shallow subtidal seagrass and sandy / shelly channel habitats, and the associated fish nursery function of these areas, for commercial species such as King George Whiting, yellow­fin whiting, western king prawn and blue swimmer crab. Boating and public access are permitted in the reserves. Hand­spearing of fish is permitted in the Blanche Harbour ­ Douglas Bank Aquatic Reserve (PIRSA, 1999a), but the removal or deposit of any organism or material is prohibited in Yatala Harbour Aquatic Reserve (Ivanovici, 1984; Neverauskas and Edyvane, 1993; PIRSA, 1999a). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 457 Technical Report 2004 • Whyalla­Cowleds Landing (3230 ha) Aquatic Reserve was established in 1980 to protect fish stocks and fish nursery areas, including a number of commercially important species (Ivanovici 1984; S.A. Department of Fisheries, 1993). Within this Aquatic Reserve, the taking of fish is prohibited, except for crabbing adjacent to Eight Mile Creek. • Winninowie Conservation Park (7,897 ha): The conservation values of this area were highlighted by major studies during the 1970s and 1980’s, following a proposal to build a petrochemical plant at Redcliff. During the early 1980’s, interest was expressed in having the area dedicated as a reserve under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 and active management of the site began in December 1985, including road­works and shack removal (Reilly, 1991, cited by DEH, 2000a). Redcliff Point, Yatala Harbour and Chinaman Creek are a part of Winninowie Conservation Park. The reserve adjoins 28km of coastline, including most of the Yatala Harbour Aquatic Reserve. The inter­tidal zone of the Yatala Harbour Aquatic Reserve is an area of joint jurisdiction between Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA), and the Department for Environment and Heritage (DEH). The Blanche Harbour Aquatic Reserve extends from the West coast of Spencer Gulf to within two kilometres of Redcliff Point. According to DEH (2000a), the Winninowie Conservation Park conserves ecosystems and wildlife species of State and National significance, and also has high value to the regional community with many residents having a strong sense of local “ownership” and affiliations with the reserve. The site was declared in 1990, and initially comprised 4,318 ha. The reserve area was subsequently increased further to its present 7,897 hectares when the reserve’s western boundary was extended from high water mark to low water mark. The park was declared to conserve examples of several coastal and marine systems, some with sub­tropical affinities. The park includes significant stands of the grey mangrove Avicennia marina, as well as samphire salt marsh and seagrass communities, and over 60 kilometres of tidal creeks. The park’s large tidal range and extremes of water temperature make this area unique in southern Australia (DEH, 2000a). Much of the area is periodically subject to inundation by sea­water, particularly during very high tides. • Jarrold Point is a Sanctuary, on private land (Harbison, 1993; Morelli and de Jong, 1995). • According to DEH (2000a), legislated conservation measures by NPWSA and PIRSA (principally the existence of Winninowie Conservation Park, and Blanche Harbour, Yatala Harbour and Whyalla – Cowleds Landing Aquatic Reserves) together conserve nearly 15% of the coastline and 2.8% of the Northern Spencer Gulf Bioregion (see IMCRA Technical Group 1998 for description and spatial extent of the Bioregion). • Netting Closures: Area closed to netting include: (i) All waters of far northern Spencer Gulf (to Port Augusta), north of a line running east­west through the Douglas Bank beacon; (ii) All waters of Germein Bay (and the Port Pirie estuarine area), within a line from the mouth of Second Creek northwards to a point in Germein Bay, then northwesterly to Ward Spit Light and east north east to Ward Point (PIRSA 1999a). • There is a seasonal fishing ban on the capture of Snapper, in recognition of the importance of protecting a portion of the breeding stock of large Snapper in northern Spencer Gulf, and in response to apparent declines in the fishery, based upon survey data and catch and effort statistics (e.g. see McGlennon and Jones 1997 and Fowler 2000 for stock assessments). In 2001, the Snapper fishing ban was from 1st August ­ 20th August and from 6th November ­ 26th November, however a more widespread ban over the entire November period has now replaced the August ban. The ban originated in Spencer Gulf, however more recently (2003), there has been a State­wide ban on Snapper fishing, from the 1st November to 30th November of each year. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 458 Technical Report 2004 • There is a seasonal fishing ban on the capture of commercial and recreationally significant cephalopods in the Whyalla area, designed mainly to protect the unique spawning aggregation of Giant Cuttlefish (PIRSA, 1999a). In recent years (late 1990s to early 2000s), closure dates have been 1st March to 30th September. During that time, it is considered unlawful for any person to take any species of cephalopod (i.e. cuttlefish, squid or octopus) within the areas where spawning is known to take place. This spawning ground includes all waters of the Spencer Gulf enclosed by a line from the lighthouse at Point Lowly to the southern end of the Port Bonython jetty, then in a south­westerly direction to the southern end of the BHP wall near Whyalla (position latitude 330 01.2’S, longitude 1370 35.8’E) then following the high water mark along the shoreline in an easterly direction to the point of commencement at the lighthouse (PIRSA, 1999a). The spawning season ban on catching cuttlefish covers all waters of False Bay, the Silt Grounds and much of the Mudbanks. The ban includes both commercial and recreational boat fishers and land­based fishers. During the cephalopod fishing closure period, the stated area remains open to commercial and recreational fishers targeting other fish species. • Additionally, the following closed areas and seasons apply in the northern Spencer Gulf area (PIRSA, 2000a): (i) Western Blue Groper, not to be fished in any waters of Spencer Gulf; (ii) Razorfish, not to be collected in Upper Spencer Gulf between October and January. An area contained within a line commencing on the shore of Spencer Gulf adjacent to beacon No. 8, then due east to that beacon, then generally northerly to beacons 9, 13, 20, 19, 21, 23 and 28, then due west to Curlew Point, is closed during the months of January, February, October, November and December. 10.11 South-Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • Bird Islands Conservation Park: The park covers 368ha (NPWSA, 2002a) of the low lying sheltered islands and islets near Warburto Point. The park is a breeding and nesting place for seabirds and waders, and also contains a stand of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Robinson et al., 1996). • Goose Island Aquatic Reserve (54 ha around the Goose Island Conservation Park). Established in 1971 in recognition of the marine education studies undertaken by Scotch College, and in response to a request by the college that the marine habitats around the island be protected from exploitation. According to Ivanovici (1993), the primary purposes of the reserve were “to provide a conservation area where teaching institutions could conduct classes in marine biology and ecology, and to protect the habitat of the (sea lion) colony at White Rocks”. The aquatic reserve is also reported to protect fish stocks (PISA Fisheries ­ Aquaculture Group, 1996). The removal of any marine organism within the aquatic reserve is prohibited. Goose Island Aquatic Reserve includes all waters within 200m of Goose Island, Little Goose Island, and White Rocks (Ivanovici, 1993). • According to DENR (1995, cited by Aquaculture Group ­ PISA 1996), the Goose Island Conservation Park was proclaimed in 1972 to conserve the offshore breeding and refuge area for sea birds and the Australian sea lion. The conservation park is 24 hectares in total (NPWSA, 2002a), and comprises Goose Island, and a number of small islands (such as Little Goose Island) and islets in the area ­ around Goose Island; the north­western side of Wardang; off Point Pearce, and off Island Point (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2003). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 459 Technical Report 2004 • Leven Beach Conservation Park: 502 ha (NPWSA, 2002a) is situated between Corny Point and Point Souttar. There is a 1km NPWSA “marine buffer” around the Leven Beach Conservation Park, but no activities are prohibited or managed within the designated area. According to PISA Fisheries – Aquaculture Group (1996), the legislated boundaries of Leven Beach Conservation Park are to low water mark. • There is a netting closure in the following area: (i) waters contained within a line from Point Gawler (Port Victoria) to the north­west point on Goose Island, then to Reef Point (PIRSA, 1999). • According to Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries (1996), under both the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 and the State Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981, it is illegal to interfere with declared wrecks in any way. For this reason, Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries (1996) recommended a “buffer zone” (in which aquaculture development would not be permitted) of at least 500 metres from any declared Historic Shipwreck, to protect these sites. 10.12 Western Investigator Strait, between the “Toe” of Yorke Peninsula and Northern Kangaroo Island (Eyre/Gulf St Vincent Biregion Boundary) • Althorpe Islands Conservation Park (128 ha) was declared in 1967, mainly to protect sea bird breeding habitat, and also contains haul out sites for the Australian sea lion. • There is a 1km NPWSA marine “buffer” around islands comprising the Althorpe Islands Conservation Park, although no activities are prohibited in the area. However, the conservation value of the area has been recognised in PIRSA’s exclusion of aquaculture leases from islands in the group. • National Parks and Wildlife S.A. has a management plan for Innes National Park (9322 ha), which includes management arrangements for the beach areas of the park, such as regulation of visitor access and potential impacts, and protection of heritage values. • North of the north­western boundary of the nominated area, a Rock Lobster Sanctuary (350 ha) was declared at Gleesons Landing in 1982, under the SA Fisheries Act. Removal of Rock Lobster prohibited in all waters from high water mark within the area defined in the proclamation (Ivanovici 1984; PIRSA, 2002d). • There is a wilderness protection area at Western River, proclaimed in 1993. Coastal sections of the park are included for their wilderness value. There are limitations, under the Wilderness Protection Act 1993, to developments and activities that can occur in the coastal zone of a Wilderness Protection Area. • Netting closures exist in the following areas: (i) Pondalowie Bay, from Royston Head, through the North, Middle and South Islets to the southern shore of Pondalowie Bay; (ii) Browns Beach, waters adjacent to Brown’s Beach within 1/4 mile of high tide mark; and (ii) the mouth of the Western River (PIRSA, 1999a). • Fishing of Blue Groper is prohibited in Spencer Gulf, Gulf St Vincent, Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage, under S.A. Fisheries Act (1982). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 460 Technical Report 2004 10.13 North-Western, Western and South-Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Region) • North and South Casuarina Islands (Islets) have been declared Prohibited Areas by DENR (now the Department for Environment and Heritage), due to their significance for New Zealand fur seals and breeding seabirds (Robinson et al., 1996). • West Bay Islet has been declared a Prohibited Area by DENR (now the Department for Environment and Heritage), to protect the seabird breeding areas on the islet (Robinson et al., 1996). • Fishing for Western Blue Groper is prohibited along the north, north­east and northwest coast of Kangaroo Island (i.e. north of Vennachar Point) and in Investigator Strait (PIRSA, 2000). • There are 1km seaward “buffer zones” extending from the coast of Flinders Chase National Park, and the Wilderness Protection areas at Cape Torrens, Ravine des Casoars, and Cape Bouguer. Of the area discussed in this table, the only parts which do not have a designated marine buffer comprise a section of coast between Harvey’s Return and Cape Torrens on the north­west coast, and Cape Younghusband and part of Hanson Bay on the south­west coast. The seaward buffer zones cannot currently be considered as true Marine Protected Areas, because no activities or impacts are legally restricted in these areas. However, PIRSA considered the location of these protected areas in designating zones for aquaculture, and areas within the vicinity of National Parks and Wilderness Areas were designated as exclusion zones in which no aquaculture would be permitted. 10.14 Southern Eyre (Eyre Bioregion) • In 2003, the Point Whidbey area was declared as a Wilderness Zone under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 (Media release, February 2003) (N.B. see Chapter 12 below on Other MPA / Marine Reserve Nominations within each Focus Area). • There are 1km marine buffers around all National and Conservation Parks and associated islands along southern Eyre Peninsula. However, these existing 1km marine buffers do not function as marine protected areas, because all marine uses and activities, other than aquaculture development, are permitted within the 1km boundary zones. • There is a netting closure in Coffin Bay, south of a line between Point Sir Isaac and Fenchman Bluff (PIRSA, 1999a). 10.15 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • The Troubridge Hill Aquatic Reserve (460ha) was declared in 1983 to protect the benthic biota of the near­shore limestone reef from exploitation by divers (following a request by the Scuba Divers Association in 1977), and to protect the site of the Clan Ranald shipwreck, which is a popular dive site. Line fishing is permitted in the Reserve. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 461 Technical Report 2004 • Troubridge Island Conservation Park was declared during the early 1980s to protect major breeding colonies of several seabird species, and provide protection for an important feeding ground for international migratory waders (refer to species list in section of this table titled National and International Significance). Some of the breeding colonies of seabirds on and around Troubridge Island include Little Penguin, Black­faced Cormorant, Pied Cormorant, Crested Tern, Caspian Tern and Silver Gull. The lighthouse and associated cottages are listed on the State Heritage Register, and their historical significance also contributed to the declaration of the Park. • Fishing of Western Blue Groper is prohibited in Spencer Gulf, Gulf St Vincent, Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage, under the S.A. Fisheries Act 1982, however the current level of compliance with this regulation in all parts of the closed area may be questionable (see Section 9.2). • Netting closures exist at: (i) Edithburgh: All waters south west of a line from Sultana Point to a point on the mainland adjacent to the roadway between sections 185 and 205 Hd Melville. In addition to this total closure, nets are prohibited in waters exceeding 5 metres in depth contained within a line from Sultana Point to Marion Reef buoy, then to Troubridge Island lighthouse and then to a point adjacent to Giles Point (PIRSA, 1999a); (ii) Coobowie waters within a line from the Salt Swamp Creek causeway to the end of the old Coobowie jetty structure and then to Hickies Point; (iii) Stansbury: west of a line form the groyne at Oyster Point, to a point 200m north of the jetty, then south westerly to a point on the mainland 200m (PIRSA, 1999a). • During the early 2000s, NPWSA planned a marine biological survey and on­going monitoring program, for the Clan Ranald wreck site. There is a management plan for the Clan Ranald site and NPWSA received funding to install moorings in the area (plus other sites), as part of the National Moorings Program, to protect the benthic habitat from anchor damage (T. Arnott, DEH, pers. comm., 2000). 10.16 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • Netting closures exists at Price (within 1.1 nautical mile radius of Will Creek Light Beacon north of Mangrove Point and all waters of Will Creek and its tributaries); Port Wakefield (within 100 metres of the dredged channel extending generally in a south­westerly direction from the mouth of the River Wakefield). A netting closure exists in the Port Adelaide River and Outer Harbour areas. The boundaries are: “Mounds at Outer Harbour, including those enclosed by a line from the north eastern end of the northern revetment mound to the Section Bank pile beacon (Black Pole), to the Middle Ground outer beacon, to Point Grey on the northern tip of Torrens Island, then generally in a southerly direction continuous with the westerly extremity of the mangroves on Torrens Island which includes all the waters of the Port Adelaide River and the North Arm as far as the Grand Trunkway Road Bridge” (PIRSA, 1999a). The Section Bank netting closure serves as a “buffer” for the Barker Inlet and St Kilda ­ Chapman Creek Aquatic reserves. Chapman Creek is also closed to netting (Wait, verbal submission to Senate Inquiry into Gulf St Vincent, February, 2000). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 462 Technical Report 2004 • Clinton Conservation Park (approximately 1922ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a), was designated to protect saltmarsh, mangrove and intertidal mudflat habitat and the associated biota from Port Clinton to south of Port Wakefield. At the time of declaration under legislation, the Clinton Conservation Park extended only to the high water mark on the eastern side of the park. Previously, concern was expressed about the lack of formal protection for the mangrove stands and intertidal area on the eastern side, which are considered to be more substantial than those on the western side (Ivanovici, 1984; Paxinos and Clarke, 1996). • Port Gawler Conservation Park was designated to protect saltmarsh, mangrove and intertidal mudflat habitat and the associated biota. It covers an approximate area of 419ha (NPWSA, 2002a). The reserve extends from the high water mark to the seaward edge of the mangroves (Paxinos and Clarke, 1996). • Barker Inlet ­ St Kilda Aquatic Reserve covers 2055 ha, and St ­ Kilda ­ Chapman Creek Aquatic Reserve covers 870 ha (Neverauskas and Edyvane, 1993; Cresswell and Thomas, 1997). Both were designated under the Fisheries Act 1982 to protect the samphire, mangrove and shallow seagrass communities in these areas, particularly their role as fish nursery and feeding areas. St Kilda ­ Chapman Creek also acts as a buffer between the estuarine mangrove nursery area, and the deeper waters in which commercial fishing of new recruits from the estuary occurs. Recreational fishing by rod and line or handline is permitted in the Barker Inlet Aquatic Reserve. All fishing, bait collecting/digging or removal of any organism is prohibited in the St Kilda Chapman Creek Reserve, other than catching blue swimmer crabs by hand, crab rake or hoop net. • Torrens Island Conservation Park (approximately 79ha – NPWSA, 2002a), is within the Barker Inlet system. • Zanoni Shipwreck: A Protected Zone was established in May 1983, to prevent interference of the wreck by divers and fishing boat anchors. Under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981, the area is protected within a 550m radius of the wreck. Boating, fishing and diving can only occur with a permit. No fishing permits have been issued to date, according to Heritage South Australia (2000a). • Mangroves are protected in South Australia under the Fisheries Act 1982. The legislation makes it a formal offence to remove or interfere with any mangrove without a permit, and provides for restrictions and controls on reclamation, dredging and foreshore development, to protect existing mangrove stands. Interference includes any activity that hinders the successful development or maintenance of mangroves (Edyvane, 1995c). (See section on Issues for Risk and Impact Assessment). • To date, the saltmarsh, mudflats and shallow seagrass habitats associated with the mangrove ecosystems of upper Gulf St Vincent are not formally protected under legislation, other than those that exist within the boundaries of the two Aquatic Reserves (see above). • Under the S.A. Fisheries Act 1982, the “deposit or dredging of any benthic or aquatic substance” is ostensibly prohibited in both Aquatic Reserves, yet both Aquatic Reserves in the northern Gulf St Vincent area are continuously subject to numerous pollutants that have degraded both water quality and habitat quality over a long period. • A project was approved during 1999 under the National Moorings Program, to install moorings at the Zanoni, to protect the site from damage due to boat anchors (Environment Australia, 2001). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 463 Technical Report 2004 • The Port Adelaide­Barker Inlet system has recently been designated as a Dolphin Sanctuary (Government of South Australia, 2002; DEH, 2003c), following calls by researchers (e.g. M. Bossley, Australian Dolphin Research Foundation) and community groups, for increased protection of the Bottlenose Dolphin population in the area. The dolphin sanctuary aims to promote the importance of the area as habitat for the resident and visiting dolphins, and to develop improved management measures for threats to the dolphins and their environment. Examples of threats and impacts for which improved management and control measures are being developed, include poor water quality and other forms of pollution; introduced marine pests; harassment to the dolphin population (boat strikes, stabbings, shootings); entanglements; noise disturbance; non­compliance of existing regulations, and loss of habitat (Government of South Australia, 2002). 10.17 Southern Fleurieu / North-East Kangaroo Island / Backstairs Passage / Encounter Bay / Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) Southern Fleurieu • Aldinga Aquatic Reserve (505ha): Declared in 1971, to protect the reef from exploitation (including spearfishing of reef fish, and collecting of intertidal organisms). Removal of any living organism or non­living material is prohibited. • There are 1km seaward extensions (“buffer”) mapped on the SA Coast and Marine Atlas GIS, for the conservation parks at Aldinga Scrub and Deep Creek. These buffers offer no marine protection (i.e. there are currently no management arrangements or impact controls associated with the buffers). • A Diving Code of Practice has been formulated by community and government for seadragon watching in S.A. (i.e. applies to all areas in the state, and particularly relevant to areas where there is a high level of human use of the area for this purpose – e.g. Rapid Bay, Encounter Bay and North­East Kangaroo Island). • Western Blue Groper is a protected species in Gulf St Vincent, Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage. • There is a ban on spear­fishing in the bay at Second Valley (Bryars, 2003). • There is an area around the HMAS Hobart shipwreck that is closed to fishing, designated under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981. • The portion of the waters off the coast of Wirrina Cove (Fleurieu Reef) bounded by a circle of radius 0.5 of a nautical mile centred on a point at latitude 350 28' 48.90"S and longitude 1380 09' 34.85" E (GDA 94), are closed to fishing. North-Eastern Kangaroo Island • American River Aquatic Reserve (1525 ha): Designated in 1971 under the SA Fisheries Act 1971­82, to protect sand and mud flats and shallow seagrasses, and as a sanctuary for juvenile fish/refuge for adult fish (Ivanovici, 1984; Johnson, 1988a). Removal, dredge or deposit of any living or non­living material within the reserve is prohibited. The waters adjacent to the Reserve have also been closed to netting (see below), to provide a buffer to the core reserve area. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 464 Technical Report 2004 • Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park (379 ha – NPWSA, 2002a). The park includes five small islands and part of the shoreline of the bay, but the extensive mudflats, considered to be an important feeding ground for waterbirds, are outside the protection of the Park (Australian Heritage Commission, undated). • Beatrice Islet Conservation Park: Approximate 103ha (NPWSA, 2002a), a sand islet on a tidal sand spit, declared due to its significance as feeding and roosting habitat for seabirds. Busby Islet: Approximately 17ha and was declared due to significance as feeding and roosting habitat for seabirds. Management plans for Busby and Beatrice Islet Conservation Parks were prepared in 1987. • There are 1km national park buffers out from the Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park, Nepean Bay Conservation Park, and around the Busby and Beatrice Islets Conservation Parks (according to positions in S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas GIS, 2001). There is also a 0.67 km marine extension mapped (in S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001) seaward into Eastern Cove, from the terrestrial Dudley Conservation Park, which does not abut the coast. None of these buffers provides any form of marine protection. • Netting Closures (PIRSA, 1999a): (i) Kingscote Spit: waters enclosed by lines from Cape Rouge south to The Bluff, then to Kingscote jetty and then around Kingscote Spit to Point Marsden; (ii) Kingscote Tyre Reef ­ the use of set nets or set lines within 0.5 nautical miles of the Kingscote artificial tyre reef is prohibited (PIRSA, 1999a); (iii) Bay Of Shoals: seasonal closure, of all waters west of the line from Cape Rouge and The Bluff are closed from 1st January to 31st March every year; (iv) American River / Eastern Cove: all waters south of a line from American Beach to western shore of Eastern Cove (approximately one nautical mile south west of Ballast Head jetty; (v) Kangaroo Island Rivers: Chapman, Harriet, Eleanor, Western and Middle Rivers and all waters within a 50 metre radius of the mouths of those rivers; (vi) Cape Rouge to south to the Bluff, then to Kingscote Jetty then around Kingscote Spit to Point Marsden; (vii) South of a line from American Beach to western shore of Eastern Cove (approximately one nautical mile south west of Ballast Head jetty). • There are 1km seaward extensions (“buffers”) around the conservation parks at Lashmar Lagoon and Cape Willoughby (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001). These two conservation park buffers offer no formal marine protection (i.e. there are currently no management arrangements or impact controls associated with the buffers). • Western Blue Groper is a protected species from Cape Willoughby to Investigator Strait. Encounter Bay and Coorong • The West Island Aquatic Reserve was established in the mid 1960s for protection and study of the resident abalone populations of several species (Johnson, 1988a), and for other long term biological and ecological studies. The reserve was extend in 1993 to improve the capacity of the reserve to protect abalone populations which had declined in abundance and density due to a combination of fishing outside the reserve, and oceanographically induced spawning failure. The reserve now encompasses 84 ha. Rod and handline fishing is permitted within an area that extends between 200m of the Kings Beach shore, and 300m of the West Island shore. No fishing is permitted within the 100m buffer around the island that comprises the two other zones of the reserve. Access to the research zone on the north­western side (between Restless Point and Penguin Rock, to 100m seaward) is restricted to researchers only. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 465 Technical Report 2004 • The Newland Head Conservation Park is reported to protect Waitpinga and Parsons beaches. The conservation park includes the beaches; cliffs and rocky headlands; lagoon area at the mouth of Waitpinga Creek; sand dunes; and vegetation behind the dunes (NPWS, undated). • According to the South Australian Coast and Marine Atlas (2001), there are 1km seaward “buffers” around Newland Head Conservation Park and West, Granite, Seal, Pullen Islands and around the northern end of the Coorong National Park, which includes the Murray Mouth area. None of these designated buffers provide any formal kind of marine protection (i.e. no current management arrangements to regulate activities or control impacts). • In August 2001, the State and Commonwealth governments jointly purchased a 1081 hectare private property on Hindmarsh Island, at the Murray Mouth, to add to the Coorong National Park system. The area is recognised as a significant breeding and feeding ground for rare, threatened and/or migratory bird species, including Cape Barren goose, and 27 migratory species such as bar­tailed godwit, Caspian tern, and red­necked stint (Environment Australia Media Release, August 2001; ABC Media Release and CCSA Media Release, August 2001). • Birdlife is protected within the West Island Conservation Park, which includes Seal Island (Baker and Edyvane, 1996). • The Coorong lagoons are a National Park (50,804ha in total) (NPWSA, 2002a). • The islands in the Mud Island group (121 ha) are a Game Reserve. • Yalkuri (near Pelican Point) is a Private Sanctuary. • Salt Lagoon Islands are a Conservation Park (75 ha) (NPWSA, 2002a). • North of the Murray Mouth area, a series of small islands at the mouth of Currency Creek (130 ha) are a Game Reserve. • Netting Closures (PIRSA, 1999a): (i) Shoreward from a line between Newland Head and the headland west of Coolawang Creek (PISA, 1994); (ii) At Parsons, this includes all waters north of a line from the eastern end of the beach to the western end; (iii) The Waitpinga closure includes all waters north of a line from Newland Head to the western end of Waitpinga Beach (PIRSA, 1999a); (iv) Hindmarsh/Inman Rivers within 200 metres of their mouths (Also a spearfishing closure in these areas); (v) Murray Mouth waters within 500 metres of the Murray Mouth, from the south east corner of Younghusband Peninsula to the south west corner of Sir Richard Peninsula; (vi) Goolwa Barrages: Nets prohibited within 150 metres of all barrages; (vii) Goolwa Channel: A netting closure exists from A.G.A. light on Mundoo Island across to Hindmarsh Island then upstream to the south east corner of Allotment 109, section 601 Hd. Of Nangkita then across the Murray Mouth to Younghusband Peninsula than back to the A.G.A. light. Also netting is prohibited in the Goolwa channel between midnight Friday and midnight Sunday in the waters between the Goolwa barrage and the area above. • The use of a mesh net in Coorong Area 1 is prohibited from 1 November to 31 March inclusive. Area 1 is defined as the waters of the Coorong separated from the Lower Murray and Lake Alexandrina by the Goolwa, Mundoo, Boundary Creek, Ewe Island and Tauwitchere Barrages and by a straight line drawn westerly from Pelican Point to Gnurlung Point and separated from the ocean by the Murray Mouth. • There are seasonal closures on the taking of Goolwa cockle (pippi) from June 1st to end of October and Murray Cod from1st September to end of December. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 466 Technical Report 2004 • Catfish, silver perch and female yabbies carrying eggs are protected species in the Murray Mouth and Coorong area. • Fishing is not permitted in the main navigable area of the Murray Mouth channel (fishing activity is considered to be a navigation hazard), or in the vicinity of locks and barrages. • Intertidal harvesting is now banned on all rocky shores in South Australia, from the shoreline out to 2m (PIRSA, 1999a). • The 1990 management plan for the Coorong National Park included all of the Younghusband Peninsula, the northern end of which is considered as part of this assessment. The entire Coorong National Park is categorised as follows (Coorong National Park Management Plan, cited by Edyvane et al., 1996), incorporating zoned levels of protection: Wilderness Zone (no facilities, no motorised access); Natural Zone (limited facilities, limited motorised access); Day Visitor Zone (simple facilities, motorised access); Development Zone (formal facilities). • An amendment to the Coorong National Park Management Plan was published in 1995. • The Coorong and Lower Lakes Ramsar Management Plan also has influence on the management of the Coorong. • The Coorong National Park Tourism and Recreation Plan (2000a) recommends sensitive visitor use of the Coorong. • There is a RAMSAR management plan for the Coorong (2000), which also incorporates the Murray Lakes (Albert and Alexandrina) See Owen (1999) for one overview of environmental issues relating to area and the plan. • During the 1990s, there was also a Conservation Zone that includes the Goolwa Channel, the Murray Mouth and Mundoo Island in addition to the eastern section and southern shoreline of Hindmarsh Island. Although such tracts of Crown land have been managed for conservation purposes, land­based conservation zoning does not address the impacts or management of water­based activities (Edyvane et al., 1996) or grazing, which occurs on Mundoo, Long, Tauwitchere, Reedy and Ewe Islands (See Threats and Impacts section). • In the vicinity, there are several Conservation Parks around the rim of the Lower Lakes, including Tolderol, Salt Lagoon, and Mud Islands. Many more wetlands fringing the lakes have been listed as having high conservation value (Thompson, 1986, cited by Edyvane et al., 1996). Backstairs Passage and Pages Islands • There is a 3 nautical mile marine extension of the Pages Islands Conservation Park, into Backstairs Passage. Although the marine extension has been gazetted under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, the marine area of The Pages Conservation Park offers no formal protection to the marine environment around the Pages Islands. A permit from NPWSA is required for shark berleying (as part of commercial white shark viewing operations) within the three nautical mile marine extension zone. Commercial operators must be licensed, although no licences had been issued up till 2000 (Twyford, NPWS, pers. comm., 2000). Various conditions apply to commercial operators. Management is reportedly undertaken according to NPW Act and Regulations. Commercial and recreational fishing for all other species are permitted, according to the South Australian Fisheries Act 1982. (Twyford, NPWSA, pers. comm., 2000). • Great White Shark is a protected species in South Australia, under the Fisheries Act 1982. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 467 Technical Report 2004 • Australian Sea Lion is listed as rare under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, however this offers no formal protection to the species from human­induced impacts. • There are 1km seaward extension (“buffers”) mapped on the SA Coast and Marine Atlas GIS, for the Deep Creek Conservation Park, and the conservation park at Cape Willoughby. These buffers offer no marine protection (i.e. there are currently no management arrangements or impact controls associated with these buffers). • In South Australia, AFMA (2003c) has recommended that the Pages Islands be permanently closed to shark fishing, particularly as a means of protecting School Shark populations. This is one of 2 areas in S.A. proposed for closure, the other being on the far west coast. The closures were proposed to take effect from 2003. The Southern Shark and South East Non­trawl Fisheries Bycatch Action Plan (BAP) also requires stakeholders to consider seasonal or permanent closures to reduce the potential for incidental capture of Sea Lions and Great White Sharks. AFMA’s SharkMAC (2002) also considered that areas commonly frequented by protected species may need to be declared as protected marine reserves that exclude all forms of commercial and recreational fishing. Therefore, in addition to reducing the scope for targeting breeding female School and Gummy Sharks, SharkMAC considered that these closures would have the added benefits of: (i) assisting in the recovery of School Shark by protecting the known pupping areas and pregnant females; (ii) protecting breeding Gummy Sharks; (iii) minimising interactions with threatened and protected species such as whales, Fur Seals, Sea Lions and Great White Sharks; (iv) controlling the incidental bycatches of other shark species (Bronze Whaler, Whiskery Shark and Pencil Shark, Wobbegongs etc.); and (v) fulfilling the requirements of the Bycatch Action Plan, particularly in relation to interactions with protected species. The Pages Islands was identified by stakeholders in the previous consultation process (see AFMA, 2002a) as being more significant than previously proposed areas around Kangaroo Island. • Previously, PIRSA’s discussion paper Management of the Great White Shark in South Australia (Presser, 1995) proposed that the boundaries of the Pages Islands Conservation Park be extended seawards for two nautical miles. In that report, Dept of Environment and Natural Resources proposed to exclude berleying for an annual period of five months, during the pupping season, to prevent what was perceived by the Department to be potential for increased mortality of sea lion pups due to increased numbers of sharks, attracted by the berleying operations. 10.18 Upper South-East (Coorong / Otway Bioregion Boundary) • A netting closure exists in all waters of Guichen Bay, adjacent to the township of Robe (PIRSA, 1999a). • Butchers Gap and Little Dip Conservation Parks, and Bernouilli Conservation Reserve, were declared partly to conserve the significant area of coastal scrub and dunes that are used as a winter feeding ground for Orange­bellied Parrots. Orange­bellied Parrots have a coastal association, as far seaward as the intertidal area. • Baudin Rocks (Godfrey Islands) Conservation Park was declared to protect breeding colony of Crested Terns and Little Penguins (Robinson and Rowberry, 1983). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 468 Technical Report 2004 • Cape Jaffa (950 ha) was declared as a Rock Lobster Sanctuary in 1971, under the SA Fisheries Act 1971­1982. Cape Jaffa declared to protect juvenile Rock Lobster. Enforcement area includes all waters within 1km of the high water mark of the defined area. • Margaret Brock Reef (314 ha) was declared as Rock Lobster Sanctuary 1977 to 1979, and renewed in 1979 for indefinite period. Margaret Brock Reef was declared to protect Rock Lobster. Enforcement area includes all waters within 1km radius of the lighthouse on Margaret Brock Reef (Ivanovici, 1984; PIRSA, 1999a). • There are 1km marine “buffers” around the islands and coastal conservation parks of the Upper South­East, however these do not serve as Marine Protected Areas because no activities are restricted within the 1km boundaries. 10.19 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion) • Douglas Point Conservation Park (32ha – NPWSA, 2002a) was declared mainly to protect a threatened coastal plant species, the Sand Ixodia, the only reserved population of this species in Australia. The park also provides habitat for a number of regionally uncommon coastal plant species, as well as rare and/or vulnerable bird species, including the endangered Orange­bellied Parrot. The park also conserves Aboriginal archaeological sites, and has significance in terms of historic shipwrecks in the nearshore coastal zone (National Parks and Wildlife SA, 2000b). Douglas Point Conservation Park conserves vegetation along part of a continuous stretch of coastal habitat between Blackfellows Caves and Port MacDonnell in the South East and is identified as a Priority Coastal Area (Croft et al., 1999, cited by NPWSA, 2000b). There is a 1km marine extension around the terrestrial Douglas Point Conservation Park (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001), although this does not function as a marine protected area, because no activities are prohibited or specifically managed within the 1km zone. • Ewen’s Ponds Conservation Park (35ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a) protects a unique spring­fed system of three basin­shaped ponds, connected by shallow channels. The amount of water flowing from the springs is greater than at Piccaninnie Ponds (see below). A number of plant, fish (the most notable being Ewen’s Pygmy Perch), and invertebrate species of conservation significance are protected within the park. Management plan were prepared for Ewen’s Ponds Conservation Park during the 1980s and early 1990s, and a plan amendment report was produced in 1997 (DENR Natural Resources Group 1997). • Piccaninnie Ponds Conservation Park (547ha, according to NPWSA, 2002a) was declared to protect the unique wetland community of freshwater springs close to the coast, and associated vegetation. The park includes a low fore­dune system, grading back into the series of freshwater spring ponds (Gilliland, 1996). The gazetted boundary is to the low water mark. There is a 1km marine extension (S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas, 2001) around the terrestrial Piccaninnie Conservation Park, although this is currently not designated or managed for any specific conservation purpose. A management plan was prepared for Piccaninnie Ponds Conservation Park in 1992 (SANPWS, 1992). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 469 Technical Report 2004 • Lower Glenelg National Park (27,300 ha) is situated in the south­western corner of Victoria, north of Discovery Bay. The estuarine mouth of the Glenelg River is several km from the South Australian border. The park protects the lower sections of the Glenelg River which is over 400km long, and starts in the Grampians, flowing through to the estuary at Nelson. The park contains over 700 plant species in forest, swamp, river, dune and cliff habitats. It represents an unusual mix of eastern and western Australian plant types. In the lower reaches of the river, features that are protected as part of the park include the 50m deep limestone gorge and associated caves; the surrounding forest, estuarine and riverine habitats; and the estuary itself. • The Discovery Bay Coastal Park (8,530 ha) covers around 50km of the far western Victorian coast, east of the South Australian border, and includes ocean beaches, coastal cliffs, large dune areas, freshwater lakes, swamps / wetlands, volcanic features, and Aboriginal middens. The Park is an important habitat for the endangered Hooded Plover and migratory wading birds listed under international treaties, and contains a number of rare coastal plant species (Parks Victoria, 2002; Wilmap Pty Ltd, 2002). • The Lower Glenelg River Conservation Park (127ha) was designated by National Parks and Wildlife SA in 1993, and conserves the small portion of the Glenelg River that occurs within South Australia, inland from the coast. the Park is an extension of Victoria’s Lower Glenelg National Park, which adjoins it on the eastern boundary. The Glenelg River forms the western boundary. The Park contains an endangered vegetation association (Swamp Gum woodland) and several endangered plant species. The Park provides habitat for a variety of threatened terrestrial bird species and mammals (National Parks and Wildlife South Australia, 2001c). • The Environment Conservation Council (2000) of Victoria proposed a Marine National Park at Discovery Bay, Western Victoria, which has now been established (see Parks Victoria, 2002). There are limited similarities with the Lower South East area of S.A. described in this report, in terms of habitat protected. The Discovery Bay Marine National Park, 20km west of Portland and adjacent to the Discovery Bay Coastal Park (see above), covers 3,050ha, protects dune lakes; shallow Ecklonia­covered basalt reefs; 2­3m high basalt “walls”; sea caves; and in deeper waters, interspersed with sand plains, are flatter calcarenite reefs densely covered with sessile invertebrates such as sponges, ascidians, bryozoa, hydroids, and gorgonian corals. The park is part of the largest coastal basalt formation in Western Victoria. The region is well known for whale watching and blue whales regularly pass by the area. Notable flora in the marine park include Bull Kelp, and notable fauna include the southern Australian endemic Red Velvetfish; Australian Fur Seals and other pinnipeds; sharks, and periodic presence of the Southern Right Whale and Blue Whale. Within the boundaries of the park, fishing, netting, spearing, or otherwise taking or killing marine life, are all prohibited (Parks Victoria, 2002). • Netting Closures: (i) Port MacDonnell which includes “all waters below high water mark with a radius of 0.55 of a nautical mile, from the seaward lead light at the shoreward end of Port MacDonnell jetty, excluding the waters commencing at a point at the high water mark on the shore at the western end of Hammond’s Drain, then in a direction of 1700T for 300m, then in an easterly direction, remaining 300m from shore to a point of intersection with the 0.55 nautical mile radial line” (PIRSA, 1999a); and (ii) Brown Bay, from Green Point to Danger Point, within 300m of the high water mark (PIRSA, 1999a). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 470 Technical Report 2004 11 Other MPA / Reserve Nominations within each Recommended Area During the 1990s, individuals from the 30­member South Australian Marine Protected Areas Technical Working Group of scientists, provided recommendations to the former South Australian Department of Fisheries, as part of a Commonwealth­funded process to collate background information on areas of high conservation value that may contribute to a representative system of MPAs in South Australia. These recommendations, supplemented by additional information collated during the South Australian Benthic Surveys Program (1992­1997), and by additional nominations received during a public consultation period, were summarised in Edyvane (1999b), and included the following locations: BIOREGION EUC EUC MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR MUR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR SGF SGF SGF SGF SGF BIOUNIT NULLARBOR WAHGUNYAH FOWLER FOWLER FOWLER FOWLER STREAKY STREAKY STREAKY STREAKY STREAKY NUYTS NUYTS NUYTS YANERBIE YANERBIE YANERBIE NEWLAND NEWLAND SHERINGA SHERINGA SHERINGA SHERINGA SHERINGA FLINDERS FLINDERS DOUGLAS DOUGLAS WHIDBEY WHIDBEY WHIDBEY WHIDBEY WHIDBEY JUSSIEU JUSSIEU JUSSIEU JUSSIEU JUSSIEU NAME GAB OFFSHORE 1 GAB OFFSHORE 2 NUYTS REEF ­ DENTRECASTEUX REEF FOWLERS BAY ­ CLARE BAY SINCLAIR ISLAND ­ POINT LE HUNTE ROCKY POINT TOURVILLE BAY DECRES BAY LAURA BAY ­ SMOKY BAY ACRAMAN CREEK ­ STREAKY BAY EBA ISLAND NUYTS ARCHIPELAGO FRANKLIN ISLANDS ­ EYRE ISLANDS ­ CAPE MISSIESSY OLIVE ISLANDS SCEALE BAY ­ SMOOTH POOL POINT LABATT ­ BAIRD BAY VENUS BAY CONSERVATION PARK TALIA CAVES ­ LAKE NEWLAND CONSERVATION PARK THE WATCHERS ­ WALDEGRAVE ISLAND CONSERVATION PARK WATERLOO BAY LAKE HAMILTON SHERINGA BEACH AND LAGOON CAP ISLAND CONSERVATION PARK DRUMMOND POINT INVESTIGATOR GROUP FLINDERS ISLAND ROCKY ISLAND NORTH COFFIN BAY ­ PORT DOUGLAS ­ YANGIE BAY COFFIN BAY NATIONAL PARK ­ AVOID BAY ­ AVOID BAY ISLES WHIDBEY ISLANDS GREENLY ISLANDS ROCKY ISLAND SOUTH CAPE CARNOT ­ CAPE WILES ­ FISHERY BAY LINCOLN NATIONAL PARK ­ THORNY PASSAGE SIR JOSEPH BANKS GROUP ­ DANGEROUS REEF PEAKE BAY ­ POINT BOLINGBROKE SALT CREEK ­ TUMBY BAY ­ TUMBY ISLAND PROPER BAY ­ PORTER BAY ­ SPALDING COVE An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 471 Technical Report 2004 SGF SGF SGF SGF NSG NSG NSG NSG SGF SGF SGF SGF SGF SGF SGF SGF SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR EYR SVG SVG SVG SVG SVG COR COR OTW OTW JUSSIEU DUTTON FRANKLIN FRANKLIN YONGA YONGA YONGA WINNINOWIE TIPARRA TIPARRA WARDANG WARDANG PONDALOWIE PONDALOWIE GAMBIER GAMBIER STURT STURT STURT STURT ORONTES ORONTES ORONTES ORONTES CLINTON CLINTON CLINTON CLINTON YANKALILLA YANKALILLA YANKALILLA ENCOUNTER ENCOUNTER NEPEAN­BACKSTAIRS NEPEAN­BACKSTAIRS NEPEAN­BACKSTAIRS NEPEAN­BACKSTAIRS GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME GANTHEAUME CASSINI CASSINI CASSINI CASSINI CASSINI COORONG COORONG CANUNDA CANUNDA TOD ESTUARY ­ LOUTH BAY LIPSON COVE ­ LIPSON ISLAND ARNO BAY MILLS BEACH ­ FRANKLIN HARBOUR WHYALLA ­ COWLEDS LANDING POINT LOWLY GERMEIN BAY ­ PORT DAVIS ­ FISHERMAN BAY FAR NORTHERN SPENCER GULF TIPARRA REEF ­ TIPARRA BAY ­ CAPE ELIZABETH MOONTA BAY ­ BIRD ISLANDS ­ TIPARRA REEF ­ TIPARRA BAY WARDANG ISLAND ­ PORT VICTORIA POINT TURTON ­ LEVEN BEACH CORNY POINT FORMBY BAY ­ INNES NATIONAL PARK GAMBIER ISLANDS NEPTUNE ISLANDS FORMBY BAY ­ INNES NATIONAL PARK ALTHORPE ISLANDS POINT DAVENPORT CONSERVATION PARK TROUBRIDGE SHOALS ­ MARION SHOALS SALT CREEK BAY OYSTER BAY ­ PORT VINCENT BLACK POINT TIDDY WIDDY ZANONI SHIPWRECK WILLS CREEK ­ CLINTON CONSERVATION PARK LIGHT RIVER ­ PORT RIVER ESTUARY GLENELG SHIPWRECKS ONKAPARINGA ESTUARY ­ MOANA ALDINGA BAY ­ MYPONGA ESTUARY YANKALILLA BAY DEEP CREEK ­ NEWLAND HEAD ENCOUNTER BAY IRONSTONE POINT ­ ANTECHAMBER BAY AMERICAN RIVER PAGES ISLANDS BAY OF SHOALS ­ WESTERN COVE FLINDERS ­ RAVINE DES CASOARS CAPE BOUGUER ­ KELLY HILL CAPE KERSAINT ­ VIVONNE BAY CAPE GANTHEAUME DESTREES BAY CAPE HART SUBMARINE CANYONS AND BASEMENT HIGHS CAPE TORRENS ­ HARVEYS RETURN WESTERN RIVER COVE ­ SNUG COVE STOKES BAY SMITH BAY EMU BAY AND BOXING BAY COORONG NATIONAL PARK LACEPEDE BAY ­ CAPE JAFFA ­ MARGARET BROCK REEF LACEPEDE BAY ­ CAPE JAFFA ­ MARGARET BROCK REEF GUICHEN BAY ­ BAUDIN ROCKS ­ CAPE DOMBEY ­ LITTLE DIP An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 472 Technical Report 2004 OTW OTW OTW OTW OTW OTW OTW CANUNDA CANUNDA CANUNDA NENE NENE PICCANINNIE PICCANINNIE NORA CREINA BAY PENGUIN ISLAND ­ CAPE MARTIN ­ BEACHPORT CAPE BANKS ­ CANUNDA BLACKFELLOWS CAVES ­ NENE VALLEY BLANCHE BAY ­ CAPE NORTHUMBERLAND EIGHT MILE CREEK ­ BROWN BAY ­ GREEN POINT AND OFFSHORE ELLARDS CREEK ­ PICCANINNIE PONDS Many of the locations in the list above (recommended by various members of the South Australian Marine Protected Areas Technical Working Group ­ see summary in Edyvane, 1999b), are smaller parts of the larger areas described in this report. Additionally, a number of previous and current nominations for locations within the larger areas discussed here, have been presented to government, or recommended by government, between 1980 and the early 2000s. Some examples are included below: 11.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) • The lack of marine protected areas on Eyre Peninsula was highlighted as an important issue in a study report of the marine biota of the Eyre Coast (Buckley, AMDL consultancy to Department of Environment and Planning, 1986). In 1986, declaration of marine reserves was considered by Dr B. Lever, Director of SA National Parks and Wildlife Service, to be one of the two most urgent issues for conservation in South Australia. The Buckley report recommended that marine reserves be declared to protect and conserve representative examples of each major subtidal community, and to protect and conserve spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for commercial and other fish and crustaceans (Buckley, 1986). • Buckley (1986) recommended all mangroves in the Eyre Peninsula region for formal protection. At the time, mangroves and subtidal seagrass at Davenport Creek, Cape Missiessy, and Acraman Creek were highlighted as some of the most valuable areas requiring formal protection as marine reserves. The Buckley report also considered that Laura Bay was worthy of immediate protection as a marine reserve. • Martin (1988) recommended formal protection and preservation under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988, of a “representative sample” of the fish­traps on the Eyre Peninsula and West Coast. The proposed protected areas would also include the land (e.g. beach, fore­dune, cliff) surrounding the fish trap, to preserve the “environmental integrity” of the sites. In particular, the Duckponds Fish Trap complex was highlighted as a desired area for protection, including the intertidal zone and foreshore bordering Section 197 and 241; the rocky reefs, corners and shell grit beach ridges; the fish traps in tidal pools; at least one of the woven fish trap sites; the tidal channel of Duckponds Creek, and the adjacent samphire and mangrove swamp. • The Department of Lands Eyre Regional Office (pers. comm., cited by Hames Sharley Australia, 1989), suggested that areas of “natural quality” should be zoned (to protect them from development), and included as prime examples: Laura Bay, Wittelbee Bay, Acraman Creek and the Offshore Islands (Nuyts Archipelago and St Francis Isles). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 473 Technical Report 2004 • In addition to the areas of reported marine conservation significance listed in Edyvane (1999b), the GAB 1000 West Coast Strategy (see Ellis, 1999a) recommended that several areas of remnant coastal vegetation with high conservation value be protected. These areas include Cape Missiessy, Laura Bay, Davenport Creek and Point Gibson. The latter has been considered by the Coast Protection Board for negotiated acquisition in recognition of the need to protect values relating to particular rare and/or threatened habitats, flora and/or fauna. The area under consideration has coastal dune and mangrove species. The broad intertidal sand flat approximately 1 km wide runs from east of Cape Bauer to Point Gibson (Coast Protection Board Minutes) • Tourville Bay was described in the Murat Bay Aquaculture Management Plan (Bond 1991) as one of the most important coastal wetlands in South Australia. Tourville Bay has been identified as being of high / outstanding conservation significance, due to the relatively pristine nature of the bay and surrounding catchment, according to Bucher and Saenger (1989, cited by Edyvane and Nias undated). PIRSA’s aquaculture management plan for the region (Ashman, 1996b) also described the Tourville Bay area as being of high conservation significance. Tourville Bay was one of only three estuarine areas in South Australia to be rated as “near pristine” by participants at a national workshop for the National Land and Water Resources Audit in 1999 (see Part 1 of this table). • Ellis (1999a), documenting information for the GAB 1000 West Coast Strategy, stated that “several sheltered bays and lakes in the region have been recognised as having wetland and nursery values of national and international importance to marine fauna and seabirds”; and that “areas of mangroves on the West Coast are rare, and in some cases unique, in South Australia”; and “protection of the ecological functions of these areas is essential”. Point Gibson (Streaky Bay) and Davenport Creek were listed in the GAB 1000 West Coast Strategy (Ellis, 1999a) as being areas of “high conservation significance”. • Members of marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia, including the Conservation Council of South Australia, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and Nature Conservation Society, jointly submitted to government a nomination for the Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Franklin Islands to be declared Wilderness Areas under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992, due to the marine ecological values of those island groups being consistent with international criteria for the proclamation of wilderness reserves with strict protection (CCSA/AMCS/Wilderness Society/ACF/NCSSA Media Release, December 1998). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified Nuyts Archipelago as being “a long standing commitment for a State water MPA”. 11.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) • The 1986 report by Buckley (see above) to S.A. Department of Environment and Planning considered that Baird Bay was worthy of immediate protection as a marine reserve. • In 2003-2004, a protected area was proposed around the Cape Blanche / Nicholas Baudin Island area, in recognition of the outstanding value of the area for breeding of Australian sea lions, and recognition of the potential threats to this colony and its feeding and breeding area. · In 2003-2005, local conservation groups in the mid west coast region were engaged in research and campaigning related to more formal protection of the coastal and marine environments of the bays, headlands and around nearshore islands. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 474 Technical Report 2004 11.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) • The 1986 report by Buckley (see above) to S.A. Department of Environment and Planning considered that Venus Bay was worthy of immediate protection as a marine reserve. • The GAB 1000 West Coast Strategy Draft (1999) reported that (i) ecosystems generically considered to be important include mangrove areas, inverse estuaries, samphire communities, sheltered bays, and seagrass communities; (ii) all major mangrove areas and associated samphires should be protected, and that (iii) Venus Bay is of recognised conservation significance (i.e. in the aforementioned respects). 11.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) • The lack of marine protected areas on Eyre Peninsula was highlighted as an important issue in a study report of the marine biota of the Eyre Coast (Buckley, 1986). The Buckley report recommended that “marine reserves be declared to protect and conserve representative examples of each major subtidal community, and to protect and conserve spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for commercial and other fish and crustacea” (Buckley, 1986). • Members of marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia, including the Conservation Council of South Australia, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and Nature Conservation Society, jointly submitted to government a nomination for the Islands of the Investigator Group to be declared Wilderness Areas under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992, due to the marine ecological values of those islands being consistent with international criteria for the proclamation of wilderness reserves with strict protection (CCSA/AMCS/Wilderness Society/ACF/NCSSA Media Release, December, 1998). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified Investigator Group of Islands and Flinders Island as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. 11.5 Thorny Passage (Eyre Bioregion) • Members of marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia, including the Conservation Council of South Australia, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and Nature Conservation Society, jointly submitted to government a nomination for the waters surrounding Lincoln National Park, Coffin Bay National Park, and Thorny Passage to be declared Wilderness Areas under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992, due to the marine ecological values of those islands being consistent with international criteria for the proclamation of wilderness reserves with strict protection (CCSA / AMCS / Wilderness Society / ACF / NCSSA Media Release, December 1998). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified the Thorny Passage area and the waters surrounding Lincoln National Park as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 475 Technical Report 2004 • The European cultural value of the Lincoln coast was the basis of a “Marine Park” Proposal, in 2001, by the Southern Eyre Encounter 2002 Committee, described in the section on Current Level of Protection and Management. The proposal was for a Marine Park, in name only, to commemorate the loss of one of Matthew Flinder’s cutters, and its crew, which included John Thistle, the Captain of Flinder’s main ship the Investigator, midshipman William Taylor; and six other crew members, after which the other islands in Thorny Passage are named. The proposal reportedly would seek not to exclude current activities such as commercial abalone fishing, recreational fishing, yachting, and use as a thoroughfare for commercial fishing vessels. The proposal did not mention the existing commercial fishing activity in the area, or a proposal to change the existing arrangements if the marine park proposal is approved. However, the proposal hoped to enforce a prohibition on any visual structures in the area, which could include aquaculture cages. The proposed boundaries of the Park were as follows: North­western: Cape Donington; North­eastern: Dangerous Reef; South­western: West Point / Lighthouse Point; Southeastern: bottom of Thistle Island. • The lack of marine protected areas on Eyre Peninsula (including western Spencer Gulf) was highlighted as an important issue in a study report of the marine biota of the Eyre Coast (Buckley, 1986). In 1986, Dr B. Lever, Director of SA National Parks and Wildlife Service, considered declaration of marine reserves to be one of the two most urgent issues for conservation in South Australia. The report by Buckley considered that Memory Cove and the marine area adjacent to Port Lincoln National Park were worthy of immediate protection in the form of marine reserves, and were listed as highest priority. • In 1980, a report to government by two marine researchers, and representatives of the S.A. SCUBA Divers Association and S.A. Underwater Photographic Society (Ottaway et al., 1980), recommended that all offshore islands controlled by National Parks in S.A., should have their reserve boundaries extended seawards, either to the 20m contour, or 600m seaward. 11.6 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) • Members of marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia, including the Conservation Council of South Australia, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and Nature Conservation Society, jointly submitted to government a nomination for the waters surrounding the Sir Joseph Banks Group to be declared Wilderness Areas under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992, due to the marine ecological values of those islands being consistent with international criteria for the proclamation of wilderness reserves with strict protection (CCSA/AMCS/Wilderness Society/ACF/NCSSA Media Release, December 1998). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef areas as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. • Note that the marine environment around the Sir Joseph Banks Group, although not formally protected to date, is regularly described as a “marine park” and a “sanctuary area”, by dive organisation promotions; Flinders University’s Lincoln Science Centre promotion materials for the lower Spencer Gulf; and by Eyre Peninsula regional tourism promotional materials. For example, a recent tourism promotion for the area (see Tumby Bay Telecentre 2000) described the Sir Joseph Banks Group as follows: “These islands are one of the marine wonders of the world and are a marine conservation park”. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 476 Technical Report 2004 11.7 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • No other recommendations are known for this report, other than that by a member of the South Australian Marine Protected Areas Working Group during the early 1990s (summarised in Edyvane, 1999b), based on the significance of the islands for breeding populations of New Zealand Fur Seal. 11.8 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • In 1992, designation of a Wedge Island ­ North Islet Marine Reserve was suggested as a high priority by a senior research officer of the S.A. National Parks and Wildlife Service, due to the perceived biodiversity of this “ecotone” in the Spencer Gulf Marine environment. • In 1980, a report to government by two marine researchers, and representatives of the S.A. SCUBA Divers Association and S.A. Underwater Photographic Society (Ottaway et al 1980), recommended that all offshore islands controlled by National Parks in S.A., should have their reserve boundaries extended seawards, either to the 20m contour, or 600m seaward. 11.9 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf / North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) • No other recommendations are known for this report, other than that listed by Edyvane (1999b) for the area from Mills Beach to Franklin Harbour. 11.10 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • The lack of marine protected areas on Eyre Peninsula (including the western side of Spencer Gulf) was highlighted as an important issue in a study report to government of the marine biota of the Eyre Coast (Buckley, 1986). The Buckley report recommended that marine reserves be declared to protect and conserve representative examples of each major subtidal community, and to protect and conserve spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for commercial and other fish and crustacea (Buckley, 1986). • In 1994, the Northern Spencer Gulf Resource Processing Strategy Information Paper (Dainis 1994), suggested that: “Recent marine conservation initiatives, both internationally and nationally, have centred on whole ecosystem conservation, with the establishment of large, multiple­use marine parks to protect core, critical areas through the creation of buffer zones. Of particular significance with the establishment of such parks is the integration and co­operation of existing and future uses, and the resolution of user­group conflicts through a multi­use zoning process.” An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 477 Technical Report 2004 • In recent years, the Whyalla City Council, in conjunction with the Whyalla Sports Divers Club, has been investigating the processes required to have the cuttlefish spawning grounds at Whyalla listed on the World Heritage list (Bramley, 2000). The Whyalla Sports Divers Club submitted a proposal to government in 2000, seeking formal protection of the cuttlefish spawning grounds in the Whyalla region, through the declaration of a marine protected area (see Whyalla Sport Divers Club, 2000). The Whyalla cuttlefish spawning area is being considered as a special conservation zone, in the government’s Marine Plan for Spencer Gulf (Media Release, July 2002). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified Upper Spencer Gulf as being “a long standing commitment for State water MPAs”. 11.11 South-Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • In 1980, the former South Australian Department of Fisheries nominated the reefs at Cape Elizabeth as a conservation reserve. • The Warooka Development Plan (Planning SA, 1999) recommended that: the coastal strip and sand dunes south of Port Victoria; and the sand dunes and coastal cliffs in the Hardwicke Bay area be “investigated for National or Conservation Parks”. • In 2002, the Narungga Nations Aboriginal Corporation (NNAC), the title holders of a 2000ha coastal property in the Cape Elizabeth / Tiparra area, were considering the possibility of having the property, along with the adjoining coastal reserve, declared an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA), which would aid the NNAC in protecting the cultural and heritage values of the property, and fulfil its land management responsibilities with the ILC (ILC Media Release, April 2002). • A dive report from the Marine Life Society of South Australia suggested that Wardang Island and its surrounding islands should be Heritage Listed or declared a Marine Park, and that the inner Port Victoria area should also be formally protected due to the large amount of seagrass in the area, and its role as a fish nursery for a large number of juvenile fish (Bellchambers, 1999). 11.12 Western Investigator Strait, between “Toe” of Yorke Peninsula and Northern Kangaroo Island (Eyre / Gulf St Vincent Bioregion Boundary) • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified marine extensions to Innes National Park as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. • In 1992, a senior research officer of National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia considered proclamation of a marine park and reserve network around the Innes National Park area to be a very high priority (Robinson, recommendation to S.A. Department of Fisheries, 1992). Apart from this, and other site­specific recommendations made during the 1990s by members of the SA Marine Protected Areas Working Group (see Edyvane, 1999), previous nominations have included the following: • A report by Ottway et al (1980) suggested that national parks with sea boundaries, such as Innes, and offshore islands under the jurisdiction of National Parks and Wildlife, should have their reserve boundaries extended seawards, by 600m, or to the 20m depth contour. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 478 Technical Report 2004 • Gleesons Landing to Daly Head was previously nominated (in 1974) by the former S.A. Department of Fisheries and Fauna Conservation as a reserve for marine education purposes (Wynne, 1980), but no progress has been made since that time. • The Althorpe Islands and surrounding waters were previously nominated (in 1974) by the former S.A. Department of Fisheries and Fauna Conservation, as a reserve to protect Blue Groper populations (Wynne, 1980), but no progress has been made since that time. • Shepherd and Brook (2002) suggested that no­take fishing areas along the southwestern coast of Yorke Peninsula would provide better protection for Blue Groper populations that have been depleted by fishing over several decades, because the prohibition (under the Fisheries Act 1982) on fishing Western Blue Groper in Investigator Strait waters appears not to have been effective. • McGarvey et al. (2000) stated that seasonal closures or area closures should be considered as one of several options for protecting the spawning stock of King George Whiting (N.B. another option included the introduction of a maximum legal length for caught fish). 11.13 North-Western, Western and South-Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Bioregion) • In 1992, some members of the South Australian Marine Protected Areas Working Group recommended designating the entire region of Kangaroo Island as a zoned Marine Park, including high protection areas. • Either a seasonal closure against marine uses/activities, or a year­round reserve (i.e. marine protected area) has previously been proposed for the entire southern Kangaroo Island, due to seasonal presence of Southern Right Whales on southern Kangaroo Island, sea lions, and New Zealand Fur Seals (Ling, SA Museum, pers. comm. 1992 to South Australian Department of Fisheries). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 479 Technical Report 2004 • The Action Plan for Australian Seals (Shaughnessy, 1999), recommended formal protection of waters around breeding colonies, since the feeding grounds in the waters adjacent breeding colonies are part of the key habitat for pinnipeds, particularly for pups, which do not venture as far out to sea relative to the adults. Specifically, Shaughnessy (1999, page 12) stated “the value of the existing marine protected areas on the Australian coast should be assessed, particularly in relation to foraging behaviour of pups before weaning (to about 18 months for sea­lions and 10 months or even longer for fur­seals) and soon after weaning. Pups spend time in the shallows near their breeding colonies. It would be valuable to document the amount of time they spend there and their activities. At Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island, young sea lions pursue mullet in the shallows close to the colony. If juvenile seals are dependent or even semi­dependent on resources in waters adjacent to their colonies, existing protected areas should be expanded to provide adequate protection for these areas too. Marine protected areas around seal colonies in Australia are managed by nature conservation agencies or by fisheries agencies. Since seals are managed ashore by nature conservation agencies, it is appropriate that they be managed by the same agency when at sea in order to avoid inconsistencies and maintain an adequate level of protection. It is logical therefore that such marine protected areas should be established under nature conservation legislation rather than fisheries legislation”. Shaughnessy (1999) also wrote “if there are favoured feeding places, they should be included in marine protected areas. This is especially important because the otariid seals on the coast of mainland Australia and at the Sub­Antarctic islands nurse their pups for many months. Other marine predators would also benefit from the establishment of protected areas at feeding ‘hotspots’”. 11.14 Southern Eyre (Eyre Bioregion) • In 2002, AFMA’s Shark Management Advisory Committee recommended a number of area closures (see AFMA, 2002a), primarily to protect School Shark nurseries and sites for pregnant female School Sharks. The closures were to apply to the Southern Shark and South­East Non­Trawl fisheries (which are now part of the general SESSF fishery – see AFMA, 2003). Part of Southern Eyre Peninsula i.e. West Point to Cape Wiles (including Sleaford Bay) was one of the 7 areas initially proposed in SA and Tasmania for permanent closure to School Shark fishing. Following discussions with stakeholders, closure of this area to shark fishing was subsequently rejected (see AFMA, 2003c). • The Coffin Bay National Park was nominated by the S.A. Government Wilderness Advisory Committee in 1998­1999 as a Wilderness Protection Area, under the 1992 Wilderness Protection Act 1992. Although the exact marine extent of the nominated area is not specified in the Plan, the description of the area for consideration in the Report to the Minister (DEHAA, 1999b) stated that “The extreme southern portion of Eyre Peninsula covered by this report includes Coffin Bay National Park. Several islands are dedicated to the national parks, and these are also considered, along with the marine environment which surrounds them” (DEHAA, 1999b, page 4). (see section above on Current Level of Protection and Management). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified the Coffin Bay National Park, Avoid Bay, Avoid Bay Isles and Whidbey Islands areas as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 480 Technical Report 2004 • Members of marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia, including the Conservation Council of South Australia, Australian Marine Conservation Society, Wilderness Society, Australian Conservation Foundation, and Nature Conservation Society, jointly submitted to government a nomination for the waters surrounding Lincoln National Park and Coffin Bay National Park to be declared Wilderness Areas under the Wilderness Protection Act 1992, due to the marine ecological values of those islands being consistent with international criteria for the proclamation of wilderness reserves with strict protection (CCSA/AMCS/Wilderness Society/ACF/NCSSA Media Release, December 1998). • The lack of marine protected areas on Eyre Peninsula was highlighted as an important issue in a study report of the marine biota of the Eyre Coast, prepared for the S.A. Department of Environment and Planning (Buckley, 1986). The Buckley report (1986) considered that the small bay near Point Avoid, as well as the marine area adjacent to the entire Coffin Bay National Park, and the Black Springs area were worthy of immediate protection in the form of marine reserves, and were listed as highest priority. 11.15 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • In 1974, the S.A. Department of Fisheries proposed a reserve for marine education purposes for the area between Black Hill and Troubridge Point. • In 1980, the Edithburgh jetty was nominated for Marine Reserve status by two marine researchers, and representatives of the S.A. SCUBA Divers Association and S.A. Underwater Photographic Society (Ottaway et al., 1980). Since that time, other discussions of formal protection for the jetty has also occurred, within both community and government (e.g. S.A. Marine Protected Areas Working Group recommendations during 1991­1992). • Since the declaration of the Troubridge Hill Aquatic Reserve in 1983, there have been regular requests to government from dive groups seeking increased protection for the fish fauna in the Troubridge area from all forms of fishing. • According to National Parks and Wildlife Service (Robinson, 1992, pers. comm. to S.A. Department of Fisheries), there was a lot of discussion in the early 1990s regarding the provision of a marine reserve around Troubridge Island. • In 1991, a State inter­agency workshop on MPAs recommended that waters around Troubridge Island be designated as a Marine Protected Area. The list of proposed areas developed in 1992 by the 30­member South Australian MPA Working Group, included the following areas proposed to be declared as MPAs: buffer zone around Troubridge Hill Marine Reserve, incorporating an extension to Black Hill and Troubridge Point; and waters around Troubridge Island. • A marine reserve in the Coobowie area was suggested in 1992, by some members of the SA Marine Protected Areas Working Group, to help support the marine research work that was conducted in the area. The suggestion was based upon an earlier nomination for protection of the Coobowie area as a marine education reserve, documented in the Yorke Coast Protection District Study Report (Wynne, 1980). • The region of coastal waters between Sultana Point and Klein Point has been described as a ‘special area’ in DENR / EPA’s Protecting Gulf St Vincent publication (Harbison, 1997). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 481 Technical Report 2004 • Berggy (1996) described the marine area around Troubridge as having “high conservation value” due to its benthic seagrass, sponge and reef communities, and as seabird and wading habitats. • McGarvey et al. (2000) stated that seasonal closures or area closures should be considered as one of several options for protecting the spawning stock of King George Whiting (N.B. another option included the introduction of a maximum legal length for caught fish). • For the area described in this table, habitat to at least 10m contains extensive and undamaged examples of a variety of calcareous reefs, with benthic topography and biota that are influenced by the strong shallow water currents and wind wave action of southeastern Yorke Peninsula, in addition to shallow water sponge beds, which are uncommon in the South Australian coastal area. The area to 15m around the “heel” of Yorke Peninsula area encompasses much of the ecologically significant reef types, seagrass and sand environment in south­western Gulf St Vincent, and also includes Troubridge Island and surrounds. Part of the described area contains dense, extensive seagrass beds, in addition to other habitats described in this table. The seagrass beds in this region have not been degraded by coastal effluent discharge over decades, unlike those in other parts of the GSV Bioregion. Some of the habitat types described for this region do not occur in other parts of the Gulf St Vincent Bioregion. It is noted that the assemblages of southeastern Yorke Peninsula, which exemplify the habitat diversity of the western parts of the Gulf St Vincent Bioregion, have not been physically damaged, unlike assemblages in more central parts of the GSV Bioregion, which have been trawled since the middle of last century. 11.16 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • The Field Naturalists’ Society of South Australia provided a submission to government (undated, believed to be during the 1970s) for the protection of this area. The submission provided ecological information to support a proposal for a “large national park (marine) at the head of St Vincent’s Gulf”. • Previously, in 1974, the Department of Fisheries advised the Yorke Coast Protection District Board that the supratidal and intertidal area from Price to Port Wakefield should be considered for declaration as an Aquatic Reserve (Wynne, 1980, cited by Edyvane, 1996b). • Several submissions were received by the Department of Fisheries in 1991, stating that additional “non­fishing areas” should be introduced in the Barker Inlet area, to protect juvenile fish and vulnerable adult fish stocks. Such areas included Angas Inlet, where the habitat (mangroves and tidal banks) was purportedly being degraded by human activity in the area (Rohan et al., 1991). • The Barker Inlet system has been the subject of several government studies and community proposals during the 1990s, which recommended extensions of the existing Aquatic Reserve, and/or Marine Park designation for the entire system, including the channels and islands. For example, the Environment Division of the Department of Environment and Planning, proposed the Barker Inlet Conservation Park, and developed a proposed management plan in 1992/1993. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 482 Technical Report 2004 • During the mid to late 1990’s and early 2000s there were proposals to list the northern and north­eastern Gulf St Vincent region as a Ramsar site, due to its significance for migratory birds (T. Flaherty, verbal submission to Senate Inquiry into Gulf St Vincent, February, 2000; District Council of Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee and EcoConnect, 2002). A report by District Council of Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee and EcoConnect (2002) noted in particular the Samphire Coast area of north­eastern Gulf St Vincent, which contains populations of migratory bird species that make the site eligible for listing under the Ramsar convention. • During the late 1990s, the region from Port Prime, south to, and including Garden Island, and also the St Kilda ­ Chapmans Creek and Barker Inlet Aquatic Reserves, were the subject of a Multiple­Use Marine Protected area proposal (draft Northern Adelaide Coastal Wetlands Background Paper, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). Various community­ based conservation park proposals for the Port River / Barker Inlet area, including Torrens Island and Garden Island, were also developed during the 1990s. • There was a recommendation in 1992 for the Garden Island waste facility to be closed, the existing levees to be breached (to allow re­colonisation of saltmarsh vegetation), and for remaining saltmarsh in that area to be protected formally (possibly as an extension of the Torrens Island Conservation Park), to permit regeneration of damaged saltmarsh habitat in the area (Edyvane, 1992, pers. comm. to PPK). A Garden Island rehabilitation project was initiated by State Government during the mid 1990s. The proposal included closing the dump, treating the leachate, “rehabilitating” the saltmarsh area, and building an interpretive centre. Although this proposal has not been accepted to date, the Garden Island waste facility was due for closure during the mid 2000s. • Smith (2002) recommended the formal protection and management of habitat from Port Prime to south of Port Gawler, as being a necessary step to maintain viable populations of Samphire Thornbill, and protect its race rosinae from further decline in the area. The species is of conservation concern due to small population numbers, limited available habitat, and recognised threats (see section above on issues for Risk and Impact Assessment). • A report by the District Council of Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee and EcoConnect (2002), called for more formal protection of the samphire saltmarsh, mangroves and intertidal / shallow subtidal seagrasses of north­eastern Gulf St Vincent. Of particular note in that report was the Light River delta, and its mangroves and associated habitat, which have no formal protection, despite the recognised high conservation value of the area (e.g. Edyvane, 1999b and 2000; Smith, 2002; and the table in this report on Ecological Values for the area). The 2002 Foreshore Advisory Committee report recommended that the entire north­eastern coastal area of Gulf St Vincent be declared as a marine and estuarine protected areas, to low tide level, and be co­managed with any protected area or planning area that embraces the nearshore seagrass areas of gulf St Vincent. • In 2002, the District Council of Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee and EcoConnect (2002) reported that Penrice Soda Products at Dry Creek was discussing with government the possibility of co­managing and declaring as a sanctuary area, the unused “Northern Leases” of the salt fields in this area, Crown land which Penrice has a licence to occupy. Other land used by private landholders was also recommended for restoration and management as a “buffer area” to the wetlands in the north­eastern GSV area. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 483 Technical Report 2004 • The DC Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee has proposed that a new Conservation Park and Heritage Agreement Area be established in the area that includes Council and Crown lands in the vicinity of Port Prime and Light Beach. A private landholder in the adjoining area (recommended for Heritage Agreement status by the Foreshore Advisory Committee), is reported to be supportive of the proposal (District Council of Mallala Foreshore Advisory Committee and EcoConnect, 2002). 11.17 Southern Fleurieu / North-East Kangaroo Island / Backstairs Passage / Encounter Bay / Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) Southern Fleurieu • In 1980, the Rapid Bay jetty was nominated for Marine Reserve status by two marine researchers, and representatives of the S.A. SCUBA Divers Association and S.A. Underwater photographic Society (Ottaway et al., 1980). • Extension of Aldinga Aquatic Reserve recommended by Ottway et al. (1980). Habitats from Rapid Bay to Second Valley were also recommended for increased formal protection by Ottway et al. (1980). • During 1991 ­1992, public submissions were received by government, recommending marine protected areas be established in a number of Southern Fleurieu areas (Lady Bay, Carrickalinga, Second Valley, Deep Creek areas). • In 1992­93, the area between Port Willunga and Aldinga Bay, was nominated by government agency as a Marine Reserve, and the area between Carrickalinga Head and Cape Jervis was nominated as a Marine Park (to include potential Marine Reserves such as Rapid Head, Carrickalinga, Normanville, Lady Bay, Second Valley, and Cape Jervis) according to information supplied by some of the 30­member South Australian Marine Protected Areas Technical Working Group. • More recent reports by Caton (1997, cited by Brook, 2000) and Brook (2000) recommended increased protection for part of the Southern Fleurieu area, through the use of MPAs, including high­protection zones. North-Eastern Kangaroo Island • Lloyd and Balla (1986, cited by Edyvane, 1999b) recommended that the estuarine area south of the Cygnet River be given status as a reserve due to its “outstanding environmental value”. • A land­based conservation area as well as a marine reserve was recommended as a method of improving catchment management, due to the importance of the Cygnet River Estuary (A. Robinson, National Parks and Wildlife, pers. comm. to South Australian Department of Fisheries, 992). • H.B.S Womersley, retired Professor of Botany from Adelaide University, has described the American River Inlet as “a rich biological region well worth preserving and conserving for the future” (see Womersley and Edmonds, 1979). • The foreshore and coastline at Kingscote was nominated by government agency in 1992 as a Marine Reserve (MPA), according to information supplied by some of the 30­member South Australian Marine Protected Areas Technical Working Group. The area was nominated principally on features that were summarised as “biogeographic, social and scientific values”, in addition to “practicality”. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 484 Technical Report 2004 • The area between Kangaroo Head and Snapper Point (i.e. including Christmas Cove, Penneshaw and Hog Bay) was nominated by government agency in 1992 as a Marine Reserve (MPA), according to information supplied by some of the 30 member South Australian Marine Protected Areas Technical Working Group. The area was nominated principally on features that were summarised as “biogeographic, social and scientific values”. Subsequently, the most westerly part of this area (Kangaroo Head, Penneshaw, Hog Bay etc) was not included in the Technical Working Group’s list of candidate MPAs summarised in Edyvane (1999b), for unspecified reasons. • In 1998, some of the major marine and marine­affiliated conservation groups in South Australia (i.e. CCSA, AMCS, ACF, Wilderness Society, NCCSA) jointly nominated the Hog Bay area as a potential reserve under the Wilderness Protection Act. • In 1980, the Penneshaw jetty was nominated for Marine Reserve status by two marine researchers, and representatives of the S.A. SCUBA Divers Association and S.A. Underwater Photographic Society (Ottaway et al., 1980). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified the Ironstone Point and Antechamber Bay areas as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. • The north­eastern Kangaroo Island area (Dudley Peninsula) has recently (1999­2003) been the subject of a community­based MPA proposal developed by the Kangaroo Island Branch of the Australian Marine Conservation Society (see KI­AMCS 2000 and 2001), and associated with the on­going Coastcare­funded monitoring project and register of values of the area. • In 2002, AFMA’s Shark Management Advisory Committee recommended a number of area closures (see AFMA, 2002a), primarily to protect School Shark nurseries and sites for pregnant female School Sharks. The closures were to apply to the Southern Shark and South­East Non­Trawl fisheries (which are now part of the general SESSF fishery – see AFMA, 2003). The coastal waters out to 3NM, between Cape Marsden to Cape Coutts (and including the North­Eastern Kangaroo Island Bays), was one of the 7 areas proposed in SA and Tasmania for permanent closure to School Shark fishing. Following discussions with stakeholders, closure of this area to shark fishing was subsequently rejected (see AFMA, 2003c). Encounter Bay Encounter Bay region has regularly been nominated for increased protection / management through the use of MPAs / reserves. Examples include: • South Australian Piscatorial Council, and Ottway, Oak, Bossley and Gardiner (see Ottway et 1980), who recommended, for listing: Encounter Bay and Port Elliot, including Wright Island and Granite Island; • Halstead’s (1987) study, which illustrated the importance of the Encounter Bay region for aquatic recreation and tourism. The author recommended that the region be zoned as a low impact use reserve so that the social and ecological importance of the Encounter Bay region would not be compromised; An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 485 Technical Report 2004 • S.A. Marine Protected Areas Working Group (1992­1993, unpublished), whose recommendation was reported by Baker and Edyvane (1996, report for Victor Harbor Council, via S.A. Department Housing and Urban Development). Some members of the S.A. Marine Protected Areas Working Group recommended that the entire Encounter Bay region from Deep Creek Conservation Park to the Murray Mouth be classified as a multiple use Marine Park, due to the outstanding ecological, biophysical and geological significance of the area. The need to protect Encounter Bay during the winter migration of the Southern Right Whales was particularly stressed. The high social importance of the area (especially for recreation and tourism and fisheries) was also considered in the need for improved management and protection against indiscriminant impacts. • More recent reports by Caton (1997, cited by Brook, 2000) and Brook (2000) recommended increased protection for part of the Southern Fleurieu area, through the use of MPAs, including high­protection zones. • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified the Encounter Bay, Granite Island, and Wright Island areas as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. • The environmental and social values of Encounter Bay were highlighted in the declaration of the area in 2000 as part of the Register of the National Estate (Australian Heritage Commission, 2000). • In 2002, AFMA’s Shark Management Advisory Committee recommended a number of area closures (see AFMA, 2002a), primarily to protect School Shark nurseries and sites for pregnant female School Sharks. The closures were to apply to the Southern Shark and South­East Non­Trawl fisheries (which are now part of the general SESSF fishery – see AFMA, 2003). The coastal waters out to 3NM, from Cape Jervis to Encounter Bay and the Coorong, was one of the 7 areas proposed in SA and Tasmania for permanent closure to School Shark fishing. Following discussions with stakeholders, closure of this area to shark fishing was subsequently rejected (see AFMA, 2003c). Murray Mouth • The area considered in this report has proposed boundaries identical to those considered by the Murray Mouth Land Use Working Group (1991 Working Group Report, cited by Edyvane et al., 1996), as an are requiring “core management”. The management area discussed in the 1991 report was considered in detail in a 1996 report (Edyvane et al., 1996) titled A Biological Resource Assessment of the Murray Mouth Estuary. The management area proposed by The Murray Mouth Land Use Working Group in 1991 is bordered by Mundoo Island (western bank), Point Sturt, Goolwa Barrage, Sir Richard Peninsula and the Coorong National Park boundary. The area includes all land and water limited by the barrages, Sir Richard Peninsula, the Murray Mouth, and part of Younghusband Peninsula up to Pelican Point on its opposite side, and extending no further inland than one metre above the high water. The Murray Mouth Land Use Working Group proposed this area are one requiring improved protection and management due to its high usage, and being considered to support the most significant conservation areas and the most fragile land systems in the region. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 486 Technical Report 2004 • The need for an integrated management plan that considered the conservation values and managed activities (particularly recreational) over the whole region was highlighted in 1991 by the Murray Mouth Working Group Report. An assessment of the Murray Mouth by Edyvane et al. (1996), recommended an integrated, regional management plan for the Lower Murray estuary and Coorong region, to overcome the managerial problems associated with the current situation, in which various government agencies at several levels manage the system, with jurisdictional boundaries often not taking into account activities, and/or natural and ecological processes which occur across these boundaries. The 1996 report also recommended a zoning framework for areas and activities, to protect critical areas, habitats and species from detrimental human activities. It was recognised that the international status (e.g. RAMSAR, CAMBA, JAMBA) does little to protect the area from the effects of coastal development, grazing and boating which can significantly affect both, wetland habitats and species. • The assessment by Edyvane et al. (1996) of the Murray Mouth estuarine system, suggested that key areas of conservation value include eastern Hindmarsh Island, Sir Richard Peninsula (recommended for conservation listing in its entirety) and the Barrage Islands (Long, Tauwitchere, Reedy and Ewe). Edyvane et al. (1996) suggested that these areas should be considered for formal conservation reservation, as extensions of the Coorong National Park, in order to protect the key values and manage the entire estuary on the basis of integrated conservation management. • Multiple­use protected area legislation was recommended for the Murray Mouth area by Edyvane et al. (1996), incorporating core highly protected areas, and areas in which appropriate activities are managed for sustainable use of the area. Edyvane et al. (1996) recommended designation of the Murray Mouth estuary as a Marine Protected Area, and also recommended Regional Reserve status for the surrounding land areas. • The assessment of the Murray Mouth region by Edyvane et al. (1996) also recommended that additional information be sought to ascertain the status of unprotected wetlands of high conservation value, and to determine threats from coastal development and other human activities in the region, in order to assess priorities for legislative protection. Such areas included the following: the freshwater wetlands fringing Lake Alexandrina, Lake Albert, eastern Hindmarsh Island and barrage islands, the tributary creeks to Lower Lakes (Finniss River, Tookayerta Creek, Black Swamp), and the estuary channels; freshwater soaks in sandhills; hypo­marine to marine Northern Coorong Lagoon and the marine to hyper­marine South Coorong Lagoon; the mudflats and wader habitat; and the coastal dune habitat. The report recommended strategies to prevent further coastal development within the conservation zone on Hindmarsh Island and also on other islands surrounding the estuary (i.e. Long, Tauwitchere, Reedy and Ewe Islands). • Edyvane et al. (1996) recommended further terrestrial and estuarine additions to the existing Coorong National Park, to protect key wetland conservation values and enable the integrated conservation management of the entire estuary. • Thompson (1986, cited by Edyvane et al., 1996), considered part of Hindmarsh Island to be a region of ‘high' conservation value, based on its importance for water birds, the abundant growths of submerged macrophytes and other swamp vegetation. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 487 Technical Report 2004 11.18 Upper South-East (Coorong/Otway Bioregions Boundary) • In 2002, AFMA’s Shark Management Advisory Committee recommended a number of area closures (see AFMA, 2002a), primarily to protect School Shark nurseries and sites for pregnant female School Sharks. The closures were to apply to the Southern Shark and South­East Non­Trawl fisheries (which are now part of the general SESSF fishery – see AFMA, 2003). Part of the upper South­East (Coorong, extending down to the Kingston / Cape Jaffa and Robe area) was one of the 7 areas proposed in SA and Tasmania for permanent closure to School Shark fishing. Following discussions with stakeholders, closure of this area to shark fishing was subsequently rejected (see AFMA, 2003c). • Lacepede Bay was recommended as a Scientific Reserve by the South East Coastal Protection Board in 1982. • Due to its diverse and “unique” marine flora and fauna, Margaret Brock Reef was recommended as an Aquatic Reserve by the South East Coast Protection Board in 1982 (UEPG, 1982, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). • Nora Creina Bay was recommended as an Aquatic Reserve by the South East Coastal Protection Board in 1982 (with provision for recreational line fishing) (UEPG, 1982, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). • Australian Marine Conservation Society (Tarte, 1999) identified Cape Jaffa, Margaret Brock Reef and Guichen Bay areas as being “long standing commitments for State water MPAs”. 11.19 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion) • In 1982, the South East Coast Protection Board nominated Green Point Reef as an Aquatic Reserve, due to its abundance and diversity of flora and fauna; and the Cape Banks area, with consideration being given to prohibiting spear fishing and the taking of lobsters by divers, due to the importance of the area to the Rock Lobster industry (UEPG, 1982, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). • Eight Mile Creek (Ewens Ponds) was nominated by Lloyd and Balla (1986) as a potential Wetland Reserve, due to its environmental values. • An aggregation site for blue whales in deeper Commonwealth waters, particularly the shelf break (200m), between Port MacDonnell and Warrnambool, Victoria, was assessed by the Commonwealth in 2002­2003 as a potential Marine Protected Area. Oceanic processes, namely the Bonney upwelling, results in high productivity, with which the blue whales and other species are associated (Environment Australia media release, September, 2001). The conservation values of the Bonney Coast area have been documented by Butler et al. (2002). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 488 Technical Report 2004 12 Miscellaneous Information about Conservation and Management within Recommended Areas 12.1 Overview This section provides additional information about each focus area, such as expert comments on the ecological significance of particular sites, as well a list of the Geological Monuments in the areas recommended for the SARSMPA. Also included in this section are various conservation ratings and impact classifications that have been given to areas, for example, during government audits. Notes on previous development proposals are also included. 12.1.1 Nuyts Archipelago, St Francis Isles and Coastal Embayments (Murat Bioregion) • In the National Land and Water Resources Audit’s assessment of estuaries in South Australia (1999­2001), Tourville Bay was one of the few estuarine areas in South Australia to be classified as Near Pristine (GeoScience Australia, 2001). • The size of the estuaries and the extent and diversity of associated wetlands suggest that Streaky Bay contributes significantly to the ecology of the local area (Bucher and Saenger, 1989, cited by Edyvane and Nias, undated). • In a “conservation index rating” assessment of the conservation value of 113 islands in South Australia, Franklin Island received the fourth highest score. Factors considered included island area, distance from mainland, degree of isolation and disturbance, aesthetic value, and number of biological parameters, such as the number of breeding bird and mammal species, and number of rare species (Robinson et al., 1996). • In 2001, Davenport Creek was identified as a potential Coastal Geomorphological “Icon”, by SA government. • Planning S.A. produces and regularly updates Development Plans for the Streaky Bay and Ceduna areas. The plans contain recommendations for coastal land protection and development, including Principles for Development Control in the coastal zone, and environmental and industrial guidelines for aquaculture development. • Guidelines are required for activities such as eco­tourism, in proximity to breeding populations of marine mammals along the West Coast (Ellis, 1999a). • Geological and Geomorphological Monuments (see Geological Monuments in South Australia volumes 1977­1994, and uncited references in Edyvane and Nias, undated): Murat Bay: Petrified wood in the north­east of the bay is of geological significance. Deposits of petrified wood in shallow reef areas along the eastern and northern shores of Murat Bay were considered to warrant protection, according to the S.A. Department of Mines and Energy (pers. comm., cited by Hames Sharley Australia, 1989). Such deposits were also considered to be under threat from souvenir seekers. ! ! Laura Bay: A Holocene beach ridge system. At Laura Bay a Holocene beach ridge system has prograded 1200m into the bay with considerable variation occurring in the spacing and height of the beach ridges. Although the beach ridge system to some degree reflects the local conditions of the embayment, it also reflects the conditions (whether changes in storminess or sea­level) that have determined the rates and episodes of Holocene sedimentation along the western portion of the Eyre coast. ! Eyre Island: Holocene beach / fore­dune ridge systems. Eyre Island evolved during the Holocene as a series of multiple beach / fore­dune ridges that prograded simultaneously on three fronts with extensive samphire and mangrove flats between the prograding arms. The island represents an island in the making and preserves a rich history of sea­levels and sedimentation during the Holocene. ! Point Brown: Dykes on the wave­cut platform. ! Point Collinson: Pleistocene wave­cut platform. At Point Collinson a Pleistocene wave­cut platform 1.0m above MSL is overlain by two small coqioma remnants 0.4­0.6m thick. One of these contains intact bivalves, including Anadara spp. The site provides evidence of previous sea­level events. ! Acraman Creek: Stranded tidal creek system. Five kilometres west of Acraman Creek a tidal creek An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 489 Technical Report 2004 system has been cut off from the sea by a prograding recurved spit. The stranded creek system is well preserved and readily accessible by vehicle, making it “an excellent research site”. The barrier­spit sequence is also well preserved and provides a record of sedimentation over the Holocene period. 12.1.2 Baird Bay to Cape Bauer (including nearshore islands) (Murat/Eyre Bioregions Boundary) • Bond (1994, 1995) described Baird Bay as an “enclosed bay of significance” and “a significant fully protected water body”, (referring to the protection from oceanic conditions prevalent in the coastal area). • Potential resource sharing conflicts in the Baird Bay area are recognised. For example, Bond (1994) stated that “use of the surrounding, low lying areas for on­shore aquaculture is a possible consideration though not desirable given limited quantities of groundwater in the area, the extent of recreational boating and fishing, and the limited power and poor roads which contribute to the area's remoteness”. Existing shack areas were also considered to provide some constraints to aquaculture development. Baird Bay shacks are clustered on the eastern shore opposite the narrow neck to the enclosed bay. It is a recognised urban related zone (the Baird Bay Holiday House Zone). Another small group of shacks exists near the entrance to the bay on the eastern shore. Bond (1994) considered that potential intertidal aquaculture leases south of Baird Bay Holiday House Zone to the entrance of the Bay (eastern side), may conflict with existing recreational boating and fishing in the area. • An industry Code of Practice for eco­tourism ventures in S. A. involving human interactions with sea lions and dolphins was being developed by industry, government and marine mammal experts during the early 2000s, as an initiative from the operation that occurs in the Baird Bay area. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 490 Technical Report 2004 12.1.3 Venus Bay and Surrounds (Eyre Bioregion) • DEH (2001) recommended conservation zones within Lake Newland Conservation Park, in parts of the park that are highly susceptible to damage from vehicle use. Such areas include the dune system, the beds of the saline lakes and the saline samphire flats. In addition, DEH recommended that vehicle movement along the (Newland Coast) beach above high tide mark should be restricted to protect beach­ nesting birds such as hooded plovers. • In the National and Water Resources Audit’s assessment of estuaries in South Australia (1999­2001) Venus Bay was classified as Largely Unmodified (in both qualitative and quantitative terms) but “under moderate to high pressure” (GeoScience Australia, 2001). Assessment criteria included catchment natural cover, land use, catchment hydrology, tidal regime, floodplain, estuary use, pests, weeds, and estuary ecology (Barnett, 2001, cited by DEH, 2003a). • Bond (1994) described the northern part of Venus Bay as “a significant marine embayment”. • The landforms in the Talia Caves area, including the coastal “caves” (eroded cliff faces) and mobile dune fields are recognised as being amongst the geological / geo­morphological monuments of State significance (Edyvane, 1995a). • Bond (1994) provided a detailed list of recommendations for avoiding the potential environmental effects of both land­based and marine aquaculture on parts of the West Coast, and encouraging environmentally responsible development in appropriate areas. Recommendations of particular note include the following: Aquaculture developments should avoid sensitive ecological areas, creeks and estuaries, and avoid areas that contain significant communities of seagrass and mangroves, as well as samphire wetlands, river mouths and creeks. These areas are ecologically important as they support a wide variety of species, some of which are commercially valuable (e.g. prawn and whiting nurseries). The narrow width of many creeks and estuaries provides little scope to build farming facilities without restricting public access and use. Water quality also varies in these waterways and can interfere with farming” ! ! Aquaculture should not unduly effect the conservation or significance of certain areas of the coast, or conflict with urban, recreational or other existing coastal orientated commercial activities; and ! Even where information on the environmental capacity is provided which satisfy the principles of ESD, the prohibition on aquaculture farms, cage culture and leases should remain subservient to the strategic reasons for that Exclusion Zone being created (e.g. recreational use etc). It would be preferable to review the Exclusion Zone as a whole rather than encourage exceptions to that Zone. ! Choose a site with enough water current to disperse sediments: It is important that farms are located in areas where the water can flush away sediments or where fallowing can prevent the build up of waste. Adequate flushing protects the environment and also ensures the survival of the species being farmed. ! Choose a site which minimises conflict with other users: There are many groups who traditionally use the same waterways for boating, fishing and swimming. Farms should therefore be located in areas which minimise potential conflicts amongst the different users. Also avoid sites which may be seen from scenic lookouts and areas of high scenic quality. 12.1.4 Investigator Group of Islands (Eyre Bioregion) • In a “conservation index rating” assessment of the conservation value of 113 islands in South Australia, Pearson Island received the second highest score, and Dorothee Island the fifth highest. Factors considered included: island area, distance from mainland; degree of isolation and disturbance; aesthetic value; and number of biological parameters, such as the number of breeding bird and mammal species, and number of rare species (Robinson et al., 1996). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 491 Technical Report 2004 12.1.5 Sir Joseph Banks Group and Dangerous Reef (including Tumby Bay) (Eyre Bioregion) • Previously, the 1991 Assessment Report for the Tumby Bay marina recommended the area subject to inundation south of the causeway (First Creek to Second Creek and associated intertidal and supratidal samphire and mud flats) under Council ownership be rezoned from Rural Fringe to Conservation Zone. The more recently updated Development Plan now incorporates the coastal estuary into the Coastal Zone. In 1998, a report by government (Minister for Transport and Urban Planning 1998) stated the following: “Given the importance of the wetland system as habitat, a nursery and food source for fishery resources and a recreational asset, it is recommended protection and sustainable management of the area be strengthened. This may be best achieved by a Land Management Agreement between the Council and the Minister for Environment and Heritage”. • In a “conservation index rating” assessment of the conservation value of 113 islands in South Australia, Roxby Island received the tenth highest score. Factors considered included island area, distance from mainland, degree of isolation and disturbance, aesthetic value, and number of biological parameters, such as the number of breeding bird and mammal species, and number of rare species (Robinson et al., 1996). • Dangerous Reef was one of S.A.’s earliest proclaimed conservation areas, being designated as a Bird Protection District in 1900 (Robinson et al., 1996). • According to Marchant (1995), a draft management plan for Dangerous Reef was prepared in 1990, which opposed berleying for shark in the area due to potential adverse impacts on both shark and sea lion populations. It was also alleged that the 1989 extension of Dangerous Reef park boundaries by 2km, was declared specifically to ban berleying activities for shark in the area (Marchant, 1995). However, shark berleying is currently permitted as part of the shark­viewing tour operations that currently occur in the Dangerous Reef area. • The Australian Heritage Commission’s Register of the National Estate description for Dangerous Reef (undated), considered that the adjacent reefs and waters surrounding Dangerous Reef are important for maintaining the integrity of the area. 12.1.6 Neptune Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • In a “conservation index rating” assessment of the conservation value of 113 islands in South Australia, North Neptune lsland received the highest score, and South Neptune, the ninth highest of 113 islands. Factors considered included island: area, distance from mainland, degree of isolation and disturbance, aesthetic value, and number of biological parameters, such as the number of breeding bird and mammal species, and number of rare species (Robinson et al., 1996). 12.1.7 Gambier Islands Group (Eyre Bioregion) • Part of the housing subdivision agreement made in the late 1980s between State government and private developers required the remaining natural vegetation on the eastern end of Wedge Island to be delineated and proclaimed as a Conservation Park (Robinson et al., 1996), however this has not yet occurred. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 492 Technical Report 2004 12.1.8 Franklin Harbor and Surrounding Waters (Spencer Gulf/North Spencer Gulf Bioregions Boundary) • Parts of Franklin Harbour that are not included in the Conservation Park (i.e. most of the Harbour, excluding the peninsula and the four islands), are under the control of the Franklin Harbour District Council. • Foreshore developments at Franklin Harbour have included deepening of the boating channel, and construction of an enclosed tidal aquatic area (Eyre Peninsula Tourist Association, 1995). • A Gulf Link Ferry was proposed in 1992 (Burchill Bate Parker & Partners, 1992). This has not occurred to date (2003), however, If the ferry operation were to be approved in future, it would operate out of Franklin Harbour. • The area between Shoalwater Point and Germein Point is considered to be largely inaccessible coast, although public access is available at Shoalwater Point and Lucky Bay. South of Germein Point, that stretch of coast is also relatively exposed to high energy swells and wind, with few access points to the coast (e.g. mainly limited to Port Gibbon and Poverty Bay) (Smallridge, 1995). 12.1.9 Upper Spencer Gulf (North Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • DEH’s Management Plan (2000a) for Winninowie Conservation Park highlighted the need to: conserve the “unique inter­tidal coastal zone”; reduce and manage impacts and threats to the biological and physical integrity of the reserve; and implement a zoning plan. • Winninowie Conservation Park is reportedly classified as IUCN IA – Strict Nature Reserve (DEH, 2000a), yet activities such as recreational fishing and crabbing are permitted within the reserve boundaries, which does not accord with the IUCN’s conservation and management objectives for an area classified as IA (see IUCN 1994; and Commonwealth of Australia, 2002). • Redcliff Point, a designated place of geological significance, is on the State Heritage Register (DEH, 2003f) and the Register of National Estate. • False Bay, Ward Spit, and Cockle Spit and the Port Pirie wetland complex (the latter south of the nominated area) have been identified as areas of “high ecological significance” (Aquaculture Group – PISA Fisheries, 1996). • Geological Monuments in the region include Two Hummocks Point (Beda Volcanics; Backy Point Formation; Roopena Volcanics); Douglas Point (Beda Volcanics; Hiltaba Suite; Backy Point Formation; porphyritic dacite; rhyodacite and rhyolite); Backy Point (Beda Volcanics; Moonabie Formation; Backy Point Formation); and Redcliff Point (Hindmarsh Clay; Mambray Formation, and an example of coastal and marine systems, involving interaction of biological and geological processes in an arid temperate climate) (McBriar and Giles, 1984; McBriar, 1986; McBriar and Mooney, 1988, cited by DEH, 2003a). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 493 Technical Report 2004 12.1.10 South­Eastern Spencer Gulf (Spencer Gulf Bioregion) • Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries (1996) considered that the entire Hardwicke Bay area should be excluded from aquaculture development. • Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries (1996) identified areas within Spencer Gulf that were considered to be sensitive to changes and development. These include substantial mangrove stands, seagrass beds, and significant breeding sites for commercially fished species, protected birds, and marine mammals. Breeding colonies of marine mammals and roosting areas for sea birds were considered to be particularly sensitive to disturbances associated with aquaculture development. Aquaculture developments have the potential to negatively impact areas of high conservation value, through reduction in scenic amenity, pollution, noise, and disturbance associated with operations (Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries, 1996). Aquaculture Group ­ PISA Fisheries (1996) recommended that “suitable buffer areas” should be determined for the protection of areas recognised for their conservation value. • One of the Objectives stated in the Warooka Development Plan (Planning S.A., 1999) was the “retention in a natural state of the environmentally and ecologically significant features within the Warooka council area”, including the Hardwicke Bay coastline. The Development Plan considered that the coastal environment in the area is “fragile” and “vulnerable”, and requires protection against inappropriate development. The Development Plan recommended that “features of environmental and ecological value associated with the Coastal Zone, that may be identified as being significant, need to be preserved”. • Planning S.A. (e.g. 1998, for Warooka District Council area) has listed some principles of development control for the coastal areas around Yorke Peninsula. Some of these principles include the need to ensure that: (i) development should be designed having regard to natural coastal processes, and should incorporate suitable protective works where applicable; (ii) development should not be undertaken where it will create or aggravate coastal erosion, or if it will require coast protection works that will cause or aggravate coastal erosion; and (iii) development should have no adverse impact on adjacent land or the character and amenity of the zone. • According to the Warooka Development Plan (Planning S.A., 1999), the Corny Point area is classified as being of special geological and/or geomorphological significance, and the preservation of such areas of scientific, educational and aesthetic value, is “of paramount importance”. • During 1999/2000, a 3­year program of mooring installation was funded by Environment Australia, as part of the National Moorings Program. The third year of the project involves installing public moorings along the Wardang Island Maritime Heritage Trail, to protect the marine habitats associated with declared historic shipwrecks, including popular fishing and diving locations that are considered to be under threat from anchor damage to both the structural habitat, as well as to sensitive biota such as corals (Environment Australia web site, 2000). The South Australian Moorings Program has installed mooring buoys at the following shipwreck locations: the “Australian”, Songvaar, Moorara, MacIntyre and Investigator. 12.1.11 North­Western, Western and South­Western Kangaroo Island (Eyre Bioregion) • There are classified coastal geological monuments at Harvey’s Return, West Bay, Cape du Couedic, and Remarkable Rocks (S.A. Museum and Geological Society of Australia, cited by Edyvane, 1999b), and Ravine des Casoars is also considered to be of geological significance (Edwards, 1987, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 494 Technical Report 2004 12.1.12 Southern Eyre coastal (Eyre Bioregion) • In a “conservation index rating” assessment of the conservation value of 113 islands in South Australia, Greenly Island received the third highest score, and Perforated Island the sixth highest. Factors considered included island area, distance from mainland, degree of isolation and disturbance, aesthetic value, and number of biological parameters, such as the number of breeding bird and mammal species, and number of rare species (Robinson et al., 1996). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 495 Technical Report 2004 12.1.13 The “Heel” of Yorke Peninsula (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • Planning SA (1997) recommended that the native vegetation associated with (coastal) wetland habitats should not be cleared in the south­western Gulf St Vincent area. • One objective of Planning SA’s (2001) Yorke Peninsula Development Plan was the “retention in a natural state and protection of coastal dunes, cliffs, geological features and associated native vegetation within the zone”. The coastal areas of eastern Yorke Peninsula (western gulf St Vincent) were also described as being “sensitive to human activity and subject to the impacts of sea level rise and coastal erosion. As such, the Development Plan considered that the zone requires careful and strict management practices. • During the early 1990s concern was expressed regarding “the potential conflicts with professional and recreational line fishers” in the Troubridge Island area (Robinson, National Parks and Wildlife, pers comm. to S.A. Department of Fisheries, 1992). • The Yorketown Development Plan (Planning SA, 1997) recommended the following as regulations for aquaculture development in the Yorke Peninsula region: Marine aquaculture should be located, sited, designed, constructed and managed to be ecologically sustainable, to minimise interference and obstruction to the natural processes of the marine environment, and to allow maintenance of the environmental quality of the foreshore, coastline, ocean and ocean bed. ! ! Marine aquaculture should be developed and undertaken: ! in areas which will not contaminate the product for human consumption; ! at a suitable distance from pollution sources including country townships, urban and residential areas, established shack areas, industrial development, storm water or other drainage outlets, sewage treatment facilities and outfall; ! at a sufficient height above the sea floor and in a manner to minimise seabed damage, and in areas with adequate water current to disperse sediments to prevent the build up of waste (except where waste can be removed); ! to avoid damage to sensitive ecological areas, creeks, estuaries, wetlands and significant seagrass and mangrove communities; ! to avoid the risk of pollution to and from external sources including any accidental discharge of pollutants; ! to ensure satisfactory removal and disposal of litter, disused material, shells, debris, detritus, faecal matter, and dead animals from the farm to prevent fouling of waters, publicly owned wetlands, or the nearby coastline; ! so as not to involve the discharge of human waste on the site, or any adjacent land, or into nearby waters (if required, sanitary facilities should be provided); ! to avoid adverse impacts to wildlife (marine and terrestrial, plants and animals), and on breeding grounds and habitats of native marine mammals and terrestrial fauna, especially migratory species; ! to minimise harm or destruction of marine predators such as seals, dolphins and birds; ! to facilitate relocation or removal of structures in the case of emergency such as oil spills, algal blooms and altered waterflows; ! at a suitable distance from any tidal creek to ensure that adverse impacts are minimised; ! of a sufficient standard of construction to ensure that structures can withstand normal marine conditions. ! Marine aquaculture and other offshore development should be located at least: 550 metres from a proclaimed shipwreck; and 1000 metres seaward from the boundary of any reserve under the National Parks and Wildlife Act, unless a lesser distance is agreed with the Minister responsible for that Act. ! Racks, floats and other farm structures associated with marine aquaculture or other offshore development should be as visually unobtrusive as possible, apart from those required by the relevant authority for navigational safety. Development should: blend visually with the environment and have a low profile; be constructed of non reflective materials; use uniform, subdued colours throughout a development, suited and in keeping with the local surrounding features; use feed hoppers which are painted in subdued colours, and suspended as low as possible above the water; design and locate structures in relation to surrounding features; position structures to protrude the minimum distance practicable above water; not jeopardise the attainment of visual amenity provisions by incorporating unnecessary shelters and structures above cages and platforms. ! Marine aquaculture and other offshore development should: minimise adverse impacts on the visual An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 496 Technical Report 2004 amenity or natural character of the coast and foreshore, particularly in areas of outstanding beauty or areas of high public use. Adverse impacts on the following should be avoided: National Parks, Conservation Parks and Conservation Reserves; Marine Parks and Reserves; Recreation Reserves; Indigenous, Non­Indigenous and natural heritage sites including shipwrecks; sites of scientific importance including geological monuments and habitats of rare species; mineral reserves; areas valued for their outstanding beauty or amenity. ! • Marine aquaculture and other offshore development should: be located to minimise adverse impacts on public access to beaches, public watercourses, or the foreshore; be located to take into account the requirements of traditional fishing grounds; in ocean waters be located a minimum of 100 metres seaward of high water mark; be located not to obstruct nor interfere with navigation channels, access channels, frequently used natural launching sites, safe anchorage areas, known diving areas, commercial shipping movement patterns or activities associated with existing jetties and wharves; be developed to maintain existing rights of way within or adjacent to a site; where possible use existing and established roads, tracks, ramps and paths to or from the sea. The Yorketown Development Plan (Planning SA, 1997) also recommended additional measures for marine protection in the Yorke Peninsula region, such as: control of septic seepage into the intertidal zone; preservation of natural drainage patterns, to prevent any significant increase or decrease of water volume flowing into the sea (suggested measures included land­based disposal schemes for stormwater, and retention basins for pollutants); maintenance of water quality associated with any development that confines coastal water in any way; consideration of geomorphological and ecological adjustments over the long term, in response to sea level rise, and the consequent need to not impede inland migration of coastal wetlands, including mangroves and saltmarsh species; the need to ensure that any development in the area does not result in disturbance or devaluation of sites of heritage, cultural, scientific or educational significance; the need to ensure that development which requires protection measures against coastal erosion, sea or stormwater flooding, sand drift or the management of other coastal processes at the time of development, or which may require protection or management measures in the future, should only be undertaken if the measures themselves will not have an adverse effect on coastal ecology, processes, conservation, public access and amenity. 12.1.14 Upper Gulf St Vincent (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • The upper Gulf St Vincent area from Port Price to Sandy Point has been described as a ‘Special Area’ (in terms of its conservation value) in DENR / EPA’s 1997 statement on Protecting Gulf St Vincent (Harbison, 1997). • During the 1990s, formal protection of a number of areas as coastal conservation parks was being investigated. Examples include the Price / Wills Creek area, for which DENR produced a draft management plan with a view to proclaiming the area as a Conservation Park (Morelli and de Jong, 1995), and the Light River area (Thomas, verbal submission to Senate Inquiry into Gulf St Vincent, February 2000). As at 2003, neither of these areas was listed in DEH’s list of parks and reserves in South Australia (see NPWSA, 2002a), or the list of parks and reserves in the South Australian Coast and Marine Atlas (DTUP, 2003). • Since 1992, it has been recognised that there may be conflict between protection of the conservation values of tidal mangrove and saltmarsh habitat, with the intensive line fishing, net fishing, and crabbing that occurs in the north­eastern GSV area. In 1992, one member of the SA Marine Protected Areas Working Group suggested that zoning occur for the area from Port Clinton, right around to Barker Inlet, but that it would be a difficult management problem to designate separate conservation zones, crabbing zones, and fishing zones. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 497 Technical Report 2004 12.1.15 Southern Fleurieu/North­East KI/Backstairs Passage/Encounter Bay/Upper Coorong (Gulf St Vincent Bioregion) • ! Geological Monuments in the region include the following (McBriar, 1977, 1986; McBriar and Giles, 1984; McBriar and Mooney, 1988; Scrymgour and Risely, 1991; McBriar and Hasenhor, 1994, cited by Edyvane, 1999b). Note that the sites below that are listed on the Register of the National Estate are described in the section titled National and / or International Importance for this focus area. Kingscote foreshore: Late Eocene bryozoan limestone exposed in coastal cliffs around foreshore. Raised beach deposit of basalt pebbles at Rolls Point. ! Old Government Quarry, Kingscote: Basalt (of probable Jurassic age, according to Edyvane, 1999b, reference uncited), overlying Permian glacigene and fluvial sediments. ! Alex Lookout to Snapper Point: Late Precambrian and early Cambrian meta­sediments. ! Christmas Cove, Penneshaw: Permian glacigene sediments, erratics, and Early Cambrian sediments including conglomerates. ! Cape Willoughby Granite Contact: Late Cambrian granite and meta­sediments of the Kanmantoo Group (Middleton Sandstone). ! Maslin Bay­Aldinga Bay: Tertiary Type sections in the coastal cliffs. ! Sellicks Beach: Willunga Fault. ! Myponga Beach: Sellick Hill Limestone and Fork Tree Limestone. This area is on the State Heritage List. ! Carrickalinga Head: Heatherdale Shale and Type Locality for Carrickalinga Head Formation. ! Normanville Sand Dunes: recent dunes along coast. ! South Yankalilla Beach, Little Gorge Area: Unconformity ­ Precambrian Inlier in Adelaidean beds. ! Second Valley Harbour: Coastal cliffs containing structures in Precambrian marbles and slates. This area is also on the State Heritage List. ! Cape Jervis: type section for Cape Jervis Beds, and Permian glaciation. This area is also on the State Heritage List. ! Deep Creek: part of Kanmantoo Group type section. ! Tunkalilla Beach including old cliff line: part of Kanmantoo Group type section. ! Headland between Waitpinga Beach and Parsons Beach: part of Kanmantoo Group Type section and Balquhidder Formation. The Kanmantoo Group type section continues west from the end of Parsons Beach to Tunk Head and beyond. ! Encounter Bay region (Port Elliot including Commodore Point, Pullen Island, The Sisters Rocks and Freeman Knob): Encounter Bay Granite outcrops. The Encounter Bay Granites are particularly evident at West, Wright and Granite Islands and Rosetta Head. These granites are the only outcrop of this plutonic rock on the Fleurieu Peninsula, since much of the Cambro­Ordovician granite in South Australia is located much further west in the Gawler Ranges. ! Victor Harbor, banks of the railway cutting: Late Pleistocene shell beds. ! Victor Harbor, Granite Island and Seal Island: Encounter Bay Granite and Kanmantoo Group (also includes granite “erratics” on the foreshore in some parts of Encounter Bay, deposited by a moving icesheet during the Permian. ! Rosetta Head/The Bluff, Petrel Cove and Wright Island: Encounter Bay Granite contact with Kanmantoo Group rocks including Petrel Cove Formation Type Section. Also contains Permian fluvio­glacial deposits. Variation of jointing is also well displayed on Rosetta Head. Other geologically significant features include the occurrence of metamorphic minerals, the preservation of sedimentary structures, a contact metamorphic aureole, and evidence of deformation (Bilney et al., 1981). The Encounter Bay Granite contact with the Kanmantoo Group includes the Petrel Cove Formation type section. ! West Island, King Beach and King Point: Encounter Bay Granite and Kanmantoo Group Rocks. The Balquihidder Formation extends West to Newland Head. ! Middleton Beach: part of the Kanmantoo Group and type section of Middleton Sandstone with sedimentary structures. • Coastal areas considered in 1998 for acquisition (due to their conservation values) by the Coastal Protection Board included parts of Parson’s Beach and Goolwa, and parts of Cygnet River and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 498 Technical Report 2004 Penneshaw. • The S.A. government (2001) identified as potential terrestrial “Bio­icons”: samphire and pelicans (both of which occur in the north­eastern Kangaroo Island bays area), and Pelican Lagoon and Nepean Bay have been identified as potential “Coastal Geomorphology icons”. • The terrestrial protected area system and wildlife on Kangaroo Island are considered to have a very important role in regional economic growth of the Island, to have “strong economic and social relevancy” (Twyford, 2000). There is widespread community support for promoting and expanding the nature­based tourism industry (Twyford, 2000) that include regional biodiversity conservation initiatives connected to a “strong protected areas system”. The support for nature­based tourism in general has implications for the development of marine protected areas on Kangaroo Island. • Previously, the Pages Islands were declared as part of a Bird Protection District, under the Bird Protection Act 1900. • Reefwatch SA has regularly monitored Aldinga reef since the 1990s, and more recently (i.e. early 2000s), reefs at Carrickalinga, Second Valley and Encounter Bay are being monitored. • Reef in the Penneshaw area has been surveyed by the Botany Department at Adelaide University in 1996, and more recently by government personnel and volunteers associated with the Hog Bay Coastcare Project, co­ordinated by KI AMCS. • Environment Australia recently provided funding for a “best practice” waste reception facilities at Marina St Vincent. The project is reported to address a comprehensive range of waste disposal issues such as the installation of sewage pump­out facilities, waste recycling and the safe management and disposal of oily wastes such as bilge water, engine oil and oil filters. • In a regulation under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, Encounter Bay has been defined as a restricted area in terms of proximity of vessels to whales. A person who is in control of a vessel must not move it closer than 300 metres to a whale that is in the Encounter Bay restricted area, defined as follows: Commencing at longitude 138°34'5" latitude 35°36'23" (being a point at high water about 1.5 kilometres west of Kings Head) then one nautical mile to the south east to longitude 138°35'0" latitude 35°37'0" then to longitude 138°46'25" latitude 35°31'23" (being a point at high water near the Goolwa Beach car park) then to the point of commencement along the high water mark. • Environment Australia has provided funding for a project at the Hindmarsh Island Marina, to improve waste management. The reported aims of the project are to implement a comprehensive range of waste management strategies including the expansion of the oily waste facility, separate containers for recycling and waste receptacles at the slipway. In addition to this, users of the facility will be informed of “best practice” management of the marina through signage, pamphlets, stickers and newsletters (Environment Australia, 2001). • The report by Edyvane et al. (1996) provided a detailed set of recommendations for protecting and managing the Murray Mouth area, including the overriding need to restore some of the estuarine function to the Mouth, by improving the management of water flow to better reflect the previous natural conditions in the system. Some of the specific recommendations from that report (Edyvane et al., 1996) are outlined below: The major nature conservation goal for the Murray Mouth and Lower Murray region was identified as the conservation of overall area, diversity and quality of water types, and aquatic and riparian habitats, through restoration of estuarine function (from an appropriate flow regime) and through “the conservation and management of natural and cultural values and human uses at an ecosystem level”. ! ! There is a need to increase the knowledge of ecosystem components and key requirements of the Lower Murray estuary, to determine appropriate flow management operating rules, to achieve diversity and quality of aquatic and riparian habitats; adequate flows through the Murray Mouth; passage for fish past the barrages; and improvement in water quality. Research should be prioritised to examine key ecosystem components (i.e. habitat), using an ‘adaptive management' approach (i.e. research, modelling, monitoring) to determine appropriate flow management regimes. Part of the information requirements include a detailed inventory and survey of the aquatic biota of the Lower Murray, Coorong and estuary region, including species occurrence, and seasonal distributions. The survey should examine the ecological and trophic linkages between the key components of the biota and other aspects of the estuarine ecosystem. There is a need to examine the flow and ecological requirements of key components of the aquatic biota, through specific studies to determine salinity tolerances, physicochemical, and ecological requirements of key faunal species. ! There is a need to initiate and develop an integrated, regional management plan for the Lower Murray, to conserve the natural and cultural values and resources of the region while managing a range of An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 499 Technical Report 2004 sustainable human uses through identification of key areas for protected areas status; identification and delineation of zones, based on patterns of biodiversity, cultural values and human uses; management of human activities through zoning provisions, strategies and guidelines for sustainable development (for e.g. eco­tourism, recreation, urban development, agriculture, fishing, etc.); consultation with key interest groups and cultural owners; and identification of research and monitoring needs for integrated, ecosystem management. ! To facilitate and implement ecosystem­based management of the estuary, there is a need to organise an administrative policy and management framework, consisting of relevant State and local agencies and user groups, to assist the co­ordinated and ongoing day­to­day management of the Lower Murray region. Lack of data and resources was identified as a major issue hindering the co­ordination of the many interest groups and activities in the development of a integrated regional natural resource management plan for the Lower Murray ecosystem. ! Other issues needing to be addressed included the identification and management of cultural sites of significance, the impacts of sea­level rise on coastal developments, flooding, pollution risks and reduced scenic amenity associated with coastal developments, and integration with ‘up­river management’ regimes (Edyvane et al., 1996). 12.1.16 Lower Upper South­East (Coorong/Otway Bioregions Boundary) • Little Dip Conservation Park, including part of Robe Dune Ridge, has been designated a geological monument and is a portion of the only known area in the world with a complete record of late Pleistocene sea­level changes recorded as stranded dune ridges (Australian Heritage Commission, undated). 12.1.17 Lower South East (Otway Bioregion) • The South East Catchment Water Management Board (SECWMB) has developed a Catchment Water Management Plan for the South East. Much of the Strategy relates to the terrestrial environment, however the SECWMB aims to: determine, by 2006, more than 75% of the key water­dependent ecosystems of the south­east for which environmental needs are defined; and identify, protect and enhance ecosystems that depend on water and their associated biodiversity. Aspirations for the catchment include: (i) an assessment of the quality and quantity needs of water of groundwater and surface water­dependent ecosystems, including lakes, springs and near­shore environs; (ii) ensuring that those needs are met from the surface and groundwater with which they interact; and (iii) ensuring that the “health and diversity” of 75% of key groundwater­dependent ecosystems is stable or improving by 2013 (South East Catchment Water Management Board, 2002c). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 500 Technical Report 2004 References ABC (2002). Bird Loss in the Coorong. 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An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 593 Technical Report 2004 Environmental and Geographic Index A abalone, 38, 69, 89, 92, 96, 114, 118, 124, 125, 127, 197, 211, 225, 227, 239, 257, 259, 272, 274, 341, 360, 378, 382, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 454, 456, 460, 469, 491, 511, 524, 534, 549, 578, 592, 603, 619, 631, 649, 662, 686, 695, 698, 700, 702, 706, 742, 753, 797, 798, 804, 817, 826, 847, 858, 884, 888, 892, 901, 916, 926, 932, 934, 952, 957, 958, 959, 961, 965, 970, 1002, 1116 acorn worm, 269, 322 Adequacy, ii, 32, 33, 38 aeolian, 107, 169, 303, 368, 963 aeolianite, 216, 232, 266, 268, 303, 341 aeolianite reef, 216, 266, 268, 303 albatross, 354, 373, 892 algal mats, 96, 107, 169, 173, 266, 362 alluvial clay, 197 alluvial plain, 173 Amphibolis, 205, 269, 322 amphibolite, 130, 216, 232, 341 amphipod, 19, 89, 96, 169, 188, 278, 331, 378, 651, 911, 925 anaerobic mud, 303, 759 anchovy, 243, 702, 706, 904 anemone, 23, 24, 122, 182, 211, 216, 227, 240, 288, 303, 318, 340, 358, 603, 680, 681, 702, 772, 790, 797, 798, 1095, 1164 annelid worm, 322 Anxious Bay, 964 aplite, 197 aquatic macrophyte, 303, 826 aragonite, 265, 278 Ardrossan, 914 articulated bryozoan, 318 articulated coralline, 53, 107, 119, 130, 140, 155, 216, 244, 253, 268, 303, 349, 1000 artificial reefs, 157, 188, 192, 210, 240, 340, 469, 650, 725 ascidian, 17, 24, 25, 38, 53, 65, 77, 107, 110, 111, 114, 119, 121, 122, 130, 138, 140, 147, 153, 155, 156, 161, 164, 169, 173, 186, 192, 196, 197, 204, 211, 216, 225, 227, 232, 235, 240, 244, 253, 261, 266, 268, 269, 274, 281, 291, 296, 303, 318, 322, 331, 340, 354, 358, 373, 646, 647, 678, 682, 725, 772, 852, 928, 937, 1000, 1021, 1066, 1084, 1097, 1134, 1153, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1204, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210 authigenic minerals, 173 B baitfish, 36, 125, 147, 243, 259, 469, 706, 911, 971 baitworms, 69, 73, 93, 101, 102, 104, 124, 142, 186, 188, 207, 208, 225, 272, 273, 331, 336, 360, 381 Banded Plover / Banded Lapwing, 292, 336, 358 Banded Stilt, 69, 292 bare sand, 18, 53, 83, 96, 130, 197, 216, 232, 244, 266, 281, 292, 303, 349, 441 barnacle, 53, 83, 107, 169, 278, 288, 303, 318, 889, 894 Barracouta, 410 barren / barrens, 16, 669 Bar-tailed Godwit, 69, 292, 848 basement, 216, 603 basement rock / basement reef / basement rock reef, 53, 83, 119, 130, 197, 212, 216, 232, 244, 303 basket bryozoan, 303 basket star / basket stars, 51, 116, 227, 240, 300, 302, 303, 318, 340, 676, 1000, 1179 beach ridge plain, 301, 349, 619, 993, 997 beach ridges, 53, 83, 172, 173, 265, 280, 281, 301, 303, 560, 855, 871, 996, 999 beach soaks / beach springs, 368, 826, 997 beach worm, 291, 331, 772 beach wrack, 348, 619, 817, 826 beaches, 53, 69, 73, 83, 89, 91, 96, 99, 119, 130, 160, 161, 173, 197, 215, 216, 232, 238, 239, 244, 254, 257, 259, 280, 281, 292, 301, 303, 322, 331, 336, 349, 358, 360, 366, 367, 368, 378, 381, 386, 401, 410, 419, 434, 441, 460, 469, 491, 506, 511, 524, 534, 549, 560, 592, 603, 619, 631, 686, 698, 753, 772, 798, 804, 808, 817, 826, 848, 852, 878, 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, 999, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016 beaked whales, 322 Bearded Cod, 603 benthic fish, 138, 211, 296, 656, 888, 1014 benthic sand, 53, 96, 107, 119, 130, 153, 173, 197, 216, 232, 266, 281, 303, 349, 368 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 594 Technical Report 2004 bioclastic, 53, 129, 169, 469 biogeographic region / biogeographical region, 10, 11, 12, 16, 29, 30, 103, 106, 348, 938 Bioregions, ii, xii, 10, 11, 12, 13, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 130, 192, 301, 349, 893 biscuit star / biscuit stars, 227, 240, 1185 bivalve / bivalve molluscs, 17, 19, 24, 69, 121, 130, 138, 169, 173, 188, 243, 303, 354, 469, 560, 578, 651, 668, 674, 681, 759, 772, 932, 945, 1071, 1075, 1079, 1082, 1084, 1087, 1089, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1098, 1099, 1100, 1103, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117, 1118, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1128, 1129, 1131, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1142, 1143, 1145, 1146, 1148, 1150, 1153, 1154, 1157, 1158, 1160, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1167, 1168, 1173, 1174 Black Bream, 524, 560, 808 Black Cormorant / Great Cormorant, 292, 706, 817 black mussels, 303, 318 Black Swan, 292, 808 Black-faced Cormorant, 142, 208, 292, 353, 358, 360 Black-fronted Dotterel / Black-fronted Plover, 358 Black-tailed Godwit, 292 Black-winged Stilt, 292, 358 blenny / blennies, 111, 138, 205, 274, 288, 322, 790, 1039 blood worm / blood worms, 196, 560, 772 Blue Mackerel, 560, 592 Blue Swimming Crab / Blue Swimmer Crab, 386, 469, 560, 678, 772, 839, 845 Blue Whale, 366, 619, 631, 685, 817, 826, 852, 870, 915, 934 Blue-billed Duck, 292 Bluefin Tuna / Southern Bluefin Tuna, 897, 918, 932 blue-green alga / blue-green algae / blue-green algal mats, 160, 164, 169, 173, 266, 281, 303, 1183 Boarfish, 213 bob-tailed squid, 138 bommies, 107, 130, 227, 274, 362, 511, 619 Bottlenose Dolphin / Bottle-nose Dolphin, 401, 410, 560, 706, 759, 790, 817, 898 bottle-tail squid, 269 bottom currents, 169, 215 boulder reef, 53, 83, 107, 116, 119, 130, 147, 173, 216, 232, 244, 303, 331, 603, 996, 1010 boulder till, 197 boulders, 17, 38, 53, 83, 107, 116, 119, 130, 147, 153, 169, 173, 197, 212, 216, 222, 232, 244, 281, 303, 318, 378, 686, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1015, 1139 brachiopod, 24, 25, 53, 300, 302, 303, 318, 322, 341, 952, 1000, 1021, 1210 brackish, 83, 303, 603, 759, 808, 1112, 1174 bream, 578, 603, 631 breeding / spawning area, 29, 46, 65, 69, 73, 77, 91, 102, 115, 122, 125, 138, 140, 142, 157, 188, 207, 208, 225, 226, 231, 239, 254, 259, 269, 273, 274, 287, 292, 322, 331, 336, 341, 360, 378, 469, 665, 677, 725, 753, 790, 798, 834, 843, 856, 860, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016 Bridled Leatherjacket, 742 Bridled Tern, 354 brittle star, 24, 121, 182, 186, 272, 300, 302, 303, 318, 340, 676, 1000, 1064, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1182, 1183 Bronze Whaler, 491, 549, 560, 578, 592 brown macroalgae, 17, 53, 65, 83, 89, 96, 107, 119, 121, 130, 153, 155, 160, 161, 173, 197, 216, 222, 232, 244, 253, 265, 281, 301, 303, 318, 349, 367, 619, 1087, 1090, 1153, 1154, 1155, 1170, 1207 bryozoan / bryozoa, 17, 24, 51, 53, 119, 129, 130, 153, 155, 156, 169, 173, 186, 192, 196, 197, 207, 211, 222, 225, 265, 268, 274, 278, 281, 291, 300, 302, 303, 318, 331, 340, 349, 353, 358, 366, 368, 372, 676, 725, 797, 852, 1000, 1145, 1183 bryozoan sand, 129, 349, 368, 1211 Buffers / Buffer Zones, 39, 44, 48, 706, 772, 837, 838, 843, 846, 847, 848, 850, 851, 859, 1002 Bull Kelp, 997 Bullseye / Bullseyes, 742 bulrush, 303 button bryozoan, 216, 225, 232 C calamari, 211, 386, 434, 441, 460, 491, 511, 549, 560, 578, 721, 798 calcarenite, 53, 83, 96, 107, 119, 130, 153, 197, 215, 216, 232, 244, 266, 303, 368, 401, 852, 1007, 1008, 1011, 1013 calcarenite dune ridge, 303 calcareous algae, 216, 331, 676 calcareous patch reef, 53, 83, 96, 119, 130, 161, 216, 266, 281, 303, 349, 368 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 595 Technical Report 2004 calcareous platform reef / calcareous platforms, 119, 216, 232, 303, 349, 353, 362, 368, 1000 calcareous reef, 53, 83, 96, 130, 197, 216, 222, 223, 225, 226, 232, 244, 266, 303, 349, 358, 360, 368, 381, 651, 864, 1001, 1013, 1187 calcareous sand, 216, 244, 303, 349 calcium carbonate, 173, 281, 1069 calcrete, 16, 83, 96, 130, 153, 197, 212, 232, 244, 268, 303, 341, 349 calcreted shell beds / calcreted shell and sand beds, 216, 266, 273, 469, 1001 calc-silicate rocks, 197 cale, 110, 353 carbonate / carbonates, 51, 53, 96, 129, 169, 173, 192, 265, 278, 303, 362, 401, 469, 560, 889, 891, 894, 911, 914, 916, 923, 956, 969, 993, 994, 997, 1211 Cardita shells, 1172 Carp, 603, 808 Carrier Shell, 1174 catfish, 318 cave, 38, 53, 107, 111, 116, 119, 126, 147, 153, 157, 197, 216, 227, 232, 244, 253, 254, 261, 262, 303, 318, 340, 362, 419, 428, 486, 511, 524, 592, 631, 652, 654, 655, 852, 873, 1009, 1012, 1176, 1177, 1191, 1195, 1196, 1198, 1203, 1208, 1209, 1211 caverns, 107, 116, 216, 227, 266, 303, 631, 1207 Ceduna, 904 cetacean, 38, 118, 231, 235, 239, 243, 254, 578, 686, 702, 706, 718, 720, 746, 749, 753, 757, 798, 803, 817, 886, 1053 channel, 53, 83, 96, 99, 130, 161, 172, 173, 186, 188, 244, 266, 281, 302, 303, 336, 348, 373, 386, 401, 460, 469, 534, 578, 603, 619, 725, 739, 759, 772, 783, 808, 817, 826, 851, 864, 869, 878 Chara, 65 charophyte, 303, 331 chenier, 281 chenopod shrubland, 281 Chestnut Teal, 292 chiton, 303, 318, 925 clay pan, 173, 491 cleaner fish, 331 cliff, 16, 53, 65, 83, 86, 92, 96, 107, 111, 119, 130, 153, 157, 160, 161, 173, 197, 207, 215, 216, 223, 228, 232, 244, 261, 265, 275, 281, 301, 303, 322, 340, 341, 349, 362, 367, 368, 401, 410, 419, 434, 456, 460, 506, 511, 524, 534, 549, 578, 592, 603, 631, 686, 725, 848, 852, 860, 878, 880, 993, 994, 995, 997, 998, 999, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1017 cnidarians, 378 coastal bay / coastal embayment, 349, 367, 368, 997 coastal dune barrier, 300, 302, 303 coastal dunes, 197, 303, 368, 511, 725, 759, 878 coastal lagoon, 261, 266, 303, 341, 469, 1014, 1112 coastal peat fen, 368, 373, 383 coastal plain, 173, 197, 281 coastal swamp, 65, 244, 261, 753 coastal upwelling, 106, 119, 244, 686, 915, 956, 972, 994, 997 cockle beds, 303, 1013 cold temperate, 16, 24, 301, 349, 358, 367, 373, 993, 994, 997, 999 colonial ascidian, 53, 99, 161, 173, 197, 205, 207, 268, 274, 322, 354, 682, 686, 700, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1199, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1210 comb jellies, 211 Common Dolphin, 706 Common Greenshank, 336 common minnow, 381 Common Sandpiper, 69 compound ascidian, 186, 192, 1169 Comprehensiveness, ii, 29, 30, 32, 991 conglomerate, 197, 303, 419 coniwinkle, 318 consolidated sand dune, 212, 303, 349, 592 consolidated sand reef, 266, 1001 cool temperate, 16, 301, 348, 358, 367, 373, 657, 994, 995, 996, 998, 999 Coorong Northern Lagoon, 808 copepod, 18, 19 corkweed, 130, 197, 441 cormorant, 65, 73, 77, 130, 331, 336, 341, 378, 706, 817, 834, 837 cowfish, 157 cowrie, 65, 99, 182, 223, 269, 273, 274, 322, 354, 373, 378, 680, 702, 757, 790, 797, 798, 1063, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1079, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1169, 1171, 1176, 1177 crab, 73, 83, 124, 140, 142, 169, 182, 188, 192, 259, 268, 272, 273, 274, 278, 281, 291, 303, 318, 331, 336, 378, 386, 410, 460, 469, 491, 511, 549, 560, 631, 645, 648, 663, 672, 674, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 596 Technical Report 2004 676, 677, 681, 721, 725, 742, 759, 772, 790, 808, 845, 885, 917, 932, 967, 970 crayweed, 358 creek, 69, 73, 130, 142, 161, 164, 173, 186, 188, 244, 278, 280, 281, 301, 303, 366, 368, 373, 378, 386, 460, 469, 534, 549, 578, 592, 619, 686, 725, 739, 757, 759, 826, 869, 873, 878, 998, 1016 Crested Tern, 292, 353, 358, 360, 362, 441 crevices, 53, 107, 119, 147, 153, 197, 216, 232, 244, 261, 269, 274, 303, 340, 349, 358, 362, 368, 1104, 1118, 1127, 1134, 1170, 1174, 1191, 1204, 1208 crinoids, 216, 222, 225, 232, 253, 261, 266, 268, 303, 318, 340, 341, 1000, 1099 crustaceans, 18, 53, 73, 102, 137, 140, 156, 169, 173, 181, 188, 196, 240, 273, 274, 278, 281, 291, 303, 318, 331, 349, 358, 360, 368, 373, 378, 381, 386, 469, 491, 511, 524, 549, 603, 631, 649, 653, 668, 678, 681, 686, 706, 725, 759, 772, 790, 804, 817, 855, 899, 1015 crustose corallines, 197 Cultural values, 486, 880, 992 cumaceans, 19 Curlew Sandpiper, 69, 292, 336 currents, 14, 16, 18, 31, 40, 51, 53, 65, 106, 118, 129, 169, 172, 173, 196, 197, 204, 215, 303, 373, 401, 560, 664, 725, 864, 930, 942, 1206 cuttlefish, 188, 211, 274, 318, 469, 491, 560, 592, 619, 665, 725, 841, 860, 918, 936 cyanobacteria, 278, 686 cyanobacterial mats, 173, 281 D decapod crustacean, 181, 182, 188, 192, 368, 651 decomposition, 36, 169, 278, 645 delta, 53, 83, 96, 160, 161, 173, 244, 280, 281, 303, 808, 865, 891, 1098 delta deposits, 160, 161 density-driven currents, 169 depth gradients, 16, 36, 95, 106, 119, 215, 300 detritus, 53, 169, 216, 244, 278, 348, 354, 358, 366, 378, 647, 683, 725, 759, 878, 1169 diatoms, 89, 169, 278, 281, 291, 645, 647, 772 dinoflagellates, 89, 682, 686, 772, 790, 895, 918, 956 disjunct population, 182 dissected reef, 197, 207, 491, 549 diving / dive sites, 77, 103, 126, 166, 192, 210, 227, 261, 274, 340, 382, 385, 386, 428, 434, 456, 460, 491, 511, 524, 549, 560, 592, 619, 631 dodge tide, 169, 196, 578, 592, 759, 996, 998, 999 dolomite, 173, 560 Dolphins, 65, 126, 243, 253, 288, 340, 401, 410, 419, 434, 441, 511, 524, 534, 560, 578, 619, 646, 665, 686, 695, 702, 706, 718, 720, 721, 725, 746, 749, 753, 757, 759, 772, 783, 790, 803, 817, 846, 872, 878, 898, 926, 942 dotterel, 358 Dove shells, 1074 Dumpling Squid, 211 dune barrier, 53, 83, 95, 96, 119, 244, 301, 349, 419, 993, 994 dune calcarenite ridges, 366, 368 dune ridge, 197, 349, 362, 368, 871, 882, 1016 dune rock, 53, 232, 239, 349, 368 dunes / dune fields, 244, 368, 753, 873 E Eagle Ray, 742 Eastern Curlew, 354, 362 echinoderm, 24, 25, 38, 53, 137, 140, 164, 169, 173, 188, 216, 222, 227, 240, 268, 302, 303, 318, 340, 360, 651, 653, 678, 943, 994, 996, 1000, 1021, 1075, 1098, 1099, 1109, 1110, 1117, 1119, 1129, 1204 Ecological Criteria, 28, 30, 34, 36, 39, 47 ecological functions, 18, 29, 34, 89, 856 Economic values, xii, 26, 39, 40, 631, 992 egg cases, 205, 322, 331 Elliston, 1198 emergent macrophyte, 303 endemic taxa, 19, 82, 169, 173, 182, 269, 354, 428, 659 endemism, 15, 25, 619, 631, 990 ephemeral lakes, 244, 303 epibiota, 101, 169, 186, 646 epiflora, 169, 278 epiphytic, 18, 53, 107, 169, 265, 278, 303, 331, 759, 901 erect sponges, 302, 303, 318, 1063 erosion, 15, 18, 19, 51, 53, 83, 107, 169, 173, 197, 216, 244, 265, 266, 278, 341, 349, 419, 506, 560, 684, 686, 695, 700, 706, 725, 742, 753, 759, 772, 783, 790, 798, 804, 808, 817, 826, 876, 878, 969 erosion escarpments, 266 erratics, 197, 212, 303, 880 estuaries, x, 14, 16, 17, 51, 53, 77, 169, 173, 182, 205, 216, 238, 278, 281, 292, 303, 322, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 597 Technical Report 2004 336, 349, 354, 373, 419, 441, 534, 656, 657, 660, 681, 682, 684, 686, 695, 698, 721, 725, 749, 753, 772, 790, 798, 804, 808, 857, 871, 873, 878, 889, 893, 915, 919, 945, 955, 994, 1009, 1079, 1094, 1121, 1138 estuarine area, 8, 17, 51, 73, 99, 182, 322, 366, 373, 401, 578, 684, 686, 695, 725, 790, 798, 808, 817, 826, 856, 871, 1076 estuarine fish, 169, 278, 331, 336, 354, 373, 381, 631, 808, 1014, 1016 euphausiid, 358, 378 evaporation, 169, 173, 281, 303, 469, 560, 725, 759, 772 exhumed limestone, 349, 368 extreme high tides, 173, 278 F Fairy Tern, 362, 808 fan bryozoan, 216, 232 Far West Coast, 16, 386, 401, 534, 686, 850 feather star, 24, 227, 240, 300, 302, 303, 318, 378 feeding area, 18, 19, 73, 77, 142, 169, 223, 225, 226, 231, 239, 257, 259, 272, 273, 278, 287, 292, 336, 341, 354, 358, 360, 373, 378, 381, 683, 759, 790, 808, 845, 915, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1016 fiddler crabs, 278 filamentous macroalgae, 303 filamentous red algae, 130, 303 File shells, 1124 fissures, 216, 303 Flat Rocks, 358 flatworm, 211, 274, 378 fore-dune, 53, 77, 95, 116, 303, 322, 349, 360, 368, 826, 851, 855, 871 fossiliferous, 197, 212, 275, 303, 592 fossiliferous limestone, 212 Freckled Duck, 292 freshwater, 17, 37, 51, 91, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 103, 169, 172, 280, 281, 287, 288, 291, 292, 296, 300, 303, 318, 322, 331, 336, 341, 348, 349, 354, 366, 368, 373, 378, 381, 382, 383, 401, 419, 491, 560, 578, 603, 631, 656, 657, 686, 698, 759, 790, 798, 808, 817, 826, 851, 852, 869, 922, 948, 996, 997, 998, 1010, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1066, 1068 freshwater crayfish, 378 freshwater discharges, 366 freshwater drainage, 281, 368, 759, 1014 freshwater soak, 91, 95, 99, 102, 103, 303, 366, 368, 790, 869 freshwater sponges, 378, 1066 freshwater springs, 96, 368, 419, 698, 851, 1010, 1016 freshwater swamp, 383, 1016 G Galaxias, 922 geological monument, 77, 212, 275, 362, 578, 876, 878, 882 geology, 16, 28, 36, 40, 53, 83, 96, 106, 169, 172, 216, 232, 303, 349, 506, 592, 725, 917, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000 geomorphology, 26, 169, 192, 366, 368, 383, 631, 873, 889 Giant Crab, 935 Giant Kelp, 349, 826 glacial, 173, 197, 212, 275, 303, 341, 578, 880 glacial erratics, 303 glacial till, 212, 303 glauconite, 281 Glossy Ibis, 292 gneiss, 126, 153, 197, 244, 261 gorgonian coral, 17, 107, 114, 121, 153, 157, 173, 186, 192, 197, 222, 225, 227, 253, 261, 266, 269, 300, 303, 318, 322, 340, 725, 852 granite, 16, 17, 53, 65, 77, 83, 92, 106, 107, 116, 119, 130, 147, 153, 215, 216, 222, 232, 244, 254, 301, 303, 318, 341, 386, 401, 410, 428, 434, 578, 603, 686, 835, 880, 1001, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1015 granite (boulder) erratics, 303 granite blocks, 53, 83, 216 granite boulder, 17, 53, 83, 119, 130, 303, 410, 578, 1015 granite headland, 53, 215, 244, 1008, 1010 Granite Island, 53, 83, 106, 107, 130, 147, 153, 244, 303, 318, 1008, 1011 granite islands, 53, 83, 106, 107, 147, 153, 244, 303, 318 gravel, 18, 53, 107, 129, 130, 173, 197, 212, 278, 281, 486, 491, 511, 695, 1064, 1065 Great Egret, 292 Great Knot, 69, 292 Greater Sand Plover, 69 green macroalgae, 17, 24, 83, 89, 107, 110, 114, 119, 121, 130, 173, 197, 216, 227, 235, 240, 244, 281, 303, 349, 372, 1075, 1106, 1172 Greenback Flounder, 603 Greenlip Abalone, 410 greenshank, 69 Grey Plover, 69 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 598 Technical Report 2004 Grey Teal, 292 Grey-tailed Tattler, 69 groundwater, 17, 51, 96, 169, 278, 303, 366, 368, 686, 698, 725, 742, 759, 772, 783, 790, 817, 826, 872, 882, 998 groundwater seepage, 169, 826 guano, 130, 244, 428, 441, 534, 753 gurnard, 213, 229, 491, 578, 592, 603, 631, 721, 742 gurnard perch, 213, 229, 491, 578, 592, 603 gypsum, 173 gyre, 196, 215 H Habitat Diversity, 216, 278, 300, 759, 864 Habitat Rarity, 96 habitat types, 1, 12, 14, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 45, 46, 47, 65, 106, 121, 130, 173, 197, 204, 300, 303, 341, 401, 603, 864 Hardhead, 292 Hardyhead, 808, 937 Harlequin Fish, 511 Hat Urchin, 1184 Heart Urchin, 1182 heath, 96, 212, 244, 281, 368, 534, 826 Helmet shell, 138, 1088, 1160 Hemichordata, 322 hermit crabs, 211, 318 high current flow, 300, 303 high tidal flow, 216, 232, 300 high wave exposure, 95, 196, 197 hind-dune, 349 Historic Shipwrecks, 2, 410, 434, 491, 511, 549, 603, 631, 851, 876 Hoary-headed Grebe, 808 holothurian, 107, 943 Hooded Plover, 698, 817, 873 Horseshoe Leatherjacket, 798 Humpback Whale, 934 hydrogen sulphide, 169, 645, 706, 759, 817, 890 hydroid, 24, 53, 107, 114, 137, 140, 147, 155, 156, 169, 227, 240, 244, 253, 266, 268, 303, 318, 322, 331, 340, 378, 852, 959, 994, 996, 1098, 1104 hypersaline, 278, 303, 808 I Ilmenite, 281 Impacts and Threats, 30, 34, 39, 686, 725, 808, 875 Infauna, 169, 181, 278, 677, 725, 759 infilling, 349, 919 insects, 18, 169, 278, 366, 772, 933 inselberg, 106, 107, 147, 244, 1010 intermittent streams, 53, 280, 995, 996, 997, 999 intertidal, 1, 16, 17, 53, 73, 77, 83, 96, 102, 119, 126, 130, 140, 153, 160, 161, 165, 169, 172, 173, 181, 182, 192, 197, 204, 216, 225, 244, 266, 278, 280, 281, 288, 292, 300, 301, 303, 322, 341, 349, 354, 368, 386, 401, 410, 419, 460, 469, 486, 491, 506, 511, 524, 534, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 644, 647, 685, 686, 721, 725, 739, 742, 759, 772, 798, 804, 808, 817, 834, 839, 845, 846, 850, 855, 856, 864, 865, 872, 874, 878, 889, 893, 919, 932, 951, 966, 970, 974, 994, 995, 996, 998, 999, 1001, 1002, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1015, 1016, 1063, 1064, 1071, 1073, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1081, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1095, 1097, 1100, 1102, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1115, 1116, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1121, 1123, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1154, 1156, 1157, 1160, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1180, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1192, 1204, 1205, 1208, 1211 intertidal barnacle, 182, 288, 889 intertidal mudflat, 169, 173, 278, 725, 845, 951 intertidal platform / reef, 197, 216, 266, 301, 303, 549, 592, 798, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1013, 1016 intertidal sandflat, 173, 281, 1013 intertidal wetland, 130 inverse estuary / system !!!, 169, 173, 192, 278, 280, 930, 942, 960, 996, 998, 999 Irreplaceability, 47 Island A, 51, 53, 65, 73, 89, 119, 122, 129, 130, 150, 204, 207, 216, 231, 244, 261, 441, 511, 524, 534, 549, 578, 592, 686, 695, 702, 706, 797, 871, 873, 874, 877 Island B, 96, 107, 119, 130, 322, 434, 524, 700, 790, 834, 841 Island Beach, 119, 130, 434, 700 Island C, 53, 106, 130, 153, 197, 491, 549, 1002, 1003, 1009 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 599 Technical Report 2004 islet, 53, 130, 197, 216, 225, 235, 244, 303, 837, 843, 1013 isopod, 169, 173, 278, 303 isostatic uplift, 169 J jellyfish, 24, 65, 211, 296, 682, 772 jetty pylons, 144, 681, 772, 1199, 1205, 1209 juvenile fish, 18, 19, 142, 169, 188, 196, 208, 273, 278, 460, 469, 560, 647, 677, 759, 772, 783, 808, 839, 846, 860, 864 K kaolin / clay, 130, 169, 173, 182, 197, 212, 281, 303, 349, 401, 410, 434, 491, 725, 739, 1082 kaolinised granite, 130 karst, 303, 631, 826, 1007 kelp, 19, 126, 197, 303, 348, 349, 354, 362, 366, 368, 378, 382, 619, 631, 668, 749, 817, 826, 884, 901, 910, 932, 966, 969, 1065, 1067, 1084, 1146 Killer Whale, 931 knolls / basement, 216 krill, 231, 348, 354, 358, 360, 366, 378, 381, 817, 826, 924 krill / coastal krill !!!, 231, 348, 354, 358, 360, 366, 378, 381, 817, 826, 924 kunkarised shells, 197, 212 L Lace Coral, 24 lacustrine, 368 lagoon, 244, 303, 341, 349, 362, 578, 603, 783, 808, 848, 915, 1002, 1014, 1016 lamp shells, 24 land-locked, 53, 82, 354 Leafy Seadragon, 163, 322, 524, 578, 592, 899 leatherjacket, 144, 155, 192, 240, 362, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 454, 469, 491, 511, 592, 678, 721, 742 ledge, 17, 38, 107, 111, 119, 130, 153, 197, 216, 222, 227, 232, 244, 254, 268, 300, 349, 362, 368, 469, 491, 511, 524, 549, 592, 619, 631, 655, 1009, 1116, 1154, 1177, 1203 ledge reef, 119, 130 lichen, 303 lignum, 281, 288, 292 Limestone, 16, 17, 53, 83, 92, 96, 107, 119, 126, 130, 197, 211, 212, 244, 254, 275, 281, 301, 303, 349, 366, 368, 372, 401, 410, 419, 434, 486, 506, 511, 524, 549, 560, 578, 619, 631, 798, 843, 852, 880, 946, 993, 994, 995, 996, 1001, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1016, 1064, 1089, 1093, 1169, 1211 limestone reef, 96, 119, 197, 211, 303, 349, 368, 549, 619, 843, 994, 1001, 1169 limpet, 303, 318, 631, 1125 ling, 631, 668 Little Egret, 292 Little Penguin, 353, 358, 360, 362 Little Pied Cormorant, 292, 353 Long Beach, 578 low current flow, 118 low profile platform reef, 197 low wave energy, 51, 53, 129, 160, 169, 172, 173, 197, 278, 280, 995, 996, 998 Lower Lakes, 944 Lower South-East, 16, 244, 373, 631, 657, 826, 1070 M mackerel, 386, 549, 603, 706 macroalgae, 14, 16, 18, 19, 24, 51, 53, 65, 69, 83, 86, 89, 96, 99, 106, 107, 110, 111, 119, 121, 124, 130, 138, 140, 142, 153, 155, 163, 164, 173, 197, 205, 208, 216, 222, 223, 232, 235, 240, 244, 253, 254, 257, 266, 269, 281, 301, 303, 318, 322, 331, 340, 348, 349, 353, 354, 362, 366, 368, 372, 373, 386, 401, 524, 534, 619, 645, 655, 668, 676, 706, 746, 759, 772, 783, 790, 798, 808, 817, 826, 932, 943, 973, 1000, 1064, 1072, 1081, 1085, 1087, 1092, 1112, 1142, 1147, 1149, 1170, 1189, 1198, 1201 macroalgal species diversity, 110, 215, 232 macro-crustaceans, 192, 291, 378 macro-invertebrates, 257, 303, 349, 368, 378, 382, 817 macrotidal, 169, 913 Major Breeding Areas, 226 Major Physical Influences, 300, 348, 366 mangrove, 13, 14, 16, 51, 53, 69, 73, 77, 96, 130, 142, 160, 161, 165, 166, 169, 172, 173, 181, 182, 188, 192, 196, 197, 208, 212, 244, 278, 280, 281, 288, 291, 292, 296, 386, 401, 441, 460, 469, 560, 684, 686, 706, 721, 725, 739, 742, 759, 772, 783, 808, 834, 835, 839, 840, 841, 844, 845, 855, 856, 857, 864, 865, 871, 873, 876, 878, 879, 889, 890, 894, 899, 902, 906, 919, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1002, 1007, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1018, 1079, 1083, 1167, 1172 mangrove creeks, 53, 142, 292, 996, 997, 999 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 600 Technical Report 2004 mangrove forest / woodland, 53, 77, 169, 173, 281, 772 Marine Biodiversity, 3, 12, 14, 15, 46, 906, 1003 marine flatworm, 65, 211 marine mammals, 24, 25, 37, 38, 243, 560, 667, 683, 684, 685, 695, 698, 702, 706, 721, 749, 759, 790, 803, 804, 817, 871, 876, 878, 891, 916, 926, 950 marine snails, 65, 69, 169, 278 marine transgression, 169 marl, 303 marsh, 173, 212, 244, 281, 303, 378, 631, 681, 772, 917 Marsh Saltbush, 142 mean sea level oscillations, 169 mega-ripple, 169, 173, 186 metamorphic (basement) rock, 197 metamorphic cliff / reef, 303, 1000 metamorphic silt-stones, 244 meta-sandstones, 303 meta-sediments, 96, 119, 232, 244, 301, 303, 341 microbiota, 169, 278 micro-habitat, 18, 19, 24, 38, 69, 107, 137, 140, 153, 157, 169, 197, 216, 227, 274, 281, 303, 318, 340, 349, 358, 368 micro-organisms, 14, 169, 362, 646, 759, 817 microtidal, 53, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999 midges, 278 migrant birds, 383 migratory albatross, 235 migratory shorebird, 77, 86, 91, 103, 142, 292, 331, 360 migratory wading bird !!!, 69, 73, 77, 166, 238, 241, 291, 336, 341, 378, 772, 808, 844, 993 mites, 23 mobile sea pen, 182 moderate wave energy, 129, 130, 160, 196, 215, 232, 265, 301, 349, 368, 998, 999 molluscs, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 53, 65, 69, 73, 89, 129, 140, 156, 169, 173, 181, 186, 188, 192, 197, 211, 216, 222, 225, 227, 240, 253, 265, 268, 272, 274, 278, 281, 291, 303, 318, 331, 340, 349, 353, 358, 360, 362, 366, 368, 372, 373, 378, 381, 382, 386, 469, 491, 511, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 619, 649, 651, 653, 678, 680, 681, 682, 686, 700, 702, 706, 720, 725, 753, 757, 759, 772, 790, 797, 798, 804, 808, 931, 943, 972, 1000, 1021, 1064, 1070, 1078, 1087, 1106, 1111 Monitoring, xii, 1, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 45, 48, 155, 163, 318, 322, 336, 401, 410, 419, 434, 441, 454, 456, 460, 469, 506, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 619, 631, 644, 646, 647, 658, 663, 667, 668, 670, 673, 686, 698, 702, 706, 721, 725, 739, 753, 759, 772, 783, 790, 798, 817, 826, 844, 867, 880, 897, 906, 908, 913, 932, 933, 942, 952, 961, 964, 992, 1214, 1216 moraine, 303 mosquito, 169, 278, 772 moss, 368, 682, 772 mouth-brooding fish, 182, 269, 322 Mud Cockle, 560, 753, 759, 772, 1121 mud habitat, 13, 16, 17, 73, 181, 188, 303, 1014, 1075, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1106, 1108, 1112, 1113, 1114, 1122, 1126, 1127, 1134, 1135, 1138, 1145, 1148, 1168, 1175 Mudbanks, 1014 mudflat, 53, 73, 96, 160, 169, 173, 196, 197, 216, 225, 278, 281, 291, 292, 303, 341, 560, 686, 725, 772, 790, 808, 839, 845, 847, 869, 1007, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015 mullet, 93, 116, 211, 275, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 469, 511, 524, 534, 549, 578, 592, 603, 619, 808, 862 murex shell, 65, 322, 1102 mussel, 186, 244, 646, 647, 668, 674, 681, 682, 686, 759, 772, 790, 943, 1112, 1122, 1123 N Native Oyster, 272, 386, 401, 441, 491, 560, 686 nebaliaceans, 19 nematodes, 19, 646 nemertean worms, 19 nested approach / design, 44, 45 North Islet, 232 Northern Lagoon (Coorong) !!!, 808 no-take areas / zones, 670 nudibranch, 197, 204, 211, 222, 227, 240, 253, 261, 268, 296, 331, 1090, 1103, 1157, 1164 nutrient recycling, 17, 18, 164, 169, 196, 265, 278, 291, 348, 358, 366, 378, 721, 725, 772, 826 O Octopus, 205, 211, 257, 259, 269, 274, 318, 322, 331, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 454, 456, 511, 524, 534, 549, 619, 631, 663, 668, 706, 817, 841 oligochaete worms, 19 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 601 Technical Report 2004 opisthobranch mollusc, 924 orange lichen, 197 orange sponges, 303 Orange-bellied Parrot, 354 organic matter, 196, 278, 645, 647, 649, 706, 739, 759, 772, 933, 960 Oriental Plover, 69, 336 oscillations, 169 overhangs, 38, 53, 107, 119, 126, 153, 163, 197, 216, 227, 244, 261, 266, 274, 303, 340, 362 Oysters, 386, 401, 441, 460, 469, 534, 578, 646, 647, 686, 721, 753, 790, 1197 P patch reef, 13, 53, 96, 107, 119, 124, 130, 140, 161, 164, 173, 188, 197, 207, 216, 232, 244, 266, 272, 273, 303, 318, 349, 362, 368, 460, 469, 560, 578, 592, 619, 651, 669, 1001 pebble, 19, 197, 281, 303, 368, 524, 592, 880, 1000, 1174 pebble beach, 216, 232, 281, 303, 368 Pebble Crab, 19 Pectoral Sandpiper, 336 pegmatite, 130, 197 pelagic fish, 69, 116, 204, 227, 491, 592 pelycopod, 197 Peregrine Falcon, 354, 362 peritidal, 169, 911 periwinkle, 318, 491 petrel, 226, 318, 1058, 1059 Phoronid worm, 182 phototrophic sponge, 223, 269, 322, 896, 1065 physical factor, 15, 106, 169, 669 phytoplankton, 36, 118, 147, 231, 243, 348, 366, 645, 681, 686, 706, 725, 759, 772, 808, 917, 918 Pied Cormorant, 292, 353, 358, 441 Pilchards, 125, 231, 243, 386, 434, 441, 491, 534, 686, 702, 706, 925, 971 pinnacles, 216, 274, 303, 368, 511, 592 pipefish, 65, 86, 99, 182, 205, 223, 269, 274, 318, 322, 354, 790 pipehorse, 99 Pippi, 19, 848, 1103 plant biomass production, 169, 265 platforms, 17, 38, 53, 83, 96, 107, 111, 119, 126, 130, 147, 153, 197, 204, 212, 215, 216, 222, 232, 244, 274, 301, 303, 349, 358, 362, 367, 368, 386, 456, 511, 592, 631, 878, 968, 993, 994, 996, 997, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1016, 1084, 1093, 1115, 1126, 1140, 1146, 1152, 1158, 1170 plovers, 273, 808 Point Westall / High Cliff, 419, 524, 534 Polycarpa, 368 Pouched Lamprey, 971 prawns, 12, 77, 91, 95, 102, 165, 169, 188, 259, 265, 278, 292, 386, 401, 419, 428, 434, 441, 456, 460, 469, 491, 506, 534, 549, 560, 578, 592, 651, 676, 677, 725, 742, 839, 892 Precautionary Principle, 33, 46 Price, 560, 619 primary production / productivity, 169, 265, 278, 668, 706 prion, 318 productivity, xii, 1, 6, 30, 36, 45, 51, 73, 95, 118, 129, 147, 160, 169, 188, 196, 215, 231, 235, 243, 265, 275, 278, 300, 348, 354, 366, 386, 469, 534, 619, 631, 658, 662, 683, 686, 700, 702, 718, 746, 749, 753, 757, 790, 817, 870, 920, 972, 991 progradation, 169, 173, 725 Proterozoic, 899 Purple Sea Urchin, 1183 pycnogonids, 24, 318 Pygmy Right Whale, 926 Q quartz sand, 173 quartz/ose, 173 R raised beaches, 197 rare taxa, 19, 65, 86, 122, 138, 288, 322, 362, 826, 871, 873, 874, 877, 878, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1160 ray, 121, 149, 186, 211, 222, 227, 257, 262, 268, 318, 336, 362, 386, 491, 511, 560, 619, 677, 686, 721, 742, 753, 798, 804 Razorfish, 173 recycling, 15, 18, 36, 169, 278, 291, 725, 739, 759, 783, 817, 880 Red, 742, 798 Red Knot, 69, 292, 336 red macroalgae, 17, 25, 53, 65, 83, 86, 89, 96, 107, 110, 119, 130, 147, 153, 155, 156, 160, 161, 164, 173, 182, 197, 216, 222, 225, 232, 235, 244, 253, 266, 272, 281, 303, 349, 354, 358, 368, 372, 382, 1000, 1180 Red-capped Plover / Dotterel !!!, 292 Redfin Perch, 603 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 602 Technical Report 2004 Red-necked Avocet, 69, 292 Red-necked Stint, 69, 292, 336, 848 reed swamp, 368, 373, 1016 reef molluscs, 197, 216, 222, 225, 232, 261, 266, 268, 273, 274, 303, 318, 340, 401 Relative Productivity Level, 106 Replication, 31, 32, 33, 34, 47, 992 Representativeness, ii, 29, 30, 32, 47, 942, 991 Restoration / Restorability, 35 Rhyodacite, 197, 875 rip, 119, 524 rip circulation, 349 Robe, 914, 952 roche moutonee, 303 rock cod, 151, 511, 534, 592 rock crabs, 188, 651 Rock Lobster, 434, 441, 460, 469, 491, 619, 631, 669, 749, 914, 938, 952, 965, 966, 1170 Rock Parrot, 441 rock whiting, 268 Rocky Island, 254, 259, 603 Rocky Point, 130, 386, 460 rocky reef, 16, 197, 211, 652, 661, 855, 897, 925, 942, 1065 Rough Leatherjacket, 742 rubble reef, 17, 107, 130, 153, 216, 232, 244, 303, 318, 592, 1008, 1010, 1013 Ruddy Turnstone, 69 Ruff, 73, 292 rush, 278, 303 S salina / coastal salina, 99, 103 saline / salt pans !!!, 107, 173, 281, 506, 698, 772 saline pools, 349 saline swamp, 197, 303 salinity, 82, 129, 153, 169, 172, 215, 228, 278, 280, 303, 348, 366, 401, 410, 469, 560, 681, 682, 686, 725, 759, 772, 783, 808, 817, 880, 894, 904, 915, 925, 928, 937, 996, 1000 salt / saline lake !!!, 96, 244, 303, 698, 873, 1010, 1012, 1015, 1016 salt flat, 173, 197 salt lagoon / lake, 96, 228, 244, 254, 301, 303, 362, 469, 511, 578, 698, 808, 892, 973, 993, 995, 998, 1013, 1014, 1016 saltbush, 130, 197, 303, 1007 saltmarsh, 161, 278, 303, 725, 772, 1083, 1119 Saltmarsh Mapping Program, 53, 303 saltpan, 107, 130, 173, 281, 506, 698, 772 samphire, 17, 53, 65, 73, 77, 83, 96, 107, 130, 153, 160, 161, 165, 166, 169, 173, 188, 192, 197, 244, 257, 278, 280, 281, 287, 288, 292, 296, 303, 341, 354, 368, 401, 534, 560, 686, 698, 706, 725, 739, 742, 772, 817, 834, 839, 840, 845, 855, 857, 865, 871, 873, 874, 880, 961, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015 samphire flats, 17, 53, 96, 130, 166, 169, 173, 188, 281, 292, 303, 401, 534, 698, 706, 742, 839, 873, 1010 samphire shrubland, 96, 161, 173, 281, 772 samphire swamp, 73, 77, 96, 244, 257, 772 sand accretion, 197 Sand Crab, 560 sand habitat, 18, 19, 23, 69, 73, 83, 89, 102, 107, 114, 121, 130, 147, 161, 164, 173, 188, 197, 207, 216, 222, 225, 232, 238, 244, 257, 266, 269, 273, 281, 291, 292, 303, 318, 331, 336, 349, 358, 360, 368, 378, 381, 647, 681, 695, 772, 790, 804, 817, 1015, 1071, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1082, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1089, 1096, 1098, 1103, 1104, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1117, 1124, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1128, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1136, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1148, 1151, 1152, 1153, 1154, 1158, 1160, 1165, 1166, 1169, 1170, 1172, 1174, 1209 sand island islet, 341, 847 sand spit, 51, 53, 130, 197, 243, 281, 303, 341, 386, 469, 578, 847, 891, 1012, 1013, 1014 Sand Star, 1179 Sand Whiting, 721, 742 sand worms, 378, 631 sandbank, 16, 53, 73, 83, 96, 173, 204, 244, 266, 281, 303, 469, 725 sandbar, 53, 73, 96, 129, 130, 197, 244, 303, 1013 Sanderling, 69 sandstone, 153, 197, 232, 275, 281, 303, 368, 486 sandwave, 186 sandy bay, 53, 83, 216, 244, 511, 1013 sandy beach, 16, 53, 77, 83, 96, 107, 119, 130, 161, 173, 197, 216, 232, 244, 259, 281, 292, 303, 368, 386, 401, 419, 434, 441, 491, 511, 524, 560, 603, 619, 631, 1013 Sandy Cove, 53, 401 Sawshark, 659, 817 Scallops, 19, 244, 534, 753 schistose, 216, 232 Scorpion-cod, 578, 592, 603 screw shell, 281, 686, 1093, 1094, 1113, 1170 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 603 Technical Report 2004 Screw shells, 1094 sea anemone, 804 sea birds, 91, 92, 101, 116, 125, 144, 158, 166, 212, 231, 238, 243, 244, 273, 287, 291, 292, 331, 358, 381, 524, 578, 646, 683, 684, 686, 698, 702, 706, 721, 725, 749, 753, 790, 817, 835, 841, 876, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017 sea cucumber, 24, 119, 272, 281, 303, 318, 603, 804, 1184 sea hare, 89, 322, 378, 1075, 1076 sea lice, 169, 278, 954 sea mounts, 53, 83, 216 sea pen, 19, 173, 192, 300, 302, 303, 318, 340, 1000 sea slug, 24, 268, 269, 272, 1170 sea spider, 24, 211, 274, 318 sea squirt, 24, 894 sea star, 24, 192, 211, 227, 240, 274, 300, 303, 318, 358, 804 Sea Sweep, 798 sea tulip, 107 sea urchin, 186, 272, 358, 368, 378, 381, 669, 676, 884, 925, 930, 932, 965, 966, 1112, 1147, 1157 seadragon, 14, 38, 99, 163, 269, 322, 340, 592, 798 seagrass, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 34, 51, 53, 65, 69, 73, 77, 83, 86, 89, 96, 99, 102, 107, 119, 121, 124, 130, 137, 138, 140, 142, 144, 153, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 172, 173, 181, 182, 186, 188, 192, 196, 197, 204, 207, 208, 215, 216, 222, 225, 226, 232, 244, 259, 265, 266, 269, 272, 273, 278, 280, 281, 288, 291, 292, 296, 300, 301, 303, 318, 322, 331, 336, 340, 349, 353, 354, 358, 360, 367, 368, 378, 386, 460, 469, 491, 506, 534, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 619, 645, 647, 650, 651, 652, 655, 656, 674, 676, 678, 681, 682, 684, 686, 706, 721, 725, 739, 746, 753, 757, 759, 772, 783, 790, 798, 804, 808, 817, 826, 839, 840, 845, 846, 855, 857, 860, 864, 865, 873, 876, 878, 884, 893, 899, 917, 922, 923, 924, 928, 932, 933, 935, 937, 941, 952, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 967, 970, 972, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1007, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1028, 1040, 1066, 1072, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1102, 1112, 1132, 1136, 1138, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145, 1149, 1150, 1152, 1153, 1155, 1160, 1167, 1172, 1186, 1190, 1191, 1194, 1195, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1211 seagrass meadow, 18, 34, 53, 69, 73, 83, 96, 102, 107, 119, 124, 130, 140, 142, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 169, 172, 173, 182, 186, 197, 204, 207, 208, 215, 216, 232, 244, 265, 266, 269, 273, 278, 280, 281, 288, 291, 292, 303, 322, 331, 336, 340, 349, 360, 368, 378, 386, 460, 491, 534, 549, 578, 592, 603, 619, 647, 652, 655, 676, 681, 682, 686, 721, 725, 739, 759, 772, 790, 817, 864, 876, 893, 922, 933, 935, 941, 957, 993, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1078, 1142, 1149, 1150, 1155, 1194, 1195, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1211 seahorse, 269, 322, 757, 929 seaweed worms, 560 sedgeland, 244, 368, 373 sedimentation, 53, 77, 169, 269, 322, 401, 419, 700, 720, 725, 757, 759, 772, 790, 797, 798, 804, 808, 817, 826, 871, 891, 901, 923 sessile invertebrates, 16, 17, 19, 51, 53, 77, 107, 116, 119, 144, 147, 161, 173, 186, 192, 196, 197, 207, 227, 232, 253, 261, 303, 340, 362, 578, 645, 852, 1000 shark eggs, 211 sharp-leaf club-rush, 303 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, 69, 292, 336 shell bed, 244, 303, 349, 790, 880 shell ridges, 173, 192 shell sand, 172, 197, 244, 278, 281, 354, 1099, 1125, 1136, 1142, 1143 shellgrit, 83, 197, 244, 281, 303, 401, 725, 1012, 1013 shellgrit beach, 83 shellgrit ridges, 281 shelly limestone, 197 sheltered beach, 73, 89, 91, 164, 244, 331, 349 she-oak woodland, 103 shield pennywort, 303 shingle beach, 266, 368 Shipwrecks, 40, 92, 116, 150, 157, 188, 192, 207, 210, 211, 227, 261, 274, 296, 362, 382, 385, 401, 410, 428, 441, 460, 469, 491, 511, 524, 549, 560, 578, 603, 619, 631, 878, 902, 921 shoal, 119, 169, 216, 266, 303, 469, 506, 549, 578, 772 shore bird, 244, 287, 296, 378, 1007, 1009, 1010, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016 Short-tailed Shearwater, 358, 702 shrimps, 19, 144, 169, 211, 274, 278, 291, 318, 378, 631, 1064 shrubland, 83, 96, 130, 173, 244, 281, 303 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 604 Technical Report 2004 silt, 53, 169, 173, 197, 303, 469, 647, 725, 759, 783, 790, 804, 817, 1066, 1095 Silver / Sand Whiting !!!, 721, 742 Silver Gull, 77, 292, 353, 358, 706, 772, 804, 817 skate, 121, 211, 257, 262, 491, 929, 1012 Snapper, 469, 524, 650, 757 soft coral, 17, 24, 77, 107, 114, 116, 121, 124, 147, 153, 156, 157, 173, 192, 204, 211, 222, 227, 240, 296, 300, 302, 303, 318, 340, 349, 362, 368, 676, 725, 1000 Sole, 675 solitary ascidian, 23, 53, 173, 186, 192, 197, 268, 274, 281, 1189, 1190, 1196, 1199, 1200, 1203, 1204, 1208 South Islet, 232, 817 southern Eyre Peninsula, 899 Southern Ocean, 150, 182 Southern Right Whale, 511, 897 Southern Right Whale Dolphin, 897 spawning / breeding area, 29, 65, 69, 73, 77, 91, 102, 115, 122, 138, 140, 142, 157, 207, 208, 225, 231, 239, 254, 259, 269, 273, 274, 287, 292, 322, 331, 336, 341, 360, 753, 790, 834, 843, 856, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016 Species Diversity, 9, 17, 18, 24, 25, 38, 65, 69, 106, 110, 116, 121, 153, 155, 222, 227, 235, 244, 268, 280, 287, 303, 318, 341, 353, 367, 368, 428, 619, 631, 676, 759, 808, 990, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999, 1021 specimen shells, 89, 93, 122, 235, 269, 275, 322, 354, 383, 680, 702, 746, 790, 797, 798, 1070 Sperm Whale, 434 spider crab, 119 sponge, 16, 17, 24, 25, 38, 53, 69, 77, 107, 114, 116, 119, 121, 124, 130, 147, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 173, 186, 192, 196, 197, 204, 207, 211, 216, 222, 225, 227, 232, 235, 240, 244, 253, 261, 266, 268, 274, 281, 291, 296, 300, 303, 318, 322, 331, 340, 349, 353, 358, 362, 366, 368, 372, 378, 524, 646, 647, 676, 677, 680, 702, 721, 725, 742, 757, 790, 797, 798, 852, 894, 1000, 1021, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1078, 1083, 1085, 1089, 1110, 1111, 1117, 1119, 1121, 1122, 1131, 1132, 1133, 1134, 1140, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1157, 1159, 1160, 1163, 1166, 1167, 1169, 1173, 1175, 1183 sponge crabs, 272, 318 spring tides, 129, 173 Spurdog, 749 Squat Lobster, 19 stalked ascidian, 23, 186, 197, 216, 225, 232, 303, 318, 378, 1204, 1205, 1209 stalked bryozoa, 173, 197 stalked fan bryozoan, 225 steep depth gradients, 17, 51, 82, 147, 148, 153, 196, 231, 243, 300, 303, 366 stingaree, 222, 742 stingray, 144, 150, 469, 742 Stinkfish, 721, 742 stomatopods, 19 stony coral, 121, 235 stranded (beach) ridges !!!, 212, 281 stranded shore platform, 303, 341 stranded tidal deposits, 197 Strawberry Prawn, 721 streams, 7, 303, 366, 373, 759, 772, 783, 804, 948, 1009, 1035 Striped Trumpeter, 469 stromatolite mounds, 160, 244, 254 strong current, 118, 125, 129, 161, 169, 186, 196, 303, 322, 491, 592, 678, 790, 1188 submarine canyon, 231, 969 submarine cave, 119, 157, 303, 318, 456 subterranean caverns, 383, 1016 sub-tropical, 24, 65, 111, 169, 172, 173, 182, 192, 840, 1064, 1106, 1182, 1195 sulphate-reducing bacteria, 169 supralittoral, 130, 303 supratidal, 53, 83, 96, 130, 160, 161, 165, 169, 172, 173, 182, 197, 278, 280, 281, 292, 303, 322, 341, 560, 686, 725, 772, 808, 864, 874, 995, 996, 998, 999, 1013, 1015 surf barnacles, 303, 318 surf beach, 125, 232, 239, 244, 259, 336, 386, 419, 434, 534, 619, 656, 686 surf cockles, 378 surface wind-waves, 169 Swamp Crassula, 303 Swamp Paperbark, 303, 322, 336, 603, 1010, 1014 sweep, 92, 207, 227, 275, 340, 353, 362, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 456, 491, 511, 534, 549, 578, 592, 603, 686, 700, 757 swells, 53, 95, 106, 107, 119, 129, 130, 147, 160, 196, 197, 215, 216, 231, 232, 244, 303, 524, 534, 549, 619, 631, 875 syngnathids, 182, 211, 269, 322, 336, 1024, 1027, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1034, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 605 Technical Report 2004 1037, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1043, 1044, 1046, 1047 T Taxonomic Diversity, 30, 163, 372 Tea tree, 261, 368, 373, 772, 826, 1012, 1014, 1016 Tellin shells, 1160 Terek Sandpiper, 69, 336 Tertiary, 506, 549, 592, 603, 619, 783 The Arch, 130, 401, 534 threatened taxa, 36 Threats and Impacts, 34, 846 tidal channel, 53, 83, 96, 130, 161, 169, 173, 278, 281, 292, 686, 772, 808, 1014, 1015 tidal creek, 53, 102, 130, 140, 160, 161, 164, 165, 169, 173, 188, 192, 278, 281, 291, 292, 303, 560, 721, 725, 772, 840, 1013 tidal current, 96, 118, 169, 173, 266, 300, 303, 506, 578, 759, 817 tidal flat, 53, 73, 83, 101, 102, 142, 161, 164, 169, 173, 197, 207, 208, 266, 273, 281, 291, 292, 303, 331, 336, 386, 686, 721, 725, 739, 753, 808, 1007, 1015 tidal mudflat, 73, 77, 196, 281, 759 tidal race, 16, 118, 300 till, 197, 322, 410, 419, 428, 454, 456, 511, 524, 534, 619, 675, 686, 725, 749, 849 Toothbrush Leatherjacket, 592, 742 Top shells, 1085 toxic sponge, 269, 322, 1067 transgressive dune, 349 trench, 300, 303 Trevally, 296, 386, 410, 419, 428, 441, 454, 511, 534, 578, 603, 678, 725 triton, 1076, 1084, 1088, 1100, 1156, 1158, 1159 tropical, 19, 24, 25, 37, 53, 65, 111, 122, 138, 155, 169, 172, 173, 182, 186, 192, 205, 269, 273, 274, 288, 322, 428, 469, 671, 682, 725, 742, 772, 916, 933, 949, 994, 996, 1026, 1047, 1064, 1065, 1069, 1074, 1075, 1076, 1083, 1087, 1090, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1107, 1108, 1110, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1119, 1120, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1128, 1131, 1137, 1144, 1145, 1148, 1150, 1151, 1157, 1161, 1164, 1167, 1168, 1173, 1178, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1200, 1208, 1210, 1211 tropical nudibranch, 205, 269, 1090, 1167 Trough shells, 1128 tube worm, 164, 186, 278, 291, 560, 646, 772, 1133 Tun shell, 1168 turban shells, 303, 318, 603 Turbidity, 169, 645, 650, 677, 684, 700, 725, 757, 759, 772, 783, 790, 797, 798, 804, 808, 817, 826 turrid shell, 1076, 1077, 1101, 1107, 1115, 1129, 1139, 1164 type locality, 65, 77, 99, 111, 138, 155, 212, 269, 322, 1063, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1081, 1105, 1155, 1165, 1186, 1187, 1191, 1193, 1194, 1198, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1211 Typhine shell, 148, 1133, 1163, 1169 U unattached brachiopod, 216, 225, 232 unconfined aquifer, 303, 368, 817, 826, 997 unconsolidated dunes, 753 unvegetated sand / soft bottom !!!, 69, 73, 208, 331, 336 Upper South-East, 348 upwelling, 51, 82, 95, 118, 125, 147, 153, 215, 222, 231, 235, 243, 259, 348, 349, 354, 358, 366, 372, 378, 534, 686, 749, 753, 817, 826, 870, 920, 930, 953 V Venus shells, 1166 volcanic, 53, 197, 212, 368, 506, 852, 997 volutes, 269, 322, 680, 702, 757, 790, 797, 798 Vulnerable species, 101, 122, 182, 235, 254, 275, 322, 353, 362, 560, 661, 1013, 1015 W water bird, 91, 102, 140, 278, 287, 318, 336, 725, 759, 869, 1016 water clarity, 114, 144, 169, 211, 383, 441, 759 water ribbons, 303 waterfowl, 114, 238, 292, 296, 303, 318, 331, 336, 341, 790, 808, 903, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1016 wave energy, 18, 83, 96, 118, 119, 129, 147, 153, 160, 161, 196, 197, 215, 216, 231, 232, 243, 244, 301, 303, 349, 366, 367, 368, 994, 996, 997, 1197, 1198 wave-cut platform, 119, 153, 349, 871 weak current, 278, 280, 678 Weedy Seadragon, 288 weedy whiting, 592 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 606 Technical Report 2004 West Point, 842, 1018 Western King Prawn, 419, 441, 469, 721, 725, 839, 927 wetland bird, 238, 287, 318, 362, 378, 381, 698, 1009, 1012, 1014, 1015, 1016 Wetland of National Importance, 172 wetlands, 5, 17, 38, 53, 77, 83, 99, 103, 161, 169, 192, 232, 261, 280, 281, 287, 288, 303, 318, 336, 341, 366, 368, 373, 378, 686, 698, 706, 721, 759, 772, 783, 790, 808, 836, 849, 852, 856, 865, 869, 871, 873, 878, 896, 921, 924, 940, 964, 966, 993, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999 Whaler shark, 292, 318, 386, 524, 658, 895 Whimbrel, 69, 292 Whiskery Shark, 720, 960 White-faced Heron, 353, 358 whiting, 14, 93, 102, 110, 140, 164, 165, 188, 208, 238, 274, 318, 358, 386, 410, 419, 434, 441, 454, 456, 460, 469, 491, 506, 511, 524, 534, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 619, 631, 651, 652, 678, 706, 721, 725, 742, 746, 749, 757, 772, 790, 797, 873, 898, 911, 924, 929, 949 wind-driven currents, 817 wobbegong shark !!!, 660, 885, 941 Wood Sandpiper, 69 worms, 14, 18, 19, 53, 102, 169, 173, 181, 188, 211, 274, 278, 281, 291, 296, 303, 318, 378, 491, 560, 645, 651, 666, 706, 725, 759, 772, 817, 959, 1204 wrasse, 65, 86, 92, 93, 127, 138, 155, 166, 207, 213, 225, 240, 322, 345, 353, 354, 362, 386, 410, 419, 428, 434, 441, 454, 456, 491, 511, 524, 534, 549, 592, 603, 619, 653, 654, 663, 676, 686, 695, 698, 700, 706, 720, 742, 746, 749, 753, 757, 790, 797, 798, 803, 804, 826 Y yabbies, 378, 603, 849 Yellow-eye Mullet, 434, 549, 560, 578, 592, 603, 631, 891 Yellow-fin Whiting, 469, 491, 560, 725, 742, 772, 839, 891 Z Zonaria, 1207 zooplankton, 36, 51, 106, 118, 147, 215, 231, 243, 331, 759, 772 An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 607 Technical Report 2004 Appendix 1: The Commonwealth’s National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas – Goals and Criteria Goals The primary goal of the NRSMPA is (ANZECC, 1999a): to establish and manage a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of MPAs to contribute to the long­term ecological viability of marine and estuarine systems, to maintain ecological processes and systems, and to protect Australia’s biological diversity at all levels. The following secondary goals are designed to be compatible with the primary goal: • To promote the development of MPAs within the framework of integrated ecosystem management; • To provide a formal management framework for a broad spectrum of human activities, including recreation, tourism, shipping and the use or extraction of resources, the impacts of which are compatible with the primary goal; • To provide scientific reference sites; • To provide for the special needs of rare, threatened or depleted species and threatened ecological communities; • To provide for the conservation of special groups of organisms, e.g. species with complex habitat requirements or mobile or migratory species, or species vulnerable to disturbance which may depend on reservation for their conservation; • To protect areas of high conservation value including those containing high species diversity, natural refugia for flora and fauna and centres of endemism; • To provide for the recreational, aesthetic and cultural needs of indigenous and non­ indigenous people. The National Criteria Criteria for identification and selection of MPAs recommended for the NRSMPA are presented below (ANZECC 1999). For the NRSMPA, physical, ecological and biological (i.e. environmental) criteria are primarily used for the identification of candidate areas. Social, cultural and/or economic criteria are applied in the final selection of MPA sites from the candidate areas. In practice, jurisdictions may apply some of the selection criteria at an earlier stage during the identification process. Environmental criteria and social, cultural and economic criteria may be used at any stage, as appropriate, in the processes of identification and selection. Vulnerability assessment is part of both the identification and selection processes. In the identification phase, vulnerability due to natural processes may be considered. In the selection phase, vulnerability to human actions and threatening processes should be used to prioritise the selection of sites for MPAs. The selection and declaration processes are carried out by State, Territory and Commonwealth agencies for their jurisdictions. Some cross­jurisdiction consultation will be required where proposed MPAs cross jurisdiction boundaries. Flexibility of application of the criteria will be required due to the variety of legislative and management frameworks within the States, Northern Territory and the Commonwealth, and the individual circumstances relating to specific sites. A potential MPA site may meet one or many of the listed criteria. Depending on the objectives for the site, one or more criteria may be considered to have greater ‘weight’ in the consideration process. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 608 Technical Report 2004 The criteria used by the Commonwealth are generally derived from Kelleher and Kenchington (1992) and Thackway (1996). Identification • Representativeness Will the area: # represent one or more ecosystems within an IMCRA bioregion, and to what degree; # add to the representativeness of the NRSMPA, and to what degree. • Comprehensiveness Does the area: # add to the coverage of the full range of ecosystems recognised at an appropriate scale within and across each bioregion; # add to the comprehensiveness of the NRSMPA. • Ecological Importance Does the area: # contribute to the maintenance of essential ecological processes or life­support systems; # contain habitat for rare or endangered species; # preserve genetic diversity i.e. is diverse or abundant in species; # contain areas on which species or other systems are dependent, e.g. contain nursery or juvenile areas or feeding, breeding or resting areas for migratory species; # contain one or more areas which are a biologically functional, self­sustaining ecological unit. • International or National Importance # Is the area rated, or have the potential to be listed, on the world or a national heritage list or declared as a Biosphere Reserve or subject to an international or national conservation agreement. • Uniqueness Does the area: # contain unique species, populations, communities or ecosystems; # contain unique or unusual geographic features. • Productivity # Do the species, populations, or communities of the area have a high natural biological productivity. • Vulnerability Assessment # Are the ecosystems and/or communities vulnerable to natural processes. • Biogeographic Importance # Does the area capture important biogeographic qualities. • Naturalness # How much has the area been protected from, or not been subjected to, human induced change. Selection • Economic Interests Does the site: # make an existing or potential contribution to economic value by virtue of its protection, e.g. for recreation or tourism, or as a refuge or nursery area, or source of supply for economically important species; # have current or potential use for the extraction of or exploration for resources; # have importance for shipping and/or trade; # have usage by traditional users including commercial fishers; # have value due to its contribution to local or regional employment and economic development. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 609 Technical Report 2004 • Indigenous Interests Does the site: # have traditional usage and/or current economic value; # contain indigenous cultural values; # have native title considerations. • Social Interests # Does the site have existing or potential value to the local, national or international communities because of its heritage, cultural, traditional aesthetic, educational, recreational, or economic values. • Scientific Interests # Does the site have existing or potential value for research or monitoring. • Practicality / Feasibility Does the site: # have a degree of insulation from external destructive influences; # have social and political acceptability, and a degree of community support; # have access for recreation, tourism, education; # have compatibility between an MPA declaration generally and existing uses; # have relative ease of management, and compatibility with existing management regimes. • Vulnerability Assessment # Is the site vulnerable and susceptible to human induced changes and threatening processes. • Replication # Will the site provide replication of ecosystems within the bioregion. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 610 Technical Report 2004 Appendix 2. South Australian Marine Bioregions South Australian Bioregions, based on the Interim Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia (IMCRA) classification Coorong Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Estuaries Cool temperate, meso­thermal climate with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Waters are transitional warm to cold temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 14oC in winter to 19oC in summer. Offshore gradient decreases from steep to flat resulting in a gradational coastline, from high deepwater wave energies at the Murray Mouth to low energies near Cape Jaffa. Tidal range, microtidal, ~ 0.8 to 1.2 metre range. Large barrier coast dominated by a gradational nearshore­ offshore gradient and bio­clastic carbonate sediments. Coast comprising headlands and cliffs of Precambrian crystalline rock and meta­sediments and also, Pleistocene dune rock cliffs, headlands, shore platforms and reefs, interspersed with Holocene pocket beaches. Southern coast dominated by a large beach­dune barrier lagoon complex comprising the extensive Coorong lagoon and Holocene beach ridge plains of Lacepede Bay. Offshore gradient traversed by the extensive Murray Canyons which extend offshore from the Murray River. Marine flora and fauna typical of transitional warm to cold temperate waters (i.e. Flindersian Province). Intertidal and sublittoral fringe dominated by the brown alga, Cystophora intermedia. On rocky limestone shores, subtidal macro­algal communities are dominated by red algal assemblages (particularly Osmundaria and species of Plocamium), species of Caulerpa (particularly C. flexilis) and Cystophora (such as C. subfarcinata, C. moniliformis and C. platylobium) and Ecklonia radiata. Granite boulder coasts are dominated by Scytothalia dorycarpa, Acrocarpia paniculata, Carpoglossum confluens, and Ecklonia radiata on exposed coasts and species of Cystophora in areas of moderate wave energies. Extensive seagrass meadows occur at Kingston (Lacepede Bay). Seagrass meadows dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow areas, and P. angustifolia. Lacepede Bay is the easterly limit of P. sinuosa. Plant species diversity is moderate to low. Coorong Lagoon supports one of the largest concentrations of waterbirds and migratory waders in Australia. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include the Coorong Lagoon (including Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert), and the Tookayerta and Finniss River. Region dominated by the Murray River and extensive estuarine and ephemeral salt lakes of the Coorong Lagoon. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 611 Technical Report 2004 Eucla (SA section) Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Estuaries Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Waters are transitional warm to cool temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 14oC in winter to 19oC in summer (increasing to 22oC in summer under the seasonal influence of the warm water Leeuwin Current). Open moderate to high wave energy; mainly south­ and south­west­facing coastline. High wave swell environment, 2­4m. Tidal range, microtidal ~ 0.8 to 1.2 metre range. Rocky cliff coastline, with a shallow offshore gradient, dominated by bio­clastic carbonate sediments. Coastal geology characterised by the sedimentary Eucla Basin and dominated by the Nullarbor Tertiary limestone cliffs, Pleistocene dune rock headlands and reefs, interspersed with Holocene beaches and dune barriers. Narrow intertidal rock platforms are present at the base of the cliffs in some places. Marine flora and fauna typical of transitional warm to cool temperate waters (i.e. Flindersian Province). Intertidal and sublittoral fringe dominated by the brown alga, Cystophora intermedia. On the high energy limestone reefs, subtidal macro­algal communities are dominated by Scytothalia dorycarpa and Ecklonia radiata, with species of Cystophora (such as C. platylobium) as subdominants. Few seagrass communities along this high energy coast. Plant species diversity is moderate to low. Significant breeding and calving area of the Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis) and large number of breeding colonies of the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea). Distinct tropical element in the fauna and flora of the region (i.e. plankton, fish, echinoderms, hydroids), due to warm water influences, such as the Leeuwin Current. No true rivers or estuaries in this region. Eyre Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Waters are transitional warm to cold temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 14oC in winter to 19oC in summer (decreasing to 11­12oC under the influence of localised, cold nutrient­rich coastal upwellings). Moderate to high deepwater wave energy coastline. Tidal range, microtidal ~ 0.8 to 1.2 metre range. Rocky coast with a shallow to moderate offshore gradient, dominated by bio­clastic carbonate sediments, comprising numerous headlands and sheltered, extensive shallow embayments, dominated by seagrasses. Coastal geology on An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 612 Technical Report 2004 Biota Estuaries exposed rocky coasts comprises Precambrian meta­sediment cliffs and also, Pleistocene dune rock cliffs, headlands and shore platforms, interspersed with Holocene dune barriers beaches and lagoon deposits in sheltered areas. Cainozoic colluvial and fluvial sediments. Numerous offshore islands and seamounts. Marine flora and fauna typical of transitional warm to cool temperate waters (i.e. Flindersian Province). Intertidal and sublittoral fringe on rocky shores dominated by the brown alga, Cystophora intermedia. On rocky limestone shores, subtidal macro­algal communities are dominated by red algal assemblages (particularly Osmundaria and species of Plocamium), species of Caulerpa (e.g. C. flexilis) and Cystophora (such as C. subfarcinata, C. moniliformis and C. platylobium) and Ecklonia radiata. In sheltered areas, subtidal seagrass communities dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow waters, and P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia, Amphibolis antarctica and A. griffithii in deeper waters. Plant species diversity is high, particularly among the red algae. Marine fish fauna characterised by the presence of the SA endemic, Crested Threefin (Trinorfolkia cristata). Significant breeding colonies of the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea) and New Zealand Fur Seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), particularly on the offshore islands. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include, Streaky Bay (Acraman Creek), Point Labatt, Baird Bay, Lake Newland, Lake Hamilton, Coffin Bay, Tod River, Tumby Bay, on the Eyre Peninsula; and D’Estres Bay, Rocky River, Breakneck River, North West River, and South West River on Kangaroo Island. No true rivers, but several intermittent streams (e.g. Tod River, First Creek on Eyre Peninsula; and Stun’sail Boom, Breakneck, Rocky, Wilson, Eleanor, Harriet, South West Rivers on southern Kangaroo Island) and coastal salt lakes (e.g. Lake Newland, Lake Hamilton). Murat Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Waters are transitional warm to cool temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 14oC in winter to 19oC in summer (increasing to 22oC in summer under the seasonal influence of the warm water Leeuwin Current). Moderate to low wave energy coastline. Tidal range, microtidal ~ 0.8 to 1.2 metre range. Rocky crenulate coastline, with a shallow offshore gradient, dominated by bio­clastic sediments, and comprising numerous shallow sheltered embayments, dominated by seagrasses. Coastal geology comprising headlands of Precambrian crystalline rock (usually with a dune rock capping), and Pleistocene dune rock cliffs, reefs and headlands, interspersed with Holocene beaches, dunes and estuarine deposits including intertidal and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 613 Technical Report 2004 Biology Estuaries supratidal flats. Numerous offshore islands and seamounts. Marine flora and fauna typically warm temperate (i.e. Flindersian). Extensive seagrass communities in embayments and lee of islands. On sandy shores, in sheltered areas, intertidal flats are dominated by the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, the brown alga, Hormosira banksii, and the seagrasses, Zostera (Heterozostera) tasmanica and Zostera muelleri. Subtidal seagrass communities dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow waters, and P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia, Amphibolis antarctica and A. griffithii in deeper waters. On rocky shores, exposed limestone coasts are dominated by Ecklonia radiata and Scytothalia dorycarpa. In calmer areas, macro­algal communities are dominated by Sargassum species and Osmundaria on moderate coasts and Scaberia agardhii in low wave energy conditions. Granite boulder reefs are dominated by Scytothalia dorycarpa and species of Cystophora (such as C. moniliformis). Plant species diversity is moderate to low. Distinct tropical element in the fauna and flora of the region (i.e. plankton, fish, echinoderms, hydroids), due to the Leeuwin Current. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include Davenport Creek (Tourville Bay). No true rivers, but a few intermittent streams and tidal mangrove creeks (e.g. Davenport Creek). Northern Spencer Gulf Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Confined inverse estuary, with minimal freshwater water input and higher salinities and temperatures in the upper reaches of the Gulf. Waters are transitional warm to cool temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 11­24°C at Point Lowly and 13­ 29°C at Port Augusta. Mean salinity increases from 42.0­44.8% at Point Lowly, to 43.2­48.6% at Port Augusta. Low wave energy coastline. Tidal range, microtidal to mesotidal 1.8 to 3.6 metre range. Tides are typified by a regular period of minimal tidal movement or “dodge tide”. Tidal plain coast comprised of shallow offshore gradients, extensive supratidal and intertidal areas dominated by samphires, mangroves, and seagrasses. Coastal geology comprises Precambrian meta­sediment shore platforms, Holocene sandflats, beach ridges, recurved spits, & extensive intertidal and supratidal flats. Marine flora and fauna typical of transitional warm to cool temperate waters (i.e. Flindersian Province), but with a distinct subtropical element, characterised by the presence of tropical species such as the brown algae, Sargassum decurrens and Hormophysa triquetra. In sheltered areas, intertidal flats are An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 614 Technical Report 2004 Estuaries dominated by extensive areas of the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, together with the brown alga, Hormosira banksii, and the seagrasses, Zostera (= Heterozostera) tasmanica and Zostera muelleri. Subtidal areas characterised by extensive sandy substrates and seagrass meadows, dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow areas, P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia and Amphibolis antarctica in deeper waters, and small shore fringing macro­algal communities. Limited rocky areas dominated by macro­algal communities including such species as Scaberia agardhii, Lobophora variegata, Cystophora botryoides and C. expansa, and Caulocystis species. Plant species diversity very low. Sparse to no plant cover in deeper waters (>17 metres), animal dominated. Coastal wetlands of national importance include the upper Spencer Gulf mangroves from Port Augusta, south to Whyalla and Jarrold’s Point, Fisherman’s Bay & Port Broughton. No true rivers, but many intermittent streams and tidal mangrove creeks (e.g. Chinaman Creek, First­Seventh Creeks, Port Davis Creek, Fisherman’s Creek). Otway (SA section) Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Cool temperate, meso­thermal climate with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Coastline typically high energy, with a high deepwater wave energy, attenuated by a steep offshore­nearshore gradient and offshore reefs which provide for moderate to low energy conditions in some nearshore areas. Waters are cool to cold temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 14oC in winter to 18oC in summer (decreasing to 11­12o C under the influence of the localised, nutrient rich, coastal upwellings). Tidal range, mainly microtidal ~ 0.8 to 1.2 metres range. Two large unconfined aquifers (in the Gambier Limestone and Dilwyn Formation) discharge freshwater at the coast via beach springs and spring lakes. Narrow, predominantly south­west­facing continental shelf. Small barrier coast dominated by a steeply sloping offshore gradient, dominated by bio­clastic carbonate sediments, and few coastal embayments. Coastal geology comprises headlands of Pliocene ­ Pleistocene volcanic outcrops, and also (particularly in the SA section of Otway) Pleistocene dune rock cliffs, shore platforms and offshore reefs, which provide coastal protection, and Tertiary sediments. Coastal embayments (i.e. Rivoli Bay, Guichen Bay) characterised by Holocene beach ridge plains, beaches and dunes. Marine flora and fauna typically cool to cold temperate (i.e. Maugean element of the Flindersian Province). Intertidal and sublittoral fringe on wave­exposed coasts dominated by the bull kelp, Durvillaea potatorum. Rocky subtidal macro­algal communities are dominated by Macrocystis angustifolia, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 615 Technical Report 2004 Estuaries Phyllospora comosa and other large brown fucoid algae. For many macro­algal communities, this region forms the westward limit of a number of key species. Extensive areas of seagrass occur in the limited sheltered embayments (generally P. ostenfeldii group), with smaller areas in the lee of reefs (P. australis). Subtidal seagrass meadows dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow areas, P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia and Amphibolis antarctica in deeper waters. Rivoli Bay is the easterly limit of P. coriacea and P. denhartogii. Port MacDonnell is the easterly limit of P. angustifolia. Plant species diversity is very high, particularly among the red algae. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include Butchers and Salt Lakes, Ewens Ponds, Piccaninnie Ponds and the coastal lakes of Lake Robe, Eliza, George, and St Clair. No true rivers, but a few groundwater fed creeks (e.g. Eight Mile Creek, Ellards Creek), and coastal salt lakes intermittently connected to the sea (e.g. Lake George). Spencer Gulf Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Semi­confined inverse estuary, with minimal freshwater input and higher salinities and temperatures in the upper reaches of the Gulf. Waters are transitional warm to cool temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 13°C in winter to 18°C in summer, at the entrance of the Gulf, and higher seasonal temperatures towards the upper reaches of the gulf. Low to moderate wave energy coastline. Tidal range, microtidal ~ 1.8 metre range. Tides are typified by a regular period of minimal tidal movement or “dodge tide”. Tidal plain coast with shallow offshore gradients, extensive intertidal and supratidal areas, and relatively few sheltered embayments. Coastal geology comprises headlands of Precambrian crystalline rock forming embayments, Cainozoic outwash sediments forming low cliffs and Holocene beaches, dunes, and estuarine deposits. Marine flora and fauna typical of transitional warm to cool temperate waters (i.e. Flindersian Province). In sheltered areas, intertidal flats are dominated by the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, the brown alga, Hormosira banksii, and the seagrasses, Zostera (Heterozostera) tasmanica and Zostera muelleri. Reef and rocky shore algal communities dominated by Scaberia agardhii, Osmundaria, Lobophora and species of Sargassum in low wave energy areas, and species of Cystophora (e.g. C. expansa) on moderate energy coasts. Subtidal areas characterised by extensive seagrass meadows, dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow areas, P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia and Amphibolis antarctica in deeper waters, and small shore fringing macro­algal communities. Plant species diversity generally low. Distinct South Australian endemic element (Vanacampus vercoi) and subtropical An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 616 Technical Report 2004 Estuaries element (e.g. Filicampus tigris) in the fish fauna. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include Franklin Harbor. No true rivers, but a few intermittent streams and tidal mangrove creeks (e.g. Franklin Harbor). St Vincent Gulf7 Climate Oceanography Coastal Geology and Geomorphology Biota Estuaries Semi­arid or “Mediterranean” climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Confined inverse estuary, with higher salinities and temperatures in the upper reaches of the Gulf. Waters are transitional warm to cold temperate, with mean sea surface temperatures varying from 12°C in winter to 25.9°C in summer and mean salinities varying from 35.5­ 42.0%. Low to moderate wave energy coastline. Tidal range, microtidal to mesotidal ~ 1.2 to 3.3 metre range in the upper Gulf areas. Tides are typified by a regular period of minimal tidal movement or “dodge tide”. Tidal plain coast with a shallow offshore gradient, extensive supratidal and intertidal areas, and few embayments. Coastal geology comprises headlands of Precambrian meta­sediment and Tertiary cliffs and Holocene beaches, sandflats, dunes, beach ridges, and estuarine deposits. Marine flora and fauna typically cool temperate (i.e. Flindersian Province). In sheltered areas, extensive intertidal flats are dominated by the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, the brown alga, Hormosira banksii, and the seagrasses, Zostera muelleri and Zostera (= Heterozostera) tasmanica. Extensive subtidal seagrass communities occur down to 17 metres water depth (becoming sparsely vegetated at greater depths). Subtidal areas characterised by extensive seagrass meadows, dominated by Posidonia australis in shallow areas (and northern gulf), P. sinuosa, P. angustifolia and Amphibolis antarctica in deeper waters (and mid­gulf and sheltered parts of the lower gulf), and small shore fringing macro­algal communities. Seagrasses in the P. ostenfeldii group form small communities along exposed parts of the lower gulf. Isolated reefs and rocky shore algal communities are dominated by Scaberia agardhii and species of Sargassum in sheltered areas, and Ecklonia radiata, Seirococcus axillaris and species of Cystophora in moderately exposed areas. Plant species diversity generally low. Distinct SA endemic element (Vanacampus vercoi, Acentronura australe) and subtropical element (Campichthys tryoni) in the fish fauna. Coastal wetlands of national importance in the region include Clinton, Barker Inlet estuary, Wills Creek, Davenport Creek, Port Gawler, and on Kangaroo Island, American River and Cygnet River. A few true rivers (e.g. Onkaparinga, Port Adelaide, Wakefield, Gawler Rivers), and several intermittent streams and tidal mangrove creeks 7 (see additional information below table, for Backstairs Passage area, an area which is distinctive physically and ecologically, but was not included by IMCRA Technical Group, 1998, in the GSV description). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 617 Technical Report 2004 (e.g. American River, Clinton, Wills Creek, Port Gawler). Additional Information, for Backstairs Passage Oceanography: High tidal flow environment, fast current speeds (125 ­ 150cm/sec according to Petrusevics et al 1998, and 250 cm/sec in the centre, according to Shepherd and Sprigg, 1976). Temperature and salinity (35.5 ­ 36ppt?) much less variable than upper gulf waters, and not subject to seasonal extremes. Wave energy “moderate to high”, with strong swell (e.g. to at least 4m in some areas). Steep bathymetry gradients (e.g. up to 55m near­shore off Fishery Beach, according to SA Coast and Marine Atlas); and relatively deep centre (70 ­ 75m, according to Shepherd and Sprigg, 1976). Geology and Geomorphology: In Backstairs Passage, benthic geology comprises mainly outcrops and scarps of metamorphic reefs (Kanmantoo Group meta­sediments and Permian shales, according to Shepherd and Sprigg, 1976), overlain with coarse sands and pebbles. Edges of Passage (Dudley Peninsula and bottom of Fleurieu) characterised mainly by steep Kanmantoo metamorphic cliffs and associated reefs. Also present are patches of calcareous platform reef. Biota: Assemblages in the central tidal race area characterised by large sponges (more than 1m high) and erect bryozoa (Adeona) and high densities of a drifting brachiopod (Anakinetica). Edges of Passage (Dudley Peninsula and bottom of Fleurieu) characterised mainly by steep Kanmantoo metamorphic cliffs and associated reefs (but also present are patches of calcareous platform reef and small seagrass beds (e.g. Antechamber Bay). Benthos at edges of Passage dominated at shallower depths (<15m) by mixed brown canopy­ forming macroalgae, mixed red macroalgae (including articulated corallines) and sessile invertebrates (sponges, bryozoa, ascidians). At deeper depths (15+m ­ 50+m), biota characterised by abundant soft corals and gorgonians, large erect sponge species (such as basket sponges), large erect bryozoa, sea pens, echinoderms (crinoids, basket stars, brittle stars) and gastropod molluscs (i.e. fauna characteristic of deeper water, strong current flow conditions, which is uncommon in the near­shore State waters of S.A., making the invertebrate assemblages of biogeographic significance). Specific groups of biogeographic significance include the globally significant numbers of Australian sea lions (at the Pages), and abundance and diversity of stalked crinoids and brachiopods in Backstairs Passage. There are small areas of seagrass (e.g. Antechamber Bay). Additional Information, for Investigator Strait Oceanography: Moderate to fast current speeds/strong tidal flow in places (approx. 100cm/sec at western entrance, and max. approx. 160cm/sec east of Troubridge Shoals, where the Strait meets the gulf, and up to 200cm/sec in some central areas). Depths in middle of strait range from around 65m at the western entrance to around 30m at the eastern (GSV) entrance, with shallow depths and gradients towards the northern Strait (i.e. southern foot of Yorke Peninsula), where waters less than 20m occur up to 10km from shore. Strong influence of wind waves in some areas (e.g. southern heel of Yorke Peninsula). Temperature and salinity less variable than gulf waters, and not subject to seasonal extremes. Subject to sea surface temperature fronts in summer, that influence the Strait as far east as Sturt Bay (causing temperature differences of up to 3 degrees C, compared with average summer temps in the western Strait). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 618 Technical Report 2004 Geology, Geomorphology, and Biota: Variety of benthic types: intertidal and benthic platform reefs (both limestone and granite, at eastern foot of Yorke Peninsula), with mixed seagrass/patch reef/sand bays; metamorphic near­shore reefs (e.g. north­western Kangaroo Island); extensive seagrass beds on broad shallow banks which stretch at least 8km seaward from the coast; (e.g. Sturt Bay ­ Foul Bay area); broad patches of calcreted shell bed reef (beds of 30km long and up to 30km wide) in waters (20m ­ 30+m deep) off northern Kangaroo Island and south of the Foul Bay seagrass beds off Yorke Peninsula). Centre of strait (25m ­ 30m) dominated mainly by sparse Zostera ( = Heterozostera) seagrass on sediment beds, with patches of consolidated sand reef and rugose limestone reef. The Investigator Strait portion of the southern heel of Yorke Peninsula dominated by calcareous reef, consolidated sand reefs, and sand beds. North­eastern Kangaroo Island (where the Strait meets Backstairs Passage) contains sessile invertebrate­dominated assemblages in deeper waters, and broad, low energy, seagrass­lined bays in the shallower waters (0m ­ 20m). Small bays with seagrass (usually seaward of fringing cliff reefs) also occur along the northern coast of KI. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 619 Technical Report 2004 Appendix 3. Existing MPAs in South Australia History South Australia was one of the first Australian States to make laws for creating marine protected areas (MPAs). Six aquatic reserves were established under the Fisheries Act 1971 for a variety of purposes including recreation, education, research, fisheries management and the conservation of particular features. These aquatic reserves are all relatively small, the largest being 36 km2, and in most cases have a high level of protection. Eight additional Aquatic Reserves were established over the following 15 years (some under the revised Fisheries Act 1982), and several others have been proposed by various independent groups. During the same period there were a number of areas proclaimed preventing netting, spearfishing or the taking of lobster or abalone. In the period from 1995 to 1998 there was a shift in emphasis towards larger, multiple use MPAs, with specific management arrangement providing varying levels of protection. The first and only one of these to be established so far is the Great Australian Bight Marine Park. This MPA was established under three different Acts, and covers an area of more than 20,000 km2. Currently SA has less than 4% of its waters within recognised MPAs (i.e. not including marine “buffers” around coastal and island conservation parks, that do not offer formal protection for those areas). Types of MPA The following types of MPA have been established in South Australia. Marine Parks There is currently one Marine Park in South Australia: the Great Australian Bight Marine Park, which extends into Commonwealth waters and comprises three parts declared under different Acts: The Great Australian Bight Marine National Park, established under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 The Great Australian Bight Whale Sanctuary, established under the Fisheries Act 1982 The Great Australian Bight Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters), established under the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1975. Aquatic Reserves There are 14 Aquatic Reserves in South Australia, established under the Fisheries Act 1982. Terrestrial and Island Parks with a Marine Extension There are some 94 coastal or island Conservation Parks and National Parks established under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Some of these Parks have significant marine components, including the Coorong National Park with more than 3000 hectares of estuarine lagoons. Several others offer protection for intertidal habitats (e.g. saltmarsh, mangroves and mudflat areas); and other provide protection for marine species (with notable examples being breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions and/or New Zealand Fur Seals, and breeding and roosting areas for rare and/or threatened coastal and sea bird species). A list of the terrestrial and island conservation parks with marine extensions, is provided in one of the tables below. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 620 Technical Report 2004 Sanctuaries, Closed Areas or Seasons There are a number of sanctuaries, closed areas or closed seasons established under the Fisheries Act 1982: • Netting Closures There are a number of netting closures or restricted use areas, as well as all jetties, piers and wharves, established under the Fisheries Act 1982. • Historic Shipwreck Protection Zones The Zanoni, near Ardrossan, is the only Historic Shipwreck Protection Zone established in South Australia under the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981. These MPAs have been formally recognised as contributing to the protection of South Australia’s marine biodiversity by a number of reports: An inventory of Declared Marine and Estuarine Protected Areas in Australia (Ivanovici, 1984; updated 1993). This acknowledged the 13 Aquatic Reserves in existence at the time (Pt Labatt was not declared until 1986); four Rock Lobster Sanctuaries; the Clinton, Port Gawler and Seal Bay Conservation Parks; the Coorong National Park and the Zanoni Shipwreck Protection Zone, as well as 31 Restricted Use Areas (jetties, piers, wharves and netting closures). Terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas in Australia (Cresswell and Thomas, 1997), based on the Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Dataset (CAPAD). This acknowledged all 14 Aquatic Reserves; the Great Australian Bight Whale Sanctuary; and listed the Coorong National Park as a terrestrial protected area. Conserving South Australia’s Marine Biodiversity (Edyvane, 1999a). In describing the status of MPAs in South Australia during the late 1990s, this report recognised the 14 Aquatic Reserves, the four Rock Lobster Sanctuaries, the two components of the Great Australian Bight Marine Park, the Coorong National Park and the Zanoni Historic Shipwreck Protection Zone. Since the time of the latter report there have been marine extensions declared for The Pages, Neptune Island and Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Parks, Coffin Bay National Park, and the Seal Bay Conservation Park, as well as one island conservation parks, and several terrestrial conservation parks with coastal components. The following table of major MPAs in South Australia lists those recognised by Ivanovici (1984 and 1993), Neverauskas and Edyvane (1993), and/or Edyvane (1999a), with the recent addition of the Hobart shipwreck site, and the exclusion of the Coorong National Park, which is listed further below, in the table on terrestrial conservation parks with marine or estuarine extensions. MPA Type / Name Area (within SA) Marine Parks Great Australian Bight Marine Park Aquatic Reserves West Island Encounter Bay Aquatic Reserve Bales Beach Aquatic Reserve 168 000 Eucla 84 818 Coorong Eyre An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 621 Bioregion Technical Report 2004 Point Labatt Aquatic Reserve Seal Bay Aquatic Reserve Blanche Harbour – Douglas Bank Aquatic Reserve Whyalla ­ Cowled’s Landing Aquatic Reserve Yatala Harbour ­ Upper Spencer Gulf Aquatic Reserve Goose Island Aquatic Reserve Aldinga Reef Aquatic Reserve American River Aquatic Reserve Barker Inlet ­ St Kilda Aquatic Reserve Port Noarlunga Reef Aquatic Reserve St Kilda ­ Chapman Creek Aquatic Reserve Troubridge Hill Aquatic Reserve Rock Lobster Sanctuaries Cape Jaffa Sanctuary Gleesons Landing Sanctuary Margaret Brock Reef Sanctuary Penguin Island – Rivoli Bay Sanctuary Protected Shipwrecks ‘Zanoni’ ‘Hobart’ 2340 455 3 160 Eyre Eyre Northern Spencer Gulf 3 230 Northern Spencer Gulf 1 426 Northern Spencer Gulf 54 505 1 525 2 055 300 870 460 Spencer Gulf Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent 950 350 314 40 Coorong Coorong Coorong Otway 95 78 Gulf St Vincent Gulf St Vincent The following table lists the legislatively declared marine extensions to coastal / island Parks. Although the size of some of these marine extensions is significant, they do not exclude most marine uses and activities. Therefore, these areas cannot be considered true MPAs. National or Conservation Parks with significant Marine Components in legislation Coorong National Park The Pages Conservation Park Neptune Island Conservation Park Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park Coffin Bay National Park Area (within SA) 3 600 6 884 13 200 46 150 650 Bioregion Coorong Coorong Eyre Eyre Eyre The following table includes the existing restricted use areas that are proclaimed as coastal or offshore island parks / reserves. Most lack a significant marine component, however some have important roles in protecting coastal habitats and/or species. Note that some of these are adjacent to Aquatic Reserves of the same name (Seal Bay, Point Labatt, West Island, and the newly proclaimed Nicholas Baudin Island are some examples). Conservation Parks and Reserves, National Parks, Wilderness Protection Areas and Recreation Parks with a coastal component Acraman Creek Conservation Park Althorpe Islands Conservation Park Avoid Bay Islands Conservation Park An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 622 Total Area (ha) Bioregion (from NPWSA 2002a, with additions and amendments) (N.B. More than one Bioregion is listed in cases where the park is near a boundary zone) 3,999 128 32 MUR GSV / EYR EYR Technical Report 2004 Baird Bay Islands Conservation Park Baudin Conservation Park Baudin Rocks (Godfrey Islands) Conservation Park Beachport Conservation Park Beatrice Islet Conservation Park Bernouilli Conservation Reserve Bird Islands Conservation Park Busby Islet Conservation Park Butcher Gap Conservation Park Canunda Conservation Reserve Canunda National Park Cap Island Conservation Park Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area Cape Gantheaume Conservation Park Cape Gantheaume Wilderness Protection Area Cape Torrens Conservation Park Cape Torrens Wilderness Protection Area Cape Willoughby Conservation Park Carpenter Rocks Conservation Park Chadinga Conservation Reserve Clinton Conservation Park Coffin Bay National Park (includes Whidbey Wilderness Zone) Coffin Bay Conservation Reserve Coorong National Park Deep Creek Conservation Park Douglas Point Conservation Park Eba Island Conservation Park Ewens Ponds Conservation Park Flinders Chase National Park Fowlers Bay Conservation Reserve Franklin Harbor Conservation Park Gambier Islands Conservation Park Goose Island Conservation Park Granite Island Recreation Park Greenly Island Conservation Park Guichen Bay Conservation Park Hallett Cove Conservation Park Innes National Park Investigator Group Conservation Park Isles of St. Francis Conservation Park Kellidie Bay Conservation Park Lake Frome Conservation Park (prev. Canunda Cons. Reserve)* Lake Newland Conservation Park Lake Newland Conservation Reserve Lashmar Conservation Park Laura Bay Conservation Park Laura Bay Conservation Reserve Lesueur (previously Cape Hart) Conservation Park Leven Beach Conservation Park Lincoln National Park Lincoln ­ 2 Conservation Reserve Lipson Island Conservation Park Little Dip Conservation Park Memory Cove Wilderness Protection Area An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 623 24 171 14 710 103 242 368 17 179 1,091 9,312 9 5,530 4,222 20,084 35 751 17 32 8193 1,922 31,000 40 50,804 4,554 38 141 35 32,828 8,456 1,356 172 24 27 166 103 50 9,322 370.8 1,312 1,780 1,091 8,922 82.5 191 275.5 11 1,335 502 31,510 308 5.8 2,138 ** Technical Report EYR GSV OTW OTW GSV OTW / COR SGF GSV COR OTW OTW EYR EYR EYR EYR GSV / EYR GSV / EYR EYR / COR / GSV OTW MUR GSV EYR EYR COR GSV OTW MUR OTW EYR MUR SGF EYR SGF GSV / COR EYR OTW GSV GSV / EYR EYR MUR EYR OTW EYR EYR GSV MUR MUR EYR / COR / GSV SGF EYR EYR SGF OTW EYR 2004 Moana Sands Conservation Park Mount Dutton Bay Conservation Park Munyaroo Conservation Park Munyaroo Conservation Reserve Nepean Bay Conservation Park Nene Valley Conservation Park Neptune Islands Conservation Park Newland Head Conservation Park Nicholas Baudin Island Conservation Park Nullarbor National Park Nuyts Archipelago Conservation Park Nuyts Reef Conservation Park Olive Island Conservation Park Onkaparinga River Recreation Park Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park Penguin Island Conservation Park Piccaninnie Ponds Conservation Park Pigface Island Conservation Park Point Bell Conservation Reserve Point Davenport Conservation Park Point Labatt Conservation Park Port Gawler Conservation Park Pullen Island Conservation Park Ravine Des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area Rocky Island (North) Conservation Park Rocky Island (South) Conservation Park Salt Lagoon Islands Conservation Park Sceale Bay Conservation Reserve Seal Bay Conservation Park Sinclair Island Conservation Park Sir Joseph Banks Conservation Park Sleaford Mere Conservation Park The Pages Conservation Park Torrens Island Conservation Park Troubridge Island Conservation Park Tumby Island Conservation Park Venus Bay Conservation Park Venus Bay Conservation Reserve Vivonne Bay Conservation Park Wahgunyah Conservation Park / Regional Reserve Waitpinga Conservation Park Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park West Island Conservation Park Western River Conservation Park Western River Wilderness Protection Area Whidbey Isles Conservation Park Winninowie Conservation Park Wittelbee Conservation Park 21 12 12,392 7,810 33 389 14,472 1,036 94 591,600 9,881 47 21 284 379 7 547 13.6 562 239 34 419 3 41,330 13 21.5 75 525 4,949 1 47, 528 699 7,013 79 260 35 1,460 3,362 1,588 39,906 2.5 434 18 167 2,374 245 7,897 155 GSV EYR NSG NSG GSV OTW EYR GSV / COR EYR EUC MUR MUR / EUC MUR GSV GSV OTW OTW MUR MUR GSV EYR GSV COR / GSV EYR EYR EYR COR EYR EYR MUR EYR EYR GSV / COR GSV GSV EYR EYR EYR EYR EUC GSV / COR EYR GSV / COR GSV / EYR GSV / EYR EYR NSG MUR ** (The size of the newly declared Memory Cove Wilderness Area was not available at the time of writing) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 624 Technical Report 2004 The following table provides examples of the contribution of some of the coastal and island Conservation Parks and Reserves, to the conservation of marine species or habitats. Compiled from sources including Australian Heritage Commission (undated); Morelli and de Jong (1995); Robinson et al. (1996); S.A. Coast and Marine Atlas data sets (2001); Shaughnessy, (2002); Shaughnessy and Dennis (2002); Shaughnessy and McKeown (2002); DEH (2003e); and National Parks and Wildlife South Australia visitor guides and park notes – e.g. National Parks and Wildlife Service (undated); NPWSA (2002e); NPWSA (undated a, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l). Bioregion Conservation Park / Reserve Species/ Habitat Conserved (N.B. Terrestrial coastal vegetation not included) Eucla Wahgunyah Conservation Park Eucla Nullarbor National Park and Regional Reserve Murat Laura Bay Conservation Park and Conservation Reserve Murat Nuyts Archipelago Conservation Park Murat Acraman Creek Conservation Park Murat Chadinga Conservation Reserve Murat Eba Island Conservation Park Sand dunes; long, wave­exposed beaches. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including threatened species). Globally significant semi­arid coastal karst (cave) system; cliffs; Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions Saltmarsh; tidal flats with associated mangroves; sand dunes; sand beaches; rocky headland; intertidal platform / rock pool habitat. Feeding and/or roosting sites for sea birds, shore birds and wading birds. Granite based, calcarenite­capped islands (around 20 in the group); intertidal reefs; sand dunes; saltbush / samphire; tidal sand flats / mudflats; mangroves; beaches; shallow subtidal sand and seagrass. Nursery function for fish and invertebrates. Breeding sites and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lion. Breeding and feeding area for Great Stick­ nest Rat (a threatened species, which has a coastal association). Feeding, roosting and breeding sites for wetland / wading birds, coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Dunes; mangroves and associated creek habitat; samphire / saltmarsh habitats. Sites for coastal birds / wading birds Sand dunes; surf beach; intertidal reef (south­eastern edge of park) Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including threatened species). Limestone island; sand bar. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 625 Technical Report 2004 Murat Fowlers Bay Conservation Reserve Murat Isles of St. Francis Conservation Park Murat Nuyts Reef Conservation Park Murat Olive Island Conservation Park Murat Pigface Island Conservation Park Murat Point Bell Conservation Reserve Murat Sinclair Island Conservation Park Murat Wittelbee Conservation Park Eyre Avoid Bay Islands Conservation Park Eyre Baird Bay Islands Conservation Park Eyre Cap Island Conservation Park Feeding and roosting are for sea birds (including one or more migratory species). Rocky headlands; cliffs; intertidal platform / boulder / rubble reef; sand dunes; sand beach. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species). Nine of the eleven granite­based, calcarenite­capped islands; intertidal reef (boulders, platforms etc); sand beaches. Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions. Haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Five small granite reefs surrounded by deep water. Minor breeding site for Australian Sea Lion. Feeding and/or roosting areas for seabirds. Wave­exposed granite reef. Breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion Haul­out site for New Zealand Fur Seal Breeding / roosting areas for coastal birds and sea birds, including rare species and threatened species. Small sand and limestone island; Sea bird breeding, roosting and/or feeding habitat Coastal dunes; beaches; limestone peninsula; granite headland; sea bird habitat Small granite island. Haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion. Minor breeding / roosting site for sea birds. Samphire swamp; dunes; sand beaches; low rocky headland Five small islets (mainly limestone). Haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds. Two calcareous rock and sand islands and surrounding intertidal / shallow subtidal habitat. Breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion. Roosting sites for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Island with granite base; rocky intertidal habitat. Haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lion and New Zealand Fur Seal Breeding, roosting and/or feeding sites for coastal birds (including a rare species) and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 626 Technical Report 2004 Eyre Cape Bouguer Wilderness Protection Area Eyre Cape Gantheaume Wilderness Protection Area, and adjoining Conservation Park Eyre Coffin Bay National Park (including adjoining Whidbey Wilderness Zone) Eyre Flinders Chase National Park Eyre Kellidie Bay Conservation Park Eyre Gambier Islands Conservation Park Eyre Greenly Island Conservation Park sea birds. Cliffs; coastal streams (that empty to sea); beach habitat. Minor breeding area and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion. Minor breeding and haul­out site for New Zealand Fur Seal. Haul­out site for Australian Fur Seal. Limestone cliffs with underlying granite; beach boulders; dunes; sand beach. Australian Sea Lion and New Zealand Fur Seal breeding and haul­out sites. Australian Fur Seal haul­out sites. Sand dunes; limestone cliffs; rocky shore platforms and headlands; exposed and sheltered sand beaches; internal bays; samphire / saltmarsh. Feeding, breeding and/or roosting areas for sea birds, coastal shore birds (including rare species and threatened species), wading birds and waterfowl. Haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions Haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals Coastal cliffs; nearshore islands and islets; intertidal reef platforms and boulders; coastal caves; sand dunes; estuaries; beaches. Breeding and haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals and Australian Sea Lions. Haul­out sites for Australian Fur Seal Feeding, roosting and/or breeding sites for wetland birds / wading birds, waterfowl, coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Coastal limestone ridges and sand shoreline within sheltered bay. Roosting and feeding area for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species). Granite and calcareous rock islands; reef outcrops; island cliffs and caves; intertidal platforms, ledges and boulders / blocks; Minor beaches; minor samphire / saltmarsh. Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions. Haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species). Granite island habitat, including intertidal cliffs and boulders; Breeding area and haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seal Haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 627 Technical Report 2004 Eyre Investigator Group Conservation Park Eyre Lake Newland Conservation Park Eyre Lesueur (Cape Hart) Conservation Park Eyre Lincoln National Park, Memory Cove Wilderness Area, and Lincoln­2 Conservation Reserve Eyre Mount Dutton Bay Conservation Park Eyre Neptune Islands Conservation Park Nicholas Baudin Island Conservation Park Eyre Point Labatt Conservation Park Feeding and roosting areas for sea birds, shore birds and wading birds (including threatened species). Granite inselbergs; intertidal platforms and boulder reefs; intertidal calcareous block / rubble reef; sand beaches. Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions. Breeding and haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seal. Feeding, roosting, and/or breeding areas for coastal bird and sea birds, including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Extensive sand dune system; large coastal saline lake; freshwater springs; samphire flats; swamp paperbark habitat. Habitat for lakeside vegetation (e.g. sedges), aquatic plants (e.g. Chara and Ruppia), invertebrates and small fish. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding areas for wetland / wading birds, waterfowl, coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Cliffs; coastal plateau with boulder beach; Haul­out site and minor breeding area for New Zealand Fur Seals; Haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions. Dunes; limestone cliffs; granite headlands; sand beaches; Feeding, breeding and/or roosting sites for sea birds (including rare species, threatened species, migratory species). Six small, low­lying, limestone and sand islands inside Coffin Bay. Breeding, roosting and feeding grounds for sea birds, shore birds and wading birds (including rare species and threatened species). Granite inselbergs, with nearshore boulder reef. Largest breeding site for New Zealand Fur Seals in S.A. Minor breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions Feeding, roosting and/or breeding sites for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species). Granite platform and intertidal boulder reef. Breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions Minor haul­out site for New Zealand for Seals Limestone cliffs; granite platform; sand beach. Largest mainland breeding colony of the An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 628 Technical Report 2004 Australian Sea Lion Eyre Ravine des Casoars Wilderness Protection Area Metamorphic rock cliffs; coastal cave; sandy estuarine area; exposed sand beach. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species). Eyre Rocky Island (North) Conservation Park Small granite island. Breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions Haul­out site for New Zealand Fur Seals Breeding / roosting areas for sea birds, including a rare species (Flesh­footed Shearwater). Eyre Rocky Island (South) Conservation Park Small granite island; Breeding and haul­out site for New Zealand Fur Seals Haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions. Roosting area for sea birds. Eyre Sceale Bay Conservation Reserve Eyre Seal Bay (and Bales Bay) Conservation Park Eyre Sir Joseph Banks Conservation Park and Dangerous Reef Sand dunes; beach. Habitat for coastal birds. Dune habitat; cliff habitat; beach habitat; Third largest colony of Australian Sea Lions; Feeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including threatened species and migratory species) Eighteen of twenty granite and limestone islands, some capped with calcarenite; dunes; intertidal reefs (platforms / boulders / blocks / rubble etc); sand and boulder / cobble beaches; sand bars / spits. Breeding and feeding area for a reintroduced colony of Great Stick­nest Rat (a threatened species, which has a coastal association). The most important breeding site for Cape Barren Goose in South Australia. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for other coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lion (including one of the 3 most important breeding sites for this species, at Dangerous Reef). (N.B. Although there is a marine extension around the Sir Joseph Banks Group, activities such as fishing are not restricted in the area, hence the island group is not considered to provide protection for marine biota, and therefore the subtidal habitats and biota will not be listed here). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 629 Technical Report 2004 Eyre Sleaford Mere Conservation Park Eyre Tumby Island Conservation Park Eyre Venus Bay Conservation Park Eyre Venus Bay Conservation Reserve (mainly terrestrial, except for southern edge) Vivonne Bay Conservation Park Intertidal sandflats / beach. Feeding area for coastal birds and sea birds. Cliffs; dunes; beach habitat. Breeding and/or feeding area for coastal birds. Eyre Waldegrave Islands Conservation Park Eyre Whidbey Isles Conservation Park Spencer Gulf Bird Islands Conservation Park Spencer Gulf Franklin Harbour Conservation Park Two granite­based, calcareous­topped islands with cliffs, arches and coastal caves; shallow subtidal reef; sand beach. Breeding and haul­out site for Australian Sea Lions. Feeding, roosting and breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including rare species and threatened species ) Limestone islands with cliffed coastlines; granite and metamorphic rock islands with nearshore boulders and platforms. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding sites for sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species); Breeding and haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lions Breeding and haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals. Islands and islets; mangroves; saltmarsh; intertidal sand / mudflats; small reef outcrops. Feeding, breeding / nesting site for place for seabirds and waders. Narrow sandy peninsula; four internal islands of a shallow embayment; sand dunes; tidal sand flats / mud flats; samphire; mangroves. Feeding, roosting, and/or breeding areas for sea birds, coastal birds, wading birds / waterbirds and/or waterfowl (including threatened species and migratory species). Eyre Coastal saline lake with small internal islands; Stromatolite mounds (rare); Feeding habitat for wader birds; Breeding area for waterfowl; Refuge for saline lake fauna (e.g. fish, skates). Sand and limestone island; sand spit. Feeding and/or breeding and roosting habitats for sea birds and waterfowl. Limestone peninsula / cliff; bay habitat; 7 islands (including a mangrove­fringed island; limestone islands; and an island tombolo); mangroves; tea tree swamp; sand dunes; shellgrit / sand beaches. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding sites for sea birds, coastal birds and wetland birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 630 Technical Report 2004 Spencer Gulf Goose Island Conservation Park Spencer Gulf Leven Beach Conservation Park Spencer Gulf Lipson Island Conservation Park Northern Spencer Gulf Munyaroo Conservation Park and Munyaroo Conservation Reserve Northern Spencer Gulf Winninowie Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent / Eyre Althorpe Islands Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Deep Creek Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent / Eyre Gulf St Vincent Cape Torrens Wilderness Protection Area and Conservation Park Baudin Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Beatrice Islet Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Busby Islet Conservation Park Six small metamorphic rock islands, with surrounding reef platforms and boulders; rock spit; scattered calcareous reef; sandbars / sand spit; small sand beaches. Haul out site for Australian Sea Lion. Feeding, roosting / and/or breeding sites for coastal birds and sea birds (including threatened species, and one or more migratory species). Tidal sand/ mud flats and beach. Feeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds. Small sand and granite islet; semi­ submerged intertidal reef; tidal sand bar. Breeding, roosting and feeding habitats for sea birds and shore birds (including a vulnerable species). Mangroves; samphire; small coastal salt lakes; beaches. Feeding and roosting areas for coastal birds and sea birds. Samphire / salt marsh; playa lakes; mangroves with associated tidal creeks; supratidal and intertidal sandflats and mudflats; shallow subtidal sand and seagrasses. Nursery area for fish and invertebrates. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding sites for coastal birds and wetland / wading birds (including threatened species and migratory species). Three granite­based islands with calcarenite capping, and several small islets; cliffs; intertidal platform, boulder and rubble reef; sandy bay. Haul­out sites for Australian Sea Lion. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds and sea birds (including threatened species and migratory species). Coastal rock cliffs; small rocky and sandy beach coves. Coastal rock cliffs; beach; Sea bird breeding site Cliffs; rocky and sandy beach habitats; Roosting areas for sea bird (Little Penguin) Sand and mud islet; large tidal sand / mud spit; habitat for bivalves (including cockle beds). Feeding and/or roosting areas for wading birds, coastal birds and/or sea birds (including threatened species and migratory species). Sand and shellgrit islet; samphires; large tidal sand / mud spit Feeding and/or roosting areas for wading birds, coastal birds and/or sea birds An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 631 Technical Report 2004 Gulf St Vincent Clinton Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Hallett Cove Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Innes National Park Gulf St Vincent Moana Sands Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Nepean Bay Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Newland Head Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Onkaparinga River Recreation Park (adjoining Onkaparinga National Park) Gulf St Vincent Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Western River Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Point Davenport Conservation Park (including threatened species and migratory species). Estuarine area with freshwater drainage channel; samphires; mangroves with associated tidal channels; tidal sand / mud flats; shallow subtidal sand and seagrasses. Nursery area for fish and invertebrates. Feeding, roosting and breeding areas for coastal birds, wetland / wading birds, and sea birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Cliffs; rocky shore platform habitat; rock / pebble / sand beach habitat; Sites for sea birds and wading birds. Cliffs and rocky headlands; wavecut rock platforms; exposed and sheltered sand beaches; salt lakes; living stromatolites (rare). Feeding and/or nesting areas for sea birds and shore birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Dunes; beach habitat; Site for shore birds Swamp paperbark, dunes, sand beach. Feeding and/or roosting areas for coastal birds. Cliffs and rocky headlands; beaches; creek mouth and lagoon; Feeding and / or nesting areas for shore birds (including threatened Hooded Plover) Estuarine habitat; samphire; mudbanks; feeding and/or breeding areas for various estuarine fish species; Feeding and/or breeding areas for wading birds and waterfowl. Coastal lagoon habitat within American River, with shallow subtidal seagrasses, sand, and mud habitat; 5 internal islands; bay shore habitat (in part); samphire mudflats; tea tree swamp. Refuge for several uncommon small, benthic fish species and other fauna associated with the lagoons; Feeding area and refuge for shore birds and wetland birds (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species). Coastal rock cliffs; rock and sand cove / beach; Sites for sea birds. Dunes; samphire; swamp paperbark; semi­ stranded coastal lagoon (rare on Yorke Peninsula) with associated tidal inlet and sand spit. Feeding and/or roosting habitat for shore birds, wading birds / wetland birds and waterfowl, including rare species, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 632 Technical Report 2004 Gulf St Vincent Port Gawler Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Torrens Island Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent Troubridge Island Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent / Coorong West Island Conservation Park Gulf St Vincent / Coorong Granite Island Recreation Park Gulf St Vincent / Coorong The Pages Conservation Park Coorong Butcher Gap Conservation Park Coorong Pullen Island Conservation Park threatened species and migratory species. Estuarine habitat; samphires (including threatened species); large area of tidal flats, mangroves and associated tidal channels; shallow subtidal seagrass habitat. Nursery area for fish and crustaceans (including commercially and recreationally significant species). Feeding, breeding and/or roosting sites for sea birds, shore birds, wading birds, and waterfowl (including vulnerable species, rare species and migratory species). Buffer area for adjacent Buckland Park, a large ephemeral freshwater lake which is a significant feeding, breeding and roosting area for shore birds, wetland birds and waterfowl (including rare species, threatened species and migratory species), and also provides habitat for species of freshwater fish, frogs, and a tortoise species. Saltmarsh; mangroves; sand flats / mudflats. Feeding, roosting, and/or breeding areas for coastal birds, sea birds, wading birds / wetland birds (including threatened species and migratory species). Island habitat; beaches; feeding and /or roosting areas for sea birds, shore birds and wading birds (including threatened species and migratory species). Island habitats (West and Seal Islands), including supratidal and intertidal boulders; Feeding, breeding and/or roosting areas for sea birds and coastal birds (also including threatened species, and Little Penguin); Haul­out site for New Zealand Fur Seals. Intertidal boulder habitat; sand beaches; Breeding / roosting areas for sea birds (including Little Penguin colony); haul­out site for Australian Sea Lion and New Zealand Fur Seal Intertidal rock platform and boulder habitat; subtidal reef; subtidal sand habitats; Globally and nationally significant colony of Australian Sea Lion; Haul­out sites for New Zealand Fur Seals; Breeding and roosting sites for sea birds. Dunes; beach habitat; wetland area (with saline lakes); samphire habitat; Feeding and refuge areas for coastal birds (including endangered Orange­bellied Parrot) and wetland birds / waterfowl (including migratory species). Island with supratidal and intertidal granite boulders. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 633 Technical Report 2004 Coorong Coorong National Park Otway Baudin Rocks Conservation Park Otway Beachport Conservation Park Otway Carpenter Rocks Conservation Park Otway Canunda National Park* Otway Otway Douglas Point Conservation Park Ewens Ponds Conservation Park Otway Guichen Bay Conservation Park Otway Little Dip Conservation Park Otway Piccaninnie Ponds Conservation Park Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for sea birds (including Little Penguin). Coastal barrier dune system; beaches; salt lakes; lagoons; freshwater and estuarine wetland habitats. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding areas for sea birds, coastal birds, wetland birds (including threatened species and migratory species), and waterfowl; Breeding and feeding areas for estuarine fish and invertebrates Breeding / roosting sites for seabirds (including rare species); haul­out site for pinnipeds Limestone cliffs; sand dunes; beaches; sea bird roosting sites; lake habitat with shore­ fringing tea tree; saltwater lagoons; waterbird habitat. Sand / rock beach habitat; Feeding and roosting areas for coastal birds and sea birds Low limestone cliffs and headlands; intertidal reefs and sea stacks; dune ridges; sand dunes; wetland areas; sand beaches. Breeding, roosting and/or feeding sites for sea birds, water birds / wading birds (including migratory species), waterfowl and coastal birds (including the endangered Orange­bellied Parrot, and a number of other threatened species and rare species). Limestone cliffs; sand beaches. Water­filled, subterranean caverns fed by freshwater springs; reed swamps / sedgelands. Habitat for freshwater fish and invertebrates (ponds) and estuarine fish and invertebrate species (creeks). Habitat for coastal birds, and wading / wetland birds (including rare species, threatened species). Sand dunes; sand beach. Feeding, roosting and/or breeding areas for coastal birds (including threatened species), wading birds (including migratory species) and sea birds. Dunes; limestone cliffs; shore platforms, intertidal reefs and islets; samphires; freshwater and saline lake habitats; feeding and roosting habitat for shore birds (including threatened Hooded Plover and endangered Orange­bellied Parrot), sea birds, wading birds and waterfowl (including rare species). Coastal freshwater swamp; water­filled, subterranean caverns fed by freshwater An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 634 Technical Report 2004 Otway Penguin Island Conservation Park springs; reed swamps / sedgelands. Habitat for freshwater fish and invertebrates (ponds) and estuarine fish and invertebrate species (creeks). Habitat for coastal birds, and wading / wetland birds (including rare species, threatened species). Three calcareous islands surrounded by cliffs; wavecut platform; rocky spit. Haul­out site for Australian Fur Seal Breeding sites (e.g. for Little Penguin and other species), and roosting and feeding sites for sea birds. Previously, one of the few known sites in S.A. where Eastern Reef Heron may have been breeding. * (N.B. Lake Frome Conservation Park, a significant wetland area, adjoins the Canunda National Park, but is not included in this table because it is situated inland, and does not abut the coast). Netting Closures and Other Restricted Use Areas West Coast Fowlers Bay: all waters west of a line from First Point to a point 200 metres north east of the end of the jetty and then generally westward to a point on the mainland 200 metres north of the jetty. Denial & Smoky Bays: all waters east of a line from Point Brown to Point James Streaky Bay: all waters east of a line from Point de Mole to Cape Bauer. Baird Bay: all waters of Baird Bay Venus Bay: all waters of the eastern section of Venus Bay situated east of a straight line extending southerly across Venus Bay from the most westerly corner of section 72 Hundred of Wright to the Trigonometrical Station on Point Weyland. Waterloo Bay: all of the waters inside of Waterloo Bay (Elliston) situated north east of a line from Wellington Point to Salmon Point. Coffin Bay: all waters south of a line from Point Sir Isaac to Frenchman Bluff. Spencer Gulf Port Lincoln: all waters west of a line from Point Bollingbroke to Cape Donington. Tod River: all waters of the Tod River and Spencer Gulf within a radius of 200 metres of mouth. Tumby Bay: waters within a line drawn from a point on the mainland adjacent to Tumby Island to the southern tip of Tumby Island then following the high water mark on the eastern coast to a point on the north eastern side to a point on the mainland 2.5 km north of the jetty, also all waters within a 500 metre radius of the mouth of Second Creek, south of Tumby Bay. Port Neill: waters within a line from Cape Burr to a point on the mainland 1.5 km north of the jetty. Arno Bay: all waters west of a line from the land 200 metres north of the end of the jetty due south to a point known as South Point on Cape Driver. Cowell: all of the waters of Franklin Harbour situated north west of a Franklin Harbour of a line from Victoria Point to Germein Point. Douglas Bank: all waters of Spencer Gulf north of a line east west through the Douglas Bank beacon. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 635 Technical Report 2004 Germein Bay: all waters of Germein Bay within a line from the mouth of Second Creek northwards to a point in the bay, then north westerly to Ward Spit light and east north east to Ward Point. Fisherman Bay: all waters of Fisherman Bay and Spencer Gulf east of a line from the northern point of Fisherman Bay to Shag Island then south to Webling Point. Port Victoria: in those waters exceeding 5 metres in depth contained within a line from Point Gawler to the north west point on Goose Island, then to Reef Point. Browns Beach: waters adjacent to Browns Beach within ¼ mile offshore of high water mark. Pondalowie Bay: waters contained within a line from Royston Head through the North, Middle and South Islets to southern shore of Pondalowie Bay. Wedge Island: waters between Wedge Island and North Islet contained by two lines; one from the western point of Wedge Island to the western point of North Islet and the other line from the eastern tips of both islands. Gulf St Vincent Edithburgh: all waters south west of a line from Sultana Point to a point on the mainland adjacent to the roadway between sections 185 and 205 Hd Melville. In addition to this total closure, nets are prohibited in waters exceeding 5 metres in depth contained within a line from Sultana Point to Marion Reef buoy, then to Troubridge Island lighthouse and then to a point adjacent to Giles Point. Coobowie: waters within a line from the Salt Swamp Creek causeway to the end of the old Coobowie jetty structure and then to Hickies Point. Stansbury waters: west of a line from the groyne at Oyster Point to a point 200 metres north of the jetty and then south westerly to a point on the mainland 200 metres. Price: within1.1 nautical mile radius of Will Creek Light Beacon north of Mangrove Point and all waters of Will Creek and its tributaries. Port Wakefield: within 100 metres of the dredged channel extending generally in a southwesterly direction from the mouth of the River Wakefield. Outer Harbour / Port Adelaide River: mounds at Outer Harbour including those enclosed by a line from the north eastern end of the northern revetment mound to the Section Bank pile beacon (Black Pole), to the Middle Ground outer beacon, to Point Grey on the northern tip of Torrens Island, then generally in a southerly direction continuous with the westerly extremity of the mangroves on Torrens Island which includes all the waters of the Port Adelaide River and the North Arm as far as the Grand Trunkway Road Bridge. Metropolitan Beaches: all waters of Gulf St Vincent within 600 metres of high water mark between the seaward end of the southern most Outer Harbour breakwater and the southern boundary of the Aldinga Aquatic Reserve. Patawalonga Lake: all waters of the lake. Onkaparinga River: all waters of the River. Wirrina: the portion of the waters off the coast of Wirrina Cove (Fleurieu Reef) bounded by a circle of radius 0.5 of a nautical mile centred on a point at latitude 350 28' 48.90"S and longitude 1380 09' 34.85" E (GDA 94). South Coast Parsons Beach: north of a line from eastern end of beach to western end. Waitpinga Beach: north of a line from Newland Head to western end of Waitpinga Beach. Hindmarsh/Inman Rivers and the waters of Hindmarsh and Inman Rivers within 200 metres of their mouths. Murray Mouth: waters of the sea within 500 metres of the Murray Mouth, from the south east corner of Younghusband Peninsula to the south west corner of Sir Richard Peninsula. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 636 Technical Report 2004 Goolwa: within 150 metres of all barrages. Guichen Bay: the waters of Guichen Bay adjacent to the township of Robe. Lake George: all the waters of Lake George, with a net having a mesh of less than 7cm. Robe Lakes: all inland waters in Hundred of Waterhouse (excluding Lake George) Rivoli Bay: all inland waters of Rivoli Bay and the drainage channel connecting it with Lake George. Beachport­ Salmon Hole: the waters contained landwards of a line from Cape Martin to Post Office Rock. Admella Dunes: all waters within 300 metres of the high water mark adjacent to the Admella Dunes from Cape Banks south for the length of the dunes. Port MacDonnell: all waters below high water mark with a radius of 0.55 of a nautical mile from the seaward lead light at the shoreward end of the Port MacDonnell jetty, excluding the waters commencing at a point at the high water mark on the shore at the western edge of Hammond’s Drain then in a direction of 170°T for 300 metres, then in an easterly direction, remaining 300 metres from shore to a point of intersection with the 0.55 nautical mile radial line. Brown Bay: from Green Point to Danger Point, within 300 metres of high water mark. Kangaroo Island Kingscote Spit: waters enclosed by lines from Cape Rouge south to The Bluff then to Kingscote jetty and then around Kingscote Spit to Point Marsden. Bay Of Shoals: all waters west of the line from Cape Rouge and The Bluff are closed from 1 January to 31 March every year. American River / Eastern Cove: all waters south of a line from American Beach to western shore of Eastern Cove (approximately 1 (one) nautical mile south west of Ballast Head jetty). Kangaroo Island Rivers: Chapmans, Harriet, Eleanor, Western and Middle Rivers and all waters within a 50 metre radius of the mouths of those rivers. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 637 Technical Report 2004 Appendix 4: Examples of Species Biodiversity in South Australian Continental Shelf Waters The following lists are examples of the species diversity of marine vertebrates and invertebrates in South Australian continental shelf waters (i.e. 0m ­ 200m). Other than some of the whales, species found only in continental slope waters are not included. The species diversity of a number of invertebrate groups in S.A.’s continental shelf waters are also included (sponges, ascidians, molluscs, echinoderms, brachiopods). Conservation status at international, Commonwealth and State levels is coded, as specified below. International • CITES2 = Listed under Appendix 2 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (as of May 15th, 2004). • IUCN = World Conservation Union Red List (1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 versions): CR = Critically Endangered; En = Endangered; Vul = Vulnerable; LR/NT = Lower Risk but Near Threatened (revised as NT = Near Threatened, from 2002 onwards); LR/CD = Lower Risk but Conservation Dependent (1996 and 2000 versions only; not used from 2002 onwards); LR/LC = Lower Risk and Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient (not used from 2002 onwards). National • EPBC = Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: CR = Critically Endangered; En = Endangered; Vul = Vulnerable; Mar = Listed Marine Species under Section 248; Mig = Listed Migratory Species; Cet = Listed Cetacean Species • Pog = listed in Pogonoski, J., Pollard, D. and Paxton, J. (2002). Conservation Overview and Action Plan for Australian Threatened and Potentially Threatened Marine and Estuarine Fishes (Environment Australia, Canberra): CR = Critically Endangered; En = Endangered; Vul = Vulnerable; LR/NT = Lower Risk but Near Threatened; LR/CD = Lower Risk but Conservation Dependent; LR/LC = Lower Risk and Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient • ASFB = Australian Society for Fish Biology’s 2001 List of Australian Threatened Fishes: CR = Critically Endangered; En = Endangered; Vul = Vulnerable; LR/NT = Lower Risk but Near Threatened; LR/CD = Lower Risk but Conservation Dependent; LR/LC = Lower Risk and Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient State • NPW = South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972: En = Endangered (Schedule 7); Vul = Vulnerable (Schedule 8); Rare = (Schedule 9). • SA­Prot = Protected from capture, under the South Australian Fisheries Act 1982 • TAS1 = Listed under the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 • TAS2 = Protected under the Tasmanian Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995 • TAS3 = Protected in Tasmania under the Fisheries Regulation 1996 • VIC1 = Listed under Schedule 2 of the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 • VIC2 = Listed as Protected Aquatic Biota under the Victorian Fisheries Act 1995 • NSW = Protected Species in N.S.W., under the Fisheries Management Act 1994 • WA = Totally Protected Fish Status in Western Australian waters An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 638 Technical Report 2004 Bony Fish Gomon et al., (1994); Kuiter (1996b); Inland Fisheries Service of Tasmania (2000); Hutchins and Swainston (2001); Pogonoski et al. (2002); Hammer (2002); Pollard and Morris (2002); IUCN (2003); W.A. Museum (2003); National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003); Froese and Pauly (2003); Brown et al. (in prep., cited by Brown, 2004), Gomon (2004). Common Name Western Wirrah Spiny­tailed Leatherjacket Spinytail Leatherjacket Bridled Leatherjacket Scientific Name Acanthistius serratus Acanthaluteres brownii Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus Toothbrush Leatherjacket Acanthaluteres vittiger Western Wirrah Acanthistius serratus Black Bream Acanthopagrus Bream butcheri Western Blue Groper Achoerodus gouldii Blue Groper Warty Prowfish Common Shore­Eel Dwarf Shore­Eel Pygmy Shore­Eel Yellow­eye Mullet Yelloweye Mullet Glauert’s Anglerfish Australian Burrfish Porcupine Fish Short­fin Flounder Shortfin Flounder Elongate Flounder Spotted Flounder Dotted Sole Large­scale Flounder Largescale Flounder Long­snout Flounder Longsnout Flounder Long­snouted Flounder Bay Flounder Short­finned Eel Shortfin Eel Aetapcus maculatus Alabes dorsalis Alabes hoesei Alabes parvulus Aldrichetta forsteri Western Smooth Boxfish Anoplocapros Conservation Status SA­Prot (partial)+ Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD Allenichthys glauerti Allomycterus pilatus Ammotretis brevipinnis Ammotretis elongatus Ammotretis lituratus Ammotretis macrolepis Ammotretis rostratus Anguilla australis The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 639 Technical Report 2004 Blue Boxfish Robust Boxfish Humpback Boxfish White­barred Boxfish Humpty Dumpty Velvetfish Southern Sea Carp Southern Seacarp Marblefish Marble Fish Western Sea Carp Western Seacarp Western Australian Seacarp Western Australian Sea Carp Three­spine Cardinalfish Threespine Cardinalfish Shaw’s Cowfish Striped Cowfish Ornate Cowfish Bridled Goby Silverside Mulloway Butterfish Bass Strait Flounder Mueller’s Flounder Flimsy Flounder Starry Toadfish Starry Toado Australian Herring Tommy Ruff Australian Salmon Western Australian Salmon West Australian Salmon Southern Sole Southern Textile Sole Smooth­Snout Clingfish Tasmanian Clingfish Pike­headed Hardyhead Deepwater Hardyhead Danevig’s Hardyhead Ogilby’s Hardyhead Elongate Hardyhead Small­mouthed Hardyhead Sergeant Baker amygdaloides Anoplocapros lenticularis Aploactisoma milesii Aplodactylus arctidens Aplodactylus westralis Apogonops anomalus Aracana aurita Aracana ornata Arenigobius bifrenatus Argentina australiae Argyrosomus japonicus Arnoglossus bassensis Arnoglossus muelleri Arnoglossus sp. (in Gomon et al., 1994) Arothron firmamentum Arripis georgianus ( = Arripis georgiana) Arripis truttaceus ( = Arripis truttacea) Aseraggodes haackeanus Aspasmogaster liorhyncha Aspasmogaster tasmaniensis Atherinason esox Atherinason hepsetoides Atherinomorus ogilbyi Atherinosoma elongata Atherinosoma microstoma Aulopus purpurissatus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 640 Technical Report 2004 Black­spotted Wrasse Blackspotted Wrasse Frigate Mackerel Frayed­Fin Goby Frayedfin Goby Krefft’s Goby Pinkhead Frogfish Pink­headed Frogfish Southern Longfin Western Foxfish Foxfish Dragonet Thornfish Southern Pygmy Leatherjacket Pygmy Leatherjacket Australian Handfish Common Handfish Weedy Threefin Southern Barred Triplefin Southern Barred Threefin Atlantic Pomfret Ray’s Bream Southern Whiptail Javelin Gargoyle Fish Butterfly Perch Barber Perch Splendid Perch Flathead Goby Sculptured Goby Gales Pipefish Austrolabrus maculatus Auxis thazard Bathygobius kreffti (= Bathygobius krefftii) Batrachomoeus rubricephalus Beliops xanthokrossos Bodianus frenchii Bovichtus angustifrons Brachaluteres jacksonianus Brachionichthys sp. Pog­LR/LC ASFB­LR/LC Brachynectes fasciatus Brama brama Highly migratory species, listed under Annex I of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. Caelorinchus australis Caelorinchus mirus Caesioperca lepidoptera Caesioperca rasor Callanthias australis Callogobius depressus Callogobius mucosus Campichthys galei Tryon's Pipefish++ Campichthys tryoni++ Smooth­spine Leatherjacket Smoothspine Leatherjacket Rigid Boxfish Spiny Boxfish Cantheschenia longipinnis EPBC­Mar All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 EPBC­Mar All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Caprichthys gymnura Capropygia unistriata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 641 Technical Report 2004 Black­banded Pygmy Boxfish Banded Bellowfish Yellow­eyed Red Snapper Yellow­eye Nannygai Yelloweye Redfish Red Snapper Redfish Bight Redfish Small­eyed Redfish Smalleye Redfish Swallowtail Western Fortescue Bandfish Magpie Perch Black­striped Morwong Red­lipped Morwong Redlip Morwong Banded Morwong Southern Flying Fish** Tallfin Flying Fish** Red Gurnard Flying Gurnard Talma Western Talma Squareback Butterflyfish Truncate Coralfish Western Kelpfish Tasselled Kelpfish Southern Kelpfish Estuary Catfish Cobbler Southern Cobbler Broad­headed Clingfish Broad­head Clingfish Broadhead Clingfish Western Cleaner­ Clingfish Western Cleaner Clingfish Spade­nosed Clingfish Spade­nose Clingfish Southern Conger Eel Southern Conger Short­finned Conger Eel Short­finned Conger Prickly Toadfish Centriscops humerosus Centroberyx australis Centroberyx gerrardi Centroberyx sp. Centroberyx lineatus Centropogon latifrons Cepola australis Cheilodactylus nigripes Cheilodactylus rubrolabiatus Cheilodactylus spectabilis Cheilopogon sp. Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus Chelidonichthys kumu Chelmonops curiosus Chironemus georgianus Cnidoglanis macrocephalus Cochleoceps bassensis Cochleoceps bicolor Cochleoceps spatula Conger verreauxi Conger wilsoni Contusus brevicaudus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 642 Technical Report 2004 Barred Toadfish Prickly Toadfish Dolphinfish Dolphin Fish Mahi Mahi Slender Sand­diver Cardinal Clingfish Broad Clingfish Southern Crested Weedfish Crested Weedfish Southern Tongue Sole Broadhurst’s Tongue Sole Carp European Carp Silver Dory New Zealand Dory Dusky Morwong Butterfish Australian Tusk Slender Blindfish Long­finned Pike Globe Fish Porcupine Fish Castelnau’s Wrasse Pretty Polly Prickly Anglerfish Sponge Anglerfish Finetooth Beardie Giant Herring (N.B. A tropical species, rarely recorded in S.A.) Redbait Australian Anchovy White­barred (Blackhead) Triplefin (= Threefin) species Broad Sandfish Broad Sand­diver Old Wife Painted Stinkfish Painted Dragonet Deepwater Lancelet Southern Lancelet Black Rockcod Contusus richei Coryphaena hippurus Creedia haswelli Creocele cardinalis Cristiceps australis Cynoglossus broadhursti Cyprinus carpio (Introduced) Cyttus australis Cyttus novaezealandiae Dactylophora nigricans Dannevigia tusca Dermatopsis multiradiatus Dinolestes lewini Diodon nicthemerus Dotalabrus aurantiacus Echinophryne crassispina Echinophryne reynoldsi Eeyorius hutchinsi Eliops hawaiensis Emmelichthys nitidus Engraulis australis Enneapterygius sp. Enigmapercis reducta Enoplosus armatus Eocallionymus papilio Epigonichthys australis Epigonichthys bassanum Epinephelus daemelii EPBC (Nominated, 2003­2004) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 643 Technical Report 2004 Saddled Rockcod Black Cod NSW­Vul & Prot Pog­Vul ASFB­Vul Listed under section 15 of the Commonwealth Fisheries Management Act 1991, making its take in fishing operations under that Act illegal unless covered by a scientific permit (Pogonoski, 2000) Totally Protected Species in the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve (New Zealand) Longfin Hagfish Maray Black Reef Leatherjacket Blue­tailed Leatherjacket Bluetail Leatherjacket Gunn’s Leatherjacket Velvet Leatherjacket Mosaic Leatherjacket Four­spine Leatherjacket Fourspine Leatherjacket Snakeskin Wrasse Twospot Fringedfin Goby Two­spot Fringed­fin Goby Twospot Goby Longfin Goby Long­finned Goby Spotted Goby Tamar River Goby Tamar Goby Tiger Pipefish Eptatretus longipinnis Etrumeus teres Eubalichthys bucephalus Eubalichthys cyanoura Eubalichthys gunnii Eubalichthys mosaicus Eubalichthys quadrispinis Eupetrichthys angustipes Eviota bimaculata Favonigobius lateralis Favonigobius tamarensis ( = Afurcagobius tamarensis) Filicampus tigris EPBC­Mar All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Rough Flutemouth Flutemouth Common Stinkfish Bight Stinkfish Long­rayed Stinkfish River Blackfish Fistularia petimba Foetorepus calauropomus Foetorepus phasis Gadopsis marmoratus SA­Prot An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 644 Technical Report 2004 Climbing Galaxias Galaxias brevipinnis Common Galaxias Common Jollytail Jollytail Minnow Mountain Galaxias Galaxias maculatus Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla Galaxias olidus The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Vulnerable, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. EPBC­Vul The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Vulnerable, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Spotted Galaxias Trout Galaxias Spotted Mountain Trout Trout Minnow Galaxias truttaceus Butterfly Mackerel Gasterochisma melampus Genus A, sp.1 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Genus A, sp. 2 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Genus 2, sp. 1 (in Kuiter, 1996b) Genus B sp. (in Gomon et al., 1994) (undescribed – e.g. species in Genus C / Genus 1, amongst others – see Gomon et al., 1994; Kuiter, 1996b; W.A. Museum, 2003) Genypterus blacodes Genypterus tigerinus The National Parks and Wildlife Council Geotria australis Spiny Clingfish Brown­spotted Spiny Clingfish Kelp Clingfish Rat Clingfish Grass Clingfish, Slender Clingfish and other seagrass­dwelling gobiesocids Pink Ling Rock Ling Wide­mouthed Lamprey An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 645 Technical Report 2004 Pouched Lamprey Luderick Zebra Fish Goblin Fish Red Velvetfish Little Conger­Eel Silver Conger Little Conger Umbrella Conger­Eel Umbrella Conger Glass Goby Beaked Salmon Cobbler South Australian Cobbler Soldierfish Green Moray Yellow Moray Weedy Whiting Blue Weed Whiting Blue Rock Whiting Yellowback Triplefin Yellowback Threefin Black­throated Triplefin Black­throated Threefin Red Gurnard Perch Ocean Perch Reef Ocean Perch Ocean Perch Red Ocean Perch Western Upside­down Pipefish Western Upside Down Pipefish Adelaide’s Weedfish Kelp Weedfish Seven­Bar Weedfish Sevenbar Weedfish Johnston’s Weedfish Broad­Headed Weedfish and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Girella tricuspidata Girella zebra Glyptauchen panduratus Gnathanacanthus goetzeei Gnathophis habenatus Gnathophis umbrellabia (or G. umbrellabius) Gobiopterus semivestitus Gonorynchus greyi (= Gonorhynchus greyi) Gymnapistes marmoratus Gymnothorax prasinus Haletta semifasciata Helcogramma decurrens Helicolenus barathri Helicolenus percoides Heraldia sp. 1 EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Heteroclinus adelaidae Heteroclinus eckloniae Heteroclinus heptaeolus Heteroclinus johnstoni An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 646 Technical Report 2004 Tasselled Weedfish Large­Eye Weedfish Common Weedfish Spot­shoulder Weedfish Spotshoulder Weedfish Little Weedfish The Girls’ Weedfish Girls’ Weedfish Rosy Weedfish Forster’s Weedfish Long­Snouted Weedfish Sharp­Nose Weedfish Longnose Weedfish Wilson’s Weedfish Whitley’s Weedfish Coleman’s Weedfish Fewray Weedfish Milward’s Weedfish Brigg’s Crested Pipefish Macleay’s Crested Pipefish Rhino Pipefish Southern Potbelly Seahorse Pot­bellied Seahorse Heteroclinus macrophthalmus Heteroclinus perspicillatus Heteroclinus puellarum Heteroclinus roseus Heteroclinus tristis Heteroclinus wilsoni Heteroclinus sp. 2 (in Gomon et al., 1994). Heteroclinus sp. 4 (in Kuiter, 1996b). Heteroclinus sp. 4 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Heteroclinus sp. 1 (in Kuiter, 1996b) Heteroclinus sp. 5 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Heteroclinus sp. 6 (in Gomon et al., 1994) EPBC­Mar Histiogamphelus VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot briggsii Histiogamphelus cristatus Hippocampus bleekeri All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 198 EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 IUCN2002­Vul^; EPBC­Mar; TAS2­Prot VIC2­Prot Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD CITES­2 (from May 2004) All species in the Syngnathidae are also subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 647 Technical Report 2004 1982. Short­headed Seahorse Short­snouted Seahorse Hippocampus breviceps IUCN2000­DD; IUCN2002­DD; EPBC­Mar; TAS2­Prot; VIC2­Prot Pog­DD; ASFB­DD; CITES­2 (from May 2004) All species in the Syngnathidae are also subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Rondelet’s Flying Fish (globally distributed, and occasionally seen in southern Australian waters, including S.A.) Bougainville’s Anglerfish Smooth Anglerfish Rodless Anglerfish Cryptic Anglerfish Hirundichthys rondeletii Sandy Sprat Blue­eye Trevalla Blue­eyed Trevalla Deep Sea Trevalla Deepsea Trevalla Sea Garfish Southern Sea Garfish River Garfish Hyperlophus vittatus Hyperoglyphe antarctica Black­banded Seaperch Banded Seaperch Prickly Pipefish Shaggy Pipefish Histiophryne bougainvilli Histiophryne cryptacanthus (or H. cryptacantha) Hyporhamphus melanochir Hyporhamphus regularis ardelio (eastern form) H. regularis regularis (western form) Hypoplectrodes nigroruber Hypselognathus horridus EPBC­Mar Pog­DD ASFB­DD Possibly endemic to S.A. All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 Knife­snouted Pipefish Hypselognathus EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 648 Technical Report 2004 Knife­snout Pipefish Knifesnout Pipefish VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot rostratus All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Fringed Stargazer Southern Little Pipehorse Southern Pygmy Pipehorse Deep Velvetfish Speckled Stargazer Yellow Stargazer Western Stargazer Common Stargazer Eastern Stargazer Deepwater Stargazer Skipjack Tuna Striped Tuna Bonito Striped Bonito Deep­body Pipefish Deep­bodied Pipefish Deepbody Pipefish Ichthyoscopus barbatus Idiotropiscis (= Acentronura) australe EPBC­Mar All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Kanekonia queenslandica Kathetostoma canaster Kathetostoma laeve Kathetostoma nigrofasciatum Katsuwonus pelamis Kaupus costatus EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Short­snout Hardyhead Shortsnout Hardyhead Pikehead Hardyhead Pike­head Hardyhead Bass Strait Pipefish Trawl Pipefish Kestratherina brevirostris Kestratherina esox Kimblaeus bassensis EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Rough Anglerfish Silver Drummer Southern Silver Drummer Ocean Puffer Oceanic Pufferfish Giant Toado Kuiterichthys furcipilis Kyphosus sydneyanus Lagocephalus lagocephalus Lagocephalus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 649 Technical Report 2004 Silver Toadfish Spotted Moonfish Opah Bastard Trumpeter Striped Trumpeter Stripey Trumpeter Tasmanian Trumpeter Jumping Blenny Western Orange Perch Slender Orange Perch Frostfish Southern Frostfish Ribbonfish Toothed Whiptail Thorntooth Grenadier Minor Gurnard Spiny Gurnard Southern Shortfin Gurnard Butterfly Gurnard Silver Fish Brushtail Pipefish sceleratus Lampris guttatus Latridopsis forsteri Latris lineata Lepidoblennius marmoratus Lepidoperca filamenta Lepidoperca occidentalis Lepidopus caudatus Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Lepidotrigla modesta Lepidotrigla papilio Lepidotrigla spinosa Lepidotrigla vanessa Leptatherina presbyteroides Leptoichthys fistularius EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Flathead Sandfish Flathead Pygmy Stargazer Long­head Flathead Longhead Flathead Smooth Pipefish Javelin Pipefish Lesueurina platycephala Leviprora inops Lissocampus caudalis Lissocampus runa EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Jumping Mullet Liza argentea An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 650 Technical Report 2004 Flat­tail Mullet Flattail Mullet Crested Flounder Beardie Large­tooth Beardie Murray River Cod Lophonectes gallus Lotella rhacina Maccullocella peeli peeli EPBC­Vul The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that Murray Cod be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Golden Perch Callop Estuary Perch Macquaria ambigua Common Snipefish Macroramphosus scolopax (= Macrorhamphosus scolopax) Macruronus novaezelandiae Makaira indica Blue Grenadier Black Marlin (N.B. rarely recorded in S.A.) Sawtooth Pipefish Macquaria colonorum Maroubra perserrata The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Sharp­tailed Sunfish Sharptail Sunfish Point­tailed Sunfish Little Scorpionfish Whitley’s Scorpionfish Veilfin Brown­striped Leatherjacket Brownstriped Leatherjacket Donovan’s Leatherjacket Yellow­striped Leatherjacket Masturus lanceolaus Maxillicosta scabriceps Maxillicosta whitleyi Metavelifer multiradiatus Meuschenia australis Meuschenia flavolineata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 651 Technical Report 2004 Yellowstriped Leatherjacket Yellow­tail Leatherjacket Six­spine Leatherjacket Sixspine Leatherjacket Six­spined Leatherjacket Blue­lined Leatherjacket Bluelined Leatherjacket Horseshoe Leatherjacket Velvet Leatherjacket Cosmopolitan Leatherjacket Stars and Stripes Leatherjacket Stars­and­Stripes Leatherjacket Southern Ocean Sunfish Short Sunfish Short­headed Lamprey Shorthead Lamprey Sea Mullet Pale Mangrove Goby Short­finned Worm­eel Short­headed Worm­eel Long­finned Worm­eel Sand Mullet Southern Pygmy Perch (South­eastern subspecies) Meuschenia freycineti Meuschenia galii Meuschenia hippocrepis Meuschenia scaber Meuschenia venusta Mola ramsayi Mordacia mordax Mugil cephalus Mugilogobius paludis Muraenichthys australis Muraenichthys breviceps Myxus elongatus Nannoperca australis The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. SA­Prot (south­eastern sub­species) In South Australia, the National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that (i) the Murray­ Darling Basin population of the species be listed as Endangered, and that the South East population be listed as Rare, under schedules of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 In New South Wales, the Southern Pygmy Perch has been identified as one of the most threatened species inhabiting coastal streams in that state, and in the inland waters of the Murray­ Darling Basin (Pollard and Morris, 2002). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 652 Technical Report 2004 Yarra Pygmy Perch Ewen’s Pygmy Perch Variegated Pygmy Perch Nannoperca obscura Nannoperca variegata IUCN1996­Vul EPBC­Vul SA­Prot The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. IUCN1996­Vul EPBC­Vul SA­Prot The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Western Footballer Footballer Sweep Ocean Leatherjacket Ocean Jacket Chinaman Leatherjacket Jackass Morwong Jackass Fish Blue Morwong Southern Blue Morwong Queen Snapper Threefin Velvetfish Little Weed Whiting Little Rock Whiting Whiskered Prowfish Toothy Flathead Deepwater Flathead Gulf Gurnard Perch Black­spotted Gurnard Perch Blackspotted Gurnard Perch Gurnard Perch Common Gurnard Perch Ruddy Gurnard Perch Thetis Fish Neatypus obliquus Nelusetta ayraudi Nemadactylus macropterus Nemadactylus valenciennesi Neoaploactis tridorsalis Neoodax balteatus Neopataecus waterhousii Neoplatycephalus aurimaculatus Neoplatycephalus conatus Neosebastes bougainvillii Neosebastes nigropunctatus Neosebastes pandus Neosebastes scorpaenoides Neosebastes thetidis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 653 Technical Report 2004 Sailfin Goby Castelnau’s Goby Girdled Goby Threadfin Sand Goby Threadfin Sandgoby Twinbar Goby Groove­cheek Goby Grooved­cheek Goby Groovecheek Goby Groovecheeked Goby Sicklefin Sand Goby Sickefin Sandgoby Red Pipefish Nesogobius pulchellus Nesogobius sp.1 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Nesogobius sp. 2 (in Gomon et al., 1994 and Kuiter, 1996b) Nesogobius sp. 3 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Nesogobius sp. 6 (in Kuiter, 1996b) Nesogobius sp. 4 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Nesogobius sp. 7 (in Kuiter, 1996b; and Australian Museum, 2003c) Nesogobius sp. 5 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Nesogobius sp. 3 (in Kuiter, 1996b) EPBC­Mar Notiocampus ruber TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Purple Wrasse Saddled Wrasse Kelpie Orange­spotted Wrasse Brown­spotted Wrasse Blue­throated Wrasse Blue­throat Wrasse Bluethroat Wrasse Crested Bellowsfish Rainbow Cale Rainbowfish Herring Cale Southern Pygmy Blindfish Ringed Toadfish Blue­spotted Pufferfish Blue­spotted Toadfish Oyster Blenny Rainbow Trout Spotted Snake­Blenny Spotted Snakeblenny Notolabrus fucicola Notolabrus parilus Notolabrus tetricus Notopogon lilliei Odax acroptilus Odax cyanomelas Ogilbia sp. Omegophora armilla Omegophora cyanopunctata Omobranchus anolius Oncorhynchus mykiss (also known, irrcorrectly, as Salmo gairdneri) Ophiclinops pardalis (Introduced) Possibly endemic to S.A. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 654 Technical Report 2004 Variegated Snake­Blenny Variegated Snakeblenny Adelaide Blenny Adelaide Snake­Blenny Adelaide Snakeblenny Short­finned Snake­ Blenny Shortfin Snakeblenny Gabriel’s Snake­Blenny Frosted Snake­Blenny Frosted Snakeblenny Black­Backed Snake­ Blenny Blackback Snake­Blenny Blackback Snakeblenny Variable Snake­Blenny Variable Snakeblenny Serpent Eel Giant Snake Eel Snake Eel Maori Wrasse Knifejaw Conway Western Roughy Oyster Blenny Harlequin Fish Snapper Tasmanian Blenny Barred Grubfish Wavy Grubfish Spotted Grubfish Alison’s Blue Devil Western Blue Devil / Devilfish Slender Bullseye Sandpaper Fish Golden Roughy Cucumber Fish Greeneyes Short Boarfish Hutchin’s Boarfish Southern Silverbelly Ophiclinops varius Ophiclinus antarcticus Ophiclinus brevipinnis Ophiclinus gabrieli Ophiclinus gracilis Ophiclinus ningulus Ophisurus serpens Ophthalmolepis lineolata Oplegnathus woodwardi Optivus agrammus Osmobranchus anolius Othos dentex Pagrus auratus Parablennius tasmanianus Parapercis allporti Parapercis haackei Parapercis ramsayi Paraplesiops alisonae Paraplesiops meleagris Parapriacanthus elongatus Paratrachichthys sp. 1 Possibly endemic to S.A. Paratrachichthys pulsator (= Aulotrachichthys pulsator) Paraulopus nigripinnis (previously Chlorophthalmus nigripinnis) Parazanclistius hutchinsi Parequula An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 655 Technical Report 2004 Silverbelly Melbourne Silverbelly Melbourne Silver Biddy Yellow­spotted Boarfish Brown­spotted Boarfish Giant Boarfish Victorian Scalyfin Scalyfin Smallfin Clingfish Little Clingfish Long­Snout Clingfish Obscure Clingfish Obscure Little Clingfish Red Indianfish Sculptured Seamoth Sculptured Sea Moth Striped Perch Striped Trumpeter Shitty Sea Trumpeter Rough Bullseye melbournensis Paristiopterus gallipava Paristiopterus labiosus Parma victoriae Parvicrepis parvipinnis Parvicrepis sp. 1 (in Gomon et al., 1994 and Kuiter, 1996b) Parvicrepis sp. 2 (in Gomon et al., 1994) Pataecus fronto IUCN2000­DD Pegasus lancifer IUCN2002­DD Pog­LR/LC ASFB­LR/LC Pelates octolineatus Pelsartia humeralis Pempheris klunzingeri Common Bullseye Orange­lined Bullseye Long­snouted Boarfish Long­snout Boarfish Bigspine Boarfish Big­spine Boarfish Redfin Perch Eelblenny Eel­blenny Pempheris multiradiata Pempheris ornata Pentaceropsis recurvirostris Pentaceros decacanthus (Introduced) Perca fluviatilis Pog­DD Peronedys anguillaris ASFB­DD White­nose Pigfish Whitenose Pigfish Leafy Seadragon Perryena leucometopon Phycodurus eques IUCN1996­DD (N.B. IUCN listing has not been updated,and DD status is current, as at 2004) EPBC­Mar SA­Prot*; VIC2­Prot; WA­Prot Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 656 Technical Report 2004 Flathead Gudgeon Flat­head Gudgeon Flat­headed Gudgeon Big­headed Gudgeon Yarra Gudgeon Dwarf Flathead Gudgeon White­spotted Anglerfish Smooth Anglerfish Weedy Seadragon Philypnodon grandiceps Philypnodon sp. The National Parks and Wildlife Council (in Gomon et al., 1994) and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. Phyllophryne scortea Phyllopteryx taeniolatus IUCN1996­DD (N.B. IUCN listing has not been updated,and DD status is current, as at 2004) EPBC­Mar NSW­Prot TAS2­Prot; VIC2­Prot Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Senator Wrasse Rubyfish Sand Flathead Southern Sand Flathead Grassy Flathead Rock Flathead Long­spined Flathead Tiger Flathead Yank Flathead Southern Blue­spotted Flathead Hapuku Hapuka Orange­barred Pufferfish Orangebarred Pufferfish Tailor (a small species of clingfish, found in Pictilabrus laticlavius Plagiogeneion macrolepis Platycephalus bassensis Platycephalus laevigatus Platycephalus longispinis Platycephalus richardsoni Platycephalus speculator Polyprion oxygeneios Polyspina piosae Pomatomus saltatrix Posidonichthys hutchinsi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 657 Technical Report 2004 seagrasses) Australian Grayling Cucumber Fish Prototroctes maraena IUCN2002­Vul; EPBC­Vul TAS1­Vul; VIC1­Vul; NSW­Prot; ASFB­Vul The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Endangered, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, and considered the species to be critically endangered in South Australia. Silver Trevally White Trevally Skipjack Trevally Sand Trevally Skipjack Trevally Blue­spot Goby Swan River Goby Rosy Wrasse Congolli Tupong Sandy Pseudocaranx dentex Pseudocaranx wrighti Pseudogobius olorum Pseudolabrus psittaculus Pseudaphritis urvillii The National Parks and Wildlife Council and Department for Environment and Heritage (2003) has recommended that the species be listed as Rare, under a schedule of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. In Tasmania, Congolli may not be taken without a permit, unless captured by the use of a bush pole (Inland Fisheries Service of Tasmania, 2000). Swan River Goby Blue­spot Goby Bluespot Goby Red Cod Bearded Cod Bearded Rock Cod Bastard Red Cod Large­tooth Flounder Largetooth Flounder Large­toothed Flounder Small­tooth Flounder Smalltooth Flounder Small­toothed Flounder Painted Latchet Sharp­beaked Gurnard Latchet Pseudogobius olorum (= Pseudogobius sp. 9) Pseudophycis bachus Pseudophycis barbata Pseudophycis breviuscula Pseudorhombus arsius Pseudorhombus jenynsii Pterygotrigla picta Pterygotrigla polyommata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 658 Technical Report 2004 Pug­nose Pipefish Pugnose Pipefish Pugnaso curtirostris EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Slender Sunfish Oblong Sunfish Large­mouth Goby Largemouth Goby Oarfish (N.B. a cosmopolitan oceanic species, rarely recorded in S.A.) Short Suckerfish Remora Spotted Stinkfish Australian Smelt Eastern Gemfish Gemfish Greenback Flounder Melbourne Flounder Southern Flounder Tasselled Anglerfish Glover’s Anglerfish Oilfish Caster Oil Fish Escolar Atlantic Salmon Brown Trout Australian Pilchard Crocodile Fish Large­scale Saury^^ Largescale Saury Large­scaled Grinner Ladder Eel Woodward’s Pomfret Rough Leatherjacket Blue Mackerel Common Mackerel Saury Meads Wearyfish Southern Red Scorpion­ Ranzania laevis Redigobius macrostoma Regalecus glesne Remora remora Repomucenus calcaratus Retropinna semoni Rexea solandri EPBC­Nominated (2003­2004) Pog­LR/CD or Vul (Eastern Stock) Pog­DD (Western Stock) ASFB­LR/CD Rhombosolea tapirina Rhycherus filamentosus Rhycherus gloveri Ruvettus pretiosus Salmo salar Salmo trutta Sardinops sagax ( = Sardinops neopilchardus) Satyrichthys lingi Saurida undosquamis^^ (Introduced) (Introduced) Scalanago lateralis Schuettea woodwardi Scobinichthys granulatus Scomber australasicus Scomberesox saurus Scopelosaurus meadi Scorpaena papillosus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 659 Technical Report 2004 cod Common Red Rock Cod Common Red Rockcod Red Rock Cod Western Red Scorpioncod Western Red Scorpion­ cod Western Scorpionfish Sea Sweep Banded Sweep Silver Sweep Samson Fish Yellowtail Kingfish Blue Warehou Silver Warehou Spotted Trevalla Blue Bass Sawtooth Eel King George Whiting Silver Whiting Sand Whiting Southern School Whiting School Whiting Yellowfin Whiting Yellow­finned Whiting Wood’s Siphonfish Tubemouth Slender Weed Whiting Pencil Weed Whiting Sharp­nosed Weed Whiting Sharpnose Weed Whiting Long­rayed Weed Whiting Long­rayed Rock Whiting Longray Rock Whiting Long­tailed Weed Whiting Long­tail Weed Whiting Longtail Weed Whiting Günther’s Pipehorse Robust Pipehorse (= Scorpaena papillosa) Scorpaena sumptuosa Scorpis aequipinnis Scorpis georgianus (= Scorpis georgiana) Scorpis lineolatus (= Scorpis lineolata) Seriola hippos Seriola lalandi Seriolella brama Seriolella punctata Serrivomer sp. Sillaginodes punctata Sillago bassensis Sillago schomburgkii Siphaemia cephalotes Siphonognathus argyrophanes Siphonognathus attenuatus Siphonognathus beddomei Siphonognathus caninus Siphonognathus radiatus Siphonognathus tanyourus Solegnathus lettiensis Solegnathus robustus IUCN2002­Vul; EPBC­Mar; ASFB­DD IUCN2000­Vul; IUCN2002­Vul; EPBC­Mar; VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 660 Technical Report 2004 Australian Spiny Pipehorse# Little Pineapplefish Australian Sprat Blue Sprat Snook Short­finned Seapike Shortfin Seapike Striped Seapike Obtuse Barracuda Dusky Crawler Sand Crawler Gulf Pipefish Venus Bay Pipefish Spotted Pipefish Wide­bodied Pipefish Wide­body Pipefish Widebody Pipefish Ring­backed Pipefish Ring­back Pipefish Solegnathus spinossimus# Sorosichthys ananassa Sprattus novaehollandiae Spratelloides robustus Sphyraena novaehollandiae Pog­DD ASFB­DD All syngnathids are also subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. EPBC­Mar; ASFB­DD Sphyraena obtusata Sticharium clarkae Sticharium dorsale Stigmatopora nov. sp. 1 (Stigmatopora nasospatulata) Stigmatopora venusensis Stigmatopora argus Stigmatopora nigra Stipecampus cristatus EPBC­Mar Possibly endemic to S.A. All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Possibly endemic to S.A. All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 661 Technical Report 2004 Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Striped Trawl Wrasse Warty Handfish Verrucose Handfish Derwent Flounder Marine Goby Suezichthys bifurcatus Sympterichthys (= Brachionichthys) verrucosus Taratretis derwentensis Tasmanogobius gloveri Tasmanogobius lasti Tetractenos glaber Thamnaconus degeni Lagoon Goby Smooth Toadfish Degen’s Leatherjacket Blue­finned Leatherjacket Dusky Marine Gudgeon Thalasseleotris adela Silver Spot Threpterius maculosus Albacore Thunnus alalunga Yellowfin Tuna Southern Bluefin Tuna Bluefin Tuna Thunnus albacares Thunnus maccoyii Pog­DD ASFB­DD IUCN1996­DD IUCN1996­Vul (North Atlantic) IUCN1996­CR (South Atlantic) IUCN1996­LR/LC IUCN1996­CR (with Marine Caveat C); (N.B. 1996 status has not been reassessed by IUCN, and CR listing is still current, in 2004) Pog­LR/NT ASFB­LR/NT Note, from Pogonoski et al. (2002): This species was submitted to both the Commonwealth Endangered Species Scientific Sub­Committee (twice) and the N.S.W. Fisheries Scientific Committee, but was rejected by both. It has also been submitted to the Victorian and Tasmanian Endangered Species Scientific Sub­Committees, as threatened species nominations. Barracouta Rock Flathead Tassel­snouted Flathead Moonlighter Six­banded Coralfish Six­banded Coral Fish Weeping Toado Banded Toadfish Roughy Southern Hulafish Blotch­tailed Trachinops Yellow­headed / Noarlunga Hulafish Thyrsites atun Thysanophrys cirronasus Tilodon sexfasciatum Torquigener pleurogramma Trachichthys australis Trachinops caudimaculatus Trachinops noarlungae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 662 Technical Report 2004 Jack Mackerel Cowanyoung Horse Mackerel Yellowtail Scad Yellowtail Horse Mackerel Bighead Triplefin Bighead Threefin Bullhead Triplefin Bullhead Threefin Large­head Hairtail Largehead Hairtail Australian Hairtail Common Triplefin Common Threefin Clarke’s Triplefin Clarke’s Threefin Crested Threefin Crested Triplefin Notched Threefin Notched Triplefin Trachurus declivis Red Mullet Blue­spotted Goatfish Southern Goatfish Hairy Pipefish Upeneichthys vlamingii Trachurus novaezelandiae Trianectes bucephalus Trichiurus lepturus Trinorfolkia (=Norfolkia) clarkei Trinorfolkia (=Norfolkia) cristata Trinorfolkia (=Norfolkia) incisa Known almost exclusively from S.A. Urocampus carinirostris EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot Mother­of­Pearl Pipefish Vanacampus margaritifer All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 Port Phillip Pipefish Vanacampus phillipi Long­snout Pipefish Vanacampus poecilolaemus EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982 EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 663 Technical Report 2004 Imports) Act 1982. Verco’s Pipefish Vanacampus vercoi EPBC­Mar VIC2­Prot; TAS2­Prot Pog­LR/NT ASFB­LR/NT Possibly endemic to S.A. All syngnathids are subject to the export controls of the Commonwealth Wildlife Protection (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1982. Scarlet Cardinalfish Southern Cardinalfish Gobbleguts Smooth Cardinalfish Orange Cardinalfish Broadbill Swordfish Australian Swordfish Swordfish Vincentia badia Vincentia conspersa Longfin Boarfish Long­fin Boarfish Black­spotted Boarfish Duskybanded Sole Dusky­banded Sole Mirror Dory John Dory Zanclistius elevatus • • • • • • • Vincentia macrocauda Vincentia punctata Xiphias gladius IUCN1996­DD IUCN1996­En (North Atlantic) Pog­DD ASFB­DD Zebrias penescalaris Zenopsis nebulosus Zeus faber + (The Western Blue Groper is protected under the Fisheries Act 1982 from capture in the waters of Gulf St Vincent, Spencer Gulf and Investigator Strait). * (In South Australia, Leafy Seadragon is a protected species under the Fisheries Act 1982, although a limited number of permits have been issued by Primary Industries and Resources South Australia for the collection of Leafy Seadragons in SA) ** (the two Cheilopogon species are globally distributed, and occasionally seen in southern Australian waters, including S.A.) # Solegnathus spinosissimus occurs in south­eastern Australia along the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, and also in New Zealand. This species has also been recorded from off Brisbane (Queensland), and in South Australian waters, but the South Australian identifications need to be confirmed (Gomon et al., 1994, cited by Pogonoski et al., 2002). ^ (Hippocampus bleekeri is listed in the IUCN Red List under its previous name, H. abdominalis, which is now used only for the population New South Wales – see Kuiter, 2001) ++ (Campichthys tryoni is included here provisionally, on the basis of a record from Gulf St Vincent. Further information is required to ascertain the current presence or absence of this species in South Australian waters). ^^ (Saurida undosquamis a tropical and globally distributed species, rarely found in S.A., but has been recorded from Venus Bay) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 664 Technical Report 2004 Sharks, Rays, Stingrays, Stingarees, Skates, and Chimaeras Last et al. (1999); Shark Specialist Group (2000); Stevens (2000a, 2000b); Simpfendorfer (2000a; 2000b; 2003; in prep. a; in prep. b); Simpfendorfer and Compagno (2000); Pogonoski et al. (2002); Duffy and Paul (2003); Goldman, and members of the Shark Specialist Group (2001); Cavanagh and Lisney (2003); Cavanagh et al. (2003); Fordham (2003); Heupel (2003); IUCN (2003); Kyne and Bennett (2003a, 2003b); Lisney (2003); Lisney and Cavanagh (2003); Paul (2003); Paul and Fowler (2003); Pogonoski and Pollard (2003a, 2003b); Pollard et al. (2003); Reardon (2003); Simpfendorfer and Heupel (2003); Simpfendorfer and McAuley (2003); Walker (2003a; 2003b); Walker and Simpfendorfer (2003); White (2003) Notes: • IUCN status is global unless otherwise stated. • Species found only the continental slope are not included. Common Name Bigeye Thresher Thresher Shark Common Thresher Latin Name Alopias superciliosus Alopias vulpinus Southern Shovelnose Ray Western Shovelnose Ray Aptychotrema vincentiana Western Spotted Catshark Gulf Catshark Elephant Fish Elephantfish Elephant Shark Bronze Whaler Shark Copper Shark Oceanic Whitetip Shark Asymbolus occiduus Asymbolus vincenti Callorhinchus milii Callorhynchus milii IUCN2003­LC IUCN2003­LC IUCN2003­LC Carcharhinus brachyurus IUCN2003­NT (Global) IUCN2003­Vul (East Asia) IUCN2000­LR/NT Carcharhinus longimanus Conservation Status IUCN2001­DD (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) IUCN Shark Specialist Group assessment 2003: Least Concern (McAuley, in Cavanagh et al., 2003) (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Black Whaler Shark Dusky Shark Carcharhinus obscurus IUCN2000­LR/NT (Global, including Australia) IUCN2000­Vul (NW Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico) (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­LR/NT ASFB­LR/NT An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 665 Technical Report 2004 Grey Nurse Shark* Carcharias taurus* Great White Shark White Shark White Pointer Carcharodon carcharias Australian Swellshark Spotted Swellshark Draughtboard Shark Endeavour Dogfish Cephaloscyllium laticeps Southern Dogfish Centrophorus uyato Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximus Centrophorus moluccensis EPBC­CR (east Australia) EPBC­Vul (west Australia) IUCN2000­Vul (Global) IUCN2003­CR (N.S.W.) IUCN2003­NT (W.A.) ASFB­Endg CITES2 (nominated, 2004) IUCN2000­Vul (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) SA­Prot; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig IUCN2003­LC IUCN2003­DD (Global) IUCN2003­EN (Australia) EPBC­Nominated IUCN2003­DD (Global) IUCN2003­CR (Australia) EPBC­Nominated ASFB­Vul CITES2 IUCN1996, 2000 & 2002Vul (Global); IUCN1996, 2000 & 2002En (North Pacific and North­East Atlantic); TAS3­Prot Pog­DD ASFB­DD Protected in the U.K under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Protected species within the territorial waters of the Isle of Man, Guernsey, and the Irish Sea (DEFRA and JNCC, 2001; Pogonoski et al., 2002). Protected in the Mediterranean under the Bern Convention (with EU reservation) and Barcelona Convention (unratified) (DEFRA and JNCC, 2001). American Fisheries Society listing: An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 666 Technical Report 2004 Conservation Dependent (western Atlantic) and Vulnerable (eastern Pacific) Protected in US Atlantic waters (DEFRA and JNCC, 2001). Smooth Stingray Black Stingray Pelagic Stingray Guiler’s Stingray Violet Stingray Dasyatis brevicaudata Dasyatis thetidis Dasyatis violacea Dasyatis guileri Pteroplatytrygon violacea White­spotted Skate Dipturus (Subgenus A) cerva (in Last and Yearsley, 2002) Dipturus gudgeri Dipturus (Dentiraja) sp. M (in Last and Yearsley, 2002) Dipturus (Dentiraja) lemprieri Dipturus (Raja) whitleyi Bight Skate Pygmy Thornback Skate Australian Thornback Skate Melbourne Skate Wedgenose Skate Whitley’s Skate Melbourne Skate Wedgenose Skate Whitley’s Skate Long­nose Skate IUCN2003­LC Dipturus (Spiniraja) whitleyi Prickly Shark Whiskery Shark Dipturus sp A. (in Last and Yearsley, 2002) Echinorhinus cookei Furgaleus macki Sawtail Catshark Tiger Shark Galeus boardmani Galeocerdo cuvier School Shark Galeorhinus galeus IUCN2003­NT IUCN2000 & 2002­LR/CD IUCN2003­LC Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD IUCN2003­LC IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) IUCN2000­Vul (Global) IUCN2000­LR/CD (Australasian) IUCN Shark Assessment Group (Cavanagh et al., 2003) recommendation: Vulnerable for Australia; Near Threatened for New An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 667 Technical Report 2004 Zealand Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD Sharpnose Sevengill Shark Port Jackson Shark Heptranchias perlo Heterodontus portusjacksoni Bluntnose Sixgill Shark Hexanchus griseus Bight Ghostshark Ogilby’s Ghostshark Ogilby’s Spookfish Australian Numbfish Coffin Ray Cramp Fish Pencil Shark Blacktip Topeshark Hydrolagus lemures Hydrolagus ogilbyi Round Skate Southern Round Skate Shortfin Mako Blue Pointer IUCN2003­NT IUCN2000­LR/LC (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­DD ASFB­DD Hypnos monopterygium (= H. monopterygius) IUCN2003­LC Hypogaleus hyugaensis IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Irolita waitii Isurus oxyrinchus IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­LR/LC (preliminary) Porbeagle Lamna nasus IUCN2000­LR/NT (Global) IUCN2000­Vul (North­east Atlantic) IUCN2000­LR/CD (Northwest Atlantic) (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­LR/LC (preliminary) Gummy Shark Mustelus antarcticus IUCN2002­LR/CD IUCN2003­LC Pog­LR/LC (preliminary) Southern Eagle Ray Tasmanian Numbfish Broadnose Sevengill Shark Myliobatis australis Narcine tasmaniensis Notorynchus cepedianus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 668 IUCN2000­DD (Global) IUCN2000­LR/NT (East Pacific) (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­DD ASFB­DD Technical Report 2004 Spotted Wobbegong Orectolobus maculatus Ornate Wobbegong Banded Wobbegong Orectolobus ornatus Rusty Cat Shark Rusty Catshark Rusty Carpet Shark Varied Cat Shark Varied Catshark Peacock Skate Sandy Skate Blue Whaler Shark Blue Shark Parascyllium ferrugineum IUCN2003­LC Parascyllium variolatum IUCN2003­LC Pavoraja (Raja) nitida Pavoraja sp. C Prionace glauca IUCN2003­NT Pog­DD ASFB­DD IUCN2003­NT Pog­DD ASFB­DD IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. not re­assessed in 2002 or 2003) Pog­LR/LC (preliminary) Common Saw Shark Common Sawshark Pristiophorus cirratus IUCN2002­LR/NT IUCN2003­LC Pog­LR/CD ASFB­LR/CD Southern Saw Shark Southern Sawshark Smooth Hammerhead Pristiophorus nudipinnis IUCN2003­LC Sphyrna zygaena IUCN2000­LR/NT Pog­LR/LC (preliminary) 2003 IUCN Shark Assessment Group (Stevens et al., in Cavanagh et al., 2003) recommendation: Lower Risk – Least Concern for Australian and New Zealand populations IUCN2000­LR/NT (Global) Spiny Dogfish White­spotted Dogfish White­spotted Spurdog Piked Dogfish Squalus acanthias Spiky Dogfish Piked Spurdog Piked Dogfish Dogshark Greeneye Dogfish Squalus megalops IUCN2003­DD Squalus mitsukurii IUCN2003­DD (Global) IUCN2003­En (Australia) IUCN2003­En (North­east Atlantic) IUCN2003­Vul (North­west Atlantic) Pog­LR/LC ASFB­LR/LC An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 669 Technical Report 2004 Australian Angel Shark Ornate Angel Shark Cobbler Carpetshark Short­tail Torpedo Ray Electric Ray Bight Stingaree Striped Stingaree Western Stingaree Western Shovelnose Stingaree Common Stingaree Magpie Fiddler Ray Southern Fiddler Ray Banjo Ray Sandyback Stingaree Banded Stingaree Crossback Stingaree Wide Stingaree Spotted Stingaree Coastal Stingaree Sparsely­spotted Stingray Dixon’s Stingray IUCN2003­LC IUCN2003­LC IUCN2003­LC Squatina australis Squatina tergocellata Sutorectus tentaculatus Torpedo macneilli Trygonoptera ovalis Trygonoptera mucosa Trygonoptera testacea Trygonorrhina melaleuca Trygonorrhina fasciata IUCN2003­LC Urolophus bucculentus Urolophus cruciatus Urolophus expansus Urolophus gigas Urolophus orarius Urolophus paucimaculatus * (Carcharias taurus is not found in S.A. waters, however it is noted that S.A. is included in most published works on the distribution of this species) Marine Mammals South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972; Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage web site (2002, 2003); Reeves et al. (2003); IUCN (2003) Notes: All mammals: SA­Prot; NPW­Prot All cetaceans EPBC­Cet IUCN 1996 status: Where IUCN status is specified for the year 1996 in the table below, the 1996 status is current to 2004, and has not been updated by IUCN. Common Name New Zealand Fur Seal Latin Name Arctocephalus forsteri Australian Fur Seal Sub­Antarctic Fur Seal Minke Whale Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus Arctocephalus tropicalis Balaenoptera acutorostrata Sei Whale Balaenoptera borealis Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 670 Conservation Status IUCN1996­LR/LC IUCN2000­LR/CD*; EPBC­Mar TAS1­Rare NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­LR/NT NPW­Rare IUCN1996­En EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­DD EPBC­Mig Technical Report 2004 Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus Pygmy Blue Whale Fin Whale Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda Balaenoptera physalus Arnoux’s Beaked Whale Berardius arnuxii Pygmy Right Whale Caperea marginata Common Dolphin Southern Right Whale Delphinus delphis Eubalaena australis Pygmy Killer Whale Short­finned Pilot Whale Feresa attenuata Globicephala macrorhynchus Long­finned Pilot Whale Risso’s Dolphin Globicephala melas Grampus griseus Southern Bottlenose Whale Pygmy Sperm Whale Hyperoodon planifrons Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia simus Leopard Seal Dusky Dolphin Hydrurga leptonyx Lagenorhynchus obscurus Weddell Seal Leptonychotes weddellii IUCN1996­En NPW­Vul; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­LR/CD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­LR/LC NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­LR/LC IUCN1996­LR/CD NPW­Vul; TAS1­En; EPBC­En IUCN1996­DD IUCN1996­LR/CD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­LR/LC IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­LR/CD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­LR/LC NPW­Rare IUCN1996­LR/LC NPW­Rare NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig EPBC­Mar Southern Right Whale Dolphin Crab­eater Seal Lissodelphis peronii IUCN1996­DD Lobodon carcinophagus Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae Andrew’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bowdoini Gray’s Beaked Whale Scamperdown Whale Hector’s Beaked Whale Mesoplodon grayi Straptooth Whale Strap­toothed Whale Southern Elephant Seal Mesoplodon layardii IUCN1996­LR/LC EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­Vul NPW­Vul; TAS1­En EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­DD Kogia breviceps Mesoplodon hectori Mirounga leonina An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 671 IUCN1996­En NPW­En; TAS1­En EPBC­En; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar Technical Report 2004 Australian Sea Lion Ross Seal Neophoca cinerea Ommatophoca rossii Killer Whale Orcinus orca Sperm Whale Physeter catodon Physeter macrocephalus Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale Shepherd’s Beaked Whale Inshore / Long­beaked Bottlenose Dolphin Offshore Bottlenose Dolphin Cuvier’s Beaked Whale Tasmacetus shepherdi Tursiops aduncus Tursiops trunctatus aduncus Tursiops truncatus Tursiops truncatus truncatus Ziphius cavirostris NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­LR/LC EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­LR/CD EPBC=Mig; IUCN1996­Vul NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig IUCN1996­LR/LC NPW­Rare IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare IUCN1996­DD IUCN1996­DD IUCN1996­DD NPW­Rare * (New Zealand Fur Seal was included in the IUCN Red List 1996 and 2000, but not in the IUCN Red List 2002) Marine Reptiles South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972; Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage web site (2002, 2003); IUCN (2003) Common Name Leathery Turtle Leatherback Turtle Latin Name Dermochelys coriacea Green Turtle Chelonia mydas Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Conservation Status IUCN2000­CR (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) NPW­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­En (N.B. 1996 IUCN status current in 2004) NPW­Vul; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar; IUCN1996­En (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) NPW­Vul; EPBC­Endg; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN1996­CR (N.B. 1996 IUCN status current in 2004) EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 672 Technical Report 2004 Coastal and Marine Birds South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972; Gärdenfors et al. (1999); Bryant and Jackson (1999); Garnett and Crowley (2000); Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage web site (2002, 2003); IUCN (2003); BirdLife International (2000); BirdLife International (in prep.). Common Name Slender­billed Thornbill Samphire Thornbill Brown Goshawk Common Sandpiper Azure Kingfisher Chestnut Teal Northern Shoveler Grey Teal Mallard Garganey Australasian Shoveller / Shoveler Pacific Black Duck Magpie Goose Great Egret Large Egret Cattle Egret Intermediate / Plumed Egret Eastern Reef Egret Eastern Reef Heron Ruddy Turnstone Hardhead Musk Duck Australasian Bittern Sharp­tailed Sandpiper Sanderling Red Knot Curlew Sandpiper Pectoral Sandpiper Little Stint Red­necked Stint Long­toed Stint Great Knot Latham's Snipe Japanese Snipe Cape Barren Goose Double­banded Plover Ringed Plover Latin Name Acanthiza iredalei rosinae Accipter fasciatus Actitis hypoleucos Alcedo azurea Anas castanea Anas clypeata Anas gracilis Anas platyrhynchos Anas querquedula Anas rhynchotis Anas superciliosa Anseranas semipalmata Ardea (Egretta) alba Conservation Status NPW­Vul EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar NPW­En EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare NPW­En; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Ardea (Ardeola) ibis Ardea intermedia EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar Ardea (= Egretta) sacra NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Arenaria interpres Aythya australis Biziura lobata Botaurus poiciloptilus Calidris acuminata Calidris alba Calidris canutus Calidris ferruginea Calidris melanotos Calidris minuta Calidris ruficollis Calidris subminuta Calidris tenuirostris Capella (Gallinago) hardwickii Cereopsis novaehollandiae Charadrius bicinctus Charadrius hiaticula NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002­Vul; NPW­Vul EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 673 Technical Report 2004 Greater Sand Plover Lesser Sand Plover Mongolian Plover Red­capped Plover Oriental Plover Australian Wood Duck Maned Duck Whiskered Tern White­winged Black Tern White­winged Tern Swamp Harrier Golden­headed Cisticola Banded Stilt Charadrius leschenaultii EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Charadrius mongolus Charadrius ruficapillus Charadrius veredus Chenonetta jubata EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Chlidonias hybridus Chlidonias leucopterus EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar; EPBC­Mig Circus approximans Cisticola exilis Cladorhynchus leucocephalus Cygnus atratus Daption capense Dendrocygna eytoni EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Diomedea exulans antipodensis Diomedea epomophora Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans Gibson's Albatross Diomedea gibsoni Diomedea exulans gibsoni Diomedea sanfordi IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; EPBC­Vul; (EPBC­Mig, as D. exulans); EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; NPW­Vul; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; NPW­Vul; TAS1­En; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Vul; (EPBC­Mig, as D. exulans); EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­En; NPW­En; EPBC­En; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar Black Swan Cape Petrel Plumed Whistling­Duck Plumed Whistling Duck Antipodean Albatross Northern Royal Albatross Little Egret White­faced Heron Black­fronted Dotterel / Black­fronted Plover Red­kneed Dotterel Little Penguin Fairy Penguin Brown Falcon Nankeen Kestrel Australian Kestrel Australian Hobby Little Falcon Peregrine Falcon Black­bellied Storm­Petrel Southern Fulmar Latham's Snipe Japanese Snipe Egretta garzetta Egretta novaehollandiae Elseyornis melanops EPBC­Mar Erythrogonys cinctus Eudyptula minor EPBC­Mar Falco berigora Falco cenchroides EPBC­Mar Falco longipennis Falco peregrinus Fregetta tropica Fulmarus glacialoides Gallinago (Capella) hardwickii NPW­Rare EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 674 Technical Report 2004 Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa Black­tailed Native­hen Gallinula ventralis Grey­backed Storm­Petrel Garrodia (Oceanites) nereis Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Brolga Grus rubicunda Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris White­bellied Sea­eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster White­bellied Sea Eagle Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea Grey­tailed Tattler Black­winged Stilt Pied Stilt Caspian Tern Little Bittern Kelp Gull Silver Gull Pacific Gull Broad­billed Sandpiper Bar­tailed Godwit Black­tailed Godwit Kerguelen Petrel Southern Giant­petrel Southern Giant Petrel Heteroscelus (= Tringa) brevipes Himantopus himantopus Hydroprogne (Sterna) caspia Ixobrychus minutus Larus dominicanus Larus novaehollandiae Larus pacificus Limicola falcinellus Limosa lapponica Limosa limosa Lugensa brevirostris Macronectes giganteus Northern Giant­petrel Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli Pink­eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus Morus serrator Australasian Gannet Australian Gannet Orange­bellied Parrot Rock Parrot Eastern Curlew EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar; NPW­Vul; NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar; EPBC­Mig NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­Vul (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­En; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Mar Neophema chrysogaster IUCN2000­CR (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) NPW­En; EPBC­En EPBC­Mar; EPBC­Mig Neophema petrophila Numenius NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 675 Technical Report 2004 madagascariensis Little Curlew Whimbrel Nankeen Night Heron Rufous Night Heron Wilson’s Storm Petrel Numenius minutus Numenius phaeopus Nycticorax caledonicus Blue­billed Duck Slender­billed Prion Antarctic Prion Salvin’s Prion Fairy Prion Fairy Prion (southern sub­species) Broad­billed Prion Osprey Oxyura australis Pachyptila belcheri Pachyptila desolata Pachyptila salvini Pachyptila turtur Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Pachyptila vittata Pandion haliaetus White­faced Storm­petrel Common Diving­Petrel Australian Pelican Pelagodroma marina Pelecanoides urinatrix Pelecanus conspicillatus Phaethon rubricauda Phalacrocorax carbo Red­tailed Tropicbird Great Black Cormorant Great Cormorant Black Cormorant Black­faced Cormorant Little Pied Cormorant Little Black Cormorant Pied Cormorant Large Pied Cormorant Grey Phalarope Red­necked Phalarope Ruff Reeve Sooty Albatross Light­mantled Albatross Yellow­billed Spoonbill Royal Spoonbill Glossy Ibis American Golden Plover Eastern Golden Plover Oceanites oceanicus (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar TAS1­Rare EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar Phalacrocorax fuscescens Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Phalocrocorax varius EPBC­Mar Phalaropus fulicaria Phalaropus lobatus Philomachus pugnax EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Phoebetria (Diomedea) fusca IUCN2002­Vul; IUCN2003­En; NPW­Vul; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2003­NT; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Phoebetria (Diomedea) palpebrata Platalea flavipes Platalea regia Plegadis falcinellus Pluvialis dominica NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Mig, EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 676 Technical Report 2004 Pacific Golden Plover Lesser Golden Plover Grey Plover Great Crested Grebe Pluvialis fulva EPBC­Mar Pluvialis squatarola Podiceps cristatus EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare TAS1­Rare Hoary­headed Grebe Little Grebe Purple Swamphen Australian Spotted Crake Spotted Crake Baillon’s Crake Spotless Crake White­chinned Petrel Podiceps poliocephalus Podiceps ruficollis Porphyrio porphyrio Porzana fluminea Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata White­headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii Gould's Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera Great­winged Petrel Soft­plumaged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Pterodroma mollis Little Shearwater Flesh­footed Shearwater Fleshy­footed Shearwater Fluttering Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Hutton’s Shearwater Puffinus assimilis Puffinus carneipes Wedge­tailed Shearwater Short­tailed Shearwater Lewin’s Rail Puffinus pacificus Puffinus tenuirostris Rallus pectoralis pectoralis Rallus philippensis Buff­banded Rail Banded Rail Banded Land Rail Red­necked Avocet Australian Painted Snipe / Painted Snipe Porzana pusilla Porzana tabuensis Procellaria aequinoctialis Puffinus gavia Puffinus griseus Puffinus huttoni Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Rostratula australis Rostratula benghalensis australis EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­Vul (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­Mar TAS1­Vul EPBC­Mar IUCN2002­Vul; EPBC­En; EPBC­ Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­En; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar; EPBC­ Mig NPW­Rare An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 677 Technical Report 2004 Great Skua Stercorarius (Catharacta) skua Stercorarius longicauda Stercorarius parasiticus EPBC­Mar Stercorarius pomarinus Sterna albifrons sinensis EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Vul; TAS1­En; EPBC­Mig, EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Gull­billed Tern Common Tern Sterna anaethetus Sterna bergii Sterna (Hydroprogne) caspia Sterna nilotica Sterna hirundo Fairy Tern Sterna nereis Arctic Tern White­fronted Tern Sterna paradisaea Sterna striata Antarctic Tern (Indian Ocean subspecies) Antarctic Tern (New Zealand sub­ species) Freckled Duck Australian Pratincole Australasian Grebe Sterna vittata vittata Long­tailed Jaeger / Skua Arctic Jaeger Arctic Skua Pomarine Jaeger / Skua Little Tern (Western Pacific subspecies) Bridled Tern Crested Tern Caspian Tern Australian Shelduck Buller's Albatross EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar NPW­Rare; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar NPW­Vul; TAS1­Rare EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar TAS1­Rare EPBC­Mar EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar Sterna vittata bethunei NPW­En; TAS1­En EPBC­En; EPBC­Mar Stictonetta naevosa Stiltia isabella Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Tadorna tadornoides Thalassarche (Diomedea) bulleri NPW­Vul EPBC­Mar Indian Yellow­nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri Shy Albatross Thalassarche (= Diomedea) cauta Atlantic Yellow­nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos Grey­headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; NPW­Vul; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002­Vul IUCN2003­En EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­NT; NPW­Vul; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar IUCN2002­NT IUCN2003­En EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; NPW­Vul; TAS1­Vul EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­ Mar IUCN2002 & IUCN2003­Vul; NPW­Vul; EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 678 Technical Report 2004 IUCN2002­Vul IUCN2003­En; TAS1­Vul; EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar IUCN2002 & 2003­Vul; NPW­Vul, EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Vul; EPBC­Mar Black­browed Albatross Thalassarche (Diomedea) melanophrys Pacific Albatross Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche nov. sp. Thalassarche salvini White­capped Albatross (N.B. closely related to Shy Albatross) Antarctic Petrel Hooded Plover (Eastern sub­species) Thalassarche steadi Australian White Ibis White Ibis Sacred Ibis Straw­necked Ibis Sacred Kingfisher Wood Sandpiper Common Sandpiper Common Greenshank Greenshank Marsh Sandpiper Common Redshank Buff­breasted Sandpiper Threskiornis molucca EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) NPW­Vul; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar Threskiornis aethiopica Threskiornis spinicollis Todiramphus sanctus Tringa glareola Tringa hypoleucos Tringa nebularia EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Tringa stagnatilis Tringa totanus Tryngites subruficollis EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar IUCN2000­LR/NT (N.B. IUCN status not updated since 2000, and current in 2004) EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Masked Lapwing Masked Plover Banded Lapwing Banded Plover Terek Sandpiper Vanellus miles Thalassoica antarctica Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis Vanellus tricolor Xenus cinereus (= Tringa terek) EPBC­Mig; EPBC­Mar Sponges Burton (1963); Bergquist and Skinner (1982); Hooper (1999 and 2000); Edgar (2000); Australian Government Department for the Environment and Heritage (2003d); wilson and Clarkson (2004). Common Name (a sponge, known from the S.A. gulfs region; possibly endemic). (a sponge with a spherical body, known only from Gulf St Vincent in S.A.; possibly endemic). (a sponge from southern and south­eastern Australia). Latin Name Amphoriscus cyathiscus Ancorina corticata Ancorina robusta An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 679 Technical Report 2004 (a black, cup­shaped sponge, used as a food souce by Zoila cowries) (a genus of sponges with distinct skeletal components, forming a primary and secondary skeleton; one species of which is known only from the type locality, in Gulf St Vincent). (a pink sponge, found all around Australia, from the intertidal down to 160m+). (a yellow sponge, found all around Australia, from the intertidal down to 160m+). (a genus of sponges with several species in southern Australia. Members of the genus are often cigar­ shaped, with large exhalent openings, and display a marked colour change from yellow, orange or green to darker colours, when exposed to air). (a calcareous sponge). (a widely distributed genus of sponges, including encrusting, massive, cup­shaped, fan­shaped and branching species, some of which occur in southern Australia). (a large genus of sponges with spongin­filled skeletons, some of which occur in South Australia. Previously, species were assigned to the genus Siphonochalina). (a broadly distributed Australia sponge, from deeper waters, over 35m). (a shallow­water sponge from southern and south­ eastern Australia). (a shallow­water sponge from southern, south­eastern and eastern Australia). (a sponge from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a sponge known mainly from the South Australia). (a sponge found in the shallow waters of the S.A. gulfs region). (a genus of bowl­ or plate­shaped sponges with no spicules. Some species have symbiotic algae growing on the surface, and members of the genus are common on reefs, particularly in areas of high current flow). (a sponge from southern and eastern Australia, with general characteristics as described above for the genus) (a sponge species from central S.A waters, possibly endemic; general characteristics as described above for the genus). “Sow’s Ear” Sponge (a brown, southern Australian sponge in a genus of erect sponges, either lobed­shaped, fan­shaped or with reticulate branching, with solid basal stems). (a species found in S.A. and WA, from a genus of erect sponges, either lobed­shaped, fan­shaped or with reticulate branching, with solid basal stems). Ancorina sp. Antho spp. (e.g. A. frondifera; A. tuberosa; A. saintvincenti) Aplysilla rosea Aplysilla sulfurea (= A. sulphurea) Aplysina spp. Aulorrhiza posterium Biemna spp. Callyspongia spp. Callyspongia bilamellata Callyspongia bullata Callyspongia pergamentacea Callyspongia paucispina Callyspongia relicta Callyspongia vincentina Carteriospongia spp. (see below for examples of species recorded in S.A.). Carteriospongia calciformis Carteriospongia mystica Caulospongia biflabellata Caulospongia reticulata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 680 Technical Report 2004 (a sponge species of limited distribution, known from Point Riley in Spencer Gulf; possibly also occurs in western part of S.A.). (a purple sponge from south­eastern Australia). (a widely distributed genus of encrusting sponges with smooth surfaces. The cavities under the sponge are often used as habitat by brittle stars, shrimps, molluscs and other animals). (a small genus of sponges like Chondrilla, but without spicules). (a widely distributed genus of sponges, with species in both tropical and temperate areas. Members of the genus are characterised by a fistulose growth form, with the base burrowing into the substrate, often sand. Sponge often in the form of digitate projections, or stalked lamellate shapes. Sponge surface usually semi­transparent, detachable, and parchment­like. (a genus of sponges, usually spherical, with inhalant openings like large pores on the surface). (a genus of erect, branching or multi­lamellate sponges, often brightly coloured – e.g. red, orange). (a sponge from deeper offshore reefs in western SA, and eastern Australia). (a sponge known from S.A. and Bass Strait) (a sponge known from Gulf St Vincent and the Upper South­East of S.A.; possibly endemic) (a sponge known from central S.A. waters, and Tasmania) (a sponge known from central S.A. waters, and W.A.) (a sponge known from Gulf St Vincent, and the East Coast of Australia, often found on shell or gravel, between approximately 18m ­ 56 m) (a reef sponge found to 60m, in waters of the Upper South­East of S.A., and the east coast of Australia). (a sponge species, known from the St Francis Isles in S.A.; possibly endemic). (a widely distributed sub­tropical and temperate sponge found from the intertidal to around 100m, in various habitats such as rocky reef, beds of macroalgae, limestone rubble, sand, mud and other soft sediments). (a reef sponge known from Bass Strait, and sites in S.A., such as Kingston, in waters 15m – 60m) (a sponge found on sand­covered rock substrate, known from Yorke Peninsula in S.A., and northern Tasmania) (a calcareous sponge, possibly endemic to S.A.). (a calcareous sponge). (a calcareous sponge). (a genus of sponges with three distinct growth phases; surface often with polygon­shaped grooves or short Caulospongia venosa Chelonaplysilla violacea Chondrilla spp. (e.g. C. australiensis) Chondrosia spp. Ciocalypta spp. Cinachyra spp. Clathria spp. Clathria (Axosuberites) thetidis Clathria (Clathria) caelata Clathria (Clathria) noarlungae Clathria (Clathria) oxyphila Clathria (Clathria) partita Clathria (Clathria) rubens Clathria (Clathria) transiens Clathria (Dendrocia) curvichela Clathria (Thalysias) cactiformis Clathria (Thalysias) costifera Clathria (Wilsonella) ensiae Clathrina densa Clathrina dictyoides Clathrina primordialis Cliona spp. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 681 Technical Report 2004 papillae). (an encrusting sponge). (a sponge species from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a species from a genus of thin­walled sponges with typically sticky, mucous­feel surfaces; growth forms often vases, fans or cups; recorded to date in N.S.W. and S.A.). (a genus of phototrophic sponges, mostly tropical, but some found in southern Australia). (a genus of sponges whose species often have a core of sand or spicule fragments). (a southern Australian sponge species). (a sponge of tropical affinity, recorded to date in Torres Strait, Queensland and the S.A. Gulf region). (a small genus of reef­encrusting sponges, with variably coloured species, including bright yellow; broadly distributed, including southern Australia). Rose Sponge Pink Sponge (a sponge found on rocky reefs, to around 50m deep; recorded all around Australia, also New Caledonia and Indo­Malayan region) (a genus of sponges with reticulate, fibrous skeletons, and delicate, cavernous tissue construction; the sponges are often lobate, stalked or spreading, with digitate projections. Some of the species occur in southern Australia). (a widely­distributed genus of soft, cavernous sponges, with cobweb­like surfaces; sponge fibres often cored with sand. Some of the species occur in southern Australia, and are eaten by Zoila cowries). (a sponge known from the upper South­East of S.A., and eastern and south­eastern Australia; found from the subtidal to around 80m, on sand, shell grit, rock or coral substrates, and in kelp beds). (a sponge known from Kangaroo Island, and eastern and south­eastern Australia; records from 15m – 32m, on sand, rock or rubble substrates). (a reef sponge with two distinct skeletal components and a “honeycomb” surface, known from Nuyts Archipelago and Gulf St Vincent in S.A., and also found in southern W.A.) (a reef sponge with two distinct skeletal components and a “honeycomb” surface, known from waters 5m – 40m deep; records from St Francis Isles in S.A., and various locations in eastern and south­eastern Australia waters) (a sponge, known only from American River on Kangaroo Island; possibly endemic) (a sponge, known to date only from Outer Harbour in Gulf St Vincent, and possibly endemic; recorded Cliona lesueuri Crella incrustans arenacea Cribrochalina dendyi Cymbastela spp. (e.g. Cymbastela notiaina) Dactylia spp. Dactylia crispata Dactylia syphonoides Darwinella spp. Dendrilla cactos (= D. rosea) Dictyodendrilla spp. Dysidea spp. Echinochalina barba Echinochalina tubulosa Echinoclathria inornata Echinoclathria leporina Echinoclathria notialis Echinoclathria parkeri An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 682 Technical Report 2004 between 23­25m depth, on gravel or rock reef). (a deeper water sponge found on rock reef, sand, and seagrass substrates; known from Kangaroo Island, N.S.W. and Bass Strait) (a sponge from a genus of vase­, cup­, fan­shaped and branching growth forms; the species is known from W.A., and parts of S.A., such as Yorke Peninsula). (a sponge known from waters in all Australian States). (a sponge from the Geodiidae, a family of thickly encrusting, massive to bowl­shaped growth forms. E. lendenfeldi is known from S.A., W.A. and Asia; records in waters deeper than 36m). (a genus of freshwater sponges). (a sponge, possibly endemic, known from Gulf St Vincent in S.A.; in a genus of globular, tubular, cup­ or fan­shaped sponges with marked exhalant canals; shiny skin­like surfaces produced by collagenous deposition; and multiple cone­like surface projections) (a widely distributed sponge from northern and southern Australia, recorded between 10m – 50m, with characteristics as described above, for F. cacos). (a species endemic to S.A., in a genus of encrusting or massive sponges). (a large genus of massive, amorphous sponges, some of which occur in southern Australia). (a genus of sponges, widely distributed globally, with many species; some known from Victoria may also occur in S.A.). (a reef sponge with honeycomb surface and hand­ shaped, rounded or lobed form, commonly recorded in southern Australian States). (a widely distributed genus of sponges, characterised by compressible, firm or brittle texture; cone­like surface projections; and sand and other debris within the fibres). (a sponge recorded in S.A., and also in Asia). (a sponge known from the S.A. Gulfs region; possibly endemic). (a sponge known from the S.A. Gulfs region, with Port Elliot being the type locality; possibly endemic to S.A.). (a white or pale orange, cave­dwelling sponge found in southern W.A. and less commonly, in western S.A.) (a calcareous sponge). (a sponge that occurs on the ascidian Pyura spinifera). (a widely distributed genus of erect, lamellate, massive, vase­shaped or lobate sponges; with conulose or papillose surfaces, often silt covered; some species occur in south­eastern Australia). (a sponge from the S.A. Gulfs coast, Kangaroo Island, and Tasmania). Echinoclathria subhispida Echinodictyum austrinum Echinodictyum mesenterinum Erylus lendenfeldi Eunapius spp. Fasciospongia cacos Fasciospongia turgida Forcepia crassanchorata Halichondria spp. Haliclona spp. Holopsamma laminaefavosa Hyrtios spp. Hyattella meander Geodia (Geodia) carteri Geodia (Sidonops) flemingi Geodia sp. B Grantessa erinaceus Halisarca ascidianum Higginsia spp. Hippospongia seposita An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 683 Technical Report 2004 (a reef sponge found form the shallow subtidal to 50m deep; widely distributed in temperate waters, including S.A.). (a sponge from S.A., south­eastern Australia and N.S.W., recorded on rock reef, sand and in kelp beds, from 2m – 38m. (a reef sponge known from Gulf St Vincent and central N.S.W., recorded between 15m ­25 m). (a sponge known from Nuyts Archipelago and the upper South­East in S.A., and lower N.S.W.; recorded on rock reef and sand substrates, between 8m–60m depth). (a sponge, possibly endemic, for which Gulf St Vincent is the type locality; in a genus of sponges with conulose surfaces, and no spongin). (a genus of fibrous, fan­shaped sponges; broadly distributed throughout Australia, Asia and Africa). (a broadly­distributed genus of sponges, mostly massive, branching or encrusting; some brightly coloured). (a genus of tough­textured sponges with large fibres, and surfaces marked by prominent cone­like projections). (a sponge from the shallow subtidal). (sponges from a genus of cup­shaped, lobed or flabellate, firmly­textured sponges, with a thin coating of sand armour). (a calcareous sponge). (a genus of calcareous, tube­like sponges with a circular tuft of spicules around the opening of each tube; often forming groups, attached to marine plants. There are 8 species in the genus, variously known from sites in southern and western Australia). (a genus of encrusting to massive sponges, with uneven surface and a soft consistency; some toxic; some occur in southern Australia). (a large genus of sponges with skeletons of spongin fibre and spicules; some species produce large amounts of mucous). (a shallow­water sponge, distributed around Australia and Asia). (species of toxic sponge, including one known to date only from the S.A. Gulfs; possibly endemic). (a calcareous sponge). (a pink, tube­like sponge) (a genus of sponges, including a small, brown, dome­ shaped species eaten by Zoila cowries) (a sponge species from deeper coastal waters; 28+m). (a sponge with sand incorporated into the skeleton, from southern and south­eastern Australia; recorded between 1m – 99m) Holopsamma arborea Holopsamma crassa Holopsamma macropora Holopsamma ramosa Hoplochalina renieroides Ianthella spp. Iophon spp. Ircinia spp. Jaspis stellifera Leiosella caliculata Leiosella sp. Leucandra pandora Leucosolenia spp. Lissodendoryx spp. Mycale spp. Naviculina mirabilis Neofibularia mordens Neofibularia sp. Paraleucilla cucumis Pericharax sp. Penares spp. Phorbas novaezealandiae Phoriospongia kirki An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 684 Technical Report 2004 (a sponge with sand incorporated into the skeleton, from southern and south­eastern Australia; recorded between 20m ­ 40m) (a genus of stalked, branching or massive, cup­shaped sponges, with a “shaggy” surface). (a sponge known only from central S.A. waters; possibly endemic). (a sponge with an axial core of sand grains). (a genus of sponge whose species are widely distributed both globally and throughout Australia; members of the genus are characterised by complex skeletons with up to five components, and have a large solid base, and conical, cylindrical, or mammillate papillae on the sponge surface). (a genus of sponges, usually filled with sand grains and foreign spicules i.e. from other sponges). (a genus of sponges characterised by regular, reticular fibrous skeletons, and surfaces armoured with an organised crust of foreign material, incorporating sand, small rock fragments, and foreign spicules from other sponges). (a freshwater sponge, known from the south­eastern Australian coastal area and the Murray­Darling drainage system). (a freshwater sponge, from eastern and south­eastern Australia) (a broadly distributed genus of branching, lobate or massive sponges) (a sponge from southern Australia). (a prickly­textured species from a genus of massive sponges, eaten by Zoila cowries) (a genus of sponges characterised by tough texture and cone­like surface projections). (See Callyspongia spp.) (a large genus of common sponges, from a family whose members are often very large, encrusting to massive, with rounded surface protuberances). (a sponge species found in S.A., eastern Australia, N.Z. and Japan, from a genus of compressible, “springy” sponges with cone­like surface projections, and variable morphology (massive, spherical, lamellate or cup­shaped). (a genus of sponges, some very tall, and brightly coloured; some species are used as by Zoila cowries as food sources) (a genus of sponges, widely distributed around Australia). (a sponge from southern and western Australia). (a sponge of uncertain taxonomic affinity, whose type locality is the Encounter Bay / Murray Mouth region). Phoriospongia squalida Phycopsis spp. Phycopsis hirsuta Pleraplysilla spinifera Polymastia spp. Psammopemma spp. Psammocinia spp. Radiospongilla sceptroides Radiospongilla synoica Raspailia spp. Rhabdastrella reticulata Rhaphoxya sp. Sarcotragus spp. (e.g. Sarcotragus muscarum) Siphonochalina spp. Spirastrella spp. (e.g. Spirastrella cf. papillosa; S. purpurea) Spongia hispida Spongosorites spp. Stelletta spp. Sigmosceptrella fibrosa (Stelospongia scalatella) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 685 Technical Report 2004 (a small genus of branching sponges, from south­ eastern Australia). (a smooth sponge with compressed lobate growth form; found in the shallow subtidal in south­eastern Australian waters). (a calcareous sponge). (a genus of rounded, tube­shaped sponges with a cross­hatched surface; a hole at the top of each tube; and calcium carbonate spicules in the skeleton). (a calcareous sponge). (a brown or cream­coloured calcareous sponge, growing in small clumps on rock surfaces). (a calcareous sponge, found to date only in Gulf St Vincent; possibly endemic) (a calcareous sponge, occurring to 30m deep). (a calcareous sponge, found to date only in Gulf St Vincent; possibly endemic) (a genus of sponges, containing both tropical and temperate species, including an unnamed species eaten by Zoila cowries in S.A.). (a genus of thin fan­shaped, lamellate or foliaceous sponges) (a genus of spherical sponges, often with many small irregular projections used for anchoring to reef surfaces. Commonly called “golf ball sponges” or “pumpkin” sponges). (a genus of stipitate, cup­ or lamellate­shaped, compressible sponges of soft texture, with fine small conules covering the surface, and an undulating “pitted” appearance over whole or part of surface). (a sponge known from S.A. and W.A., with characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (a sponge with characteristics as outlined above for the genus; known to date only from Kangaroo Island; possibly endemic to S.A.). (a sponge known from S.A. and N.S.W., with characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (a sponge known from W.A., S.A. and N.S.W., with characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (a sponge known from both northern and southern Australia, with characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (a sponge known from S.A. and N.S.W., with characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (an orange, red or brown, erect sponge found in South Australia, from a widely distributed genus). (a genus of sponges, widely distributed globally). (a genus of mainly large sponges, stalked, globular, or fan­shaped, with a rectangular­mesh, spongin skeleton, and usually large spaces between the fibres. Sand and other debris is often embedded in parts of Stylinos spp. Stylotrichophora rubra Sycetta primitiva Sycon spp. (see below for examples of species in S.A.) Sycon carteri Sycon gelatinosum Sycon giganteum Sycon procumbens Sycortis laevigata Tedania spp. Teichaxinella spp. Tethya spp. (e.g. T. australis; T. bergquistae) Taonura spp. (see below for examples of species in S.A.) Taonura colus Taonura crassior Taonura haackei Taonura marginalis Taonura pala Taonura tuba Tedania sp. Tetilla spp. Thorecta spp. (e.g. T. prima; T. vasiformis) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 686 Technical Report 2004 fleshy skeleton, such as the outer cell layer and the core of the primary fibres. Some species have cylindrical, flanged exhalent openings). (a shallow water sponge known from S.A., W.A., Victoria and northern Australia, with general characteristics as outlined above for the genus). (a widely distributed genus of stalked, globular, fan­ shaped or tubular sponges, with heavily­armoured, ridged surface; rectangular skeleton with thick fibres and much soft tissue; easily crumbled and collapsible body, and excessive mucus production typical. Species in the genus are known from around Australia, New Zealand, western Pacific, and Japan). (a brightly­coloured, finger­shaped sponge species of broad depth distribution, from 14m to 180m, found in southern and western Australia). (a small genus of sponges from lower south­eastern Australia). Thorecta latus Thorectandra spp. Trachycladus laevispirulifer Trachygellius spp. Molluscs Beechey (undated); Reeve (1843); Smith (1884); Kobelt (1897); Basedow (1905); Verco (1908); Hedley (1922); Cotton and Godfrey (1931, 1932, 1938); Allan (1936); Cotton (1947, 1956, 1959, 1961); Iredale and McMichael (1962); Macpherson and Gabriel (1962); Powell (1966); Cate (1973); Ponder (1974); Ponder and Yoo (1976, 1977a, 1977b); Ludbrook (1978); Cate (1979); Coleman (1981); Eisenberg (1981); Warén (1981); Marshall (1983); Ponder (1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c); Ponder and Yoo (1980); Rheder (1980); Oliver (1982); Phillips et al. (1984); Trew (1984, 1987); Wells and Bryce (1986); Bratcher and Cernohorsky (1987); Gowlett­Holmes and Holmes (1989); Rombouts (1991); Waren and Crossland (1991); Hewish and Gowlett­Holmes (1991); Dance (1992); Lamprell and Whitehead (1992); Poppe and Goto (1992); Sleurs (1992); Ponder and Keyzer (1992); Wilson et al. (1993, 1994); Gowlett­Holmes and Zeidler (1993); Houbrick (1993); Vokes (1993, 1995); Willan (1993); Henning and Hemmen (1993); Wells (1994); Dekker and Goud (1994, 1995); Bieler (1993, 1996, 1997); Macdonald (1996); Bail and Limpus (1997); Hart and Limpus (1998); Lamprell and Healy (1998); Beesley et al. (1998); Ponder and Grayson (1998); Jansen (1995; 1999); Kreipl and Alf (1999); Poppe and Brulet (1999); Weil et al. (1999); Geiger and Poppe (2000); Vongpanich (2000); Middelfart (2000, 2002); Edgar (2000); Lorenz and Hubert (2000); Lorenz (2001); Tursch and Greifeneder (2001); Rudman (2000­2004); Darragh (2002); Wilson (2002); Ponder et al. (2002); Academy of Natural Sciences (2003); Keats (2003); Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage (2004a); Watters (2004); Wilson and Clarkson (2004). The section below on Conservation Status includes the rankings of Ponder and Grayson (1998). These authors assigned categories of vulnerability to molluscs used in the shell trade. The criteria that were used, were based on distribution, development, accessibility, and market value. The consequent rankings ranged from A (most vulnerable) through to E (least vulnerable) (see Ponder and Grayson, 1998). O’Hara and Barmby (2000) undertook a similar assessment for Victorian molluscs, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. The conservation status of specimen shells according to Ponder and Grayson is listed below for An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 687 Technical Report 2004 specimen shells in S.A., as well as those in adjoining and nearby states (Victoria, Tasmania and W.A.), in which some of these species also occur. For a number of species listed below, qualitative statements by shell authorities are also included, regarding rarity / uncommonness. Endemic status of species within S.A. is also included (according to the most recently published knowledge on taxonomy and distribution). Common Name (a white semelid bivalve from intertidal and shallow subtidal sand habitats in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white tellin shell from intertidal sand habitats in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in intertidal habitats, in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a cockle from shallow sand habitats in south­eastern and southern Australia) (a white nudibranch with purple papillae; widespread distribution throughout the Indo­West Pacific) (a small shell in the Columbellidae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a small Whelk shell from the intertidal and subtidal; found in New Zealand, Queensland, N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.). (a small shell in the Litiopidae family or the Dialidae family, found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small shell in the Litiopidae family, found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.). (a small transparent shell in the Litiopidae family; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania). (a small marginella shell, from S.A. and southern W.A., Latin Name Abra (Syndosmya) exigua Conservation Status Abranda modestina Aclophora hedleyi Aclophoropsis festiva Acrosterigma cygnorum Aegires villosus Aesopus australis Agnewia tritoniformis Alaba monile (= Diala monile) Alaba pulchra Alaba translucida Alaginella borda An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 688 Technical Report 2004 recorded from 30m to more than 200m deep) (a small marginella shell from the continental shelf and slope; ranging from N.S.W. through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small marginella shell from the continental shelf; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a small, deep­water marginella shell, found in southern Australia and Tasmania) (a small top shell found amongst macroalgae and seagrass debris in tide pools; occurs in S.A. and W.A.) (a small ancillid shell found to date only in S.A.) (a small ancillid shell found in southern Australia, excluding Tasmania) (a small ancillid shell found across southern Australia, and in Tasmania; occurs on sandy substrates, over the width of the continental shelf). (two small ancillid shells found across southern Australia, including Tasmania). (a small cerithiopsid shell that feeds on sponges; found to date only in deeper waters of the continental shelf, off Cape Wiles in S.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (two small rissoid gastropods that feeds on micro­algal film; both recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) (two small rissoid gastropods that feeds on micro­algal film; both recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod Alaginella geminata Alaginella malina Alaginella vercoi Alcyna acia Alocospira beachportensis Possibly endemic to S.A. Alocospira edithae Alocospira petterdi (= Alocospira fusiformis) (= Ancillaria fusiformis) Alocospira marginata Alocospira oblonga Altispecula geniculose Possibly endemic to S.A. Alvania (Alvania) novarensis Alvania (Alvania) fasciata Alvania (Linemera) suprasculpta Alvania (Alvania) occidua Alvania (Linemera) verconiana Alvania (Alvania) strangei An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 689 Technical Report 2004 that feeds on micro­algal film; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a deep­water ancillid shell found on the continental shelf and slope in S.A. and W.A.). (a keyhole limpet found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranges from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Black Keyhole Limpet (a common limpet found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranges from southern Queensland through to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a keyhole limpet found in S.A. and W.A.) (a keyhole limpet found in Victoria and S.A.) (a gregarious mussel, from shallow subtidal habitats in southern and eastern Australia) Desirable Volute Much­Desired Volute (a volute shell from the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) Amalda coccinata Amblychilepas javanicensis Amblychilepas nigrita Amblychilepas oblonga Amblychilepas omicron Amygdalum beddomei Amoria exoptanda Wavy Volute Amoria undulata (a volute shell with a broad depth range, from the intertidal to the outer continental shelf / upper slope; ranging from Queensland through to W.A.) Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: C in S.A. B or C in W.A. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D in S.A., W.A. and Tasmania Amoria undulata also assigned vulnerability category D in Victoria (O’Hara and Barmby, 2000), using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Some forms are now considered by some shell distributors and collectors to be hard to obtain, and no longer readily available. Some colour forms are An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 690 Technical Report 2004 (a gastropod shell in the Anabathridae family; found to date only in S.A.) (a tropical scallop found on mud or sand in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in parts of the tropical Indo­ West Pacific such as Indonesia and New Caledonia; also recorded in Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a small, nest­forming mussel, ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a gastropod shell in the Anabathridae family; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small dove shell, found all around Australia, including Tasmania and N.T.) (a small dove shell found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small dove shell from the intertidal; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (two small dove shells, both known only from S.A.) (a small dove shell found in south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small dove shell found in the intertidal, in Victoria and S.A.) (a wedge shell from intertidal sand or mud; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small wedge shell from intertidal sand habitats in Tasmania and S.A.) (a small Scissurellid slit shell found in Tasmania and S.A.) (a small Trophine shell, found on the edge of the continental shelf / upper Amphithalamus (Amphithalamus) obesus considered rare. Possibly endemic to S.A. Amusium balloti Amygdalum beddomei Anabathron (Anabathron) contabulatum Anachis atkinsoni Anachis beachportensis Anachis cominellaeformis Anachis dolicha Anachis fenestrata Anachis fulgida Both species possibly endemic to S.A. Anachis remoensis Anapella cycladea Anapella amygdala Anatoma guntheri Anatrophon latior An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 691 Technical Report 2004 slope; endemic to eastern S.A. and Bass Strait) (a dolphin shell in the Turbinidae, known only from the gulfs region in S.A., where it was recorded in the mid 1800s; still considered to be a valid species, according to the Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) (a bivalve from mud and sand habitats in the shallow subtidal; found in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a lucinid shell from shallow sand habitats across eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a venus shell found in estuarine and shallow subtidal sand and mud habitats; occurs around Australia, excluding Tasmania; also found at various locations in the eastern Indian Ocean) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf and slope; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a horse hoof limpet; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a horse hoof limpet that is common in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, attached to the underside of stones; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.; also East Africa and Polynesia) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a golden­brown sea hare mollusc that eats green macroalgae) Little Sea Hare (a mollusc in the Aplysiidae family; widely distributed in Angaria australis Possibly endemic, however there are no recent records) Anisodonta subalata Anodontia (Cavatidens) perplexa Antigona (Antigona) chemnitzii Antiguraleus kingensis Antisabia erma Antisabia foliacea Apicalia brazieri Aplysia juliana Aplysia parvula An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 692 Technical Report 2004 tropical and warm temperate waters around the world) Sydney “Sea Cow” (a large sea hare mollusc) (a nudibranch with a brown reticulated pattern; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a nudibranch with a brown and white reticulated pattern; recorded in south­eastern Australia) (a small top shell, found between 150m and 1060m deep; recorded from very few locations, in Queensland and N.S.W., and off Cape Wiles in S.A.) (a gastropod in the Architectonicidae family, found in mud and sand habitats; widespread throughout the tropical Indo­ West Pacific; also recorded in N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell found in S.A.) (a small turbinid shell found in S.A.) Flag Triton Argus Triton (a triton shell found on reefs in the intertidal and subtidal; occurs in N.S.W, Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Knobbed Argonaut Southern Argonaut (a small gastropod in the Hydrobiidae family; found in mud in coastal rivers and estuarine areas; ranging from N.S.W. through to S.A., including Tasmania) (two turrid shells known from Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell with various named forms in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Aplysia sydneyensis Aphelodoris lawsae Possibly endemic to S.A. [Aphelodoris sp. 2] Archiminolia oleacea Considered rare (Beechey, undated) Architectonica (perspectiva­group) perspectiva Argalista corallina Argalista fugitiva Possibly endemic to S.A. Argalista roseopunctata Possibly endemic to S.A. Argobuccinum pustulosum tumidum Argonauta nodosa Ascorhis victoriae Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) bastowi Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) bitorquata Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) desalesii An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 693 Technical Report 2004 (a turrid shell found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (three turrid shells, all known to date only from S.A.) (a turrid shell, known to date from N.S.W. and S.A.) (a turrid shell, known from Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small brown marine gastropod in the Assimineidae, a family of mainly terrestrial species; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A.) (a top shell found on rocky reef and in rubble; ranging in distribution from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell found on sand amongst seagrasses, in S.A. and W.A.) (a top shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a top shell with a broad depth range on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell found in S.A. and W.A.; live specimens have been recorded in brown, flask­shaped sponge ) (a top shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.; species has been recorded in brown, cup­shaped sponge ) (a top shell known only from S.A.; holotype was dredged by Verco in Spencer Gulf; full extent of distribution not known) (a top shell with a sinistral shell, found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small Acmaeid limpet, possibly endemic to S.A.) Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) tasmanica Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) perplexa Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) vercoi Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) walcotae Asperdaphne (Asperdaphne) vestalis Asperdaphne (Aspertilla) legrandi Assiminea (Metassiminea) brazieri All three species possibly endemic to S.A. Astele (Astele) armillatum Astele (Astele) ciliare Reported to be uncommon (Wilson et al., 1993) Astele (Astele) rubiginosum Astele (Astele) subcarinatum Astele (Astelena) multigranum Astele (Astelena) scitulum Astele (Callistele) calliston Reported to be rare in collections (Wilson et al., 1993). Possibly endemic to S.A.. Astele (Sinutor) incertum Asteracmea alboradiata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 694 Technical Report 2004 (4 species of small, translucent limpet, mostly with radial pink bands, in the Acmaeidae family; all 4 species found in S.A. and W.A.) (a turbinid star shell that is common in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a turbinid star shell known only from S.A.; possibly a variant of Astralium aureum, rather than a separate species) Scaly Star Shell (a turbinid star shell that is very common in shallow water habitats, especially in seagrass beds; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small cerithiopsid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in S.A. and W.A.) (a small cerithiopsid shell that lives on sponges in the shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a family of small, planktonic molluscs with fragile shells; includes the genus Atlanta, recorded mainly on the east coast, however there may also be representatives in southern Australia) (a dark nudibranch with many tubercles on the surface; widespread in the Indo­West Pacific, and recorded in W.A.; possibly extending into S.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; known only from S.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Asteracmea crebristriata Asteracmea illibrata Asteracmea roseoradiata Asteracmea stowae Astralium aureum Astralium rutidoloma Possibly endemic to S.A. (if recognised as a species) Astralium squamiferum Ataxocerithium beasleyi Ataxocerithium beasleyi Atlantidae [Atagema intecta] Attenuata lockyeri Possibly endemic to S.A. Attenuata schoutanica An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 695 Technical Report 2004 (a pale yellow to bright orange shell­less mollusc from the intertidal and shallow subtidal) (a white bivalve, found on the continental shelf in sand and shell habitats; ranging across southern Australia) (a ochre­coloured bivalve, found on the continental shelf; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a common top shell found on rocky shores in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Wavy Top Shell (a top shell from exposed rocky shores; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Ribbed Top Shell (a common top shell of variable colour and pattern; abundant on rocky shores, and also on muddy flats in bays and estuaries; ranging from N.S.W. though to W.A., including Tasmania) Checkered Top Shell (a top shell found on rocky shores, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Zebra Top Shell (an abundant top shell found on exposed rocky shores, around the mid­tide zone; also on sand, seagrass, and mangroves in sheltered estuaries; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Smooth Top Shell (a top shell that is abundant on exposed rocky shores; found in S.A. and W.A.) Reeve’s Cowrie (a cowrie that occurs on the continental shelf, with deeper water forms being more globular; occasionally seen Austraeolis ornata Austrocardiella isosceles Austrocardiella (previously Condylocuna) trifoliata Austrocochlea adelaidae Austrocochlea concamerata Austrocochlea constricta Austrocochlea odontis Austrocochlea porcata Austrocochlea rudis Austrocypraea reevei (= Cypraea reevei) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 696 Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: B (in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally). Technical Report 2004 in the intertidal; found in western S.A. and W.A.) A. reevei has a restricted range in SA Considered by some shell distributors to be “now rare”. (three turrid shell species, known to date only from S.A.) (a turrid shell, found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small marginella shell found in south­eastern and southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand) (two small marginella shells found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a recently described harp shell found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.; the type sepcimen is from 140m, in the gReat Australian Bight) Exquisite Harp (a small, uncommon harp shell from eastern and southern Australia, and Tasmania) Punctate Harp Shell (a small harp shell found in S.A. and southern W.A.) Austrodrillia Austrodrillia Austrodrillia Austrodrillia agrestis dimidiata sublicata saxea All three species possibly endemic to S.A. Austroginella muscaria Austroginella johnstoni Austroginella tasmanica Austroharpa learorum Austroharpa (Palamharpa) exquisita Austroharpa (Palamharpa) punctata Possibly rare; very few specimens have been recorded to date (see Hart and Limpus, 1998; Poppe and Brulet, 1999). Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: C (Tasmania and Victoria). Considered rare to very rare by shell collectors and distributors, but not formally listed under any schedules. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: B (in S.A. and W.A., and nationally). A. (P.) punctata has a restricted range in S.A. O’Hara and Barmy (2000) Vulnerability Category C in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s criteria. A. (P.). punctata is considered by shell collectors and distributors An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 697 Technical Report 2004 to be rare, but is not formally listed on any schedules. (a small turbinid shell found under stones in the shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small turbinid shell found under rocks in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit of the distribution) (a small turbinid shell found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell ranging in disrtibution from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, variable costellate mitre shell found amongst rocks and macroalgae; ranging from southern Queensland through to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a small costellate mitre shell found in rocky, sandy and muddy habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a costellate mitre shell known only from the type locality on the continental shelf of the Great Australian Bight in S.A.) (a small costellate mitre shell, found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a gastropod in the Aclididae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a gastropod in the Anabathridae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Kelp Shell Banded Bankivia Austroliotia australis Austroliotia botanica Austroliotia densilineata Austroliotia pulcherrima Austromitra analogica Austromitra arnoldi Austromitra minutenodosa Possibly endemic to S.A. Austromitra tasmanica Awanuia minutulum Badepigrus badia Bankivia fasciata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 698 Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low Technical Report 2004 Banded Sand Shell (a small, elongate top shell that is highly variable in colour and pattern; lives in the shallow subtidal, and is abundant in beach drift in south­eastern Australia; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a bivalve that attaches to rock or debris; found in all Australian states except N.T.) (a bivalve that attaches to stones or rock, to 20m deep; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a white bivalve that burrows in clay, in the shallow subtidal; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W.) Wedding Cake Venus Shell Frilled Venus Shell Wedding Cake Cockle (a venus shell from sandy mud habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) category of vulnerability (Category E in all states, including S.A.) Barbatia (Barbatia) pistachia Barbatia (Acar) riculata Barnea (Anchomasa) obturamentum Bassina (Callanaitis) disjecta (=Venus lamellata) Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E in S.A., Tasmania and Victoria). Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as being uncommon. Faintly Frilled Venus Shell (a venus shell from shallow sand habitats across southern Australia) (a small bivalve from the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small white bivalve, recorded to 180+m deep; found to date only in S.A.) (a southern mud creeper shell, found in muddy estuarine habitats in Victoria, Tasmania S.A. and W.A.) (a small, common olivella shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Bassina (Bassina) pachyphylla Bathyarca adelaideana Bathycorbis percostata Possibly endemic to S.A Batillariella estuarina Belloliva triticea An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 699 Technical Report 2004 Gold­mouthed Conniwink (a littorinid shell found in a variety of nearshore habitats, including sheltered rocky shore, sand and mud habitats, and mangroves; found around Australia, including Tasmania and excluding N.T.) Striped­mouthed Conniwink (a littorinid shell found on semi­exposed rocky shores in Queensland, N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a littorinid shell found in a variety of nearshore habitats, including saltmarshes, sand and mud habitats, mangroves, and rocky shores; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small Trophine shell from deep waters, to around 450m, with the outer continental shelf being the upper depth limit; known from Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (two forms of a top shell that ranges in distribution from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (two species of top shell; both found in W.A. and S.A.) (a top shell found in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs commonly across eastern and southern Australia; also found in New Zealand and various countries in the tropical Indo­ West Pacific) Hairy Mussel Rough­beaked Mussel (a mussel from W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) Beaked Mussel Bembicium auratum Bembicium nanum Bembicium vittatum Benthoxystus recurvatus Botelloides bassianus Botelloides bassianus bassianus Botelloides bassianus borda Botelloides chrysalidus chrysalidus Botelloides sulcatus sulcatus Bouchetriphora pallida Brachidontes (Brachidontes) erosa Brachidontes An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 700 Technical Report 2004 (a mussel from N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a mussel from S.A. and W.A.) (a tube­shaped bivalve that lives in sand or mud, or embedded in kelp roots; found in W.A. and S.A.) (a large, tube­shaped bivalve that lives in coarse sand amongst sparse Posidonia seagrass and shell debris, to 12m deep; extant species known only from S.A., but fossil form also found in W.A.) (two small shells in the Skeneidae family; both found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a buccinid whelk from S.A. and W.A., commonly under rocks in the intertidal and shallow subtidal). (a slug­like mollusc with a heavily calcified external shell; found in shallow subtidal habitats in New Zealand and southern Australia) Spengler’s Triton Spengler’s Rock Whelk (a triton shell that occurs in exposed rocky habitats, mainly in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; commonly found amongst ascidians such as Cunjevoi, upon which it feeds; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded in New Zealand) (Brachidontes) rostratus Ploughed Triton Cabestana tabulata Brachidontes ustulatus Brechites (Brechites) vaginiferus australis Brechites (Foegia) veitchi Possibly endemic to S.A. Brookula angeli Brookula crebresculpta Brookula nepeanensis Buccinulum bednalli Bulla quoyii Cabestana spengleri Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E for all States, including S.A.). O’Hara and Barmby (2000) stated that C. spengleri is one of the previously common shallow water species in Victoria that has been subjected to over­ collecting in the nearshore zone, and is no longer commonly seen on shore platforms, compared with its abundance in the middle of last century. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 701 Technical Report 2004 Shouldered Triton (a triton shell found on reef in the intertidal; and in rubble, reef and mud habitats in the subtidal; ranging from N.S.W., through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded in New Zealand) (a small creeper shell found on rocks, seagrass rhizomes, and amongst macroalgae in the shallow subtidal; distributed from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small creeper shell, distributed from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, tube­shaped gastropod in the Caecidae family; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Lamellaria Shells (three species in the Lamellariidae, a family of gastropods with thin, translucent shells; all three species found to date only in S.A.). (a top shell found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A. (a top shell found on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a top shell found on cup­ shaped sponges; ranges from N.S.W. through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a top shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a top shell ranging in distribution from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (two top shells, both ranging in distribution from Victoria through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell from interidal Cacozeliana granarium Cacozeliana icarus Caecum (Caecum) amputatum Caledoniella labyrinthina Caledoniella pulchra Caledoniella testudinis All three species possibly endemic to S.A. (Basedow, 1905, cited by Wilson et al., 1993; Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) Calliostoma (Fautor) allporti Calliostoma (Fautor) columnarium Calliostoma (Fautor) comptum Calliostoma (Fautor) hedleyi Calliostoma (Fautor) legrandi Calliostoma (Fautor) legrandi legrandi Calliostoma (Fautor) zietzi Callista (Notocallista) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 702 Technical Report 2004 sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a venus shell from interidal and subtidal sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a very small gastropod in the Vitrinellidae family; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small lucinid shell, known from Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a slipper shell that attaches to stones and the inner sides of large dead shells; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Spiral Nutmeg Shell (a nutmeg shell found across southern Australia, from Bass Strait to southern W.A.) diemenensis (a nutmeg shell from the interidal and shallow subtidal; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a nutmeg shell found on the continental shelf across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a nutmeg shell from the shallow subtidal, found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a nutmeg shell from the shallow subtidal; found in all Australian states, including Tasmania but excluding N.T.) (a small top shell found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.; may be a synonym of C. tiberiana) (a small top shell found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell found in deeper waters on the continental shelf; known only from S.A.; the type specimen was dredged off Cape Wiles, at 183m deep). Cancellaria (Sydaphera) granosa Callista (Notocallista) kingii Callomphala lucida Callucina (Pseudolucinisca) lacteola Calyptraea calyptraeformis Cancellaria (Nevia) spirata Dance (1992) categorised C. spirata as Occurrence Code 3 (i.e. mid­way on a Common to Rare scale of 5 to 1) Cancellaria (Sydaphera) lactea Cancellaria (Sydaphera) purpuriformis Cancellaria (Sydaphera) undulata Cantharidella balteata Cantharidella beachportensis Cantharidella ocellina An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 703 Possibly endemic to S.A. Technical Report 2004 (a small top shell found on macroalgae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Rambur's Jewel Top Shell (a small, brightly coloured top shell that is abundant on brown macroalgae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; known from Victoria and S.A.; considered by some authorities to be the same species as Prothalotia lehmanni) (a cap limpet that attaches to the shell of other gastropods; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a cap limpet that attaches to the shell of other gastropods; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small luicinid shell found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a cardita shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Australian Cardita Shell (a cardita shell of variable colour, found around Australia and parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific region) (a cardita shell from shallow sand habitats; found in all Australian States, and N.T.) (a brown and white bivalve from southern Australia, known mainly from S.A.) (a brown and/or white bivalve from W.A. and S.A.) (a red­brown and white bivalve from southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a white bivalve from N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a family of cylindrical, pelagic molluscs with small cap­like shells; includes the genus Carinaria, known Cantharidella tiberiana Cantharidus ramburi Capulus devotus Capulus violaceus Cardiolucina crassilirata Cardita calyculata Cardita crassicosta Cardita excavata Carditella (Carditella) subtrigona Carditella (Carditella) valida Carditella (Carditella) vincentensis Carditellopsis elegantula Carinariidae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 704 Technical Report 2004 mainly from south­eastern Australia, however representatives may also occur in southern Australia) Fringed Helmet Shell (a helmet shell found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Cassis (Hypocassis) fimbriata Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D (in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) Dance (1992) categorised C. fimbriata as Occurrence Code 3 (i.e. mid­way on a Common to Rare scale of 5 to 1) Orange­edged Limpet (a large limpet found on exposed rocky shores in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Variegated Limpet (a limpet found on exposed rocky shores in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a pink, orange and white nudibranch) Short­tailed Sea­Slug Short­tailed Chromodorid (a brightly coloured nudibranch that ranges from N.S.W. through to W.A.) (a top shell found on the continental shelf in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a top shell know to date only from S.A.) (a top shell found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Lamp Triton Red Rock Whelk (a widely distributed triton shell, with various named subspecies in other parts of the world; occurs in rocky habitats over a broad depth range, from the intertidal to the continental slope; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a limpet­like shell that attaches to stones or other Cellana solida Cellana tramoserica Ceratosoma amoena Ceratosoma brevicaudatum Charisma arenacea Charisma carinata Possibly endemic to S.A. Charisma josephi Charonia lampas Charonia lampas rubicunda Cheilea flindersi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 705 Technical Report 2004 shells; found in Victoria and S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Chevallieria australis Iravadiidae family; recorded to date only in S.A.) Damicornis Murex Chicoreus (Triplex) Long­Horned Murex damicornis Purple Murex (a muricid shell occurring to around 100m deep; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) Denuded Murex (a muricid shell that occurs mainly in eastern and southeastern Australia) Chicoreus (Triplex) denudatus Possibly endemic to S.A. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: D in S.A. E in Victoria C. (T.) damicornis has been considered “moderately uncommon” (Beechey, undated) Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E, in S.A. and Victoria) C. (T.) denudatus is not commonly recorded in S.A. Recently, Beechey (undated) reported that the species appears to be extinct in S.A., and that recorded specimens are probably fossils. (a bivalve that attaches to limestone or coral; found in eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in the shallow subtidal, often under stones; known mainly from N.S.W., but also recorded in southern Queensland, Victoria and S.A.) (a scallop shell from sand habitats; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a scallop from shell debris habitat; found across Chama ruderalis Cheirodonta labiata Chlamys (Belchlamys) aktinos Chlamys (Talochlamys) famigerator An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 706 Technical Report 2004 southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a genus of nudibranchs) (a purple, orange and white nudibranch, found in shallow subtidal habitats in southern Australia) (a white nudibranch with purple and orange spots; recorded in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a cream/white nudibranch with orange spots; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white nudibranch with large orange or red spots; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a cream/white nudibranch with small dark red spots, found in south­eastern Australia, including S.A.) (A widely distributed tropical nudibranch, also recorded on reefs in southern Australia, amongst brown macroalgae) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in sand and shell habitats in the shallow subtidal; occurs in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a venus shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a venus shell from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitat in northern Australia and various parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific; also recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a very small gastropod in the Vitrinellidae family; recorded in Victoria and S.A.) Chromodoris spp. Chromodoris alternata Chromodoris ambiguus Chromodoris epicuria Chromodoris tasmaniensis Chromodoris cf. tasmaniensis Chromodoris tinctoria Chunula johnstoni Chunula petalifera Circe (Circe) rivularis Circe (Redicirce) sulcata Circulus delectabile An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 707 Technical Report 2004 (a very small gastropod in the Vitrinellidae family; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a very small gastropod in the Vitrinellidae family; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in deeper waters of the continental shelf, in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family, from the continental shelf and slope; found in south­eastern Australia, from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania). (a small wentletrap shell known mainly from N.S.W.; possibly also occurs in S.A., based on previous records from the outer continental shelf) (a wentletrap shell found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a wentletrap shell found at shallow depths on the continental shelf in Tasmania and S.A.; closely related to C. translucidum) (a small top shell that is common under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small top shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell found Circulus harriettae Circulus pachyston Possibly endemic to S.A. Cirsonella carinata Cirsonella weldii Cirsotrema mörchi Cirsotrema (Propescala) translucidum Cirsotrema (Propescala) valida Clanculus consobrinus Clanculus denticulatus Clanculus dunkeri Clanculus euchelioides Clanculus flagellatus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 708 Technical Report 2004 under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell occurring to around 150m deep; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Keeled Clanculus (a small top shell that is common under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Rounded Clanculus (a small top shell that is common under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small, uncommon top shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Clanculus leucomphalus Clanculus limbatus Clanculus maxillatus C. albanyensis is Clanculus albanyensis (previously C. ochroleucus) considered by shell authorities to be “not abundant” (Wilson et al., 1993), and considered by shell collectors to be “uncommon” (e.g. Keats, 2003). Considered to be “not (a small, uncommon top shell Clanculus personatus from the intertidal; found in common” (Wilson et al., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and 1993) W.A.) (a small top shell found on Clanculus philippi macroalgae in the subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell found Clanculus plebejus under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small top shell found Clanculus ringens under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A. ) Ponder and Grayson Wavy Clanculus Clanculus undatus (the largest of the Australian (1998) assigned a low Clanculus shells; ranging category of vulnerability from N.S.W. through to W.A., (Category E, in all states, including Tasmania) including S.A.). (a small top shell found on macroalgae in the subtidal; Clanculus weedingi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 709 Technical Report 2004 found in S.A. and W.A. ) (a tube­shaped bivalve that attaches to rocks and shells; also lives unattached and partly embedded in substrate; occurs from 2m – 250m deep; found in S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.; also represented in S.A. in fossil form) (a bivalve that attaches to reef in shallow water; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) Rugose Slit Limpet False Limpet (two small species of cap limpet; both recorded from Tasmania and S.A.) Codakia Shell Codakia (a white, sand­dwelling lucinid shell from southeastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) Codakia Shell Codakia (a sand­dwelling lucinid shell from Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Granulated Limpet (a limpet from exposed intertidal rock platforms, distributed from western Victoria to the west coast of S.A., and uncommon in Tasmania) Banded Limpet (a common limpet from the intertidal zone, found from Ceduna in western S.A. to Quobba in W.A.) (a limpet found on limestone in the intertidal zone, from western S.A. to southern W.A.) (a screw shell found on the continental shelf across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a screw shell with a very broad depth range, including the continental rise and Clavagella (Clavagella) multangularis Cleidothaerus albidus (= C. albida) Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D in S.A., Tasmania and Victoria Clypidina rugosa Cocculinella mayi Cocculinella tasmanica Codakia (Codakia) rugifera Codakia (Codakia) perobliqua Collisella mixta Collisella onychitis Collisella septiformis Colpospira (Acutospira) accisa Colpospira (Acutospira) smithiana An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 710 Technical Report 2004 slope; found across eastern and southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a screw shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a screw shell found on the outer continental shelf in S.A. and southern W.A.) (two screw shells, both found on the continental shelf and slope in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a screw shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a screw shell with a broad depth range, found on the continental shelf and slope in N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A.) (a screw shell, found on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a common screw shell, found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Ribbed Cominella Shell (a small whelk shell ranging from N.S.W. through to Geraldton in W.A., including Tasmania; common in the intertidal zone of bays and estuaries) Spotted Cominella Shell Chequerboard Snail (a small whelk shell ranging from N.S.W. through to southern W.A., including Tasmania; common on rocks in the intertidal) Torr’s Whelk (the largest Cominella whelk shell; found in the shallow subtidal, in S.A. and W.A.) (a small whelk shell; found in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a small whelk shell; found in the interidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in Tasmania, Colpospira (Colpospira) runcinata Colpospira (Colpospira) mediolevis Colpospira (Colpospira) bundilla Colpospira (Colpospira) wollumbi Colpospira (Colpospira) translucida Colpospira (Platycolpus) quadrata Colpospira (Platycolpus) circumligata Colpospira (Ctenocolpus) australis Cominella (Cominella) eburnea Cominella (Cominella) lineolata Cominella (Godfreyna) torri Cominella (Josepha) filicea Cominella (Josepha) tasmanica An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 711 Technical Report 2004 Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell from deeper continental shelf waters; ranging from Queensland through to the S.A./ W.A. border region, including Tasmania) (a small, white bivalve from sand, shell, rock and algal turf habitats, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, yellow bivalve from sand and mud habitats on the continental shelf and slope; found in eastern and southern Australia) (a small bivalve from sand, mud and algal turf habitats, on the continental shelf and slope; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small, white bivalve occurring in sand and silt habitats, to around 365m deep; found in S.A., Tasmania, and Victoria) (a small, cream­coloured bivalve found on various substrates, including rocks, sand, mud and shells; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded from Lord Howe Island) (a bivalve found in sand and coral habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in Queensland and south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) Anemone Cone Shell (a cone shell of highly variable color, that occurs in sand and reef habitats; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania). Comitas murrawolga Condylocardia limaeformis Condylocardia notoaustralis Condylocardia pectinata Condylocardia rectangularis Condylocuna projecta Condylocuna tricosa Conus anemone Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D in S.A., W.A., Tasmania and Victoria In Victoria, concern has been expressed about over­collection of identifiable subspecies or An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 712 Technical Report 2004 races, including those of C. anemone (M. Lyons pers. comm, cited by O’Hara and Barmby, 2000). (a small cone shell found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Conus clarus Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: E in S.A. D in Victoria and W.A. Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as uncommon Klem’s Cone Shell (a cone shell found in sand and reef habitats on the continental shelf, in S.A. and W.A.) (the smallest Australian cone shell; extremely variable in colour and pattern; found across southern Australia and Tasmania, and common in shallow water) Coral Shell (an egg­brooding gastropod that feeds on corals; found in S.A. and W.A.,) (a small, white or pale pink gastropod found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a bivalve from shallow sand and mud habitats; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a bivalve from shallow sand and mud habitats; found around Australia, excluding W.A.) (a bivalve from sand and mud habitats on the continental shelf; recorded to date in Queensland and S.A.) (a small, white bivalve from Conus klemae Conus rutilus Coralliophila (Coralliophila) mira Ponder and Grayson (1998) assinged a low category of vulnerability (Category E, in S.A. and W.A.) C. clarus is considered to be uncommon (Wilson et al., 1994). Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “scarce”. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: D in S.A. and Victoria C in W.A. and Tasmania Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D in S.A. and W.A. Coralliophila (Coralliophila) wilsoni Corbula (Notocorbula) stolata Corbula (Serracorbula) coxi Corbula (Serracorbula) verconis Cosa bordaensis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 713 Technical Report 2004 sand habitats in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small, white bivalve; found to date only in S.A.) (a bivalve found recorded on the continental shelf and slope; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria, and Tasmania) (a small, white bivalve from the continental shelf in S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W.) (a small, pale brown bivalve from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats; known to date only from S.A.) (a small, pale brown bivalve from the shallow part of the continental shelf; recorded in S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W.) (a small, orange, keyhole limpet with a white sculptured shell; found on ascidians that grow on rock walls, in the subtidal; distributed from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a common turrid shell from Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (two forms of a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; reproduces by direct development; recorded on the continental shelf around Australia, including Tasmania but excluding N.T.) Pacific Oyster (an oyster shell, introduced to New Zealand, Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small, pinkish­brown bivalve, from shallow waters of the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a slipper shell that lives on dead gastropod shells in the Cosa celsa Possibly endemic to S.A. Cosa fimbriata Cosa pectinata Cosa tardiradiata Possibly endemic to S.A. Cosa tatei Cosmetalepas concatenatus Considered rare (Wilson et al., 1993). Crassispira (Crassispira) harpularia Crassitoniella erratica Crassitoniella erratica erratica Crassostrea gigas Introduced Cratis cuboides Crepidula immersa (= Zeacrypta immersa) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 714 Technical Report 2004 subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family, from the continental shelf and slope; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family, from the shallow subtidal to around 40m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a green or brown nudibranch that feeds on hydroids; found in the tropical Indo­West Pacific, and also recorded in S.A.) (a small, white bivalve; found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a white bivalve with a broad depth range, found in sand and mud habitats on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a bivalve found in sand habitats on the continental shelf; recorded in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, white bivalve; found on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (A small, white bivalve occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 365m deep; found across southern Australia, excluding Tasmania) (two olivella shell species, both recorded to date only in S.A.) (an olivella shell, found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Crossea cancellata Crossea concinna Crosslandia viridis Cuna concentrica Cuna delta Cuna navicula Cunanax (previously Condylocardia) crassidentata Cunanax (previously Condylocardia) subradiata Cupidoliva adiorygma Cupidoliva solidula Both species possibly endemic to S.A. Cupidoliva nympha Curveulima commensalis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 715 Technical Report 2004 (two small eulimid shells, parasitic on echinoderms; both found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on crinoids; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on crinoids; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (A white bivalve occurring to around 190m deep; ranging from the southern Queensland / northern N.S.W. area through to W.A., including Tasmania) (A white bivalve occurring to around 130m deep; endemic to S.A.) (A white bivalve occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 275m deep; found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (A white bivalve occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 275m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (A white bivalve occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 275m deep; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small ovulid shell recorded on Echinogorgia gorgonian coral in Spencer Gulf; known only from S.A.) (a tropical cockle shell known from Queensland and the Philippines; purportedly also recorded in S.A. during an expedition in the early 1880s; distribution considered valid by the Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) (a small bivalve from shelly Curveulima edwardsi Curveulima triggi Curveulima indiscreta Curveulima obtusa Curveulima petterdi Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) exarata Cuspidaria (Cuspidaria) occidua Cuspidaria (Rhinoclama) alta Cuspidaria (Rhinoclama) dorsirecta Cuspidaria (Rhinoclama) simulans Possibly endemic to S.A. Cuspivolva heleneae (= Primovula cruenta) Possibly endemic to S.A. Ctenocardia (Ctenocardia) hystrix Cyamiomactra communis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 716 Technical Report 2004 sand; rangin from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small bivalve known from shallow subtidal dredge sortings; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve that attaches to marine structures and debris; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a red­brown and white bivalve occurring to around 240m deep; found in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a white and brown bivalve; found in south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the eastern limit) (a white and brown bivalve occurring to around 240m deep; found in Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a tellin shell known from Bass Strait / northern Tasmania and S.A.) (a small mollusc with a brown shell, found in intertidal sand or sandy­mud) Neapolitan Triton Hairy Triton Hairy Whelk Giant Hairy Triton (a widely distributed triton found in a variety of intertidal and subtidal habitats, including reef, sand and mud; in Australia, ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded in New Zealand, East Africa, India, Japan, Taiwan, Hawaii, and various Western Pacific islands. (five small marginella shells found in south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit) (five small marginella shells, Cyamiomactra mactroides Cyclocardia (Vimentum) calva Cyclocardia (Vimentum) dilectum Cyclocardia (Vimentum) excelsior Cyclocardia (Vimentum) jaffaensis Cyclotellina umbonella Cylichnatys campanula Cymatium (Monoplex) parthenopeum (= C. parthenopea) Cystiscus alternans Cystiscus connectans Cystiscus cratericula Cystiscus flindersi Cystiscus freycineti Cystiscus angasi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 717 Technical Report 2004 ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (two small marginella shells known from Tasmania and S.A.) (two small marginella shells known from Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small, white mussel from deeper water habitats in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a top shell known from S.A. and W.A.) (a shallow­water turrid shell from rocky shores; found around Australia, excluding N.T.) (two turrid shells known to date only from S.A.) (a white and brown, multi­ spotted nudibranch; widespread in the Western Pacific and perhaps Indian Ocean; also found throughout Australia) (a translucent white to deep orange nudibranch with white pustules; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A.) (a translucent white to deep red nudibranch; often orange or light red; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A.) (a variably­coloured nudibranch found in tropical and warm temperate parts of the Indo­West Pacific; also recorded in N.S.W, and S.A.) (two small marginella shells, both found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (two small marginella shells, ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small marginella shell, ranging from N.S.W. through Cystiscus cymbalum Cystiscus minutissima Cystiscus subauriculata Cystiscus thouinensis Cystiscus incerta Cystiscus indiscreta Cystiscus obesula Cystiscus problematica Dacrydium (Quendreda) radians Danilia telebathia Daphnella (Daphnella) botanica Daphnella (Daphnella) stiphra Daphnella (Daphnella) diluta Dendrodoris albopurpura Both species possibly endemic to S.A. Dendrodoris aurea Dendrodoris carneola Dendrodoris fumata Dentimargo allporti Dentimargo lodderae Dentimargo kemblensis Dentimargo mayii Dentimargo jaffa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 718 Technical Report 2004 to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a murex shell from S.A. and W.A.) (a murex shell from the shallow subtidal, to at least 40m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a Murex shell; the only living species in the Dermomurex subgenus Viator known from southern Australia; recorded to date from a small number of localities in S.A. and W.A.) (a small shell found amongst seagrass rhizomes and algal turf, in shallow, sheltered habitats; recorded from N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small shell found amongst rocks, seagrass rhizomes and algal turf in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded from Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, endemic trough shell, known only from Lake Macdonnell near Ceduna, S.A.) (a diastoma shell found in sand amongst seagrass, in the shallow subtidal; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) Cart­rut Shell Cartrut Shell (a Muricid shell from intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky shores; widespread throughout eastern, southern and western Australia; also found around New Zealand, Kermadec Islands, and Lord Howe Island) (a pink nudibranch with yellow patches) (a white and pink/purple nudibranch with orange spots; rercorded in southern N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) Dermomurex (Dermomurex) angustus Dermomurex (Dermomurex) goldsteini Dermomurex (Viator) howletti All species in the Dermomurex subgenus Viator are considered rare (Watters, 2004) Diala megapicalis Diala suturalis (previously Diala magna) Diaphoromactra versicolor Diastoma melanioides Dicathais orbita (= Thais orbita) Digidentis artubus Digidentis perplexa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 719 Technical Report 2004 (a keyhole limpet found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small, white bivalve, found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) (a bivalve of unknown habitat, found in beach drift; recorded from N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a genus of broad, oval­ shaped nudibranchs) (a gastropod in the Ovulidae family; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a lucinid shell from shallow sand habitats in all Australia States, N.T. and New Zealand) (a lucinid shell from the continental shelf and slope in S.A. and W.A.) (a lucinid shell from shallow sand habitats in S.A. and W.A.) (a small spindle shell found in subtidal habitats; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania (a mitre shell found on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a pippi found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Goolwa Cockle Pippi / Pipi Surf Clam (a pippi found in all Australian States and N.T.) (a pippi known only from S.A,; possibly endemic) Doriopsilla (a variably­coloured nudibranch) (a translucent, light yellow nudibranch with brown speckles) (a venus shell from shallow sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Diodora lincolnensis Diplodonta (Diplodonta) subrotunda Diplodonta (Zemysina) tasmanica Discodoris spp. (e.g. D. dubia, D. turia; D. paroa; D. crawfordi) Dissona maccoyi Divalucina cumingi Divalucina euclia Divaricella occidua Dolicholatirus spiceri Domiporta strangei Donax (Deltachion) electilis Donax (Plebidonax) deltoides Donax (Tentidonax) francisensis Doriopsilla carneola Doris cameroni Dosinia circinaria An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 720 Technical Report 2004 (a venus shell from subtidal sand habitats to around 110m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a venus shell from intertidal and subtidal sand habitats in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a venus shell from deepwater sand habitat in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a venus shell from shallow sand habitat; found in all Australian States and N.T.) (a venus shell from intertidal and subtidal sand habitat; ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a cosmopolitan nudibranch that eats hydroids) (a small auger shell from the continental shelf; found to date only in S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae, under stones, and in crevices, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania; also occurs in New Zealand) (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae on exposed rocky shores in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania). (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.). (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found Dosinia crocea Dosinia diana Dosinia euclia Dosinia sculpta Dosinia victoriae Doto pita Duplicaria fictilis Possibly endemic to S.A. Eatoniella (Eatoniella) atropurpurea Eatoniella (Eatoniella) depressa Eatoniella (Eatoniella) exigua Eatoniella (Eatoniella) fulva Eatoniella (Eatoniella) juliae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 721 Technical Report 2004 amongst algae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in western S.A. and southern W.A.). (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae and under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania). (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania). (a small gastropod in the Eatoniellidae family; found amongst algae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A). (a small gastropod in the Cingulopsidae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Cingulopsidae family, found in algal turf habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; known to date only from the type locality, the Great Australian Bight in S.A.) (two small gastropods in the Cingulopsidae family, found amongst algal turf and stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; both occur in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Cingulopsidae family, found amongst algal turf in the intertidal; occurs in western S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small gastropod in the Cingulopsidae family, found amongst algal turf and debris in the lower intertidal and Eatoniella (Eatoniella) melanochroma Eatoniella (Eatoniella) puniceolinea Eatoniella (Eatoniella) taylorae Eatonina (Coriandria) fulvicolumella Eatonina (Coriandria) rubicunda Possibly endemic to S.A. Eatonina (Eatonina) condita Eatonina (Eatonina) sanguinolenta Eatonina (Eatonina) shirleyae Eatoniopsis (Pilitonia) westralis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 722 Technical Report 2004 shallow subtidal; occurs in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a bivalve­shelled, green gastropod in the Juliidae family; eats green macroalgae; found in eastern S.A., northern Tasmania and Victoria) (a bivalve that attaches to seaweeds; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a bivalve that attaches to benthic invertebrates such as corals; found around Australia, including Tasmania and N.T.) (a genus of green shell­less molluscs, most of which feed on Caulerpa plants) (a slit limpet commonly found in beach drift; ranging from Victoria through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a sub­tropical slit limpet, found in Queensland; also recorded from Cape Jaffa in S.A., by Cotton, in 1959) (a slit limpet of broad geographic range and depth range; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded from Japan and Hawaii) (a slit limpet from deep water; found on the continental shelf and slope, in S.A. and W.A.) a slit limpet ranging from the intertidal down to approximately 200m; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a slit limpet commonly found in beach drift; ranges from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a bivalve from sandy mud habitats on the continental shelf; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a bivalve from subtidal sand habitats; found in S.A. and Edentellina typica Electroma (Electroma) georgiana Electroma (Pterelectroma) physoides Elysia spp. (e.g. E. australis; E. ornata) Emarginula (Emarginula) candida (?) Emarginula (Emarginula) convexa Emarginula (Emarginula) dilecta Emarginula (Emarginula) patula Emarginula (Emarginula) subtilitexta Emarginula (Subzeidora) devota Ennucula obliqua Ennucula dilecta flindersi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 723 Technical Report 2004 W.A.) (a small, white, sand­ dwelling lucinid shell from Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (three turrid shells, all found to date only in S.A.) (a turrid shell found in S.A. and W.A.). (A turrid shell from Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.). (two turrid shells, both found in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia). (a small gastropod in the Epigridae family; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small gastropod in the Epigridae family; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small wentletrap shell, ranging from Queensland through to S.A) (a small wentletrap shell, recorded on the continental shelf in S.A. and Victoria) (a small wentletrap shell, from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small, common wentletrap shell, found around Australia, excluding N.T.; also recorded in New Zealand) (a small wentletrap shell, occurring in the intertidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small wentletrap shell from intertidal habitats; found in Victoria, S.A, Tasmania and W.A.; also reported from parts of the tropical Indo­ West Pacific) (a small wentletrap shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small wentletrap shell from Epicodakia tatei Epidirona beachportensis Epidirona jaffaensis Epidirona perksi Epidirona flindersi All three species possibly endemic to S.A. Epidirona philipineri Epidirona quoyi Epidirona schoutanica Epigrus cylindracea Epigrus dissimilis Epitonium (Eburniscala) delicatulum Epitonium (Hirtoscala) acanthopleura Epitonium (Hyaloscala) friabile Epitonium (Hyaloscala) jukesianum Epitonium (Laeviscala) tacitum Epitonium (Lamelliscala) aculeatum Epitonium (Lamelliscala) godfreyi Epitonium (Lamelliscala) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 724 Technical Report 2004 intertidal habitats; found around Australia, excluding N.T.; possibly also occurs in New Zealand) (a small wentletrap shell from shallow subtidal habitats; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a tropical wentletrap shell, found in Queensland, Torres Strait, N.T., W.A. and the gulfs region of S.A.) (a small wentletrap shell, reportedly found to date only in S.A. and New Caledonia) (a small wentletrap shell, recorded on the continental shelf in S.A. and Victoria; the type specimen came from Backstairs Passage in S.A.) (a small bivalve, that lives in burrows made by the prawn Axias plectorhynchus; found to date only in S.A.) (a small, semi­circular bivalve, that lives in burrows made by the prawn Axias plectorhynchus; found to date only in S.A.) Queen Scallop (a scallop found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) Lightning Volute (a volute shell found mainly in sand habitats, over a broad depth range on the continental shelf; found in S.A. and W.A.) Marbled Volute Papillose Volute (a volute shell fuond in sand and rubble habitats on the continental shelf; ranging from Queensland through to W.A.) minorum Sowerby’s Volute (a volute shell found in sand and mud habitats; ranging from Queensland through to south­eastern S.A.) Ericusa sowerbyi Epitonium (Limiscala) barissum Epitonium (Limiscala) rubrolineata Epitonium (Parviscala) beachportense Epitonium (Nitidiscala) platypleurum (= Epitonium platypleura) Ephippodonta (Ephippodonta) lunata Possibly endemic to S.A. Ephippodonta (Ephippodontoana) macdougalli Possibly endemic to S.A. Equichlamys bifrons Ericusa fulgetrum (= fulgetra) Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D in S.A. C in W.A. Ericusa papillosa Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D in W.A., Victoria and Tasmania. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 725 Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “uncommon”. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: D in S.A. and Tasmania E in Victoria Technical Report 2004 Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “uncommon”. (a small top shell from the shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell from the shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell found on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a turrid shell found on the continental shelf and slope; occurs in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell found in S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell found on the continental shelf; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a crassatella shell from shallow sand habitats in western S.A. and southern W.A (a crassatella shell from shallow sand habitats in S.A. and southern W.A (a crassatella shell from shallow sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; known from deeper waters of the continental shelf, in S.A. and Tasmania) (a yellow and brown bivalve from the shallow subtidal; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in S.A. and W.A.) Ethminolia elveri Ethminolia vitiliginea Etrema (Etrema) bicolor Etrema (Etrema) denseplicata Etrema (Etrema) paucimaculata Etrema (Etrema) sparula Possibly endemic to S.A. Eucrassatella decipiens Eucrassatella donacina Eucrassatella kingicola Eudaronia jaffaensis Eugaimardia perplexa Possibly endemic to S.A. Eulima augur augur Eulima augur broadbente An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 726 Technical Report 2004 (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; known mainly from N.S.W., but may also occur in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in S.A. and W.A., and also recorded in parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A and W.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found to date only in S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in south­eastern Australia, with S.A. recorded as the western limit) (a venus shell of variable colour, found across southern Australia, from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small moon snail found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small moon snail; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Southern Dumpling Squid (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in S.A. and W.A.) (two small triphorid gastropods that feed on sponges; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found to date only on the continental shelf in S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod Eulima acutissima Eulima bivittata Eulima joshuana Eulima lodderae Eulima roegerae Possibly endemic to S.A. Eulitoma nitens Eumarcia fumigata Eunaticina albosutura Eunaticina umbilicata Euprymna tasmanica Euseila pileata Eutriphora armillata Eutriphora cana Eutriphora dexia Possibly endemic to S.A. Eutriphora pseudocana An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 727 Technical Report 2004 that feed on sponges; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a turrid shell known from south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit) (a turrid shell known from Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell known mainly from Tasmania and S.A.) (a small dove shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.). (a small mussel from deeper waters in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a small, deep­water whelk shell found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.; recorded from the outer continental shelf, and upper slope) (a small Murex shell from eastern and southern Australia) (a small Murex shell; endemic to S.A.) (a small bivalve from the shallow subtidal; found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell recorded from the continental shelf in Tasmania and S.A.) (a turrid shell recorded from the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (two varieties of a turrid shell; recorded from the continental shelf in S.A.) (a turrid shell recorded from the continental shelf and slope; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a turrid shell recorded from the continental shelf and slope in S.A.) (a family of small, planktonic Eutriphora tricolor Exomilus pentagonalis Exomilus telescopialis Exomilus dyscritos Exomilopsis spica Exosiperna scapha Fax (Scaeofax) grandior Considered to be uncommon (Beechley, undated) Favartia (Murexiella) brazieri Favartia (Murexiella) tatei Considered rare (Wilson et al., 1994) Felaniella (Zemysia) globularis Filodrillia dulcis Filodrillia lacteola Filodrillia lacteola crebristriata Filodrillia lacteola sinusigens Filodrillia tricarinata Both varieties possibly endemic to S.A. Filodrillia trophonoides Possibly endemic to S.A. Firolidae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 728 Technical Report 2004 molluscs with no shells; includes the genus Firoloida, which has representatives in southern Australia) (a translucent white nudibranch with long orange and red cerata; ranging from N.S.W. through to S.A.) (a bivalve from brackish water and coastal lagoons; found in all Australia States, including N.T. and Tasmania) (a small top shell found amongst mussels and vegetation, in the intertidal zone; occurs in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small top shell found amongst macroalgae in the shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a small top shell from the shallow subtidal; known only from S.A.) (a cockle shell found in shallow sand and mud habitats across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to W.A.) (two small eulimid shells, parasitic on sea urchins; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Australian Spindle Southern Spindle (a shallow­water spindle shell found from Bass Strait through to Geraldton in W.A., often associated with sand and seagrass habitats). New Holland Spindle (a large spindle shell found in south­eastern and southern Australia, and in Tasmania; ranging from southern Queensland, through to the Great Australian Bight in W.A.). (a spindle shell that is Flabellina poenicia Fluviolanatus subtorta Fossarina (Fossarina) petterdi Fossarina (Minopa) legrandi Fossarina (Minopa) reedi Possibly endemic to S.A. Fulvia (Fulvia) tenuicostata Fusceulima brunnea Fusceulima perexigua Fusinus (Fusinus) australis Fusinus (Fusinus) novaehollandiae Fusinus (Propefusus) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 729 Technical Report 2004 extremely variable in form; ranges from the intertidal to around 220m deep; found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to southern W.A. inlcuding Tasmania) (a small dog whelk found across eastern and southern Australia) (a small dog whelk found across southern Australia, including Tasmania; also recorded in New Zealand) (a small turbinid shell found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a yellowish­brown bivalve from the shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a pink, light brown or red­ brown bivalve occurring to around 165m; found in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a purple sunset shell found in the intertidal; ranging from central Queensland to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a sunset shell from shallow subtidal habitats in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a sunset shell found in the intertidal; ranging from N.S.W. to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a bivalve from sand and mud habitats; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.; also recorded in various parts of the tropical Indo­ West Pacific) (a bivalve from sand and mud habitats in shallow waters; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a screw shell from shallow subtidal habitats, sometimes found in beach litter; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a screw shell that is undulatus Fusus bednalli Fusus reticulatus Gabrielona nepeanensis Gaimardia (Neogaimardia) rostellata Gaimardia (Neogaimardia) tasmanica Gari (Gari) modesta Gari (Psammobia) kenyoniana Gari (Psammobia) livida Gastrochaena (Gastrochaena) cuneiformis Gastrochaena (Gastrochaena) tasmanica Gazameda iredalei Gazameda tasmanica An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 730 Technical Report 2004 common on the inner continental shelf, to around 90m; found in Queensalnd, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small Trophine shell, recorded from the outer edge of the continental shelf; found across south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit). (a small marginella shell, found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small marginella shell, found around Australia, including Tasmania and excluding N.T.) (a cardita shell known from S.A. and W.A.) (a dog cockle shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a dog cockle shell from south­eastern and southern Australia) (a venus shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a venus shell from subtidal sand and mud habitats; ranging from N.S.W. to S.A., including Tasmania; also unconfirmed records from Queensland) (a pink, purple or fawn­ coloured venus shell occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 275m deep; reciorded to date only in S.A.) (a small ancillid shell found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.; various colours and forms occur over the depth range, from the lower intertidal to the outer continental shelf). (a small ancillid shell found to date over a narrow depth range on the continental Gemixystus laminatus Gibberula diplostreptus Gibberula subbulbosa Glans squamigera Glycymeris (Glycymeris) radians Glycymeris (Glycymeris) striatularis Gomphina (Gomphina) undulosa Gouldia (Gouldiopa) australis Gouldia (Gouldiopa) francisensis Possibly endemic to S.A. Gracilispira lineata Gracilispira pinguis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 731 Possibly endemic to S.A. Technical Report 2004 shelf in S.A.) Tiled False Ear Shell Rounded False Ear Shell (a top shell found on rock platforms, often under stones, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a gastropod shell in the Architectonicidae family; found throughout the tropical Indo­West Pacific; also recorded from N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a small marginella shell from the continental shelf and slope; found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Velvet Octopus (a small turrid shell, reported to date from N.S.W., Tasmania and S.A.; possibly extending to W.A.) (a small turrid shell, found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (three small turrid shells, reported to date from Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Granata imbricata Granosolarium asperum Granulina elliottae Grimpella thaumastocheir Guraleus (Euguraleus) anisus Guraleus (Euguraleus) tasmanicus Guraleus (Guraleus) bordaensis Guraleus (Guraleus) cuspis connectens Guraleus (Guraleus) diacritus (two small turrid shells, both Guraleus (Guraleus) from the continental shelf fallaciosus and slope; reported to date in Guraleus (Guraleus) Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) incrusta (two small turrid shells, Guraleus (Guraleus) reported to date in Victoria, flaccidus Tasmania, and S.A.) Guraleus (Guraleus) lallemantianus Possibly endemic to S.A. (a small turrid shell, from the Guraleus (Guraleus) continental shelf and slope; inornatus reported to date only in S.A.) Possibly endemic to S.A. (a small turrid shell, from the Guraleus (Guraleus) continental shelf; reported to nitidus date only in S.A.) (a small turrid shell species Guraleus (Guraleus) and an associated variety, insculptus found on the continental Guraleus (Guraleus) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 732 Technical Report 2004 shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small turrid shell species and an associated variety, from the continental shelf and slope; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small turrid shell, found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small wentletrap shell, ranging across southern Australia from Queensland through to W.A.; also found in parts of the tropical Indo­ West Pacific) (an abalone that lives gregariously in the lower intertidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) Greenlip Abalone (an abalone found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) Blacklip Abalone (the south­eastern form of Blacklip Abalone; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Conical Pore Abalone Brownlip Abalone (the large south­western form of Blacklip Abalone, found under ledges in the subtidal; occurs in S.A. and Victoria, extending to southern W.A.) Roe’s Abalone (a gregarious abalone species from the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Staircase Abalone (the south­eastern form of Haliotis scalaris, found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A., and southern W.A.) insculptus delicatulus Guraleus (Guraleus) pictus Guraleus (Guraleus) pictus vincentinus Guraleus (Mitraguraleus) australis Gyroscala (Gyroscala) pyramis Haliotis cyclobates Haliotis laevigata Haliotis rubra rubra Haliotis rubra conicopora Haliotis roei Haliotis scalaris emmae Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D in S.A. and W.A. O’Hara and Barmby (2000) assigned Haliotis scalaris to vulnerability category D An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 733 Technical Report 2004 in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as uncommon. (a straw­coloured bivalve found on the continental shelf and slope; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a brown­spotted, yellow and white nudibranch, originally described from Kangaroo Island in 1903; rarely recorded) (a white bivalve, found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small, brown­shelled mollusc from the intertidal and shallow subtidal) Southern Blue­ringed Octopus (a small auger shell, found in shallow waters of the continental shelf, in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in Victoria and S.A.) (a small bivalve from intertidal sand habitats in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a slit limpet found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and Haliris (Haliris) jaffaensis Possibly endemic to S.A. Halgerda graphica Hamacuna hamata Haminoea maugeansis Hapalochlaena maculosa Hastula (Hastula) brazieri Hebeulima fricata Hedleytriphora basimacula Hedleytriphora elata Hedleytriphora fasciata Hedleytriphora scitula Hemidonax chapmani Hemitoma (Montfortia) subemarginata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 734 Technical Report 2004 W.A.) (a top shell from rocky habitats; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a common top shell found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell with a broad depth range; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a top shell from rocky habitats; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a top shell from rocky habitats; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) (a top shell found on rocky shores, and amongst dead shells on sand flats; recorded in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small shell in the Pyramidellidae family; found inVictoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a Murex shell found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a bivalve that lives in rock crevices, or on other shells; found in all Australian States). (a gregarious species of clusterwink shell that is bioluminescent at night; found on rocky shores in wave­exposed areas; occurs in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.; also recorded on Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and parts of the Eastern Pacific). Bonnet Limpet (a variably coloured, pustulose nudibranch, often mottled brown or yellowish brown) Herpetopoma annectans Herpetopoma aspersus Herpetopoma fenestrata Herpetopoma pumilio Herpetopoma scabriuscula Herpetopoma vixumbilicata Herviera buliminoides Hexaplex conatus Shell distribution companies consider H. conatus to be rare, which is reflected in the high prices each specimen attracts. Hiatella australis Hinea brasiliana Hipponix conicus Hoplodoris nodulosa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 735 Technical Report 2004 (a tube­shaped bivalve that cements itself to rocks, from 7m – 200m deep; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a white bivalve from the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Hydrococcidae family; found in saltmarshes and muddy sand habitats; ranging from Victoria through to W.A., including Tasmania) (three small marginella shells, found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (two small eulimid shells, parasitic on echinoderms; both species found to date only in S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, elongated triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found to date across the continental shelf in S.A.) (a black/gray and white mottled nudibranch; possibly a regional form of the tropical species H. infucata) Southern Pygmy Squid (a mussel, occurring in deeper waters of the continental shelf and slope; found to date only in S.A.) (a small, tropical triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; recorded in Queensland, N.T., W.A. and S.A.) (two small triphorid shells that feed on sponges; both found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, elongated triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Humphreyia strangei Huxleyia concentrica Hydrococcus brazieri Hydroginella# columnaria Hydroginella# tridentata Hydroginella# vincentiana Hypermastus georgiiregis Hypermastus williamsi Both species possibly endemic to S.A. Hypermastus mucronatus Hypotriphora subula Possibly endemic to S.A. Hypselodoris saintvincentius Possibly endemic to S.A. Idiosepius notoides Idasola projectus Possibly endemic to S.A. Inella acicula Inella carinata Inella intercalaris Inella obliqua Inella spina An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 736 Technical Report 2004 (a nutmeg shell of uncertain distribution, recorded to date from dredging at 2 localities, in S.A. and W.A.) (a small Scissurellid slit shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small Scissurellid slit shell found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf and slope; found to date only in S.A.) White Irus Shell (a venus shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a venus shell found in eastern and southern Australia, from central Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell that lives in mussel clumps or littoral debris; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded from parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a venus shell that lives in mussel clumps or littoral debris; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a venus shell from intertidal habitats; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a venus shell, possibly endemic to S.A.) (a venus shell, reported from Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Australian Chiton Inglisella fischeri Elongated Chiton Ischnochiton elongatus Variegated Ischnochiton Ischnochiton versicolor (a tropical bivalve that attaches to beach rocks; recorded from Queensland and S.A.; also found in parts of the tropical Indo­West Isognomon (Isognomon) nucleus Incisura (Scissurona) rosea remota Incisura (Scissurona) vincentiana Inquisitor hedleyi Possibly endemic to S.A. Irus (Irus) carditoides Irus (Irus) crebrelamellatus Irus (Irus) crenatus Irus (Irus) cumingii Irus (Notopaphia) griseus Irus distans Irus exotica Ischnochiton australis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 737 Technical Report 2004 Pacific) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf, mainly in S.A. and W.A.; records also from Tasmania and Victoria) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; recorded in N.S.W., Tasmania and S.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Violet Sea Snails (small gastropods that live on the surface of the open ocean; recorded across southern Australia) (two small cerithiopsid shells that feed on sponges; both found to date only on the continental shelf in S.A.) Mud Cockle (two mud cockle species found in sand or mud in intertidal areas, particularly estuaries; ranging across southern Australia) Mud Cockle (a mud cockle species found in sand or mud in intertidal areas, particularly estuaries; Isotriphora amethystina Isotriphora aureovincta Isotriphora disjuncta Isotriphora nivea Isotriphora simulata Isotriphora tasmanica Isotriphora vercoi Janthina exigua Janthina janthina Janthina pallida Janthina prolongata Joculator flindersi Joculator introspecta Both species possibly endemic to S.A. Katelysia rhytiphora Katelysia scalarina Katelysia peronii An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 738 Technical Report 2004 occurs in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a bivalve recorded to date only in S.A.) (a bivalve found on the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a top shell found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) (a littorinid shell found in western S.A. and W.A.) (a littorinid shell found in algal turf, on sheltered reefs; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a species in the Lamellariidae, a family of gastropods with thin, translucent shells; found in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a species in the Lamellariidae, a family of gastropods with thin, translucent shells; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) ( a bivalve that lives in clumps of mussels and other shell aggregations; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (two white bivalves that occur in sand and mud habitats; both found in southern W.A., S.A., Tasmania, Victoria and N.S.W.) (a white bivalve from sand and mud habitats; found in S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.; also recorded from Indo­ China and Indo­Malaysia) (a spindle shell found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small white bivalve from the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small white bivalve from Kellia angasiana Possibly endemic to S.A. Kellia yorkensis Laetifautor spinulosum Laevilittorina (Laevilitorina) johnstoni Laevilitorina (Laevilitorina) mariae Lamellaria australis Lamellaria ophione Lasaea australis Laternula (Laternula) creccina Laternula (Laternula) laterna Laternula (Laternula) rostrata Latirus pulleinei Latitriphora latilirata Ledella curtior = Nuculana (Ledella) curtior Ledella miliacea An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 739 Technical Report 2004 the continental shelf; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a small white bivalve from the continental shelf; known to date only from S.A.) (a sand­dwelling bivalve from shallow waters in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a bivalve from sandy mud, found in south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small top shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (an oyster drill gastropod in the Muricidae family, found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) Flinders' Lepsiella (a small Whelk shell from rocky shores; found in Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small Whelk shell from intertidal rocky shores; found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Wine­mouthed Lepsiella (a small Whelk shell from rocky shores; found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a bivalve that attaches to the byssal threads of mussels; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a small transparent bivalve found on the continenal shelf and slope in S.A. and Victoria) (a bivalve occurring in beach sand; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a small bivalve occurring to around 100m deep; found in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a genus of infaunal gastropods from sand or silty habitats) = Nuculana (Ledella) miliacea Ledella remensa = Nuculana (Ledella) remensa Leionucula dilecta flindersi Possibly endemic to S.A. Leionucula obliqua Leiopyrga octona Lepsiella (Bedeva) paivae Lepsiella (Lepsiella) flindersi Lepsiella (Lepsiella) baileyana Considered to be relatively uncommon (Wilson et al., 1994). Lepsiella (Lepsiella) vinosa Lepton australe Lepton ovatum Lepton subrostatum Lepton trigonale Liloa spp. (e.g. L. brevis; L. hordeacea) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 740 Technical Report 2004 Spiny Lima Shell (a file shell found in all Australian States and N.T., also occurring in parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific). (a file shell found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A.; also found in New Zealand, and parts of Indo­China and Indo­ Malaya). (a file shell found across eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to W.A., including Tasmania). (a file shell found across eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to W.A., excluding Tasmania). (a file shell from sand habitats on the continental shelf and slope; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A. (two file shells, both endemic to S.A.; L. (G.) austrina found to 60m deep, and L. (G.) parvula in waters deeper than 90m) (a sand­dwelling bivalve with a broad depth range; found in southern W.A., S.A. and Tasmania) (A white, sand­dwelling bivalve; found in S.A. and southern W.A.) (A bivalve found in southern W.A., S.A. and Tasmania) (A white bivalve from sand and shell debris habitat; endemic to S.A.) (A white bivalve; endemic to S.A.) (A bivalve found in southeastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (A bivalve from sand and shell debris habitat; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (two small shells in the Lima lima vulgaris Limaria (Limaria) orientalis Limatula (Limatula) strangei Limatula (Stabilima) jeffreysiana iredalei Limea (Escalima) murrayi Limea (Gemellima) austrina Limea (Gemellima) parvula Limopsis (Limopsis) penelevis Limopsis (Limopsis) vixornata Limopsis (Pectunculina) eucosmus Limopsis (Pectunculina) forteradiata Limopsis (Pectunculina) idonea Limopsis (Pectunculina) tenisoni Limopsis (Pectunculina) tenuiradiata Liotella annulata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 741 Technical Report 2004 Skeneidae family; both recorded from Tasmania and S.A.) (a small, fragile turbinate shell related to the cap limpets; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small tropical turbinate shell related to the cap limpets; reported from N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A.; also found in Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Philippines, and the Red Sea). (two small rissoid gastropods that feed on micro­algal film; both found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family, found in deeper waters on the continental shelf, in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small, shallow­water mussel found amongst consolidated shell­ooze; found to date only in S.A.) (a small Trophine shell, from the intertidal to at least 80m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small Trophine shell, known from dredge sampling off Beachport, S.A.) (a small Trophine shell, from the intertidal to around 180m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (A bivalve from shelly sand on the continental shelf and slope; found in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (A bivalve from shelly sand habitats on the continental shelf; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) False Melon Volute False Baler (a large volute shell found in sand habitats on the Liotella compacta Lippistes gabrieli Lippistes helicoides Lironoba australis Lironoba unilirata Lissotesta micra Lithophaga (Lithophaga) cuneiformis Possibly endemic to S.A. Litozamia brazieri Litozamia longior Possibly endemic to S.A. Litozamia petterdi Lissarca rhomboidalis Lissarca rubricata Livonia mammilla An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 742 Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D (in S.A., Tasmania and Victoria) Technical Report 2004 continental shelf; ranging from Queensland through to eastern S.A.) Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as being uncommon. Dance (1992) categorised L. mammilla as Occurrence Code 2 (on a Common to Rare scale of 5 to 1) Cotton’s Volute (a large volute shell found in subtidal sand habitats, in S.A. and W.A.) Livonia nodiplicata Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: C in S.A, and nationally; B in W.A. S.A. is at the margin of the range of this species. L. nodiplicata is a valuable species in the shell trade. Roadnight’s Volute (a volute shell found in subtidal sand and mud habitats across southern Australia, from N.S.W. through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) Livonia roadnightae (a very small shell in the Vitrinellidae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small Acmaeid limpet found on exposed rock platforms in the intertidal; recorded from S.A. and W.A.) (a small Acmaeid limpet found on exposed rock platforms in the mid­ intertidal; recorded from S.A. and Victoria, and uncommon in Tasmania) Lodderia lodderae Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: E in S.A. and Victoria D. in W.A. Previously, a shell authority (Eisenberg, 1981) ranked the species as being “very scarce”, a change of status from the previous category of “uncommon”, presumably due to overr­collecting). Lottia onychitis Lottia mixta An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 743 Technical Report 2004 (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a burrowing trough shell from estuarine habitats across southern Australia, including Tasmania) Mitre­shaped Lyria (a volute shell, found in sand and rock habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) Lucidestea muratensis Lutraria (Psammophila) rhynchaena Lyria mitraeformis Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D in S.A. C in Victoria and W.A. O’Hara and Barmby (2000) assigned L. mitraeformis to vulnerability category C in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Collectors consider some forms to be rare. (a “shipworm” bivalve of tropical and temperate Indo­ West Pacific distribution; examples of Australian records include those from N.S.W. and S.A.) (a tellin shell from intertidal sand and mud habitats; ranging from southern Queensland to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a white tellin shell from intertidal sand habitats; ranging from southern Queensland to S.A., excluding Tasmania) (a keyhole limpet found buried in sand, or under stones, or in crevices; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a keyhole limpet found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small turrid shell of widespread distribution, ranging from N.S.W. through Lyrodus pedicellatus Macomona deltoidalis Macomona imbellis Macroschisma producta Macroschisma tasmaniae Macteola anomala An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 744 Technical Report 2004 to W.A., including Tasmania) (three trough shells from south­eastern and southern Australia, all ranging from Queensland to S.A., including Tasmania) (two trough shells from shallow sand habitats in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a trough shell from shallow sand habitats in S.A., W.A. and N.T.) (a trough shell from shallow sand habitats in S.A., W.A., and various parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a trough shell from shallow sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a trough shell from shallow sand habitats in southeastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small, red­brown nudibranch) (a worm shell that attaches its shell to hard substrates; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Southern Hammer Oyster Hammer Oyster (a hammer oyster found in S.A. and W.A.) (a horse hoof limpet from the continental shelf and slope; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) New Zealand Screw Shell (a turrid shell from the continental shelf and slope; recorded to date in N.S.W. and S.A.) (a venus shell of broad distribution; found around Australia, and parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a white bivalve from sandy and shelly habitat; found across southern Australia) Mactra (Austromactra) contraria Mactra (Austromactra) rufescens Mactra (Electomactra) antecedens Mactra (Mactra) australis Mactra (Mactra) pura Mactra (Mactra) cumingii Mactra (Mactra) luzonica Mactra (Nannomactra) jacksonensis Mactra (Nannomactra) pusilla Madrella sanguinea Magilina caperata Malleus (Malleus) meridianus Malluvium devotus Maoricolpus roseus Maoritomella dilecta Introduced Marcia (Hemitapes) hiantina Marikellia solida An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 745 Technical Report 2004 (two small turrid shells, both found on the continental shelf across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; recorded to date in Tasmania and S.A.) (three small eulimid shells, parasitic on echinoderms; all three species found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on echinoderms; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (three small eulimid shells, parasitic on echinoderms; all three species found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a translucent, hooded nudibranch with flask­shaped cerata) (a transparent orange, hooded nudibranch; recorded in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a small bivalve occurring to around 140m deep; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) Southern Baler Shell Milton Baler (a large volute shell from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats in S.A. and W.A.; also reported from western Victoria) Marita bella Marita compta Melanella cunaeformis Melanella gradata Melanella murrayae Melanella planicincta Melanella inflata Melanella mayi Melanella orthopleura Melanella tenisoni Melibe australis Melibe maugeana Melliteryx acupuncta Melo miltonis Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: B (in S.A., W.A. and nationally) M. miltonis has a restricted range in S.A. Shells more than 35cm considered very uncommon (Wilson et al., 1994), although the species grows to more than 50cm long. Considered particularly vulnerable due to limited distribution and direct development of young An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 746 Technical Report 2004 (Ponder and Grayson, 1998). (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; ranging from Queensland to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; ranging across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a tellin shell from intertidal and shallow subtidal sand habitats; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (two small marginella shells found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small marginella shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small marginella shell found on the continental shelf; recorded in Tasmania and S.A.) (a small marginella shell found on the continental shelf; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (three small marginella shells found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small marginella shell found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small marginella shell found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a scallop shell from known from Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a scallop shell found in deeper waters; known from New Zealand, S.A. and W.A.) (a scallop shell from southeastern Australia and Tasmania,with S.A. being the western limit) Merelina cheilostoma Merelina gracilis Merisca margaritina Mesoginella altilabra Mesoginella pygmaeoides Mesoginella caducocincta Mesoginella consobrina Mesoginella strangei Mesoginella gabrieli Mesoginella olivella Mesoginella schoutanica Mesoginella inconspicua Mesoginella turbinata Mesopeplum anguineum Mesopeplum convexum Mesopeplum tasmanicum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 747 Technical Report 2004 (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; recorded from N.S.W. and S.A.) (a brightly coloured nudibranch found in tropical and temperate Australia) (a small spindle shell found from Bass Strait through to W.A.; the W.A. form could be a separate species) (a gastropod in the Anabathridae family; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a bivalve from intertidal and subtidal habitats in southern W.A., S.A., Tasmania and Victoria) (a dark brown bivalve, known to date only from S.A.) (a small, volutomitrid shell, recorded to date from the continental shelf in S.A.). (A shell­less green mollusc with spots, that eats Caulerpa simpliciuscula plants). Doughboy Scallop (a scallop from sand habitats; found in parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific, Norfolk Island, and across south­eastern and southern Australia) Metaxia protolineata (a scallop similar to M. asperrimus, ranging in distribution from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell found to date in S.A., between Hardwicke Bay in Spencer Gulf and Beachport in the South­East) (a top shell found in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a common mitre shell from rocky intertidal and subtidal habitats; found in New Mimachlamys instar Mexichromis macropus Microcolus dunkeri Microdryas janjucensis Micromytilus crenatulifera Micromytilus francisensis Possibly endemic to S.A. Microvoluta stadialis Possibly endemic to S.A. Midorigai australis Mimachlamys asperrimus (= asperrima) Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E in S.A., Tasmania and Victoria). It is noted that M. asperrima has recently (in 2002) been described by one specimen shell authority (G. Poppe) as “uncommon”. Minolops (= Minolia) cincta Minolops (= Minolia) corallina Mitra carbonaria An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 748 Possibly endemic to S.A. Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability: Technical Report 2004 Zealand, N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and south­western Australia). (a mitre shell found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, ranging from N.S.W. to central S.A., excluding Tasmania) (a mitre shell found under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small dove shell found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small dove shell that is common amongst algae and intertidal rocks; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small dove shell found in south­eastern and southern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) Long Dove Mitre Shell (a small dove shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small dove shell found in south­eastern and southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small, common dove shell that occurs in seagrass and sand habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small dove shell found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small dove shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small dove shell found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small dove shell found in S.A. and W.A.) (a mussel found amongst sponges; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Category E in S.A., Victoria and W.A. Mitra (Mitra) cookii Mitra (Mitra) glabra Mitrella (Dentimitrella) acuminata Mitrella (Dentimitrella) austrina Mitrella (Dentimitrella) axiaerata Mitrella (Dentimitrella) pulla Mitrella (Dentimitrella) dictua Mitrella (Dentimitrella) lincolnensis Mitrella (Dentimitrella) legrandi Mitrella (Dentimitrella) semiconvexa Mitrella (Dentimitrella) vincta Mitrella (Zemitrella) purpureocincta Modiolus (Modiolus) albicostatus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 749 Technical Report 2004 Tasmania) (a mussel found amongst seaweeds; ranging from N.S.W. through to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a green and white oyster­ like bivalve that lives in sandy mud, often attached to shell debris; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a lucinid shell from shallow sand habitats in S.A. and W.A.) (a lucinid shell from shallow subtidal sand habitats; found to date only in S.A.) (a small, common triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found to date only in S.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small typhine shell, the type specimen of which was dredged off Neptune Island) Yates’ Typhis (a small typhine shell from the shallow subtidal; found in Victoria and S.A.; also recorded from New Caledonia) (a sand­dwelling bivalve from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found to date only in S.A.) (a bivalve that is parasitic on Echinocardium; found in S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (a slit limpet from the mid­ intertidal zone, found amongst mussel clumps and Galeolaria tube worms; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small turbinid shell found Modiolus (Modiolus) areolatus Monia zelandica Monitilora (Monitilora) adelaideana Monitilora (Monitilora) paupera Possibly endemic to S.A. Monophorus angasi Monophorus australica Possibly endemic to S.A. Monophorus nigrofusca Monstrotyphis bivaricata Possibly endemic to S.A. Monstrotyphis yatesi Montacuta meridionalis Possibly endemic to S.A. Montacuta semiradiata Montfortula rugosa Munditia hedleyi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 750 Technical Report 2004 in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small turbinid shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell from the continental shelf and slope; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell from the continental shelf and slope; found in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a small, common Murex shell from the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small Murex shell found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small mussel that lives attached to ascidians and sponges; found across eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to S.A.) (a small mussel that lives gregariously, in rock crevices; found across southern Australia, from Queensland to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small mussel that occurs to 260+m deep, and is often washed ashore after storms; found around Australia and Tasmania) (a small mussel known to date only from S.A.) (a small mussel that occurs to 260+m deep; known only from S.A.) (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, to around 365m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a grey­white bivalve that occurs to around 150m deep; found in New Zealand, N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A.) (a white bivalve that lives in Munditia mayana Munditia subquadrata Munditia tasmanica Muricopsis planilirata Muricopsis umbilicatus Musculus cumingiana (= cumigianus) Musculus (Musculus) impactus Musculus (Musculus) nanus Musculus (Musculus) nubilis Musculus (Musculus) semiradiatus Possibly endemic to S.A. Possibly endemic to S.A. Myadora albida Myadora antipodum Myadora brevis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 751 Technical Report 2004 sandy mud habitats in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, to around 550m deep; recorded to date only in central and south­eastern S.A.) (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, from 15m to around 270m deep; found in S.A. and Tasmania) (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, to around 30m deep; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W.) (a white bivalve that lives in sandy mud habitats, to around 240m deep; found in S.A. and Tasmania) (a white bivalve that ranges from the intertidal to around 100m deep; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a white bivalve that occurs to around 30m deep; found in W.A., S.A., Tasmania and Victoria) (a white bivalve that lives in burrows made by the small prawn Axius plectorhynchus; found in W.A. and S.A.) (a white bivalve that lives amongst shell debris; found in southern W.A., S.A., Tasmania, Victoria and N.S.W.) (a mauve, cream or yellow­ coloured bivalve that attaches to rocks or other shells; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve that attaches Myadora complexa Myadora delicata Possibly endemic to S.A. Myadora elongata Myadora pervalida Myadora rotunda Myllita (Myllita) benthicola Possibly endemic to S.A. Myllita (Myllita) deshayesi Myllita (Myllita) gemmata Myllita (Myllita) tasmanica Myochama anomioides Myochama tasmanica An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 752 Technical Report 2004 to rocks or other shells; found in S.A. and Tasmania) (a small, semi­transparent bivalve occurring in shelly sand; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a white bivalve occurring in shelly sand, from the intertidal to around 275m deep; found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a bivalve ranging in depth from the intertidal to around 200m deep; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a species in the Lamellariidae, a family of gastropods with thin, translucent shells; found in Victoria and S.A.) (a small lucinid shell known from shallow sand habitats in south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small lucinid shell known from S.A.) Blue Mussel Edible Mussel (a common mussel that attaches to rocks, jetty piles or debris; found in all Australian states, and Tasmania) Blue Mussel (a small limpet from S.A. and W.A., that lives on Posidonia seagrass). (a small limpet that lives on seagrasses in the sublittoral zone; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.). Gunther’s Volute (a small volute shell found on the continental shelf in W.A. and S.A.) Mysella angasiana Mysella donaciformis Mysella ovalis Possibly endemic to S.A. Mysticoncha wilsoni Myrtea (Myrtea) mayi Myrtea (Myrtea) percirrata Possibly endemic to S.A. Mytilus (Mytilus) planulatus Mytilus edulis Mytilus edulis planulatus Mytilus galloprovincialis Naccula compressa Introduced Naccula punctata Nannamoria guntheri Nannamoria guntheri guntheri Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category for N. guntheri guntheri: B (in S.A., W.A. and nationally) N. guntheri has a restricted range in S.A. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 753 Technical Report 2004 A related from in W.A., Nannamoria guntheri weaveri, has been assigned vulnerability category A, by Ponder and Grayson (1998) Some forms of N. guntheri are considered rare and “very rare” by shell distributors, and the species is valuable in the shell trade. (a small volute shell found in sand and rubble habitats on the cointinental shelf; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) Nannamoria johnclarki Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: B (in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally). N. johnclarki has a restricted range in S.A. (a small top shell from the continental shelf and slope; recorded in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell from the continental shelf and slope; recorded in N.S.W., Tasmania and S.A.) (a gastropod in the Tornidae family; recorded in N.S.W. and S.A.) (a small dog whelk shell found across eastern and southern Australia) (a small, deep­water dog whelk shell, ranging from N.S.W. to W.A.; the recorded depth distribution is 146m to 2000+m). (a small dog whelk shell from south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small dog whelk shell occurring in muddy sand habitats, from the intertidal to around 150m deep; recorded around Australia, including tasmania and N.T.; also found in parts of the tropical Nanula flindersi Nanula galbina Naricava vincentiana Nassarius (Alectrion) particeps Nassarius (Cryptonassarius) ephamillus Nassarius (Hima) mobilis Nassarius (Hima) pauperus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 754 Technical Report 2004 Indo­West Pacific) (a small dog whelk shell occurring in sandy mud habitats throughout eastern and southern Australia, from the shallow subtidal to 180m deep) (a small dog whelk shell found on a variety of subtrate types, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of estuaries and bays; recorded across south­eastern and southern Australia) (a small dog whelk shell found in estuaries and sheltered bays; recorded around Australia, excluding Tasmania and N.T.) (a small dog whelk shell from seagrass­lined estuaries and bays in eastern and southern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small, common dog whelk shell occurring across southern Australia, in shallow estuaries and bays, often associated with seagrasses) (a small moon snail found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small moon snail found in S.A.; possibly the same species as Tasmatica schoutanica, which ranges from Queensland through to S.A) (a cockle shell from southern Australia, ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Black Nerite (the only nerite shell found across southern Australia and Tasmania; also occurs in Queensland, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, and East Africa). Yellow Dorid (A yellow or cream coloured nudibranch with white pustules). Nassarius (Niotha) nigellus Nassarius (Niotha) pauperatus Nassarius (Plicarcularia) burchardi Nassarius (Plicarcularia) jonasii Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus Natica sertata Natica sticta Nemocardium (Pratulum) thetidis Nerita (Melanerita) atramentosa Neodoris chrysoderma An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 755 Technical Report 2004 Brooch Shell (a shell with a pearly, iridescent interior, known from sand habitats in Tasmania, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf and slope; recorded in N.S.W., Tasmania and S.A.) (a turrid shell known from the continental shelf in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell known from the continental shlef and slope in Tasmania and S.A.) (two turrid shells known from Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a bean cowrie found around Australia, including Tasmania and N.T.) Neotrigonia bednalli (three species of bean cowrie, all recorded in the gulfs region of S.A.) Niveria (Cleotrivia) meridionalis Niveria (Cleotrivia) dorennus Niveria (Cleotrivia) corallina Nodilittorina unifasciata Blue Australwink (A littorinid found in clusters, in the upper intertidal of rocky shores; found around Australia, including Tasmania and excluding N.T.) Checkered Australwink (A littorinid found in clusters on rocky shores, in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Tall Limpet (A gray­black and white limpet from south­eastern Australia and Tasmania, with S.A. being the western limit). Flamed Limpet (a multi­coloured limpet found in wave­protected areas and under boulders; recorded from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Nepotilla bathentoma Nepotilla excavata Nepotilla fenestrata Nepotilla lamellosa Nepotilla triseriata Niveria (Cleotrivia) globosa (includes the South Australian form Niveria (Cleotrivia) pilula euclaensis) All three species possibly endemic to S.A. (Cate, 1979, cited by Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) Nodilittorina praetermissa Notoacmea alta Notoacmea flammea An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 756 Technical Report 2004 Tasmania). May's Beetle Limpet (a gray and brown limpet from the upper intertidal; found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Petterd’s Limpet (a limpet that lives on vertical rock faces in the intertidal zone; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small limpet from the upper interidal in southern Australia states) (a scallop, ranging from the Bass Strait area through to W.A.) (a purple and white scallop from sand habitats; found to date only in S.A.) (a scallop from sand habitats; found in S.A. and Tasmania) (a small moon snail ranging from Queensland through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a small cap limpet found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Plump Cowrie Tight Cowrie (a small cowrie shell from the intertidal to around 150m deep; found on rocks or sponges; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Compton’s Cowrie (a small cowrie shell with forms of various colours, found under rocks and rubble in the subtidal; species ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; Notoacmea mayi Notoacmea petterdi Notoacmea septiformis Notochlamys anguineus Notochlamys (previously Semipallium) hallae Possibly endemic to S.A Notochlamys tasmanica Notocochlis subcostata (= Natica subcostata) Notocrater meridionalis Notocypraea angustata (= Cypraea angustata) N. angustata var. molleri N. augustata var. subcarnea N. augustata var. albata N. angustata var. globosa Notocypraea comptoni (= Cypraea comptoni) N. comptoni subcarnea N. comptoni comptoni N. comptoni mayi N. comptoni casta N. comptoni trenberthae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 757 Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: C in S.A., Tasmania and Victoria S.A. is at the end of the range of N. angustata O’Hara and Barmby (2000) also assigned N. angustata to vulnerability category C in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. One form (N. comptoni casta) endemic to S.A. Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D in S.A., Tasmania and Technical Report 2004 forms of more limited range – N. comptoni wilkinsi e.g. N. comptoni comptoni found in S.A. and W.A.; N. comptoni mayi found in N.S.W., Tasmania and Victoria; N. comptoni casta found only in S.A.) Victoria Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “uncommon”. More recently, commercial shell distributors have described some forms of N. comptoni as being “uncommon” or “rare”. O’Hara and Barmby report (2000) reported that N. comptoni is one of the previously common shallow water species in Victoria that has been subjected to over­ collecting in the nearshore zone, and is no longer commonly seen on shore platforms, compared with its abundance in the middle of last century. Sloping Cowrie Notocypraea declivis Speckled Cowrie (= Cypraea declivis) (a small cowrie shell found under rocks and on sponges; ranging from the intertidal to around 200m deep; occurs in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Ponder and Grayson (1998) categories: C in S.A. and Victoria B in Tasmania and W.A. Peppered Cowrie Two­Coloured Piperita Cowrie (two forms of a small and common cowrie of variable pattern, that lives under stones, particularly in the shallow subtidal, but occurs to around 200m deep; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; the form N. piperita bicolor occurs in far western S.A. and southern W.A.) Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D (in Victoria, S.A., and W.A.) Notocypraea piperita (= Cypraea piperita) N. piperita piperita N. piperata bicolor O’Hara and Barmby (2000) also assigned N. declivis to vulnerability category C in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “uncommon”. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 758 Technical Report 2004 (a small top shell from the continental shelf; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, brightly coloured top shell found in seagrass beds and macroalgae in the shallow subtidal; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small top shell that is common under stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, fawn­coloured bivalve from shelly sand habitat; found to date only in the upper South­East of S.A.) (a small, red or purple bivalve from shelly sand habitat; recorded in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small, translucent volute shell found in S.A. and W.A.) Notogibbula bicarinata Notogibbula lehmanni Notogibbula preissiana Notomytilus robensis Possibly endemic to S.A Notomytilus rubra ( = N. ruber) Notopeplum translucidum Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: C in S.A and nationally; B in W.A. Notopeplum translucidum is considered rare by shell specialists, and is a valuable species. (a “shipworm” bivalve found in N.S.W. and S.A.) Gould’s Squid Arrow Squid Red Arrow Squid (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found in N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Kreusler’s Volute (a volute shell found on the continental shelf in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Nototeredo edax Verco’s Volute Notovoluta verconis Nototodarus gouldi Nototriphora regina Nototriphora vestita Notovoluta kreuslerae An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 759 Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: D in S.A., W.A. and Victoria Ponder and Grayson Technical Report 2004 (a small volute shell found in shallow waters on the continental shelf in S.A. and southern W.A.) (1998) vulnerability category: D (in S.A. and W.A.) Commercial shell distributors consider the species to be uncommon and hard to obtain. (a yellow or lemon­coloured nudibranch, recorded in south­eastern Australia, including S.A.) (a yellow nudibranch with orange spots) (a small gastropod in the Iravadiidae family; found on muddy bottoms and amongst seagrasses in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve, found to date only on the continental shelf in S.A.) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve from the continental shelf; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A., and introduced to N.S.W.) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve from the continental shelf and slope; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a bivalve from sandy­mud in eastern and south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a bivalve found on the continental shelf; known to date only from S.A.) (a bivalve from shelly sand habitats; known to date only from S.A.) (a white bivalve, found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on shell and sand substrates on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and Noumea closei Noumea sulphurea Nozeba topaziaca Nucinella hedleyi Possibly endemic to S.A Nucula beachportensis Nucula covra Nuculana (Scaeoleda) crassa Nuculana (Scaeoleda) comita Possibly endemic to S.A. Nuculana (Scaeoleda) verconis Possibly endemic to S.A. Numella adamsi Obesula albovittata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 760 Technical Report 2004 W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; occurs in the intertidal, and subtidally to at least 125m; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in S.A. and W.A.) Southern Keeled Octopus Southern White­Spot Octopus Southern Sand Octopus Maori Octopus Obesula mamillata Obesula profundior Octopus berrima Octopus bunurong Octopus kaurna Octopus maorum Pale Octopus Frilled Pygmy Octopus Octopus pallidus Octopus superciliosus Club Pygmy Octopus Football Octopus (a top shell of variable form, colou and pattern; common in seagrasses; found in S.A. and W.A.) Australian Olive (an olive shell with a broad geographic range, from south­eastern and southern Australia, through to western and north­western Australia) Octopus warringa Ocythoe tuberculata Odontotrochus chlorostomus (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Tasmania and S.A.) (a wentletrap shell from intertidal habitats; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a wentletrap shell, recorded to date only in S.A., however the species may be the same as O. apostolorum, from N.S.W.) (a tropical wentletrap shell found in parts of the Indo­ West Pacific, and also recorded in W.A. and the S.A. gulfs region). Austral Wentletrap Southern Wentletrap Onoba (Onoba) multilirata Oliva australis Oliva australis pallescens Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: E for O. australis pallescens, in S.A., W.A. and Victoria D. for O. australis australis in W.A. Opalia (Dentiscala) granosa Opalia (Nodiscala) subcrassa Opalia (Opalia) consors Opalia (Opalia) australis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 761 Technical Report 2004 (a wentletrap shell from the intertidal; common in beach drift along the southern coast; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Southern Mud Oyster Native Oyster (an oyster found in mud or sand, or on rock debris in shallow water; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a white bivalve with a broad depth range over the contintental shelf and slope; found in seagrass, sand and mud habitats; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small marginella shell with a broad depth range; found in southern Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (two small marginella shells, found on the continental shelf; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a green nudibranch that eats Caulerpa plants; widely distributed in the tropical and temperate Indo­West Pacific) (a small orange nudibranch associated with bryozoa; ranging from N.S.W. through to S.A.) (A white bivalve from the shallow subtidal; found in W.A. and S.A.) (a bivalve found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a venus shell found in N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a wedge shell found in beach sand; occurs around the Australian coast, Ostrea (Eostrea) angasi Ovacuna atkinsoni Ovaginella ovulum Ovaginella tenisoni Ovaginella whani Oxynoe viridis Paliolla cooki Pandora (Frenamya) patula Panopea australis Paphia (Paphia) crassisulca Paphies (Amesodesma) elongata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 762 Technical Report 2004 including Tasmania and N.T) (a wedge shell found in intertidal habitats from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (an edible “surf clam” from littoral sand; found in New Zealand, and introduced to S.A. and W.A.) (a turrid shell found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell found in Victoria and S.A.) (a cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a gastropod in the Caecidae family; found around Australia, including Tasmania and excluding N.T.) (a translucent white bivalve occurring to 350+m deep; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a buff­coloured bivalve occurring to 190m deep; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small dove shell found around Australia, including Tasmania and N.T.) (a small dove shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small limpet that lives on rocks in the lower intertidal zone; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (the largest Australian limpet, found on wave­exposed rocky shores in S.A. and W.A.) Scaly Limpet / Scorched Limpet (a limpet found on rock platforms and kelp holdfasts, in the intertidal and shallow Paphies (Atactodea) cuneata Paphies (Mesodesma) ventricosa Introduced Paramontana modesta Paramontana rufozonata trachys Paraseila halligani Parastropia (Parastropia) cygnicollis Parathyasira verconis Parilimya tasmanicia Parviterebra brazieri Parviterebra trilineata Patella (Scutellastra) chapmani Patella (Scutellastra) laticostata Patella (Scutellastra) peronii An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 763 Technical Report 2004 subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Tall­ribbed Limpet (a very common limpet from exposed rocky shores; distributed across southern Australia and Tasmania) Lateral­striped Limpet (a limpet found on wave­ exposed rocky shores; distributed from Queensland to S.A., including Tasmania). (a limpet found under stones in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; distributed from Victoria to W.A., excluding Tasmania). (a small limpet found in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal, often on the shells of other gastropods; distributed from N.S.W. to southern W.A., excluding Tasmania). (a limpet with a distribution that ranges from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania). (a limpet from the subtidal, with a distribution that ranges from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania). (a limpet that lives amongst macroalgae in the shallow subtidal of exposed rocky shores; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) King Scallop (a large scallop found across eastern and southern Australia, from Queensland to W.A.) (a small volutomitrid shell found in S.A. and southern W.A.). (a very small volutomitrid shell found on sandy substrates in southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand). (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on sea urchins; Patelloida alticostata Patelloida latistrigata Patelloida insignis Patelloida mufria Patelloida profunda Patelloida profunda calamus Patelloida victoriana Pecten (Pecten) fumatus (= Pecten albus) Peculator bacatus Peculator porphyria Pelseneeria brunneus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 764 Technical Report 2004 found in southern Australia, excluding Tasmania) Mandarin Penion Shell Southern Siphon Whelk White­Foot Snail (a common and highly variable whelk shell, found from northern N.S.W. to western Great Australian Bight. The species has a broad depth range in sandy and silty habitats, from 0m to around 600m) (a nutmeg shell from south­ eastern, southern and southwestern Australia) (a white bivalve from sand and mud habitats; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell from shallow sand habitats; occurs around Australia, and also widepread in the tropical Indo­West Pacific) New Zealand Greenlip Mussel New Zealand Green­lipped Mussel (a small gastropod resembling a marginella shell, found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, tropical gastropod resembling a marginella shell; found in N.T., Queensland, Victoria, S.A. gulfs region, and W.A.; also recorded in parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific, such as Cocos Islands, Indonesia, and Madagascar) (a small bivalve found in crevice habitats in shallow waters; recorded from all Australian states, and a few localities in the tropical Indo­ West Pacific region) (a small bivalve from intertidal mud habitats; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Penion mandarinus Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: E in S.A. and Victoria D in W.A. Prerviously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “uncommon”. Pepta stricta Periploma (Offadesma) angasi Periglypta puerpera Perna canaliculus Introduced Persicula albomaculata Persicula pulchella Petricola (Petricola) divergens Petricola (Velargilla) rubiginosa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 765 Technical Report 2004 Australian Pheasant Shell Pheasant Shell Painted Lady (a large pheasant shell, often found in seagrass beds and amongst macroalgae in sheltered bays, in the shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Swollen Pheasant Shell Painted Lady (a small pheasant shell found in more wave­exposed habitats than P. australis; occurs in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, elongate top shell with an iridescent interior; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, brightly coloured top shell with an iridescent interior; found in Victoria, S.A., Tasmania and W.A.) Green Jewel Top Shell (a top shell of variable colour, with an iridescent interior; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a small top shell that is abundant in seagrass; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell with an iridescent interior; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a sugar limpet from deep water; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a sugar limpet from deep water; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a large white mollusc with internal shell) (a large, black or brown, white/yellow­mottled nudibranch, found in muddy sand; recorded to daate only in S.A.) (a gastropod in the Phasianella australis Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E in S.A., W.A. Victoria and Tamania) Phasianella ventricosa Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: E in S.A. and Victoria D in W.A. Phasianotrochus apicinus Considered to be “not very common” (Wilson et al., 1993). Phasianotrochus bellulus Phasianotrochus eximius Phasianotrochus irisodontes Phasianotrochus rutilus Phenacolepas alboradiata Phenacolepas calva Philine angasi Philinopsis troubridgensis Posibly endemic to S.A. Philippia lutea An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 766 Technical Report 2004 Architectonicidae, found in intertidal and subtidal habitats on the continental shelf; recorded around Australia, except in N.T.) (an elongate bivalve that burrows in soft rock, in the shallow subtidal; found in all Australian States, including Tasmania and N.T.). (a greyish­white bivalve occurring in sand and shell habitats, to around 80m deep; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a small Whelk shell occurring in seagrass beds and under rocks, in the intertidal; found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small gastropod in the Muricidae family; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Razor Fish Razorfish Razor Shell (A large pinnid shell from the tropical Indo­West Pacific and Australia, the latter distribution including Queensland, N.S.W., S.A., W.A. and N.T.) (a small gastropod found on algae, under rocks and stones, in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (three species of small gastropod, mainly found in the shallow subtidal; all recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small gastropod from continental shelf waters; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small gastropod found on algae under stones in the lower intertidal and Pholas (Monothyra) australasiae Phragmorisma watsoni Phycothais (formerly Lepsiella) reticulata Phyllocoma (Galfridus) eburnea Pinna bicolor Pisinna approxima Pisinna bicolor Pisinna dubitabilis Pisinna flindersii Pisinna costata Pisinna frenchiensis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 767 Technical Report 2004 continental shelf waters; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small gastropod with a broad depth range, from the lower intertidal through to the continental slope; most commonly recorded in the shallow subtidal; found in eastern and southern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small gastropod from the continental shelf; found in eastern and southern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a small gastropod found in the subtidal, and rarely in the intertidal; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small gastropod from the continental shelf; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small gastropod from the continental shelf; found in W.A. and western S.A.). (a small venus shell found in intertidal sand habitats; widespread around northern and southern Australia, and the tropical Indo­West Pacific region) (a small venus shell found in intertidal sand habitats; ranging from southern Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small venus shell from intertidal and shallow subtidal sand habitats; found in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small venus shell from intertidal sand habitats in Queensland and W.A., and the tropical Indo­West Pacific region; also unconfirmed records from S.A.) (a shell­less green mollusc with numerous cerata) (a wentletrap shell recorded Pisinna kershawi Pisinna tasmanica Pisinna tumida tumida Pisinna varicifera relata Pisinna voorwindei Placamen calophyllum Placamen placidum Placamen flindersi Placamen tiara Placida dendritica Plastiscala invalida An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 768 Technical Report 2004 in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a wentletrap shell from the continental shelf; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a wentletrap shell, recorded to date only in S.A.) White Plaxiphora Chiton (a small gastropod found amongst seagrass in the shallow subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. though to W.A., including Tasmania) (a large, cream / mottled brown­coloured pleurobranch mollusc) (a large tulip shell, occurring from 0m – 100m in reef and sand habitats; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Plastiscala morchi Plastiscala verconis Possibly endemic to S.A. Plaxiphora albida Plesiotrochus monachus Pleurobranchaea maculata Pleuroploca australasia Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D in S.A., W.A. and Victoria O’Hara and Barmby (2000) reported that P. australasia is of the previously common shallow water species in Victoria that has been subjected to over­ collecting in the nearshore zone, and is no longer commonly seen on shore platforms, compared with its abundance in the middle of last century. (a moon snail that is abundant in sand substrates in the intertidal; found around Australia, including Tasmania and excluding N.T.) (a moon snail that is abundant on muddy sand flats in the intertidal; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a moon snail that lives on muddy substrates; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) Polinices (Conuber) conicus Polinices (Conuber) sordidus Polinices (Glossaulax) incei An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 769 Technical Report 2004 (a well­camouflaged, shell­ less mollusc from tidal pools, with large, flattened plant­like cerata) (a yellow­green, elongate bivalve from sand habitats south­eastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit) (a sand­dwelling bivalve; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small ovulid shell recorded on Euplexaura gorgonian coral in areas of strong tidal movement; known only from S.A.) (a small ovulid shell whose biology and distribution are not well known; uncommonly collected to date; known from the Nuyts Archipelago, in S.A.) (a small wentletrap shell, recorded from S.A., possibly extending into Bass Strait) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve from shallow waters in W.A. and S.A.) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a white or pale pink bivalve found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a white bivalve found in W.A. and S.A.) (a small eratos shell that feeds on ascidians; found in W.A. and S.A., possibly extending east into Victoria) (a small eratos shell that feeds on ascidians; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell that is Polybranchia pallens Poroleda spathula = Nuculana (Poroleda) spathula Poroleda typica = Nuculana (Propeleda) typica Primovula heleneae Possibly endemic to S.A. Primovula verconis Possibly endemic to S.A., but further collecting could extend the distribution to W.A. (Wilson et al., 1993). Possibly endemic to S.A. Problitora globula Pronucula australiensis (= Nucula australiensis) Pronucula mayi Pronucula pusilla (= Nucula pusilla) Propecuna obliquissima Propecuna subovata Proterato (Sulcerato) denticulata Proterato (Cypraeerato) bimaculata Prothalotia flindersi (= Cantharidus flindersi) Prothalotia lehmanni An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 770 Technical Report 2004 common in seagrass and brown macroalgae; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small top shell that is abundant on brown macroalgae in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small bivalve from deeper waters of the continental shelf and slope, in southern W.A. and S.A.). Angas’ Murex (a small Typhine shell that lives under rocks or ledges, from low tide level to several hundred metres deep; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (= Cantharidus lehmanni) (a small dove shell found across southern Australia, from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small dove shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a tellin shell from intertidal sand habitats in Victoria, Tasmania nd S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to around 65m; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small gastropod in the Cingulopsidae family, found amongst algal turf in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a turrid shell that occurs on the continental shelf and slope; found to date in Pseudamycla dermestoidea Prothalotia pulcherrimus (= Cantharidus pulcherrimus) Protonucula verconis (= Pseudoglomus verconis) Prototyphis angasi Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: D in S.A. and Victoria C in W.A. P. angasi has previously been described as “not common over the entire range” (Coleman, 1981) and more recently, described as “moderately uncommon”, (Beechey, undated). Shell distributors consider live examples of P. angasi to be “rare”. Pseudamycla miltostoma Pseudarcopagia victoriae Pseudoneaera trigonalis Pseudopisinna gregaria gregaria Pseudoraphitoma alticostata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 771 Technical Report 2004 N.S.W. and S.A.) (a gastropod in the Architectonicidae family, that lives under rocks in the subtidal; recorded to date in S.A. and W.A.; also known from India and Pakistan) (a south­eastern Australian Murex shell, for which Port Macdonnell in S.A. is the western limit) Pseudotorinia (kraussi­ group) delectabilis Pterochelus diffusi (= P. “duffusi”) (previously Pterynotus diffusi) Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: C in S.A. D in Victoria S.A. is at the end of the range of P. diffusi (a widespread southern Australian Murex shell found in sand, and on rocks, near seagrass) Pterochelus trifomis (previously Pterynotus triformis) (a slit limpet recorded in deep water, from a small number of locations in S.A. and Tasmania) (a slit limpet recorded to date only from S.A., with the type locality being 40 miles south of Cape Wiles) (a slit limpet recorded from Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a common dove shell found in S.A. and W.A., associated with seagrass beds and brown macroalgae) Puncturella (Cranopsis) corolla Puncturella (Fissurisepta) fumarium P. diffusi has been considered “uncommon”, both in the past, and in a recent (2002) account of the species (see Coleman 1981, and Beechey, undated). Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D in S.A. and Victoria C in W.A. Endemic to S.A. Puncturella (Puncturella) harrisoni Pusillina (Haurakia) mediolaevis Putilla porcellana Pyrene bidentata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 772 Technical Report 2004 (a dove shell recorded from S.A. during the mid 1800’s; considered in 2003 by the Academy of Natural Sciences to be a valid species) (a fragile trough shell from the intertidal; known to date only from S.A.) Australian (Brown) Triton Australasian Trumpet (a triton shell found in rocky habitats, from the intertidal down to 300+m; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also recorded around New Zealand, Norfolk I. and Lord Howe I.) (a small gastropod found in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (two small gastropods found in the lower intertidal and shallow subtidal; both recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (three small rissoid gastropods that feed on micro­algal film; all ranging from N.S.W., through to W.A., including Tasmania) (two small rissoid gastropods that feed on micro­algal film; both recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a green nudibranch that feeds on Caulerpa plants; Pyrene marmorata Possibly endemic to S.A. Raeta (Raeta) meridionalis Possibly endemic to S.A. Ranella australasia australasia Rissoella (Jeffreysiella) wilfredi Rissoella (Jeffreysilla) confusa umbilicata Rissoella (Rissoella) vitrea Rissoina (Rissoina) jaffa Possibly endemic to S.A. Rissoina (Rissoina) nivea Rissoina (Rissoina) fasciata Rissoina (Rissoina) angasii Rissoina (Rissoina) elegantula Rissoina (Rissoina) iredalei Rissoina (Rissoina) rhyllensis Rissoina (Rissoina) vincentiana Roburnella wilsoni An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 773 Technical Report 2004 ranging from Bass Strait through to southern W.A.) (a genus of sponge­feeding nudibranchs; for example, R. australis, which occurs in Victoria and S.A., and Rostanga sp. 1, recorded in S.A.) (a small sand­dwelling bivalve found in S.A., and the Bass Strait region) (a horse hoof limpet that lives in groups on the shells of other gastropods, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging between N.S.W. and W.A., including Tasmania) (a horse hoof limpet that lives in groups on the shells of other gastropods, in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.; also recorded from parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a small eulimid shell, parasitic on sea urchins; ranging from N.S.W. to S.A., including Tasmania) Ornate Bat­winged Nudibranch Bat­winged Nudibranch (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in New Zealand, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a white or horn­coloured crassatella shell occurring to 200m deep; found in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a white or terracottacoloured crassatella shell, occurring to 200m deep; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a horn­coloured crassatella shell occurring to around 370m deep; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) Rostanga spp. (e.g. R. australis, and Rostanga sp. 1) Rumptunucula vincentiana Sabia australis (= Hipponix australis) Sabia conica (= Hipponix conicus) Sabinella munita Sagaminopteron ornatum Sagenotriphora ampulla Salaputium micra Salaputium producta Salaputium probleenmum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 774 Technical Report 2004 (a bivalve from S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (a triton shell found in subtidal reef and boulder habitats; occurs in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A., and rarely in N.S.W.) Sarepta tellinaeformis Sassia (Austrotriton) bassi Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Categories: B in S.A. and Tasmania; D in Victoria; C nationally. S. (A.) bassi has a restricted range in S.A. (a small triton shell found in sand habitats; recorded from S.A. and Tasmania) (a small triton shell related to Sassia subdistorta, but occurring in deeper water; found in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Distorted Rock Triton A triton shell found on rock platforms; quite common in shallow water, however depth range extends to more than 250m deep; lays eggs in dead bivalve shells, and has no planktonic larval stage; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, uncommon triton shell found in deeper waters on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Lesueur’s Sand Triton (a form of Sassia eburnea; found in Victoria, Tasmania and south­eastern S.A.) (a small triton shell found in the subtidal; occurs in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) Sassia (Austrotriton) mimetica Sassia (Austrotriton) petulans Sassia (Austrotriton) subdistorta Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D (in S.A., W.A. and Victoria) Sassia (Cymatiella) columnaria Sassia (Cymatiella) eburnea lesueuri Sassia (Cymatiella) sexcostata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 775 Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: C (in Tasmania and Victoria) O’Hara and Barmby (2000) assigned S. eburnea to vulnerability category “C” in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D in S.A. and Tasmania C in Victoria. Technical Report 2004 O’Hara and Barmby (2000) assigned S. (C.) sexcostata to vulnerability category C in Victoria, using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Globulose form of S. (C.) sexcostata considered by shell collectors and distributors to be “uncommon” (a small, common triton shell found in the subtidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania Parkinson’s Sassia (a triton shell found under stones on rocky shores, and on subtidal reef, to around 140m deep; occurs in N.S.W., Tasmania and Victoria, possibly extending to south­eastern S.A.) (a small, parasitic eulimid shell, ranging from N.S.W. through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a small Scissurellid slit shell ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf; recorded to date in N.S.W. and S.A.) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf; recorded to date in Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell from the continental shelf; recorded to date only in S.A.) Chapman's Limpet Sassia (Cymatiella) verrucosa Roman Shield Shell Duck’s­bill Limpet Elephant Snail (a large, black, slug­like fissurellid mollusc with a white trough­shaped shell; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on Scutus (Scutus) antipodes Sassia (Sassia) parkinsonia Scalenostoma lodderae Scissurella cyprina Scrinium brazieri Scrinium gatliffi Scrinium impendens Possibly endemic to S.A. Scutellastra chapmani Protected species in Tasmania Seila albosutura An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 776 Technical Report 2004 the continental shelf in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found in shallow waters, to around 40m deep; recorded from Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found around Australia, including N.T. and excluding Tasmania) (a top shell found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (two white or pink tellin shells from the intertidal; both ranging from Queensland to S.A., exluding Tasmania) (a semelid bivalve found in rubble, sand or seagrass habitats in the shallow subtidal; endemic to S.A.) (a semelid bivalve from intertidal sand habitats in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a helmet shell found on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Seila crocea Seila marmorata Seilarex verconis Selastele retiarium Semelangulus semitorta Semelangulus tenuilirata Semele ada Semele monilis Semicassis (Antephalium) adcocki (a helmet shell found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a helmet shell found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) Semicassis (Antephalium) semigranosum (a helmet shell found on the Semicassis (Semicassis) Semicassis (Antephalium) sinuosum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 777 Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulerability category: B in W.A., and nationally. No formal listings, however S. (A.) sinuosum is considered by shell authorities to be a rare shell, taken in deep water (e.g. Wilson et al 1993). Commercial shell distributors also consider S. (A.) sinuosum to be a rare species. Technical Report 2004 continental shelf and slope; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.; also found in New Zealand and South Africa) Giant Cuttlefish Australian Cuttlefish Southern Bottletail Squid Lace Bottletail Squid Southern Bobtail Squid Striped Pyjama Squid pyrum Southern Calamari Squid Southern Calamary Sepioteuthis australis (a small marginella shell from deeper waters of the continental shelf; found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a small marginella shell from shallow reefs / rocky habitats in New Zealand, Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a worm shell that cements its shell to hard substrates; recorded in Queensalnd, S.A. and W.A.) (a worm shell that cements its shell to hard substrates; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a slipper shell found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a tropical slit worm shell recorded from N.S.W., N.T. and S.A.; also recorded from Indonesia and India) (a slit worm shell recorded from Queensland, N.T., W.A. and S.A.; also known from Japan and India) (a slit worm shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.; possibly also in Queensland) (a tropical slit worm shell recorded in Queensland, N.T. and S.A.; also known from various locations in the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a tropical slit worm shell, Serrata haswelli Sepia apama Sepiadarium austrinum Sepiadarium sp. Sepiola sp. Sepioloidea lineolata Serrata mustelina Serpulorbis (Cladopoda) novaehollandiae Serpulorbis (Cladopoda) sipho Sigapatella hedleyi (= Clypeola hedleyi) Siliquaria lactea Siliquaria (Siliquaria) anguina Siliquaria (Siliquaria) australis Siliquaria (Siliquaria) cumingii Siliquaria (Pyxipoma) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 778 Technical Report 2004 recorded to date only from Tahiti and the gulfs region in S.A.) (a slit worm shell, recorded from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania; also found in New Zealand) (a small Scissurellid slit shell ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania; also found in New Zealand) (a small Scissurellid slit shell found in New Zealand, N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small Scissurellid slit shell of broad geographic range; recorded from N.S.W., Victoria, and S.A., and also New Zealand and the Kermadec Islands, and the Coral Sea) (a small Scissurellid slit shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a moon snail found on sandflats; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) Van Diemen’s Siphon Shell (a siphon limpet from rocky shores; found in southern Australia and Tasmania) Corded Siphon Shell (a siphon limpet from rocky shores; ranging from Queensland through to central S.A., including Tasmania) (a siphon limpet whose name is not recognised by some authors; found on steep rocky shores in W.A. and western S.A.) Blue Siphon Shell (a siphon limpet from rocky shores; found in Victoria, Tasmania and south­eastern S.A.) New Zealand Siphon Shell tahitensis Siliquaria (Pyxipoma) weldii Sinezona atkinsoni Sinezona beddomei Sinezona pacifica Sinezona pulchra Sinum zonale Siphonaria (Siphonaria) diemenensis Siphonaria funiculata Siphonaria jeanae Siphonaria (Pachysiphonaria) tasmanica Siphonaria zelandica An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 779 Technical Report 2004 (a siphon limpet whose name is not recognuised by some authors; variously described as being found in New Zealand, or in southern Australia) (a small, uncommon typhine shell recorded from 15m – 300m depth; found in southeastern Australia, from southern Queensland / northern N.S.W. region through to S.A.). (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Tasmania and S.A.) (a small mussel occurring to 260+m deep; found in S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a dark brown bivalve from littoral sand or mud, ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a sunset shell from the intertidal; ranging from Queensland to W.A., including Tasmania) (a sunset shell of variable colour, from the intertidal; ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell found on the continental shelf in S.A. and W.A.) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Tasmania and S.A.) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in S.A. and W.A.) (a small cerithiopsid Siphonochelus (Siphonochelus) syringianus Socienna apicicostata Socienna trisculpta Solamen recens Solemya (Solemya) australis Soletellina (Soletellina) alba Soletellina (Soletellina) biradiata Spectamen marsus Specula mammilla Specula regina Specula turbonilloides An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 780 Technical Report 2004 gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a sand­coloured bivalve from the continental shelf and slope; found in southern W.A., S.A. and N.S.W.; also in New Zealand, South Africa and Madagascar) (a trough shell found in tropical and temperate intertidal habitats around Australia) (a bivalve that attaches to shell debris and corals; found in eastern, southern and western Australia) (two turrid shells, found to date only in S.A.) Spinosipella ericia Spisula (Notospisula) trigonella Spondylus tenellus Splendrillia (Splendrillia) bednalli Splendrillia (Splendrillia) gratiosa (a turrid shell found in Splendrillia (Splendrillia) Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria nenia and S.A.) (a common turrid shell Splendrillia (Splendrillia) ranging from N.S.W. through woodsi to W.A., including Tasmania). (a genus of anemone­ Spurilla spp. consuming nudibranchs with (e.g. S. australis numerous cerata) S. macleayi) (a small gastropod in the Starkeyna cancellata Skeneopsidae family, recorded to date from S.A.) (a small shell in the Stephopoma Siliquariidae family; found to nucleogranosum date only on the continental shelf in S.A.) (a small eulimid shell, Stilapex parva parasitic on the ophiuroid Ophiothrix crassispina; found in N.S.W. and S.A.) (a well­camouflaged green Stiliger smaragdinus shell­less mollusc with bubble­shaped cerata, that feeds on Caulerpa plants) (a stomatella shell found in Stomatella auricula N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) False Ear Shell Stomatella impertusa Elongate False Ear Shell An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 781 Both species may be endemic to S.A. Possibly endemic to S.A. Possibly endemic to S.A. Technical Report 2004 Strigose Stomatella (a stomatella shell of variable colour and pattern; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small stomatella shell known only from Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf in S.A.; possibly a variant of S. impertusa, but further examination of material is required; currently recognised as a separate species) (a small rissoid gastropod that feeds on micro­algal film; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a venus shell from subtidal sand habitats to 90m; found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a cream­coloured bivalve occurring to around 100m deep; found to date only in S.A.) (a pale yellow­brown bivalve occurring on the continental shelf and slope, to around 365m deep; found to date only in S.A.) (a small top shell found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a green, translucent­shelled mollusc that eats Caulerpa plants) Verco’s Tambja Verco’s Nudibranch (a small moon snail found in the intertidal zone; occurs in all Australian states, including Tasmania and N.T.) (a small turrid shell recorded from Neptune Island in S.A., at 195m) Stomatella terminalis (a small moon snail ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) Tasmatica schoutanica Possibly endemic to S.A. Stosicia hedleyi Sunetta vaginalis Talabrica angustior Possibly endemic to S.A. Talabrica carnea Possibly endemic to S.A. Talopena gloriola Tamanovalva babai Tambja verconis Tanea sagittata (= Natica sagittata) Taranis mayi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 782 Known only from the type locality, at Neptune Island (Wilson et al., 1994; Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003). Technical Report 2004 (a small whelk found in the intertidal, in Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (two venus shells from sand habitats to around 40m deep; both ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell from subtidal sand habitats to around 180m deep; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a tellin shell, recorded from S.A.; possibly endemic) (a tellin shell, recorded from sand habitats in N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (an auger shell, found in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (an auger shell, found in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a small auger shell, from shallow waters in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a small auger shell from New Zealand and southeastern Australia, with S.A. being the western limit of the distribution) (a small auger shell, recorded to date only in S.A.) (a “shipworm” bivalve of cosmopolitan distribution; examples of Australian records include those from N.S.W. and S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; recorded to date only in S.A.) (a small triphorid gastropod that feed on sponges; found on the continental shelf in Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small, common triphorid shell of variable colour, that feeds on sponges; found in the intertidal, and subtidally Tasmeuthria clarkei Tawera gallinula Tawera lagopus Tawera spissa Tellina brazieri Tellinella albinella Terebra albida Terebra assecla Terebra jacksoniana Terebra tristis Terebra scalariformis Endemic to S.A. Teredo navalis Teretriphora gemmegens Teretriphora novapostrema Possibly endemic to S.A. Teretriphora spica Tetraphora granifera An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 783 Technical Report 2004 to around 40m deep; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small, tropical triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; found in Queensland, with records also from the S.A. gulfs region) (a small triphorid shell that feeds on sponges; recorded to date only from S.A.) Conical Thalotia (a small top shell that is abundant in seagrasses; found across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a widely distributed tropical nerite shell, found in in estuarine and mangrove area; recorded in N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.; also reported from various countries in the tropical Indo­West Pacific (a southern Australian form of a tropical nudibranch from Japan, Korea, Thailand and the tropical Indo­West Pacific; the form has been recorded at Rapid Bay, in S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to around 50m deep; found to date only in S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to around 50m; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to around 80m; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring from the shallow subtidal to around 220m; found in southern Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a bivalve occurring to around 200m; ranging from southern Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a yellowish­coloured bivalve Tetraphora mapooensis Teretriphora mcgilpi Thalotia conica Theodoxus (Pictoneritina) oualaniensis Thorunna cf. florens Thracia (Thracia) concentrica Possibly endemic to S.A. Thracia (Thracia) lincolnensis Thracia (Thracia) myodoroides Thracia (Thracia) speciosa Thracidora arenosa Thracidora flindersi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 784 Technical Report 2004 occurring to around 124m; found in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a bivalve from the shallow subtidal; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a bivalve from the continental shelf in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to 200m; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a small venus shell from shallow sandy mud habitats; ranging from N.S.W. to W.A., including Tasmania) Variegated Tun Shell (a large tun shell found in sandy habitats; occurs in southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand) (a reddish brown mottled nudibranch with yellow or white spots; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.). (a brown and white patterned nudibranch; known from Lord Howe Island, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) Blanket Octopus Hairy Three­area Mussel (a mussel found attached to rocks in the intertidal and shallow subtidal; ranging from Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a mud­dwelling mussel, found to date only in S.A.) (a small turbinid shell that is common in rocky shore habitats; found in Indo­ Malaysia and Indo­China, and in Queensland, N.T., W.A. and S.A.) (a small, bright red or pink turbinid shell; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell from intertidal habitats; found in S.A. and W.A.) (a small turbinid shell that is Thraciopsis (Thraciopsis) peroniana Thraciopsis (Thraciopsis) subrecta Thyasira (Thyasira) adelaideana Timoclea (Chioneryx) cardioides Tonna variegata Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E in all states, including S.A.) Trapania benni Trapania brunnea Tremoctopus violaceus Trichomusculus barbatus Trichomya hirsuta ( = T. hirsutus) Trichomya penetectus Possibly endemic to S.A. Tricolia fordiana Tricolia rosea Tricolia tomlini Tricolia variabilis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 785 Technical Report 2004 extremely variable in colour and pattern; found in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats at various locations in the tropical Indo­ West Pacific, and also recorded from Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small typhine shell that inhabitats limestone reefs; also recorded on Spondylus bivalves; found in Victoria, northern Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.). (a species of bean cowrie, in a family of shells that feed on compound ascidians; recorded in the gulfs region of S.A.) (a species of bean cowrie, in a family of shells that feed on compound ascidians; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a gastropod that feeds on detritus in saltmarsh habitats; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a gastropod that feeds on detritus in saltmarsh habitats; recorded across southern Australia) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope, in sand and shell habitats; recorded across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf; recorded mainly in Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) (a dog cockle shell, endemic to S.A.) (a dog cockle shell, found in subtidal sand habitats in N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria Tripterotyphis robustus Trivia (Trivirostra) cydarum (= Trivirostra cydarum) Possibly endemic to S.A. (Cate, 1979, cited by Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) Trivia (Ellatrivia) merces Ponder and Grayson (1998) assigned a low category of vulnerability (Category E in S.A., W.A. and Victoria) Truncatella (Truncatella) vincentiana Truncatella (Truncatella) scalarina Tubercliopsis cessicus Tubercliopsis dannevigi Tucetona broadfooti Tucetona flabellata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 786 Technical Report 2004 and S.A.) (a dog cockle shell, from subtidal sand habitats in Tasmania, Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a slit limpet found on rocks, and on larger shells such as Pinna; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a slit limpet found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, and S.A.) Jourdan’s Turban Shell Turban Shell (a large turban shell, often occurring in tide pools, and amongst brown macroalgae in the shallow subtidal; found in S.A. and W.A.) Heavy Turban Shell Turban Shell (a common turban shell, often found in crevices and amongst macroalgae on rocky shores; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) Common Warrener Wavy Turban (a turban shell that is common on rock platforms in the intertidal; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a tuban shell found amongst macroalagal­covered rocks in the subtidal; commonly taken in rock lobster pots; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a screw shell found to date at depths between 36m and 170m; known only from S.A.) (a screw shell from the continental shelf and slope; found in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a bright yellow notaspid sea slug, with a heavily calcified external shell; found in Tucetona sordida Tugali cicatricosa Tugali cicatricosa Turbo (Dinassovica) jourdani Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: C in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally T. (D.) jourdani has a restricted range in both S.A. and W.A. Turbo (Ninella) torquatus Turbo (Subninella) undulatus Turbo (Euninella) gruneri Turritellopsis kimberi Endemic to S.A. Turritellopsis neptunensis Tylodina corticalis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 787 Technical Report 2004 eastern and southern Australia) Apricot­Coloured Cowrie (a large cowrie from deeper waters, usually 80m – 250m; found in western S.A. and southern W.A.) Umbilia armeniaca ( = Cypraea armeniaca) U. armeniaca brunescens / brunnea (a variously named colour form) Ponder & Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: A (in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally) U. armeniaca has a restricted range in S.A. U. armeniaca is described as “one of Australia’ rarest and most sought after shells” (Wilson et al., 1993). Undecided Cowrie Beddome’s Cowrie Umbilia hesitata Umbilia hesitata beddomei (a cream­coloured top shell, ranging in distribution from Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a top shell from the continental shelf and slope, found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Flinders Vase (a Turbinellid shell from the continental shelf of S.A. and W.A.) Vaceuchelus ampullus U. armeniaca is considered by shell fishery management in SA to be rare or apparently rare, and highly sought after by collectors (Macdonald, PIRSA 1996). Ponder & Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: D (south­eastern Australia) Vaceuchelus profundior Vasum (Altivasum) flindersi Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category: C in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally V. (A.) flindersi has a restricted range in S.A. Dance (1992) categorised V. (A.) flindersi as Occurrence Code 2, indicating that the species is rare, on a Common to Rare scale of 5 to 1. Some forms (e.g. deep­ An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 788 Technical Report 2004 water spined forms) are considered by shell distributors to be rare. (a southern mud creeper shell, found in sandy substrates amongst seagrass and green macroalgae, also amongst mangroves; recorded throughout eastern and southern Australia) (a white cardita shell found in southern Australia, ranging from Queensland to W.A., including Tasmania) (a cardita shell from shallow sand habitats in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (two cardita shells recorded from Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a cardita shell whose distribution is incompletely known; recorded in S.A. and New Zealand) (a cardita shell recorded from S.A.) (a cardita shell recorded in southern Australia, from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell from intertidal habitats; ranging from southern Queensland through to S.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell from intertidal habitats; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small venus shell, ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a venus shell of broad distribution; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., inlcuding Tasmania; also recorded in China, Japan, and the Philippines) (a small venus shell found in Victoria and S.A.) (a small venus shell found in Velacumantus australis Venericardia amabilis Venericardia bimaculata Venericardia columnaria Venericardia quoyi Venericardia lutea Venericardia propelutea Venericardia rosulenta Venerupis anomala Venerupis galactites Venerupis iridescens Venerupis mitis Venerupis obesa Venerupis planicosta An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 789 Technical Report 2004 both northern and southern Australia) (a small nutmeg shell from deeper waters, found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a pink, yellow or orange, sponge­feeding nudibranch; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and south­western W.A.) (a white bivalve occurring to around 550m deep; found in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a small costellate mitre shell found in N.S.W., Victoria, S.A. and southern W.A.) (a small costellate mitre shell found under rocks in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, in S.A. and southern W.A.) (a very small costellate mitre shell found in Victoria and S.A., with few specimens known) (a costellate mitre shell, ranging from Queensland through to W.A., excluding Tasmania) (a costellate mitre shell found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a small costellate mitre shell found in S.A. and southern W.A., and also recorded in the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (a very small gastropod in the Vitrinellidae family; recorded in Victoria and S.A.) (an oyster­like bivalve that lives embedded in sponges; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (an oyster­like bivalve that lives embedded in sponges; found around Australia) (a small volutomitrid shell found in the intertidal and shallow subtidal, on rocky Vercomaris pergradata Verconia verconis Verticordia bordaensis Vexillum (Costellaria) apicitinctum Vexillum (Costellaria) lincolnense Vexillum (Costellaria) pellucidum Vexillum (Costellaria) acromiale Vexillum (Pusia) australe Vexillum (Pusia) corallinum Vitrinella caperatum Vulsella spongiarum Vulsella vulsella Waimatea obscura An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 790 Technical Report 2004 shores, in New Zealand, Tasmania, Victoria, and S.A.) (a small lucinid shell, found in sand in shallow waters; ranges across southern Australia, including Tasmania) (a small bivalve recorded on the continental shelf in S.A. and Tasmania) (a white bivalve found in sand, shell and coral habitats; recorded in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a bivalve found in sand habitats on the continental shelf and slope; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a bivalve found in sand and shell habitats on the continental shelf; recorded in S.A. and W.A.) (a carrier shell that attaches small shells and pebbles to its own shell, as a form of camouflage; may reproduce by direct development; found in S.A. and W.A.) Wallucina assimilis Warrana cessens Warrana comma Warrana edentata Warrana pauciconcentrica Xenophora (Austrophora) flindersi flindersi Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: C in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally X. (A.) flindersi has a restricted range in S.A. X. (A.) flindersi is considered by some shell distributors to be “quite scarce”. (a mussel that lives in rock Xenostrobus inconstans crevices, or attached to rocks or shells in the intertidal; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Little Black Horse Mussel Xenostrobus pulex (a gregarious mussel from exposed rocky and sandy habitats; found across southern Australia, from southern Queensland / northern N.S.W. region through to southern W.A., including Tasmania) (a small gregarious mussel Xenostrobus securis that lives on timber, rock or An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 791 Technical Report 2004 dead shells, in brackish water; ranging from southern Queensland through to W.A., including Tasmania). a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf across southern Australia, including Tasmania; has been assigned to another genus by Laseron (1956), however Zaclys semilaevis is still recognised by some sources as a valid species – e.g. see Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003) (a small cerithiopsid gastropod that feeds on sponges; found on the continental shelf and slope in Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a small shell in the Skeneidae family; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a southern mud creeper shell that is abundant on estuarine mud and sand flats, particularly amongst Zostera eelgrass; found in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) Southern Creeper (a southern mud creeper shell from New Zealand, found in intertidal mud habitats) (a slit limpet found in S.A.; might also occur in Tasmania, where a similar species, Z. tasmanica, was described) (a slit limpet found in Queensland, N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a small dove shell with a depth range between 40m and 300m; ranging between [ Zaclys semilaevis ] Zaclys styliferus Zalipais bruniense Zalipais inscripta Zeacumantus diemenesis Zeacumantus subcarinatus Introduced to southeastern Australia, from N.Z. Zeidora legrandi Possibly endemic to S.A Zeidora lodderae Zella beddomei An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 792 Technical Report 2004 Queensland and S.A., excluding Tasmania) (a turrid shell, recorded from Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a turrid shell, recorded from New Zealand, Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) Broad­margined Cowrie (a sponge­feeding cowrie that usually lives in the darker recesses of caves, to at least 45m deep; found in S.A., with close relatives in southern W.A.) Zenepos minuta Zenepos mimica Zoila marginata orientalis other names: Z. orientalis Z. marginata var. intermedians Zoila marginata raybaudii Z. marginata orientalis is considered to be the S.A. form of Z. marginata (Wilson and Clarkson, 2004). It is noted that one auithority considers it to be a separate species (i.e. Z. orientalis), endemic to S.A. (Lorenz and Hubert, 2000; Lorenz, 2001, cited by Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003). Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability categories: D (in S.A., for South Australian form of Z. marginata). C (nationally, for Z. marginata Various forms of Zoila marginata in W.A. have been assigned vulnerability category A (one form) and B (two forms), both in W.A. and nationally (see Ponder and Grayson, 1998). Z. marginata is considered in S.A. shell fishery management terms to be rare or apparently rare, and highly sought after by collectors (Macdonald, 1996). Some forms also considered rare by specimen shell collectors and distributors. Hump­backed Cowrie Black Cowrie Zoila friendii thersites (= Cypraea Zoila thersites) An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 793 Considered to be a geographically isolated Technical Report 2004 (a cowrie species with various forms; found on the continental shelf in S.A.) some forms: Z. f. thersites thersites Z. f. thersites contraria Z. f. thersites eburnea eastern sub­species of the Z. friendii complex (Wilson et al., 1993; Wilson and Clarkson, 2004). Note that one authority considers Z. friendii thersites to be a separate species (i.e. Z. thersites), endemic to S.A. (Lorenz and Hubert, 2000; Lorenz, 2001; Academy of Natural Sciences, 2003), however there appears to be limited evidence to support species status (Wilson and Clarkson, 2004). Ponder and Grayson (1998) vulnerability category: C in S.A. Z. friendii thersites has been assigned vulnerability category B in Victoria (O’Hara and Barmby 2000), using Ponder and Grayson’s (1998) criteria. Rose­spotted Cowrie (a named form) (a cowrie species with various named forms; lives in caves and under ledges in the shallow subtidal; found mainly in southern W.A., but one form extends east into the Great Australian Bight of S.A.) Zoila venusta f. profunda (also Zoila venusta f. roseopunctata) Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked various forms / varieties as “scarce” or “rare”. Ponder and Grayson (1998) Vulnerability Category for Z. venusta: C (in S.A. and W.A., and therefore nationally) Previously, Eisenberg (1981) ranked the species as “very scarce”. Various forms of Z. venusta, particulary those in parts of southern W.A., are considered by shell specialists to be rare, and attract very high prices in the commercial shell trade. (a Western Australian cowrie Zoila rosselli species; also found in deeper waters in far western S.A., An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 794 Technical Report 2004 which is the eastern edge of the species range) # (The genus Marginella is a synonym for these three Hydroginella species, but the previous name Pillarginella is no longer applicable) Echinoderms Baker (1982a and 1982b); Rowe (1982); Shepherd et al. (1982); Zeidler and Shepherd (1982); O'Loughlin and O'Hara (1992); Rowe and Gates (1995a,b,c,d,e); O’Hara (2001a,b,c,d,e); Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Heritage (2003b and 2003c); Natural History Museum (2003). Common Name Spiny Sea Star Many­armed Sea Star (a five­armed sea star from S.A., south­eastern and eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 10m – 174m). (a green and white sea urchin; one variety with bright red spines; recorded from southern and south­eastern Australian States and N.Z., with a reported depth range of 0m – 50m). (a sea urchin from southern Australian States, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 10m). (a sea urchin from southern and south­eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 10m – 180m). (a sea urchin from W.A. and S.A., with a recorded depth range of 0m – 18m). Egg­shaped Sea Urchin (a sea urchin from southern and south­eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 70m). (a sea urchin from W.A. and S.A., with a recorded depth range of 0m – 137m). (a shallow subtidal sea urchin from southern and south­ eastern Australia). (a yellow­brown or reddish “sand dollar”, possibly endemic to the S.A. gulfs region, with a recorded depth range to 45m). (a “sand dollar”, apparently known from a single distinctive specimen, from Gulf St Vincent; possibly endemic). (a deeper water brittle star from western, eastern and southern Australia, the latter including records from seaward of the S.A. gulfs region). (a brittle star found from tropical and southern Australian waters). (a small, bio­luminescent brittle star). (a brittle star from southern and south­eastern Australia). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 795 Latin Name Allostichaster polyplax Allostichaster regularis Amblypneustes elevatus (= A. pachistus) Amblypneustes formosus Amblypneustes grandis Amblypneustes leucoglobus Amblypneustes ovum Amblypneustes pallidus Amblypneustes pulchellus Ammotrophus cyclius Ammotrophus platyterus Amphiophiura urbana Amphioplus ochroleuca Amphipholis squamata Amphistigma minuta Technical Report 2004 (a small, banded brittle star). (a brittle star from shallow waters, in southern and south­ eastern Australia). (a brittle star from shallow waters less than 10m). (a brittle star with tropical affinity, found in the S.A. gulfs). (a brittle star from shallow waters less than 10m). (a brittle star from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a small, white, ten­armed feather star from western, southern and eastern Australia, and offshore islands). (a small, white, ten­armed feather star from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a brick­red, mottled sea star, found in S.A. and W.A.). (a sea cucumber from the shallow subtidal, known from the S.A. gulfs region, from Yorke Peninsula to Encounter Bay; possibly endemic). (a sea cucumber from the shallow subtidal, known from southern W.A., S.A., and Bass Strait, between 0m – 3m). (a feather star recorded from S.A. and W.A., to 30m). (a small, brown, orange or red, viviparous feather star, recorded from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with a reported depth range of 1m – 67m). (a small, pentagon­shaped sea star from W.A., S.A. and the south­eastern States, with recorded depth range of 0m – 40m). (a small, brown sea star from the littoral zone in south­ eastern Australia, with Port MacDonnell in S.A. as the western limit). Firebrick Sea Star (a sea star from southern and south­eastern Australia and N.Z., with a broad depth range recorded, from the shallow subtidal to around 800m). Erna’s Basket Star (a large, five­armed sand star, reddish brown or fawn colour, found in W.A. and S.A., with a recorded depth range of 0m ­140 m). (a reddish­brown, brown or fawn sand star with marginal spines, found around Australia, with a recorded depth range of 0m ­ 128m). (a small, pink, five­armed sand star). (a deeper water sea star from S.A., south­eastern and mid­eastern Australia, with recorded depth range of 27m – 500m). (a basket star found in W.A. and western S.A., in waters deeper than 35m). Many­pored Sea Star (a yellow or red sea star with black papulae, from western, southern and south­eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 160m). (a sea star distributed across southern Australia, from An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 796 Amphiura constricta Amphiura elandiformis Amphiura multiremula Amphiura (Fellaria) octacantha Amphiura (Ophiopeltis) parviscutata Amphiura trisacantha Antedon incommoda Antedon loveni Anthaster valvulatus Apsolidium alvei Apsolidium handrecki Aporometra occidentalis Aporometra wilsoni Asterina atyphoida Asterina scobinata Asterodiscides truncatus Astroboa ernae Astropecten preissi Astropecten vappa Astropecten pectinatus Australiaster (Coscinasterias) dubia Astrosierra microconus Austrofromia polypora (= Fromia polypora) Bollonaster pectinatus Technical Report 2004 W.A. to N.S.W., with a recorded depth range 9m – 280m). (a tropical sea urchin, also recorded in southern Australian States, with a reported depth range of 0m – 120m). (a common sea cucumber from W.A. and S.A., with recorded depth range of 15m – 66m). (a feather star from S.A., south­eastern Australian States and islands, and N.Z., with a reported depth range of 5m – 35m). (a feather star from W.A., S.A., and south­eastern Australian States, with a reported depth range of 18m ­ 306m). (a feather star from W.A., S.A., and south­eastern Australian States, with a reported depth range of 1m – 63m). Orange Feather Star (a feather star from W.A., S.A., and south­eastern Australian States, with a reported depth range of 0m – 37m). (a green or red­brown sea urchin from W.A. and S.A., with a recorded depth range of 0m to around 100m). (a red, brown and white brittle star from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a brittle star from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a large, forty­armed feather star, coloured orange, green, brown or black). (a ten­armed, red or orange feather star, found in red macroalgae, and recorded from W.A., S.A. and southeastern Australia). Southern Basket Star Eleven­armed Sea Star (a grey, white and yellow sea cucumber). (a cream­white or brown sea cucumber from the shallow subtidal, distributed across southern Australian states). (a sea cucumber described in 1992, known from southern Australian states, with records from 0m – 28m). (a large, yellow, dark red or brown sea star with short spines, from coastal waters in mid and southern W.A., S.A. and the south­eastern states). (a large yellow or dark red sea star with short spines, from mid and southern W.A., and S.A., recorded from the intertidal to around 60m). Heart­shaped Urchin Heart Urchin (a sea urchin from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 9m ­ 365m). (a purple feather star from shallow waters in S.A. and south­eastern Australia, recorded to 10m). (a sea urchin described in 1990, from S.A. and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 797 Brissus (Allobrissus) agassizii Ceto cuvieria Cenolia benhami Cenolia spanoschistum Cenolia tasmaniae Cenolia trichoptera Centrostephanus tenuispinus Clarkoma canaliculata Clarkcoma pulchra Comanthus trichoptera Comatulella brachiolata Conocladus australis Coscinasterias muricata (= C. calamaria) (“Cucumaria”) squamatoides Cucumella mutans Cucuvitrum rowei Echinaster arcystatus Echinaster glomeratus Echinocardium cordatum Echinocyamus platytatus Euantedon paucicirra Eupatagus flindersi Technical Report 2004 Tasmanian coastal waters). (a sea urchin from southern Australia, including S.A., with a recorded depth range of 25m – 235m). (a tropical sea urchin, also recorded in W.A. and S.A., from waters deeper than 20m). (a deeper water sea urchin from the continental shelf of southern Australia, with S.A. records between Beachport and Cape Borda, Kangaroo Island. (a sea urchin from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 9m – 160m). Spiny Pencil Sea Urchin Spiny Pencil Urchin Pencil Urchin (a broadly distributed sea urchin from western, southern and eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 630m). (a sea urchin from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia). Purple Sea Urchin Spiny Urchin Red Sea Urchin (a cream / gray and brown sea cucumber with a recorded depth range of 0m – 40m, known from WA and western S.A., with Port Lincoln being the known eastern limit). Inflated Sea Urchin (a sea urchin recorded across southern Australia, between 0m – 25m). Pored Sea Urchin (a sea urchin recorded across southern Australia, in the littoral zone). (a sea urchin recorded across southern Australia, in the littoral zone). (a pink­white sea cucumber with a depth range from 0m ­ 200m, from W.A., S.A. and eastern Australia). (a brown, fusiform sea cucumber recorded from central S.A. to south­eastern Australia). (a brown, fusiform sea cucumber recorded from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, between 0m – 10m). Southern Sand Star (a large, seven­armed sea star distributed across southern Australia, from mid­W.A. to mid­Qld). (a purple­blue and red tropical sea cucumber from WA, extending into western S.A.). (a small red­brown, green and white sea urchin from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, recorded from waters deeper than 25m). (a small sea urchin with a broad depth distribution between 5m – 235m, with inshore records from Spencer Gulf in S.A., eastwards to Tasmania). (a small dark brown and red sea urchin, recorded from S.A., Bass Strait and northern Tasmania, between 0m – An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 798 Fibularia (Fibularia) plateia Fibularia (Fibulariella) oblonga Genocidaris incerta Goniocidaris impressa Goniocidaris tubaria Granobrissoides dyscritus Heliocidaris erythrogramma Heliocidaris tuberculata Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hartmeyeri Holopneustes inflatus Holopneustes porosissimus Holopneustes purpurascens Leptosynapta dolabrifera Lipotrapeza ventripes Lipotrapeza vestiens Luidia australiae Mensameria intercedens Microcyphus annulatus Microcyphus compsus Microcyphus zigzag Technical Report 2004 40m). (a heart urchin found in the littoral zone, with records from all around Australia, including S.A. but excluding N.T.). Large­plated Sea Star (a yellow or orange, five­armed sea star from reef habitats in W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia). (a yellow, orange or red, five­armed sea star from the shallow subtidal in W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, recorded to 20m. Ocellate Sea Star (a five­armed sea star from southern and south­eastern Australia, recorded from the intertidal to 230m). (a five­armed sea star distributed across the southern Australian coast, from the intertidal to around 20m). (a bright rose­red, five­armed sea star, distributed across southern Australia, from the intertidal to around 25m). Wilson's Sea Star (a five­armed sea star, distributed across southern Australia, with a recorded depth range from the intertidal to around 44m). (a dark blue or purple­black sea cucumber, known from the intertidal in southern Australia). (a sea cucumber described in 1992, and known from the shallow subtidal in S.A. and south­eastern Australia). (a sea cucumber from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with Spencer Gulf being the recorded western limit; recorded depth range 10m ­ 71m). (a pink or red sea star found on reefs in W.A., S.A. and the south­eastern States). (a small white sea cucumber). (a small brittle star from the shallow subtidal). (a brittle star with sub­tropical affinity). (a brittle star from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a brittle star with a broad depth range, from southern and south­eastern Australia). (a small, multi­coloured brittle star). Ramsay’s Brittle Star (a large brittle star, living in soft sediments). Moira lethe Nectria macrobrachia Nectria multispina Nectria ocellata Nectria pedicelligera Nectria saoria Nectria wilsoni Neoamphicyclus lividus Neocnus bimarsupiis Neocucumella fracta Nepanthia troughtoni Ocnus calcareus Ophiacantha alternata Ophiacantha clavigera Ophiacantha shepherdi Ophiactis resiliens Ophiactis tricolor Ophiarachnella ramsayi Ophiocentrus pilosus (= pilosa) (a brittle star found amongst rocks in shallow water). Ophioceres bispinosus (a brittle star with banded arms, from shallow water). Ophiocomina australis (a brittle star found in the shallow subtidal in SA and WA). Ophioconus opacum (a brown and white/cream brittle star, known from Ophiocrossota multispina western, southern and south­eastern Australia, from the shallow subtidal to around 85m). (two deeper­water brittle stars from southern Australia, Ophiomusium anisacanthum including waters south of the S.A. gulfs). Ophiomusium australe Red Serpent Star Ophiomyxa australis Schayer’s Brittle Star Ophionereis schayeri (a brittle star from W.A. and southern Australian states, An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 799 Technical Report 2004 found from the shallow subtidal to around 180m). (a brittle star found in both northern and southern Australia and the Pacific, from the shallow subtidal to around 180m). (a brittle star from waters deeper than 50m, found along southern and south­eastern Australia). (a brittle star from southern Australia). (a shallow water brittle star, found amongst rubble / stones). (a brittle star recorded between 0m ­ 50m, from Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia, with West Island in S.A. as the known western limit). (a southern Australian brittle star with a broad depth range). (a deeper water brittle star from south­eastern Australia and Asia, for which Beachport, S.A., is the western limit in southern Australia). (a pink­red or yellow brittle star from southern and south­ eastern Australia, found in bryozoa and sponges). (a purple and cream coloured brittle star, known from western, southern and south­eastern Australia). (a small brittle star with a broad geographic range and depth range, found in soft sediments). (a brittle star with a broad depth range, from eastern and southern Australia, with Spencer Gulf as the known western limit). (a green/gray and light purple sea urchin from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with a reported depth range of 0m – 70m). (a pink and white sea cucumber from western, southern and eastern Australia, with a broad depth distribution, from the shallow subtidal to around 230m). (a gray sea cucumber from S.A., Victoria and Tasmania, with a recorded range of 3m ­ 12m). (a sea cucumber from shallow waters in W.A. and S.A.). (a sea cucumber, recorded between Victoria and W.A., to 145m). (a sea star with “webbed” arms, from western, southern and south­eastern Australia, recorded to 40m). Purple Sea Star (a sea star found across southern Australian States, from the intertidal to around 36m). Cushion Sea Star Carpet Sea Star Spurred Sea Star Common Eight­armed Sea Star (a sea star from the intertidal and shallow subtidal, found along southern Australian coasts). Small Green Sea Star (a broadly distributed, dark blue­green sea star from the intertidal). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 800 Ophionereis semoni Ophionereis terba Ophiopeza cylindrica Ophiopeza sp. Ophioplocus bispinosus Ophiopsammus assimilis Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) aristulata Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) caespitosa Ophiothrix (Placophiothrix) spongicola Ophiura kinbergi Ophiura ooplax Pachycentrotus australiae Paracaudina australis Paracaudina luticola Paracaudina tetrapora Paracaudina sp. Paranepanthia grandis Patiriella brevispina Patiriella calcar Patiriella exigua Technical Report 2004 Six­armed Sea Star (a small sea star with six short arms, found along the mid­western and southern Australian coasts, to around 30m). (a viviparous sea star; the smallest sea star in Australia, known only from the western part of S.A.; possibly endemic). (a genus of sea cucumbers, some with tropical affinities). Vermilion Sea Star (a sea star found across the southern half of the Australian coast, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 160m). (a sea cucumber from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, described in 1992, and recorded between 0m – 4m). (a small “hat urchin”, known from western, southern and eastern Australia, with a recorded depth range of 10m ­ 360m). Velvet Sea Star Velvet Star Slate Pencil Urchin (a sea urchin from shallow waters in S.A. and W.A.). Mosaic Sea Star (a sea star with five long cylindrical arms, from mid and southern W.A., S.A., Victoria, Tasmania, and southern N.S.W., with a recorded depth range of 0m – 200m). (a sea cucumber from W.A., S.A., south­eastern Australia and N.Z., with records between 1m – 36m). (a sea urchin from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, recorded between 0m – 46m). (a small, gray and black sea cucumber). (a sea cucumber from the littoral fringe in south­eastern Australia, for which Robe is the recorded western limit). (an orange, red or purple feather star from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, with a reported depth range of 0m – 113m). (a five­armed, light­ and dark­red sea star, from S.A. and south­eastern Australia, recorded to 30m). (a sea cucumber described in 1992, from the shallow subtidal in south­eastern Australia and S.A., with Streaky Bay as the recorded western limit). (a light and dark brown sea cucumber, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 25m, known from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia). (a brown and black­ringed sea cucumber, with a recorded depth range of 0m – 140m; known from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia). (a small brown sea cucumber from the intertidal and shallow subtidal, in S.A. and south­eastern Australia). (a brown sea cucumber, recorded from Gulf St Vincent; possibly endemic to S.A; possibly a member of the Staurothyone genus). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 801 Patiriella gunnii Patiriella parvivipara Pentacta spp. Pentagonaster duebeni Pentocnus bursatus Peronella peronii Petricia vernicina Phyllacanthus irregularis Plectaster decanus Plesiocolochirus ignava Protenaster australis Pseudocnus sp. Psolidiella hickmani Ptilometra macronema Smilasterias irregularis Squamocnus aureoruber Stichopus ludwigi Stichopus mollis Staurothyone inconspicua (“Staurothyone”) vercoi Technical Report 2004 (a sea cucumber known from the S.A. gulfs region, and W.A.). (a small red sea cucumber known from the shallow subtidal in western, southern and south­eastern Australia). (a small red­brown, green and white sea urchin from western and southern Australia, recorded from 0m – 40m). (a small, purple­black sea cucumber, recorded from W.A., S.A. and south­eastern Australia, between 0m – 20m ). (a tropical sea cucumber from Qld and the Pacific, also recorded throughout southern Australia, including S.A., between 0m – 30m). Southern Biscuit Star Biscuit Sea Star Biscuit Star (a “biscuit star” common in shallow water in Tasmania and Victoria, but recorded in deep water in S.A.) (a “biscuit star” from mid and south W.A., S.A. and the south­eastern States, recorded from the intertidal to around 40m). (a sea cucumber described in 1992, recorded between 3m – 15m, from Kangaroo Island westward to Michaelmas Island in W.A.). (a dark red or purple sea cucumber, known from S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a black sea cucumber, known from the shallow subtidal in Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf in S.A., and from Victoria). Zig Zag Sea Star Southern Sea Star (a five­armed sea star covered with blunt spines, recorded from southern and south­eastern Australian States, from 0m – 143m). (a five­armed sea star similar to Uniophora granifera, recorded from the S.A. Gulfs region, with a depth range of 0m – 60m; possibly endemic). Taeniogyrus heterosigmus Taeniogyrus roebucki Temnopleurus michaelseni Thyone nigra Thyone okeni Tosia australis (Tosia magnifica)* Tosia nobilis Trachythyone glebosa Trochodota allani Trochodota shepherdi Uniophora granifera Uniophora nuda *(Tosia magnifica is included in the echinoderm list for South Australia, because it can occur in shallow water, as records from Tasmania and Victoria show; however it is noted that South Australian records are from deep waters, such as 200m). Ascidians, Salps and Larvaceans Kott (1962, 1972a, 1972b, 1975, 1990, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2003); Shepherd (1983b); Monniot and Monniot (1996); NIMPIS (2002); Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage (2004b). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 802 Technical Report 2004 Common Name (a small ascidian species that occurs in aggregations; reported in S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W; the name Amphicarpa meridiana is not recognised by some authorities) (a massive, cushion­shaped colonial ascidian known to date only from S.A., with the type specimen taken at Thistle Island) (a rounded, cushion­like colonial ascidian recorded to date only from S.A., with the type specimen taken at Price I.) (a branching, stalked colonial ascidian with embedded sand; found in the shallow subtidal, in mixed reef, sand and seagrass habitat; recorded to date only in S.A., with examples of locations including Thorny Passage and Kangaroo I.) (a soft, sessile, dome­shaped colonial ascidian, found in N.S.W., Victoria and S.A.) (a colonial ascidian, comprising cylindrical heads on long sandy stalks; recorded in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a colonial ascidian comprising parallel, branching stalks with embedded sand; found to date only in S.A., with Edithburgh being the type locality (a white or pale pink colonial ascidian, comprising rounded heads on long sandy stalks; found mainly in S.A. and W.A.) (a sheet­like ascidian with embedded sand; found in Queensland, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.; also recorded at Norfolk I., and various locations in the tropical western Pacific, such as New Caledonia) (a flat­topped, cushion­like colonial ascidian, found in Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) Latin Name (Amphicarpa meridiana) Conservation Status Aplidiopsis mammillata Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidiopsis sabulosa Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium acroporum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium amorphatum Aplidium australiense Aplidium bacculum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium brevilarvacium Aplidium caelestis Aplidium clivosum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 803 Technical Report 2004 (a sessile, gelatinous colonial ascidian, found on the continental shelf and slope; recorded in S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W) (a tropical colonial ascidian known from N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.; also recorded in Hong Kong, and parts of the West Pacific) (a solid, irregular­shaped colonial ascidian with embedded sand; recorded on calcareous reef in S.A. and Victoria) (an undulating, fan­shaped colonial ascidian with embedded sand; known to date only from S.A., with Waterloo Bay / Elliston being the type locality) (A cushion­shaped, transparent ascidian that occurs on rocky bottom, in areas of slow current; known to date only from S.A., with southern Anxious Bay being the type locality) (a white, spherical colonial ascidian on a short stalk; known from S.A., Victoria and northern Tasmania) (a colonial ascidian with thick, short stalks; known from S.A. and Victoria) (an aqua­blue encrusting colonial ascidian, found on vertical surfaces in shallow waters; recorded in Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (an irregular­shaped, sheet­like colonial ascidian recorded in S.A. and Victoria) (a wedge­shaped or mat­like colonial ascidian found in W.A., S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (an upright, round­topped colonial ascidian recorded over a narrow depth range on the outer continental shelf of the Great Australian Bight, W.A. / S.A. border area). (a semi­transparent, yellow colonial ascidian that forms a soft, gelatinous cushion or sheet; widespread throughout the Aplidium coniferum Aplidium controversum Aplidium distaplium Aplidium elatum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium gastrolineatum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium geminatum Aplidium inflorescens Aplidium lenticulum Aplidium lodix Aplidium lunacratum Aplidium magnilarvum Aplidium multiplicatum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 804 Technical Report 2004 tropical Indo­West Pacific, and also recorded in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a sheet­like or cushion­like colonial ascidian with a soft gelatinous test; ranging from N.S.W. through to W.A., including Tasmania) (a small colonial ascidian with short stalks; recorded in southern W.A. and the Bass Strait region of Victoria; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (a hard colonial ascidian recorded to date at few locations in S.A., such the Great Australian Bight, Spencer Gulf, and the upper South­East) (a colonial ascidian that forms small, falt­topped lobes, united at the base; known to date only from the type specimen, taken in Investigator Strait, S.A.) (a spherical or conical­shaped, sessile colonial ascidian found in W.A., S.A. and Tasmania). (a flat colonial ascidian with rounded borders and embedded sand; recorded mainly in in S.A., and possibly extending to Victoria) (a soft colonial ascidian found in turbulent areas exposed to surf or strong currents; occurs on stones and shells, with basal projections that penetrate the surrounding substrate; recorded in Queensland, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.; also known from New Caledonia) (an oval­shaped ascidian with a firm, gelatinous test with embedded sand; recorded in Queensland, N.S.W., Tasmania and S.A.) (a long, narrow ascidian; recorded in N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and W.A.; possibly also occurs in S.A., given circum­Australian distribution, and occurrence in Aplidium opacum [Aplidium parvum] Aplidium petrosum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium pronum Possibly endemic to S.A. Aplidium robustum Aplidium rubricollum Aplidium triggsense Ascidia decepta [Ascidia gemmata] An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 805 Technical Report 2004 adjacent States) (a robust solitary ascidian found in Queensland, S.A., Victoria, and W.A.) (a dorso­ventrally flattened ascidian with a brittle test, containing embedded sand or shell particles; found in Indonesia, parts of the Western Pacific, and in Queensland, Victoria and S.A.) (a large, gray solitary ascidian that lives in mud or sand, or on rocky bottoms in the shallow subtidal; widely distributed around Australia, and throughout the Indo­West Pacific and the Atlantic) (a firm, gelatinous, club­shaped ascidian; found in S.A. and Tasmania) (an ascidian with an oval­shaped, laterally flattened body; found in the Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Norway, English Channel, Irish Sea, Scotland, Shetland Islands, and New Zealand; also recorded in Australia, mainly from locations in the vicinity of ports and harbours, in Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a spherical ascidan with a thin, leathery test; known from Indonesia, New Zealand, South Africa, and in Australia, rercorded in W.A., S.A. and Tasmania) (a pink, elongated or cushion­ shaped colonial ascidian with a funnel­like cloacal opening in the upper surface of the colony; recorded to date only in a cave at Flinders I., in the Investigator Group, S.A.) (an encrusting colonial ascidian that is highly variable in colour; often found on seargass, macroalgae, rubble or other firm substrates; recorded all around Australia, excluding Tasmania and N.T., and also found in the North­east Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Ascidia latesiphonica Ascidia scaevola Ascidia sydneiensis Ascidia thompsoni Ascidiella aspersa Possibly introduced from the northern hemisphere Asterocarpa humilis Atriolum sp. Possibly endemic to S.A. Botrylloides leachii An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 806 Technical Report 2004 Sea, Adriatic, Red Sea and tropical Indo­west Pacific Ocean) (a colonial ascidian of variable colour combinations, including blue and yellow, cream and black, red, pinkish­red, purple and yellow; widely distributed in shallow reef habitats around Australia and Tasmania, and the Indo­West Pacific) (a colonial ascidian of variable colour, often found attached to seagrasses; recorded in Queensland, S.A., Tasmania, Victoria and W.A.; also known from Lord Howe Island, and Hong Kong, Indonesia, Philippines and other locations in the tropical Indo­West Pacific) (an ascidian with zooids forming crowded circular or oval systems in flat, investing colonies; dozens of different colour morphs are known; found in Queensland, S.A., Tasmania, Victoria, and W.A.; also recorded in New Zealand, Hong Kong, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Adriatic Sea) (a colonial ascidian with a surface layer of sand; recorded from the South Island of New Zealand, and also in Queensland, N.S.W., S.A. and Victoria) (a colonial ascidian that forms a long, firm, tuber­like mass; found in S.A. and Victoria) (a salp that occurs in the tropical parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and the west and east Pacific; also recorded in southeastern Australia, including Bass Strait in Victoria, and likely to occur in south­eastern S.A.) (a solitary ascidian species recorded in many harbours around the world, including U.S.A., Alaska, Arctic region, Greenland, China and Japan, Europe and the Mediterranean, Botrylloides anceps Botrylloides magnicoecum (Botrylloides nigrum magnicoecum) Botrylloides perspicuus Botryllus schlosseri Botryllus stewartensis Brevicollus tuberatus Brooksia rostrata Ciona intestinalis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 807 Introduced Technical Report 2004 and Australia; found on ship hulls and harbour installations. C. intestinalis is recorded all Australian states, excluding N.T. but including Tasmania. The species is now not as common in most parts of Australia as it was last century) (a blue, rope­like colonial ascidian that lives in caves and crevices, and on vertical surfaces; ranging from W.A. through to Victoria. (a yellow­brown or buff coloured ascidian that lives on sand; known to date only from the type locality, Waldegrave Island in S.A.) Blue­throated Ascidian (a seasonal colonial ascidian of widespread distribution, ranging from north Queensland, around southern Australia, to northern W.A.; also found in various parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific, such as Philippines and Singapore). (a blue ascidian that lives on open sandy or rocky bottoms, to around 30m deep; found in southern W.A. and western S.A.) (an ascidian with stalked colonies, living on sandy or rocky bottoms; found in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (an ascidian with embedded sand; found on sandy or rocky bottoms; recorded to date only in Gulf St Vincent and Investigator Strait in S.A., with Yankalilla Bay being the type locality) (an ascidian that has been recorded to date only in S.A., with the type locality being mixed sand, rubble and seagrass habitat, 7m deep, at North Point, Sir Joseph Banks Group, S.A.) (an ascidian occurring to approximately 70m deep; found in all Australian states, including N.T. but excluding Tasmania; also known from Fiji, Hong Kong, Clavelina cylindrica Clavelina mirabilis Possibly endemic to S.A. Clavelina moluccensis Clavelina ostrearium Clavelina pseudobaudinensis Claudenus antipodus Possibly endemic to S.A. Cnemidocarpa amphora Possibly endemic to S.A. Cnemidocarpa irene An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 808 Technical Report 2004 Korea, Japan, Guadaloupe, Marianas, and various other parts of the West Pacific Ocean) (an ascidian that is often found on wharf pylons, and on muddy or sandy substrates; recorded in all Australian states, including Tasmania but excluding N.T.) (a large ascidian with a tough, leathery test; recorded in Japan, Philippines and the south­west Pacific, and also found at Waldegrave I. and Pearson I. in S.A., and in Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland) (an ascidian with a thin, white, tough test; sometimes found in Macrocystis beds; occurs on sandy or rocky substrates, to around 50m deep; recorded around Australia, excluding N.T.) (an ascidian that has been recorded to date only at Seal Rocks in Encounter Bay, S.A.) (a fan­shaped colonial ascidian found on sand, mainly in the tropics; known from Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia, and also recorded in Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (a transparent, laterally flattened ascidian; often occurs in large aggregations of attached individuals, on the sea floor, or on rocks or harbour fittings; widespread southern distribution, in South Africa, Chile, Macquarie I., Antarctic Peninsula, New Zealand and Australia, including W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a salp that occurs in the east and west Pacific, and warmer parts of Atlantic; also found in south­eastern Australia, including Bass Strait in Victoria, and may therefore extend into southeastern S.A.). (a brown, pink, white or purple ascidian that forms irregular investing colonies on hard Cnemidocarpa lobata Cnemidocarpa pedata Cnemidocarpa radicosa Cnemidocarpa tribranchiata Possibly endemic to S.A. Condominium areolatum Corella eumyota Cyclosalpa bakeri Cystodytes dellachiajei An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 809 Technical Report 2004 substrates; recorded over a wide depth range, from the intertidal to the continental slope; found in all Australian States, including Tasmania and N.T., also found in the Mediterranean, and widespread throughout temperate and tropical zones of Indo­west Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean) (a thin, colonial ascidian found in the Indian Ocean, including part of the W.A. coast; also found in S.A. and Victoria) (a colonial ascidian found in both tropical and temperate locations; distribution includes Australia and New Zealand, west and mid Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, west Atlantic Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea. In Australia, recorded from N.S.W., Queensland, S.A., Victoria, and southern W.A.). (a thin, sheet­like colonial ascidian, known from southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria; reported to have close affinity with a Hawaiian species, D. granulatum) (a thin colonial ascidian of various shades of red or yellow. Recorded around Australia, except N.T.; also occurs widely in the Indo­West Pacific region). (a colonial ascidian that forms large, thick sheets; known from S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (a colonial ascidian known from S.A., with Port Noarlunga being the type locality) (a colonial ascidian known from a small number of locations in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a pink colonial ascidian recorded from W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a thin, fragile colonial ascidian with a broad geographic distribution in the northern hemisphere. In Australia, recorded from Queensland, Victoria, S.A. and W.A.) Didemnum augusti Didemnum candidum Didemnum aff. granulatum Didemnum moseleyi (Didemnum aff. cuculliferum in Kott, 1997) Didemnum patulum Didemnum pseudodiplosoma Possibly endemic to S.A. Didemnum roberti Didemnum turritum Diplosoma listerianum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 810 Technical Report 2004 (a spherical colonial ascidian on a stalk; recorded on sandy substrate in upper Spencer Gulf in S.A.; also found in parts of Tasmania; possibly also present in Queensland) (a soft, flat­topped, cushion­like colonial ascidian known from N.S.W., S.A. and Tasmania) (a cushion­like or sheet­like colonial ascidian that occurs on rubble substrates; known from S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a colonial ascidian forming a rounded, sponge­like head on a stalk; found in Queensland, W.A., and S.A.; also recorded from South Africa and the Red Sea) (a sessile, cushion­like colonial ascidian recorded to date only from Price Island in S.A.) (a blue­grey or blue­black, cushion­shaped or sheet­like colonial ascidian found on shell, rubble or other hard sbstrates in shallow waters; recorded mainly from Victoria and the S.A. Gulfs region, with Victor Harbor being the type locality). (a salp that has a wide global distribution; also found in southeastern Australia, including Bass Strait in Victoria, and may therefore extend into southeastern S.A.) (a colonial ascidian that forms a thicket of club­shaped, branching stalks, covered with a thin layer of sand; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland; also occurs in New Zealand) (an ascidian that forms firm, sphercial, oval or dome­shaped colonies; found over a broad depth range on the continental shelf; recorded along all parts of the W.A. coast, extending into western S.A.) (a convex, lobed, colonial ascidian recorded from Posidonia seagrass beds in Gulf Distaplia australensis Distaplia florida Distaplia pallida Distaplia stylifera Distaplia tokiokai (= D. tokioka) Possibly endemic to S.A. Distaplia viridis Dolioletta gegenbauri Dumus areniferus Eucoelium coronarium Eudistoma aureum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 811 Possibly endemic to S.A. Technical Report 2004 St Vincent, S.A.). (a colonial ascidian that forms irregular, rounded cushions with embedded sand; recorded to date only in S.A., including Chinaman’s Hat I. on Yorke Peninsula, and in Investigator Strait) (a blue or gray colonial ascidian that forms fleshy investing colonies, with black, star­shaped patterns of zooids; found in W.A., S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (a cushion­shaped colonial ascidian with embedded sand; found in S.A., Victoria and northern Tasmania) (an ascidian found in Indonesia, and also in Queensland, Victoria and southern W.A.; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (a tropical ascidian formed of separate zooids attached to basal stolons or a solid basal mass; known from northern W.A., north Queensland, Tahiti, Fiji and the Palau Islands, and also recorded in parts of S.A., such as the Investigator Group islands, on the west coast). (an ascidian composed of stalked individuals with glassy, transparent tests; recorded to date only in shallow subtidal habitats in parts of S.A., including Posidonia seagrass beds off southern Spencer gulf, and the Investigator Islands on the west coast of S.A.) (a planktonic larvacean with a wide range in tropical and subtropical waters; also found rarely in coastal waters of eastern and southern Australia) (a roughly spherical, tough, red­ orange ascidian, found individually or in groups, in caves, on vertical rock surfaces, or on the sea floor, sometimes in Posidonia seagrass beds; widely distributed in the Pacific Ocean; Eudistoma constrictum Possibly endemic to S.A. Eudistoma maculosum Eudistoma sabulosum [Eugyra molguloides] Euherdmania digitata Euherdmania translucida Possibly endemic to S.A. Fritillaria megachile Halocynthia dumosa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 812 Technical Report 2004 in Australia, known from Queensland, N.S.W., Tasmania, Victoria and S.A.) (a large solitary ascidian, often with epiphytes on the test; the species is found on a variety of substrates, all around Australia, including N.T. and Tasmania, however the sub­species H. momus galei is known only from southern Australian States). (a soft gelatinous ascidian, often fond in caves with strong water movement, less than 20m deep; recorded from the west coast of S.A. and parts of Victoria). (an ascidian that forms oval, cone­shaped or rope­like heads on thick fleshy stalks; recorded from subtidal habitats less than 20m deep, in S.A., Tasmania and N.S.W.) (a salp that that occurs in the Straits of Magellan and to the south, and Cape of Good Hope; also found in south­eastern Australia, including Bass Strait in Victoria, and likely to occur in south­eastern S.A.) (an ascidian found to date only at Pearson Island in S.A., at 50m deep, on gravelly bottom with rock and shell fragments) (a reddish­brown or gray and orange colonial ascidian, found in S.A. and Victoria). (a pink, massive colonial ascidian; found in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a pink or gray colonial ascidian, found to date only in the Great Australian Bight of S.A.) (a green and orange colonial ascidian known from Spencer Gulf and the West Coast of S.A.) (a pale colonial ascidian with black spots, known from Gulf St Vincent in S.A.). (a flat, sheet­like colonial ascidian that is orange and black, with white spicules; known from northern and eastern Great Herdmania momus Hypodistoma mirabile Hypsistozoa distomoides Ihlea magalhanica Leptoclinides fungiformis Possibly endemic to S.A. Leptoclinides imperfectus Leptoclinides multilobatus Leptoclinides volvus Possibly endemic to S.A. Leptoclinides sp. 1 Possibly endemic to S.A. Leptoclinides sp. 2 Possibly endemic to S.A. Leptoclinides sp. 3 Possibly endemic to S.A. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 813 Technical Report 2004 Australian Bight, and Gulf St Vincent and Investigator Strait in S.A.). (a thin, sheet­like colonial ascidian with irregular conical prominences; known from the northern and eastern Great Australian Bight and Gulf St Vincent in S.A.) (a colonial ascidian recorded from Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (a colonial ascidian recorded to date from the Tasmanian coast and the S.A. Gulfs region) (a pinkish­yellow colonial ascidian found to date only at Flinders Island in S.A., in high wave energy conditions). (a purplish­pink colonial ascidian found to date only at Ward Island in S.A.). (an ascidian that comprises sessile, round, laterally flattened individuals; recorded in sand and shell bottom habitats in areas of strong surge, to around 45m deep, in S.A. and W.A.) (an ascidian with individuals that form rounded aggregates; known from N.T., Queensland, N.S.W., Bass Strait in Victoria, and lower and central W.A.; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (an ascidian comprising irregular or spherical individuals, coated in sand; found in Taiwan, Queensland, N.T., W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a circular, flattened ascidian with a thin, hard test encrusted with sand; found to date in S.A. and Victoria) (a thick, leathery ascidian, comprising rounded individuals with both apertures on long siphons, close together on the upper surface; recorded to date in S.A., Victoria, and southern Queensland) (an irregular­shaped, rounded Leptoclinides sp. 4 Possibly endemic to S.A. Lissoclinum ostrearium Lissoclinum tasmanense (= Echinoclinum tasmanense Lissoclinum sp. 1 Possibly endemic to S.A. Lissoclinum sp. 2 Possibly endemic to S.A. Metandrocarpa indica [Microcosmus australis] Microcosmus helleri Microcosmus planus Microcosmus propinquus Microcosmus An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 814 Technical Report 2004 ascidian with a tough test; occurs on cave walls, concrete, oysters, reef and other hard surfaces; recorded around Australia, including Tasmania but excluding N.T.) (a spherical or top­shaped ascidian with a stalk or root­like processes; recorded to date in S.A., Tasmania, Victoria and Queensland) (an ascidian that forms sandy, spherical individuals; found to date only in caves subject to strong swell, in the Elliston area, S.A.) (a spherical or laterally flattened ascidian with a thin test; found around Australia, and in the Indo­ West Pacific) (an ascidian that is small, oval or lens­shaped, and laterally flattened; recorded in S.A., Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland) (a spherical ascidian that has a thin, brittle test with embedded sand; found in S.A., Victoria and W.A.) (a sandy, lobe­shaped ascidian found in high wave energy areas in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (an ascidian in the Polyclinidae family; found to date only in S.A., with Wedge Island being the type loclaity) (a soft, sessile ascidian with rounded or conical surface prominences; known to date only from caves and reefs in S.A., with Seacliff being type locality) (an ascidian that forms sandy colonies; often on stems of macroalgae, in places of strong water movement; found in W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a planktonic larvacean found in coastal waters of the tropics; also occurs in the continental shelf waters of western and southern Australia, including S.A.). (a planktonic larvacean found in squamiger Microcosmus stoloniferus Molgula ellistoni Possibly endemic to S.A. Molgula ficus Molgula mollis Molgula sabulosa Monniotus australis Morchellium albidum Possibly endemic to S.A. Neodistoma mammillatum Possibly endemic to S.A. Oculinaria australis Oikopleura dioica Oikopleura longicauda An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 815 Technical Report 2004 the coastal waters of North and South America; also the Mediterranean Sea, and most warmer oceanic waters; also occurs in the continental shelf waters of eastern and southern Australia, including S.A.). (a planktonic larvacean found in most oceans of the world; also occurs in continental shelf waters around Australia, including S.A.). (a planktonic salp with solitary and aggregate forms; found in eastern and southern Australian waters; also occurs in the warm and temperate parts of all oceans, and in the Mediterranean sea) (a large solitary ascidian found on sand, rubble or wooden jetty pylons; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland) (a colonial ascidian with embedded sand; occurs in sandy habitats to around 90m deep; known mainly from southern W.A. and S.A., extending into Victoria) (an ascidian that forms large, sandy colonies; found on hard vertical surfaces in areas of strong current, to around 25m deep; recorded in S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) (a reddish­brown colonial ascidian with encrusting sand; found to date only in S.A., with recorded localities including St Francis I. and Investigator Strait) (a soft solitary ascidian with a large elongated head and a thick fleshy stalk; found on the seagrass Amphibolis, and also on rocky substrates to around 40m deep; recorded in Queensland, S.A. and W.A.; also known from in New Caledonia and various locations in the west Pacific) (a common, upright solitary ascidian that is spherical or top­ Oikopleura rufescens Pegea confoederata Phallusia obesa Plurella elongata Polyandrocarpa lapidosa Polyandrocarpa simulans Possibly endemic to S.A. Polycarpa clavata Polycarpa flava An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 816 Technical Report 2004 shaped, sometimes with a basal stalk; closely related to P. viridis and P. pedunculata; common in seagrass beds; recorded in W.A., S.A., and Victoria) (a tropical ascidian known from northern W.A. and Queensland, and also recorded in seagrass beds in the Gulfs region of S.A.) (a solitary ascidian with individuals that sometimes form aggregates; recorded in N.T., Queensland, NS.W., Victoria, S.A. and W.A.; also known from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Arafura Sea, west Pacific Ocean, Marianas, and west Indian Ocean) (a common, upright solitary ascidian that is almost spherical, sometimes with a stalk; closely related to P. viridis and P. flava; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria, and N.S.W.; also known from New Caledonia) (a solitary ascidian with a thin, brittle, sandy test, partly embedded in substrate; recorded in Japan, Indonesia, and Singapore; in Australia, known from Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, S.A., and W.A.) (an elongated solitary asidian with a thin, brittle test; free­living on the sea floor, to around 180m deep; recorded in S.A., Victoria, Tasmania and N.S.W.) (an ascidian known from the Philippines, and also recorded in southern W.A. and Bass Strait and Westernport in Victoria; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (a common, solitary, upright ascidian that is spherical to oval­ shaped, sometimes with a fleshy, laterally flattened or hard and stem­like stalk; closely related to P. flava and P. pedunculata; occurs from the shallow subtidal to around 40m deep, on rocky, sandy or silty bottoms, often in Polycarpa hartmeyeri Polycarpa papillata Polycarpa pedunculata Polycarpa procera Polycarpa rigida [Polycarpa thelyphanes] Polycarpa viridis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 817 Technical Report 2004 the vicinity of seagrass; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria, and N.S.W.) (a colonial ascidian comprising small, spherical or slightly pointed translucent heads on cylindrical stalks; common in Posidonia seagrass beds; recorded in S.A. and N.S.W. (an ascidian that forms solid, hemispherical colonies, with embedded sand; recorded to date only at Franklin Island in S.A., amongst macroalgae at 15m depth) (an ascidian with a glassy test, that forms conical to spherical colonies; found on a wide variety of substrates; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria, Tasmania, N.S.W. and southern Queensland) (a pale grey colonial ascidian that forms a spherical head of swollen zooids, on a short stalk; recorded to date only in S.A., with Flinders I. in the Investigator Group being the type locality) (a firm, cone­shaped colonial ascidian; recorded to date only in Investigator Strait, S.A.). (a colonial ascidian that forms firm, spreading sheets, with surface and embedded sand; known mainly from southern W.A. and S.A., extending to western Victoria). (a colonial ascidian that forms soft, irregular sheets; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a colonial ascidian that forms thin fleshy sheets, covered with surface sand; recorded in southern W.A. and S.A.) (a colonial ascidian recorded from Japan and Australia, the latter distribution including Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (a pink, orange or red colonial ascidian, found in S.A. and W.A.) (a colonial ascidian, found to date in New Zealand and the Great Polycitor calamus Polycitor cerasus Possibly endemic to S.A. Polycitor giganteus Polycitor nubilus Possibly endemic to S.A. Polycitor obeliscus Possibly endemic to S.A. Polyclinum incrustatum Polyclinum marsupiale Polyclinum tenuatum Polysyncraton aspiculatum Polysyncraton orbiculum Polysyncraton paradoxum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 818 Technical Report 2004 Australian Bight region of S.A.) (an ascidian with crowded, spherical sandy zooids, attached to a branching network of basal stolons; recorded to date only in S.A., with the type specimen from Price I.) (a stalked colonial ascidian with spherical heads; known to date only from Margaret Brock Reef in S.A.) (an ascidian that lives on rock substrate, between 10m and around 100m depth; ranging from the Great Australian Bight in W.A. through S.A. and Victoria / Bass Strait, to southern N.S.W.) (a colonial ascidian comprising pointed heads on hard, branching stalks; recorded to date from few locations in S.A., such as Nora Creina in the South East, and Ward Island on the West Coast) (a rose­pink colonial ascidian comprising fleshy, conical­ shaped heads on a basal mass; found in W.A., S.A. and Victoria). (a colonial ascidian comprising a spherical or conical heads on wrinkled stalks; found in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a soft, transparent colonial ascidian, found in S.A., Victoria, N.S.W. and Queensland) (a colonial ascidian comprising a fleshy head on a leathery stalk; found in W.A., S.A., Victoria and northern Tasmania) (a colonial ascidian that forms vertical, branching stalks with gelatinous terminal caps; found to date only in S.A., with the Investigator Group islands being the type locality) (a soft, gelatinous colonial ascidian that forms golden, sessile cushions; found to date in S.A., with the Investigator Group islands being the type locality) (a colonial ascidian composed of small, laterally flattened zooids joined by short jointed stolons to Polyzoa nodosa Possibly endemic to S.A. Protoholozoa australiensis Possibly endemic to S.A. Pseudodiazona claviformis Pseudodistoma acuatum Possibly endemic to S.A. Pseudodistoma australe Pseudodistoma candens Pseudodistoma gracilum ( = P. gracile) Pseudodistoma oriens Pseudodistoma pilatum Possibly endemic to S.A. Pseudodistoma pulvinum Possibly endemic to S.A. Perophora hutchisoni An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 819 Technical Report 2004 a horny central stem; recorded in New Zealand, and the Bass Strait area of Victoria, and in southern W.A.; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (a colonial ascidian with semi­ spherical zooids protruding from a sandy, central cylindrical stalk; found on sand and rubble substrates; recorded in Investigator Strait in S.A., and extends to western Victoria). (an orange colonial ascidian that comprises separate stalked zooids joined by basal stolons; found under overhanging reef; recorded to date only in S.A., with Franklin Island being the type locality) (a white, yellow or bright blue colonial ascidian of delicate structure; found in the shallow subtidal, in caves and under ledges, or on rubble, sand or other invertebrates; widely distributed, including New Caledonia, Philippines, Lord Howe I., N.T., Queensland, S.A. and W.A.) (a colonial ascidian that forms cylindrical, sandy stalks on a sandy basal mass; found on rock amongst breaking reef, near sand patches; recorded to date only in S.A., with Franklin Island being the type locality) (a white, bead­like colonial ascidian on a sandy basal mass; found on shallow reefs in the Gulfs region of S.A., and also in Victoria) (a colonial salp that is common in the southern Pacific Ocean, and also occurs across southern Australia, including the Great Australian Bight and the gulfs in S.A.. Cucumber Fish Paraulopus nigripinnis feed on swarms of this species. (a stalked solitary ascidian with a thin, tough, wrinkled test; mostly Pycnoclavella arenosa Pycnoclavella aurantia Possibly endemic to S.A. Pycnoclavella diminuta Pycnoclavella elongata Possibly endemic to S.A. Pycnoclavella tabella Pyrosoma atlanticum Pyura abradata An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 820 Technical Report 2004 known from S.A., with American River on Kangaroo Island being the type locality; also recorded in Bass Strait in Victoria). (a solitary ascidian with an oval head and a long stalk; found in a range of conditions on exposed to sheltered shores, to around 20m deep; recorded in W.A., S.A., Tasmania, Victoria and N.S.W.) (a rounded to elongate solitary ascidian, with a mosaic pattern on the hard test; recorded to date in shallow subtidal habitats in southern W.A., S.A. and southern Queensland) (an ascidian comprising small individuals with scale­like thickenings on the surface of the test; often wedged in crevices, and attached to rock undersurfaces, in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats; recorded around Australia, including Tasmania; also known from Hong Kong, Indonesia and the Arafura Sea) (an elongated, flattened solitary ascidian with a rough, irregular test; recorded in S.A. and Victoria) (a spiny, stalked ascidian resembling Pyura australis; the subspecies P. gibbosa draschii is found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (an ascidian comprising aggregates of small, upright individuals that form regular, sandy mats; recorded in southern W.A. and N.S.W., and may also occur right across the southern Australian coast). (an ascidian with a thick coat of sand and shell particles, attached to long hairs on the test; various commensal worms and echinoderms are also found on the test, under the sand coating; found in continental shelf habitats in S.A., Victoria and N.S.W.) Pyura australis Pyura crassacapitata Pyura elongata Pyura fissa Pyura gibbosa draschii [Pyura isobella] Pyura molguloides An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 821 Technical Report 2004 (an ascidian comprising numerous small individuals embedded in the encrusting sponge Halisarca; recorded to date in shallow subtidal habitats in southern W.A., and Bass Stait in Victoria; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) (a stalked ascidian found on jetty pylons in southern W.A., and S.A.) (a spherical or oval­shaped ascidian, sessile or with a stalk; individuals often form aggregations; found on rocky or sandy substrates in areas of slight water movement; recorded in New Caledonia, Palau, Arafura Sea, N.T, W.A. and S.A.) (an oval or rounded, stalked ascidian; head and stalk usually covered with a yellow, investing sponge; found to 80m depth, on sand and rubble substrates; ranging across southern Australia, from W.A. through to N.S.W.). (a solitary or aggregated, stalked or sessile ascidian found in rocky habitats over a broad depth range, from the intertidal to the upper continental slope; recorded in southern W.A., Bass Strait in Victoria, northern Tasmania, and N.S.W.; possibly occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States) Cunjevoi (an ascidian that comprises upright, cylindrical or cone­ shaped individuals that form aggregates; found in South Africa, South America, and across southern Australia, from W.A. to southern Queensland / northern N.S.W., including Tasmania) (a firm, upright ascidian with a rounded lid; recorded in all Australian States, including N.T. and Tasmania; also known from [Pyura ostreophila] Pyura rapaformis Pyura robusta Pyura spinifera [Pyura spinosa] Pyura stolonifera Rhodosoma turcicum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 822 Technical Report 2004 California, Chile, China, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, and locations in the Coral Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean) (an ascidian with colonies that are consolidated by sand, and thus help to stabilise sand substrates in association with similar colonies in other taxa; recorded in southern W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (a colonial ascidian that forms a massive, firm, cushion­shaped colony with flat­topped lobes on the surface; recorded to date only from a few areas in western S.A., with Flinders Island in the Investigator Group being the type locality) (a colonial ascidian that forms sandy, upright stalks on branching, basal stolons; known to date only from the type specimen, taken at Price Island in S.A.) (a colonial ascidian that forms sandy upright stalks, attached to branching, basal stolons; known to date only from the type specimen, taken at Price Island in S.A.) (a colonial ascidian that forms small, slender, sandy filaments with basal stolons; stabilises sand substrate in areas of fast­ flowing currents; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania and S.A.) (a planktonic salp, found mainly in warmer waters, from the surface to around 200m deep; occurs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans; also found in eastern and southern Australia, as far west as Bass Strait in Victoria, and therefore possibly extends into south­eastern S.A. ) (a planktonic salp with solitary and aggregate forms; forms part of the diet of commercial fish species such as Blue Cod; Ritterella asymmetrica Ritterella compacta Possibly endemic to S.A. Ritterella cornuta Possibly endemic to S.A. Ritterella papillata Possibly endemic to S.A. Ritterella pedunculata Ritteriella amboinensis Salpa fusiformis An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 823 Technical Report 2004 widespread in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, and Bering Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; also eastern and south­eastern Australia, as far west as Bass Strait, and may therefore extend into south­eastern S.A.) (a planktonic salp, known from the North Atlantic Ocean; Cape Horn and coast of Chile; east and west Pacific Ocean to Bering Sea, and Mediterranean Sea; also found in south­eastern Australia, as far west as Bass Strait in Victoria, and therefore may extend into south­eastern S.A.). (a rope­like or conical colonial ascidian found in caverns, and under reefs; known from New Zealand, and N.S.W., S.A. and W.A.) (a colonial ascidian often found on the stems of brown macroalgae such as Hormosira; recorded in W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania) (a bright orange colonial ascidian found on vertical rocky sufaces; known from W.A. and S.A.) (a planktonic salp that is common in temperate waters, such as Atlantic Ocean between 40ºS and Iceland, western and central Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, west Pacific Ocean to Japan, and east Pacific from Straits of Magellan to Alaska; also found in south­eastern Australia, as far west as Bass Strait in Victoria, and therefore may extend into south­eastern S.A.). (an ascidian comprising upright, oval to club­shaped, sandy, stalked or sessile individuals joined by narrow stolons, basal stalks or membranes; recorded in W.A., S.A., Tasmania and Victoria) (an ascidian that forms tight, investing, oval­shaped, sandy Salpa maxima Sigillina australis Sigillina fantasiana Sigillina grandissima Soestia zonaria Stolonica australis Stolonica carnosa An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 824 Technical Report 2004 colonies; recorded in W.A., S.A. and Victoria) (an ascidian comprising rounded, sandy individuals, joined by basal stolons; recorded to date on rocky bottom with sand patches, between 3m ­ 25m deep, in southern W.A. and western S.A.) (a tropical species that occurs in the shallow subtidal, often on other ascidians; known from the Philippines, and also recorded in the Great Australian Bight, including Ward Island in S.A.) (a colonial ascidian forming rounded heads on short, wide stalks; found amongst rubble, and in caves and crevices in shallow waters; recorded to date only from S.A., with Topgallant I. being the type locality) (a leathery ascidian from Japan, that has been introduced to Europe and Australia; recorded in Bass Strait; possibly occurs in S.A., given Victorian records, and means of introduction / transfer) (a solitary ascidian that occurs singularly or in groups, from the low intertidal to 30m depth; usually found on hard substrata, in protected embayments and harbours; distributed throughout tropical to warm temperate seas; recorded around Australia, Japan, the West Indian Ocean, and the temperate and tropical Atlantic Ocean) (a stalked, fan­shaped ascidian found on the floor of marine caves; known from W.A. and S.A.) (a undulating or pleated colonial ascidian on a short stalk, found in caves and crevices on sandy and rock substrates; recorded in Queensland, N.S.W., Victoria, Tasmania, S.A. and W.A.) (a conical or flat, paddle­shaped colonial ascidian on a stalk, often attached to marine vegetation; recorded in N.S.W., Victoria, Stolonica truncata Stolonica vesicularis Stomozoa australiensis Possibly endemic to S.A. [Styela clava] [Possibly occurs, as an introduced species] Styela plicata Introduced Sycozoa brevicauda Sycozoa cerebriformis Sycozoa murrayi An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 825 Technical Report 2004 Tasmania, and S.A.) (a cone­shaped, stalked ascidian found in southern W.A., S.A., Victoria and Tasmania; commonly recorded in upper Spencer Gulf) (a common, seasonal colonial ascidian found in sand habitats to around 50m deep; recorded around Australia, and in Indonesia) (a stalked colonial ascidian found in cooler regions such as the Antarctic and sub­Antarctic; also recorded from New Zealand, Tasmania and southern spencer Gulf in S.A.) (an ascidian that forms sessile, sandy individuals on a sandy basal plate; recorded to date only from Waldegrave Island in S.A.) (an ascidian with a transparent test; forms extensive, thin, encrusting colonies; widespread around Australia and the Indo­ West Pacific region) (an encrusting ascidian found in Queensland, Victoria, S.A., and W.A.; also found in Fiji, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and various locations in the West Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean) (a firm, translucent, cushion­like ascidian known from southern W.A. and Bass Strait in Victoria; possibly also occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent states) (a bright yellow colonial ascidian, found in south­eastern S.A., Tasmania and Victoria) (a sessile or short­stalked colonial ascidian found in western S.A. and Victoria) (a colonial ascidian found in southern W.A. and Bass Strait in Victoria; possibly also occurs in S.A., given distribution in adjacent States). (a cushion­like, lobed or branched colonial ascidian found Sycozoa pedunculata Sycozoa pulchra Sycozoa sigillinoides Symplegma arenosa Possibly endemic to S.A. Symplegma oceania Symplegma stuhlmanni Synoicum bowerbanki Synoicum citrum Synoicum erectum Synoicum papilliferum Synoicum sacculum An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 826 Technical Report 2004 on jetty pylons, and also in caves in wave­exposed areas; recorded in S.A. and Victoria, and also known from deep water in Tasmania) (a planktonic salp with solitary and aggregate forms; widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters, and is the most common salp in southern Australian coastal waters; occurs as far west as Bass Strait in Victoria, and may therefore extend into south­eastern S.A.) (a colonial ascidian found around Australia, New Zealand, and in South Africa). (a tropical ascidian found in Queensland, Fiji, New Caledonia, Palau, Indonesia, Philippines, and Gilbert Islands; also recorded from the S.A. Gulfs region, the only occurrence in southern Australia) (a tropical ascidian found in Queensland and various parts of the tropical Indo­West Pacific; also reported to occur in W.A. and S.A., according to Kott, 1997) (a pale pink colonial ascidian, found in W.A. and S.A.) Thalia democratica Trididemnum cerebriforme Trididemnum discrepans Trididemnum savignii Trididemnum spiculatum Brachiopods Richardson (1997); Commonwealth Department for the Environment and Heritage (2003e). Notes: • A number of species with fossil records, not included in the account of extent species by Richardon (1997), have been listed in the Australian Faunal Directory (Commonwealth Department for the Environment and Heritage 2003b). These include Aldingia furculifera (an articulated lamp shell from southern and south­eastern Australia, and for which Blanche Point at Aldinga in S.A. is the type locality); and Aldingia woodsi (an articulated lamp shell from southern and south­eastern Australia). • Deep water brachiopods from the outer continental shelf and continental slope are not included here. Common Name (an articulate lamp shell from western, southern and An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 827 Latin Name Anakinetica cumingii Technical Report 2004 south­eastern Australia, free­living in sediments, and recorded between 22m – 155m). (an articulate lamp shell known from southern W.A., S.A., Victoria, Tasmania, Bass Strait, N.S.W. and Queensland, recorded between 31m – 1143m, on carbonate sands). (a small, endemic, articulate lamp shell, known from Kangaroo Island in S.A.). (a small, articulate lamp shell, from southern and south­ eastern Australian waters). (an articulate lamp shell from western, southern and south­eastern Australia, also recorded in Queensland and Indonesia). (an articulate lamp shell from western, southern and eastern Australia, with records between 2m – 440m. Cancellothyris hedleyi attaches to hard substrates, often in caves, and a yellow sponge is often epizoic on this species at shallow depths). (an articulate lamp shell from hard substrates in southern and eastern Australia, with records between 73m – 640m). (a widely distributed tropical species of articulate lamp shell, also recorded in South Australia, from Fowlers Bay). (an articulate lamp shell from western, southern and eastern Australia, with records between 67m – 550m). (a free­living, articulate lamp shell from coarse bryozoan sands in southern and south­eastern Australia, with records between 49m – 82m). (a larger, articulate lamp shell with a wide depth range, from western, southern and south­eastern Australia. The species is often founds in rubbly sand in reefs and seagrass beds, with the pedicle bonded to rocks, shell fragments or Pinna shells. Recorded from the intertidal to around 330m). (an articulate lamp shell from the shallow subtidal in southern Australia). (an articulate lamp shell from southern Australia, common under limestone slabs on rocky bottom). (an articulate lamp shell from southern Australia, with records between 8m – 300m. The type locality is Beachport, S.A.). (an inarticulate lamp shell from eastern Australia, and also recorded in S.A.). (a small, free­living articulate lamp shell from carbonate sands along the western, southern and eastern coasts of Australia, with records between 77m – 115m). (a small, red or pink articulate lamp shell found in southern and south­eastern Australia, with records between 222m – 300m). (an articulate lamp shell from southern and eastern Australia, with records between 30m – 549m). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 828 (“Magadena cumingi”) Aulites brazieri Argyrotheca australis Argyrotheca mayi Campages furcifera Cancellothyris hedleyi Epacrosina fulva Frenulina sanguinolenta Jaffaia jaffaensis Magadinella mineuri Magellania flavescens Megerlina atkinsoni Megerlina lamarckiana Murravia exarata Neocrania reevei Parakinetica stewarti Pirothyris vercoi Terebratulina cavata Technical Report 2004 Appendix 5: IUCN Protected Area Management Categories, and Commonwealth Application to Australian Protected Areas In 1994, the IUCN published a set of Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. The set of guidelines specified the conservation principles and other objectives of protected areas classified under each category, as well as the level of protection that should be implicit in MPAs classified under any of those categories. The guidelines also provided management and zoning recommendations for each category. The guidelines were developed mainly for terrestrial protected areas, and their application to marine systems was open to a variety of interpretations. Nevertheless, the guidelines provide a consistent framework for classifying protected areas, and for reporting requirements of States to the Commonwealth on the classification of protected areas in each State. The Commonwealth has recommended the use of IUCN categories in the Development of the NRSMPA at both national and State levels (ANZECC 1999). Consequently, the Commonwealth has recently developed a set of IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Commonwealth Marine Protected Areas. http://www.ea.gov.au/coasts/publications/index.html#mpa In principle, large, multiple­use protected areas may comprise more than one IUCN category, as has occurred with the zoning of some of the Commonwealth­designated MPAs). At State level, it is more common for authorities to use the IUCN categories for reporting requirements only, rather than for “on­the­ground” protection and management, because the conservation objectives and management arrangements for State­designated MPAs rarely coincide directly and completely with the specifications of the IUCN categories. At a Commonwealth level, once the objectives are identified for a particular MPA, an IUCN category is now assigned, and the category used is that which most closely aligns with the objectives of the MPA. According to Commonwealth of Australia (2002), activities considered appropriate in each reserve must be consistent with the Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles and are decided in a case­by­case assessment, based on all the information available for a specific reserve, and in a way that “provides stakeholders with opportunities to be involved in these decisions in an open and transparent way”. IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Australian protected areas have been specified in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This Act considers that : • • • • the proclamation of a Commonwealth reserve must assign the reserve to an IUCN category and may also assign an IUCN category to any zones; the Minister must be satisfied that the reserve or zone has the characteristics listed in the Act; the reserve or zone should be managed in accordance with the Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles; the management plan for each Commonwealth reserve must also assign the reserve to an IUCN category. The IUCN (1994) categories and the Commonwealth’s (2002) IUCN Reserve Management Principles for those categories, are listed below: An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 829 Technical Report 2004 IUCN Category Ia: Strict Nature Reserve: Protected Area managed mainly for science Area of land and/or sea possessing some outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological or physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category Ia: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations, 2000) • 1.01 The reserve or zone should be managed primarily for scientific research or environmental monitoring based on the following principles. • 1.02 Habitats, ecosystems and native species should be preserved in as undisturbed a state as possible. • 1.03 Genetic resources should be maintained in a dynamic and evolutionary state. • 1.04 Established ecological processes should be maintained. • 1.05 Structural landscape features or rock exposures should be safeguarded. • 1.06 Examples of the natural environment should be secured for scientific studies, environmental monitoring and education, including baseline areas from which all avoidable access is excluded. • 1.07 Disturbance should be minimised by careful planning and execution of research and other approved activities. • 1.08 Public access should be limited to the extents consistent with these principles. IUCN Category Ib: Wilderness Area: Protected Area managed mainly for wilderness protection Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category Ib: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations, 2000) • 2.01 The reserve or zone should be protected and managed to preserve its unmodified condition based on the following principles. • 2.02 Future generations should have the opportunity to experience, understand and enjoy reserves or zones that have been largely undisturbed by human action over a long period of time. • 2.03 The essential attributes and qualities of the environment should be maintained over the long term. • 2.04 Public access should be provided at levels and of a type that will best serve the physical and spiritual well­being of visitors and maintain the wilderness qualities of the reserve or zone for present and future generations. • 2.05 Indigenous human communities living at low density and in balance with the available resources should be able to maintain their lifestyle. IUCN Category II: National Park: Protected Area managed mainly for ecosystem conservation and recreation An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 830 Technical Report 2004 Natural area of land and/or sea, designated to (a)protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for this and future generations,(b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area, and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category II: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations, 2000) • 3.01 The reserve or zone should be protected and managed to preserve its natural condition according to the following principles. • 3.02 Natural and scenic areas of national and international significance should be protected for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational or tourist purposes. • 3.03 Representative examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources, and native species should be perpetuated in as natural a state as possible to provide ecological stability and diversity. • 3.04 Visitor use should be managed for inspirational, educational, cultural and recreational purposes at a level that will maintain the reserve or zone in a natural or near natural state. • 3.05 Management should seek to ensure that exploitation or occupation inconsistent with these principles does not occur. • 3.06 Respect should be maintained for the ecological, geomorphological, sacred and aesthetic attributes for which the reserve or zone was assigned to this category. • 3.07 The needs of indigenous people should be taken into account, including subsistence resource use, to the extent that they do not conflict with these principles. • 3.08 The aspirations of traditional owners of land within the reserve or zone, their continuing land management practices, the protection and maintenance of cultural heritage and the benefit the traditional owners derive from enterprises, established in the • reserve or zone, consistent with these principles should be recognised and taken into account. IUCN Category III: Natural Monument: Protected Area managed for conservation of specific natural features. Area containing one or more specific natural or natural/cultural feature which is of outstanding value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category III: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations, 2000) • 4.01 The reserve or zone should be protected and managed to preserve its natural or cultural features based on the following principles. • 4.02 Specific outstanding natural features should be protected or preserved in perpetuity because of their natural significance, unique or representational quality or spiritual connotations. • 4.03 Opportunities for research, education, interpretation and public appreciation should be provided to an extent consistent with these principles. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 831 Technical Report 2004 • 4.04 Management should seek to ensure that exploitation or occupation inconsistent with these principles does not occur. • 4.05 People with rights or interests in the reserve or zone should be entitled to benefits derived from activities in the reserve or zone that are consistent with these principles. IUCN Category IV: Habitat / Species Management Area: Protected Area managed mainly for conservation through management intervention. Area of land and/or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes so as to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or to meet the requirements of specific species. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category IV8: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations 2000) • 5.01 The reserve or zone should be managed primarily, including (if necessary) through active intervention, to ensure the maintenance of habitats, or to meet the requirements of collections or specific species based on the following principles. • 5.02 Habitat conditions necessary to protect significant species, groups or collections of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment should be secured and maintained, if necessary through specific human manipulation. • 5.03 Scientific research and environmental monitoring that contribute to reserve management should be facilitated as primary activities associated with sustainable resource management. • 5.04 The reserve or zone may be developed for public education and appreciation of the characteristics of habitats, species or collections and of the work of wildlife management. • 5.05 Management should seek to ensure that exploitation or occupation inconsistent with these principles does not occur. • 5.06 People with rights or interests in the reserve or zone should be entitled to benefits derived from activities in the reserve or zone that are consistent with these principles. IUCN Category V: Protected Landscape / Seascape: Protected Area managed mainly for landscape / seascape conservation and recreation. Area of land, with coast and seas as appropriate, where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, cultural and/or ecological value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category V: (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations 2000) • 6.01 The reserve or zone should be managed to safeguard the integrity of the traditional interactions between people and nature based on the following principles. • 8 6.02 The harmonious interaction of nature and culture should be maintained through the protection of landscape or seascape and the continuation of traditional uses, building practices and social and cultural manifestations. (Principle 5.07 is not included here, because it pertains only to terrestrial protected areas). An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 832 Technical Report 2004 • 6.03 Lifestyles and economic activities that are in harmony with nature, and the preservation of the social and cultural fabric of the communities in the reserve or zone concerned should be supported. • 6.04 The diversity of landscape, seascape and habitat, and of associated species and ecosystems, should be maintained. • 6.05 Land and sea uses and activities that are inappropriate in scale or character should not occur. • 6.06 Opportunities for public enjoyment should be provided through recreation and tourism appropriate in type and scale to the essential qualities of the reserve or zone. • 6.07 Scientific and educational activities, that will contribute to the long­term well­being of resident populations and to the development of public support for the environmental protection of similar areas, should be encouraged. • 6.08 Benefits to the local community, and contributions to its well­being, through the provision of natural products and services should be sought and promoted if they are consistent with these principles. IUCN Category VI: Managed Resource Protected Area: Protected Area managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems Area containing predominantly unmodified natural systems, managed to ensure long term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs. Australian IUCN Reserve Management Principles for Category VI (Schedule 8 of the EPBC Regulations 2000) • 7.01 The reserve or zone should be managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems based on the following principles. • 7.02 The biological diversity and other natural values of the reserve or zone should be protected and maintained in the long term. • 7.03 Management practices should be applied to ensure ecologically sustainable use of the reserve or zone. • 7.04 Management of the reserve or zone should contribute to regional and national development to the extent that this is consistent with these principles. An Ecologically Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in S.A. 833 Technical Report 2004