Regional diversity of Amphipoda in the Caribbean Sea
Alberto Martín1, Yusbelly Díaz1, Patricia Miloslavich1, Elva Escobar-Briones2, José Manuel
Guerra-García3, Manuel Ortiz4, Bellineth Valencia5, Alan Giraldo5 & Eduardo Klein1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Centro de Biodiversidad Marina. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Caracas,
89000. Venezuela; amartinz@usb.ve, yusdiaz@usb.ve, pmilos@usb.ve, eklein@usb.ve
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología. Unidad Académica Ecología y Biodiversidad Acuática. Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad de México, 04510. México; escobri@cmarl.unam.mx
Departamento de Zoología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla, 41012. España; jmaguerra@us.es
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala. Laboratorio de Crustáceos. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Los
Reyes Iztacala, 54090. México; ortiztouzet@yahoo.com
Departamento de Biología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas. Universidad del Valle. Cali, 10077. Colombia;
alan.giraldo@correounivalle.edu.co, bellivalencia@yahoo.com
Received 21-xI-2012.
Corrected 05-IV-2013.
Accepted 06-V-2013.
Abstract: Diversidad regional de Amphipoda en el Mar Caribe. The order Amphipoda is one of the most
diverse within Peracarids, and comprises 6 950 described marine species. Amphipod research in the Caribbean
Sea began in the late 1 800s, but has increased significantly since 1 980. In this study, we analized the amphipod
biodiversity (Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, and Ingolfiellidea) of the Caribbean Sea. For this, we compiled
available data on species diversity of marine amphipods (data bases: WoRMS and OBIS and published species
lists) into a comprehensive taxonomic list by country for the ecoregions of the Caribbean. Additionally, we analized the relative contribution of each country to regional diversity and the rate of discovery of new species. The
Caribbean amphipod fauna is composed of 535 species within 236 genera and 73 families for the higher taxon.
The Western Caribbean ecoregion holds the largest diversity (282 species), while the Eastern Caribbean recorded
the lowest one (73). Mexico and Venezuela recorded the largest number of species with 266 and 206, respectively.
Twelve countries had less than 50 species. The richest suborder is the Gammaridea with 381 species followed by
the suborder Hyperiidea with 116. From the total of 535 amphipod species reported for the Caribbean region, 218
have the Caribbean as the holotype locality, and 132 are endemic (about 25% of the total). Areas of higher diversity
seem to be concentrated along the Mexican Caribbean, Cuba and the Northern coast of South America (VenezuelaColombia); however, such pattern is most likely reflecting local collection efforts and taxonomic expertise rather
than actual distribution. Knowledge of amphipod species is mostly limited to shallow, near-shore waters, with
little information available on the deep sea fauna. Regional research priorities for this group should be focused on
completing shallow water coastal inventories of species in Central America and the Greater and Lesser Antilles. In
addition, sampling the deep sea ecosystems should follow along with other particular habitats such as anchialine
cave systems. It is also neccessary to increase ecological research efforts, mainly in some speciose suborders,
including the Caprellidea and Hyperiidea, known to exhibit high diversity in other tropical localities. Rev. Biol.
Trop. 61 (4): 1681-1720. Epub 2013 December 01.
Key words: Amphipoda, diversity, Caribbean Sea, endemism.
The order Amphipoda is one of the most
diverse and globally distributed within the
superorder Peracarida after order Isopoda.
Its members occur worldwide in terrestrial,
freshwater, subterranean and marine environments and in virtually all habitats (Foster,
LeCroy, Heard & Vargas, 2009; LeCroy, Gasca,
Winfield, Ortiz & Escobar-Briones, 2009).
They fulfill an important role in the trophic
dynamics of many communities, as they breakdown plant material and detritus, and also
function as grazers, filter feeders, suspension
feeders, commensals, micropredators, scavengers, or as prey for other carnivore species
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1681
(Bellan-Santini, 1998; Bellan-Santini & Ruffo,
1998; LeCroy et al., 2009).
Traditionally, the Amphipoda were divided
into four suborders: the Gammaridea Latreille,
1802; the Caprellidea Leach, 1814; the Hyperiidea Milne-Edwards, 1830; and the Ingolfiellidea Hansen, 1903 (Barnard, 1969; Bousfield,
1973, 2001; Lincoln, 1979; Martin & Davis,
2001). Despite, Myers & Lowry (2003) reestablished the suborder Corophiidea Leach,
1814, and placed the caprellideans sensu lato
within it, we decided to use the traditional classification system because these categories will
likely change with new phylogenetic studies.
Although there is a significant amount
of scientific literature regarding Caribbean
amphipod species in a variety of books, journals, and reports, many of these publications
are restricted to one or a few species and many
of them are old and therefore, not easily available. Comprehensive works on amphipods of
the region are relatively rare.
The first records and descriptions of amphipods in the Caribbean Sea, began with the collections of gammarideans and corophiideans of
the H.M.S. Challenger between 1873-76, when
Stebbing described Ampelisca abyssicola from
Culebra Island, St. Thomas (Lesser Antilles)
(Stebbing, 1888). Further descriptions included
Shoemakerella cubensis (as Lysianax cubensis)
from Cuba (Stebbing, 1897), and Talorchestia
fritzi (Stebbing, 1903), Chelorchestia costaricana (Stebbing, 1906) and Pseudorchestoidea biolleyi (Stebbing, 1908) (as Orchestoidea
biolleyi) from Costa Rica. Other expeditions
to the Caribbean, particularly to Puerto Rico
and Cuba, provided new amphipod descriptions (Shoemaker, 1933a,b, 1934, 1935, 1948).
Hyperiid amphipods are also poorly studied
in the Caribbean, and the knowledge we have
comes from some historical larger surveys
(Shoemaker, 1945, 1948; Fage, 1960; Lewis
& Fish, 1969; Shih, 1969; Moore & Sander,
1977, 1979; Gasca & Shih, 2001, 2003; Gasca
& Suarez-Morales, 2004; Gasca, 2009a,b) and
mainly from the upper layers (0-200m) of the
water column. Globally, the ingolfiellideans
have a very low biodiversity, with only 44
1682
species. Jan Hendrik Stock explored extensively between 1973 and 1978 more than 25
islands in the Antilles in search of stygobionts,
which resulted in a few new descriptions
(Stock, 1976, 1977a,b, 1979). More recently,
since the late 1960s, several authors have
provided important publications on Caribbean
amphipods, including descriptions of new species, re-descriptions or additional information,
taxonomic lists and inventories, biogeographical and ecological data, and illustrated keys for
specific taxa (see Table 1 for a comprehensive
reference list by major topics).
In this paper, we analyzed the amphipod
biodiversity (Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea, and Ingolfiellidea) of the Caribbean Sea.
Our goal was to carry out a spatial analysis of
the data that allowed us to determine gaps in
knowledge and to test if differences/similarities
in composition between ecoregions are due to
ecological and biogeographic factors or to geographic inequality in sampling efforts. We hope
that this paper will contribute to raise awareness about the value of taxonomic inventories
and to indicate how much and where scientific
sampling is needed, for a better understanding
of the Caribbean amphipod biodiversity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area: The Caribbean Sea is a large
sea, closed off to the West and to the South by
the Americas, and bordered to the North and
to the East by the islands chains of the Greater
and Lesser Antilles (Spalding, 2004). It covers
about 2 754 000km2, has a volume of nearly
6.5x106km3, borders over 13 500km of coastline, and is home to 12 island countries, nine
continental countries, and 12 island dependencies (to France, The Netherlands, U.K., and
U.S.). Towards the East and Northeast, the
closely spaced chain of islands, banks, and sills
of the Antilles Islands Arc separate the Caribbean from the Atlantic Ocean, and act as a
sieve for the inflow of Atlantic water (Andrade
& Barton, 2000), whereas towards the Northwest it is linked to the Gulf of Mexico by the
Yucatan Channel (Miloslavich, Diaz, Klein,
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
TABLE 1
Main topics developed in amphipod research in the Caribbean and bibliographical sources
CUADRO 1
Principales tópicos de investigación sobre anfípodos en el Mar Caribe con sus fuentes bibliográficas
Topic
Species
description
Taxonomic
group
(Suborder)
Caprellidea
Taxonomic
keys
Ortiz, Guerra-García & Lalana (1998); Guerra-García (2003a); Guerra-García et al. (2006).
Gammaridea
Stebbing (1888, 1897, 1903, 1906, 1908); Chevreux (1901); Shoemaker (1926, 1933a,b, 1934,
1948); Stephensen (1933, 1947, 1948); Ruffo (1950, 1954); Barnard (1954, 1960, 1961, 1962,
1964, 1972, 1973); Mateus & Mateus (1966); Holsinger & Peck (1968); Myers (1968, 1977,
1978, 1979); Holsinger (1977, 1990, 1992); Ortiz (1976a,b,c,d,e, 1980,1991); Just (1977,
1983, 1984); Stock (1977a,b, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985); McKinney (1978, 1979, 1980);
McKinney et al. (1978); Ortiz & Gómez (1979); Ortiz & Lalana (1980, 1989, 1994a,b, 1995,
2002a,b,c); Thomas (1983, 1997); Thomas & Barnard (1983, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1991a,b);
Ortiz & Nazábal (1984a,b, 1988); Ortiz & Veledo (1985); Barnard & Agard (1986); Barnard &
Thomas (1987, 1990); Vonk & Stock (1987); Vonk (1988, 1989, 1990, 1991); Ciavatti (1989);
Bellan-Santini (1990, 1997); Ortiz, Lalana & López (1992); Ortiz, Lalana & Beltran (1993);
LeCroy (1995); Ortiz & Pérez (1995); Lowry & Stoddart (1997); Ortiz & Lemaitre (1997); Jaume
& Wagner (1998); Ortiz, Lalana & Lio (1999); Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo (2000, 2001); Martín,
Ortiz & Atienza (2000, 2001); Ortiz, Lalana & Sánchez (2000); Ortiz, Martín & Atienza (2000);
Ruffo et al. (2000); Berge et al. (2001); Lazo-Wasem & Gable (2001); Ortiz, Cházaro-Olvera
& Winfield (2001); Ortiz, García-Debras & Lalana (2002, 2003); Ortiz, Lalana & Varela (2002,
2004, 2006, 2007a,b,c, 2008); Van der Ham & Vonk (2003); Thomas & Klebba (2006, 2007);
Ortiz & Thomas (2007); Coleman (2011); Ortiz, Varela & Lalana (2011).
Ingolfiellidea
Stock (1976, 1979).
Inventories,
Caprellidea
taxonomic lists
Gammaridea
and reports
Biology,
ecology and
biogeography
References
Díaz et al. (2005); Guerra-García et al. (2006).
Shoemaker (1935); McCain (1968); McCain & Steinberg (1970); McKinney (1977); Ortiz
(1978, 1979a,b, 1983); Galan (1983, 1984); Stoner & Lewis (1985); Lagarde (1987); Ortiz
& Lalana (1993, 1996, 1998, 2002a, 2006); Ortiz & Lemaitre (1994); Villaroel & Graciani
(1997); Díaz & Martín (2000a,b,c,d, 2001a,b, 2003, 2005); Martín, Atienza & Díaz (2000);
Atienza & Martín (2001); Díaz (2001); Lazo-Wasem & Gable (2001); Martín (2001a,b,
2003, 2007); Ortiz, Lalana & Lio (2001); Escobar-Briones et al. (2002); Martín, Ortiz & Díaz
(2002); Ayala & Martín (2003); Martín & Díaz (2003); Van der Ham & Vonk (2003); Varela
et al. (2003); Jara (2007); Ortiz, Lalana & Varela (2007c, d,e, 2008); Ortiz, Martín & Díaz
(2007); LeCroy et al. (2009); López et al. (2009).
Hyperiidea
Shoemaker (1945, 1948); Fage (1960); Lewis & Fish (1969); Shih (1969); Moore &
Sander (1977, 1979); Ortiz, Lalana & Guevara (1990); Gasca & Shih (2001, 2003);
Ortiz, Lalana, Varela & Leal (2003); Gasca & Suárez-Morales (2004); Ortiz, Lopeztegui,
Lalana & Varela (2006); Gasca (2009a,b); LeCroy et al. (2009).
Ingolfiellidea
Stock (1977b, 1979); Vonk & Schram (2003).
Caprellidea
Guerra-García et al. (2006).
Gammaridea
Galan (1983, 1984); Sánchez (1985); Thomas (1997); Martín & Díaz (2003); Díaz &
Martín (2005); Jara (2007).
Hyperiidea
Lewis & Fish (1969); Moore & Sander (1977, 1979).
Ingolfiellidea
Stock (1977b, 1979); Vonk & Schram (2003).
Caprellidea
Díaz et al. (2005); Guerra-García et al. (2006).
Gammaridea
Galan (1983,1984); LeCroy (1995); Thomas (1997); Ortiz, Alvarez & Winfield (2002);
Ortiz, Martín, Winfield, Díaz & Atienza (2004).
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1683
Alvarado, Díaz, Gobin, Escobar-Briones, Cortés, Weil, Bastidas, Robertson, Zapata, Martín,
Kazandjan & Ortiz, 2010).
We compiled and analyzed the amphipod
species composition of the Caribbean region
from the Southeastern coast of the Yucatan
Peninsula in Mexico (Quintana Roo State)
to Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, and Panama down to Colombia and
Venezuela in South America, and also along the
Greater Antilles (Cuba, the Cayman Islands,
Jamaica, Hispaniola, Navassa and Puerto
Rico), the Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, Tortola,
Anegada, Jost Van Dyke, Virgin Gorda, St.
Croix, Anguilla, St. Martin, St. Barthelemy,
Saba, St. Eustatius, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Nevis,
Antigua, Monserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenadines
and Grenada), down to the Southern islands of
Barbados, Tobago, Trinidad and the Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curaçao, Aruba).
Diversity inventories: To compile the
available data on marine Amphipoda species diversity in the Caribbean, we used two
approaches. The first approach summarized the
number of marine amphipod species for Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea and Ingolfiellidea using georeferenced species records from
the open-access databases (WoRMS and OBIS)
and from local, country, and regional checklists. The second approach was to produce
revised species lists for the group by country
(where information was available).
Data analysis: The presence/absence data
for each Amphipoda taxon was used to calculate a Sørensen distance matrix. This symmetrical index excludes double absences in the
calculation. Only countries with 10 or more
amphipod species were included in the matrix.
To analyze the relative contribution of each
country to the Caribbean regional diversity, we
used the contribution partition analysis proposed by Lu, Wagner & Chen (2007), using
species richness as a measure of diversity. The
gamma (regional) diversity is the sum of the
alpha (local) and beta (interlocal) diversities.
1684
Using these estimates, we calculated the index
of relative contribution for each country where
the larger the number of species listed, the
higher the alpha diversity value. Based on the
number of endemic species by country, the relevance of this country to the relative contribution to the gamma diversity changed.
Additionally, in order to determine the
rate of description of new species, we arranged
the number of species records per year and
produced cumulative curves for all suborders. Based on the fact that the quality of
taxonomic inventories depends on the availability of identification guides and taxonomic
experts, our review also related these sources
to each higher taxon.
RESULTS
Diversity and distribution: There are
535 species identified within 236 genera and
73 families that have been reported for the
Caribbean Sea. The most speciose taxon are
the Gammaridea with 387 species (72.34%),
followed by the Hyperiidea with 116 species
(21.68%), the Caprellidea with 25 (4.67%) and
the Ingolfiellidea with 7 (1.31%) species. A
complete taxonomic listing of these species and
their distributions within the Caribbean is presented in a supplementary table (Appendix 1).
Regarding the regional distribution of these
species, each taxon apparently exhibits its own
spatial pattern of species richness, as no common distribution pattern was evident (Table 1
and 2). The Western Caribbean ecoregion had
the largest diversity (282 species), followed by
the Southern Caribbean (230 species), while
the Eastern Caribbean ecoregion had the lowest diversity (73 species). When examined
by country, Mexico and Venezuela were the
most species-rich with 266 and 206 species
respectively, followed by Cuba with 168 species. The species number of the three countries
combined accounted for 49.72% of the total
amphipod species reported for the Caribbean.
Twelve countries had less than 50 species
(Table 2). When the richness was standardized
by coastline length, the average number of
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
species per 100 kilometers of country-coastline was 5±8species/100km, with Mexico having the highest richness (29.4species/100km),
and Nicaragua the lowest (0.2species/100km).
When standardized by the Economic Exclusive
Zone (EEZ) coverage, the average number of
species was 0.05±0.08species/100km2 of EEZ,
with Mexico having the highest number of species (0.30species/100km2) of EEZ, followed by
Costa Rica (0.12species/100km2), and Nicaragua having the lowest (0.001species/100km2).
The Gammaridea were clearly the most
speciose taxon in all countries and ecoregions.
The Southern Caribbean ecoregion (represented by Venezuela, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire,
Trinidad and Tobago) encompassed the largest
gammaridean diversity (188 species), while the
Eastern Caribbean ecoregion (Lesser Antilles)
had the lowest diversity (54 species) (Table
2). When examined by country, Venezuela had
the highest diversity with 169 species, followed by Mexico and Cuba, with 140 and
TABLE 2
Number of Caribbean Amphipoda species per country within the five ecoregions
CUADRO 2
Riqueza de especies del orden Amphipoda por país en cada ecorregión del Mar Caribe
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
282
266
37
1
2
120
1
31
33
67
230
27
206
8
216
168
4
8
18
31
73
73
spp./100km2 EEZ
112
112
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
0
24
0
28
27
0
3
0
0
16
16
EEZ (km2)*
Total species
156
140
37
1
2
111
1
31
33
67
188
22
169
8
177
131
4
5
18
30
54
54
No. spp./100km of
coastline
Ingolfiellidea
13
13
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
9
12
0
12
0
11
10
0
0
0
1
3
3
Coastline (km)*
Hyperiidea
WESTERN CARIBBEAN
México (Yucatán)
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
SOUTH-WESTERN CARIBBEAN
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panama
Colombia
SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN
ABC*
Venezuela
Trinidad & Tobago
GREATER ANTILLES
Cuba
Cayman Islands
Jamaica
Hispaniola
Puerto Rico
EASTERN CARIBBEAN
Lesser Antilles
Gammaridea
Ecoregion
Caprellidea
Amphipoda Suborders
905
516
150
644
29.4
7.2
0.7
0.3
88 874
35 351
1 642
18 151
0.30
0.10
0.06
0.01
503
212
1 295
1 760
0.2
15
2.5
3.8
87 930
25 090
143 442
472 891
0.001
0.12
0.02
0.01
2 800
362
7.4
2.2
470 666
74 199
0.04
0.01
3 755
160
1 022
3 051
501
4.5
2.5
0.8
0.6
6.2
350 751
0.05
258 137
382 658
205 529
0.003
0.004
0.02
(ABC*=Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao and*=Coastline information taken from The world fact book (http://www.cia.gov/
library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos) and Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) information was taken from www.
seaaroundus.org/eez/eez.aspx)
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1685
131 species respectively, while Nicaragua and
Guatemala had the lowest with only one species each. Gammaridea are composed of 49
families (Table 3), of which the Melitidae and
Hadziidae were the most diverse, with 57 and
31 species, respectively, while 10 families were
only represented by one species (Appendix 1).
The most eurytopic species within the region
were Parahyale hawaiensis (eight countries),
Ampelisca lobata and P. fascigera (seven countries); in contrast 208 of the 387 species of
Gammaridea were reported as unique to one
country. The genus Ampelisca was the most
speciose, with 23 species.
The highest diversity was recorded in
Caprellidea for the Western Caribbean ecoregion (13 species), the lowest occurred in the
Eastern Caribbean (three species) (Table 2).
Mexico displayed the highest diversity values, with 13 species, representing 52.0% of
reported for the Caribbean, followed by Venezuela with a total of 12 species and Cuba
with 10 species. This taxon, composed of five
families (Table 3), includes the Caprellidae
and Pariambidae, the most diverse taxa, with
ten and seven species respectively (Appendix
1). In the Caribbean, the genus Caprella and
Deutella were the most speciose with five species reported, respectively. The most eurytopic
species were Paracaprella pusilla, Deutella
incerta and Hemiaegina minuta, represented in
four countries, respectively.
The highest species richness (112 species) in the Hyperiidea occurred in the Western
Caribbean ecoregion, mainly from Yucatan in
TABLE 3
Species, genera and families of Caribbean amphipods
CUADRO 3
Número de species, generos y familias de los anfípodos
presentes en el Mar Caribe
Suborder
Caprellidea
Gammaridea
Hyperiidea
Ingolfiellidea
Total
1686
Family
5
49
18
1
73
Genus
2
179
44
1
236
Species
25
387
116
7
535
the Mexican Caribbean where pelagic samples
have frequently been obtained (Table 2). Species of this taxon were reported only in five of
the 17 countries analyzed herein. In the Caribbean Sea, the hyperiids are represented by 19
families (Table 3), of which the Scinidae holds
17 species, followed by the Lestrigonidae and
Platyscelidae with 14 species each (Appendix
1). The genus Scina is the most diverse with 16
species. The most eurytopic species is Lestrigonus bengalensis, occurring in five countries, in
contrast to 70 of the 116 species in this suborder reported in one country.
For Ingolfiellidea, only seven species
within one genus and one family were reported
for the Caribbean Sea (Table 3, Appendix 1).
Of these species, six were recorded in the
Southern Caribbean ecoregion (Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Venezuela) and the remaining
species in the Western Caribbean (Mexico,
Yucatan) (Table 2), and all were reported only
for one country.
Advances in regional knowledge: The
first amphipod descriptions were made by
Linnaeus in 1758 (Gammarus locusta, Gammarus pulex, and Cyamus ceti). Between 1800
and 1850, an average of 6.28 species were
described per year and then, between 1850
and 1900, this number increased to 44.64 new
descriptions per year, and to 51.04 between
1850 and 1900. Between 1900 and 1950, the
number of descriptions almost doubled to
97.70 species per year, and since 1950, about
103.18 species are described per year (Fig. 1A).
The accumulation curve of world species discoveries (Fig. 1B) shows no sign of leveling
off, indicating that a full inventory of these
taxa is still far from being completed despite
two centuries of efforts. In the Caribbean
region, the description of species began in 1888
with Ampelisca abyssicola by Stebbing and
increased at a slow rate changing in trend with
a substantial accumulation of species in the
1980s (Fig. 2). As in the global graph, species
description in the Caribbean region is far from
reaching an asymptote, and at present, 218 species of amphipods (40.75% of the Caribbean
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
total) have been described from this region. Of
these, 60.55% (132 species) are endemic to the
Caribbean region, while the remaining 39.45%
(86 species) have been reported elsewhere,
mainly for the Gulf of Mexico and Florida.
Venezuela was aggregated into one group
(Fig. 3). The similarity between Mexico and
Venezuela is based on 119 common species
(22.24% of the total species in the region),
while the similarity between Cuba and Mexico
is based in 99 common species (18.50% of the
total species in the region; Table 4). Mexico,
Cuba and Venezuela share species with other
countries in the region (14, 13 and 10 countries,
250
Similarity analysis: In the cluster tree
generated with the Sorensen Distance Index,
the amphipod fauna of Cuba, Mexico and
150
100
0
50
Number of Species
200
A
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Year
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Accumulated Number of Species
10000
B
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Year
Fig. 1. (A) Amphipoda species discoveries around the world; (B) Cumulative Amphipoda species discoveries around the world.
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1687
10
0
5
Number of Species
15
A
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Year
150
100
0
50
Number of Species
200
B
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Year
Fig. 2. (A) Amphipoda species discoveries in the Caribbean Sea; (B). Cumulative Amphipoda species discoveries in the
Caribbean Sea.
respectively). Countries with the highest alpha
diversity were Mexico, Venezuela, and Cuba
and those contributed proportionally to the
gamma diversity. The Lesser Antilles contributed to regional diversity, despite having fewer
species than i.e. Colombia. Aruba, Curaçao
and Bonaire contributed more to the regional
diversity than countries with higher alpha
1688
diversity values, i.e. Puerto Rico, Costa Rica,
and Belize (Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
The crustaceans, along with the mollusks,
are the most speciose taxonomic groups among
the marine fauna, with 44 950 reported species
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
PAN
BEL
COL
CRC
ABC
LAN
PRC
0.7
VEN
MEX
0.4
CUB
0.5
0.6
Distance
0.8
HIS
0.9
1
(Bouchet, 2006). Despite the lack of a larval
stage, and therefore, with limited dispersal
capability, the order Amphipoda is a relatively species-rich group within the crustaceans,
representing 15% of the total if we consider
that the number of marine amphipod species
is 6 950 (Vader, 2005), or up to 26% if we
consider that the number of species is 11 780
(WoRMS, 2012).
In this sense, the 535 amphipod species
reported in the Caribbean region represent a
small contribution to global diversity. Despite
this apparent low richness, large percentage of
unique species, represent an important contribution to the endemic regional diversity. When
comparing this amphipod diversity across geographical regions, the Caribbean has a larger
diversity than the Patagonian Shelf (98 species)
and the Tropical West Atlantic (107 species)
(Miloslavich, Klein, Díaz, Hernández, Bigatti, Campos, Artigas, Castillo, Penchaszadeh,
Neill, Carranza, Retana, Díaz de Astarloa,
Lewis, Yorio, Piriz, Rodríguez, YoneshigueValentin, Gamboa & Martín, 2011), but lower
than Australia (888 species; Butler, Rees, Beesley & Bax, 2010), the South American Humboldt Current region (860 species; Miloslavich
et al., 2011), the Southern Ocean (797 species;
Fig. 3. Cluster tree based on species presence/absence
matrix and generated with the Sørensen distance index.
PRC Puerto Rico, LAN Lesser Antilles, HIS Hispaniola,
ABC Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao, CRC Costa Rica, PAN
Panama, BEL Belize, COL Colombia, CUB Cuba, MEx
Mexico, VEN Venezuela.
De Broyer, Lowry, Jazdzewski & Robert, 2007;
Zeidler & De Broyer, 2009), and Japan (544
species; Fujikura, Lindsay, Kitazato, Nishida
& Shirayama, 2010). In order to establish management and conservation plans, hotspots of
endemism should be identified, the species in
need of protection prioritized, and their population size estimated. This should also lead to
recommendations to upgrade their current conservation status. There is currently little published recognition that the diversity associated
with the islands exists at all and as a result, not
only its conservation has received little attention, but these species have often been affected
by diverse, ongoing anthropogenic activities.
Gammaridea are the most diverse taxon
among the Amphipoda, with at least 8 300
species according to WoRMS (2012). In the
Caribbean, gammaridean amphipods were also
the most diverse group (387 species), representing about 72% of the regional biodiversity. One of the most comprehensive reviews
in marine gammaridean was carried out by
Barnard & Karaman (1991) who provided
not only keys, diagnoses and species lists for
the group, but also discussed their geographic
distribution based on thermal zones and depth,
and some aspects of endemicity. According to
these authors, in terms of generic diversity, the
Gammaridea are mainly a cold water group,
whereas tropical regions seem to be poor in
tropical endemic genera. A higher richness in
cool and temperate environments, contrasting
with poor diversity in the tropics, is also a
general trend in freshwater amphipods (Vainola, Witt, Grabowski, Bradbury, Jazdzewski
& Sket, 2008). In the tropics, even if many
new species are expected to be described, it is
unlikely that any of these ones will be associated with a new genus (Barnard & Karaman,
1991). In the Caribbean region, four new
genera have been described since Barnard’s
and Karaman’s work in 1991: Ottenwalderia
(Jaume & Wagner, 1998), Miramarassa (Ortiz,
Lalana & Lio, 1999) Pleusiroides and Tantena
(Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2007a,b respectively).
Other important components of this taxon in
the Caribbean are the subterranean and cave
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1689
taxa, whose present distribution and biogeographic pattern reflect their origin. In the case
of marine and brackish species, it has been
suggested that they may have derived from
epigean marine or brackish water ancestors as
they adapted to fluctuating sea levels, and even
some freshwater species may have derived
from marine and brackish species that were
caught inland during regression of seawater
(Holsinger, 1994; Biernbaum, 1996), in both
cases leading to speciation by isolation.
Caprellidea are a much less diverse taxon
with 451 species worldwide and 25 species
(4.72%) within 12 genera in the Caribbean
(Table 1). Of these, more than 30% could be
considered endemic for the region (Pseudaeginella colombiensis, Deutella caribensis, D.
margaritae, D. mayeri, Mayerella redunca,
Metaprotella hummelincki, Tritella chibcha,
and Cubadeutella cavernicola), while about
40% of the species have an eurytopic distribution either in the tropical and the temperate marine ecosystems (Caprella andreae,
C. danilevskii, C. equilibra, C. penantis, C.
scaura, Pseudaeginella biscaynensis, Hemiaegina minuta, Paracaprella pusilla and Phtisica
marina; McCain & Steinberg, 1970). In the case
of D. californica and Hemiproto wigleyi, these
species are distributed also in the East Pacific
(Guerra-García, 2003a; Díaz, Guerra-García
& Martín, 2005), while D. incerta is distributed along the East coast of the United States
and Canada, and Paracaprella digitimanus
has been also found on the Brazilian coast
(Díaz et al., 2005). The Caribbean caprellid diversity could be considered high when
TABLE 4
Species number of amphipods in common between countries in the Caribbean Sea
6
10
1
0
0
7
1
1
0
7
5
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
7
8
16
35
9
3
2
3
0
0
0
4
0
6
27
4
2
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
3
1
3
Cayman Islands
87
119
8
3
5
16
1
0
0
13
7
45
Trinidad & Tobago
38
41
5
2
0
7
1
1
0
12
5
Lesser Antilles
13
17
3
0
0
7
1
1
0
ABC*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Venezuela
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Colombia
Costa Rica
0
2
1
0
0
1
Panamá
Nicaragua
8
21
2
0
0
Guatemala
3
4
0
1
Belize
2
3
2
Jamaica
6
13
Honduras
99
Hispaniola
Cuba
México
Puerto Rico
Hispaniola
Jamaica
Belize
Honduras
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Panamá
Colombia
Venezuela
ABC*
Lesser Antilles
Trinidad & Tobago
Puerto Rico
México
CUADRO 4
Número de especies de anfípodos communes entre cada uno de los países del Mar Caribe
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
2
0
(ABC*=Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao).
1690
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
Gamma Diversity
HIS
ABC
CRC
PRC
PAN
BEL
LAN
COL
CUB
VEN
MEX
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Relative Contribution (%)
Fig. 4. Contributions to the Amphipoda Caribbean gamma diversity by country. All countries are ordered by their alpha
diversity value, from lowest to highest. HIS Hispaniola, PAN Panama, ABC Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao, BEL Belize, CRC
Costa Rica, PRC Puerto Rico, LAN Lesser Antilles, COL Colombia, CUB Cuba, MEx Mexico, VEN Venezuela.
compared to other tropical areas [Brazil: 12
species (Wakabara, Tararam, Valério-Berardo,
Duleba & Pereira-Leite, 1991; Guerra-García,
2003b); Tanzania: 13 species (Guerra-García,
2001); Mauritius: seven species (Guerra-García, 2003c); India: 11 species (Guerra-García,
Ganesh, Jaikumar & Raman, 2010); Phuket,
Thailand: 12 species (Guerra-García, 2004);
Indonesia: seven species (Krapp-Schickel
& Guerra-García, 2005); Philippines: three
species (Guerra-García, 2002); Papua NewGuinea: seven species (Guerra-García, 2003d);
Great Barrier Reef: 17 species (Guerra-García
& Lowry, 2009), but still significantly lower
when compared to temperate waters (Thiel,
Guerra-García, Lancellotti & Vásquez, 2003).
For example, 105 species have been reported
for Japan (Takeuchi, 1999) and 41 species for
the Mediterranean (Guerra-García & Takeuchi,
2002; Sturaro & Guerra-García, 2012).
The Hyperiidea have an overall number of
valid species of 304 according to the WoRMS.
There are 222 species known to occur in the
Pacific Ocean and 175 species in the Atlantic
(Gasca, 2009a,b). This review recorded 116
species in the Caribbean region, representing
38.16% of the global hyperiid fauna. The few
inventories and species lists in the region have
been provided not only for shallow water species (Gasca & Shih, 2001, 2003), but also for
the deep water masses (Gasca, 2009b). One
of the most complete studies on the Western
Atlantic Hyperiidea, although restricted to the
Southwestern Atlantic, reports 151 species in
that region (Vinogradov, 1999). In comparison, the known species richness of hyperiid
amphipods from the Caribbean region is larger
than in the other adjacent tropical areas, such
as the Gulf of Mexico (100 species; LeCroy
et al., 2009), the Sargasso Sea (88 species;
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
1691
Gasca, 2007), and Brazil (90 species; Montu,
1998; Lima & Valentin, 2001). We suggest that
the number of hyperiid species inhabiting the
Caribbean region is higher, mainly because
the hyperiids can be divided roughly into
warm-water and cold-water species, and most
of the warm-water species are circumtropical
(including the tropical and subtropical belts).
Most of the hyperiid specimens contained in
zooplankton collections have been identified
at the suborder level, which leads us to recognize that new species and new records will
occur as the taxonomic effort to identify these
samples increases.
The ingolfiellidean amphipods are not
very diverse in the Caribbean Sea (seven
species), but they still represent an important
percentage (15.91%) of the global total of 44
valid species. Such biodiversity is low, considering the wide range of ecological conditions in
which they occur, which varies from deep sea
soft muds, to high altitude freshwater rivers in
the continents, to subterranean fresh, brackish
and marine interstitial waters (Vonk & Schram, 2003), but comparable to other families
of amphipods with partly overlapping habitat
requirements such as hadziids (30 species) and
bogidiellids (seven species). Seven ingolfiellidean amphipods are recorded for the Caribbean region, six of them are endemic and one,
Ingolfiella fuscina is also recorded for the Gulf
of Mexico and Florida (Felder & Camp, 2009).
More exploration and collecting efforts within anchialine cave systems in the Caribbean
islands will very likely lead to the discovering
of a larger number of species in this suborder.
In general terms, Mexico, Venezuela and
Cuba exhibit the highest species diversity,
due in part to the higher intensity of research
in these areas. In relation to species descriptions and taxonomic publications, Cuba has
taken the lead, particularly in coastal and
shallow waters. The least studied coasts in the
Caribbean are those of Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and
the Cayman Islands. The lack of knowledge
in these countries is probably due to limitations in funding, research institutions, and/or
1692
taxonomic expertise. Also, countries having a
low reported biodiversity are probably undersampled, especially if they are in close proximity to highly diverse countries. For example, it
is likely that the biodiversity of Belize, Colombia, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and Trinidad
and Tobago would resemble the biodiversity
of their neighbouring countries Mexico and
Venezuela. Another important aspect to consider is that a low number of species could also
be related to a small size of the coastal zone,
to the lack of habitat diversity, and/or to the
level of degradation of the coast due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances (Dauvin &
Ruellet, 2009; De la Ossa-Carretero, Del-PilarRuso, Giménez-Casalduero, Sánchez-Lizaso
& Dauvin, 2012). In addition, the number of
species can be also related to the extent of the
shelf area, the hydrographic isolation of bays,
coves, among others.
In conclusion, available information on
amphipod taxonomy in the Caribbean region
is heterogeneous, restricted for the most part
to Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela, and in these
countries, mainly focused on Gammaridea
and Caprellidea. Given this heterogeneity in
the data, knowledge on the distributions of
the species is also limited. There is a need
to compare between habitats throughout the
region, i.e. compare seagrass habitat diversity
along a latitudinal gradient, or between depth
zones, i.e. shelf, slope and abyssal marine
ecosystems. This would lead us to understand
distribution patterns and recognize hotspots
that will allow for recommendations on management plans for each of them. On the other
hand, knowledge of ecology and behaviour
is virtually non existent for the majority of
the species. More significantly, at this time of
rapidly vanishing natural habitats, we have not
yet estimated how many species are relatively
conserved within the boundaries of national
parks and other protected areas. In addition to
climate change which is related to higher temperatures, sealevel rise, erosion of the coastal
habitats and the acidification and disappearance of important habitats, many intertidal
zones are currently subject to disturbance from
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
industrialization and infrastructure development from the increasingly growing tourism
industry. The fauna and flora of the intertidal zone are likely to be affected by such
anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions; therefore there is a need for monitoring programmes, which could help document
such environmental changes. Thomas (1993)
stressed that gammaridean amphipods are ideal
candidates for monitoring studies because they
are ecologically and trophically important,
numerically dominant, and have relative low
dispersal capabilities. However, the use of
these organisms as biomonitors in the tropics is
only possible if their taxonomic and ecological
information is available.
Besides increasing sampling efforts in
coastal zones of poorly sampled countries
in Central America and the Lesser Antilles,
several ecosystems require additional sampling efforts like the anchialine cave systems,
the continental margins, and the deep sea,
inlcuding the escarpments, canyons, slopes,
seamounts and diapirs, the abyssal plains, and
geologically active ecosystems such as vents
and seeps. These collecting initiatives should
be combined with an increase in taxonomic
efforts, both in classical taxonomy and in the
use of molecular tools like barcoding, for
which regional capacity building is required.
All of these efforts should be carried out
through regional coordinated collaboration.
(Caprellidea, Gammaridea, Hyperiidea e Ingolfiellidea) en
el Mar Caribe, compilándose los registros de especies citadas en las diversas ecorregiones del área, tanto en publicaciones como a través de bases de datos (WoRMS y OBIS).
Se listan un total de 535 especies pertenecientes a 236
géneros y 73 familias. La ecorregión del Caribe Occidental
presentó la mayor riqueza específica (282), mientras que
el Caribe Oriental presentó el menor valor (73). México y
Venezuela presentaron el mayor número de especies registradas (266 y 206, respectivamente), mientras que doce
países presentaron menos de 50. Los Gammaridea fueron el
grupo más diverso con 387 especies, seguido de los Hyperiidea (116 especies). Hasta el presente, se han descrito 218
especies nuevas en aguas del Caribe, de las cuales 132 son
endémicas. Las áreas con mayor diversidad de anfípodos
se concentraron a lo largo del caribe Mexicano, Cuba y
la costa norte de Sur-América (Venezuela-Colombia); sin
embargo, este patron refleja más bien un mayor esfuerzo en
la recoleccion de estos organismos y una mayor experticia
taxonómica, que un patron específico de distribución del
grupo. En general, el conocimiento del grupo se limita a
las aguas someras, con muy poca información sobre zonas
profundas. En este sentido, las prioridades de investigación
regional en este grupo, debe enfocar un mayor esfuerzo en
la costa de Centro América y las Antillas Mayores y Menores. Así mismo, es necesario aumentar las recolecciones
en aguas profundas y otros ecosistemas particulares como
los anquialinos. Por último, es importante aumentar las
investigaciones taxonómicas y ecológicas de los taxones
que presentan mayor diversidad.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Atienza, A. & Martín, A. (2001). Tiburonella viscana
(Amphipoda: Plastysnopidae) en las costas de Venezuela. Revista de Biología Tropical, 49(3), 1270.
The autors thank the countless students
who have worked at the Laboratory of Peracaridean Crustaceans, as well as in the amphipod
collection of the Natural Science Museum at
Simon Bolivar University.
RESUMEN
El orden Amphipoda es uno de los más diversos
dentro de los Peracáridos. Las investigaciones sobre este
orden en el Mar Caribe se iniciaron a finales de los años
1800, incrementándose significativamente a partir de 1980.
En este estudio se analizó la biodiversidad de los anfípodos
Palabras clave: Amphipoda, diversidad, riqueza específica, Mar Caribe, endemismo.
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1702
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Family Caprellinoididae Laubitz, 1993
Family Pariambidae Laubitz, 1993
Family Phtiscidae Vassilenko, 1968
Family Protellidae McCain, 1970
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
x
x
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x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
x
x
x
LAN
x
ABC
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
VEN
Aeginella spinosa Boeck, 1861
Caprella andreae Mayer, 1890
Caprella danilevskii Czerniavskii, 1868
Caprella equilibra Say, 1818
Caprella penantis Leach, 1814
Caprella scaura Templeton, 1836
Metaprotella hummelincki McCain, 1968
Paracaprella digitimanus Quitete, 1971
Paracaprella pusilla Mayer, 1890
Paracaprella tenuis Mayer, 1903
Pseudaeginella antiguae Barnard, 1932
Pseudaeginella biscaynensis (McCain, 1968)
Pseudaeginella columbiensis Guerra-García, Krapp-Schickel & Müller, 2006
Cubadeutella cavernicola Ortiz, Guerra-García & Lalana, 2009
Deutella californica Mayer, 1890
Deutella caribensis Guerra-García, Krapp-Schickel & Müller, 2006
Deutella incerta (Mayer, 1903)
Deutella margaritae Guerra-García, 2003
Deutella mayeri Stebbing, 1895
Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890
Hemiproto wigleyi McCain, 1968
Phtisica antillensis Mayer, 1903
Phtisica marina Slabber, 1769
Mayerella redunca McCain, 1968
Tritella chibcha Guerra-García, Krapp-Schickel & Müller, 2006
COL
Suborder Caprellidea Leach, 1814
Family Caprellidae Leach, 1814
Species
MEx
Suborder / Family
CUB
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APPENDIx 1
Taxonomic classification of the amphipod fauna from Caribbean countries or subregion.PRC, Puerto Rico, HIS, Hispaniola, JAM, Jamaica, CUB, Cuba, CAY, Cayman Islands, MEx, Mexico, BEL, Belize,
GUA, Guatemala, HON, Honduras, NIC, Nicaragua, CRC, Costa Rica, PAN, Panama, COL, Colombia, VEN, Venezuela, ABC, Netherlands Antilles, TYT, Trinidad & Tobago, LAN, Lesser Antilles
1703
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Family Ampeliscidae Costa, 1857
Family Amphilochidae Boeck, 1871
x
x
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x
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x
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x
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x
x
x
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x
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x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
x
LAN
x
ABC
COL
x
VEN
PAN
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
CRC
Ampelisca abdita Mills, 1964
Ampelisca abyssicola Stebbing, 1888
Ampelisca agassizi (Judd, 1896)
Ampelisca bicarinata Goeke & Heard, 1983
Ampelisca brevisimulata J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca burkei J. L. Barnard & Thomas, 1989
Ampelisca cristata cristata Holmes, 1908
Ampelisca cristata microdentata J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca cristoides J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca holmesi Pearse, 1908
Ampelisca lobata Holmes, 1908
Ampelisca mexicana J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca pacifica Holmes, 1908
Ampelisca parapacifica Goeke & Heard, 1984
Ampelisca parapanamensis J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca paria Barnard & Agard, 1986
Ampelisca pugetica Stimpson, 1864
Ampelisca romigi J.L. Barnard, 1954
Ampelisca schellenbergi Shoemaker, 1933
Ampelisca spinipes Boeck, 1861
Ampelisca vadorum Mills, 1963
Ampelisca venetiensis Shoemaker, 1916
Ampelisca verrilli Mills, 1967
Byblis cubensis (Ortiz & Gómez, 1979)
Byblisoides blasensis J.L. Barnard, 1964
Amphilochus ascidicola Martin, Ortiz & Atienza, 2001
Apolochus casahoya (McKinney, 1978)
Apolochus delacaya (McKinney, 1978)
Apolochus neapolitanus (Della Valle, 1893)
Apolochus pillaii (J. L. Barnard & Thomas, 1983)
PRC
Species
MEx
Suborder / Family
Suborder Gammaridea Latreille, 1802
Family Ampeliscidae Costa, 1857
CUB
1704
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Ampithoidae Stebbing, 1899
Family Aoridae Walker, 1908
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
x
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x
x
x
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x
x
1705
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Gitana dominica Thomas & Barnard, 1990
Gitanopsis templadoi Ortiz & Lalana, 1995
Hourstonius laguna (McKinney, 1978)
Hourstonius tortugae (Shoemaker, 1933)
Ampithoe hirsutimanus Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Ampithoe longimana Smith, 1873
Ampithoe marcuzzii Ruffo, 1954
Ampithoe pollex Kunkel, 1910
Ampithoe ramondi Audouin, 1826
Ampithoe valida Smith, 1873
Cymadusa compta (Smith, 1873)
Cymadusa filosa Savigny, 1816
Pseudamphithoides bacescui Ortiz, 1976
Pseudamphithoides incurvaria (Just, 1977)
Sunamphitoe pelagica (Milne-Edwards, 1830)
Amphideutopus dolichocephalus Myers, 1968
Bemlos barnardi (Ortiz & Nazábal, 1988)
Bemlos brunneomaculatus Myers, 1977
Bemlos dentischium (A. A. Myers, 1977)
Bemlos foresti (Mateus & Mateus, 1966)
Bemlos intermedius (Schellenberg, 1938)
Bemlos kunkelae (A. A. Myers, 1977)
Bemlos longicornis (A. A. Myers, 1978)
Bemlos rolani Ortiz & Lalana, 2002
Bemlos sanmartini Ortiz, Lalana & López, 1992
Bemlos scolosternum Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Bemlos spinicarpus inermis (A. A. Myers, 1979)
Bemlos spinicarpus spinicarpus (Pearse, 1912)
Bemlos unicornis (Bynum & Fox, 1977)
Globosolembos francanni (Reid, 1951)
Globosolembos smithi (Holmes, 1905)
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Amphilochidae Boeck, 1871
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
Family Argissidae Walker, 1904
Family Aristiidae Lowry & Stoddart,
1997
Family Bateidae Stebbing, 1906
Family Biancolinidae Barnard, 1972
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
ABC
x
TYT
VEN
x
LAN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
x
HIS
x
x
PRC
Species
Grandidierella bonnieroides Stephensen, 1947
Lembos mayensis Ortiz & Nazábal, 1984
Lembos unifasciatus reductus Myers, 1979
Lembos unifasciatus unifasciatus Myers, 1977
Paramicrodeutopus myersi (Bynum & Fox, 1977)
Pedicorophium laminosum (Pearse, 1912)
Plesiolembos ovalipes (A. A. Myers, 1979)
Plesiolembos rectangulatus (A. A. Myers, 1977)
Rudilemboides heardi Ortiz & Lalana, 1996
Rudilemboides naglei Bousfield, 1973
Argissa hamatipes (Norman, 1869)
Aristias bicornuta Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2007
Aristias captiva Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
Boca campi Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
Miramarassa sanchezi Ortiz, Lalana & Lio, 1999
Batea aldebaranae Coleman, 2011
Batea bousfieldi (Ortiz, 1991)
Batea campi (Ortiz, 1991)
Batea carinata (Shoemaker, 1926)
Batea catharinensis Müller, 1865
Batea cuspidata (Shoemaker, 1926)
Batea schotti Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Batea transversa Shoemaker, 1926
Biancolina lowryi Ortiz & Lalana, 1996
Actogidiella cultrifera Stock, 1981
Antillogidiella martini (Stock, 1978)
Bogidiella hamatula Stock, 1985
Bogidiella perla Stock, 1981
Bogidiella prionura Stock, 1985
Bogidiella virginalis Stock, 1981
Marigidiella crassipes Stock, 1981
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Aoridae Walker, 1908
CUB
1706
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1707
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Calliopiidae Sars, 1893
Stenopleura atlantica Stebbing, 1888
Family Cebocaridae Lowry & Stoddart, Cebocaris grutesca J.L. Barnard, 1964
2011
Family Cheluridae Allman, 1847
Tropichelura gomezi Ortiz, 1976
Tropichelura insulae (Calman, 1910)
Family Colomastigidae Stebbing, 1899 Colomastix bousfieldi LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix camura LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix falcirama LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix gibbosa LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix halichondriae Bousfield, 1973
Colomastix heardi LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix irciniae LeCroy, 1995
Colomastix janiceae Heard & Perlmutter, 1977
Colomastix tridentata LeCroy, 1995
Family Corophiidae Leach, 1814
Americorophium rioplatense (Giambiagi, 1926)
Apocorophium acutum (Chevreux, 1908)
Apocorophium lacustre (Vanhöffen, 1911)
Apocorophium louisianum (Shoemaker, 1934)
Apocorophium simile (Shoemaker, 1934)
Caribboecetes barbadensis Just, 1983
Caribboecetes crassicornis Just, 1984
Caribboecetes intermedius Just, 1984
Caribboecetes justi Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Caribboecetes pterycornis Just, 1984
Crassicorophium bonellii (Milne Edwards, 1830)
Laticorophium baconi (Shoemaker, 1934)
Leptocheirus rhizophorae Ortiz & Lalana, 1980
Monocorophium acherusicum (Costa, 1853)
Monocorophium insidiosum (Crawford, 1937)
Family Cyphocarididae Lowry &
Cyphocaris anonyx Boeck, 1871
Stoddart, 1997
Cyphocaris johnsoni Shoemaker, 1934
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
x
LAN
x
ABC
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
VEN
x
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
x
COL
Hoplopheonoides obesa Shoemaker, 1956
Hoplopheonoides shoemakeri Ortiz, Lalana & Sanchez-Diaz, 2000
Family Dexaminidae Leach, 1814
Aberratylus aberrantis (J.L. Barnard, 1962)
Atylus urocarinatus McKinney, 1980
Lepechinella raua J.L. Barnard, 1973
Nototropis minikoi (A.O. Walker, 1905)
Family Endevouridae Lowry & Stoddart, Ensayara jumane Barnard & Thomas, 1990
1997
Family Eurytheneidae Stoddart & Lowry, Eurythenes obesus (Chevreux, 1905)
2004
Family Eusiridae Stebbing, 1888
Eusirogenes adad J.L. Barnard, 1964
Eusiroides monoculoides (Haswell, 1880)
Eusiroides yucatanensis McKinney et al., 1980
Nasageneia bacescui Ortiz & Lalana, 1994
Nasageneia comisariensis Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Nasageneia yucatanensis Ledoyer, 1986
Pleusiroides alcoladoi Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2007
Pontogeneia bartschi Shoemaker, 1948
Rhachotropis lobata Shoemaker, 1934
Rhachotropis portoricana J.L. Barnard, 1964
Rhachotropis wimvaderi Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2007
Sennaia bidactyla Bellan-Santini, 1997
Tethygeneia longleyi (Shoemaker, 1933)
Family Gammaridae Latreille, 1802
Gammarus mucronatus Say, 1818
Gammarus tigrinus Sexton, 1939
Family Hadziidae Karaman, 1943
Alloweckelia gurneei Holsinger & Peck, 1968
Apoweckelia serrata Stock, 1985
Bahadzia bozonici Holsinger, 1992
Bahadzia jaraguensis Jaume & Wagner, 1998
Bahadzia latipalpus Stock, 1985
Bahadzia setodactylus Holsinger, 1992
Bahadzia yagerae Ortiz & Perez, 1995
PRC
Species
Family Cyproideidae Barnard, 1974
MEx
Suborder / Family
CUB
1708
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Hadziidae Karaman, 1943
Family Haustoriidae Stebbing, 1906
Family Hyalellidae Bulycheva, 1957
Family Hyalidae Bulycheva, 1957
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
1709
Crangoweckelia mixta Stock, 1985
Crangoweckelia spinicauda Stock, 1985
Mayaweckelia cenoticola Holsinger, 1977
Mayaweckelia yucatanensis Holsinger, 1977
Metaniphargus anchihalinus Stock, 1983
Metaniphargus bousfieldi Stock, 1977
Metaniphargus chaetodactylus Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus crenatus Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus curasavicus curasavicus Stephensen, 1933
Metaniphargus curasavicus orientalis Stock, 1977
Metaniphargus haitianus Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus hyporheicus Stock, 1983
Metaniphargus jamaicae (Holsinger, 1974)
Metaniphargus juberthiei Stock & Vermeulen, 1985
Metaniphargus longipalpus Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus palpator Stock, 1977
Metaniphargus pedunculatus Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus plumicauda Stock, 1985
Metaniphargus sabulonis Vonk, 1991
Pintaweckelia grandis Stock, 1985
Protohadzia schoenerae (Fox, 1973)
Saliweckelia emarginata Stock, 1977
Saliweckelia holsingeri Stock, 1977
Tuluweckelia cernua Holsinger, 1990
Haustorius mexicanus Ortiz, Cházaro-Olvera & Winfield, 2001
Parhyalella nisbetae Lazo-Wasem & Gable, 2001
Parhyalella whelpleyi (Shoemaker, 1933)
Apohyale media (Dana, 1853)
Apohyale perieri (Lucas, 1849)
Hyale pygmaea Ruffo, 1950
Parargissa galatheae americana J.L. Barnard, 1961
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Hadziidae Karaman, 1943
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
Family Isaeidae Dana, 1853
Family Ischyroceridae Stebbing, 1899
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ABC
LAN
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
VEN
x
x
TYT
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
x
x
HON
x
x
BEL
x
x
JAM
HIS
x
x
PRC
Species
Parhyale fascigera Stebbing, 1897
Parhyale hawaiensis (Dana, 1853)
Parhyale inyacka K.H. Barnard, 1916
Protohyale diplodactyla (Stebbing, 1899)
Protohyale macrodactyla Stebbing, 1899
Audulla chelifera Chevreux, 1901
Chevalia aviculae Walker, 1904
Chevalia carpenteri Barnard & Thomas, 1987
Chevalia mexicana Pearse, 1912
Gammaropsis arawakia Thomas & Barnard, 1989
Latigammaropsis atlantica (Stebbing, 1888)
Latigammaropsis togoensis (Schellenberg, 1925)
Microprotopus raneyi Wigley, 1966
Microprotopus shoemakeri Lowry, 1972
Photis dentata Shoemaker, 1945
Photis lecroyae Ortiz, Varela & Lalana, 2011
Photis longicaudata (Bate & Westwood, 1862)
Photis macromana McKinney, Kalke & Holland, 1978
Photis melanica McKinney, 1980
Photis pugnator Shoemaker, 1945
Photis sarae Souza-Filho & Serejo, 2010
Photis trapherus Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1991
Cerapus benthophilus Thomas & Heard, 1979
Cerapus cudjoe Lowry & Thomas, 1991
Cerapus orteai Ortiz & Thomas, 2007
Cerapus thomasi Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Corocubanus guitarti Ortiz & Nazábal, 1984
Ericthonius brasiliensis (Dana, 1853)
Ericthonius rubricornis (Stimpson, 1853)
Microjassa tetradonta Conlan, 1995
Neoischyrocerus vidali Ortiz & Lalana, 2002
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Hyalidae Bulycheva, 1957
CUB
1710
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Leucothoidae Dana, 1852
Family Liljeborgiidae Stebbing, 1899
Family Lysiannassidae Dana, 1849
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1711
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
x
HIS
x
x
PRC
Species
Anamixis cavatura Thomas, 1997
Anamixis hanseni Stebbing, 1897
Anamixis vanga Thomas, 1997
Leucothoe ashleyae Thomas & Klebba, 2006
Leucothoe ayrtonia Bellan-Santini, 1997
Leucothoe barana Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Leucothoe flammosa Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Leucothoe garifunae Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Leucothoe kensleyi Thomas & Klebba, 2006
Leucothoe laurensi Thomas & Ortiz, 1995
Leucothoe panpulco J.L. Barnard, 1961
Leucothoe saron Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard, 1789)
Leucothoe ubouhu Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Leucothoe wuriti Thomas & Klebba, 2007
Nepanamixis dianthus Thomas, 1997
Liljeborgia bousfieldi McKinney, 1979
Listriella andresi Martin, Ortiz & Atienza, 2000
Listriella barnardi Wigley, 1966
Listriella carinata McKinney, 1979
Listriella diffusa J.L. Barnard, 1959
Listriella kensleyi Ortiz & Lalana, 1996
Listriella quintana McKinney, 1979
Bonassa bonairensis (Stephensen, 1933)
Concarnes concavus (Shoemaker, 1933)
Eclecticus eclecticus Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
Lepiduristes lepidus (J.L. Barnard, 1964)
Lysianassa hummelincki Stephensen, 1933
Lysianopsis alba Holmes, 1903
Orchomene madagascarensis (Shoemaker, 1942)
Orchomene stocki Bellan-Santini, 1990
Orenoqueia serrata Bellan-Santini, 1997
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Leucothoidae Dana, 1852
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Megaluropidae Thomas &
Barnard, 1986
Family Melitidae Bousfield, 1973
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
Family Melitidae Bousfield, 1973
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
x
LAN
VEN
x
ABC
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Ottenwalderia kymbalion Jaume & Wagner, 1998
Paracentromedon carabicus J.L. Barnard, 1964
Shoemakerella cubensis (Stebbing, 1897)
Socarnopsis catacumba (Clark & Barnard, 1985)
Socarnopsis karamani Ortiz, Garcia-Debras & Lalana, 2003
Tryphosella apalachicola Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
Tryphosella uristesi Bellan-Santini, 1997
Gibberosus myersi (McKinney, 1980)
Resupinus spinicaudatus Thomas & Barnard, 1986
Anamaera hixoni Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1985
Anelasmopus kraui Oliveira, 1953
Ceradocus (Denticeradocus) rubromaculatus (Stimpson, 1855)
Ceradocus (Denticeradocus) sheardi Shoemaker, 1948
Ceradocus shoemakeri Fox, 1973
Confodiopisa caesicola (Stock, 1980)
Dulichiella appendiculata (Say, 1818)
Dumosus atari Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1985
Elasmopus balkomanus Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1988
Elasmopus bampo J.L. Barnard, 1979
Elasmopus brasiliensis (Dana, 1853)
Elasmopus elieri Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2004
Elasmopus lemaitrei Ortiz & Lalana, 1994
Elasmopus levis (S. I. Smith, 1873)
Elasmopus pectenicrus (Bate, 1862)
Elasmopus pocillimanus (Bate, 1862)
Elasmopus rapax Costa, 1853
Elasmopus spinidactylus Chevreux, 1907
Elasmopus thomasi Ortiz & Lalana, 1994
Eriopisa incisa McKinney, Kalke & Holland, 1978
Eriopisa mochimae Van der Ham & Vonk, 2003
Hamimaera hamigera (Haswell, 1879)
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Lysiannassidae Dana, 1849
CUB
1712
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Melitidae Bousfield, 1973
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
1713
Jerbarnia americana Watling, 1981
Maera jerrica Krapp-Schickel & Jarrett, 2000
Maeracoota galani Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2001
Maeropsis rathbunae (Pearse, 1908)
Mallacoota carausui Ortiz, 1976
Melita guanaense Ortiz, Garcia-Debras & Lalana, 2002
Melita leiotelson Vonk, 1989
Melita longisetosa Sheridan, 1980
Melita nitida Smith, 1873
Melita palmata (Montagu, 1804)
Melita persona G. Karaman, 1987
Melita planaterga Kunkel, 1910
Meximaera diffidentia J.L. Barnard, 1969
Netamelita barnardi McKinney, Kalke & Holland, 1978
Netamelita tabaci Thomas & Barnard, 1991
Nuuanu curvata Vonk, 1989
Nuuanu muelleri Ortiz, 1976
Psammogammarus bluefieldensis Ortiz, Lalana & Beltran, 1993
Psammogammarus longidactylus Vonk & Stock, 1987
Psammogammarus scopulorum Stock, 1983
Psammomelita uncinata Vonk, 1988
Quadrimaera cristianae Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2000
Quadrimaera inaequipes (A. Costa, 1851)
Quadrimaera miranda (Ruffo, Krapp & Gable, 2000)
Quadrimaera pacifica (Schellenberg, 1938)
Quadrimaera pieteri Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2000
Quadrimaera prope pacifica (Schellenberg, 1938)
Quadrimaera quadrimana (Dana, 1852)
Quadrimaera sarae (Krapp-Schickel & Ruffo, 2000)
Quadrimaera serrata (Schellenberg, 1938)
Quadrivisio lutzi (Shoemaker, 1933)
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Melitidae Bousfield, 1973
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Ruffomaera williamsi (Bynum & Fox, 1977)
Spathiopus cojimarensis Ortiz & Lalana, 2002
Thalassostygius exiguus Vonk, 1990
Victoriopisa guanarocana Ortiz & Lalana, 1989
Family Melphidippidae Stebbing, 1899 Hornellia (Metaceradocus) atlantica Thomas & Barnard, 1986
Hornellia (Metaceradocus) habanensis Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2008
Hornellia (Metaceradocus) tequestae Thomas & Barnard, 1986
Family Neomegamphopidae Myers, 1981 Neomegamphopus heardi Barnard & Thomas, 1987
Family Neomegamphopidae Myers, 1981 Neomegamphopus hiatus J. L. Barnard & Thomas, 1987
Neomegamphopus kalanii J. L. Barnard & Thomas, 1987
Pseudomegamphopus barnardi Myers, 1968
Pseudomegamphopus excavatus Myers, 1968
Family Ochlesidae Stebbing, 1910
Curidia monicae Ortiz, Lalana & Varela, 2007
Curidia debrogania Thomas, 1983
Family Oedicerotidae Liljeborg, 1865 Aceroides (Patoides) synparis (J.L. Barnard, 1964)
Americhelidium americanum (Bousfield, 1973)
Hartmanodes nyei (Shoemaker, 1933)
Monoculodes cf. carinatus (Bate, 1857)
Perioculodes cerasinus Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1985
Westwoodilla longimana Shoemaker, 1934
Family Phliantidae Stebbing, 1899
Pariphinotus seclusus (Shoemaker, 1933)
Pariphinotus seticoxa (Ortiz, 1976)
Family Pardaliscidae Boeck, 1871
Parpano cebus J.L. Barnard, 1964
Parpano composturus J.L. Barnard, 1964
Family Phoxocephalidae Sars, 1891
Eobrolgus spinosus Holmes, 1905
Harpinia excavata Chevreux, 1888
Harpinia intermedia Bellan-Santini, 1997
Heterophoxus oculatus (Holmes, 1908)
Metharpinia floridana (Shoemaker, 1933)
Metharpinia oripacifica J.L. Barnard, 1980
Microphoxus minimus J.L. Barnard, 1960
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Melitidae Bousfield, 1973
CUB
1714
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Platyischnopidae Barnard &
Drummond, 1979
Family Podoceridae Leach, 1814
Family Scopelocheiridae Lowry &
Stoddart, 1997
Family Sebidae Walker, 1908
Family Stegocephalidae Dana, 1853
Family Stenothoidae Boeck, 1871
Family Synopiidae Dana, 1853
Family Synopiidae Dana, 1853
1715
Seba robusta Ortiz & Lemaitre, 1997
Seba tropica McKinney, 1980
Stegocephaloides calypsonis Verge, Vader & Galan, 2001
Parametopella texensis McKinney, Kalke & Holland, 1978
Stenothoe gallensis Walker, 1904
Stenothoe valida Dana, 1852
Bruzelia pericu J.L. Barnard, 1972
Bruzeliopsis turba J.L. Barnard, 1964
Garosyrrhoe bigarra (J.L. Barnard, 1962)
Garosyrrhoe luquei Ortiz & Veledo, 1988
Ileraustroe torpens (J.L. Barnard, 1962)
Latacunga comanita J.L. Barnard, 1972
Metatiron bellairsi (Just, 1981)
Metatiron tropakis (J. L. Barnard, 1972)
Synopia scheeleana Bovallius, 1886
Synopia ultramarina Dana, 1853
Syrrhoe papyracea Stebbing, 1888
Tiron biocellata J.L. Barnard, 1962
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
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x
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x
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x
x
x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Proharpinia barbada Bellan-Santini, 1997
Rhepoxynius epistomus (Shoemaker, 1938)
Eudevenopus honduranus Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1983
Eudevenopus metagracilis (J.L. Barnard, 1964)
Tiburonella morrocoyensis Ortiz, Martin & Atienza, 2000
Tiburonella viscana (J.L. Barnard, 1964)
Podocerus brasiliensis (Dana, 1853)
Podocerus cristatus Thomson, 1879
Podocerus fissipes Serejo, 1995
Podocerus jareckii Baldinger & Gable, 2002
Podocerus kleidus Thomas & J. L. Barnard, 1992
Podocerus lazowasemi Baldinger & Gable, 1994
Aroui americana Lowry & Stoddart, 1997
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Phoxocephalidae Sars, 1891
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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CAY
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
x
TYT
Chelorchestia costaricana (Stebbing, 1906)
Floresorchestia guadalupensis Ciavatti, 1989
Orchestia grillus (Bosc, 1802)
Platorchestia platensis (Krøyer, 1845)
Pseudorchestoidea biolleyi (Stebbing, 1908)
Talorchestia fritzi Stebbing, 1903
Talorchestia marcuzzi Ruffo, 1950
Talorchestia margaritae Stephensen, 1948
Talorchestia sulensoni (Stebbing, 1899)
Tethorchestia antillensis Bousfield, 1984
Tethorchestia karukarae Ciavatti, 1989
Uhlorchestia uhleri (Shoemaker, 1930)
Family Uristidae Hurley, 1963
Stephonyx biscayensis (Chevreux, 1908)
Stephonyx carinatus Bellan-Santini, 1997
Stephonyx incertus Bellan-Santini, 1997
Family Vitjazianidae Birstein &
Vemana compressa J.L. Barnard, 1964
Vinogradov, 1955
Vemana lizata J.L. Barnard, 1964
Suborder Hyperiidea Milne Edwards, 1830
Family Brachyscelidae Stephensen, 1923 Brachyscelus crusculum Bate, 1861
Family Brachyscelidae Stephensen, 1923 Brachyscelus globiceps (Claus, 1879)
Brachyscelus macrocephalus Stephensen, 1925
Brachyscelus rapacoides Stephensen, 1925
Thamneus rostratus Bovallius, 1887
Family Cystisomatidae Willemoes-Suhm, Cystisoma latipes (Stephensen, 1918)
1875
Cystisoma longipes (Bovallius, 1886)
Family Dairellidae Bovallius, 1887
Dairella californica (Bovallius, 1885)
Family Lycaeidae Claus, 1879
Tryphana malmii Boeck, 1871
Family Iulopididae Zeidler, 2004
Iulopis loveni Bovallius, 1887
Family Lanceolidae Bovallius, 1887
Lanceola sayana Bovallius, 1885
LAN
Family Talitridae Rafinesque, 1815
PRC
Species
MEx
Suborder / Family
CUB
1716
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Lycaeidae Claus, 1879
Family Lycaeidae Claus, 1879
Family Lycaeopsidae Chevreux, 1913
Family Mimonectidae Bovallius, 1887
Family Oxycephalidae Dana, 1853
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1717
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x
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x
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x
x
x
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x
x
x
x
x
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Hyperietta luzoni (Stebbing, 1888)
Hyperietta parviceps Bowman, 1973
Hyperietta stebbingi Bowman, 1973
Hyperietta stephenseni Bowman, 1973
Hyperietta vosseleri (Stebbing, 1904)
Hyperioides longipes Chevreux, 1900
Hyperionyx macrodactylus (Stephensen, 1924)
Lestrigonus bengalensis Giles, 1887
Lestrigonus crucipes (Bovallius, 1889)
Lestrigonus latissimus (Bovallius, 1889)
Lestrigonus macrophthalmus (Vosseler, 1901)
Lestrigonus schizogeneios (Stebbing, 1888)
Phronimopsis spinifera Claus, 1879
Themistella fusca (Dana, 1853)
Lycaea bajensis Shoemaker, 1925
Lycaea bovallii Chevreux, 1900
Lycaea bovallioides Stephensen, 1925
Lycaea pachypoda (Claus, 1879)
Lycaea pauli Stebbing, 1888
Lycaea pulex Marion, 1874
Lycaea vincentii Stebbing, 1888
Simorhynchotus antennarius (Claus, 1871)
Lycaeopsis themistoides Claus, 1879
Lycaeopsis zamboangae (Stebbing, 1888)
Mimonectes gaussi (Woltereck, 1904)
Cranocephalus scleroticus (Streets, 1878)
Glossocephalus milneedwardsi Bovallius, 1887
Leptocotis tenuirostris (Claus, 1871)
Oxycephalus clausi Bovallius, 1887
Oxycephalus piscator Milne Edwards, 1830
Rhabdosoma minor Fage, 1954
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Lestrigonidae Zeidler, 2004
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
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CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
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x
x
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x
HIS
x
PRC
Species
Rhabdosoma whitei Bate, 1862
Streetsia challengeri Stebbing, 1888
Streetsia mindanaonis (Stebbing, 1888)
Streetsia porcella (Claus, 1879)
Streetsia steenstrupi (Bovallius, 1887)
Family Paraphronimidae Bovallius, 1887 Paraphronima crassipes Claus, 1879
Paraphronima gracilis Claus, 1879
Family Parascelidae Bate, 1862
Parascelus edwardsi Claus, 1879
Parascelus typhoides Claus, 1879
Schizoscelus ornatus Claus, 1879
Family Parascelidae Bate, 1862
Thyropus sphaeroma (Claus, 1879)
Family Phronimidae Rafinesque, 1815 Phronima colletti Bovallius, 1887
Phronima curvipes Vosseler, 1901
Phronima pacifica Streets, 1887
Phronima sedentaria (Forskal, 1775)
Phronima solitaria Guérin-Méneville, 1836
Phronima stebbingi Vosseler, 1901
Phronimella elongata (Claus, 1862)
Family Phrosinidae Dana, 1853
Anchylomera blossevillei Milne Edwards, 1830
Phrosina semilunata Risso, 1882
Primno abyssalis Bowman, 1968
Primno brevidens Bowman, 1978
Primno evansi Sheader, 1986
Primno johnsoni Bowman, 1978
Primno latreillei Stebbing, 1888
Primno macropa Guérin-Méneville, 1836
Family Platyscelidae Bate, 1862
Amphithyrus bispinosus Claus, 1879
Amphithyrus glaber Spandl, 1924
Amphithyrus muratus Volkov, 1982
Amphithyrus sculpturatus Claus, 1879
Hemityphis tenuimanus Claus, 1879
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Oxycephalidae Dana, 1853
CUB
1718
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Platyscelidae Bate, 1862
Family Pronoidae Dana, 1853
Family Scinidae Stebbing, 1888
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1719
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x
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CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
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x
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x
HIS
x
PRC
Species
Paratyphis maculatus Claus, 1879
Paratyphis parvus Claus, 1887
Paratyphis promontori Stebbing, 1888
Paratyphis spinosus Spandl, 1924
Platyscelus armatus (Claus, 1879)
Platyscelus crustulatus (Claus, 1879)
Platyscelus ovoides (Risso, 1816)
Platyscelus serratulus Stebbing, 1888
Tetrathyrus forcipatus Claus, 1879
Eupronoe intermedia Stebbing, 1888
Eupronoe laticarpa Stephensen, 1925
Eupronoe maculata Claus, 1879
Eupronoe minuta Claus, 1879
Paralycaea gracilis Claus, 1879
Paralycaea hoylei Stebbing, 1888
Parapronoe crustulum Claus, 1879
Parapronoe parva Claus, 1879
Pronoe capito Guérin-Méneville, 1836
Acanthoscina acanthodes (Stebbing, 1895)
Scina borealis (Sars, 1882)
Scina crassicornis (Fabricius, 1775)
Scina curvidactyla Chevreux, 1914
Scina damasi Pirlot, 1929
Scina hurleyi australis Zeidler, 1998
Scina indica M. Vinogradov, 1964
Scina langhansi Wagler, 1926
Scina marginata (Bovallius, 1885)
Scina nana Wagler, 1926
Scina pacifica (Bovallius, 1887)
Scina similis Stebbing, 1895
Scina stenopus Stebbing, 1895
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Platyscelidae Bate, 1862
CUB
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)
Family Vibiliidae Dana, 1853
Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 61 (4): 1681-1720, December 2013
Suborder Ingolfiellidea Hansen, 1903
Family Ingolfiellidae Hansen, 1903
Ingolfiella fontinalis Stock, 1977
Ingolfiella fuscina Dojiri & Sieg, 1987
Ingolfiella grandispina Stock, 1979
Ingolfiella margaritae Stock, 1979
Ingolfiella putealis Stock, 1976
Ingolfiella quadridentata Stock, 1979
Ingolfiella tabularis Stock, 1977
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x
x
x
CAY
TYT
LAN
ABC
VEN
COL
PAN
CRC
NIC
GUA
HON
BEL
JAM
HIS
PRC
Species
Scina submarginata Tattersall, 1906
Scina tullbergi (Bovallius, 1885)
Scina vosseleri Tattersall, 1906
Scina wagleri atlantis Thurston, 1976
Vibilia armata Bovallius, 1887
Vibilia australis Stebbing, 1888
Vibilia chuni Behning & Woltereck, 1912
Vibilia gibbosa Bovallius, 1887
Vibilia jeangerardi Lucas, 1845
Vibilia propinqua Stebbing, 1888
Vibilia stebbingi Behning & Woltereck, 1912
Vibilia viatrix Bovallius, 1887
MEx
Suborder / Family
Family Scinidae Stebbing, 1888
CUB
1720
APPENDIx 1 (Continued)