Catalogue of supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Gerhard STEINER Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna (Austria) gerhard.steiner@univie.ac.at Alan R. KABAT formerly Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology (Mollusks) National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 (USA) alankabat@aol.com Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. 2001. — Catalogue of supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Zoosystema 23 (3): 433-460. KEY WORDS Mollusca, Scaphopoda, Dentaliidae, Dentalium, Gadilidae, Cadulus, catalogue. ABSTRACT This annotated catalogue of Recent and fossil supraspecific names of the molluscan class Scaphopoda contains 15 class- and ordinal-level names, 33 family-level names, 114 genus-group names, and 12 non-scaphopod names erroneously assigned to this class. For the suprageneric names, this catalogue provides their original rank, their current systematic status and, if applicable, their type genus. For the genus-group names, this catalogue provides the type species, mode of designation, systematic position, and the listing of the Recent species. Complete bibliographic references are provided for all supraspecific names. The current validity of each nominal taxon is assessed based upon the literature, with junior synonyms cross-referenced. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.mnhn.fr/publication/ 433 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. MOTS CLÉS Mollusca, Scaphopoda, Dentaliidae, Dentalium, Gadilidae, Cadulus, catalogue. RÉSUMÉ Catalogue des taxons supraspecifiques de Scaphopoda (Mollusca). Le présent catalogue des noms de taxons supraspécifiques, fossiles et actuels, de la classe des Scaphopodes comprend 15 noms des niveaux classe et ordre, 33 noms du niveau famille et 114 noms du niveau genre, auxquels s’ajoutent 12 noms proposés à l’origine comme des noms de Scaphopodes mais qui n’en sont pas. Pour les noms au dessus du niveau genre, le catalogue indique le rang auquel ils ont été établis à l’origine et leur statut taxonomique actuel et, quand il y en a lieu, le genre-type. Pour les noms du niveau genre, le catalogue indique l’espèce-type et son mode de désignation, la position systématique, ainsi que le nombre et une liste alphabétique des espèces actuelles connues. Des références bibliographiques complètes sont données pour tous les noms de taxons supraspécifiques. La validité de chaque taxon nominal est évaluée à partir de la littérature, avec des renvois appropriés entre synonymes. INTRODUCTION The increased and technically improved sampling of marine sediments and subsequent morphological studies during the 20th century resulted in a high number of new species of benthic invertebrates in general, including the molluscan class Scaphopoda. The increased number of known species and the assessment of additional anatomical character sets (e.g., radula, pedal musculature, mantle morphology) led to an improved classification of the group and to the creation of numerous supraspecific taxa from genus-group to ordinal levels. In their fundamental work on scaphopod systematics, Pilsbry & Sharp (18971898) recognized 23 genus-group taxa in two families. Since then, 20 valid suprageneric taxa and 36 valid genera have been described. Previous papers on scaphopod classification (Ludbrook in Moore 1960; Emerson 1962; Palmer 1974; Scarabino 1995; Lamprell & Healy 1998) and catalogues of genus-group taxa (Emerson 1952a; Palmer 1986) listed these names with a varying amount of accompanying information and, together with the work of Pilsbry & Sharp (1897-1898), form the starting point for the present catalogue. This publication attempts to compile all supraspecific scaphopod names appearing in the literature to date, including incorrect subsequent 434 spellings, emendations, and those taxa originally described as scaphopods but no longer included in this class, together with information relevant for the taxonomy and systematics of the group. The validity of the Recent taxa is indicated based upon the scaphopod classification of Scarabino (1995), as modified by Steiner (1998, 1999) (Table 1). In addition, the Recent species are listed for each valid genus. The generic assignment for Recent species is, with few exceptions, taken from the literature. Several new generic combinations and new species synonymies will be discussed in detail in the catalogue of species-level taxa (Steiner & Kabat in prep.). Class-level to ordinal names, family-group names, genus-group names, and the non-scaphopod genus names are each listed separately and in alphabetic order. The list of class- and order-level names consists of 15 entries. The second section contains family-group names of 29 Recent and 4 extinct taxa. The classification scheme used herein (Table 1) recognises 23 Recent suprageneric taxa. Of the 114 entries in the genus-group name section, 60 refer to valid genera, 46 Recent and 14 extinct taxa. Of the remaining entries, 22 are junior synonyms, unjustified emendations or unavailable names, 20 are incorrect subsequent spellings, and 11 are names of genera which were erroneously assigned to the Scaphopoda. Of the ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) 46 Recent genera here considered valid, 22 are in the order Dentaliida and 24 in the order Gadilida. Lamprell & Healy (1998) presented a classification of Recent Australian taxa, using the dentaliid genera Dentalium, Fissidentalium, Tesseracme and Laevidentalium all sensu lato by including species assigned by other authors to Antalis, Striodentalium, Paradentalium, Eudentalium or Calliodentalium. Similarly, the genera Rhomboxiphus and Entalinopsis (Gadilida, Entalimorpha) were not accepted by Lamprell & Healy (1998), thus reducing the number of genera recognized in their publication by at least seven. However, we herein follow the classification scheme of Scarabino (1995). The number of Recent species placed in each genus varies from 1 to 67. Six genera (Dentalium, Antalis, Fissidentalium of the order Dentaliida; Cadulus, Gadila, Polyschides of the order Gadilida) have more than 20 species. Nine genera (Paradentalium, Compressidentalium, Graptacme, Episiphon, Fustiaria, Laevidentalium, Pulsellum, Dischides, Siphonodentalium) have 10 to 20 species. Of the 31 genera having fewer than 10 species, 12 are monotypic. Species numbers for family-level taxa are not calculated here because of the divergent use and ranking of taxa by various authors which indicates the instability of several of these taxa. However, there are 276 currently recognized Recent species in the order Dentaliida and 241 Recent species in the order Gadilida. The catalogue is planned to be updated in suitable intervals to account for new taxa and, inevitably, changes in systematics due to new phylogenetic data. The successive updated versions will be available on internet at the URL: http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/zoosyst/z01n3a 4.pdf CLASS-LEVEL AND ORDINAL NAMES The name of the class Scaphopoda dates from Bronn (1862) who listed it as an order containing the single suborder Prosopocephala. These names are antedated by Cirrhobranchiata de Blainville, ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) 1824, Lateribranchiata Clark, 1851 (both de Blainville and Clark had mistaken the captacula or the tubules of the midgut gland, respectively, for the “gills” of the scaphopod animal, hence the mistaken etymology of their names), and Solenoconques Lacaze-Duthiers, 1857. In the last decade of the 19th century, Simroth (1894) and Pilsbry & Sharp (1897-1898), through their consistent use of Scaphopoda (and their implied rejection of the other class-level names) set the precedent followed by essentially all subsequent researchers who have invariably used Scaphopoda as the name of this class. The ordinal rank had not been used for this class until 1974 when almost simultaneously Starobogatov and Palmer proposed new classifications for the Scaphopoda. The ordinal names of Starobogatov (1974), Dentaliida and Gadilida, became more accepted, not only for their slight seniority, but also for being shorter than Palmer’s (1974) Dentalioidea and Siphonodentalioidea, which could also be confused with the names of superfamilies. Names that are currently considered to be valid are in boldface, whereas synonyms, questionable and unavailable names are in regular type. Each entry is followed by the author and citation; rank in original description (if given); synonymy and nomenclatorial remarks where appropriate; and the current systematic position, if known. Cirrhobranchiata de Blainville, 1824: 286; 1825: 495. As an order of the sub-class “Paracephalophora hermaphrodita”, for the genus Dentalium, listing “Dentalium elephantinum d’Argenville” and “Dentalium entalis d’Argenville” (both names from d’Argenville (1742) and, thus, not available under ICZN Article 3.2). Dentalia Da Costa, 1776: 127, 152, 297. For Dentale [= Antalis]. Emended to Dentaliida by Starobogatov (1974: 8). Order for Prodentaliidae, Plagioglyptidae, and Dentaliidae (fide Starobogatov 1974). Synonyms: Antalinae Stoliczka, 1868, partim (Emerson 1962: 466). 435 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. Current use: Anulidentaliidae, Calliodentaliidae, Dentaliidae, Gadilinidae, Laevidentaliidae, Omniglyptidae; and for the extinct family Prodentaliidae. Dentalioidea Palmer, 1974: 119. Order for Dentaliidae and Laevidentaliidae. Junior synonym of, and much less used than, Dentaliida sensu Starobogatov (1974). Entalimorpha Steiner, 1992: 397. Suborder of the order Gadilida, for Entalinidae. Gadilida Starobogatov, 1974: 9. Order for Siphonodentaliidae, Loxoporidae, Gadilidae. Synonym: Siphonopoda G. O. Sars, 1878. Current use: Entalimorpha-Entalinidae, Gadilimorpha-Pulsellidae, Wemersoniellidae, Siphonodentaliidae; incertae sedis Compressidens, Megaentalina. Gadilimorpha Steiner, 1992: 398. Suborder of Gadilida, for Pulsellidae (including Compressidens), Wemersoniellidae, Siphonodentaliidae, Gadilidae, incertae sedis Megaentalina (added by Scarabino 1995: 196). Lateribranchiata Clark, 1851: 471, 476. In the “Third Division of Gasteropoda, as Gasteropoda lateribranchiata, Hermaphrodite, sine congressu”; for the family Dentaliadae, genus Dentalium. Nematobranchia Gravenhorst, 1843: 66. In Gastropoda; as family for Dentalium. Emended to Nematobranchiata by Agassiz, Gould & Perty (1855: 610). Nematobranchiata Agassiz, Gould & Perty, 1855: 610. Emendation of Nematobranchia Gravenhorst, 1843. Plagioglyptida Chistikov, 1979: 21. Order for Plagioglyptidae. 436 “Prosocephala” – Habe 1964: 1. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Prosopocephala Bronn, 1862. Prosopocephala Bronn, 1862: 522. In the “2. Unterkreis, Malacozoa cephalophora (or cephalota) = Cephalomalacia” (including the classes Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda); as the only suborder of the class Scaphopoda. Scaphopoda Bronn, 1862: 522. As class of the “2. Unterkreis, Malacozoa cephalophora (or cephalota) = Cephalomalacia” (including the classes Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, and Cephalopoda). Siphonodentalioidea Palmer, 1974: 120-121. Order for families Siphonodentaliidae Simroth, 1894 and Cadulidae Grant & Gale, 1931. Junior synonym of, and less used than, Gadilida Starobogatov, 1974. Solenoconques Lacaze-Duthiers, 1857: 42-43 [285 in reprint]. Emended to Solenoconchae by M. Sars (1861: 22), and to Solenoconchia by Monterosato (1872: 27) and G. O. Sars (1878: 100). FAMILY-GROUP NAMES Recent and fossil (marked [F]) family-group taxa are listed alphabetically, with valid names in bold. The author and reference for each are followed by the type genus and the junior synonyms. Where appropriate, the originally assigned rank, current usage and the included subtaxa are given for each taxon under Remark. Antalinae Stoliczka, 1868: 437. TYPE GENUS. — Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854. Currently included in Dentaliidae [Children, 1834] (fide Emerson 1962: 466). REMARK. — Introduced as a subfamily of Dentaliidae, for Dentalium, Antale, Entalis [both Antalis], and Fustiaria [including Fustiaria and Laevidentalium]. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Anulidentaliinae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Anulidentalium Chistikov, 1975. REMARK. — Proposed as subfamily of Dentaliidae; current use: Anulidentaliidae (fide Steiner 1999: 151), including Anulidentalium and Epirhabdoides. [F] Baltodentaliidae Engeser & Riedel, 1992: 49. T YPE GENUS . — Baltodentalium Engeser & Riedel, 1992. Bathoxiphinae Chistikov, 1983: 181. TYPE GENUS. — Bathoxiphus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. REMARK. — Introduced as a subfamily of Entalinidae, including Bathoxiphus, Rhomboxiphus, and Solenoxiphus. Cadulidae Grant & Gale, 1931: 438. TYPE GENUS. — Cadulus Philippi, 1844. Incorrectly proposed replacement name for Siphonodentaliidae Tryon, 1884, because the authors listed Siphonodentaliidae as a junior synonym, although it actually antedates their establishment of Cadulidae. REMARK. — Originally included Cadulus, Siphonodentalium, and Entalina; adopted by Palmer (1974: 121) for Cadulus, Gadila, Dischides, Polyschides, Striocadulus, Sagamicadulus. Calliodentaliinae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Calliodentalium Habe, 1964. Objective junior synonym: Eboreidentidae Chistikov, 1975 (n. syn., see under Eboreidens in the genus-group section). R EMARK . — Introduced as a subfamily of Dentaliidae, including Calliodentalium, Laevidentalium, and Pseudantalis (sensu Monterosato 1884); current use: Calliodentaliidae including only Calliodentalium (fide Scarabino 1995: 271). “Dentaliacea” – Römer, 1836: 133. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentaliidae [Children, 1834] (ICZN Article 32.5.3). “Dentaliadae” – Clark, 1851: 471. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentaliidae [Children, 1834] (ICZN Article 32.5.3). ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) “Dentalidae” – d’Orbigny, 1843: 399. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentaliidae [Children, 1834] (ICZN Article 32.5.3). Dentaliidae [Children, 1834]: 112. TYPE GENUS. — Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. Junior synonyms: Antalinae Stoliczka, 1868 (partim); Dentaliacea Römer, 1836; Dentaliadae Clark, 1851, Dentalidae d’Orbigny, 1843; Dentaliina MacGillivray, 1843; Plagioglyptidae Starobogatov, 1974 (partim); Scaphopoda G. O. Sars, 1878: 100. REMARK. — The “Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum” for 1834 did not indicate the authorship of the conchological section. However, J. G. Children was in charge of the mollusc collection at that time, and he was credited with the authorship of the conchological section of the “Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum” for 1838 (Children 1838). Thus, it is most logical to infer, pursuant to ICZN Article 51, Recommendation 51D, that Children was the author of this section in the 1834 edition. The family originally included only Dentalium and was subsequently enlarged with the addition of Entalis and Gadila by Gray (1847: 158). “Dentaliina” – MacGillivray, 1843: 72. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentaliidae [Children, 1834] (ICZN Article 32.5.3). Eboreidentidae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Eboreidens Chistikov, 1975, a junior synonym of Calliodentalium Habe, 1964 (n. syn., see under Eboreidens in the genus-group section). Objective junior synonym of Calliodentaliidae Chistikov, 1975 (fide Scarabino 1995: 243, the first reviser who tentatively synonymized these names). Entalinidae Chistikov, 1979: 21. TYPE GENUS. — Entalina Monterosato, 1872. R EMARK . — Originally included genera are Bathoxiphus, Entalina, Entalinopsis, Heteroschismoides, and Megaentalina. Scarabino (1995: 437 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. 196; 365) removed Megaentalina from this taxon. Also used as subfamily Entalininae (diagnosis in Chistikov 1982c: 1492) for Entalina. Episiphonidae, Episiphoninae Chistikov, 1975: 20. T YPE GENUS . — Episiphon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. Fustiariidae Steiner, 1991: 18. TYPE GENUS. — Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868. Gadilinae Stoliczka, 1868: 440. TYPE GENUS. — Gadila Gray, 1847. REMARK. — Introduced as a subfamily of Dentaliidae, for Siphonodentalium, Gadila, Helonyx [Cadulus], Pulsellum; current use: Gadilidae sensu Steiner (1992), equivalent to Siphonodentaliidae sensu Scarabino (1995), including the subfamilies Siphonodentaliinae (Siphonodentalium, Sagamicadulus, Striocadulus, Polyschides, Dischides) and Gadilinae (Cadulus, Bathycadulus, Gadila). Gadilinidae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Gadilina Foresti, 1895. R EMARK . — The family originally included Gadilina and Bathoxiphus; current use: Gadilinidae: Gadilina, Episiphon (fide Steiner 1999: 157); Gadilininae: Gadilina. Gadinae Cossmann in Cossmann & Peyrot, 1917: 159. TYPE GENUS. — Gadila Gray, 1847. Objective junior synonym of Gadilinae Stoliczka, 1868. REMARK. — Originally proposed as a subfamily of Dentaliidae for Gadila and Siphonodentalium. Heteroschismoidinae Chistikov, 1982a: 675. T YPE GENUS . — Heteroschismoides Ludbrook, 1960. R E M A R K . — Introduced as a subfamily of Entalinidae, for Heteroschismoides, Costentalina, Entalinopsis, Pertusiconcha, Spadentalina. Laevidentaliidae Palmer, 1974: 120. T YPE GENUS . — Laevidentalium Cossmann, 1888. 438 REMARK. — Introduced as a family for Laevidentalium, Calliodentalium, Pseudantalis, Rhabdus, Fustiaria, Plagioglypta, Omniglypta, Progadilina, Gadilina, Lobantale, Episiphon, Bathoxiphus; current use: Laevidentaliidae: Laevidentalium. [F] Lobantalinae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Lobantale Cossmann, 1888. REMARK. — Introduced as a subfamily of Episiphonidae for Lobantale. Loxoporidae Starobogatov, 1974: 10. TYPE GENUS. — Loxoporus Jeffreys, 1868, a junior synonym of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. Omniglyptidae Chistikov, 1975: 21. TYPE GENUS. — Omniglypta Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1953. Plagioglyptidae Starobogatov, 1974: 8. TYPE GENUS. — Plagioglypta Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898. Currently included in Dentaliidae [Children, 1834]. [F] Prodentaliidae Starobogatov, 1974: 8. TYPE GENUS. — Prodentalium Young, 1942. Pulsellidae Boss, 1982: 1166 (ex Scarabino MS). TYPE GENUS. — Pulsellum Stoliczka, 1868. REMARK. — Originally included Pulsellum, Striopulsellum, Annulipulsellum, Compressidens, Emersoniella [= Wemersoniella]; current use: Pulsellidae: Pulsellum, Annulipulsellum, Striopulsellum. [F] Quasidentaliidae Chistikov, 1975: 19. TYPE GENUS. — Quasidentalium Shimansky, 1974. Quasidentalium is no longer classified as a scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Rhabdidae Chistikov, 1975: 20. TYPE GENUS. — Rhabdus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. R EMARK . — Also used as superfamily taxon Rhabdoidea (Chistikov 1975: 20). Scaphopoda G. O. Sars, 1878: 100. TYPE GENUS. — Antalis “Aldrovandus” (unavailable under ICZN Article 3.2). ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Junior synonym of Dentaliidae [Children, 1834]. REMARK. — As family-group name not based on a genus name and, thus, not available (ICZN Article 11.7.1). Siphonodentaliinae Tryon, 1884: 114. TYPE GENUS. — Siphonodentalium Sars, 1859. R E M A R K . — Introduced as a subfamily of Dentaliidae, for Siphonodentalium, Cadulus, Dischides; current use Siphonodentaliidae sensu Scarabino (1995), equivalent to Gadilidae sensu Steiner (1992), including the subfamilies Siphonodentaliinae (Siphonodentalium, Sagamicadulus, Striocadulus, Polyschides, Dischides) and Gadilinae (Cadulus, Bathycadulus, Gadila). Siphonopoda G. O. Sars, 1878: 102. Family-group name for Siphonodentalium, Siphonentalis [Pulsellum, Entalina] and Cadulus. REMARK. — As family-group name not based on a genus name and, thus, not available (ICZN Article 11.7.1). Siphonopodidae Simroth, 1894: 366; 1895: 465. Family for Entalina, Pulsellum, Siphonodentalium, Dischides, Cadulus, Lexoporus [sic], Gadila. REMARK. — Name not based on a genus name and, thus, not available (ICZN Article 11.7.1). Wemersoniellidae Scarabino, 1986a: 2. TYPE GENUS. — Wemersoniella Scarabino, 1986. GENUS-GROUP NAMES The alphabetic catalogue of genus-group names of Scaphopoda contains both Recent and fossil (marked [F]) taxa and is an update of the compilations by Emerson (1952a, 1962). For the sake of completeness, we have included incorrect subsequent spellings in this catalog. They are set off by quotation marks and followed by “—”. Although these are not available names for the purposes of homonymy (ICZN Article 33.3), ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) their inclusion herein will readily allow future generations of researchers who find these names in the older literature to determine their status from this catalog. Recent genera included in the classifications of Scarabino (1995) and Steiner (1999) (Table 1) and valid fossil genera are in boldface, whereas synonyms, questionable and unavailable names are in regular type. Each entry name is followed by the author and citation; type species and mode of designation; synonymy and nomenclatorial remarks; and the systematic position of the genus. The number of valid Recent species and an alphabetical list of the species names terminate the entries for valid genera. Annulipulsellum Scarabino, 1986b: 4. T YPE SPECIES . — Annulipulsellum euzkadii Scarabino, 1986, by original designation. REMARK. — Nomen nudum in Boss (1982: 1166, ex Scarabino MS), and in Palmer (1986: 396). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Pulsellidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [euzkadii Scarabino, 1986]. Antale Sacco, 1896: 97. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentale vulgare Da Costa, 1778, by subsequent designation (Sacco 1897: 98). Objective junior synonym of Dentale Da Costa, 1778 (fide Emerson 1951: 298), which was placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 361 (1955) and replaced by Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854. REMARK. — The name is taken from Antale of Aldrovandi (1606). Antalis Herrmannsen, 1846: 63 [without species]. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium entalis Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Pilsbry & Sharp 1897: 37). Placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 361 (1955). REMARK. — See also Emerson (1951), Pilsbry (1951), and Ludbrook & Emerson (1952). Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854: 457. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium entalis Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Pilsbry & Sharp 1897: 37). 439 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. REMARK. — Placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology by ICZN Opinion 361 (1955), after an application by Ludbrook & Emerson (1952), by which Dentale Da Costa, 1778, and Antalis Herrmannsen, 1846 are placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology. Other synonyms: Entalis Gray, 1847 non Entalis Sowerby, 1839 (Annelida), Entaliopsis Newton & Harris, 1894, Antale Sacco, 1896 (all fide Emerson 1951). [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. REMARK. — Pilsbry & Sharp (1897) introduced the taxon for Dentalium ensiculus and Dentalium ensiculus var. didymum, but only the former was cited by Boissevain (1906), the latter taxon is not congeneric and is referable to Episiphon (fide Scarabino 1995: 186). As ICZN Article 69.4 excludes “fixation by elimination” the type species fixation is by subsequent designation and not monotypy. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Bathoxiphinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 40 [aculeata (Sowerby, 1860); agilis (G. O. Sars, 1872); antillaris (d’Orbigny, 1853); bartletti Henderson, 1920; berryi (Smith & Gordon, 1948); boucheti Scarabino, 1995; cerata (Dall, 1881); circumcincta (Watson, 1879); dentalis (Linnaeus, 1758); diarrhox (Watson, 1879); disparile (d’Orbigny, 1853); entalis (Linnaeus, 1758); gardineri (Melvill, 1909); glaucarena (Dell, 1953); guillei Scarabino, 1995; inaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891); inflexa (Sowerby, 1903); infracta (Odhner, 1931); intesi Nicklès, 1979; longitrorsa (Reeve, 1842); marukawai Otuka, 1933; nana (Hutton, 1873); novemcostata (Lamarck, 1818); occidentalis (Stimpson, 1851); panorma (Chenu, 1843); perinvoluta (Ludbrook, 1954); phanea (Dall, 1895); pilsbryi Rehder, 1942; porcata (Gould, 1859); pretiosa (Sowerby, 1860); rossati Caprotti, 1966; senegalensis (Dautzenberg, 1891); suteri (Emerson, 1954); taphris (Dall, 1889); tibana (Nomura, 1940); tubulata Henderson, 1920; usitata (E. A. Smith, 1894); valdiviae Plate, 1908; vulgaris (Da Costa, 1778); weinkauffi (Dunker, 1877)]. RECENT SPECIES. — 5 [ensiculus (Jeffreys, 1877); inexpectatus Scarabino, 1995; soyomaruae Okutani, 1964; stanisici Lamprell & Healy, 1998; steineri Lamprell & Healy, 1998]. Anulidentalium Chistikov, 1975: 19. TYPE SPECIES. — Anulidentalium bambusa Chistikov, 1975, by original designation. [Dentaliida, Anulidentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [bambusa Chistikov, 1975]. [F] Baltodentalium Engeser & Riedel, 1992: 49-50. TYPE SPECIES. — Baltodentalium weitschati Engeser & Riedel, 1992 [Early Jurassic of Germany], by original designation. [? Dentaliida, Baltodentaliidae]. “Bathoxifus” – Palmer, 1974: 120. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Bathoxiphus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. Bathoxiphus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 121. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium ensiculus Jeffreys, 1877, by subsequent designation (Boissevain 1906: 48). 440 Bathycadulus Scarabino, 1995: 354 [nomen nudum in Palmer 1986: 396]. TYPE SPECIES. — Bathycadulus fabrizioi Scarabino, 1995, by original designation. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Gadilinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [fabrizioi Scarabino, 1995]. “Cadila Gray” — Cotton & Godfrey, 1933: 148. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Gadila Gray, 1847. Cadulus Philippi, 1844: 209. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium ovulum Philippi, 1844, by monotypy. Junior synonym: Loxoporus Jeffreys, 1868 (fide Jeffreys 1883: 664). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Gadilinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 53 [aequatorialis Jaeckel, 1932; amphora Jeffreys, 1883; ampullaceus Watson, 1879; aratus Hedley, 1899; artatus Locard, 1897; atlanticus Henderson, 1920; attenuatus Monterosato, 1875; californicus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; campylus Melvill, 1906; catharus Henderson, 1920; chuni Jaeckel, 1932; colliverae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; congruens Watson, 1879; cucurbitus Dall, 1881; curtus Watson, 1879; cyathoides Jaeckel, 1932; cylindratus Jeffreys, 1877; delicatulus Suter, 1913; euloides Melvill & Standen, 1901; exiguus Watson, 1879; florenciae Scarabino, 1995; gibbus Jeffreys, 1883; glans Scarabino, 1995; gracilis Jeffreys, 1877; podagrinus Henderson, 1920; jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875); labeyriei Lamprell & Healy, 1998; lunulus Dall, 1881; macleani Emerson, 1978; martini Scarabino, 1995; minusculus Dall, 1889; obesus Watson, 1879; occiduus Verco, 1911; ovulum Philippi, 1844; parvus Henderson, 1920; platei Jaeckel, 1932; platensis Henderson, 1920; podagrinus Henderson, 1920; propinquus G. O. Sars, 1878; rossoi Nicklès, ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) 1979; rudmani Lamprell & Healy, 1998; siberutensis Jaeckel, 1932; simillimus Watson, 1879; simpsoni Henderson, 1920; sofiae Scarabino, 1995; subfusiformis (M. Sars, 1865); teliger Finlay, 1926; tersus Henderson, 1920; thielei Plate, 1908; transitorius Henderson, 1920; tumidosus Jeffreys, 1877; valdiviae Jaeckel, 1932; vincentianus Cotton & Godfrey, 1940; woodhousae Lamprell & Healy, 1998]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [cancellatum (Sowerby, 1860); gemmiparum (Melvill, 1909)]. Calliodentalium Habe, 1964: 30. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium crocinum Dall, 1907, by original designation. Objective junior synonym: Eboreidens Chistikov, 1975 (n. syn., see under Eboreidens). [Dentaliida, Calliodentaliidae]. Compressidens Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 123. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium pressum Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, incertae sedis]. RECENT SPECIES. — 4 [balanoides (Plate, 1908); callipeplum (Dall, 1889); crocinum (Dall, 1907); semitracheatum (Boissevain, 1906)]. RECENT SPECIES. — 9 [brevicornu Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; comprimatum Plate, 1908; infimus Scarabino, 1995; kikuchii (Kuroda & Habe, 1952); ophiodon (Dall, 1881); platyceras Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; pressum Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; stearnsii Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; wellsiana Kraeuter, 1972]. [F] Calstevenus Yancey, 1973: 1063. T YPE SPECIES . — Calstevenus arcturus Yancey, 1973 [Lower Permian of Nevada, USA], by original designation. [Gadilida, Siphonodentaliidae]. Chistikovia Scarabino, 1995: 327. TYPE SPECIES. — Chistikovia kermadecae, by original designation. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Wemersoniellidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [kermadecae Scarabino, 1995]. “Cladulus” – Jaeckel 1932: 311, fig. 9. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [F] Clavulites Girty, 1904. Not a scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Coccodentalium Sacco, 1896: 98. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium radula Gmelin, 1791 [fossil, Miocene of Italy], by original designation. Described as subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. REMARK. — The authorship of the type species has frequently been attributed to “Schröter, 1784” (e.g., Emerson 1952a: 298, 1962: 469; Ludbrook 1960: I 38; Palmer 1974: 119, 1986: 395). ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) However, Schröter 1784 is a non-binomial publication (fide Sherborn 1902: xlviii). Kohn (1992: 40, 41) noted that most of the names in Schröter were validated by Gmelin (1791). [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. Compressidentalium Habe, 1963: 260. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium hungerfordi Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Fissidentalium Fischer, 1885. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 10 [ceciliae Scarabino, 1995; clathratum (von Martens, 1881); compressiusculum (Boissevain, 1906); hungerfordi (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897); lardum (Barnard, 1963); sedecimcostatum (Boissevain, 1906); sibogae (Boissevain, 1906); subcurvatum (E. A. Smith, 1906); sumatrense (Plate, 1908); zanzibarense (Plate, 1908)]. Costentalina Chistikov, 1982b: 1309. TYPE SPECIES. — Costentalina elegans Chistikov, 1982b, by original designation. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Heteroschismoidinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 7 [caymanica Chistikov, 1982; elegans Chistikov, 1982; indica Chistikov, 1982; leptoconcha Chistikov, 1982; pacifica Chistikov, 1982; tuscarorae Chistikov, 1982; vemae Scarabino, 1986]. [F] Cyrtoconella Patrulius, 1996: 18. TYPE SPECIES. — Cyrtoconella tenuistriata Patrulius, 1996 [Lower Bathonian-Callovian, Middle Jurassic of Romania], by monotypy. [incertae sedis]. REMARK. — This taxon was tentatively classified in the Scaphopoda. 441 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. “Dantalium”– Keen 1971: 884. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (fide Keen & Coan 1975: 48). Dentale Da Costa, 1778: 24. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentale vulgare Da Costa, 1778, by monotypy. Unavailable senior synonym of Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854 (ICZN 1955). Dentalia Perry, 1811: caption to pl. 52. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalia viridis Perry, 1811 (a junior synonym of Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758), by subsequent designation (Emerson 1952a: 298). Objective junior synonym of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. “Dentalinm” – Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: xxviii. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. Dentalites Gmelin, 1793: 420. [For “Helmintholithus dentalii”: marmoreus, radulae, interrupti, vitrei, sexanguli]. REMARK. — The third volume of Gmelin’s edition of Linnaeus is unavailable for nomenclatorial purposes (ICZN 1954). Dentalites Schlotheim, 1813: 91, 100, 110. For fossil species Dentalites striatus, Dentalites obsoletus, and Dentalites minutus, all nom. nud. Junior homonym of Dentalites Gmelin, 1793 (unavailable name for fossil Scaphopoda). Under ICZN Article 20, Dentalites Schlotheim, 1813 is not a valid name of a taxon, and is only available for the purposes of homonymy. R EMARK . — Schlotheim (1820) described six new fossil species in combination with the name Dentalites: D. laevis, D. cingulatus, D. torquatus, D. nodulosus, D. elephantinus, and D. radularis. The subsequent designation of Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758, as type species by Emerson (1952a: 298) was incorrect because it was not originally included in Dentalites. 442 Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758: 785. T Y P E S P E C I E S . — Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Montfort 1810: 23); placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as the type species of Dentalium by ICZN Direction 72 (1957). Junior synonyms: Dentalia Perry, 1811; Entale Herrmannsen, 1848 (fide Emerson 1952a, b). [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 67 [adenense Ludbrook, 1954; agassizi Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; aprinum Linnaeus, 1767; austini Lamprell & Healy, 1998; bisexangulatum Sowerby, 1860; buccinulum Gould, 1859; burtonae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; caledonicum Scarabino, 1995; cheverti Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; collinsae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; congoensis Plate, 1908; cookei Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; crosnieri Scarabino, 1995; curtum Sowerby, 1860; dacostianum Chenu, 1843; decemcostatum Brazier, 1877; deforgesi Scarabino, 1995; duodecimcostatum Brazier, 1877; elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758; eupatrides Melvill & Standen, 1907; exmouthensis Lamprell & Healy, 1998; filosum Broderip & Sowerby, 1830; flavum Scarabino, 1995; garrardi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; goftoni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; grahami Lamprell & Healy, 1998; hedleyi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; hillae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; hyperhemileuron Verco, 1911; invalidum Emerson, 1954; javanum Sowerby, 1860; jeanae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; jelli Lamprell & Healy, 1998; katchekense Fischer-Piette & Nicklès, 1946; kathwayae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; kessneri Lamprell & Healy, 1998; laqueatum Verrill, 1885; lessoni Deshayes, 1825; letsonae Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; leucoryx Boissevain, 1906; lochi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; majorinum Mabille & Rochebrune, 1889; mannarense Winckworth, 1927; mediopacificensis Rehder & Ladd, 1973; michelottii Hörnes, 1856; neohexagonum Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; obscurum Dall, 1889; obtusum Qi & Ma, 1989; octangulatum Donovan, 1803; oerstedii Mörch, 1861; oryx Boissevain, 1906; peitaihoensis King & Ping, 1935; pluricostatum Boissevain, 1906; potteri Lamprell & Healy, 1998; reevei Fischer, 1871; regulare E. A. Smith, 1903; robustum Brazier, 1877; rowei Lamprell & Healy, 1998; siberutense Plate, 1908; strigatum Gould, 1859; stumkatae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; tomlini Melvill, 1918; vallicolens Raymond, 1904; variabile Deshayes, 1825; vayssierei Fenaux, 1942; wellsi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; woolacottae Lamprell & Healy, 1998]. “Dentaliumu” – Habe 1963: 255. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Dentalius Forbes, 1841: 253. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758; placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology (ICZN 1957: 186). “Dertalium” – Krotova 1885: 153. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. “Dicides” – Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: 253. Incorrect subsequent spelling of “Discides” Sacco, 1897, itself an incorrect subsequent spelling of Dischides Jeffreys, 1867. “Discides” – Sacco 1897: 115. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Dischides Jeffreys, 1867. Dischides Jeffreys, 1867: 251. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium bifissum S. Wood, 1848, by monotypy. REMARK. — Dentalium bifissum is a junior synonym of Dentalium politum (S. Wood, 1842) (fide Pilsbry & Sharp 1897: 144). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 12 [atlantideus Nicklès, 1955; belcheri Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; dartevellei Nicklès, 1979; dichelus (Watson, 1879); hintoni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; leloeuffi Nicklès, 1979; minutus (H. Adams, 1872); ovalis Boissevain, 1906; politus (S. Wood, 1842); prionotus (Watson, 1879); viperidens (Melvill & Standen, 1896); yateensis Scarabino, 1995]. Eboreidens Chistikov, 1975: 18-19. TYPE SPECIES. — Now fixed (under ICZN Article 70.3) as Calliodentalium crocinum (Dall, 1907), misidentified as Dentalium lacteum Deshayes, 1825, in the original designation by Chistikov (1975). Objective junior synonym of Calliodentalium Habe, 1964. REMARK. — Scarabino (1995: 243), as the first reviser, pointed out that Chistikov’s (1975) description and illustration are “not corresponding to the characteristics of G. [Graptacme] lactea. Examination of the figure of the radula […] indicates that Chistikov’s species is ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Calliodentalium crocinum”. The first author (GS) has examined Chistikov’s specimens labelled “Eboreidens” and confirms the conclusion reached by Scarabino (1995). Emersoniella Boss, 1982: 1166 (ex Scarabino MS) non Tendeiro, 1965 (Insecta). Nomen nudum. REMARK. — Subsequently, Scarabino (1986a) described Wemersoniella for this taxon. Entale Herrmannsen, 1847 (vol. 1: 423). T Y P E S P E C I E S . — Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Emerson 1952: 298). Objective junior synonym of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. Entalina Monterosato, 1872: 27. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium tetragonum Brocchi, 1814, by subsequent designation (Sacco 1897: 114). R E M A R K . — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Entalininae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 7 [adenensis Ludbrook, 1954; dorsicostata Lamprell & Healy, 1998; inaequisculpta Ludbrook, 1954; mirifica (E. A. Smith, 1895); platamodes (Watson, 1879); subterlineata (Tomlin, 1931); tetragona (Brocchi, 1814)]. Entalinopsis Habe, 1957: 132. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium nivosum Kuroda & Kikuchi, 1933, by original designation. REMARK. — Dentalium nivosum is a junior synonym of Entalinopsis intercostata (Boissevain, 1906) (fide Habe 1963: 272). Entalinopsis was described as subgenus of Entalina Monterosato, 1872. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Heteroschismoidinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 4 [habutae (Kuroda & Kikuchi, 1933); intercostata (Boissevain, 1906); micra Scarabino, 1995; stellata Scarabino, 1995]. Entaliopsis Newton & Harris 1894: 66. Replacement name for Entalis Gray, 1847 non Entalis Sowerby, 1839 (Annelida). T YPE SPECIES . — “Dentalium e. Desh 1825” (= Dentalium entalis Linnaeus, 1758, fide 443 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. Emerson 1951: 18), by original designation (of Entalis Gray, 1847). Objective junior synonym of Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854 (fide Emerson 1952a: 298; ICZN 1955). Entalis Gray, 1847: 158. T YPE SPECIES . — “Dentalium e. Desh 1825” (= Dentalium entalis Linnaeus, 1758, fide Emerson 1951: 18), by original designation. Junior homonym of Entalis Sowerby, 1839 (Annelida). Replacement name: Entaliopsis Newton & Harris, 1894, an objective junior synonym of Antalis H. & A. Adams (fide Emerson 1952a: 298). “Entaliscri” – Preston 1922: 54. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Entalis Gray, 1847. Entalites Walch, 1768: 276. Junior synonym of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 (fide Herrmannsen 1847: 423). REMARK. — Walch’s publication was rejected as an invalid non-binominal work (ICZN 1958). [F] Eodentalium Medina & Del Valle, 1985: 3. TYPE SPECIES. — Eodentalium grandis Medina & Del Valle, 1985 [Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica], by original designation. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. Epirhabdoides Steiner, 1999: 153. TYPE SPECIES. — Epirhabdoides ivanovi Steiner, 1999, by original designation. [Dentaliida, Anulidentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [ivanovi Steiner, 1999]. Episiphon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 117. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium sowerbyi Guilding, 1834, by subsequent designation (Suter 1913: 821). R E M A R K . — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Gadilinidae, Episiphoninae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 19 [attenuatum (Sowerby, 1860); bordaensis Cotton & Ludbrook, 1938; candelatum Kira, 1959; didymum (Watson, 1879); filum 444 (Sowerby, 1860); fistula (Sowerby, 1860); gazellae Plate, 1908; innumerabile Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; jamiesoni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; kiaochowwanense Tchang & Tsi, 1950; longum Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; minutissimum Ludbrook, 1954; pichoni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; sominium (Okutani, 1964); sowerbyi (Guilding, 1834); subrectum (Jeffreys, 1883); subtorquatum (Fischer, 1871); truncatum (Boissevain, 1906); virginieae Scarabino, 1995]. Eudentalium Cotton & Godfrey, 1933: 140. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium quadricostatum Brazier, 1877, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [quadricostatum (Brazier, 1877)]. Fissidentalium Fischer, 1885: 894. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium ergasticum Fischer, 1883, by monotypy. REMARK. — Dentalium ergasticum is a junior synonym of Dentalium capillosum Jeffreys, 1877. Fissidentalium was described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 41 [actiniophorum Shimek, 1997; aegeum (Watson, 1879); amphialum (Watson, 1879); candidum (Jeffreys, 1877); capillosum (Jeffreys, 1877); carduum (Dall, 1889); ceras (Watson, 1879); complexum (Dall, 1895); concinnum (von Martens, 1878); cornubovis (E. A. Smith, 1906); edenensis Lamprell & Healy, 1998; elizabethae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; erosum Shimek & Moreno, 1996; eualdes (Barnard, 1963); exasperatum (Sowerby, 1903); franklinae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; horikoshii Okutani, 1982; kawamurai Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961; laterischismum Shikama & Habe, 1963; levii Scarabino, 1995; magnificum (E. A. Smith, 1896); malayanum (Boissevain, 1906); megathyris (Dall, 1890); metivieri Scarabino, 1995; opacum (Sowerby, 1829); paucicostatum (Watson, 1879); peruvianum (Dall, 1908); platypleurum Tomlin, 1931; ponderi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; profundorum (E. A. Smith, 1894); salpinx Tomlin, 1931; semivestitum (Locard, 1897); serrulatum (E. A. Smith, 1906); shirleyae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; shoplandi (Jousseaume, 1894); tenuicostatum Qi & Ma, 1989; verconis Cotton & Ludbrook, 1938; vicdani Kosuge, 1981; waterhousae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; yokoyamai (Makiyama, 1931); zelandicum (Sowerby, 1860)]. Fissipulsellum Palmer, 1986: 396 (ex Scarabino MS). TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium teres Jeffreys, 1877. Nomen nudum. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) REMARK. — Vaught (1989: 143) listed the nomen nudum, Fissipulsellum “Scarabino, 1979”, as a subgenus of Pulsellum Stoliczka, 1868. “Fustaria” – Noszky 1936: 83. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868. “Fustiari” – Fischer 1969: 76. Incorrect subsequent spelling for Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868. Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868: 439. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium circinatum Sowerby, 1823 [fossil, Eocene of France], by subsequent designation (Pilsbry & Sharp 1897: 127). Junior synonym: Pseudantalis Monterosato, 1884 (fide Emerson 1952b: 204; fide Steiner 1991: 2; but not according to Palmer 1974: 118; see also under Pseudantalis). REMARK. — Cossmann (1888: 9) had previously designated Dentalium politum Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species; this designation was invalid as that nominal species was not an originally included species (ICZN Article 67.2). [Dentaliida, Fustiariidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 11 [caesura (Colman, 1958); crosnieri Nicklès, 1979; engischista (Barnard, 1963); gruveli (Dautzenberg, 1910); langfordi (Habe, 1963); liodon (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897); nipponica Yokoyama, 1922; politum (Linnaeus, 1767); rubescens (Deshayes, 1825); stenoschiza Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; vagina Scarabino, 1995]. Gadila Gray, 1847: 159. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium gadus Montagu, 1803, by original designation. Junior synonyms: Helonyx Stimpson, 1865; Gadilopsis Woodring, 1925 (fide Emerson 1962: 478); Platyschides Henderson, 1920 (fide Scarabino 1995: 196, 355). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Gadilinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 65 [aberrans (Whiteaves, 1887); abruptoinflata Boissevain, 1906; acuminata (Tate, 1887); acus (Dall, 1889); aequalis (Dall, 1881); agassizii (Dall, 1881); amianta (Dall, 1889); anguidens (Melvill & Standen, 1898); angustior (Verco, 1911); arctus (Henderson, 1920); austinclarki (Emerson, 1951); boissevainae Jaeckel, 1932; bordaensis Cotton & ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Godfrey, 1940; boucheti Nicklès, 1979; braziliensis (Henderson, 1920); brycei Lamprell & Healy, 1998; bushii (Dall, 1889); carlessi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; clavata (Gould, 1859); cobbi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; desaintlaurentae Scarabino, 1995; divae (Vélain, 1877); dominguense (d’Orbigny, 1853); doumenci Scarabino, 1995; elenae Scarabino, 1995; elephas (Henderson, 1920); fraseri Nicklès, 1955; gada (Montagu, 1803); greenlawi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; honoluluensis (Watson, 1879); iota Henderson, 1920; ludbrookae (Cotton & Godfrey, 1940); marchadi Nicklès, 1979; mayori Henderson, 1920; minutalis Scarabino, 1995; monodonta Scarabino, 1995; nicklesi (Dell, 1964); olivi (Scacchi, 1835); opportuna Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961; pandionis (Verrill & Smith in Verrill, 1880); perpusilla (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1832); peruviana Dall, 1908; platystoma Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; providensis (Henderson, 1920); pseudolivae (Boissevain, 1906); rastridens (Watson, 1879); regularis Henderson, 1920; rushii Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; sagamiensis Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971; sauridens (Watson, 1879); senegalensis (Locard, 1897); singaporensis Sharp & Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; spreta (Tate & May, 1900); strangulata (Locard, 1897); striata Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; subcolubridens Ludbrook, 1954; subtilis Plate, 1908; subula Henderson, 1920; tolmiei (Dall, 1897); verrilli Henderson, 1920; virginalis Boissevain, 1906; vulpidens (Watson, 1879); watsoni (Dall, 1881); whitneyae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; zonata (Boissevain, 1906)]. “Gadilia” – Tate & May 1900: 102. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Gadila Gray, 1847. Gadilina Foresti, 1895: 259. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium triquetrum Brocchi, 1814 [fossil, Miocene of Italy], by monotypy. R E M A R K . — Described as a subgenus of Siphonodentalium M. Sars, 1859. [Dentaliida, Gadilinidae, Gadilininae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [insolita (E. A. Smith, 1894); pachypleura Boissevain, 1906]. [F] Gadilopsis Woodring, 1925: 206. TYPE SPECIES. — Ditrupa dentalina Guppy, 1873 [Miocene of Jamaica], by original designation. R EMARK . — Described as a “section” [= subgenus] of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae]. [F] Gadus Deshayes, 1861 [in 1861-1864]: 217218 (ex Rang MS). 445 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. Junior homonym of Gadus Linnaeus, 1758 (Pisces). TYPE SPECIES. — Not specified; three originally included species [Gadus parisiensis, Gadus bilabiatus, and Gadus brevis, all Deshayes, 1861 (fossil, Eocene of France)]. REMARK. — The scaphopod species referred to Gadus Deshayes are now classified in Gadila Gray, 1847; therefore, Gadus Deshayes is herein considered to be a junior synonym of Gadila Gray. “Graotacma” – Shikama 1964: 35, caption to fig. 62 (4). Incorrect subsequent spelling for Graptacme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. Graptacme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 85. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium eboreum Conrad, 1846 by subsequent designation (Woodring 1925: 201). REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliidae, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 17 [acicula (Gould, 1859); acuticostata Plate, 1908; acutissima (Watson, 1879); africana (Sowerby, 1903); calama (Dall, 1889); eborea (Conrad, 1846); elpis (Winckworth, 1927); inversa (Deshayes, 1825); lactea (Deshayes, 1825); marchadi Nicklès, 1979; nielseni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; novaehollandiae (Chenu, 1843); perlonga (Dall, 1881); sectis (Deshayes, 1825); semistriata (Turton, 1819); splendida (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1832); takakoae Tsuchida & Tachi, 1999]. Helonyx Stimpson, 1865: 63. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium clavatum Gould, 1859, by original designation. Junior synonym of Gadila Gray, 1847 (fide Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: 162). [F] Hensonella Elliott, 1960. Not a scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Heteroschisma Simroth, 1895: 460. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium subterfissum Jeffreys, 1877, by subsequent designation (of Heteroschismoides) (Ludbrook 1960: I 39). Described as subgenus of Dentalium, for D. incertum Deshayes, 1825 [fossil], D. subterfissum Jeffreys, 1877, D. leoninae Meunier, 1878 [fossil]. 446 Junior homonym of Heteroschisma Wachsmuth, 1893 (Echinodermata). Replacement name: Heteroschismoides Ludbrook, 1960. REMARK. — Although Ludbrook (1960: I 39) attributed the subsequent designation of D. subterfissum as type species to Pilsbry & Sharp (1897) she was the first to do so. Pilsbry & Sharp (1897: 61-62) stated that “if adopted as a subgeneric or sectional name it may be restricted to species of the subterfissum type” and listed D. subterfissum and D. callithrix under the heading Heteroschisma. This statement by Pilsbry & Sharp does not constitute a valid type species designation according to ICZN Article 67.5. Heteroschismoides Ludbrook, 1960: I 39. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium subterfissum Jeffreys, 1877, by original designation. Replacement name for Heteroschisma Simroth, 1895, non Heteroschisma Wachsmuth, 1893 (Echinodermata). [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Heteroschismoidinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [subterfissus (Jeffreys, 1877)]. Laevidentalium Cossmann, 1888: 7. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium incertum Deshayes, 1825 [fossil, Eocene of France], by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus (“section”) of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Laevidentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 19 [ambiguum (Chenu, 1843); arnoldi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; banale Boissevain, 1906; bisinuatum (André, 1896); coruscum Pilsbry, 1905; eburneum (Linnaeus, 1767); ensiforme (Chenu, 1842); erectum (Sowerby, 1860); gofasi Scarabino, 1995; houbricki Scarabino, 1995; jaffaensis (Cotton & Ludbrook, 1938); largicrescens Tate, 1899; lebruni (Mabille & Rochebrune in Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889); leptosceles (Watson, 1879); lubricatum (Sowerby, 1860); marshae Lamprell & Healy, 1998; martyi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; translucidum (Deshayes, 1825); zeidleri Lamprell & Healy, 1998]. “Laevidentlium” – Okutani 1966: 13. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Laevidentalium Cossmann, 1888. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) Lentigodentalium Habe, 1963: 258. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium variabile Deshayes, 1825, by original designation. Junior synonym of Dentalium (fide Scarabino 1995: 194). REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. “Lexoporus” – Simroth 1895: 466. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Loxoporus Jeffreys, 1868. [F] Lobantale Cossmann, 1888: 7. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium duplex Defrance, 1819 [Eocene of Paris Basin], by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus (“section”) of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Gadilinidae, Lobantalininae]. Lobinterna Cossmann, 1919 [1920?]: 140 [88]. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium subeburneum d’Orbigny, 1850, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a “section” (subgenus) of Pseudantalis Monterosato, 1884. This taxon was overlooked by subsequent scaphopod researchers (e.g., Emerson 1952a, 1962; Ludbrook 1960). “Loevidentalium” – Dechaseaux 1952: 218. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Laevidentalium Cossmann, 1888. Loxoporus Jeffreys, 1868: 664; 1869: 233. TYPE SPECIES. — Now fixed (under ICZN Article 70.3) as Cadulus jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875), misidentified as Siphonodentalium subfusiformis Sars, 1865 (fide Monterosato 1875: 20, confirmed by Jeffreys 1883: 664-665), in the monotypic designation. Junior synonym of Cadulus Philippi, 1844 (fide Jeffreys 1883: 664). REMARK. — Jeffreys listed this name as “Cadulus (or Loxoporus) subfusiformis” in his discussion of the Shetland Islands deep-water fauna. Jeffreys (1883: 664) stated that “I proposed in 1869 [sic, 1868] the generic name Loxoporus, if Philippi’s ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) name Cadulus were not applicable to this group of shells”. Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 162) incorrectly stated that Loxoporus was “apparently undescribed, and type unknown (said by Sacco to be C. subfusiformis Sars)”. Emerson (1962: 478) listed Loxoporus as a junior synonym of Gadila Gray, 1847, but erroneously dated this name to “Jeffreys, 1883” and stated that the type species was Dentalium olivi Scacchi, 1835, “by monotypy”. This is incorrect, since D. olivi was not an originally included species. The correct type species of Loxoporus is currently classified in Cadulus, not Gadila. Megaentalina Habe, 1963: 272. TYPE SPECIES. — Megaentalina teramachii Habe, 1963, by original designation. REMARK. — Megaentalina teramachii is a junior synonym of Megaentalina mediocarinata (Boissevain, 1906) (fide Habe 1964: 42). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, incertae sedis]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [cornucopiae (Boissevain, 1906); mediocarinata (Boissevain, 1906)]. Omniglypta Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1953: 296. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium cerinum Pilsbry, 1905, by original designation. [Dentaliida, Omniglyptidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [cerina (Pilsbry, 1905)]. [F] Paleodentalium Gentile, 1974: 1213. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium (Paleodentalium) kansasense Gentile, 1974 [Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of USA], by monotypy. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. Paradentalium Cotton & Godfrey, 1933: 139. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium intercalatum Gould, 1859, by original designation. REMARK. — Emerson (1952a: 299; 1962: 467) pointed out that Cotton & Godfrey (1933) had misidentified specimens of Dentalium bednalli Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 as representing the type species, Dentalium intercalatum Gould, 1859, However, Verco (1904: 135) had synonymized 447 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. these two species. Subsequently, Paradentalium was used as a valid genus by Palmer (1974: 118) with the type species as Dentalium bednalli, and by Scarabino (1995: 194, 216) who listed the type species as Dentalium intercalatum. Most recently, Lamprell & Healy (1998: 59, 61) confirmed the synonymy of Verco (1904), thereby rejecting the conclusions of Emerson and Palmer. RECENT SPECIES. — 14 [americanum (Chenu, 1843); angustistriatum Chistikov, 1979; flindersi Cotton & Ludbrook, 1938; francisense (Verco, 1911); gradile Chistikov, 1979; hemileuron (Verco, 1911); hexagonum (Gould, 1859); intercalatum (Gould, 1859); katowense (Brazier, 1877); natalense (Barnard, 1963); octopleuron (Verco, 1911); pistis (Winckworth, 1940); pseudosexagonum (Deshayes, 1825); rudoi Scarabino, 1995]. Pertusiconcha Chistikov, 1982a: 677-679. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium callithrix Dall, 1889, by original designation. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Heteroschismoidinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [callithrix (Dall, 1889); tridentata Chistikov, 1982]. Pictodentalium Habe, 1963: 255. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium (Pictodentalium) formosum hirasei Kira, 1959, by original designation. REMARK. — Dentalium (Pictodentalium) formosum hirasei is a junior synonym of Pictodentalium formosum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) (fide Scarabino 1995: 267). Since the generic name was introduced as a nomen nudum by Kira (1959: 105), Bieler & Petit (1990: 141) initially attributed the authorship to Palmer (1974), but later (Bieler & Petit 1996: 34) corrected this to Habe (1963) who provided a diagnosis and described the type species, which was subsequently placed in synonymy with Pictodentalium formosum by Scarabino (1995). [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 3 [festivum (Sowerby, 1914); formosum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850); vernedei (Hanley in Sowerby, 1860)]. [F] Pipadentalium Yoo, 1988: 249. TYPE SPECIES. — Pipadentalium protuberans Yoo, 1988 [Lower Carboniferous of Australia], by original designation. [Dentaliida, Laevidentaliidae]. 448 Plagioglypta Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898: xxxi-xxxii. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium undulatum Münster, 1844 [fossil, Triassic of Austria], by original designation. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [pertracheata Plate, 1908]. Platyschides Henderson, 1920: 104. TYPE SPECIES. — Cadulus grandis Verrill, 1884, by original designation. Junior synonym of Gadila Gray, 1847 (fide Scarabino 1995: 196, 355). REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [F] Polylopia Clark, 1925. Not a scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Polyschides Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898: 146-147. TYPE SPECIES. — Cadulus tetraschistus Watson, 1879, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus (“section”) of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Siphonodentaliinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 23 [andersoni Lamprell & Healy, 1998; arnaudi Scarabino, 1995; carolinensis (Dall, 1889); cuspidatus Nicklès, 1979; elongatus (Henderson, 1920); fausta Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971; foweyensis (Henderson, 1920); gibbosus Verco, 1911; grandis (Verrill, 1884); kaiyomaruae Okutani, 1975; miamiensis (Henderson, 1920); nedallisoni Emerson, 1978; nitidus (Henderson, 1920); pelamidae Chistikov, 1979; poculum (Dall, 1889); portoricensis (Henderson, 1920); quadrifissatus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; sakuraii (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961); spectabilis (Verrill, 1885); sutherlandi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; tetraschistus (Watson 1879); tetrodon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898; vietnamicus Chistikov, 1979]. [F] Prodentalium Young, 1942: 120. TYPE SPECIES. — Prodentalium raymondi Young, 1942 [Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian of New Mexico, USA], by original designation. R EMARK . — Described as genus of the family Dentaliidae. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. [F] Progadilina Palmer, 1974: 118. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium trigonale Moore, 1866 [Lower Jurassic of England], by original designation. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) REMARK. — Emerson (1978: 118) erroneously listed D. undulatum as the type species; this is actually the type species of Plagioglypta Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 (see Palmer 1987: 30-31). [Dentaliida, incertae sedis]. Pseudantalis Monterosato, 1884: 32. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium rubescens Deshayes, 1825, by subsequent designation (Sacco 1897: 111). [Dentaliidae, Fustiariidae]. Junior synonym of Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868 (fide Emerson 1952b: 204; fide Steiner 1991: 2; but not according to Palmer 1974: 118). REMARK. — Emerson (1952b) analysed the complex history of misidentifications and subsequent type species designations for Fustiaria and Pseudantalis. He came to the conclusion that the type species of Pseudantalis, Dentalium rubescens, was referable to the genus Fustiaria, a decision he favored for nomenclatorial stability. Consequently, he used Pseudantalis as a subjective junior synonym of Fustiaria. Palmer (1974), however, kept the smooth-shelled Pseudantalis species separate from Fustiaria circinatum, the annulated type species of Fustiaria. Emerson’s argument is herein given preference, as in Steiner (1991), especially because Stoliczka (1868) neither mentioned annulated shells in the diagnosis nor described an annulated species in combination with Fustiaria. “Pseudentalis” – Habe & Kosuge 1964: 6. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Pseudantalis Monterosato, 1884. “Pulchellum” – Morlet 1888: 159 (ex Cossmann MS). Incorrect subsequent spelling of Pulsellum Stolizcka, 1868. Pulsellum Stoliczka, 1868: 441. T YPE SPECIES . — Siphonodentalium lofotense M. Sars, 1865, by subsequent designation (Cossmann 1888: 11). [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Pulsellidae]. R ECENT SPECIES . — 15 [affine (M. Sars, 1865); beecheyi Lamprell & Healy, 1998; bushi Henderson, 1920; eboracense (Watson, 1879); falklandicum Dell, 1964; fragile Scarabino, 1995; hige Habe, 1963; kurogenge Habe & Kosuge, 1964; lofotense (M. Sars, 1865); ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) occidentale Henderson, 1920; pusillum (Watson, 1879); salishorum Marshall, 1980; teres (Jeffreys, 1883); thomassini Lamprell & Healy, 1998; verrilli (Henderson, 1920)]. [F] Quasidentalium Shimansky, 1974. Not a scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Rhabdus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 112. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium rectius Carpenter, 1864, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Rhabdidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 6 [aequatorius Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; dalli Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897; perceptum (Mabille & Rochebrune in Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889); rectius (Carpenter, 1864); toyamaense (Kuroda & Kikuchi, 1933); watsoni Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897]. “Rhomboxifus” – Palmer, 1986: 396. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Rhomboxiphus Chistikov, 1983. Rhomboxiphus Chistikov, 1983: 185. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium (Bathoxiphus) tricarinatus Boissevain, 1906, by original designation. R E M A R K . — Described as a subgenus of Bathoxiphus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Bathoxiphinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [colmani (Palmer, 1974); tricarinatus (Boissevain, 1906)]. [F] Rhytiodentalium Pojeta & Runnegar, 1979: 530-531. TYPE SPECIES. — Rhytiodentalium kentuckyensis Pojeta & Runnegar, 1979 [Upper Middle Ordovician of USA], by original designation. [Dentaliida, Laevidentaliidae]. Sagamicadulus Sakurai & Shimazu, 1963: 250. TYPE SPECIES. — Striocadulus (Sagamicadulus) elegantissimus Sakurai & Shimazu, 1963, by monotypy. R E M A R K . — Described as a subgenus of Striocadulus Emerson, 1962. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Siphonodentaliinae]. R ECENT SPECIES . — 1 [elegantissimus Sakurai & Shimazu, 1963]. 449 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. Schizodentalium Sowerby, 1894: 158. TYPE SPECIES. — Schizodentalium plurifissuratum Sowerby, 1894, by monotypy. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. Bouchet & Warén, 1979; lobatum (Sowerby, 1860); longilobatum (Boissevain, 1906); magnum (Boissevain, 1906); okudai Habe, 1953; promontorii (Barnard, 1963); summa (Okutani, 1964); tytthum Watson, 1879]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [plurifissuratum Sowerby, 1894]. [F] Scissuradentalium Yoo, 1988: 249. TYPE SPECIES. — Scissuradentalium runnegari Yoo, 1988 [Lower Carboniferous of Australia], by original designation. [Dentaliida, Laevidentaliidae]. Siphonentalis G. O. Sars, 1878: 104. T YPE SPECIES . — Siphonodentalium lofotense M. Sars, 1865, by subsequent designation (Emerson 1952a: 300). Objective junior synonym of Pulsellum Stoliczka, 1868. “Siphodentalis” – Paetel 1888: 565. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Siphonentalis G. O. Sars, 1878. Siphodentalium Monterosato, 1874: 258. Unjustified emendation of Siphonodentalium M. Sars, 1859, and a name introduced in synonymy. It is available under ICZN Article 11.6.1 through its subsequent use by Jeffreys (1877: 155, and later) and Watson (1879 and later). “Siphonodentalis” – Clessin 1896: 30. Incorrect subsequent spelling of Siphonentalis G. O. Sars, 1878. Siphonodentalium M. Sars, 1859: 52; 1860: 183. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium vitreum M. Sars, 1851, by monotypy. REMARK. — Dentalium vitreum is a junior homonym of Dentalium vitreum Gmelin, 1791. Pilsbry & Sharp (1897: 136-137) recognized that D. vitreum was preoccupied and replaced it by its junior synonym Dentalium lobatum Sowerby, 1860. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Siphonodentaliinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 16 [australasiae Boissevain, 1906; booceras (Tomlin, 1926); colubridens (Watson, 1879); dalli (Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898); hexaschistum (Boissevain, 1906); isaotakii Habe, 1953; jaeckeli Scarabino, 1995; japonicum Habe, 1960; laubieri 450 Siphonodontum Locard, 1887: 359 (in footnote). Unjustified emendation of Siphonodentalium Sars, 1859, and a name introduced in synonymy (not available under ICZN Article 11.6.1). Solenoxiphus Chistikov, 1983: 187. TYPE SPECIES. — Solenoxiphus striatulus Chistikov, 1983, by original designation. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Bathoxiphinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 1 [striatulus Chistikov, 1983]. Spadentalina Habe, 1963: 264. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium tubiforme Boissevain, 1906, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a genus of the Dentaliidae. [Gadilida, Entalimorpha, Entalinidae, Heteroschismoidinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 2 [ingrata Scarabino, 1995; tubiformis (Boissevain, 1906)]. Striocadulus Emerson, 1962: 478-479. TYPE SPECIES. — Cadulus albicomatus Dall, 1890, by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Siphonodentaliinae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 4 [albicomatus (Dall, 1890); ludbrooki Scarabino, 1995; pulcherrimus (Boissevain, 1906); sagei Scarabino, 1995]. Striodentalium Habe, 1964: 22. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium rhabdotum Pilsbry, 1905, by original designation. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 8 [chinensis Qi & Ma, 1989; concretum (Colman, 1958); hosoi (Habe, 1963); kanakorum Scarabino, 1995; polycostatum Qi & Ma, 1989; rhabdotum (Pilsbry, 1905); thetidis (Hedley, 1903); tosaensis (Habe, 1963)]. Striopulsellum Scarabino, 1995: 323 (nomen nudum in Vaught 1989: 143; Boss 1982: 1166; and Palmer 1986: 396). ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) T YPE SPECIES . — Siphonodentalium minimum Plate, 1908, by original designation. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Pulsellidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 3 [galatheae (Knudsen, 1964); minimum (Plate, 1908); striatinum (Henderson, 1920)]. [F] Suevidontus Engeser, Riedel & Bandel: 1993: 94. T YPE SPECIES . — Suevidontus jaegeri Engeser, Riedel & Bandel, 1993 [Middle Jurassic of Germany], by original designation. [Dentaliida, incertae sedis]. [F] Sulcogadila Moroni & Ruggieri, 1981: 29-30. TYPE SPECIES. — Cadulus (Sulcogadila) caprottii Moroni & Ruggieri, 1981 [Lower Pleistocene of Italy], by original designation. REMARK. — Described as a subgenus of Cadulus Philippi, 1844. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Gadilidae, Gadilinae]. Tesseracme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898: 249. TYPE SPECIES. — Dentalium quadrapicale Sowerby, 1860, by subsequent designation (Woodring 1925: 199). REMARK. — Described as a subgenus (“section”) of Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758. [Dentaliida, Dentaliidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 7 [dispar (Sowerby, 1860); hancocki Emerson, 1956; philcolmani Lamprell & Healy, 1998; quadrangularis (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1832); quadrapicalis (Hanley in Sowerby, 1860); tesseragona (Sowerby in Broderip & Sowerby, 1832); tetrapleura (Boissevain, 1906)]. [F] Throopella Greger, 1933. Doubtful scaphopod. See section “Other taxa described as Scaphopoda”. Tubidentalium Locard, 1887: 149 (in footnote). Unjustified emendation of Siphonodentalium Sars, 1859, and a name introduced in synonymy (not available under ICZN Article 11.6.1). Wemersoniella Scarabino, 1986a: 3. TYPE SPECIES. — Wemersoniella turnerae Scarabino, 1986, by original designation. ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) REMARK. — Emersoniella Boss, 1982 (ex Scarabino MS), a nomen nudum, could not have been validated due to the valid name Emersoniella Tendeiro, 1965 (Insecta), so Scarabino proposed Wemersoniella instead. [Gadilida, Gadilimorpha, Wemersoniellidae]. RECENT SPECIES. — 4 [duartei Scarabino, 1986; indica Scarabino, 1995; knudseni Scarabino, 1995; turnerae Scarabino, 1986]. OTHER TAXA DESCRIBED AS SCAPHOPODA The list of non-scaphopod supraspecific taxa erroneously described or assigned to this class contains names of 12 extinct taxa of Scaphopoda. The format is that of the preceding list of genusgroup names and includes the taxon the name is currently referred to. [F] Clavulites Girty, 1904: 732. TYPE SPECIES. — Clavulites howardensis Girty, 1904, by original designation. Burlingham Shale, Howard, Kansas, USA (Carboniferous). REMARK. — Girty (1904: 733) noted that he had discussed this taxon with Pilsbry, who “suggested as a possibility that this genus may be related to Hyolithes or to the Conulariidae”. However, Girty (1904: 733) concluded that “it appears much more probable that Clavulites is allied to Dentalium than [to any other genus]”. Yochelson (1971: 128) argued that the welt on the concave side, the irregular growth lines, and several taphonomic factors associated with the specimens justified the removal of this taxon from the Scaphopoda, and he tentatively classified it into the polychaete family Serpulidae. [F] Entalium Defrance, 1819: 517-518. TYPE SPECIES. — Entalium rugosum Defrance, 1819; by monotypy. Cretaceous. Saint-Pierre, near Maastricht, Netherlands. A junior synonym of Pyrgopolon Montfort, 1808 (Polychaeta) (fide Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: 245). REMARK. — Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 245-246) explained that “Entale Defrance” (Blainville, 1825: 628) and “Entalis Defr.” (Sowerby, 1839: 42) are errors for Entalium Defrance. 451 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. [F] Falcula Conrad, 1870: 77. T YPE SPECIES . — Dentalium “hamatus” [sic] Conrad, 1869; by original designation. Cretaceous. New Jersey, USA. REMARK. — Conrad (1870: 77) noted that the characters of this taxon “renders it doubtful whether this shell belongs to the family Dentaliidae”. Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 244-245) concluded that this taxon “was based upon internal casts of Hamulus” Morton, 1834 (Polychaeta). [F] Hamulus Morton, 1834: 73. TYPE SPECIES. — Hamulus onyx Morton, 1834; by monotypy. Cretaceous. South Carolina and Alabama, USA. Polychaeta (fide Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: 244-245). REMARK. — Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 245) stated that “we do not hesitate to refer it to the Serpuliidae”. [F] Hensonella Elliott, 1960: 229. TYPE SPECIES. — Hensonella cylindrica Elliott, 1960, by original designation. Lower Cretaceous of Iraq and Iran. REMARK. — The author noted that this common microfossil “has sometimes been taken for a dasyclad alga”, but cross-sections revealed a twolayered shell that was inconsistent with botanical structures (Elliott 1960: 229). The author concluded that “it is tentatively suggested here that it may be a little scaphopod species in which changes during fossilization have removed the outer surface layer and accentuated the radial structure of the inner layer” (Elliott 1960: 229-230). Since the microstructure of the tube does not resemble that of other Scaphopoda, it is unlikely that this taxon even belongs to the Mollusca, and it is herein excluded from the Scaphopoda. [F] Pharetrium König, 1825: 4. TYPE SPECIES. — Pharetrium fragile König, 1825; monotypy. Cretaceous. Junior synonym of Pyrgopolon Montfort, 1808 (Polychaeta) (fide Pilsbry & Sharp 1898: 245). [F] Polylopia Clark, 1925: 12. TYPE SPECIES. — Salterella billingsi Safford, 1869; original designation. Ordovician. Transferred to 452 the Scaphopoda by Fisher (1958: 144-146). Yochelson (1968) concluded that this taxon was not a scaphopod and was probably referable to the Hyolitha. [F] Pyrgopolon Montfort, 1808: 394-396. T YPE SPECIES . — Pyrgopolon mosae Montfort, 1808; original designation. Cretaceous. Maastricht, Netherlands. REMARK. — Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 246) stated that the “irregular growth and two-layered structure of these shells is conclusive evidence that they belong to the Serpulid worms”. [F] Quasidentaliidae Chistikov, 1975: 19. Family for Quasidentalium. Also used as superfamily taxon Quasidentalioidea (Chistikov 1975: 19). REMARK. — Quasidentalium was excluded from the phylum Mollusca by Yochelson (1999). [F] Quasidentalium Shimansky, 1974: 135 [Russian], 126 [English]. T YPE SPECIES . — Quasidentalium opiparium Shimansky, 1974, by original designation. [Carboniferous of Russia]. REMARK. — Palmer (1986: 397) suggested that this taxon “is probably neither a scaphopod nor even closely related to the class”. Yochelson (1999) rejected the alleged molluscan nature of the type species Quasidentalium opiparum and placed it in the taxon Coleolidae (phylum incertae sedis). [F] Spirodentalium Walcott, 1890: 271. TYPE SPECIES. — Spirodentalium osceola Walcott, 1890; by original designation. Upper Cambrian. Osceola Mills, Wisconsin, USA. REMARK. — Pilsbry & Sharp (1898: 247) concluded that the shell sculpture “is radically unlike any form known to belong to the Scaphopoda, and the genus can scarcely be admitted to be molluscan without more evidence than the wretchedly preserved specimen yet known affords. It may belong to the Vermes, or to the ancient group of so-called Pteropoda”. Yochelson (1987) concluded that this taxon was actually an ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) Supraspecific taxa of Scaphopoda (Mollusca) TABLE 1. — Classification of Recent Scaphopoda (from Scarabino 1995; modified by Steiner 1998, 1999). Family taxa are in phylogenetic order, and genera are in alphabetic order. Class SCAPHOPODA Bronn, 1862 Order DENTALIIDA da Costa, 1776 Family GADILINIDAE Chistikov, 1975 Subfamily GADILININAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Gadilina Foresti, 1895 Subfamily EPISIPHONINAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Episiphon Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Family FUSTIARIIDAE Steiner, 1991 Genus Fustiaria Stoliczka, 1868 Family OMNIGLYPTDAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Omniglypta Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1953 Family DENTALIIDAE [Children, 1834] Genus Antalis H. & A. Adams, 1854 Genus Coccodentalium Sacco, 1896 Genus Compressidentalium Habe, 1963 Genus Dentalium Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Eudentalium Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 Genus Fissidentalium Fischer, 1885 Genus Graptacme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Genus Paradentalium Cotton & Godfrey, 1933 Genus Pictodentalium Palmer, 1974 Genus Plagioglypta Pilsbry in Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Genus Schizodentalium Sowerby, 1894 Genus Striodentalium Habe, 1964 Genus Tesseracme Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Family CALLIODENTALIIDAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Calliodentalium Habe, 1964 Family LAEVIDENTALIIDAE Palmer, 1974 Genus Laevidentalium Cossmann, 1888 Family RHABDIDAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Rhabdus Pilbry & Sharp, 1897 Family ANULIDENTALIIDAE Chistikov, 1975 Genus Anulidentalium Chistikov, 1975 Genus Epirhabdoides Steiner, 1999 Order GADILIDA Starobogatov, 1974 Suborder ENTALIMORPHA Steiner, 1992 Family ENTALINIDAE Chistikov, 1979 Subfamily BATHOXIPHINAE Chistikov, 1983 Genus Bathoxiphus Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Genus Rhomboxiphus Chistikov, 1983 Genus Solenoxiphus Chistikov, 1983 Subfamily ENTALININAE Chistikov, 1979 Genus Entalina Monterosato, 1872 Subfamily HETEROSCHISMOIDINAE Chistikov, 1982 Genus Costentalina Chistikov, 1982 Genus Entalinopsis Habe, 1957 Genus Heteroschismoides Ludbrook, 1960 Genus Pertusiconcha Chistikov, 1982 Genus Spadentalina Habe, 1963 Suborder GADILIMORPHA Steiner, 1992 Family PULSELLIDAE Scarabino in Boss, 1982 Genus Annulipulsellum Scarabino, 1986 Genus Pulsellum Stoliczka, 1868 Genus Striopulsellum Scarabino, 1995 Family WEMERSONIELLIDAE Scarabino, 1986 Genus Chistikovia Scarabino, 1995 Genus Wemersoniella Scarabino, 1986 Family GADILIDAE Stoliczka, 1868 Subfamily SIPHONODENTALIINAE Simroth, 1894 Genus Dischides Jeffreys, 1867 Genus Polyschides Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898 Genus Sagamicadulus Sakurai & Shimazu, 1963 Genus Siphonodentalium M. Sars, 1859 Genus Striocadulus Emerson, 1962 Subfamily GADILINAE Stoliczka, 1868 Genus Bathycadulus Scarabino, 1995 Genus Cadulus Philippi, 1844 Genus Gadila Gray, 1847 incertae sedis Genus Compressidens Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897 Genus Megaentalina Habe, 1963 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2001 • 23 (3) 453 Steiner G. & Kabat A. R. open-coiled gastropod, which he referred to the Euomphaloidea. [F] Throopella Greger, 1933: 373-374. TYPE SPECIES. — Throopella typa Greger, 1933, by monotypy [Upper Devonian of USA]. REMARK. — Of doubtful scaphopod affinities; Emerson (1962: 480) and Starobogatov (1974: 8) excluded this taxon from the Scaphopoda. Acknowledgements The first author (Steiner) is most indebted to P. Bouchet (MNHN), J.-A. Sneli (Trondheim Biological Station, Norway), and V. Scarabino (Paris) for providing valuable information and help. The comments of H. Zibrowius (Univ. Marseille), A. Ohler (MNHN) and P. Bouchet added greatly to the accuracy of this catalogue. The remaining errors, however, are the authors’ responsibility only. The second author (Kabat) thanks K. J. Boss (MCZ) and M. G. Harasewych (USNM) for allowing him to use their departmental libraries, and R. I. Johnson (MCZ) for his fine hospitality and access to his personal library. REFERENCES The publication dates for books and articles published in journals have been verified, to the greatest extent possible, by reference to bound journal volumes and to compilations of publication dates for certain journals. 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