Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin AmericaEditorsRecent Echinoderms from Hispaniola

Jorge Figueroa Guzman

Entre 1998 y 1999 se realizó la expedición INVEMAR-MACROFAUNA I a lo largo del talud superior del Caribe colombiano a profundidades entre 200 y 550 m. Se capturaron 714 individuos, pertenecientes a 7 órdenes, 10 familias, 14 géneros y 15 especies. Stylocidaris lineata, Trigonocidaris albida, Echinocyamus grandiporus, Palaeobrissus hilgardi y Archaeopneustes hystrix son primeros registros para el mar Caribe colombiano. Se incluyen descripciones y claves para la identificación de las especies encontradas.

Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America Juan José Alvarado Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín Editors Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America 123 Editors Juan José Alvarado Centro de Investigaciónes en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica ISBN 978-3-642-20050-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9 Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, y Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México City Mexico ISBN 978-3-642-20051-9 (eBook) Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012941234 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) We would like to dedicate this book to the pioneers of echinoderms research in Latin American. To Marı´a Elena Caso, Irene Bernasconi, Luis Roberto Tomassi and Evelyn Zoppi de Roa. Foreword This is a remarkable book. First and foremost, it compiles an immense amount of literature on all aspects of echinoderm biology and ecology over an extremely broad geographical range. This will be extremely useful because much of the literature is relatively unknown to the world at large. The description of the oceanography and marine environments of each country in a comprehensive way will be of considerable interest to marine biologists in general. One of the most interesting aspects of this book is the section devoted to the history of echinoderm studies in each country. The first reports about echinoderms were isolated and sporadic, not systematic studies. These generally did not begin until the 1850s with various foreign expeditions along the coasts of Latin America. Studies of echinoderms by workers in Latin American countries themselves did not begin to develop appreciably until the 1950s. This has changed in a dramatic way. In the latter part of the twentieth century, interest in marine biology and recognition of its importance in terms of basic science, the environment and conservation, and economics increased greatly. This led to an increase in the number of marine biologists in general and of echinoderm biologists in particular. The amount of research activity that has developed since then is impressive. Another thing that impressed me, apparent in the book, is the passion of Latin American biologists for echinoderms, their commitment to conservation, their desire to assist their countries through their efforts, and their collegiality. Florida, USA, March 2012 John M. Lawrence Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa vii Foreword Juan José Alvarado is one of those students who, from very early on, denoted a clear interest in Marine Science and at some point defined his area of interest. When he started looking at the echinoderms of Costa Rica and later, at those reported and collected from Coco Island National Park, he found what he was looking for. Since then, he has been actively carrying out research on echinoderms, and most important, he has drawn attention to the activities regarding this group that are taking place in Latin America. First, with the publication of Research on Echinoderms in Latin America in 2005 (Revista de Biología Tropical, Volume 53, Supplement 3: 387 p.). Then, with the creation of the Iberoamerican Echinoderm Network Red Iberoamericana de Equinodermos (RIE) in 2006. And in 2008, with the publication of another Special Issue on echinoderm research in Latin America: Revista de Biología Tropical, 56 (Suppl. 3): 360 p. Now, together with Francisco Solís-Marín from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), they have put together an outstanding compilation of echinoderm research in Iberoamerica. The dedication of this book to the pioneering Latin American echinoderm researchers is a tribute to their great work and an acknowledgment of the fruit their early and many times solitary work has borne. It is a great honor for me to write this Foreword, for I consider their work a significant step for biological research in the region.. San José, Costa Rica, March 2012 Jorge Cortés Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Universidad de Costa Rica ix Preface The Iberoamerican Echinoderms Network (Red Iberoamericana de Equinodermos) (RIE) (http://zicatela.umar.mx/*redequinos/2/) was created in August 2006 at the 12th International Echinoderms Congress in New Hampshire, United States, as an initiative to strengthen academic connections between Iberoamerican echinoderm researchers. The RIE seeks to fortify the links of researchers in the different countries of the region, being a bridge of communication and exchange of ideas. It seeks to be the platform for discussion and communication of priority projects for Latin America echinoderms. It seeks to offer the opportunity of collaborative work, to place the region among the principal research and conservation regions of the world. Likewise, the RIE intends to support students interested in echinoderm research. To enrich their formation, it will offer information about researchers who could help in their projects, courses, seminars, or symposia, as well as providing literature. The goal of the RIE is to develop workshops, congresses, special journals supplements and books, and to support the development of the knowledge of the echinoderms in Latin America. The first effort of the RIE was the preparation and publication of a Special Issue of the Revista de Biología Tropical (International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation) (Alvarado, J. J. and Cortés, J. (Editors). 2005. Research on Echinoderms in Latin America, Volume 53, Supplement 3: 387 p.) (http://www.ots.ac. cr/tropiweb/intpages/suppl/sup53-3.html). This initiative was born during the 11th International Echinoderms Congress in Münich, Germany, in 2003. This Special Issue compiled 28 papers from 12 countries by 62 authors, touching topics as diverse as paleontology in the Uruguayan region and fisheries models of sea cucumbers in Baja California. The second output of the RIE was a second supplement of the Revista de Biología Tropical (Alvarado, J.J. and Cortés, J. (Editors). 2008. Research on Echinoderms in Latin America II, Volume 56, Supplement 3: 360 p.) (http://www. ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/intpages/suppl/sup56-3.html). This issue compiled 21 papers from eight countries by 46 authors in Latin America (including an invited paper from the Canary Islands). Those papers demonstrated the high degree of knowledge of some countries in topics such as diversity, ecology, aquaculture, and fisheries. It also identified countries where more efforts are needed. xi xii Preface The third effort was the establishment of the first Latin American Echinoderm Congress (Congreso Latinoamericano de Equinodermos-CLE) held in Puerto Madryn, Argentina, between 13 and 18 November 2011. This congress was organized by the Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT), the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’ (MACN), and the Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. A total of 112 people participated in this event with 76 oral presentations and 54 Poster, covering the following themes: biogeography, biochemistry, ecology, physiology, paleontology, fisheries and aquaculture, reproduction and development, and taxonomy, systematics, and evolution. This book represents the fourth output and the confirmation of the commitment of the RIE with the international scientific community. The book represents an extensive recompilation of information about all the research done in the region from theses, reports, books, and scientific journals. We were able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each country and also allow the international scientific community to be able to access information that was held in reports, theses, and local papers that were written in Spanish, allowing a greater diffusion of the results and conclusions obtained. Our goal is to improve the echinoderm research on the region and with this road map establish future research in collaboration with the different laboratories and researchers that participated in this book. Juan José Alvarado Francisco Solís-Marín Acknowledgments First of all, we thank each of the authors of the chapters that have made this compilation about Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America possible, to share their knowledge and passion for such a star group. Muchas gracias! We also would like to acknowledge the help and support of all the reviewers who with their comments and suggestions improved this book: Chris Pomory, Cynthia Lara de Castro, David Pawson, Harilaos Lessios, John Pearse, Manuel Rey Méndez, Marc Eléaume, Martin Brogger, Nieves Elvira, Pablo González, Philip Lambert, Rosa del Valle, Tim O’hara, Tom Hopkins. We wish to grant special credit to John Lawrence and Jorge Cortés who with all the patience, interest, and care reviewed each of the chapters, leaving their wisdom on every page. We wish to grant special credit to all the students from the Laboratorio de Sistemática y Ecología de Equinodermos from the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, for their help with the final elaboration of the appendix: Mauricio Valdés De Anda, Julio Adrián Arriaga Ochoa, Andrea Alejandra Caballero Ochoa, Tania Pineda Enríquez, Carolina Martín Cao-Romero, Yoalli Quetzalli Hernández Díaz, Alejandra Martínez Melo, Viridiana Tapia Ramírez, Guadalupe Bribiesca Contreras, Pedro Josué Garcés Solchaga, Nancy Escandón Flores, Lucia Alejandra Hernández Herrejón and Carlos García Linares. We appreciate the help of Monica Chavez in preparing all the figures in this book and Cindy Fernandez who always believed in this project and was a keystone for the final elaboration. JJ Alvarado is grateful to CONACYT (México) and CONICIT-MICIT (Costa Rica). Finally, we thank Marion Schnider and SPRINGER for their interest in this book. xiii Contents 1 Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. . . . . . . . . Juan José Alvarado and Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín 2 The Echinoderms of Mexico: Biodiversity, Distribution and Current State of Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Francisco A. Solís-Marín, Magali B. I. Honey-Escandón, M. D. Herrero-Perezrul, Francisco Benitez-Villalobos, Julia P. Díaz-Martínez, Blanca E. Buitrón-Sánchez, Julio S. Palleiro-Nayar and Alicia Durán-González 3 4 1 11 Central America Echinoderms: Diversity, Ecology and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juan José Alvarado, Enrique Barraza and Tito Isaac Sancho-Mejías 67 Echinoderm Diversity in Panama: 144 Years of Research Across the Isthmus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simon E. Coppard and Juan José Alvarado 107 5 Echinoderms of Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milena Benavides-Serrato, Giomar Helena Borrero-Pérez, Jaime R. Cantera K, Mishal Cohen-Rengifo and Raúl Neira 145 6 Echinoderms of Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorge Sonnenholzner, Margarita Brandt, Vanessa Francisco, Alex Hearn, María Luzuriaga, Paulina Guarderas and Juan Carlos Navarro 183 xv xvi 7 Contents Echinoderms from Venezuela: Scientific Recount, Diversity and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . César Lodeiros, Alberto Martín, Vanessa Francisco, Nicida Noriega, Yusbelly Díaz, Jeny Reyes, Orangel Aguilera and José Alió 8 Echinoderms of Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yuri Hooker, Elba Prieto-Rios and Francisco A. Solís-Marín 9 Echinoderm from Brazil: Historical Research and the Current State of Biodiversity Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carlos R. R. Ventura, Michela Borges, Lúcia S. Campos, Leticia V. Costa-Lotufo, Carolina A. Freire, Valéria F. Hadel, Cynthia. L. C. Manso, José R. M. C. Silva, Yara Tavares and Cláudio G. Tiago 10 Echinoderm Research in Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sergio Martínez 11 Echinoderms from Argentina: Biodiversity, Distribution and Current State of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Martín I. Brogger, Damián G. Gil, Tamara Rubilar, Mariano I. Martinez, María Enriqueta Díaz de Vivar, Mariana Escolar, Lucía Epherra, Analía F. Pérez and Alejandro Tablado 235 277 301 345 359 12 Echinoderms of the Cuban Archipelago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa del Valle-García, Mercedes Abreu-Pérez, Francisco Alonso Solís-Marín and Alfredo Laguarda-Figueras 403 13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alejandro Herrera-Moreno and Liliana Betancourt 425 14 Review of Echinoderm Research in Puerto Rico, with the Focus on Biological and Ecological Aspects . . . . . . . . . 437 Stacey M. Williams, Milena Benavides-Serrato, Jose E. García-Arrarás, Edwin A. Hernández-Delgado and Ruber Rodriguez Barreras 15 Echinoderms of the Canary Islands, Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . José Carlos Hernández, Sabrina Clemente, Fernando Tuya, Angel Pérez-Ruzafa, Carlos Sangil, Leopoldo Moro-Abad and Juan José Bacallado-Aránega 471 Contents 16 xvii Latin America Echinoderm Biodiversity and Biogeography: Patterns and Affinities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 A. Pérez-Ruzafa, J. J. Alvarado, F. A. Solís-Marín, J. C. Hernández, A. Morata, C. Marcos, M. Abreu-Pérez, O. Aguilera, J. Alió, J. J. Bacallado-Aránega, E. Barraza, M. Benavides-Serrato, F. Benítez-Villalobos, L. Betancourt-Fernández, M. Borges, M. Brandt, M. I. Brogger, G. H. Borrero-Pérez, B. E. Buitrón-Sánchez, L. S. Campos, J. R. Cantera, S. Clemente, M. Cohen-Renfijo, S. E. Coppard, L. V. Costa-Lotufo, R. del Valle-García, M. E. Díaz de Vivar, J. P. Díaz-Martínez, Y. Díaz, A. Durán-González, L. Epherra, M. Escolar, V. Francisco, C. A. Freire, J. E. García-Arrarás, D. G. Gil, P. Guarderas, V. F. Hadel, A. Hearn, E. A. Hernández-Delgado, A. Herrera-Moreno, M. D Herrero-Pérezrul, Y. Hooker, M. B. I. Honey-Escandón, C. Lodeiros, M. Luzuriaga, C. L. C. Manso, A. Martín, M. I. Martínez, S. Martínez, L. Moro-Abad, E. Mutschke, J. C. Navarro, R. Neira, N. Noriega, J. S. Palleiro-Nayar, A. F. Pérez, E. Prieto-Ríos, J. Reyes, R. Rodríguez-Barreras, T. Rubilar, T. I. Sancho-Mejia, C. Sangil, J. R. M. C. Silva, J. I. Sonnenholzner, C. R. R. Ventura, A. Tablado, Y. Tavares, C. G. Tiago, F. Tuya and S. M. Williams Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 Chapter 13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola Alejandro Herrera-Moreno and Liliana Betancourt 13.1 Introduction The Island of Hispaniola is the second largest in the Archipelago of the Greater Antilles. It is located between 17°360 1500 N and 19°570 0900 N, and 68°190 2200 W and 74°410 3300 W. Its geographical boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the south, the Mona Channel to the East, which separates it from Puerto Rico, and in the West, the Windward Passage and the Jamaica Channel, which separate it from Cuba and Jamaica, respectively. The 76,480 km2 of its territory is divided politically into two countries: Dominican Republic to the east and the Republic of Haiti in the west, separated by a land border of 360 km. The Republic of Haiti has a total area of 27,750 km2, which includes the mainland territory plus several islands and islets such as Gonave (743 km2), Tortue (180 km2), Vache (52 km2), Cayemites (45 km2) and Navassa (5.2 km2). The Dominican Republic has an area of 48,442 km2 of mainland in addition to several islands and islets such as Saona (117 km2), Beata (27 km2) and Catalina (9.6 km2). Two oceanic banks: Christmas and Silver Banks, with areas of 70 and 150 km2 respectively, are located to the north of Samana in the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline of Hispaniola extends for about 3,059 km (1,288 km belong to 16 Dominican coastal provinces and 1,771 km to nine Haitian coastal provinces) containing ecosystems such as sandy beaches, rocky shores, cliffs, estuaries, coastal lagoons and mangrove forests. On the Haitian coast important mangroves areas are reported along the north and northeast coast in the Bays of Fort Liberté, l’Acul, Caracol, the Artibonite estuary and the Islands Les Cayes, Vache, Gonave and Cayemite (Ehrlich et al. 1987). Along the Dominican coast the largest areas of mangroves are found in the Bay of Samaná and Montecristi. A. Herrera-Moreno (&) L. Betancourt Programa EcoMar, Inc., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic e-mail: ongprogramaecomar@yahoo.com J. J. Alvarado and F. A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9_13, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 425 426 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt The Dominican shelf has a surface area of 8,130 km2 extending down to 200 m depth, with an average width of 7.5 km. The platform area of Haiti is estimated at 6,683 km2 and is on average narrower. Important coastal habitats include sandy or muddy bottoms (related to the degree of terrigenous influence), commonly populated with abundant macrophytobenthos, especially seagrasses, followed by coral patches and fringing or barrier reefs. In Haiti coral reefs occur near Vache Island, all around Gonave Island in the central Bay of Port-au-Prince, on the Rochelois Bank, at Cayemites Islands, off the northern coast of the southern peninsula, and from the border with the Dominican Republic in the east to Acul Bay just west of Cape Haitien (Creary et al. 2008). Well preserved reefs are found at Navassa Island (Causey et al. 2000). In the Dominican Republic important reef areas include the Montecristi National Park barrier reef in the north-west (where the shelf is widest), narrow high-energy reefs in the central region, and the Bávaro-Macao-Punta Cana barrier reef system at the eastern end. Samaná Bay receives many rivers and is the largest estuary of the insular Caribbean. Coastal reefs in the vicinity are poorly developed, but the Christmas and Silver Banks reef systems are about 100 km to the north. To the south, on the Caribbean coast, are the well-studied reefs of National East Park and the adjacent Saona Island. Uplifted carbonate terraces with reefs growing on narrow platforms are present in the west from Catalina Island to beyond Santo Domingo (e.g. Boca Chica and the Submarine National Park La Caleta). Conditions are not good for reefs in the south-west, except on the shallow sheltered shelf east of Cabo Beata at National Park Jaragua (Woodley et al. 2000). 13.2 Research Echinoderm studies of the waters around Hispaniola Island have a long history. The Haitian collection of David Friedrich Weinland from 1857 (NMNH 2002) and the work on holothuroids by Emil Selenka (1867), with the record of Actinopyga agassizi (Selenka, 1867) in Haiti and the description of the type specimen of Holothuria grisea Selenka, 1867, are among the earliest contributions. William More Gabb made collections in the Dominican Republic in 1878 and deposited several specimens of Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (Rathbun, 1886). In December 1878, during the Blake Expedition, the echinoid Salenocidaris varispina (A. Agassiz, 1880) was collected northwest of Haiti at 2,195 m depth (A. Agassiz, 1880). Dodërlein and Hartmeyer (1910) and Verrill (1915) summarized previous records of asteroids from Hispaniola. Hubert L. Clark (1919) provided the first taxonomic summary of Haitian echinoderms listing more than 20 species of all classes, except crinoids. In the 1930s, new contributions to the knowledge of echinoderms from Hispaniola include Deichmann (1930) who summarized previous records for the Dominican Republic and Haiti in her review of the holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. The handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and 13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 427 the other West Indian Islands (H.L. Clark 1933) also summarized historical information about all classes of echinoderms for Hispaniola, except crinoids, with some new records. Austin H. Clark (1939) listed 19 species of shallow-water echinoderms (between 1 and 2 m depth) collected in two localities in the north of Haiti (Cape Haitien and Tortue Island) during the Smithsonian-Hartford expedition of March 1937, aboard the RV Joseph Conrad. New collections took place during the 1930s on five expeditions: ParishSmithsonian in 1930 to Haiti on the yacht Esperanza, Norcross-Bartlett in July 1931 to the southwest of Santo Domingo down to 200 m depth on the schooner Effie Morrissey, Johnson–Smithsonian Deep-Sea in February 1933 on the Yacht Caroline at depths from 26 to 40 m at twelve stations inside the Bay and around the Peninsula of Samaná (Bartsch 1933), RV Stranger in February 1933 in Port-au-Prince and the RV Atlantis in April 1939 dredging to 1,170 m deep at one station to the northeast of Haiti (H.L. Clark 1941). These expeditions contributed new records for Hispaniola including two deep-water asteroid species: Persephonaster patagiatus (Sladen, 1889) and Phormosoma placenta sigsbei (A. Agassiz, 1880). The expeditions of 1931 and 1933 collected the first specimens of crinoids: Poliometra prolixa (Sladen, 1881) and Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtalés, 1869). In the decade of 1960s two expeditions took place. The exploratory fishing vessel Silver Bay in October 1963 made collections at six stations between 92 and 348 m deep in the north, northeast and east of the Dominican Republic. The exploratory fishing vessel Oregon in June and May, 1965 and December 1969 collected between 11 and 59 m deep at four stations off the north Haitian coast and the northeast Dominican coast. During this period, Parslow and Clark (1963) summarized the zoogeographical distribution of shallow-water (less than 17 m deep) ophiuroids known for the West Indies, including 11 species from Hispaniola, updating the previous list of H.L. Clark (1919). Deichmann (1963) summarized previous records of holothuroids for Haiti. Halpern (1969) mentioned the asteorid Litonotaster intermedius (Perrier, 1884) found in the Windward Pass, between Cuba and Hispaniola, at a depth between 1,958 and 3,294 m (Downey 1973). From January to July 1970 and July 1971 the most prolific expeditions carried out in Hispaniolan waters took place aboard the RV John Elliot Pillsbury. Collections were made at seven stations in Haiti, between 31 and 2,545 m deep, and 33 stations in Dominican Republic, between 9 and 3,109 m deep (Fig. 13.1) (Staiger and Voss 1970). Meyer et al. (1978) included the RV John Elliot Pillsbury collections in their zoogeographical study of western Atlantic Ocean crinoids, offering the most complete summary of this group, with 19 species listed for Dominican and Haitian waters. In her review of the Order Brisingida for the Atlantic Ocean, Downey (1986) also incorporated Haitian specimens from the Pillsbury expeditions. A.M. Clark (1987) described the type specimen of the asteoridHenricia downeyae A.M. Clark, 1987 from a Haitian locality, registered in the catalogue of types of the NMNH (Ahearn 1995). Two more records for Haiti from this period were the holothuroid Psolus tuberculosus Théel, 1886 (Miller and Pawson 1984) and the asteroid Ceramaster grenadensis grenadensis (Perrier, 1881) (Halpern 1970). 428 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt Fig. 13.1 Localities where collections of echinoderms have been made by several expeditions and national and international projects on the shelf and oceanic waters of Hispaniola All these expeditions increased the collections of the five classes of echinoderms from Hispaniola in international museums with 541 specimens of 132 species located in the U.S. Museum of Natural History (NMNH 2002), Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH 2010), Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University (MCZ 2010) and Museum of Natural Sciences of Berlin (ZMB 2010). The RV John Elliot Pillsbury expeditions had a decisive role in the enrichment of collections, particularly with deep-sea species, that at the end of the 1970s, 90 % of the crinoid, asteroid, and echinoid species known from Hispaniola were already described and deposited in different museums. In the Dominican Republic, the creation of the Center of Marine Biology Research (CIBIMA) in 1962 promoted coastal and marine biodiversity research. Between the decades from 1970 to 1990, CIBIMA produced summarized list of echinoids and asteroids (Cicero et al. 1976), ophiuroids (Rathe 1978) and holothuroids (Briones 1983). Multiple reports were finally compiled into a preliminary study on coastal and marine biodiversity of the Dominican Republic (CIBIMA 1992). From these investigations, 242 specimens of 58 species are deposited in the National Museum of Natural History of Santo Domingo (MNHNSD 2008). In May 1979, the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, along with the University of Puerto Rico, implemented an expedition on board the RV Crawford to make inventories of the southeast Dominican reefs of La Caleta and Catalina and Saona Islands (Williams et al. 1983). Later the IDECOOP expedition 13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 429 (Fig. 13.1) made collections between 142 and 270 m deep with three new records for the deep-sea Dominican echinoderms: the crinoid Cenocrinus asterius (Linnaeus, 1775); the ophiuroid Astronicda isidis Lyman, 1872 and the echinoid Conolampas sigsbei (A. Agassiz, 1878) (Rivas 1983). Studies carried out by researchers from East Carolina University in Montecristi reefs (Luczkovich 1991) extended the reports of Dominican crinoids with the record of Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816). The information on Haitian echinoderms comes from old collections, that have already been mentioned, and some more recent studies carried out by foreign institutions. In June 1988, a detailed study at 13 stations on different ecological zones (from the reef lagoon to the frontal reef) of the Arcadines coral reefs was made by the World Wildlife Fund and the Conservation Foundation Wilcox Associates, between 0.3 and 21 m depth (Wilcox et al. 1989). Twelve species of common shallow-water echinoderms were reported. Hendler et al. (1995) summarized the echinoderms from approximately 17 old Haitian records. With the implementation of the Hispabiota Marina Project (Herrera-Moreno and Betancourt 2012) by Programa EcoMar, Inc. in the Dominican Republic a bibliographical and taxonomic review of echinoderm species was done for the first time, with a historical and insular approach (Herrera-Moreno and Betancourt 2004). A database was created with the results of collections of echinoderms from more than 150 localities of the coastal zone, the shelf and the deep zone of Hispaniola (Fig. 13.1). This project added 60 species to the national inventory of CIBIMA (1992) confirming 123 species for Dominican coastal and marine zone. It also compiled for the first time 79 species for Haiti. A total of 156 species for Hispaniola (Appendix) is discussed in the present report. 13.3 Diversity and Distribution The numbers of echinoderms in different taxonomic categories for the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Hispaniola are summarized in Table 13.1. There are 22 species of crinoids (18 for the Dominican Republic and eight for Haiti), subdivided into 17 genera, nine families and four orders. About five species of crinoids are found in coral reef environments at depths to 45 m deep including those which, according to Hendler et al. (1995), are more common and accessible to conventional scuba diving. The remaining species are distributed below 100 to 1,033 m deep. The list of asteroids has 33 known species (18 for Haiti and 21 for the Dominican Republic) subdivided into 24 genera, 11 families and seven orders. Downey (1973) in her review of the asteroids in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean described 95 species and noted that the asteroid fauna from Hispaniola was practically unknown. The bathymetric ranges of the asteroid species known from Hispaniola varies from 0.3 to 3,493 m deep. About eight species are distributed from the surface to 50 m deep primarily from the mangroves to the reef front, with the remaining species found below 50 m deep. 430 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt Table 13.1 Summary of the numbers of different taxonomic categories for echinofauna groups of Dominican Republic (DO), Haiti (HA) and Hispaniola (HI) Orders Families Genus Species Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea TOTAL HA DO HI HA DO HI HA DO HI HA DO HI HA DO HI HA DO HI 3 4 4 7 4 7 2 2 2 7 10 12 3 3 3 22 23 28 4 9 9 11 7 11 9 11 12 12 16 17 6 5 7 42 48 57 7 14 17 16 14 24 12 15 20 15 31 36 7 7 10 57 81 107 8 18 22 18 22 33 21 24 30 21 41 50 11 18 21 79 123 156 Thirty species of ophiuroids are known for Hispaniola (21 for Haiti and 24 for the Dominican Republic), subdivided into 20 genera, 12 families and two orders. Most species of ophiuroids are distributed in water less than 30 m deep found in seagrass beds and coral reefs. Only four species were collected between 148 and 366 m deep. Fifty species of echinoids are listed (21 for Haiti and 41 for the Dominican Republic) subdivided into 36 genera (including one species identified only to the genus level), 17 families and 12 orders. Although bathymetric data are not available for all species, the collections from Hispaniola contain the more common shallow-water species from mangrove habitats, seagrass beds and coral reefs. At least about 30 species are distributed from 100 to 2,545 m depth. The list of holothurians of Hispaniola includes 21 species (11 for Haiti and 18 for the Dominican Republic) with ten genera, seven families and three orders. Most species of holothuroid are common in shallow sedimentary environments. Three species are found between 243 and 1,400 m deep. 13.4 Ecology In the Dominican Republic, echinoderm species are mentioned in the inventories of invertebrates of seagrass beds and coral reefs from Manzanillo to Punta Rucia in Montecristi (Luczkovich 1991; CIBIMA 1998), Puerto Plata (Herrera-Moreno and 13 Recent Echinoderms from Hispaniola 431 Betancourt 2009), Samaná (Sang and Lysenko 1994; Sang 1996), Punta Cana, Bávaro (CURPOB 2000; Brandt et al. 2003), National East Park (Vega et al. 1997) and Isla Saona in La Altagracia, Catalinita in La Romana, La Caleta in Santo Domingo (Williams et al. 1983), Haina in San Cristóbal (Herrera-Moreno et al. 2009), Las Calderas Bay in Peravia (Almonte 1976), Puerto Viejo in Azua (González et al. 1978) and Jaragua National Park in Pedernales (Weil 2006). In Haiti, inventories with echinoderm species include Lamentin (Beebe 1928), Les Arcadins reefs (FoProBIM 1985; Wilcox et al. 1989) and Navassa (Miller 2003). Due to the dramatic reduction of black sea urchin Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean in the 1980s, the presence of this species is always highlighted in all inventories and some abundance surveys have been done. In the Dominican reefs, Chiappone (2001) estimated an average density of D. antillarum of 0.03 ind 50 m-2 for the coral reefs in the National East Park, between 9 and 17 m depth. He also estimated 9.15 ind 50 m-2 in the Boca Chica reefs between 4 and 20 m depth. Brandt et al. (2003) reported a maximum density of 5.4 ind 10 m-2 in the reefs of Punta Cana and Bavaro with the highest average values in the deep forereef (1.2 ind 10 m-2) in relation to the shallow areas of the back-reef (0.5 individuals/10 m2). For Caracol Bay in Haiti, Hay (1984) reported 20 ind m-2, between 3 and 10 m depth. FoProBIM (FoProBIM 1985) found densities of D. antillarum up to 14.5 ind 100 m-2 at 5 m depth in the area of Les Arcadines. More recently, abundance values from 0 to 1.5 ind 10 m-2 have been reported in the same area by Linton (2003). However, ecological studies at the level of echinoderm populations or communities seem to be scarce. In the Dominican Republic, Chiappone (2001) conducted a study measuring density and size distribution for five species of echinoids (D. antillarum, Echinometra viridis, Echinometra lucunter, Eucidaris tribuloides and Tripneustes ventricosus) in the National East Park and Boca Chica. Tewfik et al. (2005) studied the impact of anthropogenic enrichment on the seagrass food web at two locations in southern Dominican Republic (Pedernales and Barahona), involving several species of echinoderms, categorized by them as three consumer functional groups: (a) generalists (regular urchins: Lytechinus variegatus, T. ventricosus, D. antillarium); (b) subsurface deposit feeders (red heart urchin Meoma ventricosa and sand dollars) and (c) surface deposit feeders (cushion sea star Oreaster reticulatus and sea cucumbers). Hay (1984) compared the activity of grazing fish and sea urchins in the Bay of Caracol in Haiti, on an overexploited coral reef including density data of Diadema antillarum and its rate of consumption of Thalassia testudinum. 13.5 Aquaculture and Fisheries Commercial fishing of sea cucumber takes place in the Dominican Republic. According to the Dominican Council of Fisheries and Aquaculture CODOPESCA in 2002 there was an export of 57.6 MT, equivalent to 9 % of seafood exports. The 432 A. Herrera-Moreno and L. Betancourt figures for years 2007, 2008 and 2009 indicate much smaller export volumes with 1.27, 2.37 and 1.37 MT, respectively. The trading company for sea cucumbers in the Dominican Republic is NETCO C x A which operates from Juan de Bolaño Beach in Montecristi with CODOPESCA permissions for exportation to the United States. There are no studies that scientifically support this exploitation. In fact, there is no information on the species being harvested, minimum sizes, close seasons or any other descriptive parameters of an organized fishery. The survival of these echinoderm populations is seriously threatened. According to ToralGranda (2008), between 2002 and 2003, China imported 2,607 kg of dry weight of sea cucumbers from Dominican Republic and 10,680 kg of dry weight from Haiti. In Haiti, the Caribbean SeaFood Company announces online the sale of dried sea cucumbers of the species Stichopus badionotus. 13.6 Threats The threats to echinoderms are not very different from those faced by other marine groups of Hispaniola. The destruction of ecosystems (mainly mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs) due to coastal development (human settlements, agriculture, industrial and tourist facilities and/or fishing) and tourism activities (especially diving) is the major threat that affects all groups. In addition to impacts of habitat destruction, some groups of echinoderms are exploited for commercial purposes. These include some species of sea cucumbers used for human consumption and some species of starfish and sea urchins used for sale as aquarium species (SERCM 2004). Other echinoderm species, such as the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata and the starfish Oreaster reticulatus are collected for handicrafts that are sold in tourist establishments. Some fishermen also use this asteroid species as bait in net traps. No ecological studies or fisheries biology research have been done to support a sustainable exploitation of these resources. 13.7 Recommendations It is essential to train a group of national specialists from Haiti and the Dominican Republic in the systematic of all echinoderm classes that can work closely together to better understand the echinofauna of Hispaniola. The National Museum of Natural History in Santo Domingo should be involved in the development and review of the marine collections. New investigations in structural ecology and population dynamics of echinoderms must be initiated for those species that may be subject to some kind of extractive use. For exploited species, it is also necessary to conduct fishery biology investigations for the establishment of closed seasons, protected areas from fishing and legal minimum sizes. 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Taxonomy and specimen data. http://sesam.gbifevt3.senckenberg.de/page/index.htm Appendix Solís-Marín FA, JJ Alvarado, M Abreu-Pérez, O Aguilera, J Alió, JJ BacalladoAránega, E Barraza, M Benavides-Serrato, F Benítez-Villalobos, L BetancourtFernández, M Borges, M Brandt, MI Brogger, GH Borrero-Pérez, BE BuitrónSánchez, LS Campos, J Cantera, S Clemente, M Cohen-Renjifo, S Coppard, LV Costa-Lotufo, R del Valle-García, Y Díaz, ME Díaz de Vivar, JP DíazMartínez, A Durán-González, L Epherra, M Escolar, V Francisco, CA Freire, JE García-Arrarás, DG Gil, P Guarderas, VF Hadel, A Hearn, JC Hernández, EA Hernández-Delgado, A Herrera-Moreno, MD Herrero-Pérezrul, Y Hooker, MBI Honey-Escandón, C Lodeiros, M Luzuriaga, CLC Manso, A Martín, MI Martinez, S Martínez, L Moro-Abad, E Mutschke, JC Navarro, R Neira, N Noriega, JS Palleiro-Nayar, AF Pérez, A Pérez-Ruzafa, E Prieto-Rios, J Reyes, R Rodríguez, T Rubilar, T Sancho-Mejía, C Sangil, JRMC Silva, JI Sonnenholzner, CR Ventura, A Tablado, Y Tavares, CG Tiago, F Tuya, SM Williams J. J. Alvarado and F. A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 543 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS Class Crinoidea Order Comatulida Superfamily Antedonacea Family Antedonidae Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) Anthometra adriani (Bell, 1908) Eumorphometra fraseri John, 1938 Fariometra parvula (Hartlaub, 1895) Florometra magellanica (Bell, 1882) Florometra mawsoni A. H. Clark, 1913 Florometra parvula (Hartlaub, 1895) Florometra serratissima (A. H. Clark, 1907) Florometra tanneri (Hartlaub, 1895) Isometra hordea John, 1938 Isometra graminea John, 1938 Isometra vivipara Mortensen, 1917 Promachocrinus kerguelensis Carpenter, 1880 Solanometra antarctica (Carpenter, 1888) Family Zenometridae Psathyrometra bigradata (Hartlaub, 1895) x x x 70–1674 410–687 rb 20–1017 x x rb,sb x x 38–770 x x 589–1969 rb 12–3234 rb x x 104–207 17–490 rb x x x 79–845 20–2100 x x x x 287–1759 x 741–823 544 Table A.1 Taxonomic list of the Echinoderms of the Pacific coast of Latin America x x Appendix (continued) Depth (m) Habitat Superfamily Notocrinacea Family Notocrinidae Notocrinus virilis Mortensen, 1917 Notocrinus mortenseni John, 1938 Superfamily Tropiometracea Family Thalassometridae Thalassometra agassizii (Hartlaub, 1895) Order Hyocrinida Family Hyocrinidae Calamocrinus diomedae A. Agassiz, 1890 Hyocrinus foelli (Roux & Pawson, 1999) Ptilocrinus antarcticus (Bather, 1908) Class Asteroidea Order Paxillosida Family Astropectinidae Astropecten armatus Gray, 1840 Astropecten armatus erinaceus Gray, 1840 Astropecten benthophilus Ludwig, 1905 Astropecten brasiliensis peruvianus Verrill, 1870 Astropecten exiguus Ludwig 1905 Astropecten fragilis Verrill, 1870 MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 596–1429 rb x 717–1431 3030 rb 450–500 rb 0–160 11–60 mb,rb,sb x rb,sb 1408 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 6–99 mb,sb 232–2136 1–5 sb x x x x x x x (continued) 545 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–204 95–121 mb,rb,sb x 2–488 mb,rb,sb x 278–286 rb,sb x x 80–500 sb 377–971 mb,sb 1573–4335 mb,sb 732–1593 10–2424 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x mb,rb x 20–3248 sb 1866 1485–1618 x x x x 23–300 rb x 55–1503 sb x 50–1050 mb 10–1946 mb 10–12 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Astropecten regalis Gray, 1840 Astropecten sulcatus Ludwig, 1905 Astropecten verrilli de Loriol, 1899 Astropecten ornatissimus Fisher, 1906 Bathybiaster loripes Sladen, 1889 Dipsacaster eximius Fisher, 1905 Dytaster gilberti Fisher, 1905 Leptychaster inermis (Ludwig, 1905) Mimastrella cognata (Sladen, 1889) Psilaster charcoti (Koehler, 1906) Psilaster pectinatus (Fisher, 1905) Psilaster sladeni Ludwig, 1905 Persephonaster armiger Ludwig, 1905 Tethyaster canaliculatus (A. H. Clark, 1916) Thrissacanthias penicillatus (Fisher, 1905) Family Goniopectinidae Ctenodiscus procurator Sladen, 1889 Ctenodiscus crispatus (Retzius, 1805) Luidia (Platasterias) latiradiata (Gray, 1871) 546 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 33–126 sb x 4–55 0–220 280 3–55 1.5–12 0–40 rb,sb mb,sb mb mb,sb mb,sb rb,sb x x 1–386 sb x x 110 3–250 18 mb,sb,rub x sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1570–6330 rb x x 1463–5780 mb,sb x x x 5204–7200 mb 1158–6035 mb x x x x x x x x x 4240–4337 mb x 2600–5303 mb 117–400 x x x x x x mb,rb,sb 1180–3575 sb,rub,mb x x x x x 547 Luidia armata Ludwig, 1905 Luidia asthenosoma Fisher, 1906 Luidia bellonae Lütken, 1865 Luidia columbia (Gray, 1840) Luidia ferruginea Ludwig, 1905 Luidia foliolata (Grube, 1866) Luidia latiradiata (Gray, 1871) Luidia magellanica Leipoldt, 1895 Luidia phragma H. L. Clark, 1910 Luidia porteri A. H. Clark, 1917 Luidia superba A. H. Clark, 1917 Luidia tessellata Lütken, 1859 Family Porcellanasteridae Eremicaster crassus (Sladen, 1883) Eremicaster pacificus (Ludwig, 1905) Eremicaster vicinus Ludwig, 1907 Porcellanaster ceruleus WyvilleThomson, 1877 Styracaster paucispinus Ludwig, 1907 Thoracaster cylindratus Sladen, 1883 Family Pseudarchasteridae Pseudarchaster discus Sladen, 1889 Pseudarchaster pectinifer Ludwig, 1905 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) (continued) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 700–1620 sb,rub x 98–800 sb,rub x x 999 x 1800–1936 rb x 3058 x 1485–2323 rb x x 1618–2323 x x x 0–732 sb x 350–500 sb x 488–512 mb x 466–1903 mb,sb x 790–2323 mb,rb x 0–30 cr,rb x x 0–300 213 2–40 mb,rb rb,sb rb,kf x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Pseudarchaster pulcher Ludwig, 1905 Pseudarchaster pusillus Fisher, 1905 Pseudarchaster verrilli Ludwig, 1905 Order Notomyotida Family Benthopectinidae Benthopecten acanthonotus Fisher, 1905 Benthopecten cognatus (Ludwig, 1905) Benthopecten pectinifer (Ludwig, 1905) Benthopecten spinuliger (Ludwig, 1905) Calyptraster tenuissimus Bernasconi, 1966 Cheiraster (Luidiaster) planeta (Sladen, 1889) Cheiraster (Luidiaster) californicus Ziesenhenne, 1942 Nearchaster aciculosus (Fisher, 1910) Pectinaster agassizi Ludwig, 1905 Order Valvatida Family Acanthasteridae Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Asterinidae Asterina fimbriata Perrier, 1875 Meridiastra modesta (Verrill, 1870) Patiria chilensis (Lütken, 1859) 548 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–300 0–20 x cr,rb rb x x 0–3 x x 0–128 cr,mb,rb,sb x 33–121 rb x 3–60 cr,rb x 2–260 rb x 0–270 rb,sb 0–145 0–135 rb,sb rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 75–898 x x 10–898 rb,mb,sb x x 382–1248 mb,rb x x 188–1244 sb 0–400 rb x 225–1148 rb x x x x (continued) 549 Patiria miniata Verrill, 1913 Patiriella calcarata (Perrier, 1875) Patiriella exigua (Lamarck, 1816) Family Asterodiscididae Amphiaster insignis Verrill, 1868 Paulia horrida Gray, 1840 Family Asteropseidae Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816) Dermasterias imbricata (Grube, 1857) Family Ganeriidae Cycethra verrucosa (Philippi, 1857) Ganeria falklandica Gray, 1847 Ganeria hahni Perrier, 1891 Family Goniasteridae Ceramaster grenadensis patagonicus (Sladen, 1889) Ceramaster patagonicus (Sladen, 1889) Ceramaster leptoceramus (Fisher, 1905) Cryptopeltaster lepidonotus Fisher, 1905 Hippasteria phrygiana (Parelius, 1768) Hippasteria falklandica Fisher, 1940 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS Hippasteria spinosa Verrill, 1909 Litonotaster tumidus H. L. Clark, 1920 Mediaster elegans Ludwig, 1905 Mediaster transfuga Ludwig, 1905 Mediaster tenellus Fisher, 1905 Nymphaster diomedeae Ludwig, 1905 Pillsburiaster ernesti (Ludwig, 1905) Family Mithrodiidae Mithrodia bradleyi Verrill, 1870 Family Odontasteridae Acodontaster elongatus elongatus (Sladen, 1889) Acodontaster elongatus granuliferus (Koehler, 1912) Diplodontias singularis (Müller & Troschel, 1843) Odontaster meridionalis (E.A. Smith, 1876) Odontaster penicillatus (Philippi, 1870) Family Ophidiasteridae Leiaster coriaceus Peters, 1852 Leiaster glaber Peters, 1852 Leiaster teres (Verrill, 1871) Linckia columbiae Gray, 1840 50–512 rb 4066–5196 mb 1789 840–900 580–1192 702–1810 x x x sb sb mb,sb 550 Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x 2149 x x x x x x 0–14 cr,rb x x x x x x x 8–400 rb,sb x 74–841 rb,sb x 0–84 rb,sb 0–646 rb,sb x 6–400 rb,sb x 2–15 1–57 0–100 cr cr,rb cr,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix (continued) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS rb x x x x 56–91 rb 20–59 cr, rb 1–75 rb x x x x x x x 0–130 cr,rb,sb x x x 0–50 cr,rb,sb x x x x x 67–79 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 15–49 rb 0–900 mb,rb,sb x 5–450 mb,rb,sb x 48–1094 x 0–183 2–92 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,sb x x 86–4200 15–450 mb,rb,rub x rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) 551 Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) Narcissia gracilis A.H. Clark, 1916 Narcissia gracilis malpeloensis Downey, 1975 Ophidiaster agassizi Perrier, 1881 Ophidiaster ludwigi de Loriol, 1900 Pharia pyramidata (Gray, 1840) Phataria mionactis Ziesenhenne, 1942 Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) Tamaria obstipa Ziesenhenne, 1942 Tamaria stria Downey, 1975 Family Poraniidae Porania (Porania) antarctica E.A. Smith, 1876 Poraniopsis echinaster Perrier, 1891 Poraniopsis inflatus (Fisher, 1906) Family Oreasteridae Nidorellia armata (Gray, 1840) Pentaceraster cumingi (Gray, 1840) Family Solasteridae Lophaster furcilliger Fisher, 1905 Lophaster stellans Sladen, 1889 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) Paralophaster antarcticus Koehler, 1912 Solaster regularis Sladen, 1889 Order Velatida Family Korethrasteridae Peribolaster folliculatus Sladen, 1889 Family Pterasteridae Diplopteraster semireticulatus (Sladen, 1882) Diplopteraster verrucosus (Sladen, 1882) Pteraster cf. diaphanus (Ludwig, 1905) Pteraster gibber (Sladen, 1882) Pteraster affinis Smith, 1876 Pteraster affinis lebruni Perrier, 1891 Hymenaster cremnodes H. L. Clark, 1920 Hymenaster gracilis Ludwig, 1905 pellucidus Thomson, platyacanthus Ludwig, quadrispinosus Fisher, trias H. L. Clark, 1920 violaceus Ludwig, 1905 Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 88–750 sb x 5–800 rb,sb,mb x 10–460 rb x 300– 1500 0–470 rb,sb x sb x 1410 7–460 80–130 74–341 4335 x rb rb sb mb 2418– 3241 13–3240 mb 2487– 2877 778– 3240 5203 x x x x x x x x x x x x mb x x x mb x x x (continued) Appendix Hymenaster 1873 Hymenaster 1905 Hymenaster 1905 Hymenaster Hymenaster Depth (m) 552 Table A.1 (continued) Order Spinulosida Family Echinasteridae Echinaster (Echinaster) parvispinus A. H. Clark, 1916 Echinaster (Othilia) aculeata (Gray, 1840) Echinaster (Othilia) spinulosus Verrill, 1869 Echinaster (Othilia) tenuispinus Verrill, 1871 Echinaster cribella Lütken, 1871 Echinaster cylindricus Meissner, 1892 Echinaster panamensis Leipoldt, 1895 Henricia aspera Fisher, 1906 Henricia asthenactis Fisher, 1910 Henricia clarki Fisher, 1910 Henricia gracilis (Ludwing, 1905) Henricia leviuscula (Stimpson, 1857) Henricia nana (Ludwig, 1905) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 18–28 rb x 3–24 sb 1–55 cr,mb,rb 0–18 rb x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x 487–570 rb x 91–1250 rb x 226– 2001 267– 1244 0–228 x rb x 57–200 rb x rb rb x x x 553 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 22–940 rb 666 rb 0–430 rb,sb,rub 0–350 rb x 0–120 sb x x x x x x x x 34–54 x 0–350 rb x 11–156 cr,rb 0–20 rb x rb x x x x x 52–84 cr,rb,rub 0–650 mb,rb,sb x 0–500 mb,rb,sb x 3334 x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Henricia obesa (Sladen, 1889) Henricia seminudus (A. H. Clark, 1916) Henricia studeri Perrier, 1891 Order Forcipulatida Family Asteriidae Anasterias antarctica (Lütken, 1857) Anasterias pedicellaris (Köehler, 1923) Anasterias spirabilis (Bell, 1881) Anasterias varium (Philippi, 1870) Astrometis sertulifera (Xantus, 1860) Astrostole platei (Meissner, 1896) Astrostole paschae (H. L. Clark, 1920) Coronaster marchenus Ziesenhenne, 1942 Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858) Diplasterias brandti (Bell, 1881) Distolasterias robusta (Ludwig, 1905) Depth (m) 554 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Evasterias troscheli (Stimpson, 1862) Leptasterias pusilla Fisher, 1930 Meyenaster gelatinosus (Meyen, 1834) Pisaster brevispinus (Stimpson, 1857) Pisaster giganteus (Stimpson, 1857) Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt, 1835) Rathbunaster californicus Fisher, 1906 Sclerasterias alexandri (Ludwig, 1905) Sclerasterias heteropaes Fisher, 1924 Family Coscinasteridae Psalidaster mordax Fisher, 1940 Family Heliasteridae Heliaster canopus Perrier, 1875 Heliaster cumingii (Gray, 1840) Heliaster helianthus (Lamarck, 1816) Heliaster kubiniji Xantus, 1860 Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 37 rb 0–22 rb 0–102 rb x 0–374 rb x 0–8 rb x rb x x x x rb 80–600 sb x x x 61–384 18–457 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x intertidal rb x 0–14 rb x 0–20 rb,sb x 0–20 rb x x x x x 555 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–20 rb x 0–20 rb x rb 5–450 rb 0–520 rb,rub x x x x x x x 1618– 2418 245 x x x 704 x x 0–455 rb 0–100 rb 0–80 rb,sb,kf x x x x (continued) Appendix Heliaster microbrachius Xanthus, 1860 Heliaster polybrachius H. L. Clark, 1907 Heliaster solaris A. H. Clark, 1920 Labidiaster radiosus Lütken, 1871 Family Pedicellasteridae Ampheraster hyperonchus (H. L. Clark, 1913) Hydrasterias improvisus (Ludwig, 1905) Tarsaster cocosanus (Ludwig, 1905) Tarsaster galapagensis (Ludwig, 1905) Family Pycnopodiidae Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt, 1835) Family Stichasteridae Allostichaster capensis (Perrier, 1875) Stichaster striatus Müller & Troschel, 1840 Family Zoroasteridae Depth (m) 556 Table A.1 (continued) Cnemidaster nudus (Ludwig, 1905) Cnemidaster wyvillii Sladen, 1889 Myxoderma longispinum (Ludwig, 1905) Myxoderma platyacanthum (H. L. Clark, 1913) Myxoderma qawashqari (Moyana & Larrain, 1976) Myxoderma sacculatum (Fisher, 1905) Zoroaster magnificus Ludwig, 1905 Zoroaster ophiurus Fisher, 1905 Order Brisingida Family Brisingidae Astrolirus panamensis (Ludwig, 1905) Hymenodiscus monacantha H. L. Clark, 1920 Hymenodiscus tenella (Ludwig, 1905) Family Freyellidae Freyastera benthophila (Sladen, 1889) Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1366– 2600 mb,rb x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x 980– mb,rb 2418 395–650 mb,rb 0–723 sb 1000– 1546 3056– 3667 695– 2226 mb,rb x x x x x x x x mb,sb x x x x x x x mb 2418 4064– 4667 x mb,sb 48–2418 4064 x x x mb x 557 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 3182– 3279 x x x x x x x 266– 1236 sb x 152– 2663 266– 1800 717– 3058 cr,mb,sb x x x x 350–731 1271 x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Freyella insignis Ludwig, 1905 Freyella pacifica Ludwig, 1905 Freyella propinqua Ludwig, 1905 Freyellaster scalaris (A. H. Clark, 1916) Class Ophiuroidea Order Euryalida Family Asteronychidae Asteronyx excavata Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842 Asteronyx longifissus Doederlein, 1927 Astrodia plana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Family Asteroschematidae Asteroschema rubrum (Lyman, 1882) Asteroschema sublaeve Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Family Gorgonocephalidae Habitat 558 Table A.1 (continued) Astrocaneum spinosum (Lyman, 1875) Astrodendrum galapagensis A. H. Clark, 1916 Astrodictyum panamense (Verrill, 1867) Astrotoma agassizii Lyman, 1875 Gorgonocephalus chilensis (Philippi, 1858) Gorgonocephalus diomedeae Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Order Ophiurida Family Ophiomyxidae Ophiomyxa panamensis Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiomyxa vivipara Studer, 1876 Ophiolycus nutrix (Mortensen, 1936) Family Amphiuridae Amphilepis nuda Tommasi, 1976 Amphilepis patens Lyman, 1879 Family Amphiuridae Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 4–183 cr,mb,sb,rb x x x x 717 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x 23559 cr,sb x x 2–1180 rb x 4–900 rb x 1271 x x x x x 60–293 rb,sb x x x x 15–399 rb x 70–4538 sb x x 384– 4087 mb x x x 559 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 9–22 x 280–384 mb, sb x 4–15 x cr, rb x x 54 x 0–367 mb, sb 0.2–1 mb,rb 350 rb x 4–15 rb x 0–364 rb x x 9–80 rb,sb x x x 0–73 sb x x x x x x x x x x x x mb x x 3334 64 x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Amphicontus minutus Hill, 1940 Amphichondrius granulatus (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Amphichondrius laevis Ziesenhenne, 1940 Amphiodia assimilis (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Amphiodia grisea (Ljungman, 1867) Amphiodia occidentalis (Lyman, 1860) Amphiodia oerstedi (Lütken, 1856) Amphiodia platyspina Nielsen, 1932 Amphiodia sculptilis Ziesenhenne, 1940 Amphiodia tabogae Nielsen, 1932 Amphiodia urtica (Lyman, 1860) Amphiodia violacea (Lütken, 1856) Amphiodia vicina H. L. Clark, 1940 Amphipholis elevata Nielsen, 1932 Habitat 560 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Amphipholis granulata (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Amphipholis laevidisca H. L. Clark, 1909 Amphipholis pugetana (Lyman, 1860) Amphipholis puntarenae (Lütken, 1856) Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Amphioplus (Amphioplus) strongyloplax (H. L. Clark, 1911) Amphioplus (Amphioplus) coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918 Amphioplus daleus (Lyman, 1879) Amphioplus philohelminthius Ziesenhenne, 1940 Amphioplus magellanica (Mortensen, 1936) Amphioplus textilis (Koehler, 1907) Amphiura anomala Lyman, 1875 Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 280–384 x x 4–1620 sb x 0–508 mb x 0–1200 cr,m,mb,sb,sg,rub,rb 4–1408 mb,sb x 1207 mb x 2690– 3219 15–73 rb x 35–174 mb x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x 300– 1500 x 561 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 6–849 mb,rb,sb x x x x 0–582 x 44–3017 sb x x x 0–300 x x x 0–300 x 1587 mb,rb,sb x 1207 mb,sb x 549– 2323 x 333 x 1236 mb,sb x 80 rb x x (continued) Appendix Amphiura arcystata H. L. Clark, 1911 Amphiura eugeniae Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura (Amphiura) diomedeae Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura (Amphiura) magellanica Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura (Ophionema) hexacantha Nielsen, 1932 Amphiura calbuca Mortensen, 1952 Amphiura carchara H. L. Clark, 1911 Amphiura gastracantha Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura gymnogastra Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura gymnopora Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura notacantha Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura otteri Ljungman, 1872 Depth (m) 562 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Amphiura polyacantha Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura papillata Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura princeps Koehler, 1907 Amphiura seminuda Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Amphiura serpentina Lütken & Mortensen 1899 Amphiura verticillata Ljungman, 1867 Microphiopholis geminata (Le Conte, 1851) Microphiopholis platydisca (Nielsen, 1932) Microphiopholis puntarenae (Lütken, 1856) Ophiocnida californica Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiocnida hispida (Le Conte, 1851) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1271 x x 702 x 0–300 9–4096 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x rb,sb x 770– 1865 x x x 0–82 mb,rb,sb x x x x 0–137 mb,sb x x x x x 6–302 mb,rb,sb 0–794 cr,rb x x x x x x (continued) 563 Habitat 0–40 rb,sb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x 0–134 sb x x x x 0–134 x x x x x x x x 18–73 x 0–128 sb x 1–101 rb x x x x x x x x 0–143 mb,rb,sb x 73–439 55–64 x x (continued) Appendix Ophiophragmus chilensis (Müller & Troschel, 1843) Ophiophragmus disacanthus Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiophragmus marginatus (Lütken, 1856) Ophiophragmus ophiactoides Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiophragmus paucispinus Nielsen, 1932 Ophiophragmus stellatus Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiophragmus tabogensis Nielsen, 1932 Ophiostigma tenue Lütken, 1856 Triplodia abdita (A. M. Clark, 1970) Family Hemieuryalidae Amphigyptis perplexa Nielsen, 1932 Ophiochondrus stelliger Lyman, 1879 Sigsbeia laevis Ziesenhenne, 1940 Depth (m) 564 Table A.1 (continued) Habitat 43–183 rb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x 90–4004 sb 1993 rb x x 1062– 1644 147– 4840 733– 1271 x mb,rb,sb x x mb,sb x x 717 x x x x x x x 9–1408 1667– 3914 1244– 1548 702– 1485 cr,mb,sb x x mb,sb x x x (continued) 565 Sigsbeia lineata Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Family Ophiacanthidae Subfamily Ophiacanthinae Ophiacantha antarctica Koehler, 1900 Ophiacantha bathybia H. L. Clark, 1911 Ophiacantha contigua Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha cosmica Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha costata Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha cyrena A. H. Clark, 1916 Ophiacantha deruens Koehler, 1899 Ophiacantha diplasia H. L. Clark, 1911 Ophiacantha frigida Koehler, 1909 Ophiacantha hirta Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha inconspicua Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Depth (m) Appendix Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 519– 1244 mb,sb x x 2877 x 2690 x 434–598 sb x 13–644 x rb,sb x x 183–549 rb 115– 1552 mb,rb,sb x x x x 32–1538 rb,sb 1171– 1180 2067– 5203 717 999– 1865 x x mb x x x Appendix Ophiacantha marsupialis Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha moniliformis Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha pacifica Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha paucispina Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiacantha pentacrinus Lütken, 1869 Ophiocantha phragma Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiacantha quadrispina H. L. Clark, 1917 Ophiacantha rhachophora H. L. Clark, 1911 Ophiacantha rosea Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha savagica Tommasi, 1976 Ophiacantha sentosa Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha similis A. H. Clark, 1916 Ophiacantha spinifera Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Habitat 566 Table A.1 (continued) x (continued) Ophiacantha vivipara Ljungman, 1870 Ophiolebes mortenseni A. H. Clark, 1916 Ophiotreta valenciennesi valenciennesi (Lyman, 1879) Subfamily Ophiohelinae Ophiotholia spathifer (Lyman, 1879) Subfamily Ophioplinthacinae Ophiomitrella chilensis Mortensen, 1952 Ophiophthalmus normani (Lyman, 1879) Ophiothamnus dupla Tommasi, 1976 Ophiurothamnus laevis (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Subfamily Ophiotominae Ophiotoma paucispina (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiolimna antarctica (Lyman, 1879) Depth (m) Habitat 0–1097 rb,kf MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 717 x 549 x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x 25–300 x 51–2600 mb,rb,sb x x 1171– 1180 1008 1643– 4082 88–2750 x x mb x x x x x (continued) 567 Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 18–34 cr x 34 mb x 125– 2870 0–576 cr,mb,rb x rb,kf 0–60 rb,sb,mb,rub 0–518 cr,m,rb,sg,rub x 0–302 cr,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1008 x 9–1006 cr,rb x 589– 1355 sb,rub x 733 x x x (continued) Appendix Family Ophiactidae Hemipholis cordifera Bosc, 1802 Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, 1867 Histampica duplicata (Lyman, 1875) Ophiactis asperula (Philippi, 1858) Ophiactis kroeyeri Lütken, 1856 Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophiactis simplex (Le Conte, 1851) Ophiactis plana Lyman, 1869 Ophiactis profundi Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiopholis bakeri McClendon, 1909 Family Ophiochitonidae Ophiochiton carinatus Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiochiton fastigatus Lyman, 1878 Depth (m) 568 Table A.1 (continued) Family Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma aethiops Lütken, 1859 Ophiocoma alexandri Lyman, 1860 Ophiocoma dentata Müller & Troschel, 1842 Ophiocoma erinaceus Müller & Troschel, 1842 Ophiocoma longispina H. L. Clak, 1917 Ophiocomella schmitti A. H. Clark, 1939 Ophiocomella sexradia (Duncan, 1887) Ophiocomina nigra (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Ophiopsila californica A. H. Clark, 1921 Family Ophiodermatidae Diopederma danianum (Verrill, 1867) Ophiocrytus granulosus Nielsen, 1932 Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825) Ophioderma elaps Lütken, 1856 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–30.5 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–70 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 8 x x 5–40 cr,rb x x cr,rb x x x 236–549 sb x 33–201 rb x 7–137 cr,mb,rb,sb x 0–79 rb,sg x 0–20 cr,rb x x x x x x x 569 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–20 cr,rb,sb x x 183 x x x x x 0–54 cr,rb,sb x 15.2–27 rb x 0–110 mb,rb,sb x 4–9 rb,sb x 0–230 mb,sb x 4–143 sb x cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 73–155 0–229 x x x x x x x x x x x x mb x (continued) Appendix Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859 Ophioderma pentacantha H. L. Clark, 1917 Ophioderma teres (Lyman, 1860) Ophioderma vansyoci Hendler, 1996 Ophioderma variegatum Lütken, 1856 Ophioderma sodipallaresi Caso, 1986 Ophiopaepale diplax (Nielsen, 1932) Ophiuroconis bispinosa Ziesenhenne, 1937 Family Ophionereididae Ophionereis albomaculata E.A. Smith, 1877 Ophionereis annulata (Le Conte, 1851) Ophionereis dubia (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophionereis eurybrachiplax H. L. Clark, 1911 Depth (m) 570 Table A.1 (continued) Ophionereis perplexa Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophionereis porrecta Lyman, 1860 Ophionereis schayeri (Müller & Troschel, 1844) Family Ophiotrichidae Ophiothrix galapagensis Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiothela gracilis Nielsen, 1932 Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, 1867 Ophiothrix magnifica Lyman, 1860 Ophiothrix rudis Lyman, 1874 Ophiothrix spiculata Le Conte, 1851 Family Ophiuridae Subfamily Ophiolepidinae Ophiolepis crassa Nielsen, 1932 Ophiolepis grisea H. L. Clark, 1940 Ophiolepis pacifica Lütken, 1856 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–73 cr,rb x 0–30 rb x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 0–549 cr,mb,rb,sb x 7–9 cr,rb x 5–20 cr,mb,rb x 0–20 cr,mb,rb,sb 0–1 rb,cr,sb 0–2059 cr,mb,rb,sb x 6–230 mb,rb,sb x 7–13 mb 0–18 cr,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 571 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1–12 cr,rb,sb,rub x 1–110 cr,mb,sb x 878– 5203 mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x 702– 1485 x x x x 51–2906 mb,sb x 267–902 mb,rb x 0–74 x rb,sg x x x x x x x 17–1230 mb,rb,sb 1408– 2487 x x x x x x x 2417– 2487 x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiolepis plateia Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiolepis variegata Lütken, 1856 Ophiomusium glabrum Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiomusium diomedeae Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiomusium lymani Thomson, 1873 Ophiomusium variabile Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophioplocus esmarki Lyman, 1874 Ophioplocus hancocki Ziesenhenne, 1935 Ophiosphalma jolliense (McClendon, 1909) Ophiozonella alba (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiozonella clypeata (Lyman, 1883) Ophiozonella contigua (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiozonella falklandica Mortensen, 1936 Depth (m) 572 Table A.1 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 770– 1245 770– 1158 mb,sb x x x x 1207– 1244 x 840– 4082 mb,sb 245– 3714 rb,sb x x x x x x x 2197 1152 x mb x x x x 51–1820 mb x (continued) 573 Subfamily Ophioleucinae Ophiernus adspersus adspersus Lyman, 1883 Ophiernus adspersus annectens Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiernus polyporum Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiernus seminudus Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Subfamily Ophiurinae Amphiophiura abcisa (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Amphiophiura irregularis Ziesenhenne, 1940 Amphiophiura obtecta (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Amphiophiura oligopora (H. L. Clark, 1913) Amphiophiura paucisquama Ziesenhenne, 1940 Amphiophiura superba (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Depth (m) Appendix Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Amphiophiura vemae Kyte, 1987 Gymnophiura concava Tommasi, 1976 Gymnophiura mollis Lütken & Mortensen, 1899 Ophiocten amitinum Lyman, 1878 Ophiocten hastatum Lyman, 1878 Ophiogona doederleini (Koehler, 1901) Ophionotus victoriae Bell, 1902 Ophiomastus bulufonica Tommasi, 1976 Ophiomastus molinae Castillo-Alarcon, 1968 Ophiomastus tuberculata Tommasi, 1976 Ophiomisidium leurum Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiosteira koehleri A. H. Clark, 1917 Ophiophyllum marginatum A. H. Clark, 1916 Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 3739– 4124 574 Table A.1 (continued) x x 2417– 2487 29–920 x x x rb,sb,kf 1159– 2877 x x x x x x x x x 5–752 mb,rb,sb x 1171– 1180 intertidal rb x 1171– 1180 x x x 733 717 x x Appendix (continued) Depth (m) Ophioplinthus divisa (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophioplinthus inflata (Koehler, 1897) Ophioplinthus inornata (Lyman, 1878) Ophioplinthus nexila (Kyte, 1987) Ophiotypa simplex Koehler, 1897 Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata irrorata (Lyman, 1878) Ophiura flagellata (Lyman, 1878) Ophiura leptoctenia H. L. Clark, 1911 Ophiura luetkenii (Lyman, 1860) Ophiura lymani (Ljungman, 1871) Ophiura nana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Ophiura plana (Lütken & Mortensen, 1899) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 2075– 2487 x 1484 x 1485– 2418 x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 3652– 3811 4055869 x mb,sb x 128– mb 2014 27–3239 sb,rub x x 0–1097 mb,rb,sb x 30–800 rb,sb,kf x x x x x x x x x 1650 2070– 3241 x x x x x x x x (continued) 575 Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 3667 x x x 1–845 rb, sb x 13–641 x 87–550 sb 0–150 cr,mb,rb,sb 0–150 rb 2–183 cr,mb,rb,sb 55–600 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 45 48–274 x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiura stenobrachia H. L. Clark, 1917 Theodoria madseni Tommasi, 1976 Class Echinoidea Order Cidaroida Family Cidaridae Austrocidaris canaliculata (A. Agassiz, 1863) Austrocidaris spinulosa Mortensen, 1910 Centrocidaris doederleini (A. Agassiz, 1898) Eucidaris thouarsii (Valenciennes, 1846) Eucidaris thouarsii galapagensis Doederlein, 1887 Hesperocidaris asteriscus H. L. Clark, 1948 Hesperocidaris dubia (H. L. Clark, 1907) Hesperocidaris houstonianus H. Clark, 1939 Hesperocidaris panamensis (A. Agassiz, 1898) Habitat 576 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Hesperocidaris perplexa (H. L. Clark, 1907) Family Ctenocidaridae Aporocidaris milleri (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Histocidaridae Histocidaris cobosi (A. Agassiz, 1898) Order Echinothurioida Family Echinothuriidae Araeosoma eurypatum A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark, 1909 Araeosoma leptaleum A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark, 1909 Tromikosoma hispidum (A. Agassiz, 1898) Tromikosoma panamense (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Kamptosomatidae Kamptosoma asterias (A. Agassiz, 1881) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 10–1500 rb,mb,sb x 300– 3937 x mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x 702 x 1227 x 740– 1046 rb x 1820– 3375 2054– 3374 rb,sb x mb,rb x 1020– 1278 mb x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x (continued) 577 Habitat 2830– 3900 mb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1625– 3381 x 0–90 cr,mb,rb,sb x 0–125 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–113 mb,cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1–3 rb, sb x 0–46 cr,rb x 3–5 cr x (continued) Appendix Order Diadematoida Family Aspidodiadematidae Plesiodiadema globulosum (A. Agassiz, 1898) Plesiodiadema horridum (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Diadematidae Astropyga pulvinata (Lamarck, 1816) Centrostephanus coronatus (Verrill, 1867) Centrostephanus rodgersii (A. Agassiz, 1863) Centrostephanus sylviae Fell, 1975 Diadema mexicanum A. Agassiz, 1863 Diadema paucispinum (A. Agassiz, 1863) Diadema savignyi Michelin, 1845 Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) Order Pedinoida Family Pedinidae Depth (m) 578 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Caenopedina diomedeae Mortensen, 1939 Order Salenioida Family Saleniidae Salenocidaris miliaris (A. Agassiz, 1898) Order Arbacioida Family Arbaciidae Arbacia dufresnii (Blainville, 1825) Arbacia spatuligera (Valenciennes, 1846) Arbacia stellata (Blainville, 1825) Dialithocidaris gemmifera A. Agassiz, 1898 Tetrapygus niger (Molina, 1872) Order Camarodonta Family Parechinidae Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782) Order Temnopleuroida Family Temnopleuridae Pseudechinus magellanicus (Philippi, 1857) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 723–850 x 1159– 3376 x 0–315 rb 0–50 sb,rb,mb 0–92 cr,mb,rb, sb 3193– 3279 x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–25 rb,sb x x 0–340 rb x x 0–820 rb, kf x x 579 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1–207 cr,mb,rb,sb x x 0–300 cr,rb,mb,sb 0–134 rb,cr,sb 0–75 cr,rb,sb 1–6 rb 0–55 cr,rb,sb,mb x x x x x x 50–1200 mb,rb,sb x 4–84 rb,sb x 0–161 mb,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Family Toxopneustidae Lytechinus anamesus H. L. Clark, 1912 Lytechinus panamensis Mortensen, 1921 Lytechinus pictus (Verrill, 1867) Lytechinus semituberculatus (Valenciennes in L. Agassiz, 1846) Tripneustes depressus A. Agassiz, 1863 Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Toxopneustes roseus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Family Strongylocentrotidae Allocentrotus fragilis Jackson, 1912 Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857) Order Echinoida Family Echinidae Family Echinometridae Depth (m) 580 Table A.1 (continued) Caenocentrotus gibbosus (L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846) Echinometra insularis H. L. Clark, 1912 Echinometra mathaei (Blainville, 1825) Echinometra oblonga (Blainville, 1825) Echinometra vanbrunti A. Agassiz, 1863 Echinostrephus aciculatus A. Agassiz, 1863 Order Clypeasteroida Family Clypeasteridae Clypeaster elongatus H. L. Clark, 1948 Clypeaster europacificus H. L. Clark, 1914 Clypeaster ochrus H. L. Clark, 1914 Clypeaster reticulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Clypeaster rotundus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, 1870 Family Dendrasteridae Depth (m) Habitat 0–35 rb 0–50 rb,sb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 0–34 cr,rb x x 0–106 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 10 sb x 0–402 mb,sb,rb x x x x x x 0–162 rb,sb x x x x x x x x 0–92 rb,sb,mb x 0–128 rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x 581 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–232 mb,rb,sb x 13–22 sb x 0–30 sb x 0–30 sb x 4–15 sb 1–3 sb 0–120 sb 1–10 sb 0–36.6 sb 0–7 sb 3–90 sb 0–82 mb,sb 1–5 sb x 1–10 sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz, 1831) Dentraster laevis H. L. Clark, 1948 Dendraster mexicanus H. L. Clark, 1948 Dendraster vizcainoensis Grant & Hertlein, 1938 Family Mellitidae Encope cocosi H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope ecuadorensis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope grandis L. Agassiz, 1841 Encope insularis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope irregularis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope laevis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 Encope micropora ecuadorensis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope micropora insularis H. L. Clark, 1948 Depth (m) 582 Table A.1 (continued) Encope micropora irregularis H. L. Clark, 1948 Encope micropora tetrapora L. Agassiz, 1841 Encope pacifica (Verrill, 1867) Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841 Encope wetmorei A. H. Clark, 1946 Mellita grantii Mortensen, 1948 Mellita kanakoffi Durham, 1961 Mellita longifissa Michelin, 1858 Mellita notabilis H. L. Clark, 1947 Mellitella stokesii (L. Agassiz, 1841) Order Cassiduloida Family Cassidulidae Rhyncholampas pacificus (A. Agassiz, 1863) Order Holasteroida Family Pourtalesiidae Cystocrepis setigera (A. Agassiz, 1898) Depth (m) Habitat 1 sb 3 sb 0–40 sb 8–27 mb,sb x x x 1–45 sb x x x 0–10 sb x 0–102.9 sb x 0–60 sb x 0.5–0.9 sb x 0–10 sb, mb 6–134 rb,sb 3182 MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 583 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x 3374 x 755– 4400 x x 1455– 5200 mb x 589– 3279 9–237 mb,sb x sb,mb,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–240 sb,cr,rb x x x x x x x x 96 x 0–200 sb x 0–18 sb x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Pourtalesia tanneri A. Agassiz, 1898 Familly Urechinidae Cystechinus loveni A. Agassiz, 1898 Pilematechinus rathbuni (A. Agassiz, 1898) Urechinus naresianus A. Agassiz, 1879 Order Spatangoida Family Aeropsidae Aeropsis fulva (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Brissidae Brissopsis columbaris A. Agassiz, 1898 Brissopsis pacifica (A. Agassiz, 1898) Brissus agassizii Doederlein, 1885 Brissus obesus Verrill, 1867 Brissus latecarinatus (Leske, 1778) Meoma frangibilis Chesher, 1970 Meoma ventricosa grandis Gray, 1851 Metalia nobilis Verrill, 1867 Habitat 584 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Metalia spatagus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rhabdobrissus pacificus H. L. Clark, 1940 Family Hemiasteridae Hemiaster tenuis (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Loveniidae Homolampas hastata A. Agassiz, 1898 Lovenia cordiformis A. Agassiz, 1872 Family Macropneustidae Argopatagus aculeata (A. Agassiz, 1898) Family Maretiidae Nacospatangus oblonga (Mortensen, 1950) Family Palaeotropidae Scrippsechinus fisheri Allison, Durham & Mintz, 1967 Family Prenasteridae Tripylus excavatus Philippi, 1845 Family Schizasteridae Abatus cavernosus (Philippi, 1845) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 6–137 sb,mb,sb x x 980– 4027 1785– 3376 0–210 1952 mb,sb x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 270–460 x 0–130 x 0–760 x 585 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 27–804 x x 0–209 mb,rb,sb x 9–2817 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x 124–730 x x 10–40 mb,sb x x x x 0–100 sb 10–644 mb,rb,sb 3241– 4000 1585– 5690 x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Abatus philippii Lovén, 1871 Aceste ovata A. Agassiz & H. L. Clark, 1907 Agassizia scrobiculata Valenciennes, 1846 Brisaster latifrons (A. Agassiz, 1898) Brisaster moseleyi (A. Agassiz, 1881) Brisaster townsendi (A. Agassiz, 1898) Moira atropos clotho Michelin, 1855 Schizaster rotundatus (Doederlein, 1906) Tripylaster philippii (Gray, 1851) Family Spatangidae Spatangus californicus H. L. Clark, 1917 Class Holothuroidea Order Dendrochirotida Family Cucumariidae Abyssocucumis abyssorum (Théel, 1886) Abyssocucumis albatrossi Cherbonnier, 1947 Habitat 586 Table A.1 (continued) Depth (m) Cucumaria chilensis Ludwig, 1875 Cucumaria flamma Solís-Marín & LaguardaFigueras, 1999 Cladodactyla crocea (Lesson, 1830) Heterocucumis godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) Hemioedema spectabilis (Ludwig, 1882) Leptopentacta nina Deichmann, 1941 Leptopentacta nova Deichmann, 1941 Leptopentacta panamica Deichmann, 1941 Neocucumis panamensis Heding & Panning, 1954 Neocucumis veleronis (Deichmann, 1941) Pattalus mollis Selenka, 1868 Pentacta panamensis Verrill, 1867 Pseudocnus californicus (Semper, 1868) Pseudocnus dubiosus (Semper, 1868) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 32–162 x 0–15 rb 0–4300 sb 0–379 rb,sb 14642 sb x x x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x 0–22 rb 0–45 rb x x x x x x 0–190 cr,rb,sb 0–300 rb,sb x x x x x x x x x 587 (continued) Habitat 0–300 rb,sb 0–197 rb,sb 1587– 4088 mb,rb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x x x x x 10–35 sb,rub 5–238 rb 5–42 rb x x x x x x 0–13 x sb,rb,kf x x x 0.3 x 73 x x 0–78 cr,sb,rb 6–124 sb x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Pseudocnus dubiosus leoninus (Semper, 1868) Pseudocnus perrieri (Eckman, 1927) Staurocucumis abyssorum (Théel, 1886) Stereoderma laevigata Verrill, 1876 Thyonella mexicana (Deichmann, 1941) Trachythyone lechleri (Lampert, 1885) Trachythyone peruana (Semper, 1868) Family Phyllophoridae Allothyone mexicana (Deichmann, 1946) Athyonidium chilensis (Semper, 1868) Euthyonidium ovulum Deichmann, 1938 Euthyonidium veleronis Deichmann, 1937 Pentamera beebei Deichmann, 1938 Pentamera chierchia (Ludwig, 1887) Pentamera chiloensis (Ludwig, 1887) Depth (m) 588 Table A.1 (continued) Pentamera zacae Deichmann, 1938 Phyrella aculeata (Ludwig, 1894) Thyone bidentata Deichmann, 1941 Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941 Thyone parafusus Deichmann, 1941 Thyone strangeri Deichmann, 1941 Family Psolidae Lissothuria hancocki (Deichmann, 1941) Lissothuria mortenseni Pawson, 1967 Lissothuria ornata Verrill, 1867 Lissothuria veleronis (Deichmann, 1941) Neopsolidium convergens (Herouard, 1901) Psolidium disciformis (Théel, 1886) Psolidium dorsipes Ludwig, 1886 Psolidium ekmani Deichmann, 1941 Depth (m) Habitat 24 mb,rb,sb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x 2–30 cr,rb x x x x x 25–35 mb,sb x 0–12 rb x 1–301 rb x x 0–37 cr,rb x x x x x x x 15 kf x 8–448 rb x 11–451 cr,mb,rb,sb x x x x x 589 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 2323 x 2323 x 16–110 x 6–1080 rb 0–247 rb x x 1271 x 13–302 rb,sb x x x x 10–567 rb x 0–110 rb,kf x 7–1087 rb 7–207 rb 0–7 rb,cr x 55–91 sb x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Psolidium eubullatum Deichmann, 1941 Psolidium gracile Ludwig, 1894 Psolidium panamense Ludwig, 1894 Psolidium planum Deichmann, 1941 Psolus antarcticus Philippi, 1857 Psolus chitonoides H. L. Clark, 1901 Psolus digitatus Ludwig, 1894 Psolus diomedeae Ludwig, 1894 Psolus paradubiosus Carriol & Féral, 1985 Psolus patagonicus Ekman, 1925 Psolus squamatus (Koren, 1844) Psolus squamatus segregatus Perrier, 1905 Family Sclerodactylidae Afrocucumis ovulum (Selenka, 1867) Apentamera lepra Deichmann, 1941 Habitat 590 Table A.1 (continued) Athyone glasselli (Deichmann, 1936) Euthyonidiella zacae (Deichmann, 1938) Neopentamera anexigua Deichmann, 1941 Neothyone gibber (Selenka, 1867) Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, 1941 Neothyone panamensis (Ludwig, 1887) Pachythyone lugubris (Deichmann, 1939) Pachythyone pseudolugubris Deichmann, 1941 Order Dactylochirotida Family Ypsilothuriidae Ypsilothuria bitentaculata (Ludwig, 1893) Order Aspidochirotida Family Holothuriidae Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Holothuria (Cystipus) casoae LaguardaFigueras & Solís-Marín, 2009 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–6 sb x 17–25 rb x 8–22 cr x 0–50 cr,rb x x x 0–14 rb x x x 0–8.6 rb x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x cr,rb x 12 cr,rb x 225– 4082 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x 45–100 sb x x 591 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1–203 cr,rb,sb x x 0–22 mb,sb,rb x x 5–26 mb,cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–18 rb x x 0–27 rb,sb,cr x x 0–306 cr,rb,mb,sb x x 0.3–52 cr,rb,sb x x 1–17 rb,sb x x 0–100 mb,rb,sb,cr x x 1–4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Holothuria (Cystipus) inhabilis Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Cystipus) rigida (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria (Halodeima) atra (Jaeger, 1833) Holothuria (Halodeima) chilensis Semper, 1868 Holothuria (Halodeima) inornata Semper, 1868 Holothuria (Halodeima) kefersteini (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla Lesson, 1830 Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) Holothuria (Platyperona) difficilis Semper, 1868 Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) Depth (m) 592 Table A.1 (continued) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) carere Honey-Escandón & Solís-Marín, 2011 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubrica Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) portovallartensis Caso, 1954 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) theeli Deichmann, 1938 Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens (Brandt, 1835) Holothuria (Semperothuria) imitans Ludwig, 1875 Holothuria (Semperothuria) languens Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Stauropora) pluricuriosa Deichmann, 1937 Holothuria (Theelothuria) paraprinceps Deichmann, 1937 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 0–6 rb x 0–55 cr,rb,sb,mb x 0–59 cr,rb x 0–55 rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x 0–22 rb,sb,cr x 0–91 rb,mb,sb x 0–130 rb,cr,sb x 0–64 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 593 (continued) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1–121 rb,sb,cr x x 0–67 cr,rb,sb x x 77–250 mb,rb,sb x 0.5–16 rb,cr,sb x 1–18 rb,sb,cr x 0–36 mb,rb,sb x 0–61 cr,rb,mb,sb x 1–180 mb,rb x 0–20 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskaal, 1775) Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) zacae Deichmann, 1937 Labidodemas americanum Deichmann, 1938 Labidodemas maccullochi (Deichmann, 1958) Family Stichopodidae Apostichopus parvimensis (H. L. Clark, 1913) Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857) Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 Stichopus monotuberculatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Family Synallactidae Depth (m) 594 Table A.1 (continued) Bathyplotes moseleyi (Théel, 1886) Bathyplotes natans (M. Sars, 1868) Östergren, 1896 Bathyplotes patagiatus Fisher, 1907 Capheira sulcata Ludwig, 1893 Meseres macdonaldi Ludwig, 1894 Meseres torvus (Théel, 1886) Mesothuria (Mesothuria) multipes Ludwig, 1894 Mesothuria (Zygothuria) lactea (Théel, 1886) Molpadiodemas atlanticus (R. Perrier, 1898) Molpadiodemas neovillosus O’Loughlin & Ahearn, 2005 Molpadiodemas ustulatus O’Loughlin & Ahearn, 2005 Molpadiodemas villosus (Théel, 1886) Molpadiodemas violaceus (Théel, 1886) Depth (m) Habitat 24–690 mb,rb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x 1644 x 1644 x 2877– 4334 1644 x mb x x x Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x 725– 4064 mb x x x x x x 2487– 3667 x x 3667 x x 595 (continued) Habitat 1571– 4070 2323 mb MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x 2149 x 100– 5203 1158– 3667 2418– 4334 589– 1008 549 mb,sb 1030 mb 1618– 2487 3241 mb,sb 3241– 3670 3667– 4088 mb x x x x x mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Paelopatides confundens Théel, 1886 Paelopatides suspecta Ludwig, 1894 Pseudostichopus macdonaldi (Ludwig, 1894) Pseudostichopus mollis Théel, 1886 Pseudostichopus peripatus (Sluiter, 1901) Synallactes aenigma Ludwig, 1894 Synallactes alexandri Ludwig, 1894 Synallactes triplax A. H. Clark, 1920 Synallactes virgulasolida Massin & Hendrickx, 2010 Order Elasipodida Family Deimatidae Deima validum pacificum Ludwig, 1894 Oneirophanta mutabilis affinis Ludwig, 1894 Oneirophanta mutabilis mutabilis Théel, 1879 Oneirophanta setigera (Ludwig, 1893) Depth (m) 596 Table A.1 (continued) Family Elpidiidae Achlyonice ecalcarea Théel, 1879 Amperima naresi (Théel, 1882) Amperima vitjazi Gebruk, 1988 Elpidia atakama Belyaev, 1971 Elpidia chilensis Belyaev, 1971 Peniagone anamesa (A. H. Clark, 1920) Peniagone diaphana (Théel, 1882) Peniagone elongata (Théel, 1879) Peniagone gracilis (Ludwig, 1894) Peniagone intermedia Ludwig, 1893 Peniagone papillata Hansen, 1975 Peniagone vitrea Théel, 1882 Scotoplanes clarki Hansen, 1975 Scotoplanes globosa Théel, 1879 Depth (m) Habitat MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 1608– 3587 2010– 7130 mb,sb x mb Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x 7720 mb x 2710– 4600 mb x x 4140– 4160 4140– 4160 2487– 4160 2418– 3667 mb x mb x mb x mb x x x x x x 1160– 4507 3570– 5107 545– 6770 mb mb mb x x x x x x x 597 (continued) Depth (m) MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS 2418 466– 5083 199– 2599 4140– 4160 0–4505 x x mb,sb x x x x pelagic x pelagic x x x x 2418 x x x x 978– 2323 mb 1158– 4700 3852– 4189 mb x x x x x x x x x mb x x 3334– 4160 2418– 4160 mb x mb x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Family Laetmogonidae Laetmogone theeli Ludwig, 1893 Laetmogone violacea Théel, 1879 Pannychia moseleyi Théel, 1882 Family Pelagothuridae Enypniastes eximia Théel, 1882 Pelagothuria natatrix Ludwig, 1893 Family Psychropotidae Benthodytes incerta Ludwig, 1893 Benthodytes sanguinolenta Théel, 1882 Benthodytes typica Théel, 1882 Psychronaetes hanseni Pawson, 1983 Psychropotes depressa (Théel, 1882) Psychropotes longicauda Théel, 1882 Psychropotes verrucosa (Ludwig, 1894) Order Molpadiida Habitat 598 Table A.1 (continued) Family Caudinidae Ceraplectana trachyderma H. L. Clark, 1908 Hedingia californica (Ludwig, 1894) Paracaudina chilensis chilensis (Müller, 1850) Family Molpadiidae Molpadia antarctica (Théel, 1886) Molpadia intermedia (Ludwig, 1894) Molpadia granulata (Ludwig, 1894) Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Molpadia spinosa (Ludwig, 1893) Order Apodida Family Chiridotidae Chiridota aponocrita A. H. Clark, 1920 Chiridota pacifica Heding, 1928 Chiridota pisanii Ludwig, 1886 Chiridota rigida Semper, 1868 Depth (m) Habitat 5203 mb 85–2850 sb,mb 0–990 MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x mb,sb x x x 80–1218 mb,sb 53–2972 mb mb 2690– 5869 37–6134 mb,sb x x x x 3279 9–137 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x cr,rb,sb x x x 0–228 mb,sb 2–9 cr,rb,sb x x 599 (continued) Taeniogyrus contortus (Ludwig, 1875) Trochodota purpurea (Lesson, 1830) Family Myriotrochidae Myriotrochus giganteus A. H. Clark, 1920 Myriotrochus (Oligotrochus) bathybius A. H. Clark, 1920 Family Synaptidae Anapta fallax Lampert, 1889 Epitomapta tabogae Heding, 1928 Euapta godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) Polyplectana oculata Heding, 1928 Protankyra abyssicola (Théel, 1886) Protankyra brychia (Verrill, 1885) Protankyra pacifica (Ludwig, 1894) Depth (m) Habitat 0–560 mb,sb,kf x 0–36 rb,sb x 3667 mb 3667 mb 0–350 sb 0–10 0–79 MEX REV GUA SAL HON NIC CRC COC PAN COL MAL GAL ECU PER CHL PAS x x x x x cr,rb,sb 600 Table A.1 (continued) x x x x x x x x 3900– 4000 870– 4990 mb x x x x x x x Appendix Habitat classification: cr Coral Reefs, m mangroves, mb muddy bottom, rb rocky bottom, sb sandy bottom, sg seagrass, rub rubble bottom, kf kelp forest. Countries abbreviation: MEX Mexico, REV Revillagigedo Archipelago, GUA Guatemala, SAL El Salvador, HON Honduras, NIC Nicaragua, CRC Costa Rica, COC Cocos Island, PAN Panama, COL Colombia, MAL Malpelo Island, GAL Galapagos Archipelago, ECU Ecuador, PER Perú, CHL Chile, PAS Eastern Islands Depth (m) Class Crinoidea Order Comatulida Family Antedonidae Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) Antedon nuttingi (A. H. Clark, 1936) Caryometra alope A. H. Clark, 1940 Caryometra atlantidis A. H. Clark, 1940 Caryometra lisa A. H. Clark, 1940 Caryometra monilicirra A. H. Clark, 1940 Caryometra spinosa A. H. Clark, 1940 Caryometra tenuipes (A. H. Clark, 1908) Coccometra guttata A. H. Clark, 1918 Coccometra hagenii (Pourtalès, 1867) Coccometra nigrolineata A. H. Clark, 1918 Comatonia cristata (Hartlaub, 1912) Ctenantedon kinziei Meyer, 1972 Hypalometra defecta (Carpenter, 1888) Isometra vivipara Mortensen, 1917 Leptometra celtica (M’Andrew & Barrett, 1858) Phrixometra nutrix (Mortensen, 1918) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–400 rb,rub 364–429 rb x x x 475–640 rb x 366–530 mb 702 Appendix Table A.2 Taxonomic list of the Echinoderms of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea of Latin America and the Canary Islands x x rb x x x 386 rb x 288–480 mb,rb,rub x 14–1046 rb,rub x 40–987 cr,rb,rub x 50–396 cr,rb x Sep-49 cr 46–400 cr,mb,rb 79–350 mb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 137–150 mb,rb,sb x x 601 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 219 x 210– 4829 309– 1033 mb,rb x mb,rb x 860– 1674 mb,sb 2–1033 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x 3–1033 cr,rb,sb x 58–373 cr,rb 24–479 cr,mb,rb,rub 0–640 cr,br,rub x x 0–334 cr,rb x x 55–777 mb x 3–124 cr,rb x 10–560 cr,br x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 466–960 rb,rub x 3–695 cr,br x 3–155 cr x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Poliometra prolixa (Sladen, 1881) Trichometra cubensis (Pourtalès, 1869) Zenometra columnaris (Carpenter, 1881) Family Pentametrocrinidae Pentametrocrinus atlanticus (Perrier, 1883) Superfamily Comasteracea Family Comasteridae Comactinia echinoptera (Müller, 1840) Comactinia meridionalis meridionalis (L. Agassiz, 1865) Comactinia meridionalis hartlaubi Messing, 1978 Comissia venustus (A. H. Clark, 1909) Davidaster discoideus (Carpenter, 1888) Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtalès, 1869) Leptonemaster venustus A. H. Clark, 1909 Nemaster grandis A. H. Clark, 1909 Neocomatella alata (Pourtalès, 1878) Neocomatella europaea A. H. Clark, 1913 Neocomatella pulchella (Pourtalès, 1878) Family Colobometridae Analcidometra armata (Pourtalès, 1869) Habitat 602 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Analcidometra caribbea (A. H. Clark, 1908) Family Charitometridae Crinometra brevipinna brevipinna (Pourtalès, 1867) Crinometra brevipinna concinna A. H. Clark, 1909 Crinometra brevipinna diadema (Hartlaub, 1912) Crinometra brevipinna granulifera (Pourtalès, 1878) Crinometra brevipinna margaritacea A. H. Clark, 1909 Crinometra brevipinna pulchra A. H. Clark, 1909 Family Thalassometridae Horaeometra duplex (Carpenter, 1888) Stylometra spinifera (Carpenter, 1881) Family Tropiometridae Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) Family Atelecrinidae Atelecrinus balanoides Carpenter, 1881 Family Bathycrinidae Bathycrinus gracilis WyvilleThomson, 1877 Monachocrinus caribbeus (A. H. Clark, 1908) Family Bourgueticrinidae Conocrinus lofotensis (Sars, 1868) Democrinus conifer (A. H. Clark, 1909) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 23–26 69–795 x cr,rb x x x x x 201–367 rb x 320–457 rb x 185–475 rb x 320–457 rb x 484–567 rb x 159–567 rb x 69–658 cr,rb,sb,rub x 0–84 cr,rb,rub 512– 2890 mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x x 684– 1574 mb,rb x x x x 155– 1750 cr,mb,rb x x x x x x x 603 (continued) Habitat 374– 1574 70–650 mb mb,rb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x 421–887 mb x x x x x x 154–971 cr,mb,rb x 80.7 rb 220– 1200 154– 1219 cr,rb,rub x mb,rb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x 170–412 cr,mb,rb x x x 9–700 rb x x x 35–66 sb 22–576 cr,mb,sb,rub 110–641 mb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Democrinus brevis (A. H. Clark, 1909) Democrinus rawsoni (Pourtalès, 1874) Family Septocrinidae Rouxicrinus vestitus Mironov & Pawson, 2010 Order Isocrinida Family Isocrinidae Endoxocrinus (Diplocrinus) wyvillethomsoni (Jeffreys, 1870) Endoxocrinus parrae (Gervais, 1835) Endoxocrinus prionodes (H. L. Clark, 1941) Isocrinus blakei (Carpenter, 1884) Neocrinus decorus Thomson, 1864 Family Isselicrinidae Cenocrinus asterius (Linnaeus, 1767) Order Cyrtocrinida Family Holopodidae Holopus rangii Orbigny, 1837 Class Asteroidea Order Paxillosida Family Astropectinidae Astropecten acutiradiatus Tortonese, 1956 Astropecten alligator Perrier, 1881 Astropecten americanus Verrill, 1880 Depth (m) 604 Table A.2 (continued) Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1860 Astropecten aranciacus (Linnaeus, 1758) Astropecten articulatus Say, 1825 Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 Astropecten brasiliensis riensis Doederlein, 1917 Astropecten caribemexicanensis Caso, 1990 Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883 Astropecten comptus Verrill, 1915 Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840 Astropecten hermatophilus Sladen, 1883 Astropecten irregularis (Pennant, 1777) Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 Astropecten nitidus Verrill, 1915 Astropecten spiniphorus Madsen, 1950 Astropectinides mesactus (Sladen, 1883) Bathybiaster loripes Sladen, 1889 Blakiaster conicus Perrier, 1881 Dipsacaster antillensis Halpern, 1968 Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 3–278 mb,sb,rub x 1–180 sb,rub x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 0–256 mb,sb 2–60 sb x x x x x x x x x x 18–66 sb x 51.3 rub x x x x x x x x x x x 16–1350 mb,sb,rub x 18–130 sb,rub x 0–550 mb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 15–1500 x 10–1000 mb,sb,rub x 0.5–130 mb,sb,rub x 11–686 mb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x 45 x x x 80–165 x 80–500 mb,sb 55–366 sb 113– 3627 cr x x x x x x x x 605 (continued) Depth (m) Dytaster grandis nobilis Sladen, 1889 Dytaster insignis Perrier, 1884 Leptychaster kerguelenensis E. A. Smith, 1876 Lonchotaster tartareus Sladen, 1889 Persephonaster echinulatus H. L. Clark, 1941 Persephonaster leptactis H. L. Clark, 1941 Persephonaster patagiatus (Sladen, 1889) Plutonaster agassizi agassizi Verrill, 1880 Plutonaster bifrons (WyvilleThomson, 1873) Plutonaster efflorescens (Perrier, 1884) Psilaster andromeda florae (Verrill, 1878) Psilaster cassiope Sladen, 1889 MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x sb x x x 4390 x 196–720 cr,mb,sb 2928– 3294 733– mb,sb 2165 70–3110 cr,mb,sb 800– 2970 666– mb,sb 2061 1409– mb,sb 1629 151– mb,sb 1680 100–800 24–139 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 50–1400 mb 5–306 mb,sb 70–4605 sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Psilaster herwigi (Bernasconi, 1972) Tethyaster grandis (Verrill, 1899) Tethyaster subinermis (Philippi, 1837) Tethyaster vestitus vestitus (Say, 1825) Family Ctenodiscidae Ctenodiscus australis Lütken, 1871 3305– 4846 2209– 3654 27–183 Habitat 606 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Ctenodiscus crispatus (Retzius, 1805) Family Goniopectinidae Goniopecten demonstrans Perrier, 1881 Prionaster elegans Verrill, 1899 Family Luidiidae Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825) Luidia bardabensis Perrier, 1881 Luidia ciliaris (Philippi, 1837) Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) Luidia heterozona barimae John & A. M. Clark, 1954 Luidia lawrencei Hopkins & Knott, 2010 Luidia ludwigi scotti Bell, 1917 Luidia patriae Bernasconi, 1941 Luidia sagamina aciculata Mortensen, 1933 Luidia sarsi Düben & Koren, 1845 Luidia sarsi elegans Perrier, 1875 Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) Family Porcellanasteridae Eremicaster vicinus Ludwig, 1907 Styracaster horridus Sladen, 1883 Thoracaster cylindratus Sladen, 1883 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 1415– 1865 x 300– mb,sb 1250 208–535 mb,sb x 0–1500 m,mb,sb x 60–430 mb,rb,sb x 1–400 0–175 16–90 sb mb,rb,sb,rub mb,sb x x 0–175 mb x x x x sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 33–157 mb,rb,sb 100–126 mb,sb 71–83 x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x 60–365 mb,sb x 0–73 mb,sb x 3950– 7250 3410– 5062 2540– 5990 mb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x sb mb,sb x x x x x 607 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 140–283 x 170– 2940 265–869 mb,sb 1175– 3713 1857– 1958 130– 5062 1266 mb,sb,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x mb x cr,mb,sb,rb x sb,rb x 226– 1339 485– 5062 250– 1958 380– 1470 370–500 mb,sb,rb x mb x 3305 mb x x x x x x mb,sb,rb x mb,sb,rb x x x x mb,sb 576 30–200 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x mb,rub x (continued) Appendix Family Pseudarchasteridae Pseudarchaster discus Sladen, 1889 Pseudarchaster gracilis gracilis (Sladen, 1889) Pseudarchaster parelii (Düben & Koven, 1846 ) Order Notomyotida Family Benthopectinidae Benthopecten simplex simplex (Perrier, 1881) Benthopecten spinosus Verrill, 1884 Cheiraster (Barbadosaster) echinulatus (Perrier, 1875) Cheiraster (Cheiraster) ludwigi Fisher, 1913 Cheiraster (Cheiraster) planus Verrill, 1915 Cheiraster (Cheiraster) sepitus (Verrill, 1885) Cheiraster (Christopheraster) blakei A. M. Clark, 1981 Cheiraster (Christopheraster) mirabilis (Perrier, 1881) Cheiraster (Luidiaster) planeta (Sladen, 1889) Gaussaster antarcticus (Sladen, 1889) Pectinaster gracilis Verrill, 1915 Order Valvatida Family Asterinidae Allopatiria ocellifera (Gray, 1847) Habitat 608 Table A.2 (continued) Asterina fimbriata Perrier, 1875 Asterina gibbosa (Pennant, 1777) Asterina stellifera (Moebius, 1859) Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1860) Asterinides hartmeyeri (Doederlein, 1910) Asterinides pompom (A. M. Clark, 1983) Asterinopsis pilosa (Perrier, 1881) Tremaster mirabilis Verrill, 1880 Stegnaster wesseli (Perrier, 1875) Family Asteropseidae Poraniella echinulata (Perrier, 1881) Family Chaetasteridae Chaetaster nodosus Perrier, 1875 Family Ganeriidae Cycethra verrucosa (Philippi, 1857) Ganeria falklandica Gray, 1847 Perknaster sladeni (Perrier, 1891) Vemaster sudatlanticus Bernasconi, 1965 Family Goniasteridae Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881 Apollonaster yucatanensis Halpern, 1970 Depth (m) Habitat 0–250 0–130 mb,sb,rub rb,rub 0–50 mb,sb,rub 0–256 cr,rb,sb,rub x 0–1 rb x 3–6 rb x 11–256 mb,sb x 150– 1060 0–183 rb,rub 3–339 cr,rb cr,rb,sb,rub MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x sb,rub 0–135 120–500 sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 30–1140 mb,rb,sb 0–500 x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x 5055– 5208 x x x x x x x x x x 20–844 mb,sb x 1097– 1175 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x 609 (continued) Depth (m) Astroceramus brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1941 Ceramaster grenadensis (Perrier, 1881) Ceramaster grenadensis grenadensis (Perrier, 1881) Ceramaster grenadensis patagonicus (Sladen, 1889) Circeaster americanus (A. H. Clark, 1916) Cladaster rudis Verrill, 1899 Diplasiaster productus (A. H. Clark, 1917) Floriaster maya Downey, 1980 Habitat 420– mb,sb 1067 70–3109 mb,sb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x x x 200– mb 3109 106–192 mb,sb 500– 1450 150–900 mb,sb 78–567 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x mb,sb x cr,mb,sb,rb x x x x x mb,rb,sb x sb,rb x x x mb,rb,sb x x x mb,sb x x x sb x rb,sb x mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix 933– 1024 Goniaster tessellatus (Lamarck, 16–155 1816) Hippasteria falklandica Fisher, 251–225 1940 Hippasteria phrygiana 108–162 argentinensis Bernasconi, 1961 Litonotaster intermedius 1958– (Perrier, 1884) 3530 Mediaster bairdi (Verrill, 1882) 640– 1590 Mediaster pedicellaris (Perrier, 197–580 1881) Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 60–3000 1881) Paragonaster grandis H. 257–540 L. Clark, 1941 Paragonaster subtilis (Perrier, 1845– 1881) 4700 Pawsonaster parvus (Perrier, 30–600 1881) x x x 610 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Peltaster placenta (Müller & Trochel, 1842) Plinthaster dentatus (Perrier, 1884) Rosaster alexandri (Perrier, 1881) Tessellaster notabilis H. L. Clark, 1941 Tosia parva (Perrier, 1881) Family Leilasteridae Leilaster radians (Perrier, 1881) Family Mithrodiidae Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816) Familia Odontasteridae Acodontaster elongatus granuliferus (Koehler, 1912) Diplodontias singularis (Müller & Troschel, 1843) Odontaster penicillatus (Philippi, 1870) Odontaster hispidus Verrill, 1880 Family Ophidiasteridae Copidaster cavernicola SolísMarín & Laguarda-Figueras, 2010 Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948 Hacelia attenuata (Gray, 1840) Hacelia superba H. L. Clark, 1921 Linckia bouvieri Perrier, 1875 Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 10–1107 mb,sb 60–2910 mb,rb,sb x x 60–2940 cr,mb,sb x 329–575 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–157 cr,rb,sb x 40–840 sb,rub x 0–84 rb,sb x 8–350 mb,sb,rub x 13–18 mb x 0–34 cr,mb,rb x 1–150 91–200 sb,rub rb x 0–380 0–298 cr,rb cr,sg,rb,sb x x x x 102–293 sb,rub x x x 100–600 50–1160 mb,sb x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 611 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–475 37–155 cr,rb,sb rb x x 37–750 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x 52–585 x x x intertidal rub x 0–330 cr,rb x 0–105 rb 50–600 rb,sb x x 0–1500 x 166–450 cr,mb,rb,rub 18–320 sb,rub 35–680 rb 30–420 sb,rub x x x x x x 180–510 cr,rb,sb cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–500 x 1521 rb x 6–1100 mb,rb,sb,rub x x x x x (continued) Appendix Linckia nodosa Perrier, 1875 Narcissia canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1839) Narcissia trigonaria Sladen, 1889 Ophidiaster alexandri Verrill, 1915 Ophidiaster bayeri A. H. Clark, 1948 Ophidiaster guildingii Gray, 1840 Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816) Tamaria floridae (Perrier, 1881) Tamaria halperni Downey, 1971 Family Oreasteridae Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Poraniidae Marginaster pectinatus Perrier, 1881 Porania (Porania) antarctica magellanica Studer, 1876 Porania (Porania) pulvillus insignis Verrill, 1895 Poraniopsis echinaster Perrier, 1891 Poraniopsis mira (de Loriol, 1904) Family Solasteridae Laetmaster spectabilis (Perrier, 1881) Lophaster verrilli A. H. Clark, 1938 Depth (m) 612 Table A.2 (continued) Solaster caribbaeus Verrill, 1915 Order Velatida Family Caymanostellidae Caymanostella spinimarginata Belyaev, 1978 Family Korethrasteridae Peribolaster folliculatus Sladen, 1889 Remaster gourdoni Koehler, 1912 Remaster palmatus (Perrier, 1881) Family Myxasteridae Pythonaster murrayi Sladen, 1889 Family Pterasteridae Calyptraster coa Sladen, 1882 Calyptraster personatus (Perrier, 1885) Diplopteraster clarki Bernasconi, 1937 Diplopteraster verrucosus (Sladen, 1882) Hymenaster anomalus Sladen, 1882 Hymenaster pellucidus Thomson, 1873 Hymenaster pergamentaceus Sladen, 1882 Hymenaster regalis Verrill, 1895 Hymenaster rex Perrier, 1885 Pteraster abyssorum (Verrill, 1895) Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 64–869 mb,rb x 3109– 3493 mb x x 81–133 x x 10–540 x x 296–585 mb,rb,sb x x x 3477 x x x x x 74–270 x rb x sb x sb x 1857 1139– 2285 576– 3740 x x 260–930 2151– mb,rb 6560 82–177 1984– 2606 1784– 3294 4846 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x rb x x rb x x 613 (continued) Habitat 196– 3713 74–341 cr,mb 275–825 mb,sb,rub MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x x x mb x 549–594 480– 1780 91–466 x x 27–500 271–466 mb 777 x x mb x mb,sb x x x 79–2804 x 60–475 mb,rb,sb x 2–250 rb,sg,rub 0–360 mb,rb,sb,sg 0–55 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,rub 13–119 mb,sb 0–175 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x 10–200 cr,mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Pteraster acicula (Downey, 1970) Pteraster affinis lebruni Perrier, 1891 Pteraster caribbaeus Perrier, 1881 Pteraster gibber (Sladen, 1882) Pteraster militarioides militarioides H. L. Clark, 1941 Pteraster militarioides stoibe H. L. Clark, 1941 Pteraster militaris (Müller, 1776) Pteraster personatus Sladen, 1891 Pteraster rugosus H. L. Clark, 1941 Pteraster stellifer Sladen, 1882 Order Spinulosida Family Echinasteridae Echinaster (Echinaster) modestus Perrier, 1881 Echinaster (Echinaster) sepositus (Retzius, 1783) Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816) Echinaster (Othilia) guyanensis A. M. Clark, 1987 Echinaster (Othilia) sentus (Say, 1825) Echinaster (Othilia) serpentarius Müller & Troschel, 1842 Depth (m) 614 Table A.2 (continued) Echinaster (Othilia) spinulosus Verrill, 1869 Henricia antillarum (Perrier, 1881) Henricia downeyae A. M. Clark, 1987 Henricia obesa (Sladen, 1889) Henricia sanguinolenta (O. F. Müller, 1776) Henricia sexradiata (Perrier, 1881) Henricia studeri (Perrier, 1891) Order Forcipulatida Family Asteriidae Anasterias antarctica (Lütken, 1857) Anasterias minuta Perrier, 1875 Anasterias pedicellaris (Koehler, 1923) Anasterias spirabilis (Bell, 1881) Asterias forbesi (Desor, 1848) Coscinasterias linearis (Perrier, 1881) Coscinasterias tenuispina (Lamarck, 1816) Cosmasterias lurida (Philippi, 1858) Diplasterias brandti (Bell, 1881) Lethasterias australis Fisher, 1923 Lysasterias perrieri (Studer, 1885) Marthasterias glacialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 1–238 cr,mb,sb,rb x 192– 1390 342– 1037 22–210 0–200 sb,rub x sb,rub x 29–366 sb,rub 74–430 sb,rub x x 1–183 rub,rb x x 0–100 0–120 x x x 34–54 x x x x x x x x x x x x sb,rub x x x x x 0–619 366 rb,rub rb x x x x 0–165 rb,sb,rub x x x 0–650 mb,sb x x 0–450 sb,mb,rub x x 81–155 x x 0–320 x 0–180 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) rb x x 615 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x 96–760 mb,sb x x 80–600 x 384–607 x x x x 33–2300 cr,sg x x 50–700 cr,rb x x 5–200 sb,rub 256– sb 3089 338–466 mb x x x x x x x x x 147–380 x 0–2707 x 365–735 mb,sb 345–914 mb,rb,sb x 430–613 mb 220– 3000 x mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Neosmilaster steineni (Studer, 1885) Perissasterias polyacantha H. L. Clark, 1923 Psalidaster mordax Fisher, 1940 Sclerasterias contorta (Perrier, 1881) Sclerasterias tanneri (Verrill, 1895) Stephanasterias albula (Stimpson, 1853) Coronaster briareus (Verrill, 1882) Family Heliasteridae Labidiaster radiosus Lütken, 1871 Family Pedicellasteridae Ampheraster alaminos Downey, 1971 Pedicellaster pourtalesii Perrier, 1881 Family Stichasteridae Allostichaster hartti (Rathbun, 1879) Smilasterias triremis Sladen, 1889 Family Zoroasteridae Cnemidaster sigsbeei (Perrier, 1894) Doraster constellatus Downey, 1970 Mammaster sigsbeei (Perrier, 1880) Zoroaster fulgens Thomson, 1873 Habitat 616 Table A.2 (continued) Order Brisingida Family Brisingidae Brisinga costata Verrill, 1884 Hymenodiscus coronata (G. O. Sars, 1872) Hymenodiscus verticillata (Sladen, 1889) Midgardia xandaros Downey, 1972 Novodinia americana (Verrill, 1880) Novodinia antillensis (A. H. Clark, 1934) Novodinia pandina (Sladen, 1889) Stegnobrisinga splendens H. L. Clark, 1926 Family Freyellidae Colpaster scutigerula Sladen, 1889 Freyastera mexicana (A. H. Clark, 1939) Freyastera tuberculata (Sladen, 1889) Freyella elegans (Verrill, 1884) Freyella microspina Verrill, 1894 Class Ophiuroidea Order Euryalida Family Asteronychidae Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842 Astrodia tenuispina (Verrill, 1884) Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 630– 1903 100– 2904 640 cr,mb,rb x x x rb x x x 408–576 mb 366– 2700 54–990 x mb,sb x rb x 402–933 930– 2790 2683– 5110 3360– 5620 2928– 3294 1848 x mb 366–460 sb x mb 265– cr,rb,sb 2499 512–935 x x x rb Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x x x x x x x 617 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 677– 1555 108–783 cr x x 42–708 x x 238–475 cr,sb x x 42–539 x cr,rb,sb cr x 124–521 cr x x x x x x 66–180 x 15–600 x 1061– cr 2228 227–576 cr x 15–397 x cr,rb,sb,rub x x x x x x 320–475 x x x x x 70–521 cr x 0–25 cr x 0–300 20–677 cr,rb,sb x 20–180 cr x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Family Asteroschematidae Asteroschema arenosum Lyman, 1878 Asteroschema brachiatum Lyman, 1879 Asteroschema elongatum Koehler, 1914 Asteroschema intectum Lyman, 1878 Asteroschema laeve (Lyman, 1875) Asteroschema oligactes (Pallas, 1788) Asteroschema tenue Lyman, 1875 Ophiocreas lumbricus Lyman, 1869 Ophiocreas oedipus Lyman, 1879 Ophiocreas spinulosus Lyman, 1883 Family Gorgonocephalidae Asteroporpa annulata Lütken, 1856 Asteroporpa pulchra H. L. Clark, 1915 Astracme mucronatus (Lyman, 1869) Astrocaneum herrerai (H. L. Clark, 1918) Astrochele lymani Verrill, 1878 Astrocyclus caecilia (Lütken, 1856) Astrocnida isidis (Duchassaing, 1850) Habitat 618 Table A.2 (continued) Astrogomphus vallatus Lyman, 1869 Astropartus mediterraneus (Risso, 1826) Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816) Astrotoma agassizii Lyman, 1875 Gorgonocephalus chilensis (Philippi, 1858) Schizostella bifurcata A. H. Clark, 1952 Order Ophiurida Family Ophiomyxidae Ophioblenna antillensis Lütken, 1859 Ophiobrachion uncinatus Lyman, 1883 Ophiobyrsa perrieri Lyman, 1883 Ophiobyrsa serpens Lyman, 1883 Astrogeron supinus (Lyman, 1883) Ophioleptoplax brasiliana Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Ophiomyxa brevicauda Verrill, 1899 Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say, 1825) Ophiomyxa pentagona (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiomyxa stimpsonii (Lyman, 1875) Ophiomyxa tumida Lyman, 1883 Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 60–800 cr,rb x 32–265 mb,rb,sb 0–508 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x 74–1000 0–500 x 12–46 cr 1–24 cr,rb 457 mb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x cr,rb x x x 530– 1143 15–520 x x 23–360 mb 0–1500 cr,rb,sb,sg 0–1060 mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x x cr,mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x 108–472 mb 23–601 x x x 527 51–126 x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x 619 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–183 x x x 265–510 x x 130–540 x 342–549 rb, mb x 50–2727 x x 166 x sb x x 127–278 cr,mb 100– 2900 1–145 x x mb x x x x 200–550 mb 15–600 mb,rb,sb 1.5–100 sb 0.9–3.4 sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiomyxa vivipara Studer, 1876 Ophiophrixus quadrispinosus (Koehler, 1914) Ophioprium cervicornis (Lyman, 1883) Ophiosciasma attenuatum Lyman, 1878 Ophioscolex disacanthus H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophioscolex glacialis Müller & Troschel, 1842 Ophioscolex nutrix (Mortensen, 1936) Ophioscolex serratus H. L. Clark, 1900 Ophiosyzygus disacanthus H. L. Clark, 1911 Family Amphilepididae Amphilepis norvegica (Ljungman, 1865) Amphilepis sanmatiensis Bernasconi & D’Agostino, 1975 Amphilepis teodorae Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Family Amphiuridae Amphilimna mirabilis (H. L. Clark, 1941) Amphilimna olivacea (Lyman, 1869) Amphiodia atra (Stimpson, 1852) Amphiodia guillermosoberoni Caso, 1979 Habitat 620 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Amphiodia habilis Albuquerque, Campos-Creasey & Guille, 2001 Amphiodia planispina (von Martens, 1867) Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869) Amphiodia trychna H. L. Clark, 1918 Amphiodia violacea (Lütken, 1856) Amphioplus (Amphioplus) abditus (Verrill, 1871) Amphioplus (Amphioplus) brasiliensis Tommasi, 1970 Amphioplus (Amphioplus) coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918 Amphioplus (Amphioplus) sepultus Hendler, 1995 Amphioplus (Amphioplus) thrombodes H. L. Clark, 1918 Amphioplus (Unioplus) incisus (Lyman, 1883) Amphioplus albidus (Ljungman, 1867) Amphioplus daleus (Lyman, 1879) Amphioplus lucyae Tommasi, 1971 Amphioplus mathildae Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Amphioplus peregrinator (Koehler, 1912) Amphioplus tumidus (Lyman, 1878) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 34 x 0–578 mb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x 0–370 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x x x x x x x x 1–160 m,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 6–587 mb,sb x x 0–1207 cr,mb,rb,sg x 0–82 cr,mb,rb,sg x 0.3–0.6 mb,sg 1639 1–500 x x x x x x mb,rb,sb x x x x 5–600 sb x 0–120 x x x 70–578 mb x 621 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–63 mb,sb x x 1–311 cr,mb,rb,sg,rub x x 0–1962 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–1330 x 50 x x x x x x 0–400 x x x x x x 1–600 x x 5–1200 0–810 0–60 x mb,sb x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Amphipholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1852) Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1867 Amphipholis pachybactera H. L. Clark, 1918 Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Amphipholis subtilis (Ljungman, 1867) Amphiura (Amphiura) callida Albuquerque, Campos-Creasey & Guille, 2001 Amphiura (Amphiura) correcta Koehler, 1907 Amphiura (Amphiura) grandisquama Lyman, 1869 Amphiura (Amphiura) magellanica Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura (Amphiura) rosea Tommasi & Oliveira, 1976 Amphiura (Ophionema) intricata Lütken, 1869 Amphiura algida Koehler, 1911 Amphiura belgicae Koehler, 1900 Amphiura chiajei Forbes, 1843 Amphiura complanata Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura crassipes Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura deichmanni Tommasi, 1965 Amphiura diducta Koehler, 1914 Depth (m) 622 Table A.2 (continued) Amphiura eugeniae Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura fibulata Koehler, 1913 Amphiura flexuosa Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura iraciae Tommasi & Oliveira, 1976 Amphiura joubini Koehler, 1912 Amphiura kinbergi Ljungman, 1872 Amphiura latispina Ljungman, 1867 Amphiura muelleri MarktannerTurneretscher, 1887 Amphiura otteri Ljungman, 1872 Amphiura palmeri Lyman, 1882 Amphiura princeps Koehler, 1907 Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914 Amphiura scabriuscula (Lütken, 1859) Amphiura semiermis Lyman, 1869 Amphiura stimpsonii Lütken, 1859 Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1854) Microphiopholis subtilis (Ljungman, 1867) Depth (m) Habitat 0–800 mb 2–810 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub 0–50 rub MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x 5–3834 rub x 3–300 x 10–50 x 134–600 x 198– 3200 5–479 mb,sb 0–107 mb,sb 29–502 mb cr,rb x x x x 0–26 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 82–1448 mb 0–2844 cr,rb,sb,rub 1–38 mb 0–26 mb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 623 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 15–117 x 7–48 x 1100 x 0–70 cr,rb,sg 1–12 cr,m,sb,mb x x x x x x x 0–112 1–36 x m,mb,sg 0–3 x x x x 0–50 x x 1–2 rb x 0.5–33 cr,m,mb,sg,rub x 1–311 cr,mb,sb x 0.3–116 cr,m,mb,sb x 2–11 cr,sb x 0–223 cr,mb,sg,sb,rub x x 0.5–99 cr,rb x x x x x 128–148 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Nudamphiura carvalhoi Tommasi, 1965 Ophiocnida loveni (Ljungman, 1867) Ophiocnida scabra Lyman, 1879 Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lütken, 1859) Ophionephthys limicola Lütken, 1869 Ophiophragmus chilensis (Müller & Troschel, 1843) Ophiophragmus cubanus (A. H. Clark, 1917) Ophiophragmus filograneus (Lyman, 1875) Ophiophragmus luetkeni (Ljungman, 1872) Ophiophragmus moorei Thomas, 1965 Ophiophragmus pulcher H. L. Clark, 1918 Ophiophragmus riisei (Lütken, 1859) Ophiophragmus septus (Lütken, 1859) Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860) Ophiostigma isocanthum (Say, 1825) Ophiostigma siva Hendler, 1995 Family Hemieuryalidae Hemieuryale pustulata Von Martens, 1867 Habitat 624 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Ophiochondrella squamosa (Lyman, 1883) Ophiochondrus convolutus Lyman, 1869 Ophiochondrus crassispinus Lyman, 1883 Ophiochondrus gracilis Verrill, 1899 Ophiochondrus stelliger Lyman, 1879 Sigsbeia conifera Koehler, 1914 Sigsbeia murrhina Lyman, 1878 Family Ophiacanthidae Subfamily Ophiacanthinae Ophiacantha abyssicola G. O. Sars, 1871 Ophiacantha affinis Koehler, 1914 Ophiacantha aristata Koehler, 1895 Ophiacantha aspera Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha bidentata (Retzius, 1805) Ophiacantha brasiliensis Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Ophiacantha cervicornis Lyman, 1883 Ophiacantha crassidens Verrill, 1885 Ophiacantha densispina Mortensen, 1936 Ophiacantha echinulata Lyman, 1878 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 604 x 165–720 cr x x 420 x 198–468 x x 144– 1080 4–450 mb x x 16–706 cr,mb x x 35–351 mb,rub x x x x x x 366–420 x 822– 1700 320 x x 32–4730 cr,mb,rb x x x 145–380 x 366–539 980– 3120 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x mb x x 304– 1958 mb,rb,sb x x x 625 (continued) Depth (m) Ophiacantha ensifera (Verrill, 1899) Ophiacantha mesembria H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophiacantha metallacta H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophiacantha pentacrinus Lütken, 1869 Ophiacantha rosea Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha scutata Lyman, 1878 Ophiacantha sertata (Lyman, 1869) Ophiacantha stellata Lyman, 1875 Ophiacantha setosa (Retzius, 1805) Ophiacantha vivipara Ljungman, 1870 Ophiacanthella troscheli (Lyman, 1878) Ophialcaea nuttingii Verrill, 1899 Ophiotreta lineolata (Lyman, 1883) Ophiotreta mixta (Lyman, 1878) Ophiotreta sertata (Lyman, 1869) Ophiotreta valenciennesi valenciennesi (Lyman, 1879) Ophiotreta valenciennesi rufescens (Koehler, 1896) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 198–468 x 252– mb 1125 295–763 mb x x x 320– 1249 402– mb,rb 1538 521–549 x 183–618 cr,rb x x x x x x 183 x 40–1480 sb x 0–1097 x 185–238 cr,rb,sb x x x x 366 x 347–521 x 338–442 x 293–567 mb 200– 1440 155– 1440 626 Table A.2 (continued) x x x mb x Appendix (continued) Depth (m) Subfamily Ophiohelinae Ophiomyces frutectosus Lyman, 1869 Ophiomyces mirabilis Lyman, 1869 Subfamily Ophioplinthacinae Ophiocamax austera Verrill, 1899 Ophiocamax fasciculata Lyman, 1883 Ophiocamax hystrix Lyman, 1878 Ophiomitra ornata Verrill, 1899 Ophiomitra robusta Koehler, 1914 Ophiomitra valida Lyman, 1869 Ophiomitrella clavigera (Ljungman, 1865) Ophiomitrella conferta (Koehler, 1922) Ophiomitrella cordifera Koehler, 1909 Ophiomitrella glabra (H. L. Clark, 1901) Ophiomitrella ingrata Koehler, 1908 Ophiomitrella laevipellis (Lyman, 1883) Ophioplinthaca carduus (Lyman, 1878) Ophioplinthaca chelys (Wyville-Thomson, 1878) Ophioplinthaca dipsacos (Lyman, 1878) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 151–410 mb 270–560 rb Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x 198– 1045 208–979 mb,rb,sb x x 171–695 mb x x x x x x x 201 x 395 x 131–608 cr x x x 250– 1500 x x x x cr x x x 155–507 cr 796 795– 3305 777 mb x x x x x x 627 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 439 x 0–63 x 147–830 cr x 490– 1236 mb x 0–520 cr,mb,rb,sb,rub 125– 2870 1125– 1281 125– 4000 0–24 cr,mb x x x x x x x x x x x mb,rb cr x x x x 0–310 x x x 30–1765 rb x 1.5–163 x 62 x x 198 mb 0–600 rb 14–67 sb x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiothamnus exigua (Lyman, 1878) Subfamily Ophiotominae Ophiolimna littoralis Koehler, 1913 Ophiopristis hirsuta (Lyman, 1875) Ophiotoma gracilis (Koehler, 1914) Family Ophiactidae Hemipholis cordifera Bosc, 1802 Histampica duplicata (Lyman, 1875) Histampica rugosa (H. L. Clark, 1941) Ophiactis abyssicola (M. Sars, 1861) Ophiactis algicola H. L. Clark, 1933 Ophiactis asperula (Philippi, 1858) Ophiactis balli (W. Thompson, 1840) Ophiactis brasiliensis Manso, 1988 Ophiactis dispar Verrill, 1899 Ophiactis ljungmani Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1887 Ophiactis loricata Lyman, 1869 Ophiactis lymani Ljungman, 1872 Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856 Habitat 628 Table A.2 (continued) Ophiactis quinqueradia Ljungman, 1871 Ophiactis rubropoda Singletary, 1973 Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophiactis virens (M. Sars, 1857) Family Ophiochitonidae Ophiochiton ternispinus Lyman, 1883 Ophioplax clarimundae Tommasi, 1970 Ophioplax ljungmani Lyman, 1875 Ophioplax pardalis H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophioplax spinulifera H. L. Clark, 1941 Family Ophiocomidae Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiocoma paucigranulata Devaney, 1974 Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1859 Ophiocoma riisei Lütken, 1859 Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842 Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H. L. Clark, 1901) Ophiocomella sexradia (Duncan, 1887) Ophiocomina nigra (Abildgaard, in O.F. Müller, 1789) Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–640 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x 2–32 cr x 0–1500 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x 0–90 rb 377– 3550 mb,rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x 22–471 cr x x 347 x 274–420 x 0–183 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x 0–455 cr,rb x x 0–368 cr,rb,sg x x x 1–2 0–384 cr cr,m,rb,sg,rub x x x 0–70 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–400 sb,rub x 629 (continued) Habitat 0–185 sg,rub 29–320 18–110 cr 1–183 cr,rb,sb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x x x 41–3000 0–366 4–15 cr,m,rb,sg cr,rb x x 276– 3150 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 320–475 20–200 x rb x 444–759 x cr,sb 0–580 cr,rb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x 0–600 x x x x x x x x x x x 0–64 cr,rb,sb,sg x x 1–223 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x x 0–1719 cr,m,sb,sg x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiopsila aranea Forbes, 1843 Ophiopsila fulva Lyman, 1878 Ophiopsila guineensis Koehler, 1914 Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 Ophiopsila maculata (Verrill, 1899) Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859 Ophiopsila vittata H. L. Clark, 1918 Family Ophiodermatidae Bathypectinura heros (Lyman, 1879) Ophiorachnella angulata (Lyman, 1883) Ophiarachnella petersi (Lyman, 1878) Ophioconis forbesi (Heller, 1863) Ophioconis miliaria Lyman, 1878 Ophioderma anitae Hotchkiss, 1982 Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825) Ophioderma besnardi Tommasi, 1970 Ophioderma brevicaudum Lütken, 1856 Ophioderma brevispinum (Say, 1825) Ophioderma cinereum Müller & Troschel, 1842 Depth (m) 630 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Ophioderma divae Tommasi, 1971 Ophioderma ensiferum Hendler & Miller, 1984 Ophioderma guttatum Lütken, 1859 Ophioderma januarii Lütken, 1856 Ophioderma longicaudum (Retzius, 1805) Ophioderma phoenium H. L. Clark, 1918 Ophioderma rubicundum Lütken, 1856 Ophioderma squamosissimum Lütken, 1856 Ophiopaepale goesiana Ljungman, 1872 Ophiurochaeta littoralis (Koehler, 1913) Family Ophionereididae Ophionereis dolabriformis John & A. M. Clark, 1954 Ophionereis olivacea H. L. Clark, 1901 Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) Ophionereis sexradia Mortensen, 1936 Ophionereis squamulosa Koehler, 1913 Ophionereis vittata Hendler, 1995 Family Ophiotrichidae Ophiothela danae Verrill, 1869 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x 10–30 cr,rb x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 0–30 cr,rb,rub x 0–1500 cr x x 0–200 sg,rub 1–14 cr,rb,sb x x x 0–360 cr,sg,rb,sb,rub x x x 3–85 cr,rb x x x x x x x x cr,sb 10–93 cr,mb 0–500 cr,m,sb x x 0–1500 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x 101–436 cr,mb,sb 1–110 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 18–130 x 0.5–110 cr,sb,rb,sg,rub x x x 10–126 cr x x x x x x x x x 631 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x 0.5–540 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x 1–6 cr,rb,rub 0–10 cr,sg 0–1250 rb,sg,rub 0–74 cr,rb 50–500 rb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 114–410 0–31 x cr,sb,mb,sg,rb,rub x x 183 41 x x x x x x x x x x x x rb x 8–600 x 0–10 0–1000 cr cr,m,mb,rb,sb 0–5 rb x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiotrichoides lymani Ludwig, 1882 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) ailsae Tommasi, 1970 Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) trindadensis Tommasi, 1970 Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825) Ophiothrix angulata violacea (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Ophiothrix brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophiothrix cimar Hendler, 2005 Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard, 1789) Ophiothrix lineata Lyman, 1860 Ophiothrix luetkeni WyvilleThomson, 1873 Ophiothrix maculata Ljungman, 1872 Ophiothrix oerstedii Lütken, 1856 Ophiothrix pallida Ljungman, 1871 Ophiothrix platyactis H. L. Clark, 1939 Ophiothrix rathbuni Ludwig, 1882 Ophiothrix stri Hendler, 2005 Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856 Ophiothrix synoecina Schoppe, 1996 Habitat 632 Table A.2 (continued) Family Ophiuridae Subfamily Ophiolepidinae Amphipholizona delicata H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophiolepis ailsae Hendler & Turner, 1987 Ophiolepis elegans Lütkens, 1859 Ophiolepis gemma Hendler & Turner, 1987 Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 Ophiolepis kieri Hendler, 1979 Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825) Ophiolepis pawsoni Hendler, 1988 Ophiolipus agassizii Lyman, 1878 Ophiomidas dubius (Lyman, 1878) Ophiomusium acuferum Lyman, 1875 Ophiomusium anaelisae Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Ophiomusium constrictum Mortensen, 1936 Ophiomusium eburneum Lyman, 1869 Ophiomusium leptobrachium H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophiomusium lütkeni Lyman, 1878 Ophiomusium lymani Thomson, 1873 Depth (m) Habitat 15–600 mb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x 156–353 x 1–329 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x 2–139 cr,rb,sb x x 0–1500 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x 2–8 0–37 sg cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x 24.4 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 146–310 rb x 158–272 76–575 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x cr,mb,rb x x x 180–260 x x x 35–3477 cr,mb,sb x 1249– sb 1518 190–278 rb,sb x 62–4700 mb,rb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x 633 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 347–530 x 1125 x 368– 4062 475 rb,sb x x 520– rb,sb 3103 356–521 x 60–914 cr,rb,sb x 108– 2732 0–180 cr,mb x x x x x x rb,sb,rub 262– rb,sb 4024 512–713 x x x x x x x 376–746 x 144–540 cr x x x 158–272 x x 1006– 1098 484– 1385 2115 x rb,sb x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiomusium microporum H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophiomusium moniliforme H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophiomusium planum Lyman, 1879 Ophiomusium sculptum Verrill, 1899 Ophiomusium serratum Lyman, 1878 Ophiomusium stellatum Verrill, 1899 Ophiomusium testudo Lyman, 1875 Ophiomusium validum Ljungman, 1872 Ophioplocus januarii (Lütken, 1856) Ophiosphalma armigerum (Lyman, 1878) Ophiosphalma dyscritum H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophiosphalma monoplax H. L. Clark, 1915 Ophiothyreus goesii Ljungman, 1872 Ophiozonella clypeata (Lyman, 1883) Ophiozonella falklandica Mortensen, 1936 Ophiozonella granulifera H. L. Clark, 1941 Ophiozonella marmorea Lyman, 1883 Ophiozonella molesta (Koehler, 1904) Habitat 634 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Ophiozonella nivea (Lyman, 1875) Ophiozonella tessellata (Lyman, 1879) Subfamily Ophioleucinae Ophiostriatus striatus (Mortensen, 1933) Ophiernus adspersus adspersus Lyman, 1883 Ophioleuce depressum (Lyman, 1869) Ophiopyren longispinus Lyman, 1878 Ophiostriatus atlanticus (Mortensen, 1933) Subfamily Ophiurinae Amphiophiura metabula H. L. Clark, 1915 Amphiophiura oedignatha H. L. Clark, 1915 Amphiophiura ornata (Lyman, 1878) Anthophiura ingolfi Fasmer, 1930 Ophiambix devaneyi Paterson, 1985 Ophiocten amitinum Lyman, 1878 Ophiomastus meridionalis (Lyman, 1879) Ophiomastus satelitae Tommasi & Abreu, 1974 Ophiomastus secundus Lyman, 1878 Ophiomisidium pulchellum (Wyville-Thomson, 1878) Habitat 70–1249 rb,sb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x 320–475 270– 3500 68–3650 mb,rb x x x x x 585 x 329 x 296–396 mb 274– mb,sb 1830 284–944 mb Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x x x x x x x 21–1200 cr x 146–494 mb x 46–545 x x x x 115–600 108– mb,sb 2035 11–3061 cr,rb,sb x x x x x x x 635 (continued) Depth (m) 880– mb 1636 250–808 MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x 1786 x 338–366 x 54–3384 x x x x 20–1900 cr,mb,rb,sb x x x x x 400 x x 40–1260 mb,sb x x 73–1037 mb 20–842 mb,sb 10–350 600– 4315 mb,sb,rub mb,sb x x x x x x x 46–6398 mb,rb,sb 0–463 x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Ophiomisidium speciosum Koehler, 1914 Ophiomisidium tommasii Borges, Monteiro & Amaral, 2006 Ophiopleura inermis (Lyman, 1878) Ophioplinthus abyssorum (Lyman, 1883) Ophioplinthus inornata (Lyman, 1878) Ophioplinthus martensi (Studer, 1885) Ophiophycis mirabilis Koehler, 1901 Ophiura acervata (Lyman, 1869) Ophiura carinifera (Koehler, 1901) Ophiura carnea Lütken, 1858 Ophiura clemens (Koehler, 1904) Ophiura falcifera (Lyman, 1869) Ophiura fallax Cherbonnier, 1959 Ophiura grubei Heller, 1863 Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata concreta (Koehler, 1901) Ophiura (Ophiuroglypha) irrorata irrorata (Lyman, 1878) Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman, 1878) Ophiura lymani (Ljungman, 1871) Habitat 636 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Ophiura ophiura (Linnaeus, 0–300 1758) Ophiura sarsi (Lütken, 1855) 82–827 Ophiura scomba Paterson, 1985 358– 3943 Ophiura tenera (Lyman, 1883) 158–500 Ophiuraster perissus H.L. Clark, 1939 Class Echinoidea Order Cidaroida Family Cidaridae Austrocidaris canaliculata 1–424 (A. Agassiz, 1863) Austrocidaris lorioli 160– (Mortensen, 1903) 1081 Austrocidaris spinulosa 124–641 Mortensen, 1910 Calocidaris micans 33–624 (Mortensen, 1903) Cidaris abyssicola (A. Agassiz, 225–375 1869) Cidaris blakei (A. Agassiz, 270–720 1878) Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 50–2000 1758) Cidaris rugosa (H. L. Clark, 40–540 1907) Eucidaris tribuloides 0–1500 tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Histocidaris nuttingi 225–740 Mortensen, 1926 Histocidaris purpurata 300– (Wyville-Thomson, 1872) 1800 Histocidaris sharreri 200 – (A. Agassiz, 1880) 740 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN mb,sb mb rb,sb x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x x mb x x x x x x mb,rb,sb x mb,rb,sb x x x mb,rb x x mb x x mb,rb,sb x x cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x rb,sb x x 637 (continued) Depth (m) 300– mb,rb,sb 1745 22–1000 cr,mb,rb,sb,rub MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x 20–1717 cr,mb,rb,sb,rub x x 48–1089 mb,rb,sb x x 640–782 rb,sb x x 130– mb,sb 1020 16–1180 mb,rb,sb x x 360– mb,sb 2545 200– mb,sb 3700 50–3700 mb,sb x 200– 1800 300– 2300 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x mb x x x x 170–720 cr,mb,rb x x x x x 180–925 x x 684– 3111 mb,rb,sb x 5–89 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Stereocidaris ingolfiana Mortensen, 1903 Stylocidaris affinis (Philippi, 1845) Stylocidaris lineata Mortensen, 1910 Tretocidaris bartletti (A. Agassiz, 1880) Family Rhabdicidaridae Porocidaris purpurata (Wyville-Thomson, 1872) Order Echinothurioida Family Echinothuriidae Araeosoma belli Mortensen, 1903 Araeosoma fenestratum (Thomson, 1872) Calveriosoma hystrix (WyvilleThomson, 1872) Hygrosoma petersii (A. Agassiz, 1880) Phormosoma placenta placenta Thomson, 1872 Phormosoma placenta sigsbei A. Agassiz, 1880 Sperosoma grimaldii Koehler, 1897 Order Diadematoida Family Aspidodiadematidae Aspidodiadema jacobyi A. Agassiz, 1880 Aspidodiadema tonsum A. Agassiz, 1879 Plesiodiadema antillarum (A. Agassiz, 1880) Family Diadematidae Astropyga magnifica A. H. Clark, 1934 Habitat 638 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Astropyga nuptialis Tommasi, 1958 Centrostephanus besnardi Bernasconi, 1955 Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) Centrostephanus longispinus rubicingulus H. L. Clark, 1921 Diadema antillarum antillarum (Philippi, 1845) Diadema ascensionis Mortensen, 1909 Order Pedinoida Family Pedinidae Caenopedina cubensis A. Agassiz, 1869 Order Salenioida Family Saleniidae Salenia goesiana Lovén, 1874 Salenocidaris profundi (Duncan, 1877) Salenocidaris varispina A. Agassiz, 1869 Order Arbacioida Family Arbaciidae Arbacia dufresnii (Blainville, 1825) Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus, 1758) Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) Coelopleurus floridanus A. Agassiz, 1871 Habrocidaris scutata (A. Agassiz, 1880) Podocidaris sculpta A. Agassiz, 1869 Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 1–20 x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 10–1000 cr,mb,rb,sb,rub 33–842 sb,rub 0–800 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1–400 x x x x x x x x 220– 1200 mb,rb,sb x 90–842 200– 3700 250– 3015 rb mb,rb,sb x mb,rb,sb x 0–340 rb,rub 0–50 0–225 rb,sb cr,rb,sb,sg,rub 60–2380 cr,mb,rb,sb 920– 1400 8–780 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x cr,mb,rb,sb x x 639 (continued) Habitat 30–340 rb,rub MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x 1–5 0–80 x x rb,sg x x 12–500 cr,mb,rb,sb x x 1–361 rb,rub 70–720 cr,rb,sb x x 22–357 rb,sb x x 40–777 mb,rb,sb x 0–250 rb,sb,rub,sg 0–580 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x x 3–256 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 69–155 x x x x x x x x x x x 3–100 rb 0–35 cr,mb,rb,sb x x (continued) Appendix Order Camarodonta Family Parechinidae Loxechinus albus (Molina, 1782) Paracentrotus gaimardi (Blainville, 1825) Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) Psammechinus microtuberculatus (Blainville, 1825) Order Temnopleuroida Family Temnopleuridae Genocidaris maculata A. Agassiz, 1869 Pseudechinus magellanicus (Philippi, 1857) Trigonocidaris albida A. Agassiz, 1869 Family Toxopneustidae Lytechinus callipeplus H. L. Clark, 1912 Lytechinus euerces H. L. Clark, 1912 Lytechinus variegatus carolinus A. Agassiz, 1863 Lytechinus variegatus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) Lytechinus williamsi Chesher, 1968 Pseudoboletia occidentalis H. L. Clark, 1921 Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck, 1816) Depth (m) 640 Table A.2 (continued) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) Order Echinoida Family Echinidae Echinus esculentus Linneaeus, 1758 Echinus tylodes H. L. Clark, 1912 Gracilechinus gracilis (A. Agassiz, 1869) Sterechinus agassizii Mortensen, 1910 Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) Family Echinometridae Echinometra lucunter lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 Order Holectypoida Family Echinoneidae Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778 Order Clypeasteroida Family Clypeasteridae Clypeaster aloysioi (Brito, 1959) Clypeaster chesheri Serafy, 1970 Clypeaster cyclopilus H. L. Clark, 1941 Clypeaster euclastus H. L. Clark, 1941 Clypeaster lamprus H. L. Clark, 1914 Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–842 cr,rb,sb,sg,rub x 10–289 rb x 350–760 sb x 69–457 x mb,rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 24–470 x 13–250 x x 0–45 cr,rb,sg,rub x x x x 0–40 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x 0.5–585 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 18–101 cr,mb,sb x x 69–460 sb 36–530 cr,mb,sb x 78–450 cr,mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 641 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 9–55 sb 50 15–75 sb sb x 20–278 mb,sb x 0–285 sb,sg x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1–210 mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x 99–2500 mb,sb x 170– 2286 0–1250 x sb,rub 13–32 sb 0–60 mb,sb 0–240 sb,sg x 0–180 sb,sg,rub x 0–180 mb,sb,rub x 0–10 sb 0–3 sb,rub sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Clypeaster luetkeni Mortensen, 1948 Clypeaster oliveirai Krau, 1952 Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848 Clypeaster ravenelii A. Agassiz, 1869 Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, 1870 Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) Family Echinocyamidae Echinocyamus grandiporus Mortensen, 1907 Echinocyamus macrostomus Mortensen, 1907 Echinocyamus pusillus (Müller, 1776) Family Mellitidae Encope aberrans Martens, 1867 Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra (H. L. Clark, 1840) Mellita tenuis H. L. Clark, 1940 Order Cassiduloida Family Cassidulidae Depth (m) 642 Table A.2 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0.5–197 sb x x x x 3.5 x 1–45 69–155 x x 130–800 mb,rb,sb x 37–366 x sb x x x x x 450– 5850 x 22–1610 mb x x x x 640 x 181–329 mb,sb x 18–641 x mb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 37–3200 mb 3–270 mb,sb 0–250 55–720 mb,rb,sb,rub mb x 0.3–293 cr,mb,sb,rb,sg,rub x 148–330 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 643 Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 Cassidulus infidus Mortensen, 1948 Cassidulus mitis Krau, 1954 Eurhodia relicta Mooi, 1990 Family Echinolampadidae Conolampas sigsbei (A. Agassiz, 1878) Echinolampas depressa Gray, 1851 Order Holasteroida Family Pourtalesiidae Pourtalesia miranda A. Agassiz, 1869 Order Spatangoida Family Asterostomatidae Archaeopneustes hystrix (A. Agassiz, 1880) Family Brissidae Anabrissus damesi (A. Agassiz, 1881) Brissopsis alta Mortensen, 1907 Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen, 1907 Brissopsis atlantica mediterranea Mortensen, 1913 Brissopsis elongata elongata Mortensen, 1907 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Linopneustes longispinus (A. Agassiz, 1878) Meoma ventricosa ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) Neopneustes micrasteroides (A. Agassiz, 1878) Depth (m) Appendix Table A.2 (continued) (continued) Habitat 150– 1025 69–805 mb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x cr,mb,rb,sb x x x x x 350–436 x 90–525 cr,mb 1–210 sb,sg x x 567–570 mb,sb x 117–619 mb,sb x 25–200 mb,sb 0–10 sb 380– 4833 mb,sb 0–230 sb 350– 3550 910 mb,sb 71–225 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 50–113 75–970 1–676 x mb,sb x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Palaeobrissus hilgardi A. Agassiz, 1880 Paleopneustes cristatus A. Agassiz, 1873 Paleopneustes josephinae Lovén, 1872 Paleopneustes tholoformis Chesher, 1968 Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) Plethotaenia angularis Chesher, 1968 Plethotaenia spatangoides (A. Agassiz, 1883) Rhabdobrissus costae (Gasco, 1876) Rhynobrissus cuneus Cooke, 1957 Family Hemiasteridae Holanthus expergitus (Lovén, 1874) Family Loveniidae Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) Family Maretiidae Homolampas fragilis (A. Agassiz, 1869) Homolampas lovenioides Mortensen, 1948 Family Prenasteridae Tripylus excavatus Philippi, 1845 Family Schizasteridae Abatus agassizii (Pfeffer, 1889) Abatus cavernosus (Philippi, 1845) Abatus philippii Lovén, 1871 Depth (m) 644 Table A.2 (continued) Aceste bellidifera Thomson, 1877 Agassizia excentrica A. Agassiz, 1869 Brisaster fragilis (Düben & Koren, 1846) Brisaster moseleyi (A. Agassiz, 1881) Hypselaster limicolus (A. Agassiz, 1878) Moira atropos clotho Michelin, 1855 Ova canaliferus (Lamarck, 1816) Tripylaster philippii (Gray, 1851) Schizaster doederleini (Chesher, 1972) Schizaster floridiensis (Chesher, 1972) Schizaster orbignyanus A. Agassiz, 1880 Family Spatangidae Spatangus purpureus (Müller, 1776) Class Holothuroidea Order Dendrochirotida Family Cucumariidae Aslia lefevrei (Barrois, 1882) Cladodactyla crocea (Lesson, 1830) surinamensis (Semper, 1868) Cucumaria manoelina Tommasi, 1971 Depth (m) Habitat 116– 5220 27–900 sb cr,mb,sb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x 401– 1100 27–340 x mb,sb x 0–445 mb,rb,sb x 9–100 mb,sb x x x x x x x x x 13–595 x 9–220 mb,sb 12–65 sb 22–500 mb,sb 15–900 mb,sb,rub 6–25 0–4300 rb mb,rb,sb,rub 0–5 rb,sg x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 645 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–50 cr,rb,sb,sg x x 1.5–183 rb,sb x x x x 2–160 mb,sb x 0–379 sb,rub x 0–400 rb x 17–37 mb,sb,rub 0–5 rb x x x 0–2 0–72 0–1874 x cr,rb,sb,rub rb,sg x x x x 69–155 4–130 x x x x x rb x x x mb,rb,sb 135–189 0–197 mb,rb,sb x 271–290 31.1– 40.2 0–64 x x x 0.6–1.7 0–340 x x x x x x x x x cr,rb,sb,mb,sg x x x (continued) Appendix Duasmodactyla seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) Hemioedema spectabilis (Ludwig, 1882) Heterocucumis godeffroyi (Semper, 1868) Heterocucumis steineni (Ludwig, 1898) Leptopentacta deichmannae Domantay, 1958 Neocnus incubans Cherbonnier, 1972 Ocnus braziliensis (Verrill, 1868) Ocnus pygmaeus (Théel, 1886) Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874) Paracolochirus mysticus (Deichmann, 1930) Pawsonia saxicola (Brady & Robertson, 1871) Pentacta pygmaea (Théel, 1886) Pseudocnus dubiosus leoninus (Semper, 1868) Pseudocnus cornutus (Cherbonnier, 1941) Pseudocnus perrieri (Ekman, 1927) Pseudrotasfer microincubator Bohn, 2007 Stereoderma unisemita (Stimpson, 1851) Thyonella gemmata (Pourtalès, 1851) Depth (m) 646 Table A.2 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 9–67 rb,sb x 2–30 sb x x x x x x 0–30 0–180 x mb,rb,sb 90–159 0.5–60 x x x x 0–3 sg 0–111 sb,rub 0–60 mb 0–99 cr,rb,sg x x 0–38 mb,rb,sb,sg x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 6–366 sg 5–615 mb,sb,rub x x x x x 6–51 sb 0.5–46 rb,sb,sg,rub 51–170 mb x x x x x x x x x x x 647 Thyonella pervicax (Théel, 1886) Thyonella sabanillaensis (Deichmann, 1930) Trachythyone crassipeda Cherbonnier, 1961 Trachythyone lechleri (Lampert, 1885) Trachythyone parva (Ludwig, 1874) Trachythyone peruana (Semper, 1868) Family Phyllophoridae Havelockia inermis (Heller, 1868) Neothyonidium parvum (Ludwig, 1881) Pentamera chiloensis (Ludwig, 1887) Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1854 Phyllophorus (Urodemella) occidentalis (Ludwig, 1875) Stolus cognatus (Lampert, 1885) Thyone cognata (Lampert, 1885) Thyone deichmannae Madsen, 1941 Thyone fusus (Müller, 1776) Thyone montoucheti Tommasi, 1971 Thyone pawsoni Tommasi, 1972 Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 Thyone tanyspeira Pawson & Miller, 1988 Family Psolidae Depth (m) Appendix Table A.2 (continued) (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 1–17 cr,rb x x x 0–2 x x 0–20 rb x x 0–483 rb x x 35–1080 rb x 95 0–430 rb rb 7–207 rb,rub x 73–243 x x x x x x x x x 0–7 mb,rb,sb,sg 0–100 rb x 0–37 mb,rb,sb,sg x 15 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 43–723 x 50–1000 x (continued) Appendix Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) Neopsolidium convergens (Herouard, 1901) Psolidium dorsipes Ludwig, 1886 Psolus antarcticus Philippi, 1857 Psolus marcusi Tommasi, 1971 Psolus patagonicus Ekman, 1925 Psolus squamatus (Koren, 1844) Psolus tuberculosus Théel, 1886 Psolus victoriae Tommasi, 1971 Family Sclerodactylidae Euthyonidiella dentata Cherbonnier, 1961 Euthyonidiella destichada (Deichmann, 1930) Euthyonidiella trita (Sluiter, 1910) Pseudothyone belli (Ludwig, 1886) Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) Order Dactylochirotida Family Ypsilothuriidae Echinocucumis asperrima (Théel, 1886) Echinocucumis hispida (Barret, 1856) Depth (m) 648 Table A.2 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 270– 2684 mb 0–54 cr,rb,sg,rub x x 0–8 cr,mb,rb,sb x x 0–457 mb,sb x 3–370 cr,mb,sb,rub x x 0–10 cr,m,rb,sb,sg,rub x x 0–30 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x x 0–183 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg x x 0–15 mb,sb x 15 sb,rub x 1–77 rb x 0–30 mb,sb,sg x 0–8 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,rub x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–30 rb x 3–193 rb x 0–30 rb x 0–250 mb,sb,sg x (continued) 649 Ypsilothuria talismani talismani Perrier, 1886 Order Aspidochirotida Family Holothuriidae Actinopyga agassizii (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria (Cystipus) cubana Ludwig, 1875 Holothuria (Cystipus) occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 Holothuria (Cystipus) pseudofossor Deichmann, 1930 Holothuria (Halodeima) floridana Pourtalès, 1851 Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Halodeima) mexicana Ludwig, 1875 Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis Panning, 1939 Holothuria (Holothuria) helleri Marenzeller, 1878 Holothuria (Holothuria) mammata Grube, 1840 Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin, 1788 Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria (Platyperona) rowei Pawson & Gust, 1981 Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori Delle Chiaje, 1823 Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823 Holothuria (Roweothuria) arguinensis Koehler & Vaney, 1906 Holothuria (Roweothuria) polii Delle Chiaje, 1823 Depth (m) Appendix Table A.2 (continued) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0–42 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg,rub x 0–42 mb,rb,sb x 0–402 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x 0–121 cr,m,mb,sb,sg x x 0–27.4 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0–30 cr x x 20–466 mb,rb,sb x 69–466 cr,mb 1–162 cr,rb,sb,sg 36 sb 5–800 mb,sb,sg,rub 0–274 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg x x 0–18 rb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 20–1960 mb,sb 439–900 mb x x x x x x x x x (continued) Appendix Holothuria (Semperothuria) surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Theelothuria) princeps Selenka, 1867 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskaal, 1775) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) rathbunii Lampert, 1885 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) lentiginosa von Marenzeller, 1892 Holothuria (Vaneyothuria) lentiginosa enodis Miller & Pawson, 1979 Family Stichopodidae Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910) Eostichopus arnesoni Cutress & Miller, 1982 Eostichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Isostichopus macroparentheses (H. L. Clark, 1922) Parastichopus tremulus (Gunnerus, 1767) Family Synallactidae Amphigymnas bahamensis Deichman, 1930 Depth (m) 650 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 402–585 mb 210– cr,mb 1600 134– mb 2919 548–903 cr,sb x x x x x x x x 232– mb 2180 1975– 2515 180–720 mb x x x 18–1445 mb x 484– 5100 914– 5062 151– 3890 699– 4060 1353– 5690 1100– 4060 232 x mb x x mb mb x mb x x x x x x x x x x mb,sb 3411– 3459 x x x 1000– 3476 mb x x 651 Bathyplotes bigelowi Deichmann, 1940 Bathyplotes natans (M. Sars, 1868) Östergren, 1896 Bathyplotes pourtalesi (Théel, 1886) Hansenothuria benti Miller & Pawson, 1989 Meseres atlanticus (R. Perrier, 1902) Meseres occultatus (von Marenzeller, 1893) Mesothuria connectens (Perrier, 1898) Mesothuria gargantua Deichmann, 1930 Mesothuria intestinalis (Ascanius, 1805) Mesothuria (Zygothuria) lactea (Théel, 1886) Mesothuria maroccana Perrier, 1902 Mesothuria (Mesothuria) rugosa Herouard, 1912 Mesothuria (Penichrothuria) verrilli (Théel, 1886) Molpadiodemas depressus (Herouard, 1902) Paelopatides gigantea (Verrill, 1884) Pseudostichopus occultatus Merenzeller, 1893 Pseudostichopus peripatus (Sluiter, 1901) Scotothuria herringi Hansen, 1978 Synallactes crucifera Perrier, 1898 Habitat Appendix Table A.2 (continued) (continued) Order Elasipodida Family Deimatidae Deima validum validum Théel, 1879 Orphnurgus asper Théel, 1882 Family Elpidiidae Peniagone purpurea (Théel, 1882) Family Pelagothuridae Enypniastes eximia Théel, 1882 Family Psychropotidae Benthodytes lingua Perrier, 1896 Benthodytes sanguinolenta Théel, 1882 Benthodytes typica Théel, 1882 Habitat 914– 2780 600– 1049 mb MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN x x x mb x 2800– 3000 x 461–689 540– 2200 914– 3100 315– 5046 x mb mb x x mb x x x x x x x x 955– 4060 2210– 5000 mb x x x x 1143– 5600 3545– 3635 0–990 x mb mb,sb,rub x x x x x (continued) Appendix Benthodytes valdiviae Hansen, 1975 Psychropotes depressa (Théel, 1882) Psychropotes longicauda Théel, 1882 Psychropotes scotiae (Vaney, 1908) Psychropotes semperiana Théel, 1882 Order Molpadiida Family Caudinidae Acaudina molpadioides (Semper, 1867) Paracaudina chilensis chilensis (Müller, 1850) Family Molpadiidae Depth (m) 652 Table A.2 (continued) Depth (m) Molpadia barbouri Deichman, 1940 Molpadia blakei (Théel, 1886) Molpadia cubana Deichmann, 1940 Molpadia eltaninae Pawson, 1977 Molpadia musculus Risso, 1826 Molpadia oolitica (Pourtalès, 1851) Molpadia parva (Théel, 1886) Order Apodida Family Chiridotidae Chiridota marenzelleri R. Perrier, 1904 Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) Taeniogyrus contortus (Ludwig, 1875) Trochodota purpurea (Lesson, 1830) Family Synaptidae Anapta fallax Lampert, 1889 Epitomapta roseola (Verrill, 1874) Eupatinapta acanthia (A. H. Clark, 1899) Euapta lappa (Müller, 1850) Leptosynapta brasiliensis Freire & Grohmann, 1989 Leptosynapta imswe Pawson, 1976 Leptosynapta inhaerens (Müller, 1776) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 440– mb 1529 3482– mb 3518 24–1464 mb x x x x x x x 20–855 x x x x x x 125– 2844 mb x 40–159 mb,rub 0–360 cr,rb,sb,sg 82–200 mb,sb x x 0–100 sb,rub x x 0–350 1.5–40 sb,rub rb,sb x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x cr,rb,sb,sg x x x x x x x x x x 0–2 0–173 x x 10.7 0–256 1–4 x x 35–5205 mb 42–1440 mb x Appendix Table A.2 (continued) x mb x 653 (continued) Leptosynapta multigranula H. L. Clark, 1924 Leptosynapta nannoplax Pawson, 1976 Leptosynapta parvipatina H. L. Clark, 1924 Leptosynapta roseogradia Pawson, 1976 Leptosynapta tenuis (Ayres, 1851) Protankyra benedeni (Ludwig, 1881) Protankyra brychia (Verrill, 1885) Protankyra ramiurna Heding, 1928 Synaptula hydriformis (Lesueur, 1824) Synaptula secreta AnconaLopez, 1957 Depth (m) Habitat MEX BEL GUA HON NIC CRC PAN COL VENc VENa BRA URG ARG MAV CUB HAI RDO PRI CAN 0.5–2.9 sb x 654 Table A.2 (continued) x x 9–12 x 0.5 x 0.5–167 x x 5–100 x x x 0–18 mb,rb,sb,sg x 0–10 cr,m,sb,sg x 1–10 x x x x x x x x x x x x Habitat classification: cr Coral Reefs, m mangroves, mb muddy bottom, rb rocky bottom, sb sandy bottom, sg seagrass, rub rubble bottom. Countries abbreviation: MEX Mexico, BEL Belize, GUA Guatemala, HON Honduras, NIC Nicaragua, CRC Costa Rica, PAN Panama, COL Colombia, VENc Venezuela Caribbean, VENa Venezuela Atlantic, BRA Brazil, URG Uruguay, ARG Argentina, MAV Malvinas Islands, CUB Cuba, HAI Haiti, RDO Dominican Republic, PRI Puerto Rico, CAN Canary Islands Appendix Index A Abatus, 375, 379 Abundance, 6, 18, 28, 30, 372 Acanthasther planci, 28 Albatross, 15, 70, 110, 132, 136, 157, 189, 365, 406, 442 Allan Hancock, 15, 71, 111, 190 Allometric scaling, 202, 205 Allostichaster, 367, 369, 382 Amphiura, 26, 28, 167, 235, 247, 319–321, 368, 374 Amplaster, 353 Anasterias, 367, 369, 371, 382, 384, 385 Anchialine, 27 Ancon, 278 Aquaculture, 3, 6, 48, 99, 132, 173 Arbacia, 19, 25, 71, 82, 131, 240, 243, 256, 288, 289, 309, 326, 368, 375, 388, 451, 494, 497, 501Astropecten articulatus Archipelago, 92, 108, 149 Argentina, 2, 4, 346, 365 Argentine Continental Shelf, 360 Argentine Province, 367 Argentine Sea, 360, 364, 366 Astropecten, 18, 23, 25, 26, 36, 39, 71, 93, 98, 167, 172, 173, 192, 241, 242, 263, 265, 291, 315–317, 324, 369, 373, 381, 458, 492, 495 Astropecten articulatus, 93, 265, 413, 458 Astropecten duplicates, 265, 413, 458 Athyonidium chilensis, 285, 294, 297 Atlantis, 408, 414 Azores, 479, 481 Aztecs, 4, 39, 40 B Barren, 483–485, 504 Belize, 87, 88 Bernasconi, Irene, 5, 360 Biodiversity, 12, 24, 45, 145, 191 Bioerosion, 30, 88 Biomass, 33, 43, 172, 208 Bocas del Toro, 18, 70, 73, 108 Boulder, 84, 169, 199 Brazil, 2, 6, 126, 305 Brazilian Province, 351, 496 Brazilian Current, 345, 351 C Cabo Verde, 481, 482, 495 Caenocentrotus gibbosus, 195, 206, 289 Cahuita, 81 Canary Islands, 6 Caño Island, 88 CARICOMP, 81, 82 Caso, Ma. Elena, 5, 6, 16 Central America, 80 Centrostephanus coronatus, 19, 29, 170, 195, 206, 259, 285 Cherbonier, 4, 5, 442 Chile, 4, 187, 281, 387 Clypeaster rosaceus, 82, 122, 255, 256, 413, 416 Cóbanos, Los, 84 Cocos Island, 88 Coelomocyte types, 208 Colombian Museum of Marine Natural History (MHNMC), 156 J. J. Alvarado and F. A. Solís-Marín (eds.), Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20051-9, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 655 656 Cosmasterias, 369, 373, 381, 382, 388 Conservation, 45, 46, 75, 221 Coral Reefs, 6, 25, 77, 110 Costa Rica, 68, 71, 79, 93, 515 Culebra Island, 120, 439, 458 Ctenantedon kinziei, 75, 154, 161 D Deep azooxanthellate coral communities, 164, 167 Diadema antillarum, 26, 32, 80, 93, 113, 126, 136, 145, 154, 162, 173, 240, 262, 409, 413, 414, 442, 446, 448, 460, 464, 483, 530 Diadema aff. antillarum, 82 Diadema mexicanum, 29, 31, 33, 83, 159, 192, 195, 215, 528 Disease, 34, 134, 210, 262 Distribution, 6, 18, 32 Diversity, 18 Dominican Republic, 6 E Earthquake, 262 Echinometra lucunter, 26, 32, 79, 83, 90, 93, 113, 122, 162, 240, 256, 308, 413, 444, 459, 464, 465 Echinometra vanbrunti, 19, 24, 29, 31, 36, 39, 83, 84, 93, 159, 170, 172, 183, 191, 195, 206, 208, 223, 289, 528 Echinometra viridis, 80, 87, 88, 113, 154, 240, 444, 528 Ecoregion, 37, 38 Eco-regionalization, 416 Ecozone, 13, 416–418, 421 Ecuador, 132, 184, 186, 203 El Hierro, 474, 475, 501 El Niño, 88 El Salvador, 2, 67, 71, 84, 93 Encope grandis, 26, 128 Encope micropora, 24, 183, 205, 206, 212, 291 Endemism, 26, 38, 92, 284, 515 Equatorial front, 185 Eucidaris thouarsii, 29, 31, 84, 170, 191, 289, 528 Eucidaris galapagensis, 183, 192, 195, 200, 201, 213–215, 221, 223 Eucidaris tribuloides, 25, 26, 80, 93, 154, 254, 324, 411, 461, 465 Eulimids, 214 Euapta lappa, 26, 413, 416, 462, 530 Extinction, 44, 125, 221 Index F Ferrol, 278 Fisheries, 6 Fission, 197–199, 369, 371 Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) Fossil, 80 French Guiana, 4, 156, 516 G Galapagos, 18 Glycosides, 382 Gorgona, 131, 49, 153, 157 Gran Canaria, 475, 482 Gulf of California, 13, 15, 18 Gulf of Chiriqui, 109, 110, 117, 130 Gulf of Fonseca, 68, 71, 84 Gulf of Mexico, 32 Gulf of Nicoya, 68, 71, 80 Gulf of Panama, 69, 109, 112, 120, 131 Guyana, 4, 156, 442 H Haiti, 6, 87 Heavy metals, 96, 263, 413 Heliaster helianthus, 285, 288, 384 Hispabiota Marina Project, 431 Hispaniola, 2, 427, 440 Holothuria, 15, 19, 24–26, 31, 35, 36, 44, 82, 84, 86, 90, 93, 97, 119, 131, 132, 154, 155, 168, 170–172, 175, 191, 192, 198, 199, 210, 217, 218, 242, 289, 291, 294, 309, 322, 323 Holothuria atra, 154, 195, 199 Holothuria glaberrima, 173, 245, 450, 451 Holothuria theeli, 86, 191, 198, 199, 217, 294 Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Honduras, 80, 82, 87 Huatulco, 154, 462 Hydro-physical stress, 413 I Immune response, 208, 223, 310, 455 INVEMAR, 148, 153, 164 Isostichopus badionotus, 44, 86, 119, 132, 172, 242–246, 324 Isostichopus fuscus, 19, 24, 31, 33, 35, 36, 42, 93, 97, 172, 192, 196–199, 210, 217, 219, 223, 292, 297 Isthmus, 68, 123, 129, 533 Index J Johnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea Expedition, 435 L La Gomera, 474, 475 La Niña, 208 La Parguera, 440, 447, 449 Larval abundance, 444, 447, 463 Larval biology, 198 Leptopentacta deichmannae, 235, 247 Loxechinus albus, 288, 294, 296, 2978, 375, 377, 378 Lytechinus variegatus, 25, 32, 80, 86, 113, 154, 164, 234, 235, 240, 244, 258, 309, 411, 414, 444, 445, 461, 464 Lytechinus semituberculatus, 192, 195, 201, 202, 216, 288 Luidia, 18, 23, 25, 26, 32, 71, 98, 172, 173, 194, 207, 243, 263, 288, 291, 305, 316, 324, 360, 369, 373, 382, 384, 492, 493, 528 Luidia senegalensis, 413, 415, 305 M Macaronesian, 481, 483 Madeira, 125, 481, 483 Magellanic Province, 364 Magueyes, 443, 448 Malpelo, 149, 153, 157, 160 Malvinas (Falkland) Current, 303 Mangrove, 12, 77, 119 Marine Biodiversity Information System (SIBM), 147, 156 Marine Science Collection of Department of Marine Sciences (MSC), 443 Mexico, 6, 8 Molecular evolution, 455 Monophoraster, 352, 353 Mortality, 87 Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), 430 Museum of Natural Sciences of Berlin (ZMB), 430 N National Museum of Natural History of Santo Domingo (MNHNSD), 430 Nicaragua, 2, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 81–83, 86, 93, 97, 98 Nidorellia armata, 172, 192, 291 Norcross-Bartlett, 429 657 O Ophiocoma, 24, 26, 79, 90 Ophioplocus, 320, 374 Ophiothrix, 348, 492, 494 Oreaster reticulatus, 4, 433, 434, 494 P Paita, 278, 281, 284, 288 Paleontology, 252, 95 Panama, 2, 5, 6, 38, 67, 68, 70, 73, 79, 81, 82, 87, 92, 93, 98, 107–110, 112–114, 117–120, 122–133, 135–137, 147, 149, 156, 157, 257, 465, 515, 516, 533, 536 Paracas, 278, 280, 288, 289, 294 Parasitism, 210, 214 Paraster doederleini, 82 Parastichopus parvimensis, 33, 35, 46 Parish-Smithsonian, 429 Patagonian, 351, 364, 371, 374, 380–382, 387, 388, 516 Pattalus mollis, 285, 297 Pearl Islands, 109, 112, 128 Peru, 2, 4, 6, 92, 132, 157, 277, 278, 280-284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294, 296–298, 515–517, 524, 92 Pharia pyramidata, 170, 191 Phataria unifascialis, 28, 29 Phylogenetic, 89, 120, 202 Phylogeography, 126 Physiology, 90, 120, 244, 450 Phytoplankton, 16, 406 Platasterias, 26, 207, 544 Predation, 183, 210, 213 Programa EcoMar, 431 Pseudechinus, 308, 375, 381 Pseudocnus, 288 Psolidium, 292 Puerto Rico, 2, 6, 427, 431, 439, 441–444, 447, 449, 450, 456–462, 464–466 R Recruitment, 115, 444 Regeneration, 452, 453 Reproduction, 35, 89, 120, 243, 373, 375, 443, 446 Reproductive cycles, 120 Río de la Plata, 345, 346, 350, 351, 360, 362, 364, 515 Rosario Corals, and San Bernardo Islands National Natural Park (PNNCRSB), 154, 161, 167 RVBlake, 442 658 RV John Elliot Pillsbury, 429, 430 RV Oregon, 73, 112 RV Stranger, 429 S Salvajes, 481 Samanco, 278, 288 San Andrés and Providencia, 147–149, 164 San Blas, 70, 108, 113, 114, 119, 133, 134, 202 Seagrass, 163 Sechura, 278, 288 Settlement, 444, 446, 448 Speciation, 127 Spawning, 41, 369, 372, 378, 379, 444 Spicule, 86, 219 Stichaster striatus, 297 Stichopus horrens, 198 Surinam, 4 Sustainable production, 4, 156 T Tayrona National Natural Park, 154, 161 Tenerife, 474, 475, 481, 483, 492, 501, 502 Te Vega, 72 Index Tethyaster vestitus vestitus, 32, 80, 82 Tetrapygus niger, 4 Thalassia testudinum, 433 Toxopneustes roseus, 114, 129 Trench, 68, 238, 248, 251, 441 Tripneustes depressus, 130, 414, 433 Tripneustes ventricosus, 26, 82, 240, 444 Trophic cascade, 213, 500 U UNAM, 15, 16, 47, 48, 410 Upwelling, 148, 187, 189, 235, 236, 238, 248, 251, 281, 304 Uruguay, 2, 6, 317, 345–351, 353, 354, 362, 365, 516 Urracá, 71, 112 V Vieques island, 439, 458 Z Zaca, 111

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Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin AmericaEditorsRecent Echinoderms from Hispaniola

Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin AmericaEditorsRecent Echinoderms from Hispaniola

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