MYCOTAXON Volume 112, pp. 15–20 April–June 2010 Two new species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from Brazil Manuela Dal-Forno* & Sionara Eliasaro manudalforno@hotmail.com Depto. Botânica, Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná Cx. P. 19031, 81531-970, Curitiba, PR – Brazil Abstract – Phaeographis flavescens and halloloma pontalense are described as new species. hese species were found growing in restinga in Southern Brazil. Key words – lichenized fungi, lichens, Ostropales, Paraná Introduction he family Graphidaceae Dumort. contains about 1000 species and is an important component of the lichen biota in tropical and subtropical regions (Staiger et al. 2006). During a survey of Graphidaceae in Paraná State, Southern Brazil, one new species of Phaeographis and one new species of halloloma, both with stictic acid, were encountered. Phaeographis Müll. Arg. is a genus characterized by brown ascospores reacting I+ wine-red, generally inspersed hymenia, poorly developed and uncarbonized excipula and lirellae with exposed discs (Staiger 2002, Archer 2006, Cáceres 2007, Lücking & Rivas-Plata 2008). halloloma Trevis. is characterized mainly by the ecorticate thallus and lirellae with brown or red exposed discs, hyaline ascospores reacting I+ violet, uncarbonized excipula and clear hymenia (Staiger 2002, Archer 2006, Cáceres 2007, Lücking & Rivas-Plata 2008). he new species are described and illustrated below. Materials and methods he new species were described from specimens collected in a typical Brazilian coastal vegetation forest, known as restinga, in Paraná State, Southern Brazil. he *Present address: Audubon Center of the North Woods, PO BOX 530, Sandstone, MN, USA 55072 16 ... Dal-Forno & Eliasaro specimens were examined using standard stereoscopic and light microscopic techniques. Sections of thalli and ascomata were mounted in water, 10% KOH and Lugol’s Solution. All measurements were made in water. Chemical constituents were identified by thin layer chromatography (Culberson & Ammann 1979, Elix & Ernst-Russell 1993) and by comparison with authentic samples. Taxonomy Phaeographis flavescens Dal-Forno & Eliasaro, sp. nov. Fig. 1 MycoBank 513534 Simile Phaeographis intricans sed acidum sticticum continente differt. Type: BRAZIL. Paraná: Pontal do Paraná. Pontal do Sul, 28.II.2008, S25º34’11.1” W48º21’32.4”, M. Dal-Forno 433 (Holotype–UPCB). Etymology: he specific epithet is derived from the Latin flavus, and it refers to the yellow color of the thallus ater the application of potassium hydroxide solution. hallus corticolous, epiperidermal, continuous, 130–140 µm thick, with crystals; surface green to yellowish green, dull, smooth; corticate. Ascomata lirelliform, immersed in pseudostromata, flexuose, branched, 0.3–2.0 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide, with small lateral cracks; disc exposed, grey with white pruina; pseudostromata conspicuous, pale yellow, distinctly raised from the thallus, 150–200 µm high, with crystals; labia entire; excipulum uncarbonized, 85–125 µm high, laterally rudimentary, base well developed, yellow, 25 µm high. Hymenium clear, 60–100 µm high, 125–175 µm wide, I–; paraphyses unbranched but with branched tips, filiform, 1.0–1.5 µm thick, hyaline, with brown tips; ascospores 8 per ascus, brown, I+ wine-red, ellipsoid, transversely (3–)5-septate, 21–25 × 6–7 µm. Chemistry: thallus K+ yellow, stictic acid and other stictic acid satellites present. Additional specimens examined – BRAZIL. Paraná: Pontal do Paraná. Pontal do Sul, 28.II.2008, S25º34’11.1” W48º21’32.4” M. Dal-Forno 336, 346, 371, 377 (UPCB). Comments – Phaeographis flavescens is characterized by immersed lirellae in a pale yellow prominent pseudostroma, with greyish white pruinose discs, an uncarbonized excipulum, a clear hymenium, brown, small and transversely 5-septate ascospores, and the presence of stictic acid and other related compounds. his species is very similar to species in Sarcographa Fée, suggested by the formation of well defined stromatic clusters, conspicuously raised from the thallus, and by the chemistry. In addition, Phaeographis flavescens possesses small slits in the margins of the lirellae, which could be confused with the characteristic transverse fissures of Sarcographa. Despite these characteristics, Graphidaceae spp. nov. (Brazil) ... 17 Figures 1–2: New species of Graphidaceae from Brazil. 1: Phaeographis flavescens (holotype, UPCB); 2: halloloma pontalense (holotype, UPCB); bars = 1 mm. 18 ... Dal-Forno & Eliasaro the brown ascospores reacting I+ wine-red, lirellae with exposed discs and the clear hymenia place the new species in the genus Phaeographis. he absence of carbonization in the exciple excludes the possibility of the new species being a species of Sarcographa or other related genus. Sarcographa cuyabensis Redinger is very similar to P. flavescens, differing by the slightly smaller ascospores, (12–)15–18 µm long, and the indistinct pseudostroma (Redinger 1933). Phaeographis intricans (Nyl.) Staiger closely resembles P. flavescens, differing only in the lichen compounds present: norstictic acid in P. intricans (Nylander 1863, Staiger 2002) and stictic acid and related compounds in P. flavescens. halloloma pontalense Dal-Forno & Eliasaro, sp. nov. Fig. 2 MycoBank 513535 Simile halloloma anguinum sed lirrelas latiores et acidum sticticum continente differt. Type: BRAZIL. Paraná: Pontal do Paraná. Pontal do Sul, 28.II.2008, S25º34’02.2” W48º22’01.8”, M. Dal-Forno 592 (Holotype-UPCB). Etymology: he specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Pontal do Sul, Southern Brazil. hallus corticolous, epiperidermal, continuous, 40–70 µm high, with crystals; surface whitish pale grey, dull, smooth; corticate. Ascomata lirelliform, flexuose, unbranched to branched, immersed to erumpent, 0.8–1.0 mm long, 0.3–0.4 mm wide; disco exposed, pale brown pruinose; thalline margin laterally present, conspicuous, 200–225 µm high, 45–50 µm thick, extending beyond the hymenium and excipulum; labia entire; excipulum uncarbonized, 75–100 µm high, rudimentary. Hymenium clear, 75–100 µm high, 220–230 µm wide, I–; paraphyses branched and anastomosing, filiform, 1.0 µm thick, hyaline, with brown tips; ascospores 8 per ascus, hyaline to slightly brownish, I+ violet-blue, ellipsoid, muriform, 11–13 × 3–4-locular, 45–55 × 14–15 µm. Chemistry: thallus K+ yellow, stictic acid present. Additional specimens examined – BRAZIL. Paraná: Pontal do Paraná. Pontal do Sul, 28.II.2008, S25º34’02.2” W48º22’01.8” M. Dal-Forno 581 (UPCB). Comments – halloloma pontalense is characterized by the oblong to slightly elongated ascomata, not showing the typical shape of a lirella, with exposed, brown pruinose discs, muriform ascospores with 40–50 µm and presence of stictic acid. Stictic acid is one of the most common lichen compounds found in the Graphidaceae (Staiger 2002) but it is uncommon in the genus halloloma. It occurs in T. patulum (A.W. Archer) A.W. Archer from the Solomon Islands (Archer 2007). Graphidaceae spp. nov. (Brazil) ... 19 halloloma pontalense is very similar to T. anguinum (Mont.) Trevis., but differs in the shape of the lirellae, which are not very elongated, the presence of stictic acid, and the absence of lichexanthone. halloloma pontalense also has much wider ascomata, being 0.3–0.4 mm wide, whereas T. anguinum has lirellae 0.15–0.2 mm wide, exactly half the width, which in Graphidaceae is a significant difference. In addition, halloloma pontalense has a conspicuous thalline margin, extending 100 µm above the hymenium, whereas the thalline margin in T. anguinum is only present laterally, not extending beyond the level of the hymenium and excipulum. halloloma pontalense is morphologically similar to a species found in Costa Rica, namely “halloloma chroodiscoides” (Sipman 2008). However, the later species has smaller ascospores, up to 26 µm long, and it lacks lichen compounds. halloloma deplanatum (Nyl.) Staiger is also similar to T. pontalense, showing the same shape of ascomata and size of ascospores, but in T. deplanatum the thalline margin is less conspicuous, the excipulum has a double margin and the ascospores have only transverse septa. Acknowledgements he authors are grateful to Dr. Marcela Cáceres and Dr. Alan W. Archer for reviewing the manuscript of this paper. hey also thank Prof. Nasser K. Hammad for the Latin diagnosis and to CAPES (Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal do Ensino Superior) for granting a Mastership to Dal-Forno. Literature cited Archer AW. 2006. he Lichen Family Graphidaceae in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 94: 1–191. Archer AW. 2007. Key and checklist for the lichen family Graphidaceae (lichenised Ascomycota) in the Solomon Islands. Syst. biodivers. 5: 9–22. Cáceres MES. 2007. Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil. Libri Botanici 22: 1–168. Culberson CF, Ammann K. 1979. Standardmethode zur Dünnschichtchomatographie von Flechtensubstanzen. Herzogia 5: 1–24. Elix JA, Ernst-Russell KD. 1993. A Catalogue of Standardized hin Layer Chromatographic Data and Biosynthetic Relationships for Lichen Substances. 2nd ed. Australian National University Camberra. Lücking R, Rivas-Plata E. 2008. Clave y Guía Ilustrada Para Géneros de Graphidaceae. Glalia 1: 1–41. Nylander, W. 1863. Lichenographiae Novo-Granatensis Prodromus. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 7: 415–504. Redinger K. 1933. Die Graphidineen der ersten Regnell’schen Expedition nach Brasilien 1892–94. I. Glyphis, Medusulina und Sarcographa. Arkiv for Botanik 25A(13): 1–21. 20 ... Dal-Forno & Eliasaro Staiger B. 2002. Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 85: 1–526. Staiger B, Kalb K, Grube M. 2006. Philogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota). Mycological Research 110: 765–772. Sipman, H. 2008. Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica. Ticolichen Project. Chicago, he Field Museum [http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/ Sipman/ Zschackia/Diorygma/halloloma.htm#halloloma (viewed online on 18 September 2008)].