FIELD GUIDE oF MARINE MACRoALGAE (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae) OF KUWAIT Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Igor Polikarpov Aws Al-Ghunaim Tatiana Mikhaylova FIELD GUIDE oF MARINE MACRoALGAE (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae) oF KUWAIT Faiza Y. Al-Yamani, Igor Polikarpov, Aws Al-Ghunaim, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Ecosystem-Based Management of Marine Resources, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait and Tatiana Mikhaylova The Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 2014 CONTENTS FIELD GUIDE oF MARINE MACRoALGAE (Chlorophyta,Rhodophyta,Phaeophyceae) oF KUWAIT INTRoDUCTIoN 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 Sampling Sample Processing and Procedure Identification Procedures in the Laboratory Photography and Documentation Procedures GLOSSARY ALGAL SYSTEMATICS Published in Kuwait in 2014 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait Copyright © Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2014 All rights reserved Design by Mariposa Marketing & Advertising Creative Director: Melad Helani Printed and bound by Waves Press First Edition Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher) ISBN 978-99966-37-02-5 No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or manual, including photocopying, recording or by any information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Bryopsis hypnoides Bryopsis plumosa Caulerpa sertularioides Avrainvillea amadelpha Chaetomorpha crassa Chaetomorpha indica Chaetomorpha linum Cladophora coelothrix Cladophora colabensis Cladophora herpestica Cladophora koeiei Cladophora nitellopsis Cladophora sericioides Rhizoclonium riparium Rhizoclonium tortuosum Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Acetabularia caliculus Blidingia minima Ulva flexuosa Ulva intestinalis Ulva lactuca Ulva prolifera Ulva rigida Phylum RHODOPHYTA Chroodactylon ornatum Sahlingia subintegra Erythrotrichia carnea Bangia atropurpurea Jania pumila Hydrolithon farinosum Pneophyllum fragile Gelidium crinale Gelidium pusillum Grateloupia filicina Hypnea cornuta Hypnea valentiae Peyssonnelia simulans 2 6 8 9 11 12 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 18 20 21 21 21 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 30 30 30 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 43 43 46 47 48 49 K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H Champia parvula Centroceras clavulatum Ceramium luetzelburgii Gayliella flaccida Heterosiphonia crispella Herposiphonia dendroidea Chondria dasyphylla Palisada perforata Palisada thuyoides Polysiphonia brodiei Polysiphonia coacta Polysiphonia denudata Polysiphonia platycarpa Spyridia filamentosa Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Feldmannia irregularis Feldmannia mitchelliae Cladosiphon occidentalis Myriactula arabica Myrionema orbiculare Nemacystus decipiens Colpomenia sinuosa Iyengaria stellata Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae Sphacelaria rigidula Sphacelaria tribuloides Canistrocarpus cervicornis Dictyota implexa Padina boryana Padina gymnospora Padina tetrastromatica Hormophysa cuneiformis Polycladia myrica Sargassopsis decurrens Sargassum angustifolium Sargassum aquifolium Sargassum asperifolium Sargassum boveanum Sargassum fluitans Sargassum oligocystum Sirophysalis trinodis Vaucheria piloboloides Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA Halodule uninervis Halophila ovalis F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 76 78 78 79 79 79 81 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 88 88 88 DESCRIPTION OF HABITATS FROM WHICH THE MACROALGAL SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED Kuwait Bay Area West Doha Area Doha port Area East Doha Area Shuwaikh Area Dhiafa Village Area, Kuwait Towers Beach near Café Le Notre Beach near “Turtle Island” and restaurant “Carinos” Salmiya Area Al-Bidaa Area Salwa Area Fintas beach Finaitis Area Julai’a Area Bnaider Area Khiran Area Nuwaiseeb Area Kubbar Island Qaru Island 89 90 92 94 95 99 101 102 103 104 107 108 110 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOFOULING ALGAL COMMUNITY IN SELECTED MARINAS 125 STUDY OF THE EPIPHYTIC ALGAE 128 REFERENCES 129 ANNEX 1 131 List of species encountered during survey of macroalgae along Kuwait’s coast during March-April, 2012 and November, 2012-January, 2013 ANNEX 2 HERBARIUM 135 ANNEX 3 SPECIES INDEX 189 K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H PREFACE "Great attention gets paid to rainforests because of the diversity of life there. Diversity in the oceans is even greater." Sylvia Earle, Oceanographer The macroalgae guidebook of Kuwait introduces to the reader the variety of marine macroalgal flora encountered during the 2012-2013 investigations. The guide includes the procedures and methods used for collecting and identifying the macroalgae as well as photographs and floristic list of the collected algae from Kuwait. Most of the species are illustrated, as colored photographs. A total of 85 macroalgal species were identified from Kuwait's marine environment. Five species: Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh, Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann, Acrochaetium savianum (Meneghini) Nägeli, Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Lamouroux) C. Agard, and Myrionema orbiculare J. Agardh are considered new for Kuwait, of which two species (Grateloupia filicina and Myrionema orbiculare) are new for the Arabian Gulf region. A comprehensive and systematic survey of the marine macroalgae of Kuwait is needed to cover more areas and to include collections made during all seasons for a period of 2-3 years. i F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H ii ACKNoWLEDGEMENTS "We know that when we protect our oceans we’re protecting our future." President Bill Clinton Appreciation and recognition are due to Mr. Alan Lennox for his valuable efforts in assisting the team in the collection of the macroalgal samples; Dr. Shaker Al-Hazeem for collecting some of the subtidal macroalgal samples from coral reef areas; and to Mr. Sasikumar Chellakkan for processing the algal specimens and for preparing the herbarium materials. Thanks are due to Mrs. Linda Fernandes for her help in compiling, and formatting the text and photographs of the guide. Deepest gratitude is extended to Dr. Maria Saburova for organizing the book materials and for preparing the guide for the final design process. We are indebted to Dr. Subba Rao for his valuable review of the Macroalgae guide. Sincere gratitude to Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) for funding this research study, and for printing the guidebook. iii F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H iv INTRoDUCTIoN "Our past, our present, and whatever remains of our future, absolutely depend on what we do now." Sylvia Earle, Oceanographer The marine coast of Kuwait, which extends for about 180 km, is rather heterogeneous and composed of various coastal habitats (Jones 1986; Al-Yamani et al., 2004). The extended seashore of Kuwait is primarily composed of expansive intertidal flats with mean tidal amplitude of about 2 m. Height differences of Kuwait’s semi-diurnal tides from low-low water to high-high water are 3.5 to 4 m. Mean annual temperature of Kuwait’s surface water is 23.8°C, with a maximum in summer of 30.5°C up to 36°C in shallow waters of Kuwait Bay; temperature minimum coinciding with the months of January and February (10°C 14°C). The mean annual salinity of Kuwait waters is 41.6 psu; however, occasionally reaching up to 45 psu (Al-Yamani et al., 2004; Al-Yamani and Saburova, 2010). Only three floristic publications have information about macroalgae of Kuwait. The first list of the marine algal flora of Kuwait (33 species) was published by Newton (1955) and was based on a collection from reefs along the coasts at Mina Al-Ahmadi by Mrs. F.H. Kellett in April-June 1951. D.A. Jones (1986) published a field guide to the seashores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf in which he listed the common species of macroalgae in the studied area. His list includes 54 species of macroalgae as follows: 13 species of Chlorophyta, 20 species of Phaeophyta, and 21 species of Rhodophyta. The author provided descriptions of the species, pictures, and data about colors, habitats, and distribution of the macroalgae; however, did not particularly specify which species were recorded from Kuwait and which were from other areas in the Gulf. The aforementioned works were based on occasional collections with no mention of the seasonal variations. Thereafter, an interesting paper on marine macroalgae by R. Al-Hasan and W.E. Jones (1989) was published. These authors provided a seasonal coverage of the algal vegetation along Kuwait coastline. Their work was based on collections made over a period of F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E 37 months from September 1983 to December 1986, covering the entire coast of Kuwait from Bubiyan Island in the north to Al-Nuwaiseeb in the south. These authors indicated for each species reported, the taxonomic position, scientific names, synonyms, sites, habitats, and months of observation. Their list includes 25 species of Chlorophyta, 22 species of Phaeophyta, and 39 species of Rhodophyta, with a total of 86 macroalgal species, 71 of which were new records for Kuwait. Specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Botany and Microbiology, at Kuwait University Herbarium (KTUH). However, the authors did not claim that their study had covered the entire marine algal flora of Kuwait, as the smaller epiphytic algae and the occurrence of short-lived species were not properly covered. Several studies on the algal flora of the Arabian Gulf were conducted. The first study dating back about 145 years ago, was published by Endlicher and Diesing (1845), and listed eight species. The Danish botanist and phycologist Børgesen (1939) published a detailed report, which was only a part of the overall Danish scientific investigations of Iran. Børgesen described 103 algal taxa that had been collected by Koie (1937). In the second half of the 20th century, Nizamuddin and Gessner (1970) listed 68 taxa in their book, a part of the German RV “Meteor” expedition results. Basson et al. (1977) studied the biotopes of the western Arabian Gulf and described several macroalgal species from the Gulf marine environment. Additionally, Basson (1979a; 1979b) studied the marine algal flora of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and reported on 84 taxa. Basson et al. (1989) provided descriptions of 88 taxa from the shores of Bahrain, 13 of which were new records for the Arabian Gulf. Basson (1992) listed 180 species of macroalgae as follows: 42 species of Chlorophyta, 50 species of Phaeophyta, and 91 species of Rhodophyta. Moreover, Abdel-Kareem (2009) described several species of Sargassum from the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia. Other relevant studies on macroalgae of the Gulf include the studies of Mohammadi and Asbchin (2011) and Price et al. (2006). A catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean was published by Silva et al. (1996). All published records of species and infraspecific taxa of benthic marine algae from the Indian Ocean excluding the Red Sea were assembled in a catalogue. Classes and orders were arranged according to an assumed phylogenetic scheme, while genera, species, and infraspecific taxa were arranged alphabetically within the next higher taxon. The taxonomic framework took into account recently published opinions. Each taxonomic synonym was accompanied by a citation of the author who first proposed it. Additional taxonomic and nomenclatural notes were provided where it was deemed useful. Type localities were indicated for all basionyms. A total of 1323 of the 3289 accepted names had type localities lying within the Indian Ocean region, including Kuwait. As algae are an important component in structure and functioning of the marine ecosystems, exact knowledge about marine macroalgae is necessary. The latest collections of macroalgae in Kuwait were made about 30 years ago. Since then, the areas have been subjected to considerable changes. The shoreline has suffered major changes due to large-scale coastal and industrial developments, which resulted in the loss of some important coastal habitats (Al-Yamani et al., 2001). Therefore, this study constitutes the most recent investigation to document the species of macroalgae of Kuwait’s marine environment. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 1 MATERIALS AND METhoDS “Extraordinary things are always hiding in places people never think to look.” Jodi Picoult Sampling Sampling was carried out during the periods of March-April 2012 (17 sites were visited, Fig.1 and Table 1) and from November 2012 to January 2013 (23 sites were visited, Fig. 1 and Table 2). Several locations were investigated ranging from the inner part of Kuwait Bay to the Saudi Arabian Border (Nuwaiseeb area), as well as offshore Qaru and Kubbar Islands. Sampling was carried out in intertidal (including algae washed on the beach) and subtidal zones, and in biofouling locations. A total of 230 samples were collected from Kuwait's marine environment (intertidal and subtidal areas), which included macroalgae washed ashore. Subtidal samples were obtained by snorkeling (at depth range from 1 m to 5 m, few locations only) and by using rectangular dredge (KC-Denmark A/S, Denmark) offshore of Salmiya and Al-Bidaa areas. The algal materials were pressed and dried as herbarium specimens or preserved in a solution of 3-5 % formaldehyde in seawater. Herbarium specimens (herbarium sheets) are deposited at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Facility, Salmiya. Laboratory examinations of the algal samples were carried out to identify the taxonomic composition of the macroalgae. Fig. 1. Map of Kuwait’s coastline with sampling sites visited during March-April, 2012 and November 2012 – January 2013. 2 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 3 Table 1. Locations of Sampling Sites in Kuwait Marine Environment during March-April, 2012 Site 1 Date Location Coordinates Site 22 March, 2012 East Doha 29°23'22"N 47°50'15"E West Doha (site 1) 29°22'35"N 47°45'32"E West Doha (site 2) 29°22'33"N 47°45'21"E 29°20'05"N 47°54'09"E 29°23'29"N 47°59'51"E 2a 30 March, 2012 2b 3 29 March, 2012 Shuwaikh 4 14 March, 2012 Dhiafa Village Area, Arabian Gulf Street 5 14 March, 2012 Al-Daiya beach, near “Seven Seas” restaurant 6 14 March, 2012 Beach near Café “Le Notre”, Arabian Gulf Street 14 March, 2012 Beach near “Turtle Island” and restaurant “Carinos”, Arabian Gulf Street 29°21'14"N 48°01'49"E Ras Al-Ard Marina, area 1 29°21'01"N 48°05'57"E 29°20'46"N 48°06'03"E 7 26 March, 2012 8a 2 April, 2012 8b Ras Al-Ard Marina, area 2 29°22'03"N 48°01'14"E 29°22'53"N 48°00'16"E Date Location Coordinates 1 5 January, 2013 Kuwait Bay Area, site 1 29°24’01”N 47°44’36”E 2 5 January, 2013 Kuwait Bay Area, site 2 29°23’29”N 47°42’56”E 3 5 January, 2013 Kuwait Bay Area, site 3 29°22’42”N 47°42’14”E 4 5 January, 2013 Kuwait Bay Area, site 4 29°22’11”N 47°44’41”E 5 5 January, 2013 Kuwait Bay Area, site 5 29°22’13”N 47°44’45”E 6 5 January, 2013 West Doha 29°22’31”N 47°45’32”E 7 8 January, 2013 Doha port 29°22’14”N 47°48’10”E 8 5 December, 2012 East Doha 29°23’22”N 47°50'15”E 9 3 January, 2013 Shuwaikh beach 29°21’47”N 47°57’17”E 10 17 December, 2012 Souq Sharq Marina 29°23’12”N 47°58'51”E 11 18 December, 2012 Bnaid Al-Qar Marina 29°22’42”N 48°00'25”E 12 19 December, 2012 Al-Sha’ab Marina 29°20’38”N 48°02'57”E 13 26 November, 2012 Salmiya (offshore dredging of bottom sediments, depth 10 m) 29°20’52”N 48°06’09”E 9b 11, 13, 19, 25, 27 March, 2012 28 March, 2012 10a 5 April, 2012 Salmiya (offshore dredging of bottom sediments; depth 3-4 m) 10b 10c 26 March, 2012 26 March, 2012 Salmiya (offshore dredging of bottom sediments; depth 5 m) Salmiya (offshore dredging of bottom sediments; depth 7 m) 11 25 March, 2012 Rescue Center Marina, Salmiya 29°20'34"N 48°05'59"E 14 KISR Salmiya Marina (bio-fouling) 29°20’46”N 48°06'03”E 12 12, 26 March, 2012 Salmiya beach 29°20’04”N 48°05’39”E 19 November, 9 December, 2012 15 11 December, 2012 Rescue Center Marina 13 12 March, 2012 Al-Bidaa tidal zone 16 20 November, 5 December, 2012 Salmiya beach 29°20’04”N 48°05'39”E 14 4 April, 2012 Finaitis tidal zone 29°18’N 48°05’E 29°12’30”N 48°06’36”E 29°20’34”N 48°05'59”E 17 15 December, 2012 Al-Bidaa beach 15 4 April, 2012 Julai’a beach 28°53’01”N 48°16’41”E 29°18’N 48°05'E 18 7 January, 2013 Salwa Enjefa beach 29°16’30”N 48°05’24”E 16 4 April, 2012 Bnaider beach 28°46’59”N 48°17’38”E 19 31 December, 2012 Fintas beach 29°12’60”N 48°06’31”E 17 1 April, 2012 Qaru Island 28°49’N 48°46’E 20 25 November, 2012 Julai’a beach 28°53’01”N 48°16’41”E 21 25 November, 2012 Khiran Area 28°37’48”N 48°23’30”E 22 28 November, 2012 Nuwaiseeb Area 28°32’50”N 48°25’22”E 23 2 December, 2012 Kubbar Island 29°04’16”N 48°29’32”E 9a 4 Table 2. Locations of Sampling Sites in Kuwait Marine Environment during November, 2012 – January, 2013 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E KISR Salmiya Marina (bio-fouling) KISR Salmiya Marina (floating algae) 29°20'06"N 48°06'03"E 29°20'N 48°06'E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 5 Sample Processing and Procedure Macroalgae have a simple structure and are not part of the plant kingdom, as they do not have true roots, stems, and leaves, but structures known as foliose or leathery. Foliose algae have sheets of tissue attached to substrate by a small holdfast; whereas, leathery algae are large with a complex structure, comprised of many adaptations to their environment such as bladders and the large claw holdfasts. Three major groups of marine macroalgae are as follows: Phylum Chlorophyta, or green algae; Class Phaeophyceae, or brown algae; Phylum Rhodophyta or red algae. Macroalgal studies require qualitative sampling for floristic studies to assess species diversity, the preparation of check-lists, atlases, manual and guides. Quantitative sampling is used for the study of vegetation structure, and various ecological studies and stock evaluation of commercially important species. Qualitative Sampling Qualitative sampling included the examination, description, and photographing selected habitats (Fig. 2). Different samples of macroalgae were taken selectively. The number of samples taken were few, but enough to identify, herbarium preparation, and fixation. For discrete forms, about 10-20 examples for small turf - no more than a handful, cortical algae were taken with substrate. Specimens were collected in plastic bags (Fig. 2 e). The number of samples was indicated on the packages. Date, ecological information (tide zone, depth, substrate - lithophyte or epiphyte), and abundance (numerous, common, rare) were noted. Specimens from each bag were put in a large container with water. This was necessary for the release of algae from bottom particles (silt, sand, gravel) and benthic and migratory invertebrates. Filtered sea water was used for washing the samples. Washing with freshwater resulted in the release of pigments and hence it is not recommended. After washing, different specimens of macroalgae were separated from each other (Fig. 3) and were used for identification, fixation and herbarium preparation. 6 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Quantitative Sampling a Seaweed Collection Procedure. The best time for collection of seaweeds in the field is around the time of low tide; especially, one or two hours before the time of low tide. This will give more time for seaweed collection and for observing seaweeds in the natural habitat (Fig. 2). It is important to make notes on the description of the site location, topography, associated flora and fauna, and other related variables. Although there are several methods to collect seaweeds, two methods were considered practical and easy such as line transect/belt transect method and random sampling method. Materials, necessary to use for seaweed collection are the following: • Polyethylene bags; • Knife or scalpel; • Pen/pencil, labels, marker pens etc.; • Field notebook; • About 50 m long rope; • Quadrant 0.25 m2; • Battery-operated single pan balance. Line Transect or Belt Transect Method. A line or belt transect was laid perpendicular to the coast from high tide to the low tide with the help of a long rope. Sampling points along the rope was marked depending on the gradient and the expanse of the intertidal area. When the intertidal area was small, sampling points were marked at 5-m intervals along the rope, and when the intertidal area was quite large, the sampling points were marked at 10 or 20 m along the rope. • A quadrant measuring 0.25-m2 area was placed at the sampling points in triplicate covering an area of 5 m2 on either side of the sampling points. • Seaweed species present within the quadrant were collected (collection of complete algae along with the holdfast). • Seaweed specimen was removed by hand, but those specimens, which were closely adhering to the substrate such as crustose, and mat forming seaweeds were removed with the help of knife or scalpel. The specimen growing close to the rocks was removed with the rocks using geologist’s pick or other similar tools. • All specimens were counted species-wise for a quantitative assessment of macroalgal abundance, density, frequency, species richness, species diversity, percentage cover (Dethier et al., 1993; McCune et al., 2002; Hallacher, 2004; Bakus, 2007). c b d e Fig. 2. Observation of seaweeds in their natural habitats and sampling at Al-Bidaa and Salmiya intertidal areas, March, 2012: a – Al-Bidaa area; b – Salmiya area; c – seaweeds growing on hard substrate in the tidal pond; d, e – seaweeds collection. • All collected specimens from a quadrant were weighed to estimate standing crop biomass. • Material was kept in plastic bags/containers with proper labeling for further preservation and for identification at a later stage in the laboratory. Ecological Scale DAFOR. Abundance of macroalgae at the natural habitats was estimated by using the Dominant, Abundant, Frequent, Occasional and Rare (DAFOR) scale, which is a method of defining species abundance and community richness, especially during quick surveys, and when the precise numbers or coverage of a species in the field is difficult to measure. The method is open to interpretation, and is therefore only a broad estimate of frequency (James, 2007). Detailed description of the DAFOR scale (Trevor, 2007) is summarized below. ‘D’ for Dominant. In practice, observer will rarely if ever, use this ‘D’. ‘D’ designates a species that would be the most common macroalga by far, in well over three quarters of the square. If an observer is not sure if something should score ‘D’ or ‘A’, he/she can give it ‘A’. ‘A’ for Abundant. Only use ‘A’ if the plant is really very common in many parts of the square. For most species, this would mean that there are thousands of individual macroalga present. In most squares, few species will score as high as ‘A’ and in quite a few squares, there will be no species that would score that high. If observer is not sure if something should score ‘A’ or ‘F’, he/ she can give it ‘F’. ‘F’ for Frequent. ‘F’ designates occurrence of an alga in several places in the square and there are usually more than just a few individuals in each of these places. Observer could also use ‘F’ if the algae were only present in one part of the square, but are very common in that part, K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 7 Identification Procedures in the Laboratory Fig. 3. Examining specimens of macroalgae in the laboratory. with many individuals covering a substantial area (e.g., between one eight and one quarter of the area of the whole square). If observer is not sure if something should score ‘F’ or ‘O’, he/she can give it ‘O’. ‘O’ for occasional. Use ‘O’ for species that occur in several places in the square, but whose populations are usually not very big. Observer would also use ‘O’ for species that are very common in one bit of habitat within the square that occupies just a small area (e.g., less than one eighth of the area of the whole square). Observer will use ‘O’ for many species in most squares. If observer is not sure if something should score ‘O’ or ‘R’, he/she can give it ‘R’. ‘R’ for Rare. Use ‘R’ for any species that occur as a small number of individuals in the square. This small number of individuals may be located in one place in the square, or scattered over several different locations within the square. In many squares, ‘R’ is likely to be the score that most species get. If observer is not sure if something should score ‘O’ or ‘R’, he/she can give it ‘R’. Random Sampling Method. Samples can be selected at random as per requirement. This can be done by selecting sampling points in the area and using quadrant. Sampling points should be selected in such a manner that every species of the study area has a good chance of being selected. This type of sampling is usually done in the area where the intertidal expanse is very narrow with steep gradient. It is also employed for qualitative estimation of the seaweed. 8 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Although identification of the seaweed species is time consuming and tedious, albeit, it is interesting. Beginners should get familiar first with herbarium specimens from the museum or reference collection before going for the field collection. Color and morphological differences between different genera/species and taxonomic characteristics are to be carefully studied. Practice of handling and distinguishing the plants in the natural habitat will help a great deal in learning seaweed identification. Taxonomic identification key should be followed to identify the seaweed specimen. The taxonomic description of the specimen and anatomical characteristic of the specimen to be identified should be referred from the identification books. Once the specimen is identified tentatively following the key, comparing it with the herbarium form in the reference center should follow. Later, researcher may once again get it confirmed from the expert in the field. When doing an analysis, it is necessary to prepare the following: • Petri dishes; • Forceps; • Stereomicroscope; • Compound microscope; • Needles; • Good regional identification keys. For identification purposes, freshly collected algae are preferable, because they keep their natural colors. However, cell contents do not maintain their integrity for a long time. For identification, the color should be considered, the morphology should be studied, as well as the reproductive organs (which are important diagnostic features), and anatomy features in the transverse (sometimes in the longitudinal) sections of thalli. Details of morphological structure were studied using stereomicroscopes (Fig. 4). Often, even unrelated taxa of algae are of great morphological similarity. Therefore, accurate identification to the species, and sometimes to genus requires the study of anatomy. This is possible only in the laboratory, which includes the study of thin sections. This task requires long time, and is performed after data collection and initial processing of the material. The detailed study of the anatomic structure of small specimens of filamentous algae, as well as cross sections of large thalli of algae were investigated using the light microscope. Thin sections for microscopy were prepared using microtome or a razor blade. Identification of seaweeds was performed with Leica stereoscopic microscope at 6.3× to 40× magnifications and Leica DMLM light microscope at 35× to 630× magnifications. Photographs were made by a Leica DFC 320 digital microscopic camera, digital Nikon E4500 and Canon PowerShot S100 point and shot cameras, DSLR Nikon D3s (FX format) equipped with Nikkor 24120mm f/4 VR G and Micro Nikkor 105mm f/2.8 VR G lens, Nikon D5100 (DX format) equipped with Micro Nikkor 40mm lens, and Olympus E-PL1 mirrorless camera. Fig. 5. The DSLR camera with a zoom lens installed on the tripod for the photography of macroalgal habitats and communities at Salmiya beach. Fig. 4. Examining the morphological characters (arrangement and shape of receptacles and air bubbles) of Sargassum boveanum using a stereoscopic microscope Leica S6E. Herbarium Preparation. Materials required for preparing herbarium were the following: • Plastic trays; • Forceps and needles; • Specimen mounting paper (herbarium sheets); • Cheese cloth; • Blotting paper; • Herbarium wooden press; • Paint brush; • Pencils, knife etc. Photography and Documentation Procedures Photography. The photography procedure was carried out on all stages of collection and processing of the macroalgae material. Photo materials are needed for rapid and accurate identification. First, the habitat was photographed to show the environmental conditions. Second, the general view on algal association was photographed, together with algal habitats and definite species in natural conditions. These procedures were performed using a conventional camera, mounted on a tripod (Fig. 5). Third, the whole thallus was photographed to show morphological features. In order to show the details of the structure and the reproductive organs some special pieces of thallus were photographed. Finally, taxonomically important features of the structure of internal tissues of thalli (anatomical features) were photographed. This procedure is called the microphotography technique. It is performed using both a microscope and a special photo camera attached to the microscope. Fig. 6. The algal specimen floating in the examining tray. A large tray was filled with clean seawater, and a piece of heavyweight paper was put in the water (Fig. 6) to float the alga above this piece. Then, specimen was spread through the herbarium sheet with needles, forceps, and brush in such a way that overlapping of the specimen was minimized. After mounting the specimen on the herbarium sheet, the sheet was lifted slowly and tilted to one side to allow water to drain gradually without disturbing the mounted specimen. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 9 The sheet was removed and the specimen was properly arranged with the help of forceps or needle. To blot dry, herbarium sheets were placed on the newspaper sheets or blotting paper to remove the remaining water from the herbarium. Cheesecloth was placed on top of the specimen in such a way that it covered the entire specimen. Another sheet of the blotting paper was placed over the herbarium sheet. Once all specimens to be preserved were ready, herbarium sheets were piled one above the other and then placed between the two sheets of the wooden press. The press was strongly tightened with appropriate pressure by a rope. The press was kept at room temperature for 24 h. After 24 h, blotting papers were replaced. Blotters and spacers were changed once again before plants were dry. The process of replacing blotting papers was repeated until the specimen was free of moisture. On drying of the specimen, the specimen got attached to the paper due to the phyco-colloid present in the seaweed; the cheese cloth was carefully removed, and herbarium sheet was properly labeled containing ID-code, name of the specimen, locality, date of collection, and other ecological details (Fig. 7). Formaldehyde Fixation. All the adhering materials such as sand particles and other debris were removed from the seaweeds before preservation. For constant preservation, the samples were put in hermetic bags or tube and were fixed. The color of most specimens could be best preserved by fixing the specimens in 3-5 % formalin-seawater mix or in 3-5 % formalin buffered with borax, keeping them away from direct sunlight. Overnight fixation is adequate but algae may remain for longer periods without damage in this preservative if kept away from light, which causes bleaching). All the bags / containers were properly labeled with date of collection, locality and time, and transported to the laboratory for further identification. GLOSSARY Ascocysts – an abnormal enlarged, hyaline, or darkly staining cell, usually empty when old. Propagule – structure that becomes detached from parent plant and gives rise to a new individual. Blade – a flattened leaf-like structure. Pseudodichotomous – apparently forming two equal branches at branch points, but one of the branches being derived from a lateral branch. Branch – a subdivision of the main body of a plant arising from an axis. Branchlet – a small branch; often the last branch in a branch system (higher-order branch). Pyrenoid – an organelle occurring within or adjacent to a plastid; often associated with reserve food accumulation. Chloroplast – a membrane-bound structure containing the photosynthetic system. Ramulus (ramuli) – a determinate branchlet. Conceptacles – a small, usually flask-shaped cavity in which sexual organs develop. Cryptostoms – conceptacles containing hairs only. Cystocarp – reproductive organ on female plants of many red algae from which spores are released. Receptacles – a specialized structure bearing conceptacles (Fucaceae) or sporangial sori. Rhizoids – cell or filament potentially involved in attachment to the substratum. A unicellular or multicellular filament formed for attachment, usually arising from the base of a plant. Dichotomous –bearing two equal branches at each branch points. Segments – length of thallus consisting of one axial cell and its surrounding periaxial cells and cortex if present. Epiphyte – a plant that grows upon another plant but is not parasitic. Siphon – multinucleate and tubular cell. Epizoophyte – a plant that grows upon animal but is not parasitic. Filament – a branched or unbranched row of cells joined end to end. Hairs – colorless, elongate cell or multicellular structure. Monosiphonous – consisting of a single row of cells. Parenchimatous – tissue composed of thin-walled cells produced from divisions in more than one plane. Plurilocular (sporangium) – containing many loculi or cells from which spores are released. Sporangium(gia) – a structure containing spores. Substratum(ta) – the structure on which an alga is growing. Thallus – individual seaweed. General term used for plant body, usually applied to the parenchymatous and pseudoparenchymatous forms of algae; plural thalli. Terminal – at the tip or apex. Tetrasporangium(gia) – a sporangium in which four spores are formed. Unilocular (sporangium) – containing single loculus or cell from which spores are released. Pneumocyst – an air-bladder found in brown algae. Polysiphonous – composed of lateral (pericentral) cells surrounding a central axis (siphon); as in Polysiphonia. Fig. 7. Example of herbarium specimen (brown alga Padina tetrastomatica) in the protective transparent plastic folder. 10 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 11 ALGAL SYSTEMATICS Annotated List of the Observed Species from Kuwait The genera, which are included in the list (Annex 1), are recorded alphabetically under each family, and the species are listed alphabetically under each genus. In the following section, the names of the scientific taxa in bold are those which are currently recognized. The names given below preceeded by the sign (=) are synonyms, which were previously used. A single asterisk (*) means that the species is the first record for Kuwait; and two asterisks (**) – indicate that the species is the first record for the Arabian Gulf. The list includes information about sites, where each species was recorded; ecological features of each species; months and years, when each species was recorded. The list also contains notes, when and who recorded this species in Kuwait or in the neighborhood, as well as collector’s name, if not a member of the study team. Macroalgae taxonomy that is presented here follows a classification scheme provided by AlgaeBase electronic publication (Guiry and Guiry, 2013), searched on 02 September 2013. "The world’s finest wilderness lies beneath the waves …" Wyland, Marine Life Artist 12 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 13 Phylum Class order Family Genus Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson 1778) C. Agardh 1823 (*) CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis Plate 2 Occurrence: Green Island, off KISR Salmiya Marina (biofouling), Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa; fouling and washed on the beach; March, 2012. Previous Records. Silva et al., 1996 (Iraq); Sohrabipour and Rabii, 1999 (Iran); Wynne, 2001 (Oman). a Bryopsis hypnoides J.V. Lamouroux 1809 b Plate 1 Occurrence: West Doha; March, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b c c d Plate 1. Bryopsis hypnoides: a – view of the thallus; b, c – top (b) and base (c) of the branches. e f g h Plate 2. Bryopsis plumosa: a – habitat - biofouling of pier; b – plants washed by the waves (arrows); c – view of the whole thallus; d – features of anatomic structure of the upper part of the thallus; e-h – fragments of the thallus. 14 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 15 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Bryopsidales Caulerpaceae Caulerpa Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Bryopsidales Dichotomosiphonaceae Avrainvillea Avrainvillea amadelpha (Montagne 1857) A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp 1908 Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin 1768) M.A. Howe 1905 Plate 3 Occurrence: West Doha, Khiran Area; March, 2012, June, 2013. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Plate 4 Occurrence: Qit’at Uraifjan; near artificial reef at Julai’a; depth 7 m, coarse-grained sand; May, 2012 (Collector: Dr. Shaker Alhazeem). Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a c b d a b c Plate 4. Avrainvillea amadelpha: a – view in natural setting (photo by Dr. Shaker Alhazeem); b – view on size of the thallus; c – structure of the surface. Plate 3. Caulerpa sertularioides: a-c – views of the whole plants; d - firm wall, braced internally by a system of trabeculae. 16 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 17 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha a b c Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh 1824) Kützing 1845 Plate 5 a Occurrence: Nuwaiseeb Area; November, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. e d Chaetomorpha indica (Kützing 1843) Kützing 1849 Plate 5 b, c Occurrence: West Doha, East Doha, Shuwaikh, Souq Sharq Marina, Dhiafa Village Area, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa, Salwa beach, Fintas beach, Nuwaiseeb Area; March, November and December, 2012; January, 2013. Previous Records. Jones, 1986. Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Müller 1778) Kützing 1845 Plate 5 d, e Plate 5. Chaetomorpha crassa: a – fragment of the thallus under microscope; Chaetomorpha indica: b – views of the whole thallus; c – fragment of the thallus under microscope; Chaetomorpha linum: d, e – fragments of the thallus under microscope. Occurrence: Julai’a, Bnaider; washed on the beach together with other algae; April, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. 18 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 19 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora Cladophora colabensis Børgesen 1935 Cladophora coelothrix Kützing 1843 Plate 6 Occurrence: Finaitis; on hard substrata; April, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Plate 7 a-f Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Ras Al-Ard, Salmiya Rescue Center, Julai’a, Bnaider; intertidal zone, neuston layer, washed on the beach; March and April, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b Cladophora herpestica (Montagne 1842) Kützing 1849 Plate 7 g, h Occurrence: Souq Sharq Marina, Al-Sha’ab Marina, KISR Salmiya Marina; March, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Cladophora koeiei Børgesen 1939 Plate 8 Occurrence: Ras Al-Ard, off KISR Salmiya Marina (biofouling), Salwa Enjefa beach, Fintas beach, Finaitis; intertidal zone on hard substrata and biofouling area; March, April and December, 2012, January, 2013. Plate 6. Cladophora coelothrix: a, b – fragments of the thallus under microscope. 20 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Silva et al., 1996. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 21 a b c a b d d e c f e f g g h h Plate 8. Cladophora koeiei: a, b – views of the thallus; c-h – branching feature. Plate 7. Cladophora colabensis: a, b – view in natural setting during low tide, c-f – fragments of the thallus under microscope showing shape of the cells and thick wall of terminal cells (arrows); Cladophora herpestica: g – a bush of algae; h – views of the whole thallus. 22 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 23 Phylum Class order Family Genus Cladophora sericioides Børgesen 1939 CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Cladophora Plate 10 Occurrence: East Doha, KISR Head Office/Shuwaikh, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Salmiya beach, Finaitis, Julai’a, Bnaider; intertidal and subtidal zones on hard substrata, and washed on the beach; March and April 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Cladophora nitellopsis Børgesen 1939 a b Plate 9 Occurrence: Souq Sharq Marina, Dhiafa Village Area, Beach near Café “Le Notre”, Beach near “Turtle Island” and restaurant “Carinos”, Al-Sha’ab Marina, off KISR Salmiya Marina (biofouling), Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa beach; March, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b c c d e h e f f g d h g i Plate 10. Cladophora sericioides: a-c – association on rock substrata in Julai’a area (arrows); d-h – views of the thallus, branching feature. Plate 9. Cladophora nitellopsis: a – habitat - biofouling of the boat in the marina; b, g – views of the thallus; d-f – pseudodichotomous branching; c, h, i – features of morphology. 24 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 25 Phylum Class order Family Genus Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Rhizoclonium CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Cladophoraceae Rhizoclonium Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn 1805) Kützing 1845 Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth 1806) Harvey 1849 Plate 11 (=Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Kützing, Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge, Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer, Rhizoclonium kochianum Kützing) Plate 12 Occurrence: East Doha, Finaitis, Nuwaiseeb Area; intertidal zone together with other algae; April, November and December, 2012. Occurrence: Ras Al-Ard, Finaitis, Nuwaiseeb Area, Kubbar Island; intertidal zone and biofouling areas together with other algae; April, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Silva et al., 1996. a b Previous Records. Newton, 1955 (as Rhizoclonium kerneri Stockmayer); Jones, 1986 (as Rhizoclonium kochianum Kützing); Silva et al., 1996 (as Rhizoclonium riparium var. implexum (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge). a b Plate 12. Rhizoclonium tortuosum: c – fragment of the thallus; d – fragment of the thallus under microscope. Plate 11. Rhizoclonium riparium: a, b – fragments of the thallus. 26 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 27 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Cladophorales Pithophoraceae Dictyosphaeria Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Blidingia Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål 1775) Børgesen 1932 Plate 13 Occurrence: Nuwaiseeb Area; November, 2012. Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing 1849) Kylin 1947 Plate 15 Occurrence: West Doha, East Doha, KISR Head Office/Shuwaikh, Salmiya beach; intertidal zone on hard substrata and on Padina boryana; March and April, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989 Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. b a Plate 13. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa: views of the whole thallus. Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Dasycladales Polyphysaceae Acetabularia Acetabularia caliculus J.V. Lamouroux in Quoy & Gaimard 1924 c d e Plate 14 Occurrence: Khiran Area; in early March, 2013. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b Plate 14. Acetabularia caliculus: a – view of the whole thallus; b – fragment of the thallus. 28 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate 15. Blidingia minima: a – view of the widest thallus; b, c – as epiphyte of Padina boryana; c – view on size of the thallus; d, e – shape of the cells and features of cells arrangement on surface of the thallus. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 29 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva a b c Ulva flexuosa Wulfen 1803 Plate 16 (=Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh) Occurrence: Kuwait Bay Area, West Doha, Doha port, East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Souq Sharq Marina, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Ras Al-Ard, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m, neuston layer), KISR Salmiya Marina (biofouling), Rescue Center Marina, Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa beach, Salwa Enjefa beach, Fintas beach, Finaitis; intertidal zone on hard substrata, neuston and washed on the beach; March, April, November and December, 2012, January, 2013. d Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996 (as Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh). Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus 1753 Plate 17 a-f (=Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees) Occurrence: Kuwait Bay area, West Doha, near KISR Head Office/Shuwaikh, Shuwaikh beach, off Café Le Notre, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Salmiya Rescue Center, Finaitis; intertidal and subtidal zones on hard substrata, biofouling areas and washed on the beach; March and April, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996 (as Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees). f e Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 1753 Plate 17 g-i (=U. lactuca Linnaeus + U. fasciata Delile) Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Salmiya Rescue Center; intertidal zone on hard substrata, biofouling areas and washed on the beach; March and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Plate 16. Ulva flexuosa: a-c – algae growing on artificial substrata at East Doha; d, e – algae on different hard substrata; f – germs. 30 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 31 a b Phylum Class order Family Genus c CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller 1778 Plate 18 (=Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh) Occurrence: Doha, Kuwait Towers area, Ras Al-Ard, Salmiya Rescue Center, Finaitis, Julai’a, Bnaider; intertidal zone on hard substrata, biofouling areas and washed on the beach; March and April 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996 (as Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F. Müller) J. Agardh). a d b c f e d g h i f Plate 17. Ulva intestinalis: a-d – views of the wrinkled thallus; e – cup-shaped chloroplasts in margins of the cells; f – irregular arrangement of the cells on the surface of the thallus, cells include single pyrenoid (arrows); Ulva lactuca: g, i – algae collected from the algal-fouling community of plastic pier; h – a mix Ulva flexuosa and Ulva lactuca (arrow) at the intertidal zone (East Doha). 32 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E e g h i Plate 18. Ulva prolifera: a-c – views in the natural habitat; d – view of the unbranched thallus; e, f – views of the branched thallus; g-i – cells on the surface of the thallus disposed in rows and include single pyrenoid (arrows). K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 33 Phylum Class order Family Genus CHLOROPHYTA Ulvophyceae Ulvales Ulvaceae Ulva Phylum Subphylum Class order Family Genus Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1823 Plate 19 RHODOPHYTA Rhodellophytina Stylonematophyceae Stylonematales Stylonemataceae Chroodactylon Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh 1824) Basson 1979 Occurrence: East Doha; intertidal zone on hard substrata and washed on the beach; March, 2012. Plate 20 (=Asterocytis ornata (C. Agardh) G. Hamel) Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Kuwait Towers area, Finaitis, Julai’a, Kubbar Island; as epiphyte of Cladophora sericoides, Feldmannia mitchelliae, Sphacelaria tribuloides, Sargassum angustifolium, Polysiphonia brodiei, epizoophyte hydroids; March, April and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Newton, 1955 (Asterocytis ornata (C. Agardh) G. Hamel); Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al. 1996. a c d e f g c Plate 19. Ulva rigida: a, b – views in the natural habitat; c – view of the thallus; d-f – cross sections of the thallus; g – shape and features of cells arrangement on surface of the thallus. 34 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E b d Plate 20. Chroodactylon ornatum: a-d – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on other macroalgae. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 35 Phylum Subphylum Class order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Metarhodophytina Compsopogonophyceae Erythropeltidales Erythrotrichiaceae Sahlingia Phylum Subphylum Class order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Metarhodophytina Compsopogonophyceae Erythropeltidales Erythrotrichiaceae Erythrotrichia Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn 1807) J. Agardh 1883 Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge 1909) Kornmann 1989 (*) Plate 21 (=Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge; Erythrocladia irregularis auct. non Rosenvinge: Basson, 1979) Occurrence: Fintas beach, Finaitis area, Al-Sha’ab Marina; as epiphyte of Cladophora coelothrix and Herposiphonia dendroidea, epizoophyte hydroids; April, December, 2012. Previous Records. Indian Ocean distribution: as Erythrocladia subintegra - Børgesen, 1939 (Arabian (Iranian) Gulf); Nizamuddin and Gessner, 1970 (Iran, Arabian (Persian) Gulf coast); Womersley, 1994 (Western Australia); Stegenga et al., 1997 (South Africa); as Sahlingia subintegra - Silva et al., 1996 (Australia, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Maldives, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa); Stegenga et al., 2001 (South Africa); West et al., 2008 (Madagascar); Atmadja and Prud’homme van Reine, 2012 (Indonesia); as Erythrocladia irregularis - Basson, 1979b (Saudi Arabia); Basson et al., 1989 (Bahrain). Plate 22 Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Ras Al-Ard, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Salmiya beach, Finaitis, Julai’a; as epiphyte of Cladophora colabense, Ulva prolifera, Sphacelaria tribuloides, Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Padina boryana, Sargassum angustifolium, Gelidium crinale, Chondria dasyphylla, Polysiphonia brodiei; March, April and December, 2012, January 2013. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b Taxonomic Note. P.W. Basson with colleagues (Basson, 1979b; Basson et al., 1989) led this species in sense Heerebout (1968), who united Erythrocladia subintegra with Erythrocladia irregularis. However, now Erythrocladia subintegra is currently regarded as a taxonomic synonym of Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann. It is a new record to Kuwait and complements data on species distribution in the Arabian Gulf and in the Indian Ocean. a b c d Plate 21. Sahlingia subintegra: a, b – view of the separate plants as an epiphyte on Herposiphonia dendroidea. 36 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate 22. Erythrotrichia carnea: a, c – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on Sphacelaria tribuloides (a) and Polysiphonia brodiei (c); b, d – fragments of the thallus showing the shape of the cells. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 37 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Bangiophyceae Bangiophycidae Bangiales Bangiaceae Bangia Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth 1806) C. Agardh 1824 Plate 23 Occurrence: East Doha, Kubbar Island area; as epiphyte on brown multiseriate alga Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae; early December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Corallinophycidae Corallinales Corallinaceae Corallinoideae Janieae Jania Jania pumila J.V. Lamouroux 1816 Plate 24 Occurrence: Bnaider, Khiran area, Nuwaiseeb area; on sandy-mud bottom and as epiphyte of Sargassum angustifolium, Sargassum aquifoium, Sirophysalia trinodis; April and November, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b c d e Plate 23. Bangia atropurpurea: a – view of the thallus as an epiphyte on Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae; b – fragment of the thallus under microscope. 38 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E f Plate 24. Jania pumila: a, b – bush (a) and separate thallus (b); c, d – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on the stipe of Sargassum aquifolium; e, f – views of the thallus in small (e) and large (f) magnification (arrows). K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 39 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Corallinophycidae Corallinales Corallinaceae Hydrolithoideae Hydrolithon b a Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V. Lamouroux 1816) D. Penrose & Y.M. Chamberlain 1993 Plates 25, 26 c e d (=Melobesia farinosa J.V. Lamouroux, Fosliella farinosa (J.V. Lamouroux) M.A. Howe) Occurrence: East Doha, Bnaider, Khiran area, Nuwaiseeb area, Kubbar Island; as epiphyte of Sargassum angustifolium; April, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955 (as Melobesia farinosa J.V. Lamouroux); Jones, 1986 (as Fosliella farinosa (J.V. Lamouroux) M.A. Howe); Silva et al., 1996. f b a c d Plate 25. Hydrolithon farinosum: a, b – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on the brown alga Sargassum angustifolium; c, d – monoporous conceptacles; e, f – details of surface arrangement of cells. Plate 26. Hydrolithon farinosum: a-e – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on the brown alga Sargassum aquifolium (a, b) and on the green alga Chaetomorpha crassa (c-e) (arrows); f, g – details of surface arrangement of cells. f e 40 g F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 41 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Corallinophycidae Corallinales Corallinaceae Mastophoroideae Pneophyllum Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner 1815) Gaillon 1828 Pneophyllum fragile Kützing 1843 Plate 27 (=Pneophyllum lejolisii (Rosanoff) Y.M. Chamberlain) Plate 28 Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Salmiya Rescue Center, Salwa beach, Finaitis, Kubbar Island; intertidal and upper subtidal zones on hard substrata (stones, boulders, artificial substrata), biofouling areas; March, April and December, 2012, January, 2013. Occurrence: Shuwaikh area, Salmiya beach; November and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse 1795) Le Jolis 1863 Plate 29 Occurrence: Al-Sha’ab Marina, Salmiya beach; March, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. c d Plate 27. Pneophyllum fragile: the red cortical alga growing on inorganic (a, b, d) and organic (c) substrata. 42 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 43 a b a c c b d e d f g h h e f g Plate 29. Gelidium pusillum: a – red turf algae on the stones at the upper subtidal zone; b - algae growing on the concrete barriers; c-e – views of the thallus; f - algae growing on barnacles; g, h - top of the thallus with tetrasporangia. Plate 28. Gelidium crinale: a – red turf algae on the tidal stone; b – tussock in the scrape from fouling of the plastic pier of marina; c-e - views of the thallus; f - fragments of the thallus under microscope; g – tetrasporangia in the blade. 44 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 45 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Halymeniales Halymeniaceae Grateloupia Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Hypnea Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Lamouroux 1813) C. Agardh 1822 (**) Hypnea cornuta (Kützing 1849) J. Agardh 1851 Plate 30 Occurrence: Fish Market Marina, Al-Shaab Marina, Ras Al-Ard, KISR Salmiya Marina, Rescue Center Marina; biofouling on exposed parts of plastic piers; March and December, 2012, January, 2013. Plate 31 Occurrence: East Doha, West Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Salmiya beach, Finaitis, Bnaider; intertidal zone on hard substrata and washed on the beach; March, April and December, 2012, January 2013. Previous Records. Silva et al., 1996 (Seychelles, Yemen); Sahoo et al., 2001 (India); De Clerck et al., 2005 (Sri Lanka); Taskin et al., 2008 (Turkey). Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a c b d a b c e d f e Plate 30. Grateloupia filicina: a – predominating in algae-fouling community of plastic pier; b – a dense tussock detached from pier; c, d – views of the thallus; e – cross section of the thallus. Plate 31. Hypnea cornuta: a, b – views of the thallus; c – cross section of the thallus; d-f – fragments of the thallus with stellate spiny processes. 46 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 47 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Gigartinales Cystocloniaceae Hypnea Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Peyssonnelia Hypnea valentiae (Turner 1809) Montagne 1841 Peyssonnelia simulans Weber-van Bosse 1916 Plate 32 Occurrence: West Doha, Salmiya, offshore dredging of bottom sediments (depth 3-4 m); subtidal zone on hard substrata and washed on the beach; April, 2012. Plate 33 Occurrence: East Doha, Salmiya beach, Qaru Island; subtidal zone (depth 10 m) on hard substrata; April, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b c a b c e d d f e f Plate 33. Peyssonnelia simulans: a-e – the red cortical algae growing on inorganic and organic (e) substrata; f – view of the thallus. Plate 32. Hypnea valentiae: a – the thallus washed up on the beach; b – view of the thallus; c – fragment of the thallus; d, e – fragments of the thallus with short spiniform ramuli; f – cross section of the thallus. 48 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 49 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Rhodymeniales Champiaceae Champia Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Champia parvula (C. Agardh 1824) Harvey 1853 RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramioideae Ceramieae Centroceras Plate 34 Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh 1822) Montagne 1846 Occurrence: East Doha; March, 2012. Plate 35 Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Occurrence: Al-Bidaa tidal zone; March, 2012. a b c Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b c Plate 34. Champia parvula: a, b – views of the thallus; c – fragment of the thallus. Plate 35. Centroceras clavulatum: a – germ as an epiphyte on Cladophora sp.; b, c – fragments of the thallus. 50 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 51 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramioideae Ceramieae Ceramium Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Ceramium luetzelburgii O.C. Schmidt 1924 Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing 1862) T.O. Cho & L.J. McIvor 2008 Plate 36 Occurrence: East Doha, West Doha, Shuwaikh beach, off KISR Salmiya Marina (neuston), Salmiya beach, Finaitis, Julai’a; intertidal zone on hard substrata, as epiphyte of Iyengaria stellata, neuston layer and washed up on the beach; March, April, November and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a c RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Ceramiaceae Ceramioideae Ceramieae Gayliella b Plate 37 (=Ceramium masonii E.Y. Dawson, Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone) Occurrence: Bnaider, Nuwaiseeb area; as epiphyte of Palisada thuyoides, washed up on the beach; April and November, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989 (as Ceramium masonii E.Y. Dawson); Silva et al., 1996 (as Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone). b a d c d Plate 37. Gayliella flaccida: a-e – views of the thallus; f – view of segments; g, h – rhizoids. e f g h Plate 36. Ceramium luetzelburgii: a – view of the thallus as an epiphyte on Iengaria stellata (arrows); b – view of the thallus; c, d – features of branching and shape of segment. 52 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 53 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Subfamily Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Dasyaceae Heterosiphonioideae Heterosiphonia Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Herposiphonieae Herposiphonia Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh 1828) M.J. Wynne 1985 Herposiphonia dendroidea Hollenberg 1968 Plate 38 Occurrence: Kuwait Towers area, Ras Al-Ard, KISR Salmiya Marina (biofouling), Rescue Center Marina; biofouling areas and washed up on the beach; March, April and December, 2012. Plate 39 Occurrence: Dhiafa Village area, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Al-Bidaa area, Nuwaiseeb area; as epiphyte on floating red calcareous algae Jania pumila; March, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Basson, 1979 (Saudi Arabia). a c a b d c e b d f Plate 38. Heterosiphonia crispella: a – view of the thallus growing on the shell of a barnacle (arrows); b-d – views of the thallus; e – fragment of the thallus; f, g – monosiphonus branchlets. Plate 39. Herposiphonia dendroidea: a – view of the thallus as an epiphyte on other macroalgae (arrows); b-d – fragments of the thallus. g 54 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 55 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Chondrieae Chondria Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward 1794) C. Agardh 1817 RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Laurencieae Palisada Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent 1803) K.W. Nam 2007 Plate 40 Occurrence: East Doha, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Julai’a, Bnaider, Khiran area, Nuwaiseeb area; intertidal and subtidal zones, washed up on the beach; March, April and November, 2012. (=Laurencia papillosa (C. Agardh) Greville) Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Occurrence: Bnaider; washed up on the beach; April, 2012. a b c Plate 41 Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996 (as Laurencia papillosa (C. Agardh) Greville). a b c d d f e g Plate 41. Palisada perforata: a, b – views of the thallus; c – fragment of the branch; d – cross section of the thallus. h i j k Plate 40. Chondria dasyphylla: a-c – views of the thallus; d-g – cystocarps on the branchlets; h – fragment of the branch; i, j – tethrasporangia in the branchlets (arrows); k – cross section of the thallus. 56 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 57 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Laurencieae Palisada Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus Palisada thuyoides (Kützing 1865) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodríguez & M.T. Fujii 2009 Plate 42 (=Laurencia paniculata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh) Occurrence: West Doha, Bnaider; washed up on the beach; March and April, 2012. Polysiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn 1809) Sprengel 1827 Plate 43 Occurrence: Kuwait Towers area, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m); subtidal zone on hard substrata, washed up on the beach; March and April, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986 (as Laurencia paniculata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh); Silva et al., 1996 (as Laurencia glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing). c RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonieae Polysiphonia a b d e Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Silva et al., 1996. a d b c f e f Plate 43. Polysiphonia brodiei: a – view of the thallus; b – upper branches; c – branchlets on top of the branch; d, e – fragments of the thallus showing the different width of the filaments; f – cross section of lower (6 siphons) parts of the thallus. Plate 42. Palisada thuyoides: a – view of the thallus in the natural habitat; b – plant in the jar; c – view of the thallus; d, e – branchlets; f – cross section of the thallus. 58 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 59 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonieae Polysiphonia Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonieae Polysiphonia Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn 1809) Greville ex Harvey 1833 Polysiphonia coacta C.K. Tseng 1944 Plate 45 Plate 44 Occurrence: Shuwaikh beach, Julai’a, Nuwaiseeb area; washed up on the beach; April and November, 2012, January 2013. (=Polysiphonia variegata (C. Agardh) Zanardini) Occurrence: Souq Sharq Marina, off KISR Salmiya Marina (neuston), Rescue Center Marina, Julai’a, Kubbar Island; neuston and washed up on the beach; March, April and December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989 (as Polysiphonia variegata (C. Agardh) Zanardini); Silva et al., 1996. a b c b a c d e f g d Plate 44. Polysiphonia coacta: a – view of the thallus; b-d – fragments of the thallus; e - fragment of the thallus showing abundant rhizoids; f – fragment of the filament; g – cross section of the thallus. 60 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E e Plate 45. Polysiphonia denudata: a – view of the thallus; b, c – branchlets with tetrasporania; d, e – fragments of the thallus. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 61 Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Rhodomelaceae Polysiphonieae Polysiphonia Phylum Subphylum Class Subclass order Family Tribe Genus Polysiphonia platycarpa Børgesen 1934 RHODOPHYTA Eurhodophytina Florideophyceae Rhodymeniophycidae Ceramiales Spyridiaceae Spyrideae Spyridia Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen 1803) Harvey 1833 Plate 46 Occurrence: East Doha, West Doha, Shuwaikh beach; washed up on the beach; March and December, 2012, January, 2013. Plate 47 Occurrence: Nuwaiseeb area; November, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a c a b b d d f e c f e g Plate 47. Spyridia filamentosa: a-f – fragments of the thallus. Plate 46. Polysiphonia platycarpa: a – view of the thallus; b – rhizoids on the filament; c, d – fragments of the thallus; e, f – hairs and branchlets; g – cross section of the thallus. 62 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 63 Phylum Class order Family Genus Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey 1852) H.-S. Kim 2010 HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Acinetosporaceae Feldmannia Plate 49 (=Ectocarpus mitchelliae Harvey, Giffordia mitchelliae (Harvey) G. Hamel, Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C. Silva) Occurrence: East Doha, Shuwaikh beach, Kuwait Towers area, Al-Sha’ab Marina, Salmiya Rescue Center, Finaitis, Bnaider, Qaru Island; intertidal and subtidal zones on hard substrata and as epiphyte of Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum angustifolium, S. asperifolium, washed up on the beach; March, April and December 2012, January, 2013. Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing 1845) G. Hamel 1939 Plate 48 (=Ectocarpus irregularis Kützing, Giffordia irregularis (Kützing) Joly, Hincksia irregularis (Kützing) Amsler) Occurrence: Ras Al-Ard, off KISR Salmiya Marina (neuston), Salmiya beach, Finaitis, Julai’a, Nuwaiseeb area; intertidal and subtidal zones on hard substrata and as epiphyte of Cladosiphon occidentalis, biofouling areas, neuston layer, washed up on the beach; March, April, November and December 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989 (as Giffordia mitchelliae (Harvey) G. Hamel); Silva et al., 1996 (as Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C. Silva). b a Previous Records. Jones, 1986 (as Ectocarpus irregularis Kützing); Silva et al., 1996. a b c c d e f Plate 48. Feldmannia irregularis: a-c – features of the branching and plurilocular sporangia. Plate 49. Feldmannia mitchelliae: a – stones covered with Feldmannia mitchelliae at the lower intertidal zone; b – thallus on stone in the middle littoral zone; c – torn away floating thalli from subtidal coral substrata; d - view of the thallus; e, f – fragments of the thallus showing features of the branching and plurilocular and unilocular sporangia. 64 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 65 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Chordariaceae Cladosiphon Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Chordariaceae Myriactula Myriactula arabica (Kützing 1858) Feldmann 1937 Cladosiphon occidentalis Kylin 1940 Plate 50 Plate 51 Occurrence: Finaitis, Bnaider; as epiphyte of Sargassum angustifolium; April, 2012. Occurrence: Finaitis, Bnaider; as epiphyte of Sargassum asperifolium, S. boveanum; April, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Silva et al., 1996. a b c a d e Plate 50. Cladosiphon occidentalis: a – view of the thallus as an epiphyte on Sargassum angustifolium; b – fragment of the thallus; c – small thallus on the pneumocyst of Sargassum sp.; d, e – features of anatomic structure: several axial filaments with periferical filaments; f – unilocular sporangia and periferical filaments. F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E c f d 66 b f e Plate 51. Myriactula arabica: a-c – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on Sargassum angustifolium (arrows); d, e – views of the thallus; f – details of thallus structure: periferical filaments and unilocular sporangia (arrow). K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 67 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Chordariaceae Myrionema Phylum Class order Family Genus Myrionema orbiculare J. Agardh 1848 (**) HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Chordariaceae Nemacystus Nemacystus decipiens (Suringar 1872) Kuckuck 1929 Plate 52 (=Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Agardh) Kjellman) Plate 53 Occurrence: Off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Julai'a, Qaru Island; as epiphyte of Sargassum boveanum; April, 2012. Occurrence: Bnaider; as epiphyte of Palisada thuyoides; April, 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Silva et al., 1996; Sahoo et al., 2001; Krishnamurthy and Baluswami, 2010 (India); Ribera et al., 1992 (Levant states); Taskin et al., 2008 (Turkey). a b c a f c d d e b e f g g h i Plate 52. Myrionema orbiculare: a-e – views of the thallus as an epiphyte on Palisada thuyoides; f, g – details of thallus structure: basal filaments and ascocysts. Plate 53. Nemacystus decipiens: a – beach-cast (washed up on the beach) in Julai’a area, where Nemacystus decipiens was found; b, c – views of the small thallus as an epiphyte on Sargassum boveanum (b) and Sargassum angustifolium (c); d, e – structure of the thallus; f – fragment of the thallus showing one axial and many peripheral filaments; g-i – peripheral filaments. 68 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 69 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Colpomenia Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Ectocarpales Scytosiphonaceae Iyengaria Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth 1806) Derbès & Solier 1851 Iyengaria stellata (Børgesen 1928) Børgesen 1939 Plate 54 Occurrence: East Doha, Salmiya: offshore dredging of bottom sediments (depth 3-4 m), Salmiya Rescue Center, Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa, Finaitis, Julai’a, Bnaider, Kubbar Island, Qaru Island; intertidal and subtidal zones, biofouling areas, and washed up on the beach; March, April, November and December, 2012. Plate 55 Occurrence: East Doha, Salmiya Rescue Center, Salmiya beach, Al-Bidaa, Salwa beach, Finaitis; intertidal zone and washed up on the beach; March, April, and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b a b c c d d f e e g h f i j k Plate 54. Colpomenia sinuosa: a, b – congregation of thallus in the subtidal zone (depth 1 m) (a) and in the intertidal zone (b, arrows); c – single thallus in the intertidal zone (arrows); d – single thallus washed up on the beach; e – view of the thallus; f – cross section with plurilocular sporangia. Plate 55. Iyengaria stellata: a-e – stones covered with plants in the upper subtidal (a) and in the lower intertidal (b-e) zone; f-h – single thallus washed up on the beach; i-k – views of the thallus. 70 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 71 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria Phylum Class order Family Genus Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae Sonder 1845 HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing 1843 Plate 56 Plate 57 Occurrence: East Doha, Souq Sharq Marina, Kubbar Island; December, 2012. (=Sphacelaria furcigera Kützing) Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Occurrence: Finaitis, Bnaider, Khiran area, Nuwaiseeb area, Kubbar Island; washed up on the beach, as epiphyte of Dictyota implexa, Sargassum angustifolium and on artificial substrata; April, November and December, 2012. a b Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986 (as Sphacelaria furcigera Kützing); Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b c d Plate 57. Sphacelaria rigidula: a, b – views of the thallus (arrows) as an epiphyte on Sargassum angustifolium (a) and Dictyota implexa (b); c – fragment of the thallus showing the multi-tiered parenchymatous filaments; d – fragment of the thallus with armed propagules. Plate 56. Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae: a, b – fragments of the thallus. 72 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 73 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Sphacelariales Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria Phylum Class order Family Tribe Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyoteae Canistrocarpus Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini 1840 Plate 58 Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing 1859) De Paula & De Clerck 2006 Occurrence: Julai’a; as epiphyte of Canistrocarpus cervicornis; April, 2012. Plate 59 (=Dictyota cervicornis Kützing; Dictyota indica Sonder ex Kützing) Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a b c Occurrence: Off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Julai’a; subtidal zone on hard substrata and washed up on the beach; April, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986 (as Dictyota indica Sonder ex Kützing); Silva et al., 1996 (as Dictyota cervicornis Kützing). a b c Plate 58. Sphacelaria tribuloides: a – fragment of the thallus showing the multitiered parenchymatous filament; b, c – fragments of the thallus, the wedge-shaped propagule is indicated by arrow (b). Plate 59. Canistrocarpus cervicornis: a, b – views of the thallus; c – cross section of the thallus. 74 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 75 Phylum Class order Family Tribe Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyoteae Dictyota b a Dictyota implexa (Desfontaines 1799) J.V. Lamouroux 1809 Plate 60 (=Dictyota divaricata J.V. Lamouroux) c Occurrence: Julai’a, Bnaider; washed up on the beach; April, 2012. d e Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996 (as Dictyota divaricata J.V. Lamouroux). a b f g h i c Plate 60. Dictyota implexa: a, b – views of the thallus; c – cross section of the thallus. Phylum Class order Family Tribe Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Zonarieae Padina Plate 61. Padina boryana: a, b – view of the thalli growing on the hard substrata in the lower intertidal zone; c-f – views of the thallus; g – surface of the thallus showing one row of hairs alternates with one row of sporangia; h, i – cross sections of the thallus. Padina boryana Thivy 1966 Plate 61 (=Padina commersonii Bory de Saint-Vincent) Occurrence: Salmiya beach; intertidal zones on dead coral reef; March, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955 (as Padina commersonii Bory de Saint-Vincent); Jones, 1986; Silva et al., 1996. 76 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 77 Phylum Class order Family Tribe Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Zonarieae Padina Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Hormophysa Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F. Gmelin 1792) P.C. Silva 1987 Padina gymnospora (Kützing 1859) Sonder 1871 Plate 63 a Plate 62 a-d Occurrence: Julai’a beach, Khiran area, Nuwaiseb area; November, 2012. Occurrence: East Doha, Salmiya beach, Fintas beach; November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Previous Records. Jones, 1986. Padina tetrastromatica Hauck 1887 Plate 62 e Occurrence: Julai’a beach, Khiran area, Nuwaiseb area; November, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986. a b c Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Polycladia Polycladia myrica (S.G. Gmelin 1768) Draima, Ballesteros, F. Rousseau & T. Thibaut 2010 Plate 63 b (=Cystoseira myrica (S.G.Gmelin) C.Agardh) Occurrence: Khiran area; November, 2012. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. d e Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassopsis Sargassopsis decurrens (R. Brown ex Turner 1811) Trevisan 1843 Plate 63 c, d (=Sargassum decurrens (R. Brown ex Turner) C. Agardh) Occurrence: Khiran area; November, 2012. Previous Records. Newton, 1955 (Bahrain). Plate 62. Padina gymnospora: a – view of the thallus growing on the hard substrata in the lower intertidal zone; b – view of the thallus washed up on the beach; c, d – views of the thallus; Padina tetrastromatica: e – view of the thallus. 78 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 79 a Phylum Class order Family Genus b HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum Sargassum angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 Plate 64 Occurrence: Shuwaikh beach, Fintas beach, Finaitis, Julai’a, Bnaider, Qaru Island; washed up on the beach; April and December, 2012, January, 2013. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. a c b d c d f g e h Plate 63. Hormophysa cuneiformis: a – views of the thallus; Polycladia myrica: b – views of the thallus; Sargassopsis decurrens: c – views of the thallus; d – fragment of the thallus. Plate 64. Sargassum angustifolium: a-c – views of the thallus washed up on the beach; d, e – view of the thallus; f – fragment of the thallus; g – leaves and pneumocyst; h – leaves with cryptostoms. 80 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 81 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum Phylum Class order Family Genus Sargassum aquifolium (Turner 1807) C. Agardh 1820 HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum Sargassum asperifolium Hering & G.Martens ex J. Agardh 1848 Plate 65 Plate 66 (=Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh) Occurrence: Finaitis, Bnaider; washed up on the beach; April, 2012. Occurrence: Salmiya beach, Fintas beach, Ras Al-Zour, Khiran area, Nuwaiseb area, Kubbar Island; washed up on the beach; October, 2005, November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989 (as Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh). a b a b c c d e d Plate 66. Sargassum asperifolium: a – view of the thallus washed up on the beach; b, c – view of the thallus; d, e - fragments of the thallus with leaves, receptacles and pneumocystis. Plate 65. Sargassum aquifolium: a – view of the thallus; b – fragment of the thallus; c, d – views of the thallus washed up on the beach. 82 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 83 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum Sargassum fluitans (Børgesen 1914) Børgesen 1914 Sargassum boveanum J. Agardh 1848 Plate 68 a Plate 67 Occurrence: Shuwaikh beach, Kuwait Towers area, Ras Al-Ard, off KISR Salmiya Marina (depth 3-4 m), Salmiya Rescue Center, Fintas beach, Finaitis, Bnaider, Kubbar Island, Qaru Island; subtidal zones on hard substrata and washed up on the beach; March, April, November and December, 2012, January, 2013. Occurrence: Kubbar Island area; December, 2012. Previous Records. Kamel, 1971 (Arabian Gulf). Sargassum oligocystum Montagne 1845 Plate 68 b-f Previous Records. Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan, and Jones, 1989; Silva et al., 1996. Occurrence: Khiran area, Qaru Island; April, November, 2012. a b c Previous Records. Silva et al., 1996. a d e Plate 67. Sargassum boveanum: a, b, d – views of the thallus; c, e, f – fragments of the thallus showing leaves, receptacles and pneumocysts. F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E c f d 84 b e f Plate 68. Sargassum fluitans: a – view of the thallus; Sargassum oligocystum: b – thallus floating in the nearshore waters; c-e – views of the thallus; f – fragment of the thallus showing leaves and receptacles. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 85 Phylum Class order Family Genus HETEROKONTOPHYTA Phaeophyceae Fucales Sargassaceae Sirophysalis Phylum Class order Family Genus Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål 1775) Kützing 1849 HETEROKONTOPHYTA Xanthophyceae Vaucheriales Vaucheriaceae Vaucheria Vaucheria piloboloides Thuret 1854 Plate 69 Plate 70 (=Cystophyllum muricatum (C. Agardh) J. Agardh, Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C. Agardh) Occurrence: Shuwaikh beach; January, 2013. Occurrence: Julai’a beach, Khiran area, Kubbar Island; November and December, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Previous Records. Newton, 1955; Jones, 1986; Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b a b c c o A A o d d e e Plate 70. Vaucheria piloboloides: a – a bunch of the thallus; b, c – oogonium (O) and antheridium (A); d – fragment of the thallus with oospores; e – oospore. Plate 69. Sirophysalis trinodis: a-c – views of the thallus; d, e – fragments of the thallus showing leaves and pneumocystis. 86 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 87 Phylum Subphylum Intraphylum Superclass Class order Family Genus DESCRIPTION OF HABITATS FROM WHICH THE MACROALGAL SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED TRACHEOPHYTA Euphyllophytina Spermatophytae Angiospermae Monocots Alismatales Cymodoceaceae Halodule Halodule uninervis (Forsskål 1775) Asherson 1882 Plate 71 a Occurrence: Beach near “Turtle Island” and “Carinos” restaurant, Arabian Gulf Street, Julai’a beach, Khiran area; March, November, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. Phylum Subphylum Intraphylum Superclass Class order Family Genus TRACHEOPHYTA Euphyllophytina Spermatophytae Angiospermae Monocots Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Halophila Halophila ovalis (R. Brown 1810) J.D. Hooker 1858 Plate 71 b Occurrence: Julai’a beach; November, 2012. Previous Records. Al-Hasan and Jones, 1989. a b Plate 71. Seagrasses: a – Halodule uninervis; b – Halophila ovalis. 88 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 89 Kuwait Bay Area The north-western shore of Kuwait Bay was sampled at five sites in March 2012 and January 2013. The monospecific vegetation of Ulva flexuosa on the natural and artificial hard substrata was observed at the intertidal zone at Site 1 in January, 2013 (Plate 72 a, b), whereas the living vegetation was absent at Site 2 at the same time (Plate 72 c). At Site 3 in January, 2013 (Plate 73 a, b), macroalgae were found at the thickets of the canes only (Plate 73 c). Many large plants of Ulva flexuosa were frequently recorded on the residues of the canes and shells of mollusks (Plate 73 d). The abundance of this green alga was estimated as ‘F’. The tidal creek at the upper intertidal zone at Site 4 (Plate 73 e) was sampled in March, 2012 and January 2013. In spring, the blue-green algae (Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria sp., and Calothrix sp.) were recorded (Plate 73 f, g), whereas the young plants of Ulva prolifera with height of 0.3 mm on the pieces of sandstone (abundance ‘o’) and Ulva intestinalis (abundance ‘R’) were both recorded in winter. The intertidal zone at Site 5 was sampled in March, 2012 and January, 2013. The blue-green algae were observed in tidal pools both in spring and winter. The abundance of algae was close to ‘o’ in spring, but it was between ‘D’ and ‘A’ in winter. b a a c d f e b c g Plate 73. Kuwait Bay, Sites 3 and 4: a, b – general view of the Kuwait Bay shore with reedbed at Site 3; c, d – plant and animal remains covered by Ulva flexuosa; e – general view of the tidal creek at the upper intertidal zone at Site 4; f – area with standing water at the creek with blue-green algae; g – carpet of blue-green algae under microscope. Plate 72. Kuwait Bay, Sites 1 and 2: a – general view of the intertidal zone at Site 1 during low tide; b – stone covered by Ulva flexuosa; c - general view of the intertidal zone at Site 2 during low tide. 90 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 91 West Doha Area a The intertidal zone of West Doha was sampled on the 30th of March, 2012 and 5th of January, 2013. In spring, 18 samples were collected and 23 macroalgae species were recorded, when the algal vegetation was abundant within the examined area (Plates 74 and 75 a-e). The hard substrata were covered by the green algae mainly. Three green macroalgae species dominated during spring survey, including Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘D’), and Cladophora colabensis (abundance ‘F’). Under large thallus of green algae, all the others algae occurred. The abundance of Blidingia minima, Bryopsis hypnoides, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Chaetomorpha indica, Chondria dasyphylla, Chroodactylon ornatum, Hypnea cornuta, Palisada thuyoides, Polysiphonia brodiei, Oscillatoria sp., and Lyngbia sp. was assessed as ‘o’. The abundance of Hypnea valentiae, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva prolifera, Caulerpa sertularioides, Feldmannia irregularis, Polysiphonia platycarpa, Sahlingia subintegra, and Ulva reticulata was assessed as ‘R’. In January, 2013, five samples were collected and one species of macroalgae was recorded only from the winter samples. At the upper intertidal zone, some stones and the edges of the rocks were covered by young algae of Ulva flexuosa, not more than 1 cm in height. At the middle and low intertidal zones, the algal vegetation by germs of Ulva flexuosa and diatoms occurred on several hard substrata (Plate 75 f). On the artificial substratum (polyethylene ropes), the alga Ulva flexuosa reached 5-7 cm in height. The abundance of Ulva flexuosa was assessed as ‘F’. b c d f e Plate 74. General view of the intertidal zone at West Doha during low tide. Plate 75. West Doha area: a – general view of the intertidal zone during low tide in spring with green vegetation of Ulva spp.; b, e – stones at the low intertidal zone in spring covered by Ulva spp.; c, d – the plants of Ulva lactuca in spring; f – small sizes of Ulva flexuosa on the sandy stone in winter. 92 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 93 Doha port Area East Doha Area The upper intertidal zone at Doha port was investigated (Plate 76 a), and macroalgae samples were collected on the 8th of January 2013. The bottom sediment was characterized by the presence of scattering medium and small stones. Small stones, shells of mollusks and shells of dead barnacles were observed between medium stones. Some medium-sized stones were covered by the green algae Ulva flexuosa not more than 2-3 mm in height (Plate 76 b, c). The same alga has grown on the shells of dead barnacles, but with a height of about 0.5-1 cm (Plate 76 d). Abundance of Ulva flexuosa on stones was assessed as ‘o’; while the abundance was ‘F’ on the shells of the dead barnacles. The shore of Kuwait Bay within East Doha area was sampled at two sites (Plates 77-80) in March and December 2012. At Site 1 (Plates 78, 79), sampling of the intertidal zone and upper part of the subtidal zone was carried out on the 22nd of March and 5th of December 2012. At this site, 31 samples were collected and 29 species were recorded. At the intertidal zone, sand, muddy sand, stones, shells, aggregations of oyster together with polychaetes and different artificial substrata were observed. In spring, 16 samples were collected and 17 species were recorded. At the upper intertidal zone, the green algae Ulva flexuosa and Ulva lactuca dominated (abundance ‘D’) and Cladophora colabensis was very common (abundance ‘A’) on the hard substrata (Plate 78). At the middle intertidal zone, the brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa dominated (abundance ‘A’), and the green alga Cladophora colabensis and the red alga Hypnea cornuta were very common (abundance ‘F’) (Plate 79). At the middle and low intertidal zones, Blidingia minima, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Chondria dasyphylla and Chroodactylon ornatum occurred (abundance ‘o’). Within the upper subtidal zone, the red algae Gelidium crinale and Polysiphonia platycarpa were observed growing on the tops of the stones (abundance ‘o’ or ‘F’) grew, whereas on the base of these stones, Cladophora colabensis and Hypnea cornuta grew (abundance ‘F’). Abundance of Cladophora sericioides, Ulva intestinalis, and Ulva rigida was assessed as ‘R’. In winter, 15 samples were collected and 18 species were recorded. The algal vegetation by only small plants or germs occurred on several hard substrata. The thin green cover on the inorganic and organic hard substrata was actually a layer of tiny algae Chaetomorpha indica (abundance ‘o’) and germs of Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’). Under the mud layer turf, small red algae frequently formed thin cover on hard substrata at the site. These were Gelidium pusillum and Polysiphonia platycarpa (abundance ‘o’). Red cortical algae Peyssonnelia simulans occurred occasionally on the stones. On the artificial substrata, Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’), Rhizoclonium tortuosum (abundance ‘R’), and Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae (abundance ‘R’) occurred. At the upper subtidal zone on hard substrata, Padina gymnospora and Feldmannia mitcheliae occasionally occurred. At Site 2 (Plates 77, 80), sampling of the intertidal zone and upper part of the subtidal zone was carried out on 22nd March 2012. At this site, 4 samples were collected and 11 species were recorded. At the intertidal zone, sand, muddy sand and flat rocks were observed. Rich vegetation of green and blue-green algae was found. The abundance of the green algae Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa, as well as the blue-green algae Lyngbya sp. and Oscillatoria sp. was assessed as ‘D’ or ‘A’. The abundance of Ulva prolifera and Blidingia minima was ‘o’ or ‘R’. Among green algae, some species of red algae were found, including Hypnea cornuta, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Chondria dasyphylla and Chroodactylon ornatum (abundance ‘o’), and Champia parvula (abundance ‘R’). b a c d Plate 76. Doha Port area: a – general view of the intertidal zone during low tide; b – stones in the upper intertidal zone covered with green layer; c, d – Ulva flexuosa on the stone (c) and shells of dead barnacles (d). Plate 77. General view of the intertidal zone at East Doha (Site 2) during low tide. 94 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 95 a a c b b c d d e e f g h Plate 78. East Doha, Area 1 in spring: a – general view of the intertidal zone during low tide; b – stones in the upper intertidal zone covered with green vegetation; c – Cladophora colabensis and Ulva flexuosa in the upper intertidal zone; d, e – Ulva spp. in the upper intertidal zone. Plate 79. East Doha, Area 1: a – general view of the middle intertidal zone during low tide in spring; b – abundant brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa in the middle intertidal zone; c – general view of the algal vegetation in the middle intertidal zone; d – Cladophora colabensis and Hypnea cornuta in the middle intertidal zone; e – Iyengaria stellata in the low intertidal zone; f, g – the turf of small red algae on the stone under mud layer; h – Cladophora colabensis and Hypnea cornuta in the base of stones in the upper subtidal zone. 96 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 97 a b c Shuwaikh Area The shore of Kuwait Bay within Shuwaikh area was sampled at two sites (Plates 81 and 82) in March 2012 and January 2013. At Site 1, sampling of the upper and middle intertidal zones was carried out on the 29th of March, 2012. At this site, 8 samples were collected and 11 species were recorded. The upper intertidal zone was composed of sandy sediments, whereas muddy sediments prevailed at the middle and low intertidal levels. At the upper intertidal zone, Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa were recorded frequently (Plate 82 e-g). The abundance of Cladophora colabensis, Chroodactylon ornatum and Blidingia minima was assessed as ‘o’, and the abundance of Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora sericioides, Sargassum angustifolium and Sargassum boveanum occurred rarely (‘R’). In the gutter of liquid-waste drain at the upper intertidal zone, Ulva flexuosa, Ulva lactuca, Cladophora colabensis and Chroodactylon ornatum were found. Their abundance was assessed as ‘R’. At the middle tidal zone, the blue-green algae Oscillatoria sp. and Lyngbya sp. were recorded frequently (Plate 82 b-d); Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa occurred occasionally (‘o’). At Site 2 (Plate 81), sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on the 3rd of January, 2013. At this site, 14 samples were collected and 18 species were recorded. The bottom sediment was composed of muddy sands with numerous small and medium stones. There were tidal pools and creeks at this site. At the upper tidal zone, Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’) and Feldmannia mitchelliae (abundance ‘o’) were recorded. At the middle tidal zone, young macroalgae were found, including Ulva flexuosa, Ulva intestinalis, Feldmannia mitchelliae, Polysiphonia platycarpa, Chaetomorpha indica, Hypnea cornuta and Gelidium crinale (abundance ‘o’), and Vaucheria piloboloides and Pneophyllum fragile (abundance ‘R’). Sargassum angustifolium (‘R’) was recorded as floating thallus. At the low intertidal zone, the yellow-green alga Vaucheria piloboloides dominated (Plate 82 i). The abundance of Ulva flexuosa, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Feldmannia mitchellia was assessed as ‘F’. Cladophora colabensis, Ulva lactuca, Polysiphonia platycarpa, Chroodactylon ornatum and Erythrotrichia carnea occurred occasionally (abundance ‘o’), and Polysiphonia coacta, Ulva intestinalis, Pneophyllum fragile and Ulva clathrata were recorded as ‘R’. Additionally, Sargassum boveanum (abundance ‘R’) was recorded as floating thallus. d Plate 80. East Doha, Site 2: a, b – general view of the intertidal zone with vegetation of green and blue-green algae during low tide; c – Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa; d – Ulva lactuca, Ulva flexuosa and Hypnea cornuta. Plate 81. General view of Shuwaikh Beach (Site 2). 98 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 99 Dhiafa Village Area, Arabian Gulf Street (Kuwait Towers) b c a Sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on 14th of March, 2012 (Plate 83). At this site, 2 samples were collected and 17 species were recorded. The bottom sediments were composed of sand. The algae were found as washed up on the beach (Plate 83 c). The abundance of Ulva lactuca and Ulva prolifera was assessed as ‘F’. Bryopsis plumosa, Colpomenia sinuosa, Erythrotrichia carnea, Iyengaria stellata, Polysiphonia brodiei and Ulva flexuosa occurred occasionally (abundance ‘o’), and Ceramium luetzelburgii, Chaetomorpha linum, Chondria dasyphylla, Cladophora coelothrix, Cladophora colabensis, Cladophora nitellopsis, Feldmannia irregularis, Feldmannia mitchelliae and Sargassum angustifolium were rarely observed (abundance ‘R’). a d e f g h i b Plate 82. Shuwaikh area, Sites 1 and 2: a – general view of the middle and low intertidal zones at Site 1; b – dry mud around mangrove trees with slides of blue-green algae; c – Oscillatoria sp.; d – Lyngbya sp.; e – Ulva lactuca and blue-green algae on the mud surface in the upper intertidal zone; f – Ulva flexuosa and Cladophora colabensis on the mud surface in the upper intertidal zone; g – Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa washed up on the beach; h – general view of the algal vegetation in the middle intertidal zone at Site 2; i – sediment surface covered with abundant Vaucheria piloboloides in the low intertidal zone. 100 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E c Plate 83. Dhiafa Village area (Kuwait Towers): a, b – general view of the beach during low tide; c – algae washed up on the beach. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 101 Beach near Café Le Notre, Arabian Gulf Street Beach near “Turtle Island” and restaurant “Carinos”, Arabian Gulf Street Sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on 14th of March, 2012 (Plate 84). At this site, 3 samples were collected and 9 species were recorded. The bottom sediments were composed of sand. The algae were found as washed up on the beach (Plate 84 b). The abundance of Ulva flexuosa was assessed as ‘F’. Ulva lactuca, Cladophora colabensis, and Ulva prolifera occurred occasionally (‘o’), and Chondria dasyphylla, Cladophora nitellopsis, Rhizoclonium riparium, Rhizoclonium tortuosum, and Sargassum angustifolium were observed rarely (‘R’). The intertidal zone was sampled on 14th of March, 2012 (Plate 85). At this site, 4 samples were collected and 19 species were recorded. The bottom sediments were composed of sand. The algae were found as washed up on the beach (Plate 85 a, b). The heaps of washed algae mainly consist of Ulva flexuosa and Ulva lactuca (abundance ‘D’) (Plate 85 b, c). Cladophora nitellopsis, Colpomenia sinuosa, Chroodactylon ornatum and Erythrotrichia carnea occurred frequently (abundance ‘F’). The abundance of Bryopsis plumosa, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Feldmannia irregularis, Hypnea valentiae, Palisada thuyoides, Polysiphonia brodiei and Ulva rigida was assessed as ‘o’. Chaetomorpha indica, Halodule uninervis, Herposiphonia dendroidea, Polysiphonia coacta, Polysiphonia platycarpa, Sargassum angustifolium were rarely observed (‘R’). a a b b c Plate 84. Beach near Café Le Notre: a – general view of the beach during low tide; b – algae washed up on the beach. Plate 85. Beach near “Turtle Island” and restaurant “Carinos”: a – general view of the beach during low tide; b – a mass of green algae (Ulva flexuosa and Ulva lactuca) washed up on the beach; c – view of the thallus of Ulva flexuosa on the sandy beach. 102 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 103 Salmiya Area b a The intertidal zone was sampled in March, November and December, 2012 (Plates 86-88). At this site, 16 samples were collected and 22 species were recorded. In spring, sampling of the tidal zone was carried out on the 12th and 26th of March, 2012. A total of 8 samples were collected and 14 species were recorded. The old reef and numerous stones were investigated within the intertidal zone. At the upper intertidal zone, Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’) and Feldmannia mitchelliae (abundance ‘o’) were observed (Plate 87 b, c). At the middle intertidal zone, a lot of green algae were found (Plate 87 e), including Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘A’) and Cladophora nitellopsis (abundance ‘F’). The abundance of Ulva lactuca, Feldmannia mitchelliae and Erythrotrichia carnea was assessed as ‘o’, whereas Colpomenia sinuosa, Hypnea cornuta, Cladophora sericioides, Chaetomorpha indica, Ceramium luetzelburgii, and Bryopsis plumosa occurred rarely (‘R’). At the low zone, Ulva flexuosa dominated (‘D’ or ‘A’), Iyengaria stellata was either abundant or frequently occurred (‘A’ or ‘F’) (Plate 87 d), and Padina boryana and Blidingia minima were commonly observed as well (‘F’). In the autumn and winter, the intertidal zone was sampled on the 20th of November and on the 5th and th 30 of December, 2012. A total of 8 samples were collected and 13 species were recorded. In autumn, the beginning of tidal vegetation development was observed. On the old reef at Salmiya beach, very small size of algae – germs of the green alga Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘o’), red alga Gelidium pusillum (‘o’), and cortical red alga Pneophyllum fragile (‘R’), and Peyssonnelia simulans (‘R’) were found. The concrete barriers at the site were covered by clusters of Balanus, on which another species of the red alga Gelidium – Gelidium crinale (abundance ‘o’) grew. The sandy beach was without vegetation. Several thalli of Padina gymnospora (abundance ‘R’) that were washed up on the beach were recorded. In late December, several species of brown algae appeared on the old reef. Filamentous alga Feldmannia mitchelliae (abundance ‘o’ or ‘F’) formed relatively large concentrations on the middle and low intertidal zone (Plate 88 b). Additionally, numerous Padina boryana (abundance ‘F’ or ‘A’) were observed in the tide pools of middle intertidal zone (Plate 88 c). This species was observed only in this locality in December, January, and also in spring. In late December, germs of two species of brown algae Colpomenia sinuosa and Iyengaria stellata appeared, the abundance of which could be assessed as ‘o’. c d e Plate 87. Salmiya area: a - general view of the upper and middle intertidal zones during low tide; b – view of the upper tidal zone with numerous stones; c – the stones covered by Ulva flexuosa and Feldmannia mitchelliae in the upper intertidal zone; d – green color cover of Ulva flexuosa on reef’s surface and abundant thalli of Iyengaria stellata in the low intertidal zone; e - Ulva flexuosa and Feldmannia mitchelliae in the middle intertidal zone. Plate 86. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide at Salmiya area. 104 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 105 b a Al-Bidaa Area The intertidal zone of Al-Bidaa area was sampled on the 12th of March, 2012. A total of 3 samples were collected and 16 species were recorded. The old reef and numerous stones were investigated (Plate 89). At the upper intertidal zone, small plants of Chaetomorpha indica and Ulva flexuosa were found. Their abundance was assessed as ‘o’ (Plate 89 a-c). At the middle and low intertidal zones, Ulva lactuca, Ulva flexuosa, Iyengaria stellata and Feldmannia mitchelliae occurred frequently (‘F’) (Plate 89 d-e). The abundance of Gelidium crinale, Cladophora nitellopsis Chroodactylon ornatum, Erythrotrichia carnea was assessed as ‘o’, whereas Colpomenia sinuosa, Sphacelaria tribuloides, Bryopsis plumosa, Polysiphonia kampsaxii, Herposiphonia dendroidea, Centroceras clavulatum, and Sahlingia subintegra were rare (‘R’). a c b c d Plate 88. Salmiya area: a – green color cover of Ulva flexuosa on reef’s surface in the low intertidal zone; b – the bundles of filamentous brown algae Feldmannia mitchelliae in the low intertidal zone; c – the brown alga Padina boryana in pools of middle intertidal zone. 106 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E e Plate 89. Al-Bidaa area: a - general view of the upper intertidal zones during low tide; b – the stones covered by green algae in the upper intertidal zone; c – the small plants of Ulva flexuosa on the barnacles in the upper intertidal zone; d – the stones covered by Ulva flexuosa and Ulva lactuca in the middle intertidal zone; e – Feldmannia mitchelliae, Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa growing in the middle intertidal zone. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 107 Salwa Area b a Rocky and sandy Enjefa Beach within Salwa area was sampled on the 7th of January, 2013 (Plates 90 and 91). Six samples were collected and 6 species were recorded. Sampling area was examined at three sites, including breakwater's stones (Site 1), stony intertidal zone (Site 2), and rocky intertidal zone (Site 3). At Site 1, the coating on the stones of breakwater was formed by blue-green algae Lyngbya sp., and Calothrix sp. (abundance ‘F’) (Plate 91 a). The green alga Ulva flexuosa was less common (abundance ‘R’ or ‘o’); it was recorded on the stones and artificial substrata. At Site 2 within the upper intertidal zone, the green coating of the stones was due to presence of young Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’), which were 2-3 mm in height (Plate 91 c), and Chaetomorpha indica (abundance ‘R’). At the middle tidal zone, Ulva flexuosa was recorded as well (abundance ‘F’) (Plate 91 d, e) together with Iyengaria stellata (abundance ‘R’). Within the low intertidal zone, gently sloping reef is located. Three species of macroalgae were recorded here, including young Ulva flexuosa (‘F’) and Chaetomorpha indica (‘R’) that were not more than 1 mm in height. On vertical edges of the rocks, Gelidium crinale was found (‘o’) (Plate 91 f). At Site 3, the rocky shore was surveyed. The surface of the rocks was covered by blue-green coating composed mainly of Lyngbya sp. and Calothrix sp. (Plate 91 b, g). However, within the tide pools on upper surface of the rocks Ulva flexuosa was found (abundance ‘o’) that reached up to 10 cm in height, whereas this alga was not more than 1 mm in height in the crevices of the dry rocks (Plate 91 h). c d f e g h Plate 90. General view of the beach at Salwa area. Plate 91. Salwa area: a, b – breakwater’s stones (a) and rocky shore (b) coated with blue-green film in the low intertidal zone; c – numerous stones coated with green film in the upper intertidal zone; d, e – young Ulva flexuosa on the stones in the middle intertidal zone; f – the red alga Gelidium crinale on the rock in the low intertidal zone; g – the tidal pools on the rocky shore with blue-green algae and diatoms; h – Ulva flexuosa in the crevices of the rock. 108 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 109 Fintas Beach Finaitis Area Sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on the 31st of December, 2012. At this site, 4 samples were collected, and 8 species were recorded. At the stony intertidal zone (Plate 92 a), 2 species of green algae were recorded (Plate 92 b, c), including Ulva flexuosa (abundance ‘F’) and Chaetomorpha indica (abundance ‘R’). On the old dead coral Chaetomorpha indica, Ulva flexuosa and Cladophora koeiei were found. The blue-green alga Lyngbya sp. (abundance ‘R’) was recorded together with the green alga Cladophora koeiei. On the sandy beach (Plate 93 d), beach washed-up algae of Padina gymnospora (Plate 92 f), Sargassum angustifolium, Sargassum aquifolium (Plate 92 e) and Sargassum boveanum were observed. Their abundance was assessed as ‘R’. Sampling of the intertidal zone within Finaitis area was carried out on the 4th of April, 2012. At this site, 8 samples were collected and 27 species were recorded. The intertidal sediments were composed of sand at the upper intertidal zone, while the flat rock was located at the middle and low intertidal levels (Plates 93 and 94). The five species of attached algae were found on the rocks only (Plate 94 b). The abundance of Ulva flexuosa, Chaetomorpha aerea and Cladophora sericioides was assessed as ‘o’, whereas Gelidium crinale and Cladophora koeiei occurred rarely (‘R’). Numerous algae were found as washed-up on the beach (Plate 94 e). The abundance of Sargassum angustifolium, Sargassum boveanum, Colpomenia sinuosa, Chroodactylon ornatum and Erythrotrichia carnea was estimated as ‘F’. Sargassum asperifolium, Cladosiphon occidentalis, Hypnea cornuta, Iyengaria stellata, Sphacelaria rigidula, Ceramium luetzelburgii, Feldmannia irregularis, Feldmannia mitchelliae, Myriactula arabica and Sahlingia subintegra were found occasionally (‘o’). Cladophora coelothrix, Ulva clathrata, Ulva intestinalis, Ulva prolifera, Rhizoclonium riparium, Rhizoclonium tortuosum and Acrochaetium savianum were rare (‘R’). a d b e c f Plate 92. Fintas area: a – general view of the stony intertidal area; b – the stones covered by green algae in the low intertidal zone; c – young Ulva flexuosa on the stones from the low intertidal zone; d – general view of the sandy seashore; e, f – beach washed-up algae of Sargassum aquifolium (e) and Padina gymnospora (f) were collected. 110 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate 93. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide at Finaitis area. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 111 a Julai’a Area Sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on the 4th of April, 2012 (Plates 95 and 96). At this site, 6 samples were collected and 16 species were recorded. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of sand with flat rocks at the low intertidal level. At the low intertidal zone, three species of macroalgae grew, including Cladophora sericioides that dominated the site (Plate 96 b, c), and the two algae, Canistrocarpus cervicornis and Polysiphonia denudata (abundance ‘o’). Some algae were found as washed-up on the sandy beach (Plate 96 d, e). The abundance of Colpomenia sinuosa, Chroodactylon ornatum and Erythrotrichia carnea was assessed as ‘F’; Ceramium luetzelburgii, Chondria dasyphylla, Cladophora colabensis, Feldmannia irregularis, Polysiphonia coacta and Sargassum angustifolium were occasionally recorded (‘o’), and Chaetomorpha linum, Dictyota implexa, Sphacelaria tribuloides and Ulva prolifera were rare (‘R’). In addition seagrass Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis and macroalgae Padina tetrastromatica, Hormophysa cuneiformis, Sargassum aquifolium, Sirophysalis trinodis were found as washed-up on the beach in mid-November, 2012 (Dr. M. Saburova, KISR, personal communication). b d c e Plate 95. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide at Julai’a area. Plate 94. Finaitis area: a – general view of the intertidal zone; b – the stones covered by green algae in the low intertidal zone; c, d – the stones covered by green alga Ulva flexuosa (c) and brown alga Iyengaria stellata covered by Ulva flexuosa (d) in the middle intertidal zone; e – Sargassum angustifolium washed-up on the beach. 112 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 113 a Bnaider Area Sampling of the intertidal zone within Bnaider area was carried out on the 4th of April, 2012 (Plates 97 and 98). At this site, 6 samples were collected and 21 species were recorded. The intertidal sediments were composed of sand. At this area, the algae were found as washed-up on the beach (Plate 98). Sargassum angustifolium was most abundant (‘A’); Colpomenia sinuosa and Hydrolithon farinosum were frequently found (‘F’), and the abundance of Gayliella flaccida, Hypnea cornuta and Sargassum boveanum was assessed as ‘F’ or ‘o’, the abundance of Chondria dasyphylla, Cladophora colabensis, Cladosiphon occidentalis, Feldmannia mitchelliae, Myriactula arabica, Palisada perforata, Palisada thuyoides and Sargassum asperifolium was recorded as ‘o’, the abundance of Jania pumila and Ulva prolifera was assessed as ‘o’ or ‘R’, and Chaetomorpha linum, Cladophora sericioides, Dictyota implexa, Myrionema orbiculare and Sphacelaria rigidula were rarely found (‘R’). The aggregations of Sargassum’s pneumocysts were quite common as washed-up on the beach algae. b d c e Plate 97. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide at Bnaider area. Plate 96. Julai’a area: a – general view of the seashore at Julai’a area; b – view of the low intertidal zone; c – Cladophora sericioides on the rock in the low intertidal zone; d, e – washed-up on the beach thalli (d) and pneumocysts (e) of Sargassum spp. 114 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 115 a b Khiran Area Sampling of the intertidal zone was carried out on the 25th of November, 2012. At this site, 6 samples were collected and 14 species were recorded. The intertidal sediments were composed of sand. In the small semi-enclosed lagoon (Plate 99), five species of macroalgae were recorded as washed-up algae on the beach. The abundance of Sargassum aquifolium and Cladophora sp. was assessed as ‘F’, while Chondria dasyphylla, Sphacelaria rigidula and Chaetomorpha sp. were occasionally found (‘o’). The floating and washed-up on the beach algae were collected on the seashore near lagoon (Plate 100). Sirophysalis trinodis (abundance ‘F’), Hormophysa cuneiformis, Padina tetrastromatica, Sargassopsis decurrens (abundance ‘o’) and Polycladia myrica (abundance ‘R’) were found as washed-up algae on the beach. Sargassum aquifolium, Sargassum oligocystum, Sirophysalis trinodis (abundance ‘F’) and Padina tetrastromatica (abundance ‘o’) were collected as floating algae in the nearshore waters. Hydrolithon farinosum (abundance ‘F’) and Jania pumila (abundance ‘o’) were found as epiphytes of Sargassum spp. At the upper subtidal zone, small patch of the seagrass Halodule uninervis (abundance ‘o’) was recorded. Additionally, Acetabularia caliculus was recorded in March, 2013, and Caulerpa sertularioides was observed in June, 2013 at this area (collectors: Drs. I. Polikarpov and M. Saburova, KISR). c d e Plate 98. Bnaider area: a, b – mass of macroalgae floating in near shore water and washing up on the beach; c-e – thalli of Sargassum spp. (c, d) and Palisada spp. (e) washed-up on the beach. Plate 99. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide in semi-enclosed lagoon at Khiran area. 116 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 117 b d a Nuwaiseeb Area c The intertidal and upper subtidal zones were sampled on the 28th of November, 2012 (Plates 101 and 102). The upper subtidal zones were examined by snorkeling. The bottom sediment of the intertidal zone was composed of sand and locally scattered rocks. At this site 5 samples were collected and 22 species were recorded. The algal vegetation was not observed at the intertidal zone. The upper subtidal zone was very shallow, and a large percentage of it (several hundred meters far from shore as well as of the area along the shore) was composed of muddy sand. On such type of bottom sediment, some separate patches of the seagrass Halodule uninervis (diameter of the patches is about 1-1.5 m) were found (Plate 102 c). The distance between the patches was about 2-4 m. Halodule was small in size and not more than 5 cm in height. Halodule patches hold layers of 3-cm thickness of detached bushy calcareous red algae Jania pumila. In addition, inside the layers of Jania, small red algae Chondria dasyphylla, Spyridia filamentosa, and green algae Chaetomorpha crassa, and Rhizoclonium tortuosum were recorded. At the subtidal zone, large brown algae such as Sargassum oligocystum, Sargassum aquifolium, Padina tetrastromatica and Sirophysalis trinodis were found, as they were seen washed-up on the beach. Additionally, Hydrolithon farinosum (abundance ‘F’), Chaetomorpha indica, Feldmannia irregularis, Cladophora sp. and Gayliella flaccida (‘o’), Polysiphonia coacta, Rhizoclonium riparium and Sphacelaria rigidula (‘o’ or ‘R’), and Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, Herposiphonia dendroidea, Hormophysa cuneiformis and Cladophora herpestica (‘R’) were recorded at this area. e Plate 100. Khiran area: a – view of the seashore during low tide; b – floating thallus of Sargassum aquifolium in nearshore water; c – thalli of Sirophysalis trinodis washed-up on the beach, d – thallus of Sargassum aquifolium washed-up on the beach; e – remains of a reeds washed-up on the beach. 118 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate 101. General view of the intertidal zone during low tide at Nuwaiseeb area. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 119 a Kubbar Island The sampling at Kubbar Island was carried out on the 2nd of December, 2012 (Plates 103 and 104). The intertidal and upper subtidal zones (by plunging to depth of 4-5 m) were examined. The offshore coral islands of Kuwait have specific biotopes, and therefore, specific vegetation. Exploration of the intertidal area of Kubbar Island showed that crevices and tidal pools in the rocks at the intertidal zone contained tufts of small red and blue-green algae (Plate 104 d-f). At the upper subtidal zone short tufts of two species of brown algae Shacelaria and some species of red cortical algae were seen on the corals, rocks, and shells. Additionally, large brown algae such as Sargassum aquifolium, Sargassum boveanum, Sargassum fluitans and Sirophysalis trinodis were observed as washed-up algae on the beach. b c Plate 102. Nuwaiseeb area: a – view of the seashore during low tide; b – floating thallus of Sargassum oligocystum in nearshore water; c – patch of the seagrass Halodule uninervis in the upper subtidal zone. 120 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate 103. General view of the seashore at Kubbar Island. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 121 Qaru Island a Sampling at Qaru Island was carried out on the 1st of April (Plates 105 and 106). At this site, 6 samples were collected and 10 species were recorded. At the upper subtidal zone, the clusters of puffy brown seaweed Colpomenia sinuosa were abundant around Qaru Island and clearly visible through the water (Plate 106 a, b). Floating Feldmannia mitchelliae was abundant as well. Among the washed-up on the beach algae, 10 species were collected (Plate 106 c, d). The abundance of Sargassum boveanum, Colpomenia sinuosa and Feldmannia mitchelliae was as ‘F’, Peyssonnelia simulans and Sargassum angustifolium were occasionally recorded (‘o’), and Nemacystus decipiens, Sargassum oligocystum, Ulva prolifera, Acrochaetium bahreinii and Rhizoclonium riparium were rare (‘R’). a b d e c f b Plate 104. Kubbar Island: a - view of the sandy seashore; b, c – view of the rocky seashore; d – the tide pool in the low intertidal zone covered with tufts of the small red and blue-green algae; e, f – algae inhabiting the tidal pools: the red alga Gelidium crinale (e) and blue-green alga Calothrix sp. (f). Plate 105. Qaru Island: a – general view of Qaru Island; b – view of the sandy beach at Qaru Island. 122 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 123 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOFOULING ALGAL COMMUNITY IN SELECTED MARINAS a A qualitative survey of algae in biofouling communities was carried out at five marinas along Kuwait’s shore. The analysis of the species composition of algae is summarized in Table 3. In biofouling communities, the Grateloupia filicina, Ulva lactuca and dense tussock of Gelidium crinale were the largest and the most abundant algae that were observed during the study. Ulva flexuosa, Gelidium pusillum and Herposiphonia dendroidea occurred relatively frequently, however, their abundance was assessed as ‘o’. The rest of the biofouling algae occurred rarely. Members of biofouling communities such as Cladophora herbestica, Peyssonnelia simulans, Heterosiphonia crispella, Polysiphonia coacta, Polysiphonia denudata, Feldmannia mitchelliae, and Lyngbia aestuarii were quite typical inhabitants of the marina’s plastic mooring piers. The red algae were the most diverse; while the brown and the blue-green algae have the least species diversity. Table 3. Algal Abundance (F, O, R) in Different Selected Marinas as Biofoulers b c d Plate 106. Qaru Island: a – general view of the subtidal zone showing numerous clusters of the corals; b – clusters of Calpomenia sinuosa on the dead underwater corals; c, d – washed-up algae on the beach. 124 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Souq Sharq Marina Bnaid Al-Qar Marina Al-Sha’ab Marina KISR Salmiya Marina Rescue Center Marina R R R O - R - R R R R O F R - R O F R R R - F O F O - R R R R R - R F F R R R R R R - R - - R - Blue-green algae Lyngbia aestuarii Oscillatoria sp. R - - R - - R Number of species 9 1 12 6 13 Species Green algae Chaetomorpha indica Cladophora herbestica Cladophora nitellopsis Cladophora sp. (juvenile) Ulva flexuosa Ulva lactuca Red algae Acrochaetium sp. (sterile) Ceramium luetzelburgii Gelidium crinale Gelidium pusillum Grateloupia filicina Herposiphonia dendroidea Heterosiphonia crispella Hypnea valentiae Peyssonnelia simulans Polysiphonia coacta Polysiphonia denudata Brown algae Feldmannia mitchelliae Sphacelaria sp. (sterile) K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 125 a b a c b c d d e Plate 107. Biofouling macroalgal communities: a, b – fouling zones on the plastic piers (arrows); с-e – biofouling communities dominated by Hypnea spp. and Ulva spp. (c), Cladophora spp. and Ulva spp. (d), and Ulva spp. and Grateloupia filicina (e). 126 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E f e Plate 108. Biofouling macroalgal communities: a – biofouling composed of Cladophora spp., Hypnea spp., Ulva spp. and Grateloupia filicina; b – biofouling community dominated by Ulva spp. and red filamentous algae; c – rope covered by diatoms and green filamentous algae; d – biofouling community dominated by Cladophora spp. and Ulva spp.; e, f – biofouling composed of Ulva spp. and Grateloupia filicina. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 127 STUDY OF THE EPIPHYTIC ALGAE REFERENCES Totally, 11 species of epiphytes were found among the collected macroalgae: 7 species were red algae, 2 species were brown algae, and 2 were green algae. Algae could be obligate and facultative epiphytes. Obligate epiphytes grow on organic substrata on plants or on chitin covers of the marine invertebrates (epizoophyte). Only 3 algal species were obligate but not species-specific epiphytes of other algae. These were red microscopic algae, including two species that were filamentous and one species, which was cortical alga. Abdel-Kareem, M.S.M. 2009. Phenetic Studies and New Records of Sargassum Species (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia. Acad. J. Plant Sci. 2(3): 174-181. Chroodactylon ornatum had branched uniseriate thallus, 0.5 mm in height. It was recorded on green filamentous algae Cladophora that have grown on corals in the subtidal zone at a depth of 2 m at Kubbar Island area in early December, 2012. Erythrotrichia carnea had simple uniseriate thallus, 0.5 mm in height. It was recorded on the brown fan-shaped alga Padina gymnospora, which was washed up on Salmiya beach in late November, 2012, and on germs of ballshaped brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa that has grown on rocks in the upper subtidal zone at depth of 0.5 m in early December, 2012. Hydrolithon farinosum had cortical calcareous thallus, 2-5 mm in diameter. It was observed on blades of the large brown algae Sargassum aquifolium and Sargassum fluitans, on uniserial green alga Chaetomorpha crassa, on the seagrass Halodule uninervis at Khiran area, Nuwaiseeb area and at Kubbar Island area, and on germs of brown alga Colpomenia sinuosa at East Doha in late November and in early December, 2012. The rest of the species are facultative epiphytes, which grew both on inorganic and organic substrata. Red alga Bangia atropurpurea had gelatinous, unbranched, blackish-purple filaments, at first uniseriate, but later multiseriate, 0.5-2 cm in diameter. It was recorded on the brown multiseriate alga Sphacelaria novaehollandiae at Kubbar Island area and East Doha in early December, 2012. Red alga Centroceras clavulatum had multiseriate segmented thallus. It was recorded on Cladophora at Kubbar Island area in early December, 2012. Green alga Chaetomorpha sp. had uniseriate thallus 1 cm in length. It was recorded on the brown multiseriate alga Sphacelaria rigidula at Kubbar Island area in early December, 2012. Brown alga Feldmannia irregularis had branched uniseriate thallus, 0.5-7 cm in height. It was recorded on brown multiseriate alga Sphacelaria rigidula at Nuwaiseeb area in late November, 2012. Green alga Ulva flexuosa had branched tubular thallus, 10 cm in height. It was recorded on Chaetomorpha indica, which grows on rocks at the intertidal zone at East Doha in early December, 2012. Red alga Jania pumila had calcareous segmented thallus, 2-3 cm in height. It was recorded on large brown algae Sirophysalis trinodis at Nuwaiseeb area in late November, 2012. Brown alga Sphacelaria rigidula had multiseriate branched thallus, 1 cm in height. It was recorded on the brown fanshaped alga Padina tetrastromatica, which was washed on the beach at Nuwaiseeb area in late November, 2012. Red alga Herposiphonia dendroidea had multiseriate branched thallus 1 cm in height. It was recorded on the red calcareous alga Jania pumila, which floated at shallow water at Nuwaiseeb area in late November, 2012. Al-Hasan, R. and W.E. Jones. 1989. Marine algal flora and seagrasses of the coast of Kuwait. J. Univ. Kuwait (Science) 16: 289-340. Atmadja, W.S. and W.F. Prud’homme van Reine. 2012. Checklist of the seaweed species biodiversity of Indonesia with their distribution and classification: Rhodophyceae. Ceklis keanekaragaman jenis rumput laut di Indonesia dengan sebaran dan klasifikasinya merah (Rhodophyceae). pp. [2], i-vi, 1-72. Jakarta: Coral Reef Information and Training Centre. Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Programme. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Al-Yamani, F.Y. and M. Saburova. 2010. Illustrated guide on the flagellates of Kuwait’s intertidal soft sediments. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Publisher). ISBN 978-99906-95-04-5. Al-Yamani, F.Y.; J.M. Bishop; E. Ramadhan; M. Al-Husaini and A. Al-Ghadban. 2004. Oceanographic Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters. Kuwait: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, pp. 145-202. Al-Yamani, F.; J. Bishop; M. Al-Husaini; A.N. Al-Ghadban; M. Behbehani; S. Rao; N. Khan; M. Salman; M. Abdel Jawad; M. Al-Attar; K. Al-Rifaie; A. Al-Ghunaim; W. Ismail; A. Lennox and M. Al-Tabtibaie.. 2001. A Strategic Plan for Sustainable Utilization of Kuwait’s Marine Environment, Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, 40 pp. ISBN: 99906-30-00-3. Bakus, G.J. 2007. Quantitative Analysis of Marine Biological Communities. Field Biology and Environment. 435 p. Basson, P.W. 1979a. Marine algae of the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia (first half). Botanica Marina V(XXII): 47-64. Basson, P.W. 1979b. Marine algae of the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia (second half). Botanica Marina. V(XXII): 65-82. Basson, P.W. 1992. Checklist of marine algae of the Arabian Gulf. – J. Univ. Kuwait (Science) 19: 217-232. Basson, P.W.; J.E. Burchard, Jr.; J.T. Hadry; and A.R.G. Price. 1977. Biotopes of the Western Arabian Gulf. Marine life and environments of Saudi Arabia. Aramico Department of Loss Prevention and Environmental Affairs, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 284 p. Basson, P.W., S.A. Mohamed and D.K. Arora. 1989. A survey of the benthic marine algae of Bahrain. Botanica Marina 32: 27-40. Børgesen, F. 1939. Marine algae from the Iranian Gulf. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran 1: 47-141. Edited by K. Jessen and R. Sparck. Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard. De Clerck, O.; B. Gavio; S. Fredericq; E. Cocquyt; and E. Coppejans. 2005. Systematic reassessment of the red algal genus Phyllymenia (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 40: 169-178. Dethier, M.N., E.S. Graham, S. Cohen, and L.M. Tear. 1993. Visual versus random-point present cover estimation: “objective” is not always better. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96: 93-100. Endlicher, S.L. and C.M. Diesing. 1845. Enumeratio algarum, quas ad oram insulae Karek, sinus Persici, legit Theodorus Kotschy. Botanische Zeitung 3: 268-269. Guiry, M.D. and G.M. Guiry. 2013. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org. Hallacher, L.E. 2004. Underwater Sampling Techniques. Quest. March. Internet address: www.kmec.uhh.hawaii. edu/QUESTInfo. Heerebout, G.R. 1968. Studies on the Erythropeltidaceae (Rhophyceae - Bangiophycidae). Blumea 16: 139-157. 128 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 129 James, T. 2007. Running a biological recording scheme or survey. A handbook to help scheme or society administrators. Report. National Biodiversity Network. p. 61. Jones, D.A. 1986. A Field Guide to the Seashore of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf. UK: Blandford Press, 192 p. Kamel, B.S. 1981. Chemical composition of Arabian Gulf seaweeds. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaftlich über Technologie, 14(3):160-162. Krishnamurthy, V. and M. Baluswami. 2010. Phaeophyceae of India and neighbourhood Volume I Ectocarpales, Sphacelariales, Dictyotales, Chordariales and Scytosiphonales. I-VI. Chennai: Krishnamurthy Institute of Algology. McCune, B., J.B. Grace, and D.L. Urban. 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon. Mohammadi, M. and S.A. Asbchin. 2011. The Seaweeds of Persian Gulf: A Potential Sources of Mineral. World Appl. Sci. J. 14(1): 37-41. Newton, L.M. 1955. The marine algae of Kuwait. In The Wild Flowers of Kuwait and Bahrain. Edited by V. Dickson. London: Allen and Unwin, p. 100-102. Nizamuddin, M. and F. Gessner. 1970. The marine algae of northern part of the Arabian Sea and of The Persian Gulf. “Meteor”. Forschungs-Ergebnisse, Reihe D 6: 1-42. Price, A.R.G.; L.P.A. Vincent; A.J. Venkatachalam; J.J. Bolton and P.W. Basson. 2006. Concordance between different measures of biodiversity in Indian Ocean macroalgae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 319: 85–91. Ribera, M.A.; A. Gómez-Garreta; T. Gallardo; M. Cormaci; G. Furnari and G. Giaccone. 1992. Checklist of Mediterranean seaweeds. I. Fucophyceae (Warming 1884). Botanica Marina 35: 109-130. Sahoo, D., Nivedita and Debasish. 2001. Seaweeds of Indian Coast. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing. Silva, P.C., P.W. Basson and R.L. Moe. 1996. Catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79: 1-1259. Sohrabipour, J. and R. Rabii. 1999. A list of marine algae of seashores of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the Hormozgan province. Iranian Journal of Botany 8(1): 131-162. Stegenga, H., J.J. Bolton and R.J. Anderson. 1997. Seaweeds of the South African west coast. Cape Town: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. Stegenga, H., H.R. Engledow, J.J. Bolton and R.J. Anderson. 2001. The distribution of the family Erythropeltidaceae (Rhodophyta) along the temperate Southern African coast, with the description of Erythrotrichia platyphylla nov. spec. Nova Hedwigia 73(3-4), 367-379. Taskin, E.; M. Öztürk; O. Kurt and M. Öztürk. 2008. The checklist of the marine algae of Turkey. Manisa, Turkey: Ecem Kirtasiye, pp. [i-ii]-[1]-87. Trevor, J. 2007. Running a biological recording scheme or survey. A handbook to help scheme or society administrators // NBN Development Officer for National Societies & Recording Schemes. September 2007. West, J.A., J.L Scott, K.A. West, U. Karsten, S.L. Clayden and G.L. Saunders. 2008. Rhodachlya madagascarensis gen. et sp. nov.: a distinct acrochaetioid represents a new order and family (Rhodachlyales ord. nov., Rhodachlyaceae fam. nov.) of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 47: 203-212. Womersley, H.B.S. 1994. The marine benthic flora of southern Australia - Part IIIA - Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae (Acrochaetiales, Nemaliales, Gelidiales, Hildenbrandiales and Gigartinales sensu lato). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. ANNEX 1 LIST OF SPECIES ENCOUNTERED DURING SURVEY OF MACROALGAE ALONG KUWAIT’S COAST DURING MARCH-APRIL, 2012 AND NOVEMBER, 2012-JANUARY, 2013 Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Class Ulvophyceae order Bryopsidales Family Bryopsidaceae Genus Bryopsis Bryopsis hypnoides J.V. Lamouroux 1809 Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson 1778) C. Agardh 1823 (*) Family Caulerpaceae Genus Caulerpa Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin 1768) M.A. Howe 1905 Family Dichotomosiphonaceae Genus Avrainvillea Avrainvillea amadelpha (Montagne 1857) A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp 1908 order Cladophorales Family Cladophoraceae Genus Chaetomorpha Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn 1806) Kützing 1849 Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh 1824) Kützing 1845 Chaetomorpha indica (Kützing 1843) Kützing 1849 Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Müller 1778) Kützing 1845 Genus Cladophora Cladophora coelothrix Kützing 1843 Cladophora colabensis Børgesen 1935 Cladophora herpestica (Montagne 1842) Kützing 1849 Cladophora koeiei Børgesen 1939 Cladophora nitellopsis Børgesen 1939 Cladophora sericioides Børgesen 1939 Genus Rhizoclonium Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth 1806) Harvey 1849 Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn 1805) Kützing 1845 Family Pithophoraceae Genus Dictyosphaeria Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål 1775) Børgesen 1932 order Dasycladales Family Polyphysaceae Genus Acetabularia Acetabularia caliculus J.V. Lamouroux in Quoy & Gaimard 1924 order Ulvales Family Kornmanniaceae Genus Blidingia Blidingia minima (Nägeli ex Kützing 1849) Kylin 1947 Family Ulvaceae Genus Ulva Ulva clathrata (Roth 1806) C. Agardh 1811 Ulva flexuosa Wulfen 1803 Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus 1753 Ulva lactuca Linnaeus 1753 Ulva prolifera O.F. Müller 1778 Ulva reticulata Forsskål 1775 Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1823 Phylum RHODOPHYTA Subphylum Rhodellophytina Class Stylonematophyceae Order Stylonematales Family Stylonemataceae Genus Chroodactylon Chroodactylon ornatum (C. Agardh 1824) Basson 1979 Wynne, M.J. 2001. New records of benthic marine algae from the Sultanate of Oman, northern Arabian Sea. II. Nova Hedwigia 72: 347-374. 130 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 131 Subphylum Metarhodophytina Class Compsopogonophyceae Order Erythropeltidales Family Erythrotrichiaceae Genus Sahlingia Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge 1909) Kornmann 1989 (*) Genus Erythrotrichia Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn 1807) J. Agardh 1883 Subphylum Eurhodophytina Class Bangiophyceae Subclass Bangiophycidae order Bangiales Family Bangiaceae Genus Bangia Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth 1806) C. Agardh 1824 Class Florideophyceae Subclass Nemaliophycidae Order Acrochaetiales Family Acrochaetiaceae Genus Acrochaetium Acrochaetium bahreinii Børgesen 1939 Acrochaetium savianum (Meneghini 1840) Nägeli 1862 (*) Subclass Corallinophycidae order Corallinales Family Corallinaceae Subfamily Corallinoideae Tribe Janieae Genus Jania Jania pumila J.V. Lamouroux 1816 Subfamily Hydrolithoideae Genus Hydrolithon Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V. Lamouroux 1816) D. Penrose & Y.M. Chamberlain 1993 Subfamily Mastophoroideae Genus Pneophyllum Pneophyllum fragile Kützing 1843 Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae order Gelidiales Family Gelidiaceae Genus Gelidium Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner 1815) Gaillon 1828 Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse 1795) Le Jolis 1863 Order Halymeniales Family Halymeniaceae Genus Grateloupia Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Lamouroux 1813) C.Agardh 1822 (**) Order Gigartinales Family Cystocloniaceae Genus Hypnea Hypnea cornuta (Kützing 1849) J. Agardh 1851 Hypnea valentiae (Turner 1809) Montagne 1841 order Peyssonneliales Family Peyssonneliaceae Genus Peyssonnelia Peyssonnelia simulans Weber-van Bosse 1916 order Rhodymeniales Family Champiaceae Genus Champia Champia parvula (C.Agardh 1824) Harvey 1853 Order Ceramiales Family Ceramiaceae Subfamily Ceramioideae Tribe Ceramieae Genus Centroceras Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh 1822) Montagne 1846 Genus Ceramium Ceramium luetzelburgii O.C Schmidt 1924 132 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Genus Gayliella Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing 1862) T.O. Cho & L.J. McIvor 2008 Family Dasyaceae Subfamily Heterosiphonioideae Genus Heterosiphonia Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh 1828) M.J. Wynne 1985 Family Rhodomelaceae Tribe Herposiphonieae Genus Herposiphonia Herposiphonia dendroidea Hollenberg 1968 Tribe Chondrieae Genus Chondria Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward 1794) C. Agardh 1817 Tribe Laurencieae Genus Palisada Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent 1803) K.W. Nam 2007 Palisada thuyoides (Kützing 1865) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodríguez & M.T. Fujii 2009 Tribe Polysiphonieae Genus Polysiphonia Polysiphonia brodiei (Dillwyn 1809) Sprengel 1827 Polysiphonia coacta C.K. Tseng 1944 Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn 1809) Greville ex Harvey in Hooker 1833 Polysiphonia kampsaxii Børgesen 1934 Polysiphonia platycarpa Børgesen 1934 Family Spyridiaceae Tribe Spyrideae Genus Spyridia Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen 1803) Harvey 1833 Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Class Phaeophyceae order Ectocarpales Family Acinetosporaceae Genus Feldmannia Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing 1845) G. Hamel 1939 Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey 1852) H.-S. Kim 2010 Family Chordariaceae Genus Cladosiphon Cladosiphon occidentalis Kylin 1940 Genus Myriactula Myriactula arabica (Kützing 1858) Feldmann 1937 Genus Myrionema Myrionema orbiculare J. Agardh 1848 (**) Genus Nemacystus Nemacystus decipiens (Suringar 1872) Kuckuck 1929 Family Scytosiphonaceae Genus Colpomenia Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth 1806) Derbès & Solier 1851 Genus Iyengaria Iyengaria stellata (Børgesen 1928) Børgesen 1939 Order Sphacelariales Family Sphacelariaceae Genus Sphacelaria Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae Sonder 1845 Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing 1843 Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini 1840 order Dictyotales Family Dictyotaceae Tribe Dictyoteae Genus Canistrocarpus Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing 1859) De Paula & De Clerck 2006 Genus Dictyota Dictyota implexa (Desfontaines 1799) J.V. Lamouroux 1809 Tribe Zonarieae Genus Padina Padina boryana Thivy 1966 Padina gymnospora (Kützing 1859) Sonder 1871 Padina tetrastromatica Hauck 1887 order Fucales K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 133 Family Sargassaceae Genus Hormophysa Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F. Gmelin 1792) P.C. Silva 1987 Genus Polycladia Polycladia myrica (S.G. Gmelin 1768) Draima, Ballesteros, F. Rousseau & T. Thibaut 2010 Genus Sargassopsis Sargassopsis decurrens (R. Brown ex Turner 1811) Trevisan 1843 Genus Sargassum Sargassum angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 Sargassum aquifolium (Turner 1807) C. Agardh 1820 Sargassum asperifolium Hering & G.Martens ex J. Agardh 1848 Sargassum boveanum J. Agardh 1848 Sargassum fluitans (Børgesen 1914) Børgesen 1914 Sargassum oligocystum Montagne 1845 Genus Sirophysalis Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål 1775) Kützing 1849 Class Xanthophyceae Order Vaucheriales Family Vaucheriaceae Genus Vaucheria Vaucheria piloboloides Thuret 1854 Phylum TRACHEOPHYTA Subphylum Euphyllophytina Infraphylum Spermatophytae Superclass Angiospermae Class Monocots order Alismatales Family Cymodoceaceae Genus Halodule Halodule uninervis (Forsskål 1775) Asherson 1882 Family Hydrocharitaceae Genus Halophila Halophila ovalis (R. Brown 1810) J.D. Hooker 1858 Remarks: - A single asterisk (*) indicates that the species is the first record for Kuwait. - Two asterisks (**) indicate that the species is the first record for the Arabian Gulf. ANNEX 2 HERBARIUM Herbarium sheets for the collected macroalgal specimens were prepared. All herbarium specimens are recorded in an electronic database using MS Excel work sheet. Each row contains information about one specimen. Names of the taxonomical category were indicated in columns of the database tables (class, order, family, genus, and species). Date of sampling and ID-code were indicated in columns. Hence, each specimen has individual identification code (ID-code). In the future, if molecular taxonomy or chemical composition of the specimens were to be investigated, the specimen’s ID-code should be referred to. The ID-code for KISR’s herbarium specimens includes letter A, which designates Algae, and next five numbers refer to the individual number of each specimen. One hundred three herbarium sheets with specimens of 34 species were prepared. Specimens of green algae were prepared on 24 herbarium sheets. These samples were 9 species of 5 genera, of 5 families, 3 orders and 3 classes. Specimens of brown algae were prepared on 59 herbarium sheets. These samples consisted of 14 species of 9 genera, of 4 families, and 3 orders. Specimens of red algae were prepared on 16 herbarium sheets. These samples were 9 species of 6 genera, of 6 families, 5 orders, and 1 class. Specimens of sea grasses were prepared on 4 herbarium sheets. These samples were 2 species of 2 genera, of 2 families and 1 order. Photographs of herbarium sheets for each macroalgal species are included into this section (Plates A2-1 – A2-53). Rules of Filling Herbarium Labels The herbarium label should contain the following information:  Binomial name, including author(s).  Geographic area of collection (i.e. name of ocean: e.g. NW Indian Ocean, sea: The Arabian Gulf, State/ country: Kuwait, Island: Kubbar Island, etc.).  Where collected – exact locality (e.g.: Doha Port), including latitude, and longitude (if possible).  Depth or level in the tidal zone.  Specific ecological information: substratum type (lithophytes, epiphytes, epizoophytes), function in the association, abundance etc.  Collector; date of collection.  Identifier: Person who identified the specimen.  Identification code (ID-code). It is important to remember that the information gathered along with the specimen is just as important as the specimen itself. Example of Specimen Labeling: ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Coordinates KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf, NW Indian Ocean. 29⁰20'47''N; 48⁰06'04''E Habitat bio-fouling area Date 19.03.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Examiner & Identifier T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00001 Location The information about every specimen should be entered into an electronic database, where record of systematic position (phylum, class, order, family, genus, species), date of sampling and ID-code are included. 134 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 135 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Location Kuwait’s town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Kuwait’s town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49o10’’E Date 14.03.2012 Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Date 14.03.2012 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova ID code A00002 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00001 Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Location Plate A2-1. Herbarium specimen of Bryopsis plumosa, ID code: A00001. Plate A2-2. Herbarium specimen of Bryopsis plumosa, ID code: A00002. 136 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 137 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Location Salmiya KISR Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00011 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C.Agardh Location Salmiya KISR Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00012 Plate A2-3. Herbarium specimens of Bryopsis plumosa, ID codes: A00011, A00012. 138 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii (Weber-van Bosse) Borgesen Location Khiran Area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat subtidal zone, muddy sediments Date 03.07.2013 Collector I. Polikarpov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00103 Plate A2-4. Herbarium specimen of Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii, ID code: A00103. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 139 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Avrainvillea amadelpha (Montagne) A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Khiran Area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat subtidal zone, muddy sediments Date Collector 03.07.2013 I. Polikarpov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00104 Plate A2-5. Herbarium specimen of Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii, ID code: A00104. 140 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Qit’at Uraifjan, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o58’031.’N;48o12.438’E Habitat depth 7 m, coarse-grained sand Date May, 2012 Collector Dr. Shaker Alhazeem Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00053 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii (Weber-van Bosse) Børgesen Location Location ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Cladophora nitellopsis Børgesen Cladophora nitellopsis Borgesen Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’E Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’E Habitat bio-fouling Habitat bio-fouling Date 26.03.2012 Date 26.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00013 ID code A00014 Plate A2-6. Herbarium specimens of Avrainvillea amadelpha, ID code: A00053, and Cladophora nitellopsis, ID codes: A00013, A00014. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 141 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh (=Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Blidingia minima (Nageli ex Kützing) Kylin on Padina boryana Thivy Blidingia minima (Nageli ex Kützing) Kylin on Padina boryana Thivy Location Salmiya town beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Salmiya town beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat intertidal zone, dead coral reef Habitat intertidal zone, dead coral reef Date 26.03.2012 Date 26.03.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00064 ID code A00065 Plate A2-7. Herbarium specimens of Blidingia minima, ID codes: A00064, A00065. 142 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00016 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus (=Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees) Ulva clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh (=Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville) Location Near Ras Salmiya, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o24’15’’N;48o30’14’’E Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat depth 16 m Habitat bio-fouling Date 23.12.2012 Date 19.03.2012 Collector V.Grintsov Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00087 ID code A00015 Plate A2-8. Herbarium specimens of Ulva clathrata, ID codes: A00015, A00016, and Ulva intestinalis, ID code: A00087. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 143 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (=Ulva fasciata Delile) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (=Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J.Agardh) Location Souq Sharq Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o23’12.34’’N;47o58’51.71’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 17.12.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00079 - A00080 - A00081 - A00082 Plate A2-9. Herbarium specimens of Ulva flexuosa, ID codes: A00079, A00080, A00081, A00082. 144 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o21’15.29’’N;48o01’49.73’’E Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Date 14.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00005 Plate A2-10. Herbarium specimen of Ulva lactuca, ID code: A00005. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 145 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (=Ulva fasciata Delile) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (=Ulva fasciata Delile) Location East Doha, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o23’22.32’’N;47o50’15.01’’E Habitat intertidal zone Date 22.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00054 Plate A2-11. Herbarium specimen of Ulva lactuca, ID code: A00054. 146 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location Salmiya town beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat intertidal zone, dead coral reef Date 26.03.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00063 Plate A2-12. Herbarium specimen of Ulva lactuca, ID code: A00063. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 147 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (=Ulva fasciata Delile) Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat Date Collector Identification Number of sheets ID code F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Ulva prolifera O.F.Müller (=Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh) Ulva prolifera O.F.Müller (=Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh) Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean bio-fouling Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E 11.12.2012 Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) V. Grintsov Date 14.03.2012 Date 14.03.2012 T.A. Mikhaylova Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00003 ID code A00004 1 A00072 - A00073 - A00074 Plate A2-13. Herbarium specimens of Ulva lactuca, ID codes: A00072, A00073, A00074. 148 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Plate A2-14. Herbarium specimens of Ulva prolifera, ID codes: A00003, A00004. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 149 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Jania pumila J.V.Lamouroux Nuwaiseeb area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o32’50.56’’N;48o25’22.93’’E Location Habitat detached layer Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Date 25.11.2012 Habitat bio-fouling Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Date 11.12.2012 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Collector V. Grintsov Number of sheets 1 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova ID code A00051 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00077 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Jania pumila J.V.Lamouroux Nuwaiseeb area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Coordinates 28o32’50.56’’N;48o25’22.93’’E Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon Habitat detached layer Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00052 Location Plate A2-15. Herbarium specimens of Jania pumila, ID codes: A00051, A00052. 150 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 11.12.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00078 Plate A2-16. Herbarium specimens of Gelidium pusillum, ID codes: A00077, A00078. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 151 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 11.12.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00075 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 11.12.2012 Collector V. Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00076 Plate A2-17. Herbarium specimens of Grateloupia filicina, ID codes: A00075, A00076. 152 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Hypnea cornuta (Kutzing) J.Agardh Location Dhiafa Village beach, Kuwait Tower, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o23’27.66’’N;48o00’02.96’’E Habitat beach-cast on artificial substrata (fence wire) Date 14.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00006 Plate A2-18. Herbarium specimen of Hypnea cornuta, ID code: A00006. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 153 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date April, 2012 Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00066 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne Location KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00068 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Hypnea valentiae (Turner) Montagne Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E Habitat bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova 29o20’N;48o05’E Number of sheets 1 Habitat washed on the beach ID code A00069 Date April, 2012 Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00071 Plate A2-19. Herbarium specimens of Hypnea valentiae, ID codes: A00066, A00071. 154 Location Plate A2-20. Herbarium specimens of Heterosiphonia crispella, ID codes: A00068, A00069. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 155 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey (= Polysiphonia variegata (C.Agardh) Zanardini) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Polysiphonia coacta C.K.Tseng Location Coordinates Habitat KISR Salmiya Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean 29o20’46.64’’N;48o06’03.81’’E bio-fouling Date 19.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00070 Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Date 14.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00007 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Polysiphonia platycarpa Borgesen epiphytes on Chroodactylon ornatum, Erythrotrichia carnea Location Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date April, 2012 Collector S.Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00067 Plate A2-21. Herbarium specimens of Polysiphonia coacta, ID code: A00070, and Polysiphonia platycarpa, ID code: A00067. 156 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey (= Polysiphonia variegata (C.Agardh) Zanardini) Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Date 14.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00008 Plate A2-22. Herbarium specimens of Polysiphonia denudata, ID codes: A00007, A00008. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 157 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Feldmannia mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S.Kim (= Ectocarpus mitchelliae Harvey, Giffordia mitchelliae (Harvey) G.Hamel) Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey (= Polysiphonia variegata (C.Agardh) Zanardini) Location Town beach near Green Island, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Al-Sha’ab Marina, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o21’16.01’’N;48o01’49.10’’E Coordinates 29o20’38.55’’N;48o02’57.76’’E Habitat beach-cast (washed on the beach) Habitat bio-fouling Date 14.03.2012 Date 19.12.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Collector V.Grintsov Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 Number of sheets 4 ID code A00009 ID code A00083 - A00084 - A00085 - A00086 Plate A2-23. Herbarium specimen of Polysiphonia denudata, ID code: A00009. 158 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate A2-24. Herbarium specimens of Feldmannia mitchelliae, ID codes: A00083, A00084, A00085, A00086. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 159 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina boryana Thivy (= Padina commersonii Bory de Saint-Vincent) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbes et Solier Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat tide pool in the middle intertidal zone Date 30.12.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00098 Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat tide pool in the middle intertidal zone Date 30.12.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00056 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing) De Paula & De Clerck (= Dictyota cervicornis Kützing; Dictyota indica Sonder ex Kützing) Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M.Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00034 Plate A2-25. Herbarium specimens of Colpomenia sinuosa, ID code: A00098, and Canistrocarpus cervicornis, ID code: A00034. 160 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Padina boryana Thivy (= Padina commersonii Bory de Saint-Vincent) Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat tide pool in the middle intertidal zone Date 30.12.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00057 Plate A2-26. Herbarium specimens of Padina boryana, ID codes: A00056, A00057. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 161 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00035 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00037 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00036 Plate A2-27. Herbarium specimens of Padina gymnospora, ID codes: A00035, A00036. 162 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00038 Plate A2-28. Herbarium specimens of Padina gymnospora, ID codes: A00037, A00038. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 163 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00039 Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 20.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00041 Padina tetrastromatica Hauck Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’06’’N;48o05’42’’E Coordinates 28o53’01’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat washed on the beach Habitat washed on the beach 10.11.2012 M. Saburova Date 20.11.2012 Date Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Collector Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00040 Plate A2-29. Herbarium specimens of Padina gymnospora, ID codes: A00039, A00040. F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 164 Location Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00031 Plate A2-30. Herbarium specimens of Padina gymnospora, ID code: A00041, and Padina tetrastromatica, ID code: A00031. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 165 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina tetrastromatica Hauck Location Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat floating algae Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00045 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F.Gmelin) P.C.Silva (= Hormophysa triquetra (C.Agardh) Kützing) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Padina tetrastromatica Hauck Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat floating algae Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00046 Plate A2-31. Herbarium specimens of Padina tetrastromatica, ID codes: A00045, A00046. 166 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00033 Plate A2-32. Herbarium specimen of Hormophysa cuneiformis, ID code: A00033. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 167 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassopsis decurrens (R.Brown ex Turner) Trevisan (= Sargassum decurrens (R.Brown ex Turner) C.Agardh) ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F.Gmelin) P.C.Silva (= Hormophysa triquetra (C.Agardh) Kützing) Location 168 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00029 Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00047 Plate A2-33. Herbarium specimen of Hormophysa cuneiformis, ID code: A00047. Location Plate A2-34. Herbarium specimen of Sargassopsis decurrens, ID code: A00029. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 169 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum angustifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code Plate A2-35. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum angustifolium, ID code: A00058. 170 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E April, 2012 A00058 Sargassum angustifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date April, 2012 Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00059 Plate A2-36. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum angustifolium, ID code: A00059. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 171 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum angustifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Coordinates F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date April, 2012 Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00060 Plate A2-37. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum angustifolium, ID code: A00060. 172 Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Sargassum angustifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Date April, 2012 Collector S. Chellakkan Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00061 Plate A2-38. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum angustifolium, ID code: A00061. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 173 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum angustifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Salmiya beach, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o20’N;48o05’E Habitat washed on the beach Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Date April, 2012 Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Collector S. Chellakkan Habitat floating algae Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Date 17.11.2012 Number of sheets 1 Collector M. Saburova ID code A00062 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00024 Plate A2-39. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum angustifolium, ID code: A00062. 174 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Location Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Plate A2-40. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum aquifolium, ID code: A00024. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 175 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat detached with piece of substratum and floating Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00042 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum aquifolium (Turner) J.Agardh Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00025 - A00026 - A00027 - A00028 Plate A2-41. Herbarium specimens of Sargassum aquifolium, ID codes: A00025, A00026, A00027, A00028. 176 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Plate A2-42. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum aquifolium, ID code: A00042. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 177 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum boveanum J.Agardh ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00021 Sargassum boveanum (Turner) J.Agardh Location Dhiafa Village area, Kuwait Towers, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 29o23’27.66’’N;48o00’02.96’’E Habitat beach-cast on artificial substrata (fence wire) Date 14.03.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Location Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Number of sheets 1 Habitat floating algae ID code A00010 Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Plate A2-43. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum boveanum, ID code: A00010. 178 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum boveanum J.Agardh Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00023 Plate A2-44. Herbarium specimens of Sargassum boveanum, ID codes: A00021, A00023. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 179 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum boveanum J.Agardh Location Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector Identification Plate A2-45. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum boveanum, ID code: A00022. 180 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Sargassum oligocystum Montagne Location Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean M. Saburova Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E T.A. Mikhaylova Habitat washed on the beach Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00022 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00048 Plate A2-46. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum oligocystum, ID code: A00048. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 181 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum oligocystum Montagne ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sargassum oligocystum Montagne Location Coordinates Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00049 Plate A2-47. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum oligocystum, ID code: A00049. 182 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E Location Khiran area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o37’48.12’’N;48o23’30.92’’E Habitat washed on the beach Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00050 Plate A2-48. Herbarium specimen of Sargassum oligocystum, ID code: A00050. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 183 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål) Kützing (= Cystophyllum muricatum (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C.Agardh) Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Coordinates 28o37’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00030 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål) Kützing (= Cystophyllum muricatum (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C.Agardh) Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Location Number of sheets 1 Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E ID code A00032 Habitat floating algae Date 25.11.2012 Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Plate A2-49. Herbarium specimens of Sirophysalis trinodis, ID codes: A00030, A00032. 184 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål) Kützing (= Cystophyllum muricatum (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C.Agardh) Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00043 Plate A2-50. Herbarium specimen of Sirophysalis trinodis, ID code: A00043. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 185 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Halodule uninervis Ashers Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Location Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00018 ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Sirophysalis trinodis (Forsskål) Kützing (= Cystophyllum muricatum (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, Cystoseira trinodis (Forsskål) C.Agardh) Plate A2-51. Herbarium specimen of Sirophysalis trinodis, ID code: A00044. 186 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Location Habitat floating algae Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Date 25.11.2012 Habitat floating algae Collector T.A. Mikhaylova Date 17.11.2012 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Collector M. Saburova Number of sheets 1 Identification T.A. Mikhaylova ID code A00044 Number of sheets 1 ID code A00019 Halodule uninervis Ashers Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Plate A2-52. Herbarium specimens of Halodule uninervis, ID codes: A00018, A00019. K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 187 ANNEX 3 SPECIES INDEX ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Halodule uninervis Ashers Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00020 A Acetabularia caliculus Acrochaetium bahreinii Acrochaetium savianum Avrainvillea amadelpha B Bangia atropurpurea Blidingia minima Bryopsis hypnoides Bryopsis plumosa C Canistrocarpus cervicornis Caulerpa sertularioides Centroceras clavulatum Ceramium luetzelburgii Chaetomorpha aerea Chaetomorpha crassa Chaetomorpha indica Chaetomorpha linum Champia parvula Chondria dasyphylla Chroodactylon ornatum Cladophora coelothrix Cladophora colabensis Cladophora herpestica Cladophora koeiei Cladophora nitellopsis Cladophora sericioides Cladosiphon occidentalis Colpomenia sinuosa D Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Dictyota implexa E Erythrotrichia carnea F Feldmannia irregularis Feldmannia mitchelliae ALGAL HERBARIUM KUWAIT INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) J.D. Hooker Location Julai’a area, Kuwait. Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean Coordinates 28o53’01.66’’N;48o16’41.17’’E Habitat floating algae Date 17.11.2012 Collector M. Saburova Identification T.A. Mikhaylova Number of sheets 1 ID code A00017 Plate A2-53. Herbarium specimens of Halodule uninervis, ID code: A00020, and Halophila ovalis, ID code: A00017. 188 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E G Gayliella flaccida Gelidium crinale Gelidium pusillum Grateloupia filicina H Halophila ovalis Halodule uninervis Herposiphonia dendroidea Heterosiphonia crispella Hormophysa cuneiformis Hydrolithon farinosum 28, 117; Pl. 14 123 111 17; Pl. 4; A2-6 38, 128; Pl. 23 29, 92, 95, 99, 104; Pl. 15; A2-7 14, 92; Pl. 1 15, 101, 103, 104, 107; Pl. 2; A2-1; A2-2 75, 113; Pl. 59; A2-25 16, 92, 117; Pl. 3; A2-4; A2-5 51, 107, 128; Pl. 35 52, 92, 95, 99, 101, 103, 104, 111, 113, 125; Pl. 36 111 18, 119; Pl. 5a 18, 92, 95, 99, 103, 104, 108, 110, 119, 125; Pl. 5b 18, 101, 113, 115; Pl. 5 d, e 50, 95; Pl. 34 56, 92, 95, 101, 102, 113, 115, 117, 119; Pl. 40 35, 92, 95, 99, 103, 107, 111, 113, 128; Pl. 20 20, 101, 111; Pl. 6 21, 92, 95, 99, 101, 102, 113, 115; Pl. 7 a, f; 78 c; 79 d, h; 82 f 21, 119, 125; Pl. 7 g, h 21, 110, 111; Pl. 8 24, 101-104, 107, 125; Pl. 9; A2-6 25, 95, 99, 104, 111, 113, 115; Pl. 10; 96c 66, 111, 115; Pl. 50 70, 95, 101, 103, 104, 107, 111, 113, 115, 123; Pl. 54; 79 b; 106 b; A2-25 28, 119; Pl. 13 76, 113, 115; Pl. 60 37, 99, 101, 103, 104, 107, 111, 113, 128; Pl. 22 64, 92, 101, 103, 111, 113, 119, 128; Pl. 48 65, 95, 99, 101, 104, 107, 111, 115, 123, 125; Pl. 49; 87 c, e; 88 b; 89 e; A2-24 53, 115, 119; Pl. 37 43, 95, 99, 104, 107, 108, 111, 125; Pl. 28; 91 f; 104 e 43, 95, 104, 125; Pl. 29; A2-16 46, 125; Pl. 30; 107 e; 108 a, e, f; A2-17 86, 113; Pl. 71 b; A2-53 86, 103, 113, 117, 119; Pl. 71 a; 102 c; A2-52; A2-53 55, 103, 107, 119, 125, 128; Pl. 39 54, 125; Pl. 38; A2-20 79, 113, 117, 119; Pl. 63 a; A2-32; A2-33 40, 115, 117, 119, 128; Pl. 25; 26 K U WA I T I N S T I T U T E F O R S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A R C H 189 Hypnea cornuta Hypnea valentiae I Iyengaria stellata J Jania pumila M Myriactula arabica Myrionema orbiculare N Nemacystus decipiens P Padina boryana Padina gymnospora Padina tetrastromatica Palisada perforata Palisada thuyoides Peyssonnelia simulans Pneophyllum fragile Polycladia myrica Polysiphonia brodiei Polysiphonia coacta Polysiphonia denudata Polysiphonia kampsaxii Polysiphonia platycarpa R Rhizoclonium riparium Rhizoclonium tortuosum S Sahlingia subintegra Sargassopsis decurrens Sargassum angustifolium Sargassum aquifolium Sargassum asperifolium Sargassum boveanum Sargassum fluitans Sargassum oligocystum Sirophysalis trinodis Sphacelaria novae-hollandiae Sphacelaria rigidula Sphacelaria tribuloides Spyridia filamentosa U Ulva clathrata Ulva flexuosa Ulva intestinalis Ulva lactuca Ulva prolifera Ulva reticulata Ulva rigida V Vaucheria piloboloides 190 F I E L D G U I D E O F M A R I N E M AC R O A LG A E 47, 92, 95, 99, 104, 111, 115; Pl. 31; 79 d, h; 80 d; A2-18 48, 92, 103, 125; Pl. 32; A2-19 71, 101, 104, 107, 108, 111; Pl. 55; 79 e; 87 d; 94 d 39, 115, 117, 119, 128; Pl. 24; A2-15 67, 111, 115; Pl. 51 68, 115; Pl. 52 69, 123; Pl. 53 76, 104; Pl. 61; 88 c; A2-26 78, 95, 104, 110; Pl. 62 a-d; 92 f; A2-27-30 78, 113, 117, 119; Pl. 62 e; A2-30, A2-31 57, 115; Pl. 41 58, 92, 103, 115; Pl. 42 49, 95, 104, 123, 125; Pl. 33 42, 99, 104; Pl. 27 79, 117; Pl. 63 b 59, 92, 101, 103; Pl. 43 60, 99, 103, 113, 119, 125; Pl. 44; A2-21 61, 113, 125; Pl. 45; A2-22, A2-23 107 62, 92, 95, 99, 103; Pl. 46 26, 102, 111, 119, 123; Pl. 11 27, 95, 102, 111, 119; Pl. 12 36, 92, 107, 111; Pl. 21 79, 117; Pl. 63 c, d; A2-34 81, 99, 101-103, 110, 111, 113, 115, 123; Pl. 64; A2-35-39 82, 110, 113, 117, 119, 121; Pl. 65; 92 e; 100 b, d; A2-40-42 83, 111, 115; Pl. 66 84, 99, 110, 111, 115, 121, 123; Pl. 67; A2-43-45 85, 121; Pl. 68 a 85, 117, 119, 123; Pl. 68 b-f; 102 b; A2-46-48 86, 113, 117, 119, 121; Pl. 69; 100 c; A2-49-51 72, 95; Pl. 56 73, 111, 115, 117, 119, 128; Pl. 57 74, 107, 113; Pl. 58 63, 119; Pl. 47 99, 111; A2-8 30, 90, 92, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 125, 128; Pl. 16; 72 b; 75 f; 76 c, d; 78 c; 80 c, d; 82 f, g; 85 b, c; 87 c-e; 88 a; 89 c-e; 91 d, e, h; 92 c; 94 c, d; A2-9 30, 90, 92, 95, 99, 111; Pl. 17 a-f; A2-8 30, 92, 95, 99, 101-104, 107, 125; Pl. 17 g-i; 75 c, d; 80 c, d; 82 e, g; 85 b; 89 d, e; A2-10-13 33, 90, 92, 95, 101, 102, 111, 113, 115, 123; Pl. 18; A2-14 92 34, 95, 103; Pl. 19 87, 99; Pl. 70; 82 i FIELD GUIDE oF MARINE MACRoALGAE (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae) oF KUWAIT ISBN 978-99966-37-02-5 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O. Box 24885, Safat - 13109, Kuwait Tel: (965) 24989000 Fax: (965) 24989399 www.kisr.edu.kw