i THE MOTH BOOK The Moth Book. Plate \ COPYHIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND 1 (Frontispiece) I H THE MOTH BOOK A POPULAR GUIDE TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA BY W. J. HOLLAND, D. D., Ph.D., Sc. D., LL. D. DIRECTOR OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM. PITTSBURGH, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; MEMBER OFTHE ENTOMOLOG1CALSOCIETY OF FRANCE ETC., ETC. ; WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRODUCING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR, AND IN VARIOUS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS New York Garden City DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1915 r COPYRIGHT, I903, BY W. J. HOLLAND } TO MY HONORED FRIEND, ANDREW WHOSE NAME IS A CARNEGIE, SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE, I DEDICATE THIS BOOK > PREFACE a few years ago I published "The Butterfly Book," I stated in the preface to that volume that I would follow it by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture XiyHEN * v me in so doing. "The Butterfly Book" favorably received, and not only I, but my publishers, have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent, should seem to justify was very urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in A prompt compliance with these requests has, however, 1898. unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent me from devoting any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition. In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves. The species of moths known to occur in the United States and Canada vastly exceed in number within the same limits. While brief descriptions and numerous it the species of butterflies found was possible to bring together illustrations of the majority of the in the region, it became evident at the species of butterflies found outset that in dealing with the moths it would be necessary to method. It became plain that a process of selection would have to be followed, if the volume were to be It would have been kept within proper limits as to size and cost. comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books of which "The Moth Book" is one to provide in reasonably compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. Instead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure all the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to resort to a different vii Preface occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to which would adequately represent the various families and the commoner and more important genera, thus providing a work which might serve as an introduction to the study. select those species This process of selection had to be made with much patience and Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is somecare. times difficult to obtain perfect specimens for purposes of photoEven where species are well known and graphic reproduction. common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working naturalist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughtsman, become very serious blemishes when resort is had to methods which I of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent in searching through various collections for the kind of material which was required, and often in remounting specimens which, while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their reward, and have been able to assemble enough properly prepared material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose. "Brevity is the soul of wit," and this fact has not been I forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded This brevity in descripthe preparation of lengthy descriptions. tion for is, however, as the writer believes, abundantly compensated by the in the Plates. One good recognizable worth reams of mere verbal description. go deeply into the subject, and who wish illustrations figure of a species is Those who desire to to famiHarize themselves the list of works named with all its technicalities, will find in in that part of the introduction devoted to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire. I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to no one am I more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento- mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. viii Ashmead Preface and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentler men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of very graciously went over the Plates con- who Rutgers College, taining the Noctuidce, me thereby saving in several instances from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr. William Beutenmuller, the Curator of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most To Mrs. obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. Beutenmuller's facile fingers I owe the frontispiece and many illustrations British a in the debt of To text. Museum, and is gratitude due permission to use some for From their publications. Natural Sciences Sir George to the Trustees of Dr. for many of the F. Hampson, of the that great institution, favors, and especially employed in illustrations Henry Skinner, of the Academy of Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the received great assistance. To the Messrs. in Brooklyn Institute, I A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William Barnes, of Decatur, III., and to Mr. O. C. Poling, of Peoria, 111., return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration. The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring, England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the F. I To Sphingidce. others, who extend my all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of their aid in the preparation of the book, I have lent heartfelt thanks. While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some will extent to illustrate. W. Director's Office, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. September 8, 1903. IX J. H. , TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication PAGE ................. v vii Preface Table of Contents .......... ............ List of Illustrations in the List of Colored Plates xi xv Text xxiii INTRODUCTION PAGE CHAP. I. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths . . 3-18 . How The Eggs of to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; The Pupae of Moihs: Form, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths: Head, Thorax, Abdomen, Legs, Wings. K. The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Speci- mens 19-21 Special Instructions for Mounting and Preparing the Smaller Forms. III. The Classification of Moths 22-26 The Difficulties of Classification. Various Views Entertained by Writers. Key to the Families of North American Heterocera. IV. Books about the Moths of North America . . . 27-38 General Catalogues and Lists. Early Writers. General Works Containing Information as to the Moths of North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the Different Families of the Moths of North America. Periodicals. xi Table of Contents THE BOOK \ The Moths of North America North of Mexico. PAGE The Sphingidae Family II. The Saturniidse Family III. The Ceratocampidae Family IV. The Syntomidae Family V. The Lithosiidae Family VI. The Arctiidae Family VII. The Agaristidae Family VIII. The Noctuidae Family IX. The Nycteolidae Family X. The Pericopidae Family XI. The Dioptidae Family XII. The Notodontidae Family XIII. The Thyatiridae Family XIV. The Liparidae Family XV. The Lasiocampidae Family XVI. The Bombycidae Family XVII. The Platypterygidae Family XVIII. The Geometridae Family XIX. The Epiplemidae Family XX. The Nolidae Family XXI. The Lacosomidae Family XXII. The Psychidae Family XXIII. The Cochlidiidae Family XXIV. The Megalopygidae Family XXV. The Dalceridae Family XXVI. The Epipyropidae Family XXVII. The Zygaenidae Family XXVIII. The Thyrididae Family XXIX. The Cossidae Family XXX. The /Egeriidae Family XXXI. The Pyralidae Family XXXII. The Pterophoridae Family XXXIII. The Orneodidae Family 41 I. . xu 80 94 98 103 114 140 151 288 289 291 292 303 305 311 . . .315 320 322 356 357 . 359 3 60 3 64 368 3 69 370 37 1 374 375 379 39 1 4*5 417 Table of Contents PAGE Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam Fam ly ly ly ly ly ly ly ly ly ly XXXIV. The Tortricida3 XXXV. The Yponomeutidae XXXVI. The Gelechiidse XXXVII. The Xylorictida3 XXXVIII. The CEcophoridas XXXIX. The Blastobasida XL. The Elachistidae XLI. The Tineidse XLII. The Hepialidae XLIII. The Micropterygidae 4I7 423 424 428 428 429 430 430 443 444 DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS PAGE The World of the Dark 77 " "Splitters" and Lumpers" 112 Sugaring for Moths 146 The Tragedy of the Night Moth (Thomas Carlyle) Walking as a Fine Art Das Lied Ode vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) to an Insect (Anacreon) Silk Culture Cupid's Candle (Felix Carmen) Clothes-moths of All . 209 270 290 301 Transformation (Henry Brooke) Living and Dying (Gosse) Far Out at Sea (Home) Faunal Subregions The End . 291 Nasu-no Take Moth Song (Cortissoz) The History of . (Tennyson) Xlll 310 316 321 355 363 387 427 434 445 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT PAGE FIG. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. \2. 13. 14. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher Egg of Peridroma saucia 3 5 of Samia cecropia Larva of Hyloicus kalmiae Egg Pupa of Telea polyphemus Pupa of cut-worm in underground Front view of the head of a moth Lateral view of the head of a moth Antennae of moths Antenna of Telea polyphemus Legs of a moth 5 7 10 10 cell 12 12 13 13 15 Diagram showing the structure of the wings of a moth Neuration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum . .... . . 16 17 17 16. Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera 19 17. Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera 20 18. Double mount 21 19. "As 26 20. Three joints of the antenna of Protoparce quinquemacu- 21. Neuration of the wings of Sesia tantalus 42 22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus 43 15. it is . . Isoparce cupressi 24. Hyloicus eremitoides Hyloicus canadensis Protambulyx 18 4 2}. strigilis 27. Larva of Pholus satellitia 28. Larva of Pholus achemon Larva of Darapsa myron 30. Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron XV 29. . not done" latus 25. 26. . 1 48 50 51 54 65 66 68 69 List of Illustrations in the Text PAGE FIG. 31. Microgaster which preys 32. Pupa of Darapsa myron 33. 34. 35. upon the larva of Darapsamyron 69 69 Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti Light form of larva of Celerio lineata Dark form of larva of Celerio lineata Philosamia cynthia 37. Cocoon of Samia cecropia 38. Larva of Callosamia promethea 70 76 76 36. . . 83 85 ... 39. Cocoon of Callosamia promethea 40. Larva of Actias luna Larva of Telea polyphemus 42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus 43. Larva of Automeris io 81 .... 41. 85 87 88 88 , . . , . . 90 . . 92 45. Eggs of Buck-moth Larva of Buck-moth 46. Anisota rubicunda, larva and pupa 47. 48. Crambidia pallida Crambidia casta 49. Palpidia pallidior 50. 52. Hypoprepia fucosa Haematomis mexicana Comacla simplex 53. Bruceia pulverina 107 108 54. Clemensia albata 108 55. Illice 44. 51. 92 104 105 106 107 unifascia 109 Illice subjecta 57. Lerina incarnata 56. 58. Dodia 95 104 109 in albertae 117 59. .....119 61. 119 120 Haploa lecontei 60. Haploa contigua Euerythra phasma 62. Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata 65. 66. 67. 68. 120 121 Turuptiana permaculata 64. Seirarctia echo 63. 122 Alexicles aspersa 122 Estigmene prima Estigmene acrasa 122 123 Isia isabella 125 xvi List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. 69. 70. 71. 72. and pupa of Isia Phragmatobia fuliginosa Phragmatobia yarrowi Apantesis anna Caterpillar isabella . PAGE 25 26 27 30 33 73. Kodiosoma 74. Ectypia bivittata 33 75. Euchsetias egle 35 76. Pygarctia elegans 36 77. Hypocrisias minima 36 78. Egg 79. 42 80. Pupa of Copidryas gloveri Larva and moth of Copidryas gloveri 81. Tuerta sabulosa A3 44 44 fulva of Copidryas gloveri .... .... 82. Alypia disparata 83. Alypia octomaculata 84. Alypiodes bimaculata 41 42 45 85. 86. Apatela populi, $ 54 Apatela populi, larva 54 87. 88. Apatela oblinita Apharetra dentata 58 89. Apharetra pyralis 59 90. Cerma 61 91. Copibryophila angelica 58 cora 62 92. Platyperigea praeacuta 64 Platyperigea discistriga 94. Fishea yosemitse 64 93. 95. 70 Momaphana comstocki 72 Pyrophila pyramidoides, larva 97. Larva of Laphygma frugiperda 98. Moth of Laphygma frugiperda 96. . . 13 . . 74 . . 74 99. Podagra crassipes 100. Abagrotis erratica 101. Metalepsis cornuta 78 80 81 102. Setagrotis terrifica 81 103. Agrotis ypsilon 82 Pronoctua typka subgothica 85 86 104. 105. Feltia 106. Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris .... xvu 90 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG, .."....., 07. Mamestra picta 08. Trichopolia serrata 09. Eupolia licentiosa PAGE 194 199 199 10. Larva of Heliophila unipuncta 11. 13. Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta Moth of Heliophila unipuncta Larvae and eggs of Heliophila 14. Neleucania bicolorata 15. Stretchia muricina 203 205 17. Perigraphtt prima Xylina antennata 205 206 18. Asteroscopus borealis 209 19. Bellura gortynides 211 212 21. Gortyna immanis Larva of Papaipema 22. Ochria 12. 16. 20. 200 200 201 albilinea nitela sauzselitae 23. Pseudorthosia variabilis 24. Selicanis cinereola 25. Orrhodia californica 26. Tristyla alboplagiata 27. Pippona birnatris 202 213 214 216 216 218 220 221 28. Bessula luxa 221 29. Oxycnemis fusimacula 221 30. Boll-worm feeding on tomato 31. Heliothis armiger 32. Derrima 22} 22} 224 33. Pseudacontia crustaria stellata 225 Gracperia magnifica 35. Trichosellus cupes 225 34. }6. Eupanychis spinosae 37. Canidia scissa 226 226 226 38. Palada scarletina 229 Sympistis proprius 40. Heliodes restrictalis 39. 41. Heliosea pictipennis 229 230 230 42. 43. Eupseudomorpha brillians Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis 232 44. Pseudalvpia crotchi 232 xviii 231 List of Illustrations in the Text PAGE FIG. [45. Larva of Euthisanotia grata [46. Acherdoa 148. Neumoegenia poetica Autographa brassicae 149. Diastema 147. Eutelia pulcherrima 51. Alabama 239 241 242 argillacea, egg, larva, 53. Anepischetos bipartita Diallagma lutea 54. Incita aurantiaca 56. Trichotarache assimilis Thalpochares aetheria 57. Gyros muiri 58. Tornacontia sutrix 55. 235 tigris 50. 52. 23} 234 ferraria and pupa 243 245 245 246 246 249 249 250 159. Cerathosia tricolor 253 [60. Hormoschista pagenstecheri 253 254 255 [61. Sylectra erycata 162. Melanomma 16}. Argillophora furcilla Parora texana 255 Capnodes punctivena Selenis monotropa 277 164. 165. [66. auricinctaria [67. Latebraria amphipyroides [68. Epizeuxis americalis Epizeuxis aemula 169. 255 277 279 280 280 Zanclognatha protumnusalis Sisyrhypena orciferalis 281 283 [73. Hypenula cacuminalis Hypenula opacalis [74. Tetanolita mynesalis 284 [75. Dircetis 284 [76. Salia interpuncta 285 285 [78. Lomanaltes eductalis Hypena humuli 179. Eunystalea indiana 295 [80. Euphyparpax rosea 298 i3i. Cargida cadmia 301 [82. Hemerocampa [70. 71. [72. [77. 282 283 pygmaea 287 leucostigma, moth XIX 306 List of Illustrations in the Text PAGE FIG. female moth, 183. Hemerocampa 184. 185. Hemerocampa Doa ampla 186. Leuculodes lacteolaria 187. Hypopacha grisea Malacosoma americana, eggs, larvae, and cocoon. Malacosoma disstria, mature larva Malacosoma disstria 188. 189. 190. 191. leucostigma, male and female pupae Larva of leucostigma, Bombyx grown female 193. 194. Eudeilinea herminiata 198. 196. 197. Paleacrita vernata, egg, Paleacrita vernata, male 199. Larva of Eois ptelearia 200. Moth and cocoon 201. Fernaldella fimetaria 202. Cymatophora ribearia, moth Egg of Goose-berry span-worm Goose-berry span-worm 203. 204. . . 307 307 309 310 312 . .313 313 314 316 316 316 320 and larva and female moths Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa Moths of Alsophila pometaria 195. larva and mori Cocoon of Bombyx mori Moth of Bombyx mori 192. full larva, of Eois ptelearia 205. Coniodes plumigeraria 206. Coniodes plumigeraria, larva 207. Nigetia formosalis 32s ... . . . 325 326 326 334 335 337 340 340 341 346 346 358 208. Oiketicus abboti 361 209. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis 210. Harrisina americana, larva, and moth 211. Harrisina americana, larvae on grape-leaf 361 212. Zeuzera pyrina 213. Inguromorpha basalis 214. Cossula magnifica 215. Synanthedon acerni 216. Desmia funeralis 217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis 218. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis 219. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, larvae XX 372 373 376 378 379 386 392 394 395 396 List of Illustrations in the Text page fig. 220. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, 221. Hypsopygia costalis pupa 222. Pyralis farinalis 22}. Diatraea saccharalis, larvae 396 400 401 v 403 404 224. Cornstalk attacked by Diatraea saccharalis 225. Moth and pupa of Diatraea saccharalis 226. The Bee-moth 227. Mineola juglandis 228. Mineola indigenella, larvae and moth 229. Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves 230. Zophodia grossulariae 231. Canarsia hammondi , .... .... 2}2. Ephestia kuehniella 2}^. Cocoons of Ephestia kuehniella 415 416 237. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus 239. Eucosma scudderiana 240. Ancylis 417 418 comptana 419 420 Cydia pomonella 242. Alceris minuta 243. Phthorimaea operculella 241. 244. Gnorimoschema 245. Anarsia lineatella, larvae 246. Anarsia lineatella, 421 424 425 gallaesolidaginis 426 moths 427 428 Depressaria heracliana 248. Holcocera glandulella 247. 249. 429 430 Walshia amorphella 250. Bucculatrix canadensisella 251. Bucculatrix pomifoliella . . .451 432 252. Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes-moth) 253. Tinea pellionella. 254. 255. 256. 257. 411 413 414 414 235. Ephestia cautella 236. Plodia interpunctella Orneodes hexadactylus 411 412 234. Larva of Ephestia cautella 238. 405 406 408 409 410 (The Fur-moth) Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larvae Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth Prodoxus marginatus xx i .... 432 433 434 438 439 439 List of Illustrations in the Text PAG* FIG. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 26). Prodoxus y-inversa Prodoxus reticulata Prodoxus coloradensis Prodoxus cinereus Pronuba yuccasella Pronuba yuccasella, pupae 440 440 440 441 442 442 xxii LIST OF COLORED PLATES Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortype Company, New York and Chicago FACING PAGE I. II. III. Larvae of Moths Sphingidae Frontispiece (Hawkmoths) Sphingidae (Hawkmoths), IV. Sphingidae 42 48 &c (Hawkmoths) 56 62 V. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) VI. Sphingidae VII. VIII. IX. (Hawkmoths) 70 Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 76 80 Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Saturniidae, &c &c X. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae XI. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae, &c. XII. Saturniidae, Cossidae, Lasiocampidae XIII. Syntomidae, Lithosiidae, Arctiidae XIV. Arctiidae XV. XVI. XVII. ... . 92 96 108 116 122 Arctiidae Arctiidae, . ...... 84 88 &c 134 Noctuidae Arctiidae, Agaristidae, ' 140 XVIII. Noctuidae 156 XIX. Noctuidae 164 XX. Noctuidae XXI. Noctuidae , 176 182 XXII. Noctuidae 188 XXIII. Noctuidae 194 XXIV. Noctuidae XXV. 204 210 218 . Noctuidae XXVI. Noctuidae xxiii List of Colored Plates FACING PAGE XXVII. Noctuidae 228 XXVIII. Noctuidae 240 252 260 262 266 268 XXIX. Noctuidae XXX. Noctuidae XXXI. Noctuidae XXXII. Noctuidae XXXIII. Noctuidae XXXIV. Noctuidae XXXV. Noctuidae XXXVI. Noctuidae 270 272 276 XXXVII. Noctuidae .278 XXXVIII. Pericopidae, Dioptidae, Liparidae, Megalopygidae, &c XXXIX. Notodontidae 290 296 300 XL. Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, &c XLI. Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, Psychidae, Platyptery- 514 gidae, Lacosomidae, &c XLII. Noctuidae, 'Nycteolidae, Geometridae 330 XLI1I. Geometridae XLIV. Geometridae XLV. Geometridae XLVI. ^Egeriidae XLVII. Cochlidiidae, Zygaenidae, Thryrididae, XL VIII. Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Tineidae, XXIV &c Pyralidae . 338 348 354 382 394 412 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS ; I suppose you are an entomologist "Not quite so ambitious as that, No individual entitled to that name. sir; the subject is too vast for " ? I sir. should like to put Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Poet The my eyes on the man can be truly called an entomologist, any single human intelligence to grasp." at the Breakfast Table. great order of the scale-winged insects, or lepidoptera, by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the HeteroAs Dr. David Sharp well says, "The only cera, or Moths. definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera."* one that all The distinction ing to which classified as made between butterflies and moths, accord- lepidoptera having clubbed antennae are to be Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without all clubbed antenna? are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths, while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few famiof lepidoptera, apparently forming connecting links between the butterflies and the of our lies moths, in which, while most of the structural characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the This is true antennas are distinctly clubbed. of the Castniidce, found in tropical America, the Neocastniidce of the Indo-Malayan region, the Euschemontdce of Australia, and certain i.- Dahlia stechcn^ among them that remarkable Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the obscure genera of the Agaristidce, insect, Fig. *Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Buru. When, a few I communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable The incident series of specimens in my possession showed. reveals that in classification hard and fast lines, based upon the character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There years ago, scarcely any generalization in reference to organic structures which students have made which has not been found with the While ail this is increase of knowledge to have its limitations. is it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of the United States and the countries of British North America are true, concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based upon the form of the antennae, holds good, with the sole exception of the insects belonging to the genus Megathymus, which are by many authors classified with the Castniidce, and by others " " with the Hesperiidce. In the I have left these Butterfly Book insects with the Hesperiidce. Leaving them out of sight, we may say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennae, are moths. The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States, or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth, is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennae of and then by comparison to refer the specimens before him to their proper suborder. Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form butterflies, When as eggs. the eggs hatch the insects appear as larvae, or are then, after undergoing a series of molts, transformed into pupae, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or caterpillars. may be which They provided with an outer covering, is some time more or less in the composed of known silk. as the cocoon, After remaining for pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged, six-footed insects. THE EGGS OF MOTHS The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists 4 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it The eggs to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical, cylindrical, are and common. lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs Cochlidiidce, or The eggs of the Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking The surfaces of like microscopic pancakes. the eggs of moths are seen under a micro- Fig. 2. Egg of ornamented by Peridroma saucia, greatly enlarged. While in some raised lines and sculpturings. cases the eggs of moths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they scope to be more or less generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluishLike the eggs of butterflies, they are provided green, or brown. with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as are In the are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro- pyle is located on the outer margin or rim. The eggs are always laid by the female in a state of freedom upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In captivity moths will often deposit their eggs in the receptacle in which they are confined. knows such cases, unless the observer In the food-plant upon which the species feeds, he will be apt to have great difficulty in rearing the larvae, unless by a happy chance he succeeds experimentally ascerta mn g tne proper plant. This may sometimes be done by introducing the leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and observing those to which the young caterpillars resort. The date of oviposition varies with different families and genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young Fig. 3. Egg of Samia ^^enlar ^d^ 7 m i insect passes the winter in the egg, emerging when the early Some moths springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. lay their eggs in the late summer and early fall; the eggs hatch shortly afterward, and the larvae, after molting one or more times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most => The Life- History and Anatomy of Moths moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring summer, and the eggs hatch shortly afterward. or early THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS The they moths are of course extremely small when emerge from the egg. They, however, rapidly increase caterpillars of first relative size as they continue the process of feeding and molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appearin " Hickory HornRoyal Walnut-moth, or (See Plate Devil," as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. I, Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at all uncommon. With its curved horns and numeruos spines it The ance. larva of the presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect. The larvae of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vegeThe food of the vast majority consists of the leaves table matter. A few of grasses, shrubs, and trees. tissues, larvae feed upon woody under the bark or in the wood A Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. and bore long of trees. number of species few species a very feed are galleries upon the known inside of growing to be carnivorous. there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of fruits. In Only Australia which burrows into the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed Ichneumonidcv. insects, in the same way in which the known as the scale- of the butterfly the same class of in- larva as Feiiiseca tarquinius feeds upon the Tineidce there are certain species which, as well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house- Among sects. is men upon wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by the destructive larvae of the clothes-moth. There is considerable variety in the form of heterocerous and still greater variety in the manner in which their The body, bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. as is the case with the larvae of the Rhopalocera, is composed larvae, normally of thirteen rings head. o<* somites, anterior to which is the The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths is usually prominent, and is provided with manjaws, eyes, rudimentary antennae, maxillae, palpi, and The head may be a spinneret for the production of silk. It is sometimes cleft on top, globular, hemispherical, or conoid. The head dibles, or It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of bifid. being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of the anterior somite of the body. Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar, the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair or of legs which correspond imago. The last to the six legs of the perfect insect, or two somites of the body are often so closely united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable. The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided on either side with spiracles connecting with the tracheae, through which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxydization of the waste products of the circulation. Fig. Larva oiHyloicus kaltnia: 4. c, anal proleg; d, a, thoracic legs; anal horn; e, head. b, prolegs; is usually supported at the middle and at the end In the majority of families there are prolegs, or false legs. four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh, The body by eighth, and ninth somites, thirteenth or last somite. prolegs. and a fifth pair situated on the are called the anal latter pair In the larvae of the greater portion of the in those of number, and wanting. and The In in numerous Noctuidce, the prolegs many Geometrida, are reduced in of the Psychidce they appear to be wholly pair found on the most of the Geometridcv the ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are The Life-History and Anatomy known as " " loopers or of Moths "measuring-worms." When, as is the genera of the Noctuidce, a less complete abortion of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the movement employed by the larvae of the Geometridce is wit" half-loopers," or "seminessed, the caterpillars are said to be case with loopers." many As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those in which there are only two pairs In the family of the Megalopygidce the belonging to the genus Plusia, of abdominal prolegs. on the somites prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads In the Cochlidiidce ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusive. the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the In the Eriocephalidx, fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal ninth and prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the These tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. larvae are further remarkable After the larvae have in having well-developed antennae. emerged from the egg and fed for a becomes longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts, or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding ment makes another molt necessary. until increased The number developof such in the case of different species. Ordinarily, heterocerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before transforming into pupae, but some genera molt as often as ten times, molts varies The skin which is cast off prewhile others only molt thrice. serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like attached to processes, the hairs, and various other appendages the body critical at time The molting period is a molting. of larvae, and those who are endeavoring should never disturb them in the least at this time. the time of in the life them The bodies to rear of the larvae of moths are covered with tubercles, and arrangement of which has in recent years received considerable attention from students, and is thought to These furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. the location sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous, or they may be developed until they assume the form of great tubercles 8 The Life-History and Anatomy or horns, spines, The bulbous projections. hairs of Moths and spines with which some larvae are ornamented possess stinging properThis is true of some genera among the Saturniidce and the ties. Cochlidiidce in temperate America and of many genera in the same and among the Lasiocampidce in the tropics. The sting- families hairs ing of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they The inflammation caused by these hairs, put upon their arrows. even in the case of specimens long dead, I know from personal experience to be very severe. The coloration of caterpillars and tiful, in most cases is often very striking and beausuch as to adapt them more or less to Cases of protective mimicry are very is surroundings in life. numerous. A beautiful their fig. its 15, illustration of this where the singular form of the green tint, is seen on Plate caterpillar, I, combined with suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm, it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in upon which plant the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths, and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the perfect insects. There is much diversity in the social habits of the larvae of moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In had the pleasure of communicating some information in 1893 I regard to this curious phase of insect journal of the life to the pages of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol. This VI., p. 385). African moths, but habit is characteristic of certain genera of been observed as occur has not thus far ring in the case of any American species. THE PUP/E OF MOTHS When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation known From a life of freedom and motion it as pupation. passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power The flexible and more or less agile body is of motion are lost. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a cell at a greater or encased lesser depth beneath the surface, or about else weaves cocoon of a silk In some cases the body. transformation takes place at the its surface of the earth under leaves or under fallen bark of Fig. 5. Pupa Polyphemus. branches and the loose In almost all such trees. cases there is apparently an attempt, though often slight, to throw a few strands of silk about the body of Telea (Riley.) of the caterpillar, if only to hold in place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur. The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably The pupae of diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots which ornament the pupae of many species of butterflies, causing them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found. While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss of motion and the imprisonment within narrow bounds, it nevertheless life marks a progression of the creature. The pupal distinctly in the case contains within the moth, as may easily be ascertained by a careful dissection made in the very earliest it Fig. in 6. Pupa earthen of cell. Cut-worm (Riley.) change has occurred, and which becomes very evident at a period after the later time when the period of the pupal life is drawing to its close. In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place will always be found the exuviae, or the which have been cast off. larval skin, etc., of the caterpillar, When the time comes for be effected. emerge from which escape from the perfect insect to the pupa, nature has provided methods by the prison cell underground, or the tightly In the case of those IO woven cocoon, can pupae which lie deeply buried The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of The pupa "wriggles" itself upward through the spiral twist. soil until least it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of which is generally the line through which the resistance, larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement the pupae are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge When emerof the somites which prevent backward motion. gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of When the moth first dissolving and cutting the silken threads. emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body is long and vermiform. The place. The fluids of the act is to secure a quiet resting are in the process of circulation first body rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing outward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire There is no more interesting spectacle than to adjustment. witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color. THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the The head bears the princihead, the thorax, and the abdomen. pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo- and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those of assimilation, respiration, and circulation. The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func- tion, tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in this connection the corresponding portion of the "Butterfly Book," in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to The anatomy of moths does not radically the diurnal lepidoptera. The differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. same names are applied to the parts, occur are not so In much and the differences which differences in function as in outline. studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the It is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. head is more retracted, as a rule, though ii in the case of some families, The Life-History and Anatomy rior Moths produced well in advance of the thorax, but such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the antepart of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies. as the SphingidcB, even of it is in the The suctorial apparatus is formed in moths as in the case of the butter- by the peculiar modification of the maxillae into semi-cylindrical and inter- flies locking tubes forming the proboscis. This is enormously produced in some Fig. Head 7. of moth viewed from in antenna; c, front, a, clypous; e, eye; groups, enabling the insect to hover upon the wing over flowers and rob their cups This of the honey which they contain. a is oc, ocel- especially true of the Sphingidce subfamilies of the Noctiiidce. and some lus; p, proboscis. In other cases, as in the family of the Saturniidce and Bombvcidce, the proboscis is very feebly developed or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs when the sexual functions have been of reproductive energy, and, die. completed, they The eyes moths of This developed. is are often greatly especially true of those which are crepuscular in The eyes of the heterocera species its. all their habare, as in compound. They may be may be more or less studded with other insects, naked, or from points lying juncture of the various facets making up the organ. This fact has been utilized to some extent in classification. Ocelli, or minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large hairs, or lashes, projecting at the Head of a Fig. 8. moth viewed from the side, c, antenna; e, eye; oc, ocellus; m.p., maxillary palpus ;l.p., labial palpus; ^pro- in some forms, boscis. but are generally so concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable by an expert observer. compound just The joints, palpi eyes, above the occur latter, labial palpi of among moths, as of butterflies, consist of three the greater diversity in the development of In some the moths than among the butterflies. but there is far 12 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms. Maxillary palpi are found in have two some groups. The maxillary palpi joints. The antennae has which, as of moths, already been pointed out, differ greatly in form from those of butterflies, are attached to the head in the same relative location as in Antennae butterflies. may be filiform, threadlike, fusiform, spindle-shaped, or dilate, more or less swollen toward the i. tip. e., tions, case. with They may be without but this The lateral is shaft projec- rarely may be or small cilia, simple, the set Fig. q. fusiform; ciliate ; 5, Antennas of moths. filiform; 3, bipectinate ; 2, 1, dilate; 4, setose- 6, ciliate; 7, fasciculate; 8, 9, serrate; 10, lamellate. dentate; hair-like projections on the side of the joints. Such antennae are said to be ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projections on the joints. These are called setose antennae. In some Fig. 10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus. " (From Insect mose; doubly bipectinate. PluLife," Vol. VII. p. 40.) cilia and bristles occur on the antennae. When the arranged in clusters on the joints of the antennae they are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections on the antennae; in such cases the antennae are described as den- forms both bristles are 3 The Life-History and Anatomy fate. of Moths of the joints may be such as to such antennae are said to be serrate. The form and arrangement suggest the teeth of a saw; When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are minute plate-like projections, the antennae are described as lamellate. Many moths have pectinate antennae, the projections resembling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs When the pectination is joint. excessive, so as to cause the antennae to resemble a feather, they are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of each joint. of such appendages on each In addition to the peculiarities which have just been mentioned, antennae may be variously adorned with scales, and they may be especially upon the upper side of the shaft, notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case in they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent these forms. as sinuate. peculiar ways, when they are described The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the The proprothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. thorax bears the tegulae or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder- The mesothorax carries lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The metathorax the the second pair of legs and the fore wings. last pair of legs and the hind wings. The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal segments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many. At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles. Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in spiracles, distinguishing species. The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws, known technically as the ungues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with in the spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages tibia, males of various genera. The cut (Figure 14 1 1) shows the structure The of the legs, iarize it L-ife-History himself with the location and names indicated in this and the following figure. c. and Anatomy will be well for the student to of Moths thoroughly familof the different parts The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are In the not connected with each other in the operation of flight. Hepialidce there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is 9 8 OTTV Fig. 12. of Wings of a Moth. (After Hampson's India," Vol. I., with modifications.) Diagram Fore Wing. cm. c. 8 of Inner angle. cell. Discocellulars. ar. Areole. d. f. Frenulum. Hind Wing. c.n. Costal Apex. Discoidal of nervure, vein 12 of fore wing, hind wing. s.n. Subcostal nervure. m.n. Median nervure. 1 a, b, c. Three branches of internal nervure. 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure. Costal margin. o.m. Outer margin. i.m. Inner margin. a.a. i. a. B. "Moths Lower Upper 5. 6. radial. radial 7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing. Subcostal nervure of hind wing. 7 . known as the jugum, but it does not appear to serve the practical functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings is made by means of the frenulum on the hind wing, which hooks upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14. into the retinaculum The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females it is split up into a number of bristles. 16 However, in some The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths groups, as the Phycitince, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of basal portion of costa of the hind The nomenclature of the parts of the wings of moths is not essentially the wing. from that which different is employed describing the wings of butterflies. There are, however, certain conventional in terms which have been applied by authors to the markings upon the wings, espe- Wings of Magjugum. Fig. 13. Hepialus of the Noctuidce, and Figure 15 will serve to explain and illustrate these terms. nified, cially j, gracilis. A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical structure of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be -A ^ --n /^0\^> fr--*\. :;-.-- G&s~B "< i.n. * ra*\^"*"^^ '''- i.n n m.>L 1 Fig. 14. 2 Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From "Moths 1. $. $ Frenulum. Retinaculum. ; /. r. c.n. 2. A. Fore Wing. B. of India," Vol. I.) Hind Wing. s.n. Subcostal nervure. m.n. Median nervure. i.n. Internal nervure. Costal nervure. derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, reference to which will be made hereafter as the various families are successively taken up and studied. Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec- Packard and Professor Comstock's A very useful treatise is Study of insects." found in Professor David Sharp's two volumes upon the Insecta " contained in the Cambridge Natural History." Every student, as he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent tion are those of Professor A. S. "Manual for the occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of 17 The Life-History and Anatomy An even more reference. Moths of valuable work than these is the great "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense contained in the Collection of the British Museum," which is being prepared bv Sir ap. ty>. ant Fig 15. Wing "Bulletin American C, collar lappet; of Noctuid Moth. (After Museum Natural History," tg, Beutenmuller, Vol. XIV., p. 230.) patagium or shoulder lappet T, thorax; ; ab, abdomen; H, head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform; ms, median shade; ren, reniform; tp, transverse or, orbicular; posterior line; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; //, terminal lunules; subterminal st, line; fr, fringes; om, outer margin; ha, hind angle; ds, discal mark el, exterior line an, anal angle; -im, inner margin. ; ; The George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists throughThe work is out the world in the prosecution of his great task. of course somewhat expensive, but the working lepidopterist it. Much help may also be derived from works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though cannot well do without the older old, are far from being obsolete and useless. 18 CHAPTER II THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS " Does he who searches Nature's To stick a pin into secrets scruple an insect ?" A. G. CEhlenschL/EGER, Aladdin's Lamp. Everything that has been said in "The Butterfly Book" in reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of specimens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch, however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form, worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be observed in the collection and preservation of these minute species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butterit is The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have These glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. flies. receptacles When may be carried in a he has returned from the bag or pocket by the collector. the specimens may be killed field, by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel's-hair pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still i 6. Setting needle used in adjusting wings of mierolepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board. Fig. lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to body, and is then transferred to the setting board. Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made that of its 19 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vetdifferently Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with eran collector. edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness, are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to oneThis serves as the eighth of an inch occurs between them. groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed their upon the pin the wings are then insect is The placed in one of these grooves. needle carefully expanded with a crooked fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure 16, and are then bound Fig. 17. Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera a, pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac b, base of soft pine co., cork d, white paper covering cork ee, brads, to which setting threads are tied ff pins set firmly beyond it, setting groove to secure alignment of setting threads threads pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in h, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen. position ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; in place Figure by a thread 17. Though which the is held in place by wings of these small a pin, as insects shown in may, when at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread across them, they generally recover their position after removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting mounted, drawn upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth, these insects 2Q The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens nor are the fringes and other delicate this work it is best to use a readinga frame, so that the operator can seethe objects so that they are not torn, portions injured. In doing glass mounted in before him magnified ters. two The mounting of or three micro - diame- lepidoptera taken in the field and put into envelopes, as often has to be done, is a very trying operation. After the insects have been sufficiently up as double mounts, dried they may be set the small silver pins being thrust through The of pith held upon a larger pin. Pyralidce, the Tortricidce and all the smaller pieces Fig. i 8. Double mount. micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens worthy of installation in a well ordered cabinet can be secured. Larger forms may be placed in envelopes transmitted to great distances prior to study. inflated in the manner described in intended to be if Larvae may be ''The Butterfly Book." other particulars the directions contained in that volume be safely followed by the student. all As the moths around a As As In may taper, the bees around a rose, the gnats around a vapour, So the spirits group and close Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking E. B. Browning, 21 its A repose." Child Asleep. CHAPTER III THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS "The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk." Tennyson, In Memoriam, xciii. The insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry, which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resemblance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have been derived from preexisting forms. At best descent can only be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly, or even probably, derived from the same stock as another. Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated few families, so far as such assertion of a common parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of of very to-day. All attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner show the derivation of one of the existing families from another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given, must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that as to the various families represent divergences from the parent stem, which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, 22 which leaves this The Classification of Moths fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then, laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the result of his labors, "This is a tree scientifically arranged." Inasmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint of their common origin. Exceedingly different views have been entertained by naturalrecent years in reference to the matters which we are discussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few ists in which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which He is inclined to regard the scheme which has he has alluded. of natural. been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole as satisfactory as much, however, lished a List any which has recently been evolved. Inasas Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub- of the Lepidoptera of the United States, come which is by American students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume certain for many years to to be used very largely arrangement given in Dr. Dyar's List, although the writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work in his views as to the position which should be held in relation to the serial to each other of a to the number of genera. The last word classification of the insects contained in this in reference group has certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far from having attained in our studies to conclusions which may be accepted as final. For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a key to the families which are represented in this book, which is based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first 23 The Classification of volume of his " Moths Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenas," and which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar. in the preparation of KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HETEROCERA. Antennae not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated i Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins; wings unlike . i in shape . a emitting more than six veins; wings similar in 44 shape Hind wing with vein ic absent 3 22 Hind wing with vein ic present Fore wing with vein 5 nearer 4 than 6 4 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 Hind wing with cell . 2 . 3 than 4..... . .15 6 Fam. 4, Syntomidce. Hind wing with vein 8 absent Hind wing with vein 8 present 5 Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 6 Hind wing with vein 8 touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell ...12 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyond 7 Hind wing with vein S anastomosing with cell near base only 9 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar. .Fam. 14, Liparidce. Ocelli present Fam. 6, Arciiidce. 4 5 . middle 7 Ocelli absent 8 9 8 Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolidce. Fore wing without cmch tufts Fam. 5, Lithosiidce. Antennae with shaft more or less dilated toward tip Fam. 7 , Agaristidce. 11 Antennae with sliaft not dilated 10 Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 10, Pericopidoe. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked 11 Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base .... 12 Fore wing trigonate Fam. 8, Noctuvda. Hind wing with vein xa absent or not reaching anal angle 10 Fam. , 14 15 Nycteolida. Fam. 1 7 Platypterygidce. Hind wing with vein 1a reaching anal angle 13 Frenulum present Fam. 28, Thyrididce. Frenulum absent Fam. 1 5 LasiocampidcB. Hind wing with vein 8 diverging from cell from base 15 Hind wing with vein 8 connected or approximate to cell 17 Tongue absent; no tibial spurs; frenulum absent. Fam. 2, Saturniidce. and tibial spurs present frenulum absent Tongue Fam. 3, Ceratocampida. , 13 9, . ; 24 The Classification of Moths 17 Hind wing with vein 8,remote from 7 17 21 Hind wing with vein 8 approximated to or united with 7 Fam. 16, Bombycidcs. Proboscis absent; frenulum absent 18 Hind wing with vein 16 18 Proboscis present 8 joined to cell to near middle; vein Fam. Hind wing with vein 5 weak 12, Notodontidae. 8 joined to cell near base only or vein 5 19 strong 20 wingwith veins 3 and 4 separate Fam. 1 1 Dioptidce. wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 19, Epiplcmidae. ao wing with vein 8 stalked with 9 Fam. 18, Geometridce. wing with vein 8 not stalked with 9 Fam. 1, Sphingidce. Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar a1 Hind wing with vein 8 not joined to cell by a bar.. Fam. 13, Thyatirida. aa 23 Wings divided into plumes 24 Wings not divided into plumes Fam. 32, Pierophoridcs. Fore wing divided into four plumes 33 Fam. 33, OrneodidcB. Fore wing divided into six plumes Fam. 30, ALgeriida. Hind wing with vein 8 absent 24 Hind wing with vein 8 present 25 Fore wingwith vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4 35 Fam. 2 1 LacosomidcB. Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with or closely approximated a6 Fam. 3 1 Pyralida. to vein 7 36 Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 28 Vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with cell at base 37 Vein 8 free or united to cell by a bar 29 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to middle; fore wing with a 38 Fam. 24, Megalopygidm. branch to vein 1 below Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell at base; no branch to vein Fam. 23, Cochlidiidcs. 1 below 30 29 Mid spurs of hind tibiae very short or absent Mid spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed 34 19 Fore Fore Fore Fore , . . . . , , 30 31 32 33 34 35 Proboscis absent Proboscis present; vein 8 joined to the 31 cell Female winged Female not winged 27, Zygcsnidce. 32 Abdomen extending beyond hind wings Abdomen not extending beyond hind wings Antennae short; larvae free Antennae long as usttal; larvae parasitic Palpi obtuse Palpi more or less acute Head at least Head smooth, by a bar Fam. Fam. 22, Psychidce. Fam. 29, Cossidce. 33 Fam. 25, Dalceridce. Fam. 26, Epipyropidcs. Fam. 34, Toriricida. 35 Fam. 41, Tineida (part). partly roughly haired or with loosely appressed scales 36 '-5 Moths The Classification of 36 Antennae with basal eye-cap Antennae without basal eye-cap 37 38 Maxillary palpi developed Maxillary palpi rudimentary Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin 39 Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Hind wing with vein 8 more or 40 outer margin usually sinuate Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex Fam. 41, TineidcB (part). 37 Fam. 38 39 35, YponomeutidcB (part). Fam. 41, Tineidcs (part). connected with less distinctly cell; 40 41 Fam. 37, Xylorictidce. Fam. 36, GelechiidcB. 41 4a 43 Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked 42 43 Fam. 38, CEcophoridce. I Fam. 39, Blastobasidce*. Fam. 35, YponomeutidcB, Posterior tibias hairy f Posterior tibiae smooth Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings Fam. 35, YponomeutidcB (part). Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings Fam. 40, ElachistidcB Fam. 42, HepialidcB. Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed. .Fam. 43, Micro pterygidae. . 44 * No good character has been shown at present and the Blastobasid.x. 26 for the separation of the CEcophoridse CHAPTER IV BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS The literature of our subject is quite most important portions of it are contained various learned societies and institutions. extensive, and the in the publications of The first references to the subject are found in the writings of Linnaeus, Johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hiibner, Geyer, Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hiibner, Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith's "Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia" gives figures of a number of moths, with their larvae and food-plants. In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled "A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious This was followed in 1852 by to Vegetation," was published. the work of A. Guenee on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the "Species of the General des Lepidopteres," forming a portion of the "Suites a Buffon." Many North American species were here described and some of them were figured in the Atlas of accompanying the work. In 1850 G. A. W. HerrichSchaeffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his "Sammlung Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropaischer Schmetterfor the first time, Plates linge," which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869. figures of a number of North American moths are con- Good tained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British Museum of his "List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects of the British Museum." This work, which in the Collection finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of 27 which appeared Books about North American Moths in 866, 1 contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker's and his classification as descriptions are not always recognizable, In 1859 to families and genera was at times very careless. in the Journal of the Academy Clemens published Brackenridge of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a In i860 the "Synopsis of the North American Sphingides." Smithsonian Institution issued a "Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America," compiled by the Rev. J. G. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now Morris. In 1862 the same institution published a book by antiquated. "A Synopsis of the Described LepiIt is almost wholly a compilaThe first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region. tion. From pp. 122-314 the book is devoted to descriptions of the moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens, the same author, entitled doptera of North America." and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp. The work is not wholly without value. ^30-350. This brief review of the literature issued previous to the outbreak of the great Civil War in America, covers practically everything of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to The period which has followed has been characterby greater activity in all scientific directions, and the prinmoths of the United cipal works which have appeared upon the that time. ized States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list, which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the himprosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted self with the contents of this volume. PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Ento- (Published occasionally.) Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I-VII, 1878-1885. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873- mology). 1884. Canadian Entomologist, Vols. I-XXXIV, 1 869-1 903, London, Ontario. (Published monthly.) Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889. 28 Books about North American Moths Entomological News, Vols. I XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.) Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903. (Published quarterly.) Papilio, Vols. I-III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards; Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I-VI, 1 861-186 7. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomological Society.) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V, (Published occasionally.) 1890-1903. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI, 1878-1903. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge, Psyche. Mass., Vols. I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.) Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX. 1 867-1 903. (Published Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. quarterly.) GENERAL CATALOGUES AND Grote, A. R., and Robinson, C. T. the Lepidoptera of (Sphingidae to Bombycidae.) List of LISTS North America, I, American Entomo- logical Society, Philadelphia, 1868. List of the Grote, A. R. North American Platypterices, Attaci, Hemileucini, dines, Ceratocampidse, Lachneides, Tere- and Hepiali with Notes (Transactions Amer- ican Philosophical Society, 1874). A New Grote, A. R. Check List of North American Moths, New York, 1882, pp. 1-73. Brooklyn Entomo- Check logical Society Smith, John B. North List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America, Mexico (Brooklyn, 1882, pp. 1-25). of America (PhilaAmerican Entomological Society, 1891, List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal delphia, pp. 1-124). A Kirby, W. F. Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera HeteroI, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892, cera, Vol. A Dyar, H. G. U. North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723. List of S. GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA Comstock, J. H. Druce, Herbert A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895. Biologia Centrali- Americana, Insecta, LepidopteraHeterocera, Vols. I-II, Text; Vol. Ill, Plates, London, 1881-1900. 29 Books about North American Moths Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions* A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898. Sharp, David The Cambridge Natural History: Insects, 2 Vols.; Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York. and Strecker, Herman Lepidoptera, Heteroceres, Rhopaloceres Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and Colored Illustrations. Three Supplements, Walker, Francis 1 Reading, 898-1 900. Pa., 187 2-1877. List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection Museum. Vols. I-XXXV, London, of the British 1854-1866. Reports on the Riley, C. V. Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Nos. 1-9, and Index, 1869-1878. WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIFFERENT FAMILIES OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA sphingid^ Grote, A. R., and Robinson, C. T. A Synonymical Catalogue (Proceedings gidae. of Ent. North America Sphin- Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. V, 1865, pp. 149-193.) Grote, A. R. Catalogue of the Sphingidae of North America. (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17-28.) New Check List of North American Sphingidae, (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp. 220-225.) Synopsis of the North American Sphingides. (Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, Clemens, B. 1859, pp. 97-190.) Boisduval, J. A. Sphingides, Vol. I, text; Castniides. Sesiides, and a series Paris, 1874. of Plates in the Atlas accompanying the work, which forms a portion of the "Suites a Buff on." Butler, A. G. Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the Family Sphingidae. (Transactions Zoological Soc. London, Vol. IX, 1877, pp. 511-644, Plates XC- Smith, John B. An XCIV.) Introduction to a Classification of the North American (EntomoSphingidae. Lepidoptera. logica Americana, Vol. I, 1885, pp. 81-87.) List of the Sphingidae of Temperate North America. (Entomologica Americana, 1888, pp. 89-94.) A monograph of the Sphingidae of North America North of Mexico. (Transactions American Ent. Soc, Vol, XV, 1S88, pp. 49-242, Twelve Plates.) 30 Books about North American Moths Fernald, The Sphingidas H. C. of New England. Orono, Maine, 1886. Beutenmuller, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sphingidas Found within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 275-320.) A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidas. Rothschild, Hon. The most complete W., and Jordan, K. (Novitates Zoological, 1903.) work upon the subject as yet written. SATURNIID^E A Smith, John B. Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Saturniidas. Museum, Vol. IX, pp. 414- (Proc. U. S. National 437, Three Plates.) Packard, A. S. Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, 1864, and 331-396.) PP- 97-^3 and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 121-132.) North American Platypterices, Attaci, List of the Grote, A. R. Hemileucini, Ceratocampidae, Lachneides, Tere- and Hepiali, with Notes. (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. XIV, pp. 256-264.) CERATOCAMPIDiB List of the North American Platypterices, etc. dines, Grote, A. R. (See Above.) Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North Vol. of Mexico. II, of the (Journal Bombyces New York of America Ent. Soc, 147-152.) pp. SYNTOMID^E Hampson, G F. Catalogue British of the Museum, Lepidoptera Vol. I, Phalaenae in the 1898. lithosiid^; the Lepidoptera of the Family Lithosiidse, in the Collection of the British Museum. (Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1877, pp. 325-377.) Butler, A. G. On Stretch, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygsenidae Hampson, G. Catalogue and Bombycidae of North America, San Francisco, 1874, pp. 242, Ten Plates. (Numerous Lithosiids are figured and described.) F. British of the Museum, Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the Phalaenae in the Vol. II, 1900. arctiid^e Hampson, G. F. Catalogue British of the Museum, V Lepidoptera Vol. Ill, 1901. Books about North American Moths Stretch, R. H. and Bombycidas of (Numerous Arctiids are figured Illustrations of the Zygasnidae North America. and described.) Beutenmuller, W. Descriptive Catalogue Found within Fifty (Bulletin Am. Mus. the of Miles of Bombycine Moths New York City. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 353- 448.) B Smith, John Preliminary Catalogue of the Arctiidae of Temperate North America. (Canadian Entomologist, 1889, pp. 169-175, 193-200, The and 213-219.) American North of Species Callimorpha (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, PP- 342- Latreille. 353) Lyman, H. H. The American North Callimorphas. pp. 181-191.) (Canadian of the Species of Euchaetes. Entomologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 196-197.) (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. Grote, A. R. XIX, Table agaristid^e Hampson, G. F. Catalogue of the Phalaenaa Lepidoptera Collection of the British Museum, Vol. the in Ill, pp. 515- 663, 1901. (Consult also Stretch, Neumcegen and Dyar, and Periodicals.) NOCTUIDiE Hampson, G. F. Catalogue of the Phalasnae Lepidoptera Collection of the British Museum, GlJENEE, A. Noctuelites. Species G6n6ral Suites a Buffon, Vols. V-VIII. Grote, A. R. List of the Noctuidas of Vol. IV, des L6pidopteres. North America. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II, the in et seq. (Bulletin pp. 1-77.) Introduction to the Study of the North American Noctuidae. XXI, An (Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol. pp. 134-176.) on the Noctuidae of North Colony of Butterflies," London. Illustrated Essay America; with "A 1882, pp. 1-85, four colored plates. Consult also the very numerous papers upon the Noctuidas published by Grote in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences; The Canadian Entomologist; the Bulletin of the U. S Geological Survey, Vol. VI; Papilio; the publications of the Rcemer in Hildesheim, Germany. and recentlv Museum at Books about North American Moths A Catalogue, Bibliographical and Synonymical, of the Species of Moths of the Lepidopterous Superfamily Noctuidas Found in Boreal America, with Critical Notes. (Bulletin U. S. Nat. Museum, B. Smith, John No. 44, pp. 1-424) This is the most scholarly and complete work upon the Noctuidas of America which has up to the present time been published, and is indispensable to the student. Smith, John B., and Dyar, H. G. Consult also the very numerous papers by Professor Smith which have been published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum; the Transactions of the American Entomological Society; The Canadian Entomologist; Papilio, and other periodicals. A Revision of the Species of Acronycta and of Certain Allied Genera. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, The Hulst, G. D. pp. 1-194.) Genus Catocala. (Bulletin Society, Vol. VII, pp. 13-56.) Brooklyn Ent. NYCTEOLIDiE Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North Vol. Hampson, I, of Mexico. Bombyces New York of America Ent. Soc, 117.) p. The Fauna G. F. of the (Journal of British India, Moths, Vol. II, pp. 365- 388. PERICOPIDiE Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary North Revision of the Bombyces of America (Journal of New York Ent. Soc, of Mexico. Vol. II, p. 26.) DIOPTIDiE Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision North Dyar, H. G. of Mexico. of the (Journal of Bombyces of America New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, p. in.) NOTODONTIDAE Packard, A. Monograph S. North of the of Mexico. Bombycine Moths Part I, Family I, of America, Notodontidae. (Memoirs National Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 1-390, Forty-nine Plates.) Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. Schaus, W. B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Notodontidae. (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, 1894, pp. 179-208.) A Revision of the American Notodontidae. (TransSoc. London, 1901, pp. -'57-344, actions Ent. Plates XI and XII.) 33 Books about North American Moths THYATIRIDjE A Revision of the Species of Cymatophorina Found in the United States and British America, with (Proceedings Ent. Descriptions of New Species. Grote, A. R. Smith, John B Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. II, pp. 54-59-) Bulletin 44, U. S. National Museum, pp. 27-29. liparid^e and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America York Ent. Soc, (Journal New Vol. II, pp. 28-30 and 57-60.) North of Mexico. LASIOCAMPIDiE and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 152-160.) BOMBYCIDiB Hampson, F G. Fauna Moths, Vol. of British India, I, pp. 31-40. PLATYPTERYGIDjE On Grote, A. R. the North American Platypterygidse. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 65-67.) (Trans- actions of List North American Platypterices, etc. Philos. Soc, Vol. XIV, pp. 256- the (Proceedings Am. 264.) Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North of Mexico. of the (Journal Bombyces New York of America Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 61-62.) GEOMETRID.* Packard, A. A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenida? United States. (U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. X, pp. 1-607 Thirteen Plates.) A Classification of the Geometrina of North America with Descriptions of New Genera and Species S. of the , Hulst, G. D. Gumppenberg, C.v. (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, pp. 245-386.) Systema Geometrarum Zonae Temperatioris SepCarol. tentrionalis (Nova Acta der Kaiser. Leop. Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, 1887-1897.) EPIPLEMIDjE PP- Hampson, American Transactions Hulst, G. D. G. F. 39-3 10 Fauna Ent. Soc, Vol. XXIII, - of British India, Moths, Vol. Ill, pp. 1 21-137 NOLIDiB Hampson, G. F. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Collection of the British 54 Museum, Phalaena? in the Vol. II, 1900. Books about North American Moths LACOSOMID^E Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. and A Preliminary Revision B., North of Mexico. Vol. II, p. 1 of the Bombyces of America New York Ent. Soc. (Journal 20.) PSYCHID^E Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North of Mexico. in Vol. II, pp. of the Bombyces New York (Journal of America Ent. Soc, 120.) COCHLIDIID^E Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North of Mexico. of the Bombyces New York (Journal of America Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 64-76.) MEGALOPYGID^E Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North of Mexico. Vol. II, pp. of the (Journal Bombyces New York of America Ent. Soc, 109-110.) dalcerid^e Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and Canadian Entomologist, Dyar, H. G. Journal New York Vol. XXV, p. 121. Ent. Soc, Vol. VI, p. 232. epipyropid^e Dyar, H. G. Westwood, J. 0. List of North American Lepidoptera, p. 359. Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1876, p. 522. ZYG^ENID^ Packard, A. S. Grote, A. R. Notes on the Family Zygaenidae. (Proceedings Essex Institute, Vol. IV, pp. 7-47.) of the of North America. Catalogue Zygasnidae (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 2936.) Stretch, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygaenidaa and Bombycidae of North America. Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, p. 63. (Pyro- morphidae.) THYRIDID.E Hampson, G. F. On the the Classification of the Thyrididas, a Family of Lepidoptera Phalaenae. (Proc Zool. Soc, London, 1897, pp. 603-33.) COSSID^E Neumcegen, Dyar, H. G. B., and A Preliminary Revision North of Mexico. Vol. II, pp. 160-166.) 1^ of the (Journal Bombyces New York of America Ent. Soc, Eooks about North American Moths Bailey, J. S. Some North American Cossidae, with Facts History of Cossus centerensis Lintner. (Bulletin No. 3, Division of Entomology, U. S. of the in the Life Dept. Agriculture, 1883.) ^EGERIIDiE Beutenmuller, W. Monograph North America North (Memoirs of the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Part 6, pp. 217-352 Plates XXIX-XXX VI.) of the Sesiidae of of Mexico. Vol. I, ; PYRALID^E GUENEE, A. Species General des L6pi- Deltoides et Pyralites. dopteres, Vol. VIII. Grote. A. R. Studies Preliminary on the North (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 669-705.) Pyralidae. Preliminary Crambus. American Survey of the List of North American Species of (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII, pp. 77-80.) Hampson, G. F. On the Classification of the Schcenobiinae and CramTwo Subfamilies of Moths of the Family binae, Pyralidae. (Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1895, pp. 897-974.) On the Classification of Three Subfamilies of Moths Family Pyralidae: the Epipaschiinae, Endotrichinae, and Pyralinae. (Transactions Ent. Soc, of the London, 1896, pp. 451-550.) On the Classification of the Chrysauginae, a Sub(Proc. family of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. Zool. Soc, London, 1897, pp. 633-692.) Two Subfamilies of Moths Family Pyralidae: the Hydrocampinae and Ent. Soc, London, 1897, (Trans. Scopariinae. On the Classification of of the pp. 127-240.) A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyrausand Family Pyralidae, Part I. (Proc. Zool. tinae Soc, London, 1898, pp. 590-761.) A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyrausand Family Pyralidae, Part II. (Proc. Zool. tinae Hulst, G. D. Soc, London, 1899, PP- 172-291.) of North America. The Phycitidae Am. The (Transactions Ent. Soc, 1890, pp. 93-228.) (EntomoEpipaschiinae of North America. and 61-76.) logica Americana, 1889, pp. 41-52 Books about North American Moths Felt, E. On P. Certain Grass-eating Insects. (Bulletin No. 64, Univ. Agric. Experiment Station, 1894, Cornell pp. 47-102, Fourteen Plates.) Fernald, C. Ragonot, E. H. L. of North America. (Annual Report Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pp. 1-96, Nine Plates.) The Crambidse Monographie des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. " (Romanoff's Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, Vols. VII-VIII, 1 89 3-1 90 2.) Volume VIII was completed by Sir George F. Hampson after the death of the author. PTE^OPHORIDjE Fernald, C. H. The (Special Pterophoridas of North America. Bulletin, Mass. Agricultural College, 1898, pp. 1-64, Nine Plates.) TORTRICID^E Fernald, C. H. A Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tortricidae of North America North of Mexico. (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. X, pp. 1-64.) On the North American Species of Choreutis and Its Allies. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 236- 245-) Robinson, C. T Notes Am. on American Ent. Soc, Vol. II, Tortricidae. (Transactions pp. 261-288, Plates I and IV-VIII.) Walsinoham, Lord North American Tortricidae. Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV, pp. i-xii Zeller, P. C. and 1-84, Plates I-XVII. zur Kentniss der Nordamerikanischen Nachtfalter besonders der Microlepidopteren. (Verhandlungen d. Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch, Wien, Beitrsege 1873, pp. 447-556; 1873, pp. 201-334; 1875, pp. 207Treats also of Tineidaa. 360. tineid^e, The Tineina etc. Clemens, B. North America, by the late BrackenBeing a Collected Edition of his ridge Clemens. Writings on that Group of Insects. "With Notes by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, London, 1872, pp. i-xv and 1282. Chambers, V. T. Index to the Described Tineina of the United States and Canada. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the of Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 125-167.) 37 Books about North American Moths Walsingham, Lord North American Coleophorae. (Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII.) A Revision of the Genera Acrolophus Poey and Anaphora Clemens. (Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1887, pp. 137-173. Plates VII, VIII.) Steps Toward a Revision of Chambers's Index with Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Insect pp. 81-84, 113-117, ^S-^o. 2 548l 258, 287-291; Vol. II, pp. 23-26, 51-54, 77116-120, 150-155, 284-286, 322-326; Vol. Ill, pp. 325-329, 386-389; Vol. IV, pp. 385-389.) Life, Vol. I, > Dyar, H. G. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidas, Busck, A. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 37-41. 84-86.) Species of Moths of the Superfamily Tineina from Florida. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIII, New pp. 225-254.) New American Tineina. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. VIII, pp. 234-248, Plate IX.) A Revision of the American Moths of the Family Gelechiidae with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, pp. 767-938.) " When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such, and the gratification of the aesthetic sense of the beauty of completeness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy indolence of ignorance when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a source of joy, and he is counted happy who is successful in the search, common knowledge of Nature passes into what our forefathers called Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used to be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical Thomas Henry Huxley, in The Crayfish. Science." ; 38 THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO "The laugh at entomology is nearly spent. Known professors of the and members of its Society,' may now assemble in council and communicate their observations and inquiries without fear of becoming themselves subjects for a commission de lunatico inquirendo and butterfly ' science, , made game of." may now chase their game without being themselves Acheia Domestica. hunters, net in hand, ORDER LEPIDOPTERA SUBORDER HETEROCERA (MOTHS) FAMILY I. THE SPHINGID^E (HAWKMOTHS) "The Sphinx is Her wings are The moths composing drowsy, Emerson. furled." this family Some in size. vary greatly more than an inch in expanse of Those which occur in North America are medium-sized African species are very wings. little or large. is relatively very stout, the abdomen conic, cylinor flattened on the ventral surface, always protruding far beyond the hind margin of the secondaries, sometimes adorned The body dric, with is The thorax capable of expansion. beyond the insertion of the wings. lateral or terminal tufts stout and often advanced The eyes are often is large and generally prominent. prominent, and generally naked, never hairy. The palpi are well, but never excessively, developed. The head large, is long, somegenerally longer than the body, but in a few genera among the Ambulicince greatly The antennae reduced and even obsolete. The proboscis times much well developed, stouter in the male r than in the female sex, thickening from the are i . . middle, or in some genera to ,, end, usually hooked at the exThe sometimes merely curved. base to the , , . nearly the tremity, _, F IG i , arranged fascicles of projecting 4i 2 - _ , Greatly view of UI}der side of J three joints of the antenna of P. quint ie quemaculaius. joints of the antennae in the case of the males of some of the subfamilies are equipped at either iarly - magnified end with pecularrangement hairs, or cilia, the Sphingidse examined under the microscope, is seen to be quite from that which prevails in any other family of moths. of which, as different The accompanying ment in the case illustration of the shows this arrange- Five-spotted Hawkmoth, 20) (Fig. common quinquemaculatus). The wings are small in comparison with the body. The front wings are very long in proportion to their width, and ( Protoparce the costal veins are always very stoutly developed. The tip of the wing is usually pointed, and the margins are straight or evenly rounded, though in some genera, principally be- longing to the subfamily Ambulicince, they have undulated or scalloped margins. The hind margin of the fore wings is always much shorter than the costal The hind margin. wings The venation are relatively quite small. of the wings The primaries have from eleven to twelve veins, the secondaries eight, reckoning the two internal veins, veins 1 a and 1 b, as one. Veins eight and seven are is characteristic. connected near the base of the wing by a cell short is vein, wings. though in merely Fig. 21. Neurationof of Sesia tantalus Linnseus. The small discal in is The general style of illustrated in Figure 21, which represents the structure of the wings of Sesia tantalus...Linnaeus. The ,, hawkmoths have prodigious power , , flight. habits; bar. quite vestigial. the venation Winers or both There is always a frenulum, the Ambulicince it is frequently relatively , A few genera are diurnal most of them are crepuscular, flying in the of in their dusk of evening, a few also about dawn. The larvae are usually large. There is great variety in their though the majority of the North American species are of some shade of green. They usually have oblique stripes on their sides, and most of them have a caudal horn, which in the color, last stages tubercle. in In a some genera few genera is transformed into a lenticular horn is wanting. The the anal segments of the bodies ot the larvae are retractile. When motion the body is long and fusiform, but when at rest the head and the anterior segments are drawn back, the rings anterior in 42 ''>, . i I ! Explanation of Plate II (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hcemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, c?. Hcemorrhagia tenuis Grote, 9 Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & R.obinson, tf Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, 9 Hcemorrhagia thy she Fabricius, tf Hcemorrhagia cimbiciformis Stephens, 9 Hcemorrhagia brucei French, (J Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9 Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, tf. . . . 1 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. . Proserpinus clarkice Boisduval, 9 Pogocolon gaurce Abbot & Smith, tf Pogocolon juanita Strecker, fj . tersa Linnasus, 13. Xylophanes 14. Celerio lineata Fabricius, 15. Deidamia inscriptum Harris, 16. Sesia titan Cramer, 17. Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, tf. Amphion nessus Cramer, q\ 18. 19. 20. 31. . 1 1 (J . 1 fj . (J*. (J*. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, c?. Celerio intermedia Kirby, 9 Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, J 1 . W. J. Plate The Moth Book. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. AMERICAN CQLOHTVPE CO., N. Y. II. &-CHb Sphingidae "telescoping" into one another, and the anterior portion of the It is body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate I, Figure i. alleged of the the that resemblance name habit of to the assuming this posture, suggesting a Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application to these creatures. The not gregarious, larvae are but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants. Some forms pupate in a cell deep under the soil, others spin among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur- a loose cocoon The pupae are as remarkable as the larvae. A few genera have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the face. body. This Fig. 22. illustrated in is Pupa Figure 22. of Protoparce quinquemaculatus. The Hawkmoths of the United States five subfamilies, the Acherontiince, the (After Riley.) and Canada Ambulicince the , fall into Sesiince, the Philampelince, and the Cheer ocampince. SUBFAMILY ACHERONTIIN/E Genus Herse cingulata Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.) (1) HERSE Fabricius, Oken Plate VI, Fig. 3, $ , (The Syn. convolvuli, var. Merian; afjinis Goeze; drurazi Donovan; pungens Eschsholtz; decolora Henry Edwards. This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvulacece, has been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linnaeus, which but from which it is abundantly distinct. it resembles, The latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere, ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land. 43 Sphingidae II settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of the vessel. Genus COCYTIUS Hubner The genus Cocytius, which includes some of hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, the all largest of which are found in the tropics of the new world. They may easily be recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn. The which feed upon the Anonacece, are covered with fine Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits It occurs in southern Florida, and covered by the present work. in southern Texas as a straggler. larvae, hairs. Cocytius antaeus Drury, (i) Plate VI, Fig. I, ?. (The Giant Sphinx.) Syn. cartas Cramer; medor The Miiller (non Linnaeus); jatrophcz Fabricius; Stoll; anon<B Shaw; tapayusa Moore. is species somewhat variable, hydasput specimens from the from Central Antilles being often lighter in color than those America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the darker form is called by them Cocytius antceus medor Stoll. The difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation form into is two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into southern Brazil. Genus The head PROTOPARCE Burmeister The body stout and heavy. The The palpi long as the body. are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and The eyes are large, feebly lashed. the terminal joint minute. tongue The in tibiae is prominent. both sexes is at are either minute spinules. is least as without spines, The mid tarsus is or feebly armed provided with a with comb of long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically spongiform. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded. There is a slight proiection of the secondaries at the extremity b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and of vein gray, i 44 Sphingidae The abdomen spots. is generally marked on the by rows sides of yellowish spots. The with the head rounded. larvae are cylindrical horn curves downward and are shades of green. The inclusive, are marked on the The pupa has the touching the pectus. This genus, which is is The granulose. from segments, The anal prevalent colors four to eleven sides with whitish diagonal stripes. tongue-case curved, free, confined to the and two Americas, nearly includes which four occur within our faunal limits. (i) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, ?. (The Tomato Sphinx.) thirty species, of Syn. Carolina Linnasus; nicotiance Men^tries; lycopersici Boisduval. This one of our commonest hawkmoths. and other Solanacece. is upon the the potato, tomato, United States and is represented Its It Central in larva feeds ranges over and South America by several subspecies or local races. quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV, (2) Protoparce See also text figures 20 and 22. Fig. 1, ? (The Five-spotted . Hawkmoth.) Syn. celens Htibner; Carolina Donovan. Its to Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common. upon the Solanacece and is particularly destructive larva feeds tobacco. "tobacco (5) It is known familiarly the in South as the Plate IV, fly." Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, (The Occult Sphinx.) This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections confounded with P. sexta Carolina Linnaeus. It may readily be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings, the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval Fig. 4, $ . = known. Protoparce rustica habits are not (4) Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig. 5, ? . (The Rustic Sphinx.) Syn. chionanthi Abbot The caterpillar & of this Smith. hawkmoth 45 feeds upon the fringe-bush Sphingidae (Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally found in the northern States. have not infrequently taken specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and then captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England. I Genus CHL^NOGRAMMA Smith This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding, be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long may mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce, wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus The eyes are smaller than in and paronychium present. There are two species in the Protoparce, and are not iashed. genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern bristles of the is portion of the United States. (i) Chlaenogramma jasminearum Piate Guerin, VII, (The Ash Sphinx.) Fig. 6, ? . Syn. rotundata Rothschild. The larva of this hawkmoth feeds of ash (Fraxinus). It is found and southward, and ranges as Genus far in upon the various species the middle Atlantic States west as the Mississippi. DOLBA Walker and lashed. The antennae are small; eyes The tibiae are not fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The mid tarsus has a comb. spinose. The genus, which contains but a single species, is differentiated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non- Head spinose (i) small tibiae. Dolba hylaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, ?. Sphinx.) This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, distinguished by the figure given in our plate. (The Papaw may readily be Its larva, which green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds upon the papaw, ( Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant is where is that plant is Gulf States common, It as in the Valley of the Ohio. to the upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada and westward to Iowa and Missouri. also said to feed 46 Sphingidae Genus ISOGRAMMA & Jordan Rothschild & Jordan Rothschild This genus has been erected by reception of the single species which we figure. " In authors say: the shortness of the fore tibia and for the The learned first segment the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with the species of Ceratomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus with Chlcenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed of with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character, is an ancestral not acquired by Ceratomia, while the pulvillus structure already lost in Ceratomia. 1 ' Isogramma hageni (i) Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8, $ . (Hagen's Sphinx.) This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it may be distinguished at a glance by the shade of the primaries and by the absence of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is characteristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas. superficially resembles, slightly greenish Genus The tongue is CERATOMIA reduced in size. Harris The palpi are small. The The tibiae are unarmed. There is no comb eyes are small. of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with The secondaries are slightly evenly rounded outer margin. produced at the end of vein b. i The In the case of amyntor species have dissimilar larvae. the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic segments in the case of the other two species of the genus the ; larvae are distinctly and normally sphingiform. The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting. (i) Ceratomia amyntor Hubner, Plate IV, (The Four-horned Sphinx.) Syn. quadricornis Harris; ulmi Fig 6, $. Henry Edwards. be easily recognized by our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant is found. This common hawkmoth, which may 47 Sphingidae (2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Waved Plate VI, Fig. 7, ? . (The Sphinx.) Syn. repentinus Clemens; brontes Boisduval (non Drury). which may easily be separated from its congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the It privet. ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and This hawkmoth, westward into the trans-Mississippi region (3) Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, east of the great plains. Plate IV, Fig. 7, $ . (The Catalpa Sphinx.) The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to The insect ranges these trees by denuding them of their foliage. from New Florida and its Jersey and southern Pennsylvania westward through the southward to wherever Mississippi Valley, food-plant occurs. Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. The first protarsal segment is short. Hind Comb on mid tarsus wanting spurs. Paronychium without lobes. & Jordan Tibiae tibia without spines. armed with long pulvillus wanting. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on ; a long stalk. (1) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval. (The Cypress Sphinx.) The insect is of an almost uniform brown color on the upper surface of the wings, and may be distinguished from other species by the two conspicuous parallel dark markings on the limbal area of the fore wings. It Fig. 23. Isoparce cupressi extremely rare in collections, only Boisduval. three or four specimens being as yet It has been reported from Georgia and Florida. known. is Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan for the reception of the single species originally described by Strecker as Sphinx elsa. 48 m ... i cfi f -<': ri " . ride 'J \ja '' i i ' ' ' ' ' ' . i i ' ''(. i i ni [ Explanation of Plate III (When not otherwise indicated the specimens in the collection of i. W. J. P hoi us figured are contained Holland.) iritis Linnaeus, cf . Pholus jasciatus Sulzer, rj Darapsa pholus Cramer, r?. Darapsa ntyron Cramer, c?. Pholus achemon Drury, cj Pholus pandorus Hubner, <5*. Lapara bombycoides Walker, 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. . . c?. Hemero planes parce Fabricius, Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, <J*. cf . 12. Dysodia oculatana Clemens, <J'. Pholus labrusccB Linnaeus, cj Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, $. 13. Darapsa 14. Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, c? 10. 11. 1 . versicolor Harris, 15. Hcemorrhagia gracilis Grote 16. Lapara coniferarutn, Abbot c?. & Robinson, & Smith, 9 . <J*. U.S.N.M. The Moth Bcck COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. Plate HOLLAND, 1903 AMERICAN COLORTYPE * CO.. N. Y. III. & CHI. Sphingidae (i) Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, Plate V, Fig. 14, (The 6 Elsa Sphinx.) peculiarly colored hawkmoth, which may easily be A recognized by the figure in our plate, occurs in Arizona. number of years ago Mr. Jacob Doll reared a large number of This specimens from the larvae. Since then but few specimens have been obtained, and it is as yet comparatively rare in collections. Genus ATREIDES Holland The generic name Atreus proposed by Grote and adopted on grounds by Rothschild & Jordan for this genus, have having been preoccupied by Koch in the Arachnida, contains the single which to the Atreides name the genus, given Fabricius. species named originally Sphinx plebeja by Plate V, Fig. 6, $ (The Ple(1) Atreides plebeja Fabricius, structural I . beian Sphinx.) This common trumpet-vine feeds species (Tecoma). in its state upon the Canada to the Gulf wherever its food- larval ranges from It and westward to the Mississippi, It is double-brooded in the Middle found. brood appearing in June, the second in August. States plant is Genus HYLOICUS States, one Hubner This genus, which includes some thirty species, most of are found in America, though a few occur in Europe and Asia, is represented in our faunal limits by sixteen species, of which It corresponds largely are figured in our plates. with the genus Sphinx as defined by many recent writers. eremitus Hubner, Plate VI, Fig. 6,?. (The (1) Hyloicus Hermit Sphinx.) which eleven Syn., sordida Harris. This hawkmoth, which is double-brooded, lives in the larval It stage on spearmint {Mentha) and wild bergamot (Monarda). ranges from New England southward to Georgia, and westward uncommon in western It is not into the Mississippi Valley. Pennsylvania, where (2) it is double-brooded. Hyloicus eremitoides Strecker. Sphinx.) Syn., lugens Grote (non Walker). 49 (The Hermit-like Sphingidse This species, which is allied to the preceding, may be easily recognized by its pale, silvery-gray color, by the almost entire absence of a dorsal stripe on the abdomen, and by the marking of the secondaries, which are grayish-white, having on the outer margin a broad band which into is black inwardly, fading darkish gray near the margin, a median irregularly curved black band, and at the insertion of wing a black basal patch. the The cut (Fig. 24) will enable the student to recognize the species, which is not common in collections. The insect is found Kansas and the southwestern Fig. 24. Hyloicus eremitoides. in States. Hyloicus separatus Neumoegen, (Neumoegen's Sphinx.) (3) Plate VI, Fig. 10, $ . Syn. andromedce Boisduval (partim.); lugens Smith (pariim.). This species has been confounded with others, but may easily It be recognized from the figure which we give in our plate. ranges from Colorado southward through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. Plate larva (4) Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, Plate I, Fig. 1, ; (The Chersis Sphinx.) This common and widely distributed species ranges from Canada to Florida, westward to the Pacific, and southward into $ VII, Fig 8, . Mexico. Several local races are recognized, that which occurs upon the Pacific coast The having been named oreodaphne by Henry feeds upon the wjld-cherry, the ash, The insect is double-brooded the privet, and other allied plants. in the Middle States, appearing on the wing in the latter part of Edwards. caterpillar May, and again in August. (5) Hyloicus vancouverensis Edwards. Syn. vashti Strecker. Plate VI, Fig. 5, $ (The Vancouver Sphinx.) There are two forms of this hawkmoth, one, Hyloicus van- Form albescens Tepper, . 50 Sphingidae vancouverensis in which the middle of the thorax is pale gray, and the other, Hyloicus vancouverensis albescens, which has a very dark thorax, and which is figured on our plate. The moth is found from northern California to British Columbia, and eastward to Montana and Alberta. couverensis insolita Hyloicus (6) Lintner, Plate V, Fig. $ 4, . (Lintner's Sphinx.) This species, which is well represented on our plate, occurs It is not common in collections. Rothschild & Jordan regard it as a form of H. libocedrns Henry Edwards, and in Texas. apparently with reason. Henry Edwards. Hyloicus perelegans (7) (The Elegant Sphinx.) This hawkmoth may be distinguished by the even dark silvery-gray color of the fore wings, which are crossed by a disThe maculation recalls a dark tinct submarginal whitish band. chersis with the dark thorax and the It is body of H. drupiferarum. found on the Pacific coast. Hyloicus canadensis (8) Boisduval. Syn. plota Strccker. This species, which is not represented by the accompanying cut (Fig. 25), common, is drawn from a in specimen the Engel Collection in the Carnegie Museum, and taken in Massachusetts. and It occurs in eastern northern Canada, New New York, Fig. 25. & (9) Hyloicus ^almiae Abbot (The Laurel Sphinx.) This hawkmoth feeds onanthus, and Fraxinus. States Canada (10) Hyloicus canadensis. England. of the Atlantic Smith, Plate VI, Fig. in the larval stage It coast ? . upon Kalmia, Chi- not uncommon in region, ranging from is 8, the Middle southern to Georgia. Hyloicus gordius Cramer, Gordian Sphinx.) Syn. ptxctla Stephens. 5 Plate V, Fig. 13, 3. (The Sphingidae The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon various rosaceous and the crab-apple. It ranges over the Atlantic region from southern Canada and New England to Georgia, and westward to Colorado. plants, as the wild rose Hyloicus (n) The luscitiosa Clemens, Plate V, Fig. I, $. Hawkmoth.) (Clemens' upon various species of willow. The Canada to the Carolinas, and westward caterpillar feeds occurs from insect through the eastern portion of the valley of the Mississippi. Hyloicus drupiferarum (12) & Abbot Plate VII, Smith, (The Wild-Cherry Sphinx.) This common and easily recognizable species ranges over the whole of temperate North America from the Atlantic to the Fig- <3 7. The Pacific. seems caterpillar feeds upon various trees and shrubs, but the Middle Atlantic States to prefer the wild-cherry as in a food-plant. dolli Neumoegen. (ij?) Hyloicus Form coloradus Smith, Plate IV, Fig. Sphinx.) Rothschild & . }, (The Colorado Jordan recognize two forms of this species, H. The Neumoegen, and H. dolli coloradus Smith. The former is prevalently lighter in color than latter we figure. The insect ranges from Colorado to the form coloradus. dolli dolli Arizona. (14) Hyloicus sequoiae (The Sequoia Sphinx.) Syn. conijerarum Walker Boisduval, Plate V, 8, Fig. $ . (partim). early stages of this insect, we do not seen described. It occurs on the Pacific coast. The remember to have Boisduval's type was found sitting on the trunk of a red-wood tree (Sequoia). (The Pine Sphinx.) (15) Hyloicus pinastri Linnaeus. Syn. saniptri Strecker. The late Dr. Strecker reported this species as having been in the vicinity of Reading, Pennsylvania, on one or found by him two It is occasions. common in No one else has taken it, so far as is known. Europe, and has often been figured by European writers. Besides the species above given, there are one or species of the genus found in our territory. 52 two other Sphingidaa Genus Head small. almost obsolete. LAPARA Walker. Tongue very short, Palpi short and slender. Antennae slender. Thorax Eyes small. Abdomen long and cylindrical, tapering. Legs The larva is without an anal horn, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle forward and backward, pale green, striped with white, and checkered stout and short. Fore and mid weak. tibiae spinulose. with darker green. The caterpillars feed upon various species of There are pine, and are not at all sphingiform in appearance. reputed to be four species of the genus found in our fauna, two of which we figure. L. halicarnice Strecker, of which only one specimen is known, which have recently examined, appears to be a somewhat hypertrophied and, in consequence, aborted I female of L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith. It is very doubtfully a valid species. ?. (i) L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate III, Fig. 16, (Abbot's Pine Sphinx.) Syn. cana Martyn. This species is somewhat variable, especially in the size of the females and in the amount of marking upon the fore wings. It is a common insect in the foot-hills of the Alleghenies about Potomac River. I found the larvae in great the headwaters of the at Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, in the of 1884. It ranges from Canada to Florida and westward into the basin of the Mississippi, but has never been reported from any point west of that river, south of Minnesota, abundance upon pines summer so far as (2) is known to the writer. L. bombycoides Walker, Plate Bombyx III, Fig. 7, $ . (The Sphinx.) Syn. harrisi Clemens. hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized from give, has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species, and feeds upon the same forms of vegetation This little the figure we in the larval stage. Lintner Pine Sphinx) is a specimens have turned up. They differ from the two species we have figured in being wholly devoid of discal streaks and markings upon the fore wings. It is believed by recent authorities that these Lapara species pineum of which thus far (Lintner's only 53 + wo Sphingidae specimens represent an extreme variation of the very variable L. coniferarum. SUBFAMILY AMBULICIN/E Genus PROTAMBULYX & Jordan Rothschild This genus is represented in our fauna by a single specie^, which occurs as a straggler into the extreme southern limits of the United States, and to which Rothschild represented in Florida by a local race, Jordan have given the subspecific name is & of rarteri in honor of Sir Gilbert T. Carter, the an Bahamas, Governor of the ardent From A. terist. which annexed lepidopLin- strigilis naeus, is the cut, represented in A. carteri may be distinguished by the fact that the fore wing is broader, less deeply excavated below the apex, and by the further fact that most of the markings on the upper side of the wings and all the markings on the lower side of the wings are oband lines Fig. 26. Protambulyx strigilis. solete. (Somewhat reduced.) While strigilis has been reported from our territory, except as represented by the form above mentioned, it is highly probable that it will be found to occur in not yet southern Florida. Genus SPHINX Linnaeus The type of the genus Sphinx of Linnaeus is unquestionably the well-known European species named by the immortal Swede Sphinx ocellata. With this species the following two species, which have for many years been referred to the genus Smerinthus Latreille, which sinks as a synonym, are strictly congeneric. (Cerisy's (i) Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, Plate VII, Fig. 3, . Sphinx.) The larva feeds several forms, upon different species of willows. or subspecies, There are whicn have received names, and 54 Sphingidae which run make into each other to such an extent as to it often These forms are Sphinx astarte impossible to distinguish them. Strecker, in which the outer margin of the fore wing is a little less dentate, and the brown markings of the same wing are a little narrower; Sphinx ophthalmica Boisduval, which has rather pale fore wings; Sphinx pallidnlus Henry Edwards, in which the color of the fore wings is cinnamon-gray; and Sphinx saliceti Boisduval, hind which the blue markings of the in wing do not form a ring, ocellus but appear as on the two opposed crescents. The insect comparatively rare in the eastern part of the not uncommon in the western States. It is continent, but is ranges from Canada in the north to the upper portions of the Gulf States, and westward to the Pacific, extending its habitat southward along the high lands of Mexico. (2) Sphinx jamaicensis Drury. Normal form geminatus Say, Plate IV, Fig. 11, $. (The Twin-spot Sphinx.) This beautiful in error by Drury hawkmoth was was so unfortunate men originally named and described Island of Jamaica. He also coming from the as as to have had for his type an aberrant speci- which the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue Such specimens now and then occur, and have been spot. obtained by breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave the name geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in which there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr. Grote gave to in this aberrant The form the name tripartitus. feeds upon willows, birches, and various The insect is quite common in the species of wild-cherry. Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from southern Canada to the Carolinas and northern Georgia, and westward to eastern Kansas caterpillar and Iowa. Genus The genus CALASYMBOLUS Grote from Sphinx in the fact that the head is crested, and the hind wing is on its costal margin toward the apex produced into a somewhat broad lobe. There are three differs species recognized as belonging to the genus, figure. 55 all of which we Sphingidae Calasymbolus excaecatus Abbot (i) S Fig. 4, & Smith, Plate VII, (The Blinded Sphinx.) . Syn. pavonina Geyer. The larva feeds upon various plants of the order Rosacea, but does not strictly confine itself to these. It has been reported as found upon the willow, the It plants. vania a is common hazel, iron-wood, and other and species, in the region of allied Pennsyl- double-brooded. It ranges from southern Canada to and westward across the valley of the Mississippi to the is Florida borders of the great plains. (2) 12, ? . Calasymbolus myops Abbot Syn. rosacearum Boisduval. The food-plants and the species & Smith, Plate IV, Fig. (The Small-eyed Sphinx.) are very much the geographical distribution of this as those of the preceding same though it seems to range a little further westward, examples having been received from Colorado. It is not nearly species, as common (3) as C. exccecatus. Calasymbolus astylus Drury, Plate IV, Fig. 10, $ . (The Huckleberry Sphinx.) Syn. to Gray; integerrima Harris. rather scarce species, which A Pennsylvania. The caterpillar New England to upon various species of The moth is easily distinguished is found from feeds Vaccinium and allied plants. by the fact that the outer margins of the fore wings are almost even, whereas in myops they are distinctly produced at the end of vein 3, and in exccecatus they are scalloped. The transverse lines on the limbal area of the fore wings, which are distinct in myops, are almost wanting in astylus, and the inner margin of the primaries brown. Genus is PACHYSPHINX heavily margined with dark Rothschild & Jordan The genus Pachysphinx has been erected for the reception of the single species, two forms of which we figure on our plates. It is very different from the oriental genus Marumba, into which Mr. Dyar, following Kirby, has put it in his recent List. Any one is familiar with the peculiar style of coloration of the species who of Marumba, as well as with the structural differences, 56 which \ . Explanation of Plate IV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, 9 Protoparce sexta Johanssen, 9 Hyloicus dolli color adus Smith, 9 Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, 9 . . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 io 1 1 12 . Hcemorrhagia senta Strecker, Ceratomia amyntor Geyer, 9 Ceratomia catalpcs Boisdtival, Isogramma hageni Grote, tf Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, J . 1 . . 9 . . r? . Calasymbolus astylus Drury. cj Sphinx jamaicensis Drury, form geminatus Say, Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, 9 1 . . (?. J The Moth Book COYR:GHTEC BY W. .. Plate HOLLAND, 1903 MEBiCAN C0L0RTYPE CO., N- Y. IV. i C* Sphingidae present themselves, will recognize the propriety of the separation, which has been made. (i) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, Plate VII, Fig. I, $ . ? . (The Big Poplar Sphinx.) Syn. princeps Walker. Form occidentalis Henry Edwards, (The Western Poplar Sphinx. Plate VII, Fig. 2, ) Syn. iniperator Strecker. This noble hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage species of the genus Populus and upon willows. number of local races or subspecies, two of which common upon various There are a we The eastern form and the western variety. give the ; may latter once be distinguished by its generally paler coloration. It ranges over the United States and as far south as northern at Mexico. Genus There CRESSONIA but one species is Grote in this genus. recognizable, in spite of the fact that color of the wings. (1) Cressonia juglandis Abbot (The Walnut Sphinx.) & Robinson it & The insect is easily varies considerably in the Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 9, $ . Syn. instabilis Martyn; pallens Strecker; robinsoni Butler. The caterpillar feeds upon the black walnut, the butternut, Some of the larvae are green, others are reddish, but the color of the larvae seems to have no relation to any variation in color of the perfect insects. The species is distributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the eastern and the hop-hornbeam. boundary of the great plains. SUBFAMILY SESIIN^ Genus There is PSEUDOSPHINX but one species in this Burmeister genus, which is structurally It closely related to the species falling into the genus Erinnyis. is a characteristic insect of the American tropics, and possesses a very wide range. (1) Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, Plate VI, Fig. 2, $ . (The Giant Gray Sphinx.) Syn. plumerics Fabricius; rustica Sepp; hasdrubal Cramer; Poey; obscura Butler. 57 asdrubal Sphingidae The larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread-like anal horn. the body being purplish black, girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head and anal claspers being bright red, of the coior of sealing wax. It feeds upon various Euphorbiaceous plants, preferably Plumis very eria. The It strikingly colored, insect occurs not Genus uncommonly in southern Florida. ERINNYIS Hubner moderately large genus, the species of which are all confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Western This is a we shall see, occasionally north of the metropolis of the genus. (The Alope (i) Erinnyis alope Drury, Plate V, Fig. 12, $ Hemisphere, though one species, as occurs as a straggler far . Sphinx.) Syn. fiavicans Gceze; fasciata Swainson; edwardsi Butler. The caterpillar is brown on the upper side, and pale green on the lower side, the colors being separated by a dark rupted lateral band on either side of the body. brown On inter- the third segment from the head there is a dark spot relieved by a red Ting The anal horn is quite short. The larva feeds in the centre. upon Jatropha and Carica. The insect occurs in southern Florida and ranges southward as far as northern Argentina. (2) Erinnyis lassauxi Boisduval. Form merianae Grote, Plate V, 2, Fig. 9 (Madame . Merian's Sphinx.) Syn. janiphcB Boisduval. This hawkmoth, which tropics of the several forms, new is widely distributed through the world, displays considerable variation, and or local races, have been recognized. The one which occurs within our territory we have figured, and the student will have no difficulty in recognizing it. The larva, which is said to closely resemble that of the next species, is It occurs in reported to feed upon Morrenia in the West Indies. Florida. (3) Erinnyis ello Linnaeus, Plate V, (The Ello Sphinx.) This is quite the commonest of American tropics, and becomes a tions made by amateur naturalists, ? Fig, 10, $ ; Fig. 3, . 58 all hawkmoths the perfect who drug in venture into of the collec- those Sphingidae net in regions, hand. It may at once be recognized by the taken from specimens bred figures we have given, which are on the Indian River by Mr. Wittfeld. as the student may observe. It and is common Erinnyis cenotrus Stoll, as far as Canada, (4) The sexes are dissimilar, straggles north sparingly, even in the Gulf States. Plate V, 11, Fig. ?. (The & Robin- CEnotrus Sphinx.) Syn. penazus Fabricius; melancholia Grote; piperis Grote son; picta Kirby. The sexes in this species are dissimilar, the female being as represented on our plate with light fore wings, marked with dark spots and lines, while the male is prevalently quite dark on The species may easily be recognized by the wings. black spots on the under side of the abdomen. (Cramer's (5) Erinnyis crameri Schaus, Plate V, Fig 7, $ the fore . Sphinx.) This species, which has often been confounded with the preceding, may easily be distinguished from it by the pale shoulder lappets, the absence of black spots on the under side of the abdomen, and the more evenly colored those of E. meriance, from which it is the absence of the white lateral fore wings, which recall once distinguished by markings on the abdomen. The at species occurs in Florida and Texas. (6) Erinnyis obscura Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. $ 5, . (The Obscure Sphinx.) Syn. rustica Schaller; phalaris Kirby; stheno Hiibner; pallida Grote; & Robinson; rhabus Boisduval. cinerosa Grote This small species is well represented in our plate by a speciin the main conforms to the most usual style of men which marking. resembles wings, by and black istic It in its can always be distinguished from E. ello, which it having a dark longitudinal shade through the fore much smaller size, and by the absence of the white lateral stripes of the latter species. upon the abdomen, which It is (7) Erinnyis domingonis Domingo Sphinx.) common are character- in Florida. Butler, Plate V, Fig. 9, $ Syn. obscura "Walker (non Fabricius); festa Henry Edwards. . (The ' This species, which occurs in Florida and the Antilles, may be distinguished from the preceding by the darker color of the 50 Sphingidae primaries and the absence of the pale color on the outer margin It of the shoulder lappets, which is characteristic of E. obscura. is also considerably larger than E. obscura. There remains one other closely allied species in this group, which Cramer gave the name caicus, and which occurs occasionally in Florida. The body is marked like E. ello, the fore to wings are dark with longitudinal paler stripes, the secondaries are red as in E. crameri, but almost wholly without the dark border found that species, it being replaced by a series running inwardly from the border toward the For this species, hitherto associated middle of the wing. with the preceding in the genus Dilophonoia, Rothschild & Jordan have erected the genus Grammodia, upon structural of dark in stripes grounds. Genus PACHYLIA 'Walker a small genus, containing four species, of which one It is not likely to be confounded with occurs in our territory. This is anything (i) else. Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. 12, ?. (The Fig Sphinx.) Syn. crameri M6n6tri6s; lyncea Clemens; undatijascia Butler; aterrima Bonninghausen. This great hawkmoth, which South America, occurs sparingly Genus is very venezuelensis common in Florida HEMEROPLANES in Schaufuss; Central and and Texas. Hubner This small genus, the species of which may at once be detected by the silvery spots of the fore wings, being the only American genus of sphingids thus adorned, is characterisIt is tically neotropical. represented in our fauna by a single species. parce (1) Hemeroplanes (The Silver-spotted Sphinx.) Fabricius, Plate III, Fig. 8, $. Syn. licastus Stoll; galianna Burmeister. The figure given on our plate is sufficiently accurate to make The insect occurs in southern a verbal description unnecessary. Florida in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, and ranges thence south- ward over the Antilles into South America. 60 Sphingidse EPISTOR Genus Boisduval Five species belong to this genus, the type of which is the which we figure, and the only representative of the species genus found in our territory. (i) Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 17, $ (The . Mourning Sphinx.) Syn. fegeus Cramer; luctuosus Boisduval. There can be no but obscurely colored hawkmoth, which occurs Georgia, and even straggles It Jersey. In Florida is it well-marked and difficulty in identifying this now and then as in Florida far north as New very common in the Antilles and South America. is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in May and September. The larva feeds Genus on the CAUTETHIA Vitacece. Grote genus, only one of which The figure we occurs within the limits of the United States. give will permit of its identification without difficulty. There are three species of (1) this Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, (Grote's Sphinx.) The habitat of this apparently is not species is Plate southern II, S. Fig. 21, Florida, where it uncommon. Genus SESIA Fabricius depressed, fusiform, without lateral tufts, but with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft, composed of coarse flattened The abdomen is produced for more than half its length scales. The body is The palpi are produced and appressed, forming a short snout-like projection beyond the head. The tongue is stout, but comparatively short. The antennae are slightly thickened at the end, and have a sharp recurved tip. The mid tibiae have terminal spurs, and the hind tibiae two pairs The fore wings have eleven veins. The venation is of spurs. in Figure 21. characteristically sphingiform, and is illustrated The prevalent colors are black and dark brown with white spots and bands on the wings and in some species on the abdomen. beyond the hind wings. The moths fly in the hottest sunshine. The type of the genus Sesia established by Fabricius is & Jordan, in species named tantalus by Linne. Rothschild 6i the the Sphingidae Revision of the Sphingidce, recognize five species as belonging to the genus, three of which occur within the limits of the United States, tantalus Linnaeus, fadus Cramer, and the All three have by some species we figure upon our plate. latest Into the recent writers been regarded as practically identical. of their specific relationship it is not our purpose to enter in these pages. somewhat vexed question 16, $ (The White(i) S. titan Cramer, Plate II, Fig. banded Day-Sphinx.) The white spots of the fore wings are semi-transparent. On the under side the wings are whitish at the base and on the . inner margin of the secondaries. middle by two parallel distinct They are crossed about, the dark bands, which are quite close to each other. The moth sometimes It is very America. common Genus Head Moth. clavate, H^MORRHAGIA small. two-thirds the recurved hook at the before the insertion strays as far north as Massachusetts. southern Florida and throughout tropical in tip. of Grote Tongue as long as the body. Antennae length of the costa, with a minute Thorax smooth, strongly projecting Abdomen more or less wings. the and, especially in the males, adorned with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft. The primaries have eleven veins. Both primaries and secondaries are transparent about the middle; the outer margin of the former is evenly rounded, and b and 2. of the latter slightly excavated between veins Larva. Characteristically sphingiform, provided with an flattened beneath, 1 The epidermis in most species of the genus is more The caterpillars feed for the most part upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, Viburnum, Crataegus, and allied anal horn. or less granulated. plants. a Pupa. The pupa, which is brown in color, somewhat dense cocoon, formed on the surface under (1) is enclosed in of the ground fallen leaves. Haemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. (The Humming-bird Clearwing.) Syn. pelasgus Cramer; ruficaudts Kirby; etolus Boisduvah 62 5, 8. V Explanation of Plate (The specimens figured are contained the collection of in Holland.) i. luscitiosa 5. Hyloicus Errinyis Errinyis Hyloicus Errinyis 6. Atreides plebeja Fabricius, 2. 3. 4. Clemens, Linnasus, 9 libocedrus insolita Lintner, obscura Fabricius, c? . J 1 10. 11. Errinyis iznotrus Stoll, 12. Errinyis alope Drury, Hyloicus gordius Stoll, &. Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, c? 8. 9. 13. 14. 9 . ello Errinyis crameri Schaus, 9 Hyloicus sequoia Boisduval, Errinyis domingonis Butler, Errinyis ello Linnasus, c? 7. <j\ lassauxi meriance Grote, . . cj" 9 . 99 1 . . 1 (J . W J The Moth Book Plate V. Sphingidae Form cimbiciformis Stephens, Plate Fig. 6, ? Syn. ruficaudis Walker (partim) fioridensis Grote; uniformis Grote Robinson buffaloensis Grote pyramns Boisduval. II, . ; & commonest species of the genus. be recognized by the figures given on Plate II. It The form cimbiciformis considerable variation. distinguished by the absence of the dentations on the inner This It is is ; ; is the largest and the may easily subject to It has been side of the marginal brown band of the fore wings. obtained by breeding from the eggs of H. thysbe, and thysbe has been bred from it. It is a dimorphic form of the species. The caterpillar of The insect Florida (2) H. thysbe feeds upon Viburnum and Nova ranges from Canada and and westward to the Mississippi. Haemorrhagia gracilis Grote & Scotia allied plants. southward to Robinson, Plate III, (The Graceful Clearwing.) Fig. 15, $. Syn. ruficaudis Walker (non Kirby) (partim). The thorax and basal segments above are olive-green. The middle segments are black, the two preterminal segments are margined laterally with reddish. The anal tuft is black, divided in the middle by red hairs. On the under side the palpi, pectus, and thorax are white, and the abdomen pale red. The pale area of the thorax is traversed on either side by a stripe of reddish hair, and there are three rows of white spots on the under side of the abdomen. It occurs in the States of the Atlantic seaboard from New (3) England to the Carolinas. Haemorrhagia dimnis Boisduval. Clearwing.) Spring form tenuis Grote, Plate II, Syn. jumosa Strecker; metathetis Butler; Summer form diffinis Boisduval. Syn. marginalis Grote. axillaris Grote & Summer form Fig. 2, diffinis (The Snowberry $ Beutenmuller. . Robinson, Plate II, Fig. 3, $ ; Fig. 4, ? Syn. grotei Butler; ccthra Strecker. This species is trimorphic. The life history has been in part very carefully worked out by Mr. Ellison Smythe of Blacksburg, (See "Entomological News," Vol. XI, p. 584.) The form diffinis has the marginal band dentate inwardly. The caterpillar feeds upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, and Diervilla. The insect has a wide range from New England to Virginia. 63 V -- ^ _-. r . - -"~_ "7- : TTrfTTL _ r . " ~~r* . r-^ ~r " ' _- . ~~~~~ " r~.~ -"- ^:_ r - ; _-- r_ . . :_ir :v ~ ~z~ _ _ i - Tic .z : : - - ~zztsrzz : ~ _ : . _ -" - - '" -. . - "jf . - ie . -." v . - riz ~ " r ; ~: r - - - " " - - ~ . i".i r" . ~~ " . "V ? J " . ~ ~_:~ s - . - - - -- . IT .1 TJdfaW- _~rj zztt -Diiiv"rrt zzrz ~...sz.~.:_ ~zz reel iz-tz.-tfz - :- .*. ? - - - - : : ~ HH>pftzr ; ---"~r~~ig; - - -*: r_^_. wnig: _ _: r aril - . M - - .:_ - : - ~z~z~i : ~;r ~ ' ~ - _ - - rj z~zzz - mc '.".:"}:; ~r~ v* - . - - - . - . . , . . . . : : . : : - . . . : ? " E : -rvrrj rave ocr r z-nreci . : : : - t - - ~ .- - - ?z Hns msec: L~_c ^cns, " i .'-"-* L~_LC-L r ~ : : . : TJ Sphingidae has at the anal extremity a very long caudal horn, which begins gradually to curl up, as represented in the accompanying cut, and after the third molt entirely disappears, being replaced by In the latter stages of a lenticular shining eye-like prominence. development the larvae frequently become dark brown, and Professor Riley maintains that this is invariably the case in the It is not invariably the city of St. Louis. neighborhood of the I know from experience. I have of specimens in which the green color perdured to the time of pupation, though the brown form is very common. case other in reared a Like the larva of the has the satellitia of its localities, as number into the third, body following species, the caterpillar of P. power of withdrawing the first two segments at rest, or when suddenly alarmed. when When crawling or feeding the first segments are protruded, as represented in the cut by the larger figure. Several local races of P. satellitia are recognized as occurring and in South America, one of these, for which Mr. Grote proposed the name posticatus, occurs in Florida, as It may be distinguished from well as in Cuba and the Bahamas. in the Antilles the form pandoms by its slighter build, its narrower wings, which the case of the primaries have the outer margin straighter than in pandorus, and by the presence of a large roseate spot coverin There are other differences ing the anal angle of the secondaries. of a minor character, but those mentioned will enable the student to discriminate this (2) form from the one Pholus achemon Drury, Achemon Plate we III, have figured. Fig. 5, $ . (The Sphinx.) Syn. crantor Cramer. Like the preceding species the caterpillar of this beautiful hawkmoth feeds upon vines, and shows especial fondness for Fig. 28. the grape. lopsis). It The is Larva of Pholus achemon. (After Riley.) also addicted to the Virginia creeper (Ampeof the habits of the larva given by description 66 Sphingidae Professor C. V. Riley, "Missouri Reports," Vol. The which we give Ill, p. 75, is most taken from that Report. The insect ranges over the entire United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from southern Canada to northern excellent. figure is Mexico. Pholus (3) vitis Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. $ 1, (The Vine . Sphinx.) Syn. hombeckiana Harris; linnei Grote & Robinson; fasciatus Grote (partim). true Pholus vitis, which we figure in our plate, may be distinguished from its near ally, Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, by the absence of the pink outer marginal area on the upper two-thirds of the secondaries, by the inward prolongation The easily of the large black spot near the inner margin of the secondaries It a well marked mesial band, and by its larger size. occurs in Florida and in southern Texas and Arizona, whence it into ranges southward over wide areas. Plate (4) Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, III, Fig. $ 2, (The . Lesser Vine Sphinx.) Syn. vitis The Drury (non Linnaeus); jussteiice Hubner; strigilis Vogel. reported as feeding upon Jussieua in the In our territory it feeds upon various species of Vitacex. tropics. It is quite common in the region of the Gulf States and southcaterpillar is ward, and sometimes is even taken as a straggler as far north as Massachusetts. (5) Pholus labruscae $. (The characteristic of the tropics, where Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. II, Gaudy Sphinx.) Syn. clotho Fabricius. This beautiful creature uncommon. is quite abundantly in southern Florida and along the borders of the Gulf, and throughout the Antilles, Central, and South America. Specimens, in spite of it is not It occurs the subtropical habitat of the species, have been taken in Canada, wonderful power of flight which is possessed by illustrating the these insects, the frail wings of which bear them in the dusk of evening, during the few days of their existence in the winged form, from the orange-groves of the south to the banks of the St. Lawrence, a thousand leagues, across rivers, plains, and mountains. 63 Sphingidae Genus We include in DARAPSA this genus occur within our territory, and Walker three all all species, which we of which of upon figure our plates. Darapsa pholus Cramer, (i) Plate III, Fig. $ 3, (The . Azalea Sphinx.) Syn. choerilus Cramer; azalea Abbot & Smith; clorinda Martyn. is one of our com- This medium-sized hawkmoth, which monest species in western Pennsylvania, may easily be D. myron, by its reddish The caterpillar feeds upon Viburnum and Azalea. Fig. 4, $ (2) Darapsa myron Cramer, Plate III, guished from its very near distincolor. ally, (The . Hog Sphinx.) Syn. pampinatrix Abbot & Smith; cnotus Hubner. caterpillar, of which we give a figure, feeds The and domestic grape-vines, and also upon wild the Virginia Creeper. upon It is a insect common very the in Atlantic and ranges as far west as Kansas and Iowa. It has been reStates, garded as injurious to but vineyards, damage done siderable, the incon- and the in- easily be can sects is combated by picking from the and crushing them under foot. The off the larvae vines reason Fig. 2q. Larva of D. myron. (After Riley.) sects small why these in- do comparatively damage is per- they appear to be especially subject to the attacks of a small hymenopterous parasite, belonging to the family Ichneumonidce. The female ichneumon-fly deposits haps found in the fact that her eggs upon the epidermis of the as the eggs hatch, the young caterpillar. As soon grub penetrates the body of the caterpillar and feeds upon the fatty tissues lying just under the skin. 68 Sphingidae Before the caterpillar reaches maturity the grubs emerge from beneath the skin, and attaching themselves to the epidermis, proceed to weave about themselves in which they little white cocoons, are transformed into perfect insects, emerging life. to the repeat Caterpillars of cycle Fig. 30. Parasitized larof D. myron. (After which have been do not survive the va Riley.) thus parasitized ordeal. The accompanying cut (Fig. 30), shows a larva upon which the ichneumon-flies have done their deadly work. The insect, which accomplishes the task of destruction economy of figure given natural size, structural Micro- Fig. 31. sidering myron. with a many number is herewith and upon the in it The small. very shows of it enlarged, so that also its its may be more easily The species which we are con- peculiarities recognized. shares gaster which destroys larvae of D. sentatives of imposed nature, this to liability parasitism congeners, as well as with the repreother genera of the Sphingidce. was greatly its I of years ago by having a large series of the larvae of the beautiful Darapsa versicolor, which had collected in their early stages, destroyed by this ichneumon-fly, and the following summer, and, in fact, for several summers following, the larvae of D. versicolor, which had been for awhile quite abundant in certain localities known to me, almost entirely disIn one ravine, where had obtained them by the appeared. hundreds, they were not to be annoyed I I I account for their disappearance by the unusual numbers of the parasites which had found. infested The them that larva of goes pupation summer. myron under- in a loose COCOOn Fig. 32. Pupa of D. myron of coarsely woven threads of silk, which it spins under leaves at the surface of the ground. In this respect its habits are strictly like those of the other species of the genus. Darapsa versicolor Harris, Plate III, Fig. (3) Hydrangea Sphinx.) 69 13, $ . (The Sphingidae This lovely hawkmoth, which is accounted quite rare has been found very commonly at certain times localities, in in western Pennsylvania. Its larva feeds upon the wild hydrangea, which grows abundantly in deep wooded glens, along the margin of brooks. The insect ranges from New England to the mountains of the Carolinas and westward into the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley. Genus SPHECODINA Blanchard The head is broad. The proboscis is nearly as long as the The antennas are fusiform, with a recurved hook at the The body is broad, flattened beneath. The abdomen has a tip. body. pointed anal tuft, and the segments are adorned laterally with prominent truncated tufts of coarse hairs. The wings in their outline closely resemble those of the genus Amphion. Only one is known. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, species of the genus (i) Plate Fig. II, 19, $. (Abbot's Sphinx.) This beautiful hawkmoth States is found throughout the Eastern and southern Canada and ranges westward as far as Iowa and Kansas. The larva feeds on the Vitacece and is uncommon not o n Ampelopsis. The caterpillar is not provided with an anal horn, but has instead an eye-like tubercle, or boss, at the anal It has when Fig. 33. Larva and moth of S. abbotti. of from side to side, a movement found and also in some of the Ceratocampidce. 70 in disturbed, throwing head (After Riley.) extremity. the habit, its violently other sphingid larvae, ' ' i .-.-'' ' ' i : Explanation of Plate VI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cocytius antceus Drury, 9 Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, c?. Herse cingulata Fabricius, cT. Dolba hylams Drury, 9 Hyloicus vancouvercnsis albescens Tepper, Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, 9 Ceratomia undnlosa Walker, 9 Hyloicus kalmice Abbot & Smith,. 9 Cress onia juglandis Abbot & Smith, 9 Hyloicus separatus Neumcegen, cj . 1 c?. W. Plate VI. The Moth Book. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. AMER'CAN C0L0HTYPE CO., N Y. 1 CHI. Sphingidse DEIDAMIA Genus Clemens The head is small, narrow, retracted, crested. The eyes are The antennae are fusiform, with the tip bent back slightly, The thorax is stout, somewhat crested. The scarcely hooked. abdomen is conic, and in the male has a small anal tuft. The fore wings, which have twelve veins, are narrow, with the inner margin sinuate. The apex of the fore wings is truncated, and small. is deeply excavated opposite the end of the cell above the inner angle, which is distinctly produced. The hind wings are slightly crenulate on the outer margin. There is only one species belonging to the genus. the outer margin and also just Deidamia inscriptum (i) Plate Harris, Fig. II, 15, $. (The Lettered Sphinx.) The caterpillar feeds The moth upon the wild grape-vine. in the early spring. appears It is a common species in western Pennsylvania, but seems elsewhere to be regarded as quite rare. It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi. Genus ARCTONOTUS Boisduval genus, reputed to be two very closely related to the genus Proserpinus, from which, as has been pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan, it This The in which there are is species, differs small in chief to the appearance "owing structural difference is more woolly found in the fact scaling." that the is not clubbed but fusiform, gradually curved, and the feet are without a pulvillus, and have only vestiges of the antenna paronychium. (1) Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, Plate III, Fig. 14, $ . (The Bear Sphinx.) This insect, which hitherto has been rare in collections, appears to have a wide range along the Pacific coast, from It appears upon the southern California to British Columbia. wing very early in the spring of the year. The name Arctonotus terlooi is applied to a species, reported from northern Mexico by Henry Edwards, and described by him, in which the hind wings are wholly vinous red, and the green basal band of the fore wings is wanting. 7i Sphingidae AMPHION Genus Head Tongue small. nearly Hubner Eyes small, hemispherical. Palpi rather short. as long as the body. Antennae fusiform with a long curved hook at the tip. the thorax projecting very Body plump, somewhat globose, beyond the insertion of the little primaries, and the abdomen terminating in a conspicuous fan-like The fore wings are comparatively short and narrow, exca- tuft. vated on the outer margin below the apex and above the inner The inner margin is deeply angle, which is strongly produced. The hind wings are bluntly lobed at the anal angle. sinuate. There (i) is only one species in the genus. Cramer, Plate Amphion nessus II, Fig. 18, $ . (The Nessus Sphinx.) This species, which may easily be recognized from the figure on the plate, is not uncommon in the Middle States. It ranges from Canada to Georgia and westward to Wyoming. It flies in the daytime on cloudy days and in the late afternoon before sunThe caterpillar feeds on Ampelopsis and the wild grape. set. Genus POGOCOLON This small genus, which is Boisduval closely related in many structural respects to Proserpinns, differs from it very decidedly in the form In the as well as in the habits of the insects belonging to it. structure of the antennae and neuration of thejwings the insects Pogocolon show a close relationship to the insects referred to the genus Proserpinns, but the form of the abdomen is wholly different, elongated, cylindrical, and not bombyliform. belonging to The moths, moreover, are crepuscular, whereas the moths re- genus Proserpinns are diurnal in their habits, in this respect resembling the species of the genus Hcemorrhagia. There are at least three species belonging to this genus. (i) Pogocolon gaurae Abbot & Smith, Plate II, Fig. n, $ (The Gaura Sphinx.) ferred to the . The upper side of this small species is sufficiently delineated no verbal description. On the under side in the plate to require the wings are vinous brown, shading on the outer third into olive-green, and reproducing the maculation of the upper surface. The hind wings are deep olive at the base, passing into yel- lowish green outwardly. 73 \ Sphingidae The insect feeds in the larval stage upon various species of and ranges from Georgia to Texas and as far north as Gaura, southern Kansas. Pogocolon juanita (2) Strecker, The moth Fig. II, 12, $ . maculation is very much considerably larger, and the in the general style of its preceding species, but like the Plate Day-sphinx.) (Strecker's is The caterpillar colors are decidedly brighter. markings from the larva of L. gaurce. is quite different in its habitat of this species is Texas, so far as is now known. other species of Pogocolon, P. vega Dyar, occurs in our The One It is region. which it much otherwise stout body ; generally and with middle, produced ; ; antennae clavate ; or without lateral tufts, but always or less well developed anal tuft. Anterior tibiae armed with spines outwardly and elongate, Hubner proboscis moderate or long abdomen with ; with a more stout, species, closely resembles. PROSERPINUS Genus Head small two former darker in color than the somewhat at tip. Fore wings somewhat curved outwardly about the the inner angle more or less distinctly more or less densely clothed with scales over their The moths are diurnal in their habits, and mimic entire surface. bumblebees in their appearance. Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, Plate II, Fig. 8, ? (The Yellow-banded Day-sphinx.) The head and thorax are pale yellow, the latter obscured with brownish hairs about the middle. The abdomen is black with the basal segment about the middle and the preterminal segment on either side pale yellow. The fore wings on the upper side are blackish, crossed by an oblique whitish band. The hind wings are deep black, crossed by a broad orange-yellow band. The fore wings on the under side are bright orange-yellow at the base. (1) . This is always a rare insect in collections. It ranges, so far America, and southward and eastward to Maine and Massachusetts. It is found in very early as is known, through summer hovering over (2) British flowers. Proserpinus clarkiae Boisduval, (Clark's Day-sphinx.) 13 Plate II, Fig. 10, ? . Sphingidse Syn. victories Grote. The head, thorax and abdomen on the upper side are prevaand the three anal segments of lently pale olive-green, the fifth abdomen being darker green. The fore wings are pale green with an oblique brownish median band, and a triangular paler brownish spot at the apex. There is a small black discal dot at The hind wings are deep orange-yellow, the end of the cell. the On margined with black. green, darker at the base. the under side the wings are oliveThe hind wings have a waved whitish band about their middle on the under side. The legs are greenish-white. This species is found from Oregon to northern California, and eastward to Utah and Montana. Genus EUPROSERPINUS Grote & Robinson This genus is discriminated by Rothschild & Jordan from Proserpinus by the fact that the antenna is more abruptly hooked and slenderer at its extremity than in Proserpinus, and by the absence of the pulvillus and paronychium, which are found in Two species belong to the genus, both having Proserpinus. white hind wings margined with darker color and the under side of the pectus and the wings also white. (i) Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, Plate II, (The Phaeton Sphinx.) Fig. 9, $ . Syn. errato Boisduval. The head and thorax above are gray, the abdomen blackish. The preterminal segment has yellow lateral tufts. The anal tuft is black. The fore wings above are of the same color as the thorax. The hind wings are yellowish-white with a broad black marginal band. The (2) Expanse 32 mm. habitat of this species Euproserpinus is southern California. euterpe Edwards. (The Euterpe Sphinx.) This species, which is only known to the writer through an examination of the type, is discriminated from the preceding by the absence of pale tufts on the side of the abdomen and the fact that the marginal band of the hind not straight as in E. Phaeton. 74 wing is bowed inwardly and Sphingidae SUBFAMILY CH/EROCAMPIN/E Genus This genus, which XYLOPHANES is American, is Hubner very large, containing fifty Of these species two only are species and many subspecies. found, so far as is now known, within our territory, though it is possible that a thorough exploration of southern Florida may that one or two of the species which are found in the show The student Antilles also occur in that State. have no will diffi- culty in recognizing the species occurring within our borders means of the figures which are given upon our plates. (i) Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, Plate IV, Fig. 9, $ . by (The Pluto Sphinx.) Syn. bcerhavice Fabricius; crcesus Walker This beautiful hawkmoth, ranging Antilles, southern Florida. (2) southward The Dalman; thorates Hubner; eson is very common in the southern Brazil, occurs in which to larva feeds upon Erythroxylon. Xylophanes tersa Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 13, & . (The Tersa Sphinx.) This common and easily recognized species has a wide range, occurring very rarely as far north as southern Canada, thence southward to Texas and Mexico, and as far south as northern The Argentina. larva feeds on Bonvardia, Spermacoce, and Marietta. Genus Head of moderate CELERIO Oken Eyes hemispherical, not prominent. Antennae distinctly clavate, and armed at the tip with a minute hook. The thorax is stout, projecting for about one-third of its size. The abdomen length beyond the insertion of the fore wings. is conic, untufted, produced more or less at the tip, and projecting for half The its length beyond the hind margins of the secondaries. which have eleven veins, are produced at the fore wings, apex. wardly. Their outer margin is slightly and evenly bowed outTheir inner margin is very slightly sinuate. The hind wings have their outer margin evenly rounded, except at the The b, where they are slightly produced. extremity of vein genus is well represented in the Old World, and there are several South American species. Only two species occur in our territory. 1 75 Sphingidae Celerio lineata Fabricius, (i) Plate Striped Morning Sphinx.) Syn. daucus Cramer. This is probably the commonest of Fig. II, all $ 14, . (The the North American The larva feeds upon Portulaca. There is conSphingidae. The two siderable diversity in the maculation of the larvae. figures here given represent the two most usual forms of the The insect ranges over the southern portions of caterpillar. Fig. 34. Light form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) Antilles America to the Gulf of Mexico and southward to the have seen hundreds of the and Central America. moths swarming about British I the electric lights Fig. 35. Dark form in the streets The moth Denver, Cheyenne, and Colorado Springs. of larva of C. lineata. flies of con- (After Riley.) stantly in bright sunshine on the Laramie Plains of Wyoming in the month of August, frequenting the blossoms of thistles. have seen it busily engaged in extracting the sweets from dewI spangled beds of Soapwort (Saponaria), in the valleys of Virginia long after the sun had risen in the morning. (2) Celerio intermedia Kirby, Plate II, Fig. 20, ? . (The Galium Sphinx.) Syn. epilobii Harris (non Boisduval) chameenerii Harris; galii Walker; oxybaphi Clemens; canadensis Guen6e. This hawkmoth, which is the North American representant ; of Celerio gallii, which regions of the Eastern is found all over the north temperate from Canada to Hemisphere, ranges 76 : . : ,j ! [ D'y . \ . ,'d I Explanation op Plate VII (The specimens figured are contained the collection of in W. Holland.) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, c?. Pachysphinx modesta occidentalis Henry Edwards, 9 Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, 9 Calasymbolus exccecata Abbot & Smith, c?. Protoparce rustica Fabricius, 9 . Chlcenogramma jasminearum "Bois^uval, 9 Hyloiciis drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, J 1 Hyloicus chersis Hxibner, 9 . The Moth Book Plate VII. i TOPYRIGHTEC BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. AMEfl'CAN C0L0HTYPE CO., NY.* CH'. World of the Dark southward through the mountains of the Appalachian System and along the higher plateaus and mountain have specimens ranges of the West as far as Central Mexico. taken in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. The identification and Vancouver I of the species on our may be made by means of the figure easily plate. THE WORLD OF THE DARK " Sorrowing we beheld The night come on; but soon did night display More wonders than it veil'd; innumerous tribes From the wood-cover swarm'd, and darkness made Their beauties visible." Southey. There are two worlds; the world of sunshine, and the world Most of us are more or less familiarly acquainted with the first; very few of us are well acquainted with the latter. of the dark. Our eyes are well adapted to serve us in the daylight, but they as well in the dark, and,we therefore fail to do not serve us we know, unless patiently study them/'what wonders this itself. /There are whole armies world of the dark holds within when we go of living things, which, and when we awaken, go t6 sleep, begin to awaken; The eyes of the creatures to sleep. of the dark are adapted to seeing with less light than our eyes The broad daylight dazzles and confounds them. require. Sunshine has much Our us. upon the same twilight is effect their upon them that darkness has morning; our midnight is their noonday. This lemurs, is habits. little many of the higher vertebrates. The low family of simians, are nocturnal in their the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, and that curious true even of which are a So also member is of the monkey tribe known as the Specter (Tarsius spectrum). No one can see the great eyes of these creatures without realizing at a glance that they love what we call darkness better than what we call light, though they are The great family of the cats are far from being evil-doers. Their eyes are capable of principally nocturnal in their habits. being used in daylight, for the beautifully contracting and ex- panding iris modifies the amount of 77 light admitted to the retina World Dark of the more delicately and instantaneously than any device, attached most perfectly constructed camera, regulates the amount of light transmitted through its lens. The tiger in the jungle sees what is going on about him in the starlight as well as we see what is happening in the noontide. have studied the The yellowish-green iris in eyes of lions and tigers in the dark. the night almost entirely disappears from view, and shrinks down into a narrow ring. The windows of the eyes have the curtains drawn back wide, so as to let in all the light which the The great orbs then look like darkness holds within itself. globes of crystal, framed in a narrow band of gold, lying on a far to the I background of the blackest velvet, while in their pellucid depths, tinged with the warm glow of blood, play and coruscate. fires, The eyes true, as of many birds are adapted to the dark. everybody knows, of the owls, and of This is their not distant I remember having, when a boy, found dead after a long protracted an owl, which The thermometer had stood period of intensely cold weather. relatives, the goat-suckers. dissected I twenty degrees below zero for several nights in succession. earth was wrapped deep in snow. Upon the sleety crust found a great horned owl, lying dead, and frozen stiff. It may at The I have died of old age, or it may have starved to death. The who takes his toys to pieces in order to see how they are made, seized me, and, with a sharp penknife as a scalpel, and a few needles set in sticks of pine, I took my owl instinct of the child, did not then and made drawings of what found. names and functions of all the parts, but the drawing of the eye, which still have in an old portfolio, and made, there saw it the other day. The eye of an owl is a wonderful It is a wide-angle lens of beautiful powers piece of mechanism. I apart, know I the I I I of adjustment. when the light shut out and light, adapted to taking in all the light there is, almost all gone; and it is so contrived as to when too much of its splendor would dazzle It is is hurt. Among the insects thousands This species are nocturnal. moths. When the hour of and tens of thousands of true of the great majority of the dusk approaches stand by a bed is and, as their great yellow blossoms suddenly open, watch the hawkmoths coming as swiftly as of evening primroses, 78 World meteors through the air, hovering for an instant of the Dark over this blossom, probing into the sweet depths of another, and then dashing off again so quickly that the eye cannot follow them. My friend, Henry Pryer, had a great bed of evening primroses in compound on his Yokohama. the Bluff in Well remember I standing with him before the flowers, and, as the light began to upon the distant top of Fuji-no-yama, with net in hand capturing the hawkmoths, which came eagerly trooping to the When it grew quite dark O-Chi-san held a Japanese spot. fade lantern aloft to help us to see where to make our strokes. A dozen species became our spoil during those pleasant evenings. Can I ever forget them ? Ah those nights in Japan Did you ever reflect upon the fact that the wings of many ! ! moths, which lie concealed during the daytime, reveal their most glorious coloring only after dark, when they are upon the wing ? Take as an illustration, the splendid moths of the great genus Catocala, the Afterwings, as we familiarly call them. The fore wings are so colored as to cause them, when they are quietly resting upon the trunks of trees in the daytime, to look like bits of moss, or discolored patches upon the bark. They furnish, in such positions, one of the most beautiful illustrations of protective mimicry which can be found in the whole realm of nature. The hind wings are completely concealed at such times. The hind wings are, however, most brilliantly colored. In some species they are banded with pink, in others with crimson; still others have markings of yellow, orange, or snowy white on a background of jet-black. One European species has bands of These colors are distinctive of the species blue upon the wings. to a greater or less extent. The conclusion is They are only displayed at night. upon us that the eyes of irresistibly forced these creatures are capable of discriminating these colors in the darkness. cannot do it. No human eye in the blackness of the We night can distinguish red from orange, or crimson from yellow. The human eye is the greatest of all anatomical marvels, and the most wonderfu piece of animal mechanism in the world, but There are other allied power is lodged within it. mechanisms which have the power of responding to certain forms of radiant energy to a degree which it does not possess. not all Let of me commend to the study of 79 my readers this world of the Saturniidse dark of which excursions I have been speaking. Some of the pleasantest which can be made are those which the afield naturalist takes, when he has only moonlight or starlight to guide his steps. Always take a dark lantern with you. Without it you cannot see, and even with it you will not see much which it might be delightful to behold. But without a lantern you will may in the thick wood get deeply even break a limb. Your eyes are not made like those of the owl and the cat. Do not be afraid of the "night air." The air of the night has the same chemical comIt is cooler, of course, and someposition as the air of the day. times it has fog in it, but cool and even foggy air is not unnot see a great deal, and you mired in a boggy hole, or healthful. Scotchmen live half their lives in fog, but are healthy. The only things to be dreaded are the mosquitoes, carrying with them the germs of malaria, as we call it. These may be kept off if you only prepared lotion. know how to anoint yourself with a properly FAMILY SATURNIIDSE " When hypocritically clad in dressing-gown and slippers, I stopped guest's inner door and Fontenette opened it just enough to let me saw, indeed, a wonderful sight. The entomologist had lighted up the room, and it was filled, filled with gorgeous moths as large as my hand and all of a kind, dancing across one another's airy paths in a bewildering maze, or alighting and quivering on this thing and that. The mosquitonet, draping almost from ceiling to floor, was beflowered with them, majestically displaying in splendid alternation their upper and under colors, or, with wings lifted and vibrant, tipping to one side and another as they crept up the white mesh, like painted and gilded sails in a fairies' G. W. Cable. regatta." , at my in, I ! is composed of moths, which are for the most medium-sized or large. The larvae are cocoon-makers. The perfect insects have vein 8 of the hind wings diverging from the cell from the base of the wings. The frenulum is wanting. The tongue is aborted, being at most extremely rudimentary. There are no tibial spurs on the legs. The antennae are either singly or doubly bipectinated to the tips in the case of the males, and This family part Bipectination of the antennae occurs also in the family Geratocampidce, but in the latter family it never extends to the tip of the organ. The family falls into three subfamilies: the Attacince; the Satumiince; and the Hemioften in the case of the females. 80 Explanation of Plate VIII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) i 2 3 4 Samia cecropia Linnaeus, Samia rubra Behr, (J cj . 1 . Callosamia angulifera Walker, Callosamia angulifera Walker, Automeris zephyria Grote, 9 Pinconia coa Schaus, (J 1 (J 9 1 . 7 S 9 10 ii 12 Hcteropdcha rileyana Harvey, 9 Samia Columbia Smith, cj' Anisota virginicnsis Drury, rf. Anisota virginiensis Drury, 9 Anisoia rubicunda Fabricius, cf Hylesia alinda Druce, rf. . . . W. J. The Moth Book. "TPYR'GHTEC BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. Plate ' . . V. & VIII. CMt. Saturniidae These subfamilies may be discriminated by the help of the following Key: leucine?. Hind wings with one distinct internal vein. Discal cell of both wings open Discal cell of both wings closed Hind wings with two distinct internal veins Fig. 36. Philosamia cynthta. a. Eggs; b. Larva; (After Riley.) 8l AttaciruE. SatiirniincE. Hemileiictna:. c. Cocoon; d. Pupa; e. Moth. Saturniidae SUBFAMILY ATTACIN/E PHILOSAMIA Genus Grote This genus, which may be distinguished from all others in our fauna by the tufted abdomen of the perfect insect, is represented a single species, which, originally imported from the eastern parts of Asia, has become thoroughly acclimatized on the Atlantic by seaboard centres, the vicinity of the larger cities, from which, as has spread to some extent to the surrounding country. in it Philosamia cynthia Drury, (i) Plate IX, Fig. 2, $ (The . Ailanthus Silk-moth.) Syn. aurotus Fabricius; tnsularis Vollenhoven; vesta Walker; cannmgi Walker; walkeri Felder; pryeri Butler. The cut (Fig. 36) and the representation on our plate obviate all necessity for mere verbal description of the species. sect which was middle of the originally in- into century was first was hoped that it would prove a valuable silkbut although a good grade of coarse silk may be last the year 1861. The Europe about the introduced into America in introduced It bearing species, made from it by the process of carding, and strong and serviceable fabrics are manufactured from it in China, no method of successfully and economically reeling the cocoons has yet been invented. The caterpillar feeds upon the ailanthus, and these shade trees defoliated in some places have been known to be completely by the worms. Genus ROTHSCHILDIA Grote This characteristically neotropical genus may always be rec- ognized by the large more or less triangular translucent spots of the wings, and the general likeness to the species we figure upon our plate. The abdomen is without tufts. The antennae of both generally sexes are doubly bipectinated. considerably produced at the occur within our faunal (1) The fore apex. wings Two are species limits. Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, Plate X, Fig 1, ?. (The Orizaba Silk-moth.) From Rothschildia jorulla Westwood, found in our territory, this lighter color and the much is the easily separated by other its species generally larger size of the translucent spots 82 Saturniidse upon Both species occur the wings. are not, however, nearly as Genus common Arizona, where they in as they are in Mexico. SAMIA Hubner genus, composed of quite large moths, characterized, as are the moths of the two preceding and the next succeeding genera, by having the discal cells open, we find that the spots In this on the middle of the wings are opaque, not hyaline, as in the genus Rothschildia ; and, furthermore, the fore wings are more rounded and less produced than in that genus. (i) Samia cecropia Linnaeus, Plate VIII, Fig. I, $ ; Plate Fig. 8, larva. (The Cecropia Moth.) This splendid moth, which is very common, is one of a small number of our native silk-moths, which attract more or less I, Fig. 37. Cocoon of Samia (After Riley.) cecropia. popular attention, and the spring of the year in our museums is always regarded as a period in which a certain portion of the time of the entomological staff will be consumed in replying to the letters of persons who, having for once opened their eyes to the wonders of the insect world, have sent in old matchboxes through the mails specimens of this insect, generally information that the species probably is "excessively rare," they having for the "new first adding the to science" or time in their lives noticed the moth. The larva feeds upon a great variety of deciduous trees and though manifesting a predilection for the Rosacece, The cocoon is a familiar object. willows, maples, and the lilac. The insect is found over the whole Atlantic seaboard, and ranges shrubs, westward to the eastern margin of the great 83 plains. Saturniidae Samia (2) gloveri Strecker, Plate XII, Fig. $ 4, (Glover's . Silk-moth.) This species, which may be distinguished from the preceding by the more obscure, purplish color of the outer band, which in 5. cecropia is bright red, ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Arizona in the south to Alberta and Assiniboia in the north. A small dwarfed form has been taken upon the high mountains of Colorado, to which Neumoegen gave the subspecific (3) name reducta. Samia Columbia Columbian Silk-moth.) This species, which discriminated from its Smith, Plate VIII, S. 8, Fig. (The well represented in our plate, may be by its smaller size, and by the absence of the reddish outer shading of the transverse white line is allies which crosses the wings about their middle. Maine to Wisconsin, never, so far as is known ing south closely shows (4) of the forty-first to 5. glover/, marked differences. allied Samia rubra thus Silk-moth. parallel is it The It ranges from at present, rang- of north latitude. much smaller, caterpillar feeds Behr, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, $ . While and the larva upon the larch. (The Ceano- ) Syn. ceanothi Behr; euryahis Boisduval; calif ornica Grote. The its species which is easily separated from its congeners by small size and prevalently redder cast of coloration, is found on the The Pacific coast, larva feeds Genus The ranging eastward to Utah and upon Ceanothns Wyoming. thyrsiflorus. CALLOSAMIA Packard genus is much like that of the preceding genus, but the species composing it may invariably be discriminated from others by the fact that the pectinations of the antennae of the females in the anterior pair on each joint structure of the moths of this are shorter than the posterior pair. The genus contains several species, two of which are common in portions of our territory, and the other is a straggler into our fauna from Mexico. Callosamia promethea Drury, Plate I, Fig. 2, larva; Plate XI, Fig. 11, $, Fig. 12, ?. (The Spice-bush Silk-moth.) Every country boy who lives in the Atlantic States is familiar with the cocoons, which in winter and spring he has found (1) 84 Explanation of Plate IX (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. figured Tele a polyphemus Cramer, 9 Philosamia cynthia Drury, tf Agapema galbina Clemens, <5\ U. S. N. M. Antomeris io Fabricius, cT. Automeris io Fabricius, 9 Automeris pamina aurosea Neumcegen, (J Pseudohazis eglantcrina nuttalli Strecker, (J Pseudohazis her a Harris, c? Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus, cf . . 1 . . 1 . are con- The Moth Book COPYniGHTEC BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. Plate AMFR'CAN COLORTYPE CO., N. Y. 4 IX. C". Saturniidae from hanging the twigs of the spice-bush, the sassafras, and As they dangle in the wind they are easily de- other trees. though tected, they are often wrapped in the dead leaf in which the caterpillar originally spun them. The larva of which, in addition to Plate I, the figure given in we furnish a cut herewith, a rather striking object, the coral-red tubercles on the second is and third anterior segments showing conspicuously against the bluish-green epidermis. The insect subsists in the larval stage upon a great variety of deciduous and shrubs trees, Jssl lliL> a showing Callosamia promethea. b, front view of magnified view of a seg- Fig. 38. a, Young head; c, ment of larva. larva; voung larva; d, mature (After Riley.) special predilection for the Lauracece, Liriodendron, It wild-cherry. Liquidambar, and the ranges over the Atlantic States from Florida to southern into New Canada, England and thence westward through the Fig. 39. Cocoon of C. promethea. (After Riley.) Mississippi to the of the great plains. is a way as to make problem to be this produced by reared such a valley of the eastern boundaries its solved species Whether the silk common and could be easily utilized in production commercially profitable in 8s the future. No one up to Saturniidae present time has succeeded the silk of the cocoons. the in reeling Callosamia angulifera Walker, Plate ? (The Tulip-tree Silk-moth.) (2) Fig. 4, VIII, or carding Fig. 3, $ , . This species by the either species, resemble easily be discriminated from the last named males are not without discal spots as in that may fact that the but have large angular white spots, causing them to in this respect the females of C. protnethea. The larva commonly on the tulip-poplar ( Liriodendron). The cocoon not suspended from the twigs, as in the case of C. promethea. The only other species of the genus, which occurs in our fauna, feeds is is Callosamia calleta Westwood, which may be from the two foregoing species by the fact that band on the collar and at the base of the thorax. it differentiated has a whitish SUBFAMILY SATURNIIN^ The The antennae are pectinated in The hind wings have but one internal discal cells are closed. both sexes to the tip. vein distinctly developed. But four genera representing this sub- family are found within our territory. AGAPEMA Genus Neumcegen & Dyar The antennae of both sexes are doubly bipectinated, those of the female having both the anterior and posterior pectinations of equal length. (1) Only one species is known. galbina Clemens, Plate Agapema IX, Fig. 3, $ . (The Galbina Moth.) This interesting insect occurs Mexico. The larval stages in southern Texas, Arizona and have been described by Henry Edwards (see "Entomologica Americana," Vol. IV, p. 61). The specimen figured is considerably darker than the figures given by Strecker. Specimens as light as those he depicts have never fallen into the hands of the author. Genus ACTIAS Leach The species of this genus may easily be discriminated by their The pectinations of pale green color, and the tailed hmd wings. the antennae in the female sex are shorter in the anterior pair on 86 Saturniidae each joint than the posterior pair. The genus is quite large, but only one species occurs in temperate North America. It is better represented in the Old World. (i) Actias luna Linnaeus, Plate XII, Fig. 7, (The Luna $. Moth.) This common and well-known insect has an extensive range from Canada to Florida and westward to Texas and the trans- The Mississippi States as far as the region of the great plains. larva, of a which we representation, give feeds upon the various species of walnut and hickory, the sweet-gum (Liqui- dambar), the persimmon (Diospyros), and other trees. In North Carolina appeared to be it particularly fond of the persimmon. The cocoon is thin and papery, spun among leaves, and falls to the ground in autumn. In consequence it is Fig. 40. Larva of A. luna. not (After Riley.) as often found as those of some other species, which have been described in the preceding pages. nearly Genus This is a TELEA Hubner very small genus, including only two or three confined to the New World. The only represen- It is species. tative in our faunal limits is the well-known species, which we figure. (1) Telea polyphemus Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. 1, ?. (The Polyphemus Moth.) Syn. paphia Linnaeus; fenestra Perry; oculea Neumcegen. common moth feeds in the larval stage This very upon a I have found the caterpillar great variety of trees and shrubs. upon various species of oaks, upon the two species of Juglans, which grow in the Eastern States, upon hickory, basswood, elms, maples, birches, chestnuts, the 87 sycamore (Platanus), wild- Saturniidse and the beech. roses, as found Fig. 41. which is Other observers have reported the larva The a great variety of other trees. upon Larva of Telea polyphemus. of a beautiful shade of green, caterpillar, (After Riley.) is ornamented on the raised lines of silvery white, and is altogether a beautiful object, so far as coloration is concerned. The cocoon is in sides by form like that of A ctias has been spun up, luna, but is much more dense, and, after injected by the larva with a fluid, which appears to precipitate a white chalky matter through the fibers after it has dried. Efforts to reel the silk have hitherto amounted it to but little. The is insect is double-brooded In in the southern States. Pennsylvania and north- ward it is single-brooded. The moth ranges across the into We continent and Mexico in the South. have given in Figure 5 entire of the representation Cocoon of Tcka polyphemus. pupa, in Figure io a cut (After Riley.) Q f the antenna g rea tly ena Fig. 42. larged, cocoon. and in The Figures 41 and 42 are shown the larva and the illustrated in the cut, is spun among and falls in the autumn to the ground. A number of aberrant forms and local races have been described, and there is latter, as is leaves, considerable variety in the depth of the ground-color of the 88 wings X Explanation of Plate (Except when otherwise collection of W. J. Holland.) indicated the specimens figured are in the i. Rothschildia orizaba 2. Basilona imperialis Drury, 9 Citkeronia regalis Fabricius, c? 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1 . 12. Westwood, 9 Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, J*. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, cj Adelocephala bicolor Harris, 9 Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, J Coloradia pandora Blake, (J . 1 - 1 - Malacosoma disstria Hubner, c? U. S. N. M. Malacosoma erosa Stretch, cj' Malacosoma calif ornica Packard & Malacosoma americana Fabricius, 9 U. S. N. M. , . , . . The Moth Book. COYR'GHTEC BY W. J. HOLLAND Plate X. (WEPICAN CCLONTYPt CO., N. Y. A CM Saturniidae I a long series of specimens collected in the same locality. have one or two fine melanic specimens, in which the wings are in almost wholly black on the upper side. also occasionally found. SATURNIA Genus Schrank represented in our fauna by a single species. Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Plate XII, Fig. 6, $ This genus (i) Albino specimens are is . (The Mendocino Silk-moth.) The insect inhabits northern California, where it is not uncommon. The larva feeds upon Arctostaphylos tomentosa. Genus AUTOMERIS Hiibner genus occur within our borders. Three of them we figure on our plates. The other, Automeris %elleri Grote & Robinson, may be distinguished from those we give by Four species of this its much greater size, the female expanding fully five inches across the wings, and having three broad brown bands parallel to the margin of the hind wing, a large blind ocellus in the middle of that wing, and the fore wings purplish brown, marked with darker brown spots at the base, the end of the cell, and on the limbal area. Automeris pamina Neumcegen, (i) Plate IX, Fig. 6, $. (The Pamina Moth.) we give is taken from an example of the form by Neumoegen, in which the hairs along the inner margin of the hind wings are somewhat more broadly rosy red The than in the specimens which he indicated as typical. specimen was labeled by, and obtained from, the author of the The figure called aurosea species. zephyria Grote, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, ? (2) Automeris (The Zephyr Silk-moth.) This beautiful insect which is found in New Mexico, is well delineated in our plate, and may easily be discriminated from . other species by the white transverse lines of the fore wings. Automeris (3) (The Io Syn. io Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 4, $ , Fig. 5, $ . Moth.) corollaria Neumoegen & Perry; varta, Walker; Dyar. 89 jabricii, Boisduval; argus Saturniid3e common This which ranges and southward insect, westward and Florida, subsists in the larval Mexico, from to Canada to Texas and upon a large and shrubs; stage trees caterpillar is The rous. variety of in fact, the almost omnivo- larva is a beautiful object, the body being green, ornamented with a lateral stripe pink and creamy and covered with of white clusters of branching spines. These are possessed of stinging properties, and the caterpillar should be handled with extreme care, if painful con- sequences are tc be avoided. spite of this defense the are greatly liable to In larvae the , , T Fig. 43-- -Larva of Auiomerts (After Riley.) a is neotropical common enough which, Arizona. It to. genus of small size, one species of Mexico, is occasionally found in a true Saturnian, the secondaries having but one is in inner vein and the discal cells in both (i) ichneumon of HYLESIA Hubner Genus This attack which destroy wasps, r J multitudes of them. . Hylesia alinda Druce, wings being Plate VIII, Fig. closed. 12, $. (The Alinda Moth.) The specimens So Arizona. I far as have were taken on the Mexican border of remember, nothing has been written upon I the life-history of the species. SUBFAMILY HEMILEUCIN^. The moths from their of this subfamily may be structurally differentiated allies by the fact that the hind wings have two near distinct internal veins, insect in the genus 1 a and 1 b. The antennae of the male Coloradia are doubly bipectinated. 90 In the Saturniidae genera Hemileuca and Psendoha^is, the antennae of the males In the former genus the females have are singly bipectinated. bipectinated antennae; in the latter the females have the antennae serrate, or very feebly pectinated. COLORADIA Genus (i) Coloradia pandora Blake, Pandora Moth.) The range of Rocky Mountains this insect is X, Fig. from the eastern to the Cascades, Genus Blake Plate 8, HEMILEUCA (The foot-hills of the and from Montana Eight species of this genus are H. electra four of which we figure. $. to Mexico. Walker known from our territory, Wright has the hind wings more or less red with a black border. H. grotei is a black species with a white collar, and a series of narrow white spots covering the middle of the wings, three on the fore wing, and those on the hind wing composing a narrow median band. H. neumcegeni reddish is a beautiful insect with snowy white thorax and The wings are snowy white with marks crossed by two black bands on the pri- brown abdomen. orange discal maries and one on the secondaries, the inner line of the primaries being relieved externally by an orange spot bordered with black. H. hualapai Neumoegen has the wings dull pink, either without The form with the pale markings, or crossed by two pale lines. transverse lines has been (i) dubbed sororius by Henry Edwards. Hemileuca maia Drury, Plate XI, Fig. i, $. (The Buck-moth.) Syn. proserpina Fabricius. fall of the year, when the leaves are falling and the days are still mellow and warm, the Buck-moths may be seen They especially frequent the flitting through the air at noonday. Upon the twigs of these trees, as well edges of groves of oaks. as occasionally upon willows, wild cherry-trees, and hazels, they In the The deposit their eggs in clusters, as represented in Figure 44. larvae, which are gregarious and have stinging spines or bristles upon the somites, hatch in the latter part of April or in May, according to latitude, and after undergoing five molts, pupate in 9i Saturniidse The moths emerge the ground. over in the they the until soil may even remain dormant The wings The the until the in them to is The groves common, of some of " is have never I artificial known light. The said to have been given fly at the time when deer- Maine and Nova to the eastern edge of the great plains. Riley.) very in devoid Florida In the Carolinas is and almost ranges from insect and westward Fig. 44. Eggs of Buck-moth. (After fall. in order. to Scotia following habit, and be attracted to them because they stalking few winter a they emerge, or insects are diurnal, or semi-crepus- name " Buck-moths to when apparently their cular though fall, are semi-translucent, are specimens scales. in next spring, the especially Black-jack it in Oak, which grow on barren uplands. (2) Hemiieuca neva- densis Stretch, Fig 2, $ Plate XI, (The Nevada calijornica Wright; . Buck-moth.) Syn. ariemis Packard. This which species, resembles the preceding, may be distinguished from it by the closely much wider expanse transverse discal bands both wings, and the redder tuft of anal may be of the mere in much Buck -moth; a, mature Fig. 45. larva; b, pupa; c-d, bristles on larvae in first stage; e, thoracic spine in second stage; /, spine in third stage; g, spine in fifth stage. (After Riley.) hairs. race of Hemiieuca maia, authors have recently accorded it specific rank. ()) Hemiieuca juno Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 8, It a local Juno Moth.) Syn. yavapai Neumcegen. 92 but most (The I Explanation of Plate XI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) i 2 Hemileuca maia Drury, c? Hemileuca nevadensis Stretch, . cT. 4 Psendohazis hera pica Walker, cf Pseudohazis her a pica Walker, 9 5 P seudohazis eglanterina 3 6 7 8 9 io ii 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 . nuttalli Strecker, cJ Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, <$. Toiype velleda StoYl, c? Tolype velleda Stoll, 9 Anisota stigma Fabricius, c?. Am'sote stigma Fabricius, 9 C alios amia promethea Drury, tf. Callosamia promethea Drury, 9 Basilona imperial is Drury, cf Syss phinx heiligbrodii Harvey, 9 Cargida pyrrha Druce, cj} Fenaria longipes Druce, c?. Xanthopastis timais Cramer, 9 Euchcctias murina Stretch, 9 Copidryas cosyra Druce, cJ Apantesis intermedia Stretch, (J . 1 . 1 . 1 . W. The Moth Book Flate XI , Satumiidas This beautiful moth occurs (4) Hemileuca in Arizona and northern Mexico. tricolor Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 9, $ . (The Tricolor Buck-moth.) This species, like the preceding, is found in Arizona and in The larvae feed upon the Grease-wood, according Mexico. New to report. Genus This is a small PSEUDOHAZIS Grote & Robinson genus of rather striking and exceedingly vari- able insects, the life histories of which have not been as thoroughly studied as is desirable. The moths appear to be diurnal in their habits, and may be found in vast numbers in the morn- ing hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of have found them particularly abundant the Rocky Mountains. I about Laramie Peak July. They appear in Wyoming in the latter part of June and company with diurnal to frequent flowers in lepidoptera, as the various species of Argynnis, and they may then be easily taken. Their flight is rapid. They are characterand the ranges of the istic of the country of the sage-brush, western sheep-herder. (1) Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisduval. Form nuttalli Strecker. Plate IX, Fig. 7, $ $ . ; Plate XI, Fig. 5, (Nuttall's Sheep-moth.) Syn. shastacnsis Behr; denudata Neumcegen. The two figures given on our plates show two forms of this well-known insect. Whatever the amount of black or purple upon the fore wings the specimens may always be distinguished from others by the presence just beyond the discal spot of the This is fore wings of a longitudinal dash of Indian yellow. have never failed to find it in a long series characteristic, and of specimens, no matter how the other markings varied. I (2) Pseudohazis hera Harris, Hera Moth.) Form pica Walker, Plate XI, Plate IX, Fig. 3, $ Fig. ; Fig. 8, $ 4, $ (The . . (The Magpie Moth.) This extremely variable moth is represented by the typical form in the figure given upon Plate IX, and in the figures given upon Plate XI by two specimens showing the form, which is 93 Ceratocampidae most common in Colorado and are greatly suffused with black. Wyoming, in which the wings To this form Walker's name pica properly applies. FAMILY CERATOCAMPID/E " In Nature's infinite book of secrecy I can read." Shakespeare. A little This family contains moths, of large or medium size, the which do not produce cocoons, but undergo transformation in the ground. The larvae are generally more or less ornalarvae of mented with spines and bristly protuberances. The moths have the tongue developed, but nevertheless feebly. The tibial spurs are present. The frenulum is lacking. The genera belonging to this family are American, and only five of them occur within our faunal limits. Genus ANISOTA Hiibner Of the five species, recognized as belonging to this genus and occurring within our borders, we have selected three for representation. Anisota senatoria, a common species found in the is distinguished from its very near ally, Anisota Atlantic States, virginiensis, not only by marked differences in the larval stage, but by the fact that the females are almost exactly like the female of Anisota stigma, profusely covered with black spots or frecklings on the wings, while the females of virginiensis, as shown the plate, are almost wholly destitute of such spots. The males of these two species are almost alike, the only difference in being that the male insect in the case of virginiensis is somewhat darker than in the case of Anisota senatoria, and less ochreous. Anisota stigma (i) io, $ . Fabricius, Plate XI, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig. (The Stigma Moth.) The caterpillar feeds upon various species of oak. It is ornamented with short spines upon the segments, arranged in rows, those on the second segment from the head being long and recurved. The color of the larvae at maturity is a dull reddish brown, marked with small creamy-white and gray punctulations. The insect occurs in the Appalachian faunal region, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas and Missouri. 94 Ceratocampidae Anisota virginiensis Drury, (2) ? 10, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig. (The Virginian Anisota.) . Syn. astymone Olivier; pellucida Herrich-Schaeffer. The male insect has the fore wings almost transparent about the middle, as is the case with Anisota senatoria, as has already not heavily spotted, as is the case in that species. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The moth has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species. been pointed out, but the female Anisota rubicunda (3) is Fabricius, Plate VIII, 11, $. commonly upon the Fig. (The Rosy Maple-moth.) The larva of this beautiful which silver-maple, in many moth of feeds our western cities has been extensively planted as a shade-tree. The depredations it commits upon the foliage have subjected it to the indignation of arboriIt was formerly very com- mon the culturists. in many years has almost disappeared, it is now city of but for Pittsburgh, past it entirely so that regarded as a rather rare insect by The local collectors. disappearance of the moth to the due no doubt combined influ- ence of lights, is the electric which annually destroy insects, millions of Fig. pupa; Anisota rubicunda. a. larva; female moth. (After Riley.) 46. c. b. which are attracted to them, and to gas-wells, and which lick up in their constantly burning flames other furnaces, millions of insects. part in the work Perhaps the English sparrow has also had a In Kansas the insect is very of extermination. recently saw in the. city of Atchison numerous maples, which had almost been stripped of their leaves by these The range of the insect is practically the same as that of larvae. common. I the other species of the genus. 95 Ceratocampidae Genus As ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schaeffer of the fore wing is stalked preceding genus, vein with veins 6-8, but the outer margin of the wing is not straight as in that genus, and longer than the internal margin, but it is in the 1 1 convex and shorter than the inner margin. There are a number of species belonging to the genus, which are indigenous in Central and South America, but only one occurs within our borders. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, (The Honey-locust Moth.) (i) $. Plate X, Fig. 5, $ Fig. 6, ; Syn. distigma Walsh. The larva feeds upon the Honey-locust (Gleditschia) and the Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymnocladus). It is a rather common insect in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from the region of the Great Lakes southward to Georgia and Kansas. SYSSPHINX Hubner Genus The genus by recent writers do not from those referred to the preceding insects assigned to this differ greatly in structure genus. The principal structural differences consist in that the antennae of the females are somewhat shorter the fact and less strongly pectinated, and the abdomen is generally longer, in some species greatly exceeding the hind margin of the hind wings. The genus is well represented in Mexico and Central America. Only four species occur (1) 7, $ in our territory, Syssphinx albolineata Grote . & two of which we figure. Robinson, Plate X, Fig. (The White-lined Syssphinx.) Syn. raspa Boisduval. The we give is sufficient to enable the student to iden- species which southern Arizona. is common tify this (2) figure in Mexico, and also occurs Syssphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, Plate XI, Fig. 14, in ? . (Heiligbrodt's Syssphinx.) This very pretty 4310th, which may easily be determined by the help of the figure we give, is not uncommon in southern Arizona. The caterpillar feeds, it is said, upon Grease-wood bushes. 96 The Moth Book Plate v. XII . . Ceratocampidae Genus CITHERONIA This genus of large and having species occur in our neotropical, its showy moths metropolis in two of territory, Hubner is characteristically Central America. Three them having an extensive northern range. ( i) X, Fig. Citheronia regalis Fabricius, Plate 3, $ Syn. rcgia The I, Fig. 4, larva ; Plate (The Royal Walnut-moth.) Abbot & Smith. . caterpillar, which is known by boys as the "Hickory Horn-devil," feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs, showing a decided preference for the walnut and butternut, the persimmon, and several species of arborescent sumac (Rhus). Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, Plate XLI, $ (The Pine-devil Moth.) The larva, which is smaller and more obscurely colored than (2) Fig. 5, . that of the preceding species, feeds upon various species of pine, and the insect ranges from the Carolinas northward to Massa- chusetts along the coast. It is not uncommon in the valley of the Potomac, and at Berkeley Springs I have found it abundant in the larval state in the months of July and August. Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig. (The Mexican Walnut-moth.) This species, which is in many respects very closely allied to C. regalis, occurs in Arizona, and southward. (3) 4, $ . Genus BASILONA Boisduval The only representative of this genus within the limits of the United States is the species which is illustrated on our plates. There are a number of other species, which are Mexican or South American. Plate (1) Basilona imperialis Drury, Plate X, Fig. 2, ? ; XI, Fig. 13, 8. (The Imperial Moth.) Syn. imperatoria Abbot & Smith; punctatissima Neumoegen. The larva feeds upon a vast number of trees and shrubs, may almost be described as omnivorous. The and larvae are either brown or green, the color having nothing whatever to do with the character of the perfect insects, which emerge from the pupae. Such cases of dichromatism among uncommon. 97 larvae are not at all Syntomidae FAMILY SYNTOMID/E " Whoever looks at the insect world, at flies, aphides, gnats, and innumerable parasites, and even at the infant mammals, must have remarked the extreme content they take in suction, which constitutes the main business of their life. If we go into a library or news-room, performed with we sweetness of the act." same function on a higher plane, impatience of interruption, indicating the see the like ardor, with equal Emerson. This family, which quite recently has been monographed by George F. Hampson, consists of moths which are small, or most of medium size. They are diurnal in their habits, and At first glance, they often are mistaken frequent flowers. The for wasps and other hymenoptera, which they mimic. following characterization of the family is quoted from the learned author, to whom reference has just been made: " Proboscis usually well developed, but sometimes aborted; palpi short and porrect, long and downcurved, or upturned; Sir at frons rounded; antennae simple, ciliated, or bipectinate, usually with short branches dilated at extremity in both sexes; tibiae with the spurs short. Fore wing usually with the terminal area broad; vein \a forming a fork with \b, \c absent; 5 from below middle of discocellulars; 7 stalked with 8, 9. Hind wing small; vein \a often \c absent; and not reaching costa; shaped." Vol. I, absent; 8 absent, rarely rudimentary frenulum present; retinaculum bar- Hampson, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalcence, p. 20. Eleven genera comprised within this family are recognized by recent writers as holding place in the fauna of the United States and Canada. Most of these are southern, and represent a northern movement of the great complex of genera and species referable to the torial family, which inhabits the hot lands of equa- America. Genus COSMOSOMA Hubner a large genus, including at least eighty species, which are found in Central and South America. Only one species is, at present, known to occur within our faunal limits. This (1) is Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, (The Scarlet-bodied Wasp-moth.) Syn. omphale Hubner; melitta Moschler. 98 Plate XIII, Fig. I, $. Syntomidze This beautiful the New little World, and is insect occurs throughout the tropics of not rare in southern Florida. The larval stages have been described by Dyar (see "Psyche," Vol. VII, The caterpillar feeds upon Mikania scandens. p. 414). SYNTOMEIDA Genus The type of Harris Six species genus have thus far been assigned to it, two of these occuring in the extreme southern portions of our territory. this is Syntomeida ipomece. (1) Syntomeida ipomeae Harris, (The Yellow-banded Wasp-moth.) Plate XIII, 3 Fig. $. Syn. ferox Walker; enterpe Herrich-Schaeffer. This species is confined to the southern States along the The caterpillar, which according borders of the Gulf of Mexico. to report feeds upon the Convolvulacece, remains to be fully described. (2) Syntomeida epilais Walker, Plate XIII, 2, Fig. $. (The Polka-dot Wasp-moth.) The larva has been described by Dyar (see Journal New York Entomological Society, Vol. IV, p. 72, and "Insect Life," The caterpillar feeds upon Nerium odorutn. Vol. II, p. 360). Genus PSEUDOMYA Hubner small neotropical genus, including, so far as is eight species, one of which occurs in the extreme southern part of Florida. This is a known, but (The Pseudomya minima Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 6, $ Wasp-moth. ) The caterpillar, which has been described by Dr. H. G. Dyar in "Psyche," Vol. VIII, p. 42, feeds upon Myginda (1) . Lesser ilicifolia. Genus It DIDASYS Grote Only one species has hitherto been referred to is found in Florida. (1) Didasys belae Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 7, this genus. 6, Fig. 8 ?. (The Double-tufted Wasp-moth.) As shown in our plate, the male has the end of abdomen ornamented by two while the female devoid tufts, 99 is the Syntomidae of these appendages. in Florida, The insect is found on the Indian River and southward. HORAMA Genus Ten species compose Hubner genus, of which only one within the limits of the United States. this (i) Horama texana Grote, Texan Wasp-moth.) No difficulty Plate XIII, should be experienced by the help of the figure Genus which is in Fig. is $ 9, found (The . moth identifying this given. EUCEREON Hubner Sixty-two species, all inhabiting the hot lands of North and South America, are assigned by Hampson to this genus. The only one thus far known to occur within the limits of the United States is figured on our plate. Eucereon confine (1) Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIII, Fig. 10, (The Floridan Eucereon.) Syn. Carolina Henry Edwards. This interesting little moth, which was described by Henry Edwards under the name Nelphe Carolina, had been figured by Herrich-Schaeffer under the specific name above cited thirty-two $ . years before. is It rare Genus This in but Florida, is common in the Mexico, and Central America. Antilles, LYMIRE Walker small genus comprehending only five species. Its only representant within our borders was originally assigned by Grote to the genus Scepsis, which it superficially resembles. (1) a is Lymire edwardsi Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. II, ?. (Edwards' Wasp-moth.) The larval stages, thanks to the labors of Dr. H. G. Dyar, are known. The caterpillar feeds upon Fiats pednnculata. The insect, when pupating, spins a small cocoon of hair and silk. For fuller knowledge upon the subject the reader "Insect Life," Vol. II, is referred to p. 361. Genus SCEPSIS Walker Three species of this genus, which does not range Mexican territory, are recognized. Two of these 100 far into we the figure; Syntomidae the third, Scepsis packardi Grote, larger in size, than the other two, =matthewi Grote, much paler in a trifle color, and is Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. (i) Scepsis fulvicollis Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. (The Yellow-collared Scape-moth.) inhabits ?. 12, Syn. semidiaphana Harris. This common insect, the larva of which feeds upon grasses, has a wide range from Canada to the Gulf States, and westward to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Chihuahua in The moths frequent late summer. Mexico. the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago) in the (2) Scepsis wrighti Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. \), $ . (The White-collared Scape-moth.) The habitat of this species is southern California. " sent me by Mr. Wright, labeled men figured was may be accepted The speci- Type," and as typical of the species. Genus LYCOMORPHA Harris A small genus of moths, diurnal in their habits, having a preference for the flowers of the Composite?, upon which they frequently be found in their habitats. Lycomorpha grotei Packard, Plate XIII, Fig. may (1) 14, ?. (Grote's Lycomorpha.) Syn. palmeri Packard. This pretty little insect occurs in Colorado and thence southSo far as recalled by the writer its larval stages to Texas. have not as yet received attention from any of our American ward students of the lepidoptera. (2) Lycomorpha pholus Drury, Plate XIII, Fig. 15, $. This common insect, but not the less beautiful because it is common, is widely distributed throughout the United States. The larva is said to feed Genus upon lichens. CTENUCHA Kirby This genus, which includes about twenty species, is quite well represented in our fauna. Figures of all the species occurring within our territory are given in the plates. (1) Ctenucha venosa Walker, Veined Ctenucha.) 101 Plate XIII, Fig. 20, $ . (The Syntomidae From Ctenucha cressonana, be distinguished by upon the fore its nearest ally, this species may smaller size, the reddish tint of the stripes and the edges of the shoulder lappets, and its wings the fact that the fringe opposite the end of the cell on both wings marked by fuscous, and not uniformly white throughout is C. cressonana. as in The species ranges from Colorado to Mexico. (2) Ctenucha cressonana Grote, Plate XIII, 21, Fig. $ . (Cresson's Ctenucha.) This species, which is one of the largest in the genus, may be recognized by the figure we give and the remarks made in connection with what has been said in regard to the easily preceding species. (3) Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 6, $ (The . Brown-winged Ctenucha.) Easily recognized by the pale brown color of the primaries, upon which the veins stand forth in a darker shade of brown. (4) Ctenucha multifaria Walker, (The Californian Ctenucha.) This species, which is closely Plate XIII, allied to the next, Fig. may 19, $. be dis- criminated by the fact that the fore wings are lighter in color, the collar is black, not orange spotted with black, as in C. rubroscapus, and the costal margin of the primaries is nar- rowly edged with white. (5) 22, $ Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, Plate XIII, Fig. (Walsingham's Ctenucha.) Syn. walsinghami Henry Edwards. This species, which may be distinguished by the aid of what has been said under the preceding species, as well as by our figure, may have the edges of the shoulder lappets either red, as It is found in the Pacific States. in our figure, or orange yellow. . (6) Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, Plate XIII, Fig. 18, ? . (The Virginian Ctenucha.) Syn. latreillana Kirby. This moth, which is not at all uncommon in the northern portions of the Appalachian faunal region, may be found in the latitude of New York City and Pittsburgh frequenting the blossoms of blackberries at the end of May and in June. The larva feeds, as do the larvae of the other species, upon grasses. 102 Lithosiidee DAHANA Genus Only one Grote species, the type of the genus, is known. atripennis Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 2}, $ Dahana (i) . (The Black-winged Dahana.) The habitat of this species does not appear to be common is southern Florida. The insect in collections. FAMILY LITHOSIID/E "You would be another in Ulysses's absence did but Penelope: yet, they say, all the yarn she spun fill Ithaca full of moths." Shakespeare, Coriolanus, I, 3. The moths belonging to this family have the larvae of the usual form displayed by the Arctiidae, with all of the prolegs present. They feed principally upon lichens. They pupate in cocoons spun up of mingled. silk, in which the hairs of the larva are The perfect insects, or imagoes, are of medium size or small. a family, they present many variations in structure, both as to the venation of the wings and secondary sexual characteris- As The following general characterization of the group is taken from Hampson, "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," tics. Vol. II, " p. 80: Proboscis usually well developed, but often aborted; palpi usually short and porrect, sometimes reaching well beyond the often upturned, rarely reaching above the vertex of the head; antennae of male usually with bristles and cilia, often bipec- frons, sometimes on upper side of with the spurs usually moderate, sometimes long or absent. Fore wing typically long and narrow, but in a large section, short and broad, the narrow winged genera Hind wing with having vein 5, and often vein 4, absent. vein 8 coincident with the cell from base to one-third or to near end of cell." About a dozen genera have thus far been recognized as tinate, dilated or with tuft of scales shaft; ocelli absent; tibiae represented in the fauna of the treats. 103 region of which this book Lithosiidae Genus CRAMBIDIA Packard This small genus, consisting of moths displaying delicate shades of slaty-gray, pale yellow, or pearly white upon their wings, is represented in our fauna by six species, three of we which being figure, The genus falls tions, in the first Fig. 47. one of them undescribed. hitherto into two sec- being included those species in which there is no areole in the fore wing, and Crambidia pallida, $ in the second those which have the areole developed. The first section is represented by Crambidia pallida, and contains, in addition, the species named lithosioides and uniformis by Dyar ; represented by Crambidia casta, and contains, in addition, the species named cephalica by Grote & Robinson, and the species herein described and named allegheniensis. The structure of the insects is sufficiently well set forth the second section is we give, which have been kindly furnished by Hampson, with the permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. (The Pale Lichen-moth.) (1) Crambidia pallida Packard. The moth is uniformly brownish-grey, with the hind wings a trifle paler than the fore wings. The wings on the under The species occurs side are Tighter than on the upper side. two in the Sir George cuts F. northern Atlantic States. in the (2) Crambidia casta Sanborn, Plate XIII, Fig. 30, 5. (The Pearly-winged Lichen-moth.) On the under side the fore wings and the costal area of the hind wings are fuscous, and in some specimens the upper side of the wings is also slightly touched with pale fuscous. The insect appears to be not uncommon and north toward the (3) in Fig. 48. Crambidia Colorado and ranges casta, thence $ . {. south Pacific coast. Crambidia allegheniensis, (The Alleghenian Lichen-moth.) 104 sp. nov., Plate XIII, Fig. 31,3. Lithosiidae ' The head and anterior portions of the thorax are pale yellow. The patagia are of the same color. The thorax and the abdomen on the upper side are pale slaty-gray. The legs and the tip of the abdomen on the under side are ochreous, the middle of the abdomen on the under side being dark slaty-gray. The fore wing on the upper side is slaty-gray, with the costa evenly edged with pale yellow. under side the The hind wings are translucent white. On the wings are marked as on the upper side, but paler. The slightly smaller than casta. insect is It occurs in western Pennsylvania. The type, which is in the collection of the author, was taken by him in East Pittsburgh. PALPIDIA Dyar Genus The genus known. (i) This represented by only one species, so far as is Palpidia is (Dyar's Dyar. are whitish. is It p a ipidia FlG as yet a rare pallidior, ? and has only been recorded from Cocoanut Grove, in Dade County, insect in ) a has the fore wings pale ochreous, with the interspaces between the veins strongly The hind irrorated with dark scales. wings Palpidia. now drawing of the type given in the annexed cut, insect, of which pallidior is . {-. collections, Florida. Genus LEXIS Wallengren The genus Lexis is of moderate size, all of the species with the single exception of the one figured The on our plate, being inhabitants of the Old World. metropolis of the genus appears to be southern Asia and the adjacent islands. One species is recorded from Australia, and the species, which is the type of the genus, is found in referred to it, East Africa. (i) Lexis bicolor Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 29, $. (The Yellow-edged Lexis). Syn. argillacea Packard. The moth anal tuft is yellow. pale slaty-grey, The fore with the wings 105 head, patagia, and on the costa are bordered Lithosiidse with pale yellow, the band of running out to nothing figured on is also said to occur in It the plate came Canada and the northern portions of the United States. before quite reaches it this color The specimen the apex. from Colorado. HYPOPREPIA Genus Hubner A small genus of North American moths, all the species of which occur within the territory covered by this book. The and the student insects closely resemble each other, them cannot learned to recognize one of fail who has to refer the others It is not, however, so correctly to their genus. easy to discrimiThe following little key, which is taken from nate the species. Hampson's Catalogue, Vol. II, page 515, may help the student making correct specific references in 1. 2. 3. 4. : Ground-color Ground-color Ground-color Ground-color miniata wing wholly scarlet the fore wing yellow and crimson jucosa the fore and hind wings yellow cadaverosa the fore wing fuscous brown, of the hind of the fore of of of wing whitish inculta Hypoprepia miniata (1) Plate Kirby, (The Scarlet-winged Lichen-moth.) Syn. viltata Harris; subomata Neumcegen This rather Carolinas and Minnesota. common & XIII, Fig. 41, ?. Dyar. ranges from Canada to the the region of the Great Lakes to insect westward in comes freely, as do all the species of the genus, to very abundant at times about the lamps in the village of Saratoga, New York. I have taken it at Asheville, North Carolina, and at the White Sulphur Springs in and light, It I have found it West Virginia, but have altitudes on the Virginian (2) never received specimens from low and Carolinian coasts. fucosa Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 42, $ (The Painted Lichen-moth.) Hypoprepia . Syn. tricolor Fitch; plumbea Henry Edwards. . Fig. 50. spot, This species, which may be from the W^ " r easily distinguished + Hypoprepia fucosa, 5 (After Hampson.) 1 t- preceding by the f. tip ,- of , the 1 fact that the , abdomen is not marked by a dark fuscous and by the narrower marginal band of the secondaries, 106 Lithosiidae by the difference in the color of the wings, is a comspecies in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into as well as mon the basin of the Mississippi. H^EMATOMIS Hampson Genus This genus includes, so far as is now known, but two both of which are Mexican, but one of which ranges little species, into southern Arizona. Hampson The species are separated as follows by : Fore wing with yellowish streaks, on costa, through on inner margin Fore wing with pale streak on the costa only 1. 2. ( 1 Haematomis mexicana ) Mexican (The cell, and mexicana uniformis Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . Lichen- moth.) With the help of the illuswe have given the trations student should have no great difficulty little in identifying this Hamatomis mexicana, $ Fig. 51. (After moth. Genus COMACLA Hampson.) Walker This genus is represented in our fauna by two species. One other occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and another in The tropical Africa. alike in appearance, or rubbed specimens. two American and it species are very to distinguish key will be of difficult is The following much worn some assistance: 1. Wings pale mouse gray, translucent; collar and abdomen simplex Walker Wings and body uniformly pale mouse gray, wings trans- ochreous; apex of fore wings rounded 2. lucent only about the middle, sprinkled with blackish scales and marked by an obscure discal dot, apex of Fig. 52. Comacla simplex, $ Hampson.) wings less rounded and more nearly square than in fore . {. (After (1) Comacla simplex Walker, Mouse-colored Lichen-moth.) Syn. murina Walker; clarus Grote 107 & preceding species.fuscipes Grote Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ (The . Robinson; texana French. Lithosiicke The is species common Texas. in C. fuscipes occurs in Arizona. BRUCEIA Genus One species which acters of is reckoned in this shown are well Neumcegen genus, the structural we in the cut Bruceia pulverina (i) Neumcegen, $ Plate XIII, Fig. (The Lichen-moth.) 33, char- give. . Powdered Syn. hubbardi Dyar. insect named hub- The bardi by Dyar seems to be only a smaller form of B. Bruceia pulverina, Fig. 53. (After Hampson.) pulverina. CLEMENSIA Genus To this genus Sir George Packard Hampson F. refers a All of these are inhabitants of the hot lands of dozen species. America, except Cisthene lactea Stretch is by Hampson the species we figure. Dr. Dyar places it in the genus referred to the genus Hike. The species is unknown to the writer, and does Clemensia. not exist in any collection which he has examined, so that we not attempt to discuss the vexed question of its proper shall location. (1) Clemensia albata Pack- ard, Plate XIII, Fig. 38, $ Little (The . White Lichen-moth.) Syn. albida Walker cana Walker umbrata Packard irrorata Henry ; ; ; Edwards ; patella Druce ; philodina Fig. 54. Clemensia albata, $ (After Hampson.) Druce. The England from New Mexico and westward to the insect ranges to . }. Pacific coast. Genus ILLICE Walker This species, It is a moderately large the most of which has been subdivided Hampson. In genus erected into genus comprising nearly thirty found in tropical America. are three sections, the second section, by Dyar, are or subgenera, by equivalent to Oqonadia, a placed those species, in which 108 Explanation of Plate XIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J Holland.) . i. Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, 22 cf 4. Syntomeida epilais Walker, cf Syntomeida ipomece Harris, 9Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, 5. Triprocris laterTula 2. 3. cf- wards, d\ U. 6. 8. 9. 10. S. cf, N. M. . Eucereon confine Schaeffer, $ , U. 13. S. N. M. Scepsis fulvicollis Hiibner, $. cf Scepsis wrighti Stretch, , 17. Lycomorpha fulgens Henry Ed- 8. wards, 9 Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, 9Ctenucha multif aria Walker, 9 U. S. N. M. Ctenucha venosa Walker, cf Ctenucha cressonana Grote, c? 19. 20. 31. . 45. Dahana atripennis, Grote, cT Nola ovilla, Grote cf Celama triquetrana Fitch, ci" Celama pustulata Walker, . . 1 . . . 29 . 30 . 31 . U. S. N. M. Raselia fuscula Grote, 9 Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Lexis bicolor Grote, c? $ c? , . . Crambidia casta Sanborn, Crambidia allegheniensis c? Hol- land, cT. . 36 Walker, cf Bruceia pulverina Neumcegen, Ni'getia jormosalis . . lllice 39 40 . . . . 41 . 42 . 43 44 . . 1 cJ Walker, cJ unifascia Grote & Robin- lllice subjecta son 37 . Comacla simplex Walker, 34 38 cf - 1 27 35 16. wards, . 36 33 Lycomorpha grotei Packard, 9Lycomorpha pholus Drury, cf. Triprocris constans Henry Ed- 14. 25 32 type. 15. . Herrich- n. Lymire edwardsi Grote, 912. . 24 28 Didasysbelce Grote, cT.U.S.N.M. Didasys bclcs Grote, 9 Horama texana Grote, cf Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, 9 U. S. N. M. , 23 N. M. Pseudomya minima Grote, U. 7. S. Henry Ed- . , rf" 1 . nexa Boisduval, cf Clemensia albata Packard cJ U. S. N. M. Hcematomis mexicana Druce, c? lllice , Pygoctenucha junerea Grote, 9 Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 9 , . Hypoprepia fucosa Hiibner, cf Kodtosoma eavesi Stretch, cf Kodiosoma tricolor Stretch, cf. Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, cf The Moth Book Plate XIII. \ COPYFVGHTEC BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903 MER'CAN C0L0HT> r C CO.. N. Y. & CHI. Lithosiidae the nind wing is come two of the Here produced at the anal angle. species found in our fauna, /. schwar^iorum slightly and /. unifascia. species in which In the third the section, typical anal angle is not Mice, fall The student may find the following placed five species. helpful in determining his specimens: A. the Here are produced. key Hind wing slightly produced at the anal angle. Lappets and markings of fore wing yellow, hind wings crimson, fuscous at apex, Fore wing with the band across the wing crimson on the inner margin schwarziorum Dyar 2. Fore wing with the band across the wing not crimson on the inner margin unifascia Grote B. Hind wing not produced at the anal angle. i . Abdomen crimson; fore wing slaty-gray in ground color. Fore wing with crimson patch on the costa subjecta Walker 2. Fore wing without crimson patch on costa, and with a pink .striata Ottolengui streak on the inner margin at the base. 3. Fore wing with whitish patch about the middle of the inner plumbea Stretch margin Abdomen orange or yellowish. nexa Boisduval 1. Hind wing pale yellow, with apex blackish 2. Hind wing smoky-gray faustinula Boisduval i. . & 36, (1) Illice unifascia Robinson, Plate $ Grote XIII, Banded (The . . Fig. Lichen- moth.) i\\ \\\N/ Syn. ienuifascia Harvey. The insect the Ohio Texas, Valley from ranges southward and from Virginia FlG $s . (After to to _ IlUce The Florida. Ol unifascia> $ . Hampson.) transverse band often the interrupted in middle of the wing, and there is is variation in the color of the" hind wings, which, while usually red or crimson, may Fig. 56. Illice subjecta, $ (After Hampson.) (2) Illice . also f be orange, or even $ (The yellow. subjecta Walker, Subject Lichen-moth.) Syn. packardi Grote. I09 Plate XIII, Fig. 35, . Lithosiidae The the of that of (3) distribution of this preceding. /. Its species range is is much slightly the same as that more northern than unifascia. Mice nexa Boisduval, Plate XIII, Fig. (The . 37, Yellow-blotched Lichen-moth.) Syn. grisea Packard; deserta Felder. This species is found upon the uncommon in southern California. PTYCHOGLENE Genus A small genus Pacific coast, confined to the and is not Felder southwestern portions of The four species occurring within our fauna our territory. as follows: be characterized may briefly 1 . Head, thorax, base of abdomen, basal two-thirds of primaries and basal half of secondaries bright carmine black marginal borders of both wings strongly dentate ; 2. 3. 4. coccinea Henry Edwards inwardly Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wings crimson, narrowly edged with black on inner margin, and with a black marginal band covering the wing for about onefifth of its length, dentate inwardly opposite end of Hind wing blackish-brown, more or less broadly cell. laved with crimson on costal margin phrada Druce Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wing crimson, with the costal margin narrowly edged with black; terminal black band of the same width as in the preceding Hind wing pale species, but not dentate inwardly. yellowish crimson, with the outer marginal band sangnineola Boisduval strongly toothed inwardly on vein 2 Head, thorax, and abdomen, deep black; patagia crimson; fore wings deep crimson, very narrowly edged on external margin with black, extending on costal margin a short distance from the apex toward the base. Hind wings deep blue-black, very narrowly edged on the costa with crimson, the crimson fascia not quite reachtenuimargo sp. nov. ing the apex (1) Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 28, $. (Druce's Lichen-moth.) Syn. flammans Dyar. 7, (2) Ptychoglene tenuimargo sp. nov., $. (The Narrow-banded Lichen-moth.) no Plate XIII., Fig. Lithosiidae The type years from Arizona and in Chihuahua which have received in recent great abundance from the State of of this species, Mexico, in Genus is I figured upon our PYGOCTENUCHA plate. Grote A small genus containing three species, two found within the limits of the United States. of which are They may be discriminated as follows: i. Uniformly black, collar-lappets and tip of abdomen ochre- 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black shot with brilliant blue; fore coxae, tegulse, patagia, and anal tuft scarlet, the latter white in the female fore wings black shot with green; hind wings black shot with blue. Fully onethird larger than preceding species tcrminalis Walker yellow; size small funerea Grote ; (i) Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, Plate XIII., Fig. 40, $. (The Funereal Lichen-moth.) The specimen figured on our plate was kindly loaned for the purpose by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The insect occurs in New Mexico. (2) Pygoctenucha terminalis Walker. (The Blue-green Lichen-moth.) Syn. harrisi Boisduval; pyrrhoura Hulst; votiva Henry Edwards. This must be Protosia, insect, referred placed which by Hampson here, falls Pygoctenucha as a Genus his genus Protosia, having priority over to synonym. LERINA Walker Only one species belongs to this genus. It was originally named by Walker, and made the type of the genus. Subsequently it was redescribed by Boisduval as Ctenucha robinsoni, under which name it has passed current in American collections until recently. (1) Lerina incarnata Walker. Crimson( The bodied Lichen-moth. ) Fig. Syn. robinsoni Boisduval. the The head, abdomen . { and patagia, with the terminal half of The rest of the body and deep crimson. tegulae, are 57.- Lerina incarnata, $ (After Hampson.) in "Splitters" and "Lumpers" appendages are black. The wings are bronzy-green. insect inhabits Mexico and southern Arizona. its The "SPLITTERS" AND "LUMPERS" Every true naturalist discrimination and the trains him is called nesses on the other. to exercise the faculty of His work generalization. on the one hand and like- upon faculty of to detect dissimilarities His judgments as to likeness are expressed which he proposes. His in the genera, the famiies, the orders, judgment as to dissimilarities is most frequently expressed in his views as to species. When the two faculties of discrimination and generalization are well balanced and accompanied by the habit of patient observation, ideal conditions are reached, and work the of the naturalist in classification stand the test of time. these faculties is exalted at the may be expected to one of expense of the other, there But where, as is often the case, certain to result perversions, which will inevitably cause When a man cultivates the habit of trouble to other students. are discrimination to excess, he is apt to become, so far as his labors A "splitter" systematist are concerned, "a splitter." magnifies the importance of trivial details; he regards minute differences with interest; he searches with more than micro- as a scopic zeal after the little things and leaves out of sight the lines of general resemblance. Huber, the celebrated naturalist, said by patient observation he had come to be able to recognize the different ants in a hill, and, as one by one they emerged from that knew them, as a man living upon a certain thoroughfare in a great city comes at last to know by sight the men and women who are in the habit of daily passing their subterranean galleries, he his windows. No doubt the critical eye can detect as great world as are to be individual differences in the lower animal detected among men. A student comes to apply himself with great zeal to searching out and describing these differences, and when he undertakes to say that because of them one form should be separated specifically from another he becomes chief weapon recall an entomologist whose splitter." I "a of He would take a minute insect and study it until he was able to number the hairs upon its head. Then he would describe it, giving it a specific name. The next research was a big microscope. " " Splitters and " Lumpers specimen he would subject to the same critical process, and if the number of hairs was not just the same, or a small wart was detected here or a bristle did not there, grow was described and too, or a in the bristle grew in a place where specimen previously examined, a specific name was given it. It was it as a man, sitting and looking out on the throng upon Broadv/ay, should resolve to give every individual a specific name and should declare he had seen as many species of men as he had if men The labors of such naturalists passing his window. be highly entertaining to themselves, but they are, to say the least, provocative of unpleasant feelings in the minds of others who come after them and are compelled to deal with and seen may review their labors. a man who detects no me!" he says. Any two moths which are of approximately the same size and the same color, are, by him, declared to belong to the same species. reGeneral Questions of structure do not trouble him. semblances are the only things with which he deals. No matter if eggs, larvse, legs, veins, and antenna? are different it " His genera are is "all one thing" to him. magazines," into which he stuffs species promiscuously. The "lumper" is the horror of the "splitter," the "splitter" is anathema to the " lumper"; both are the source of genuine grief and much hard- The "lumper," on the other hand, differences. is "All cocoons look alike to ship to conscientious men, who are the possessors of normally constituted minds and truly scientific habits. Nevertheless, we have both "splitters" and "lumpers" in the "This kind goeth until time is no more. not forth" even for "fasting and prayer." are certain to camps of science " at this beautiful world, and read the truth In her fair page; see every season brings New change to her of everlasting youth Look Stil'. the green soil, with joyous living things the wide air is full of joyous wings." Swarms Bryant. 113 FAMILY ARCTIID/E diamonded with panes of quaint device, Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes, As are the Tiger Moth's deep damask wings." Keats. "All "There another sort of these caterpillers, who haue no certaine place cannot tell where te find theyr foode, but, like vnto is of abode, nor yet doo wander and stray hither and thither (and like consume and eat vp that which is none of their owne and these haue purchased a very apt name amongst vs Englishmen, to be called Palmer-worms, by reason of their wandering and rogish life (for they superstitious Pilgrims, Mise), ; neuerstay in one place, but are euer wandering), although by reason of their roughnes and ruggednes some call them Beare-wormes. They can by no means endure to be dyeted, and to feede vpon some certaine herbes and flowers, but boldly and disorderly creepe ouer all, and tast of all plants and trees indifferently, and hue as they list." Topsell, History of Serpents, -p. This 105 (1608). is a large family including according to ing, The family and at least recent lists, many genera and two thousand over reckonspecies. represented in our fauna by thirty-eight genera, one hundred and twenty species. The following characterization of the family is adapted from Hampson, with special reference to the genera occurring within our territory: is more or less aborted in the typical genera Arctia, and allies, fully developed in most neotropical genera, and in Utetheisa and its allies; palpi slight and porrect, or well developed and upturned; ocelli present; eyes rarely Proboscis Diacrisia, hairy; antennae pectinate or ciliate; tibial spurs typically small, but often well developed, the hind tibiae with the medial spurs absent in a few genera and the fore tibiae in others with curved claw, the mid and hind tibiae rarely spined. Wings Fore wing with vein \a separate from usually well developed. lb; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of apical from near upper angle; areole present Hind wing with vein \a present; \c absent: discocellulars; 6 from or in many genera. 114 Arctiidae 4 often absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of discocellulars; 6, 7 sometimes coincident; 8 coincident with the cell from or almost from base to near middle, in some genera beyond the genus Halisidota vein 8 is obsolete. The larvae have all the prolegs and are generally profusely clothed with hairs. They pupate iri cocoons woven of silk mixed with the hairs which are shed during the process of The caterpillars of some species have received the spinning. common appellation of "woolly bears," and the moths are or extremity of the extremity of the cell. known familiarly Genus cell and even In the as "tiger-moths." HOLOMELINA Herrich-Schaeffer The names Eubaphe and Crocota, proposed by Hubner, and applied recently by some writers to this group of insects, being what are known to students as nomina nuda, cannot stand. may be It said passing that this genus in from a classi- very unsatisfactory condition, so far as some of the species are concerned. The "Splitters" and the "Lumpers" have been hard at work upon it, and inasmuch as ficational standpoint the show insects vary greatly fusion. is in a very in color Within the present compendium these questions, but little and purely structural variation, and there has resulted great con- size, limits of the space assigned to us in the we have not the opportunity to discuss suggest to our readers that there is here an opportunity to use both eyes and mind to advantage in The test of breeding should solving some of the vexed points. be rigorously applied, and the larval stages of the insects should be (1) critically observed. Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. (The Showy Holomelina.) This conspicuous and very beautifully colored insect ranges from Colorado through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. (2) Holomelina opella Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2), 8 (The 17, $ . . Tawny Holomelina.) Syn. obscura Strccker; rubricosta Ehrman. This species is rather common Atlantic States as far south as Georgia. 5. 1 5 in Pennsylvania and the Arctiidae belmaria Form Ehrman, Plate (Ehrman's Holomelina.) This insect, a paratype of which XIV, is $ 24, Fig. . figured as above cited, regarded by Dr. Dyar as a varietal form of H. opella. The author is inclined to question the correctness of this determination, because all specimens of the moth so far seen, and a is considerable series has come under appear to be observation, structurally different from H. opella, in so far forth that the are narrower, longer and more produced at the fore wings The mere fact that they are always black in itself could hardly constitute a valid ground for specific discrimination. apex. (3) $. Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, (The Plain-winged Holomelina.) The range of this species is the Plate same XIV, as Fig. 20, of that the preceding. {4) Holomelina diminutiva Graef, Plate XIV, Fig. 22, ? (The Least Holomelina.) Very common in Florida, and apparently quite constant in of auraniiaca, It is sunk as a synonym size and markings. form rubicundaria, by Dyar, but the writer is not willing to . admit that (5) 19, 21, this is correct. Holomelina brevicornis Walker, $. Plate XiV, Figs. (The Black-banded Holomelina.) Syn. belfragei Stretch. This species has also been sunk as a synonym writers, but with doubtful propriety. in the Gulf States and particularly in Louisiana by recent (6) Holomelina quinaria Grote, (The Five-Spotted Holomelina.) Plate of attrantiaca It is common and Texas. XIV, Fig. 18, 5 Syn. choriona Reakirt; bimaculata Saunders. Characterized by the creamy white spots upon the fore wings. The depth of color of the primaries varies much, from dark brown to pale ferruginous, the specimen figured being representative of the latter form. The spots also vary in size. " And there's never a blade nor a leaf To be some happy creature's place." too mean Lowell. !l6 much Explanation of Plate XIV (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Eupseudosoma involution Sepp, d\U. 2. 3. 4. S. N. M. Bertholdia trigona Grote, J Pareuchcetes insu I at a Walker, 9 Pareuchcetes eglenensis, Clemens, 5. Holomelina quinaria Grote, c?. Holomelina brevicornis Walker 20. 9Holomelina immaculata Reakirt 21. Holomelina brevicornis Walker 22. Holomelina diminutiva Grsef (J Holomelina opella Grote, c? Holomelina belmaria Ehrman 1 . . 9. 6. 19. 18. Opharus astur Cramer, cT Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, d 9 . 9- 23- labecula, Grote, c? 7. Hemihyalea 8. Halisidoia argentata 1 24. Packard, . , var. 1 , . 9 , paratype. Leptarctia California? Walker, 9 26. LeptarcUa dimidiata Stretch, cT 27. Leptarctia decia Boisduval, cJ 259. Halisidota argentata Packard, 9- . Halisidota caryce Harris, cf 11. Halisidota maculata Harris, c? 1 2 Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & 10. . . . Smith, J*. Halisidota cinctipes Grote, c? 14. ALmilia roseata Walker, 9 15. ALmilia ambigua Strecker, $ 16. Halisidota longa Grote, c? . 13. . 17. Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, J 1 . 34. Leptarctia lena Boisduval, cf 29. Neoarctia beani Neumcegen, 9 28. U. S. N. M. brucei 30. Neoarctia wards, c? . Henry Ed- juliginosa Lin- . 3 1 Phragmatobia 9 Diacrisia rubra Neumcegen U. S. N. M. naeus, 32 , 9 33 Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, cf Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, 9 The Moth Book. CCYRIGHTE- BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1903. Plate XIV. ER'CAN C0L0RTYPE CO., N. Y. 4 CM Arctiidaa Genus DODIA Only one species has thus was named Dodia The description both far Dyar been assigned to albertae by Dr. of the genus It Dvar this genus. the vear 1901. in and the species will be found in the Journal of the New York EntomologiThe ancal Society, Vol. IX, p. 85. nexed cut (Fig. from taken is 58) the type of the species in the United XT .. T-, The inStates National Museum. . w , Fig. 58. . Dodia sect has thus far only been found in the Territory of UTETHEISA Genus A genus World and of small extent, the New by nine alberta. Alberta. Hubner both represented two species, within our territory. (1) Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, Plate XV, of Fig. in the Old which occur 27, ?. (The Beautiful Utetheisa.) Syn. hybrida Butler intermedia Butler; terminalis Neumcegen & Dyar. This common moth, which frequents the blossoms of the ; golden-rod {Solidago) in the late summer and fall, is widely distributed in the States of the Atlantic seaboard, and shows some tendency to local variation. Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, (The Ornamented Utetheisa.) (2) Syn. stretchi Butler; This species may Plate XVII, 8, Fig. $ . pura Butler. easily be distinguished from the preceding by the washed-out appearance of the primaries. In the form named pura by Butler the fore wings are white, immaculate, The species is common in the except for the red costal streak. Antilles, and occurs in southern Florida. Genus HAPLOA Hubner The genus Haploa, which is confined to our territory, has furnished a great deal of amusement to classificationists, who have busied themselves with the spots and markings on the wings of the series of species, which are very variable. specimens of any one of the species 117 it In a long will be found Arctiidae that scarcely two are exactly alike in the amount of black or white displayed upon the fore wings. The reader will do well in this connection to consult the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 338-353, where Prof. John B. Smith has written upon the subject, the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 181 et seq., where Mr. H. H. Lyman has presented his views, and the Plate given by Mr. F. A. Merrick in the Entomological News for 1903, in which the extreme H. of variability lecontei in a given is locality illustrated. (1) Haploa clymene Brown, Plate XVII, Fig. (The 7,0. Clymene Moth.) Syn interniptomarginata De Beauvois; comma Walker. This is one of the most constant species of the genus, and may easily be recognized by the figure we have given upon the plate. from southern New England to Georgia, It ranges westward and to the Mississippi. The larva feeds upon Eupatorium it is said, and the writer believes that the statement, which has been called in question, is correct, for, although he has never reared the larvae to maturity himself, he has observed moth ovipositing upon this plant in southern Indiana. the female It is also said to feed (2) upon willows. Haploa colona Hubner, Plate XVII, Fig. 2, $ (The Colona Moth.) Syn. Carolina Harris. Form consita Walker, Plate XVII, Fig. $ 5, . Syn. lactata Smith. This species, which is the largest of the gehus, is very variable in the amount of the black shown upon the fore wings. We two extremes. The Other forms aro recognized. metropolis in the southwestern States, though it occurs also very sparingly in the northern Atlantic States, and give insect has its more commonly in the southern Atlantic States. It is common in Texas. Haploa lecontei Boisduval (Leconte's Haploa;. Form dyari Merrick, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, $ Form militaris Harris, Plate XVII, Figs. 4, (3) . Fig. 1, ?. Form vestalis Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 118 3, 6 . 10, $ ; Arctiidae protean species, of which a half dozen, or more, forms have been recognized, named, and described. give in our cut (Fig. 59), a figure of the wings of This a is We which agrees in its markings with the specimen figured by Boisduval, the author of the species, in his Plate given in the Regne Animal. Such specimens come in the form of their maculation very near the next species, which has been a specimen, by Lyman under the name confusa. Haploa lecontei ranges from New England to Georgia and westward Fig. 59. differentiated It is a very common Haploa lecontei, to the $ . Mississippi. The cater- insect in western Pennsylvania. upon Triosteum perfoliatum, and in localities where abundant the moths may be found in swarms at the end of May and the beginning of June. (4) Haploa confusa Lyman, Plate XVII, Fig. 6, S (Lyman's pillar feeds this plant is . Haploa.) This form, or species, appears to be constant, and The specimen States. Claremont, (5) is is It well represented in our plate. indigenous to the New England came from figured Hampshire. Haploa contigua Walker. The cut the neighborhood of New we (The Neighbor.) the maculation of the 60), shows wings of this species enable to give (Fig. it congeners. It well sufficiently be separated at once from to its occurs in the Atlantic region New England northward and westward. in the Catskills and the AdironIt is found dacks, and probably occurs in the mountains do not of northern Pennsylvania, although recall any reference to its having been taker, seen it on the in that State, nor have have passed several Alleghenies, where from I Fig. 60. Haploa contigua, $ I summits of the summers. Genus I EUERYTHRA Harvey There are two species of this genus known, Euerythra phasma Harvey, which is represented in the accompanying cut 119 Arctiidae and Euerythra trimaculata, which is figured on The insects occur in Texas and Arizona. Fig. 4. They are not common in collections as yet, and so far as the (Fig. 61), Plate XVI, Fig. 61. $ Euerythra phasma, (After Hampson.) The writer recalls, their larval habits have not been described. who desires to study the structure of the genus should student consult Smith's or Prof. Hampson's Catalogue, Paper lished in the Proceedings of the United States National pub- Museum, Vol. X, p. 335 et seq. ECPANTHERIA Genus This is a large Only two Ecpantheria America. fauna, Hubner well represented in the tropics of species occur within the limits of our muzina Oberthur, which is found in genus, Texas as a straggler from the Mexican theria deflorata Fabricius, which by its is and Ecpan- territory, more commonly known synonymical name, scribonia, The larva of it by Stoll. given to handsome this moth beautiful object. It the the itself is a is deep black, clothed with black hairs, and at junction of somites, of the perfect insect E. deflorata; a larva; b magnified hair of larva. (After Riley.) Fig. 62. ranges from southern New the southern parts of the quite much upon common Plate XVI. Fig. 16, or banded The male is figured on and in the segments of the body, with rings of crimson. it is accompanying cut we give a figure of the larva. The Eyed Tiger-moth England, where it is rare, through United States into the Carolinas, and in pleasure from rearing the larvae, the plantain (Plantago). in I20 Mexico. my boyhood which I It is derived fed very freely Arctiidae Genus TURUPTIANA There are eight species Walker genus, but only one of them occurs within the limits of the United States. (i) 15, $. in this Turuptiana permaculata Packard, (The Many-spotted Tiger-moth.) Plate XVI, Fig. Syn. reducta Grote; casca Strecker. Fig. 63. Turuptiana permaculata, $ This neat moth is found in . . (After Hampson.) Colorado and thence southward as far as Arizona and Mexico. Genus LEPTARCTIA Stretch There is only one species in this genus, but the single species by assuming protean colors has caused a great multihave figured a few of the varietal plication of names. forms. We (1) Leptarctia californiae Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 25, $ . Form lena Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 28, $ Form decia Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 27, $ Form dimidiata Stretch, Plate XIV, Fig. 26, $ The moth is found in southern California, where it is quite common. The student will have little trouble in recognizing the commoner varieties by the help of the figures we have given, but these are only a few of the forms which occur. . . . " And with childlike credulous affection behold those tender wings expand, Emblems of our own great resurrection, We Emblems of the bright 121 and better land." Longfellow. Arctiidae Genus SEIRARCTIA (i) Seirarctia echo Abbot XVI, Plate Fig. 23, $ Syn. niobe Strecker. . & Packard Smith, Plate I, Fig 10, larva; (The Echo Moth.) This beautiful moth, the caterpillar of which feeds upon the ' Fig. 64. sabal 8 (After Florida, Georgia, Seirarctia echo, occurs palmetto, in Hampson.) Alabama, and Mississippi. Genus (1) Alexicles This moth is to Hyphantria. but I it by leave referred It Grote. Grote. Grote (The Alexicles Moth.) by Hampson may in the it ALEXICLES aspersa belong there, genus erected for The abdomen is with black dorsal The wings are dark brown, vermilion-colored, spots. Fig. 65. the primaries somewhat lighter than the secondaries and showing obscure Alexicles $ aspersa, . darker spots, arranged in transverse bands. Genus ESTIGMENE Hubner There are reputed to be four species of this genus found within the United States. Albida Stretch is possibly only an extreme white variation of E. acrcea. E. prima Slosson is in the It is found represented in Fig. 66. New England States, northern New York, Estigmene and Canada. The three species just named prima, 6 a jj a g ree j n having the abdomen yellowish or orange above, and ornamented dorsally by a series of black Fig. 66. . 122 \ XV Explanation of Plate are contained (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Apantesis rectilinea French, $ U. S. N. M. Arctia caia, var. wiskotti Stavidinger, 9 , Apantesis determinate! Neumoegen, & Apantesis proximo Guerin-Meneville, 9 Arctia caia Linmeus, 9. 14. Apantesis Apantesis Apantesis Apantesis Apantesis A pa ntesis Apantesis Apantesis Apantesis 15. A pa ntesis 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 16. 17. 18. phalerata Harris, 9 nevadensis Grote & Robinson, . d perse phone Grote, virguncula Kirby, J perse phone Grote, $ virgo Linnaeus, c? figurata Drury, 9 U. 1 . . . . parthenice Kirby, c? phyllira Drury, cf arge Drury, rjV S. N. M. . . Apantesis virguncula Kirby, c? A pantesis michabo Grote 9- , var. , 24. 25. .4 20. 21. 22. 23. 26. 27. . . PlatyprepiavirginalisBoisduva\, cf Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, 9Apantesis achaia Grote & Robinson, .4 pantesis radians Walker, 9Apantesis vittata Fabricius, 9A pa ntesis radian s Walker, c?. Apantesis achaia Grote & Robinson, 19. $ 1 c? . c?. pa ntesis vittat a Fabricius, cT y phantria cunea Drury, var. pallida Packard, Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, 9 H 1 cJ . in Plate XV. The Moth Book. CT> 4/ COYRIGHTEC EV W. J. HOLLAND, 1909. * ciTy g M, Y. 1 CM Arctiidae abdomen white on the upper side. spots. The genus is represented in Asia, Africa, and Tasmania, as well as in the temperate regions of North America. congrua has the E. Estigmene (i) acraea XVI, Plate, Drury, (The Acraea Moth.) Fig. 12, $. Syn. caprotina Drury; menthastrina Martyn; A Behr. $, shaded with has been dubbed dubia by Walker, and rickseckeri by In Mexico there is a local race in which the males have the hind has n, pseuderminea Peck; calijomica Packard; packardi Schaupp; klagesi Ehrman. western variety with the fore wings slightly brown Fig. wings white applied the Fig. 67. and to like the females, name mexicana. Estigmene acr&a, $ This . {. is (After this race Hampson altogether one of Hampson.) Middle Atlantic States, and with have given can be easily determined. (2) Estigmene congrua Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 8, 6 (The white-bodied Estigmene.) the commonest the illustrations insects in the we . Syn. antigonc Strecker; athena Strecker. A common fairly States generally, species in Pennsylvania and the Atlantic ranging westward as far as Colorado. Genus HYPHANTRIA Harris This small genus contains only three or four species, one of which is South African. (1) Hyphantria cunea Drury. (The Fall Web- worm Moth.) Form Fig. 10, punctatissima 6 Abbott & Smith, Plate XVI, *. The specimens used on Plate XVI, Figs. 10 and 7, both unfortunately developed grease on their abdomens between the time when they were set up for the photographer, and the time when they were photographed. The abdomen in both cases is normally white, with darker markings 123 Arctiidse Form pallida Packard, Plate XV, Fig. 26, $ The larvae are social in their habits, and spin the foliage of almost summer and nurseries. fall, The all and do a great deal of damage loose insects pupate in Hyphantria textor (2) great Web-worm webs upon kinds of deciduous trees in the and even under the loose surface of the over the United States from southern York to Texas and further west. Spotless Fall . cocoons, soil. New Harris, Plate to orchards The in crannies, species ranges England and XVI, late and Fig. 9, $ New (The . Moth.) This species, which is closely allied to the preceding in its may be distinguished by the white antennas, and the un- habits, There are specimens of the preceding which have the wings as immaculate as in H. textor. The range of the insect is from Canada to the Gulf, and from spotted abdomen. species, Nova Scotia to California. Genus ARACHNIS Geyer A small genus containing eight or nine species found in the southwestern States of the American Union, Mexico, and Central America. (1) Arachnis aulaea Geyer, Plate XVI, Fig. 1, $ . (The Aulaean Tiger-moth.) Syn. incarnata Walker. insect occurs in southern Arizona and ranges thence southwardly as far as Guatemala. The larval stages have been described by Dyar in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXVI, The p. 307. (2) Arachnis picta Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 2, $ . (The Painted Arachnis.) applied to a number of color varieties of ranges from Colorado to southern California and The larva feeds upon Lupinus. northern Mexico. Names have been this insect. (3) It Arachnis zuni Neumcegen, Plate XVI, Fig. 3, $ . (The Zuni Tiger-moth.) The figure we give will enable the student to recognize this and rather rare species without any difficulty. It ranges from New Mexico to Arizona and southward on the tablepretty lands. 124 Arctiidse Genus ISIA Walker Three species belong to other the in this genus, and the Turkestan, one found in Argentina, third in the United States and Canada. Fig. 68 Isia isabella, 8 (i) Isia isabella Abbot Isabella Tiger-moth.) & . (After {. Hampson.) Smith, Plate XVI, Fig. 13, $. (The This common The insect is found everywhere in the United "woolly bear," which may be often seen by the roadside rapidly making its way in the fall of the year to a hiding-place in which to hibernate, or, in the spring, to some spot where it may find food. It is reddishbrown in color, black at either end. When disturbed, it curls up and lies motionless, as if feigning death. To "caterpillar," in the slang phrase of the Middle West, is to silently succumb States. caterpillar is the familiar .,#'**% jvmwfvnm. '" & Fig. 69. Isia isabella. a. larva; b. pupa. The larva feeds freely upon a great yield to the unavoidable. fond of the grasses, and It is variety of herbaceous plants. There particularly likes the leaves of the plantain {Plantago). and does not appear to be any marked tendency to variation in this Both the moth and the larva are common objects, with species. which every American schoolboy 125 who has lived in the country Arctiidas is famiiiar; and unhappy country, the boy life Genus A is made the country man made the town." other in his who his has not at " PHRAGMATOBIA some time God made home. or the Stephens modern extent, represented in Europe, Asia, and North America. The structural characteristics of the wings genus of are displayed in Fig. 71. (1) 31, ? . Phragmatobia fuliginosa (The Ruby Tiger-moth.) Linnaeus, Plate XIV, Fig. Syn. rubricosa Harris. The Ruby Tiger-moth is widely distributed, being found throughout boreal Asia, Europe, and the northern United States and Canada. A multitude of minor subvarietal forms have been distinguished, and to some of them names have been ap- plied, but there tively little difference is comparabetween them, and the student who has once learned to recognize the species will find no difficulty in assigning to Fig. 70. larva; a. From Phragmatobia fuliginosa. cocoon; c. imago, $ "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 236.) b. . it any specimens which may come into his posThe insect, so far as session. our fauna is concerned, is a northern species, quite common in New England and Canada, and ranging southward along the Appalachian Mountains into Carolinas, where it only occurs at high elevations above sea-level. It is also found ranging southward along the the The Rocky Mountains. herbaceous plants, and is caterpillar feeds upon a variety of partial to the shoots of the golden- rod (Sol idago). (2) 30, $ . Phragmatobia brucei Henry Edwards, This species (3) Plate XIV, Fig. (Bruce's Tiger.) is found in Colorado upon the mountains. Plate XIV, Fig. 29, ? Phragmatobia beani Neumoegen, (Bean's Tiger-moth.) 126 . Arctiidae The habitat of this species is the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and Assiniboia. (4) yarrowi Phragmatobia Stretch. Yarrow's Tiger- ( moth.) Syn. remissa Henry pretty little Edwards. This - moth found from the country south tiger is Hudson * 1 1" BayJ to Fig. p D ma. P. (After Hampson.) yarrowi, 3 .\. 71. Columbia, and ranges thence southward along the higher mountain ranges as of British far as northern Arizona. Genus MiENAS Hiibner Only one species of this rather extensive genus, which is represented in South America by five species and by a considerable number in Africa and the Indo-Malayan region, occurs in North America. (1) Maenas vestalis Packard, Vestal Tiger-Moth.) This insect, which figured on the same XVI, Fig. 5,3. (The resembles Estigmene congrua, be distinguished from the latter peculiarities, but unfailingly by the closely plate, not Plate may only by structural ordinary observer, by the presence of the two black spots on the hind wings, as shown in our illustration. Genus DIACRISIA Hiibner This large genus, which includes over one hundred and according to the arrangement given in Hampson's Catalogue, not reckoning the species referred to the genus Ism, which he also places here, is represented in twenty-five species, our fauna by four insects, of which we give illustrations. Plate XVI,. Fig. 7, (1) Diacrisia virginica Fabricius. (The Virginian Tiger-moth.) The form figured on our plate fumosa by Strecker. in at their tips as if which the they had is fore the slight variety wings been flying about the furnaces at Reading or Pittsburgh. 127 are a little in the 3 . named dusky smoke of Ordinarily the species Arctiidae is The body of pure white. the specimen on our plate is greasy, and hence too dark. (2) Diacrisia latipennis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 6, (The Red-legged Diacrisia.) The insect The coxae and femora are pink or reddish. common in Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic States generally. $ . is (3) Diacrisia rubra Neumoegen, Plate XIV, Fig. 32, $ (The Ruddy Diacrisia.) The habitat of this species is British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington. (4) Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. )}, S (The Wandering Diacrisia.) Fig. 34, $. . , Syn. pteridis Henry Edwards; bicolor Walker; rufula Boisduval; punctata Packard proba Henry Edwards. The insect illustrates the phenomenon of sexual dimor; The unlike in color. phism, the males and females being the species-makers have had some sport with it, as shown by synonyms. Genus This is HYPHORAIA a sub-arctic genus, Hubner in circumpolar its distribution Northern Hemisphere. Three species occur in our territory, one of which we figure. Plate XVI, Fig. 20, $ ( ) Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, in the . 1 (The St. Lawrence Tiger-moth.) Syn. borealis Moeschler. which The moth, family, is is comparatively one rare of in the most beautiful collections. New England, and the valley of the westward to Manitoba. It is occasionally found northern It Genus PLATYPREPIA St. in occurs the in Lawrence, in the Catskills. Dyar It is somewhat variable our region. in the style and number of the spots upon the wings. Plate XV, Fig. 18, (1) Platyprepia virginalis Boisduval, $ (The Ranchman's Tiger-moth.) Fig. 19. ? One is species found in . . Syn. ochracea Stretch; guttata Boisduval. A very beautiful insect, quite common in Colorado. Montana, and thence ranging westward northern California and the region of Puget's Sound. Wyoming, and 128 to Arctiidee APANTESIS Genus Walker North America, only two The genus There species attributed to it being found in the Old World. are over twenty valid species found within our limits, and numerous so-called subspecies and varietal forms. A small treatise might be written upon these, but in a volume like this, which is designed to cover in as compact form as possible the most needed information, all that we can do is to metropolis of this is more important help the student to the determination of the species. (i) Apantesis virgo (The Virgin Tiger-moth). Found in the northern Linnseus, Atlantic States Apantesis parthenice Kirby, (2) XV, Plate $. 11, Fig. and Canada. XV, Plate Fig. 13, $ . (The Parthenice Moth.) Syn saundersi Grote. The habitat of this species is the same as that of A. virgo, which it may always be discriminated by its smaller size, the narrower white lines upon the fore wings and the absence of the dark spot at the origin of vein two on the hind wings, which is characteristic of the former species. from (3) Apantesis intermedia Stretch, Plate XI, 20, Fig. $ . (The Intermediate Tiger-moth.) This species which is by southern form of A. parthenice, some authors regarded is a as intermediate in size between A. virgo and A. parthenice. It closely resembles the latter in the maculation of the wings, but the pinkish-white stripes on the primaries are broad as in A. virgo. (4) Apantesis oithona Strecker, Plate XVI, Fig. 30, $ . (The Oithona Moth.) This insect is undoubtedly genetically the same as A. rectilinea French. The difference is merely in the width of the pale lines on the fore wings, which, being narrower in reciilinea, give these Form wings rectilinea a darker appearance. Plate XV, Fig. French, Straight-lined Tiger-moth.) This insect in its varietal forms ranges States across the Mississippi Valley. 129 from 1, ?. the (The Atlantic Arctiidae (5) Apantesis michabo (The Michabo Moth.) Plate Grote, XV, Fig. ?. 17, Syn. minea Slosson. The illustration to identify this we sufficient is give which species, is to enable the student discriminated from its con- geners most readily by observing the broad flesh-colored band on the costa of the fore wings. In the form minea the fleshcolored lines are deep-red. This is the only difference. XV, Plate (6) Apantesis arge Drury, Arge Moth.) Syn. dione Fabricius; incamatorubra Boisduval; dor is Boisduval. Goeze; Fig. 15, ca-lcbs $. (The Martyn; nerea Allied to the preceding species, but ascertained by the test The species is very variable. The of breeding to be distinct. hind wings are not often as free from dark markings as the specimen, and frequently are as much spotted and blotched with black as is the figure of A. michabo we give. The species is found almost everywhere within the United States and Canada. (7) $ . Apantesis ornata Packard. (The Ornate Tiger-moth.) Form achaia Grote & Robinson, (The Achaia Moth.) Plate XV, Figs. 20, 24, Syn. edwardsi Stretch. A variable insect to A. The variety in ochracea Stretch. given. coast. The which a number of names have been which the hind wings are yellow is The species is found on the Pacific larval stages have been described by Dyar, Psyche, Vol. V, p. 380, (8) 556. Apantesis anna Grote. (The Anna Moth.) Form persephone XV, Fig. 8, $ Fig. Plate Fig. 7 2. typical Apantesis anna, $ anna, in which . the , Grote, 10, ?. (The Persephone Moth.) We g ive in Fi g ure I 2 a cut representing a specimen of the hind wings are wholly black. The insect is very variable in amount of black displayed upon the hind wings, and also to some extent in the width and extent of the light lines on the The species is found in the Atlantic States, and is primaries. Persephone is the normal form. the 130 Arctiidse not at uncommon all western Pennsylvania. in The has larva been described by Dyar. (9) Apantesis quenseli (The Labrador Apantesis.) Plate Paykull, XVI, 28, Fig. Syn. strigosa Fabricius: gelida Moeschler; liturata Menetries; cata Walker; turbans Christoph. moth found $ . comph- Greenland, and Arctic America generally. It also occurs in Arctic Europe and Asia and upon the summits of the Swiss Alps. It doubtless will be found upon the American Alps in British Columbia. This little Apantesis (The (10) Fig. 16, $ . is in Labrador, virguncula Little Plate Kirby, XV, Fig. 9,6*, Virgin Moth.) Syn. dahurica Grote (nee Boisduval) speciosa Moeschler; otiosa Neu& Dyar. A variable species. The form described as otiosa has traces ; mosgen many other species of the genus, and the fore wings have a more checkered appearance on this account. The insect occurs in the northern United of the transverse lines, characteristic of so States and Canada. (11) 4, $ . Apantesis proxima Guerin-Meneville, Plate XV, Fig. (The Mexican Tiger-moth.) Syn. docta Walker; mexicana Grote mormonica Neumcegen. & Robinson; arizonensis Stretch; Form autholea Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 32, $ From the varietal form autholea figured in the plate proxima may be discriminated by the fact that the latter has the hind wings marked with dark brown or black spots on the margins. The species occurs in southern California, Arizona, Mexico, and . Central America. (12) blakei Apantesis Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. $. 31, (Blake's Tiger-moth.) Syn. bolanderi Stretch. This species is found in the mountains of California and adjoining States. (13) Apantesis nevadensis Grote (The Nevada Tiger-moth.) Fig. 29, $ & Robinson, Plate XVI, . Syn. behri Stretch. Form incorrupta Henry Edwards, Syn. shastaensis French. 131 Plate XV, Fig. 7, $ . Arctiidae As the name indicates, this species is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains. (Williams' Tiger-moth.) (14) Apantesis williamsi Dodge, Form determinata Neumoegen, Plate XV., Fig. 3, $ . Syn. diecki Neumoegen. Colorado and This easily recognized species is found in among the mountains. adjacent States (15) Apantesis phyllira Drury, Plate XV, Fig. 14, $. (The Phyllira Moth.) Syn. B-atra Gceze: plantaginis Martyn; dodgei Butler; excelsa Neumoegen; favorita Neumoegen; lugubris Hulst. This species is found in the Southern States, where it is uncommon. not It is variable rather the in disposition and extent of the dark and light markings. Apantesis figurata (16) Drury, Plate XV, \2, Fig. $, (The Figured Tiger-moth.) Syn. cer arnica Hubner; f-pallida Strecker This is probably only a form of the which occurs with considerable frequency. preceding species, It is confined to the Southern States. (17) Apantesis vittata Fabricius, Plate (Banded Tiger-moth.) Fig. 22, ? Syn. decor ata Saunders. Form radians Walker, Plate XV, XV, Fig. 25, 6, 21 $. . Fig. 25, Syn. colorala Walker; incompleta Butler. Form phalerata Harris, Plate XV, Fig. 6, Syn. rhoda Butler. A $, Fig. $ . common and variable species, which is probably A. nais Drury, which has the abdomen prevalently ochraceous, and not as strongly marked with black. In The species seems to be, so to speak, in a liquid state. a series of some hundreds of specimens before the writer, many of them bred from larvae, and undoubtedly all referable to the same species, any and all of the forms, which have been named by writers, can be found, yet the bulk of them came from one narrow little ravine in western Pennsylvania. the We very same as leave the synonymy as it stands in Dyar's list, so far as the things figured on our plate are concerned, but cannot believe that these insects represent different species, as maintained by some authors. 132 Arctiidse KODIOSOMA Genus Stretch Californian genus, the structure of which is abundantly illustrated by the cut we give, contains but one species, which is represented in a number of varietal forms. This little fulva (i) kodiosoma Form eavesi, Stretch, Form .tricolor Stretch, $. Stretch, Plate XIII, Fig. 45, Plate XIII, Fig. 43 $ . Plate XIII, Fig. 44, $ . There are still other forms, one of which is wholly black, and has been named nigra by The moth is found in Stretch. California, and uncommon. is all life-history far only imper- been thus has there not at The Kodiosoma fulva, 3. Hampson.) Fig. 73 |. (After fectly ascertained. Genus Two species are from New Mexico ECTYPIA specimen known, the type, much to be told about it. (1) Ectypia Clemens E. referred to this genus. is doubtfully referable in too is bivittata to thona Strecker, but the only it, poor a condition to enable Clemens. Two-banded Ec- (The typia.) Syn. nigroflava Grasf. This very beautiful and in Fig. 74 Ectypia (After panying (1) bivittata, 1 ? Its teristics are played in we Hampson.) moth occurs rare Texas. give in charac- well the dis- figure the accom- cut. Genus EUVERNA Neumcegen & Dyar Euverna clio Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 22, $. (The Clio Moth.) This chastely beautiful It of southern California. and is moth occurs is in the Rocky Mountains the sole representative of as yet rare in collections. 133 its genus, Arctiidse Genus PARASEMIA Hiibner our fauna by certain varietal represented forms, which agree in part with those found in the Old World, and in part differ from them. There is only one species in the This genus in is genus, which has a wide circumpolar distribution, and a score more of names have been given to mere two of the commoner variations. or We color varieties. figure Planiago and Myosotis. plantaginis Linnaeus. (i) Parasemia The larva feeds on (The Small Tiger- moth.) Plate XVI, Fig, 25, and Wyoming. Plate XVI, Fig. 26, $ Genus $ . . The usual form found in Colorado Form named geometrica by ARCTIA Grote. Schrank A circumpolar genus of the Northern Hemisphere, containing four species, which are subject to considerable variation in color and size of spots. (1) Arctia caia Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. (The Great $. 5, Tiger-moth.) The specimen figured on the plate was taken in Labrador. Form wiskotti Staudinger, Plate XV, Fig. 2, $ Syn. utahensis Henry Edwards; auripennis Butler; transmontana Neumcegen & Dyar. The specimen portrayed on the plate was taken in Colorado. . Genus PAREUCHiETES Grote There are three species of this genus, two of which The species may be discriminated as follows: we figure. 1 . 2. 3. Hind wing yellowish Hind wing white Hind wing tinged with fuscous insulata tenera eglenensis Pareuchsetes insulata Walker, (1) Plate XIV, Fig. 3, ?. (The Yellow-winged Pareuchaetes.) Syn. cadaverosa Grote; affinis Grote; aurata Butler. Found in the Gulf States and the Antilles. Pareuchsetes eglenensis Clemens, Plate XIV, (The Gray-winged Pareuchaetes.) (2) $ . 134 Fig. 4, Explanation ok Plate XVI (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. Arachnis aulcea Geyer, 9Arachnis picia Packard, cT. Arachnis zuni Neumcegen, 9 U. S. N. M. vestalis Packard, cT Euchcetias oregonensis Stretch, , 20 Hyphoraia parthenos Harris, 9 U. S. N. M. , 21. Euchcetias egle Drury, 22. Euverna d Euerythra trimaculata Smith, cT U. S. N. M. Mcenas 6 19 . Diacrisia latipennis Stretch, c? Diacrisia virginica P'abricius.cJ 8 9 10 Estigmene congrua Walker, Hyphantria cunea Drury, Hyphantria cunea Drury, var. punctatissima, c? . . 1. 1 2. 1314. 15- 23. 24. . ? Calidota strigosa. 16. 17- 18. Abbot , 26. & Packard, Walker cT . Parasemia planiaginis Linnaeus, d U. S. N. M. Parasemia planiaginis var. geometrica, Grote, 27- 28. 29. 3 1 - - cT . . 32. c? . abdominalis S. N. M. Grote, Apaniesis quenseli Paykull, <j\ Apantesis nevadensis Grote & Robinson, <J\ U. S. N. M. 3- Apantesis 1 cT Pygarctia U. 9 , cf. Pygarctia elegans Stretch, Pygarctia spraguei Grote, clio , cT Ecpantheria deftorata Fabricius, d 25- cT Estigmene acrcea Drury, cT Estigmene acrcea Drury, 9 Isia Isabella Abbot & Smith, 9 Acoloithus falsarius Clemens, cT Turuptiana permacidata Packard, , 1 Smith. 1 . 99 Seirarclia echo Abbot & Smith, 1 7 1 oithona Strecker, cT Engel Collection. Apantesis blakei Grote, S. N. M. cT , . U. A pantesis proxima var. antholea, Boisduval, cj . The Moth Book. Plate XVI. V, >, fr 10 \ * 4f 11 * 'C VP^ COPYRIGHTED BY W. " J. HOLLAND, 1903. AMEFVCAI. C , H. v v C- Arctiidee This species occurs Pareuchcetes tenera uncommon in is the in found and Carolinas southward. the Atlantic States and is not in Pennsylvania. Genus EUCH^TIAS Lyman The following key based upon that of enable Hampson may the student to differentiate the species in his collection: Abdomen red above. Fore wing with costal fascia. Fore wing with the costal fascia yellow antica Walker Fore wing with the costal fascia white albicosta Walker Fore wing without costal fascia. Hind wing with crimson patch on inner area perlevis Grote Hind wing without crimson patch on inner area. Fore wing uniform brownish murina Stretch Fore wing white tinged with fuscous bolleri Stretch Abdomen orange above. Fore wing gray- brown egle Drury Fore wing brownish white with the veins white oregonensis Stretch Abdomen whitish above pudens Henry Edwards . . (i) Euchaetias murina Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 18, 9. (The Mouse-colored Euchsetias.) The habitat of this species Texas. is Euchaetias egle Drury, Plate I, Fig. XVI, Fig. 21, 9. (The Milk-weed Moth.) (2) Fig. 75. The the Euchaetias egle, $ . \. (After 5, larva; Plate Hampson.) figure given above in the text and those given on will suffice for the identification of this common plates which ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and The larva feeds upon Milk-weed ( Asclepias). beyond. Plate XVI, Fig. (3) Euchaetias oregonensis Stretch, 19, insect, $ (The Oregon Euchaetias.) This insect is found throughout the northern portions of the United States and Canada. . 135 Arctiidse PYGARCTIA Genus A Grote small genus containing four species The following territory. all table taken from for the identification of the species, taken in found within our will serve Hampson connection with the cut and the figures we give: A. Fore wing with scarlet fascia? on costa and inner margin B. Fore wing with orange fasciae on costa and inner margin Abdomen scarlet Abdomen orange a. b. C. Fore wing without (1) spraguei vivida abdominalis elegans fasciae Pygarctia elegans Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 17, $ (The . Elegant Pygarctia.) The neuration and structural characteristics genus are (After well displayed in the accompanying cut of this species deto make any verbal Pygarctia elegans, $ Fig. 76. of the sufficiently Hampson.) scription unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern California, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. (2) Pygarctia abdominalis Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 27, $ 18, $. . (The Orange-bodied Pygarctia.) The (3) habitat of this species Pygarctia spraguei (Sprague's Pygarctia.) The home of this insect is Florida. Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. Kansas, Colorado, and adjoining is States. Genus HYPOCRISIAS Hampson A small genus of which a single representant is found within our limits, occurring as a straggler from the Mexican fauna. (1) minima Hypocrisias Neumcegen. (The Least Hypocrisias.) Syn. armillata Henry Edwards. The prevalent wings wings cut are will insect, tints are ochreous of the body and fore The hind The annexed and brown. yellowish white. the student to recognize the help when a specimen comes into The habitat of the species possession. occasionally taken in southern Arizona. 136 Fig. 77 Hypocrisias minima, $ his is Mexico, but it is Arctiidae EMILIA Genus Kirby A small neotropical genus, represented in our fauna by two The insect named occidentalis by French is a form of species. A. roseata, in which the red of the wings has been replaced by ochreous. Emilia ambigua (i) Strecker, (The Red-banded ./Emilia.) Syn. bolteri Henry Edwards; This beautiful insect is Plate XIV, Fig. 15, $. syracosia Druce. found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and thence southward to northern Mexico. Emilia roseata (2) Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 14. ?. (The Rosy /Emilia.) Syn. ctnnamomea Boisduval; sanguivenosa Neumoegen; significans Henry Edwards; occidentalis French. the Pacific This rather rare insect occurs on coast, and, according to report, ranges from British Columbia to Mexico. latter The specimen figured on the plate came from the country. Genus An HALISIDOTA Hiibner extensive genus, well represented in Central and South America, and containing about a dozen species, which are found within our faunal limits. Of these we figure a number of species, enough to enable the student to recognize the genus, and the commoner species, which he is likely to encounter. Halisidota tessellaris Abbot (1) $ \2, . & Smith, Plate XIV, Fig. (The Tessellated Halisidota.) Syn. antiphola Walsh; harrisi Walsh. The form named Harrisi does not differ from tessellaris in The sole difference is in the color of the the imaginal stage. pencils of hairs in the larvae, which are orange in color, while This is scarcely sufficient ground in tessellaris they are black. upon which (2) to establish a species. Halisidota cinctipes Grote, (The Gartered Plate XIV, Fig. 13, $ . Halisidota.) Syn. davisi Henry Edwards. This species, which its close northern than the fore wings is southern ally, much more in its tessellaris, and larger markings on habitat, has the distinct than is the case in the latter H7 Arctiidas The tarsi are annulated with black bands, marked with small gray points. The insect occurs in the Gulf States and in South and Central America. Plate XVI, Fig. II, $. (3) Halisidota maculata Harris, species. (The Spotted Halisidota.) Syn. fidvoflava Walker; guttifera Herrich-Schaefler. This species, which occurs in the northern portions of the Several Atlantic coast region, ranges westward to California. forms from the western territory have been discriminated by and varietal names have been given to them. They are mere color forms. (The (4) Halisidota longa Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 16, $ writers, . Long-streaked Halisidota). This species, which may easily be determined by the help The specimen of the figure we have given, occurs in Florida. delineated by the Jacksonville in the (5) writer was taken month of February. Halisidota caryse Harris, Plate him by XIV, at Fig. 10, light $ . in (The Hickory Halisidota.) Syn. annulifascia Walker; porphyrin Herrich-Schasffer. This well-marked and easily identified species in the northern Atlantic coast region, is common and ranges westward into the valley of the Mississippi. (6) Halisidota argentata ? Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 8, $, (The Silver-spotted Halisidota.) This pretty species is found in Colorado, and thence westward and northward to the Pacific coast. A number of subspecies have been named in this connection, but it is doubtful whether the sexes of the insects on meeting each other would Fig. 9, . recognize any specific differences themselves. Genus Two species HEMIHYALEA Hampson of this genus occur within the limits of the distinguished from labecula most easily by the fact that the inner margin of the secondaries in *he former is crimson, while in the latter it is not. United States. (1) < Eclwardsi is Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. Edwards' Glassy-wing.) Syn. translucida Walker; quercus Boisduval. This is a Gilifornian species. 138 6, ?. Arctiidae Hemihyalea labecula Grote, (2) (The Freckled Glassy-wing.) This insect is not uncommon Plate Fig. Colorado. in summer about Manitou, and early XIV, It . occurs in mountains the among $ 7, generally. Genus OPHARUS Walker An extensive neotropical genus, represented within the limits of the United States by but one species. (1) Opharus astur Cramer, Plate XIV, Fig. 5, $ (The . Astur Moth.) Syn. albicans, Walker; maculicollis Walker; pustulata Packard. insect is common in Mexico and South America, The and occasionally occurs in Arizona. Genus CALIDOTA Dyar A neotropical genus containing a dozen species or more, two We figure one of these; of which are found within our limits. the other, C. muricolor Dyar, has the wings mouse-gray, The head semihyaline, the secondaries paler than the primaries. the thorax is gray, the is gray in front, yellowish above; collar buff, edged inwardly with ochreous; the abdomen is reddish with a series of black dorsal spots and broad lateral bands of the same color. The pectus and coxae are ochreous, the The type of the species came from Arizona. legs gray. Calidota strigosa (1) (The Streaked Calidota.) Plate Walker, XVI, Syn. cubensis Grote; laqueata Henry Edwards. This insect occurs in Florida, and is Antilles. Its life-history Fig. 24, $ in the abundant has been described by Dyar in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, for p. 268. The food-plant Genus is Gnettarda . the 1900. elliptica. EUPSEUDOSOMA Grote Three species are attributed by Hampson to this genus, one of which, the type of the genus, we figure. It is the only species of the genus occurring within our territory. Eupseudosoma involutum Snowy Eupseudosoma.) (1) (The Sepp, Plate XIV, Fig. i,$. Syn. nivea Herrich-Schaeffer; florzdum Grote; immaculata Graef. 1 39 Agaristidae The species has been given by Dyar, are Eugenia buxifolia, Eugenia The insect has a wide range procera, and Psidium pyrifera. in tropical America, occurring from Florida to southern Brazil. /. of this life-history c, p. 258. The food-plants BERTHOLDIA Genus A Schaus small neotropical genus represented our fauna by one in species. Bertholdia (1) trigona Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2, $. (Grote's Bertholdia.) The moth flies in Colorado, .New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. FAMILY AGARISTIDAE "Ye lovers of marvel and fairy lore, Say not that the days of enchantment are o'er, That the well-springs of Fancy and Fable fail. There are streamlets yet where the river-sprite With his Harlequin changes bewilders the sight; There are castles yet of ivory and gold, Hung with floral fabrics by sunshine unroll 'd, Within whose luxurious recesses recline Fays of exquisite form, quaffing exquisite wine; Some in gossamer veiled of ethereal dyes, Which have only their match in the rainbow'd skies; Some in richest and softest of velvets arrayed, Or in mail that does shame to the armourer's trade. These are haunting us ever for ill, or for good, Through earth and through air, field, forest, and flood: To transport our thoughts, as by magic spell, From the sordid objects whereon they dwell, To a land of the Marvellous dimly displayed, Where the light-winged Fancy, by wonder stayed, Still delighteth to hover, and joyously say: 'Oh ! my darling elves, ye're not chased away, There's a region still where ye have a place " The mysterious world of the Insect race.' Acheta Domestica. The moths Episodes of Insect Life. Agaristidae compose a family of are day-flying in their habit, and 140 moderate in size. the tropics The both Explanation of Plate XVII (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 5. Haploa militaris Harris, $. Haploa colona Hiibner, 9 Haploa vestalis Packard, c?. Haploa militaris Harris, cf Haploa consita Walker, c? 6. Haplo.a confusa 7. Haploa clymow Brown, i. 2. 3. 4. 8. 9. 10. . . Lyman, r?. : cJ . Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, c?. Haploa dyari Merrick, cf Merrick Collection. Haploa miliiaris Harris, c? Merrick Collection. , , 12. Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robinson, Fenaria sevorsa Grote, 9- 13. Androloma maccullochi Kirby, 11. cT . c?. Alypia ridingsi Grote, (J Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, $. Alypia langtoni Couper, cT Alypia langtoni Couper, 9Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, (J Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, 9Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, c? Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, 9 Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schaeffer, cT 1 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. . 1 . Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Euthisanotia unio Hiibner, cj cT . . Baileya o plithalmica Guenee, 9 Baileya doubledayi Guenee, cf Baileya australis Grote, cj Aleptina inca, Dyar cT Charadra decora Morrison, cT Panthea portlandia Grote, d U. Panthea furcilla Packard, <5\ U. Feralia jocosa Guenee, &. . 1 27. 28. 29. . 1 30. 31. 32. , S. S. N. M. N. M. The Moth Book. Plate XVII. 3 10 13 14 15 12 *wfeg ' ijjjl,, 23 V- 24 25 26 V f 30 28 27 COYRlGHTED BY W. 21 J. HOLLAND, 1903. 31 29 32 AMERICAN COLCflTYFE CO., N. Y. * CHI. Agaristidse Old World and the New reckon in their number some of the most resplendently colored insects found upon the globe. They are regarded as being an offshoot of the Noctuidae. of the The following of description the characteristics of the adapted from Hampson with reference to the forms found within our faunal limits: 'Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned and well develis family oped, the third joint usually naked and porrect; frons with a rounded, conical, or corneous process; antennae cylindrical, almost simple, with slight bristles at the joints, not ciliated, more or and less distinctly dilated toward the extremity. present; eyes sometimes hairy; tibial spurs well develthe tibiae rarely spined; the male claspers often very Ocelli oped, wings large and strongly formed. Fore wing with vein \a separate from lb; \c absent; 5 from or from close to angle of cell; the areole present in nearly all the genera. Hind wing large; with vein \a present; \c absent; 5 obsolescent from angle of 7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 free discocellulars; 6, then bent at base, downward All the point only. fore wings. The larvae are noctuiform The pupa is to anastomose with the cell at a have silvery blue scales on the species and have all the prolegs present. naked.' Genus COPIDRYAS Grote Two species belonging to this genus occur within the limits of the United States. give illustrations of both of them. We (1) son, Copidryas gloveri Grote Plate XVII, Fig. 11, 6. & Robin- (Glover's Purslane-moth.) The life-history of moth has been well this rather worked pretty out by Professor C. V. Riley and from his article " Insect Life," Vol. 1, p. 104, published in we have taken the cuts which are here., -,, E gg of CoFig- 7 8 pidryas gloveri greatly - The drawings of the egg, r ' enlarged were made by Mr. C. and cocoon pupa, L. Marlatt. The excellent account given by Professor Riley is drawn upon for the following quotations: "The eggs are laid with . , . c given. 141 ., Agaristidae on the under side of the purslane leaf, either singly or in clusters The larva hatches in two or three days, and of from *wo to five. is at first light green or yellowish green with darker shading across the middle of the body. In eight or nine days it attains full growth having passed through four after The molts. larva grown full is gray or dull white with black dashes on the sides of each segment, and with the shadings of light salmon pink." "The full-grown larvae enter for pupation, excavating a tubular burrow in the sur- Fig. 79. Pupa and cocoon cell of Copidryas gloveri. the ground face soil, gumming the and closing the opening lining v/ith a . The insect remains in thin layer of particles of soil. this state in the neighborhood of twelve days." In the accompanying figures we show the egg, the pupa, . . The and the adult larva and moth. insect is very abundant certain times in Nebraska, Kansas, and the southwestern at States generally, and ranges into northern Mexico. It appears to feed exclusively upon purslane, and as this plant is of no economic value, but accounted as a trouble- particular is justly some weed, we may wish ings upon Copidryas (2) Druce, Copidryas Plate XI, bless- gloveri. Fig. cosyra 19, $ . (The Cosyra Moth.) This pretty insect, which Fig. 80. Copidryas moth; larva. belongs to the same genus as b. gloveri. a. (After Riley.) the preceding, though assigned by the author of the species to the genus Euthisanotia, is found in Arizona and in Mexico. Its habits are undoubtedly very much 142 Agaristidae the same as those of Glover's Purslane Moth, to the though up present time no one has described them. Genus Only one species of TUERTA Africa than in America, is Tuerta sabulosa (i) Walker genus, which is better represented in found within our borders. this Boisduval. (The Sand-dune Moth.) Syn. noctuiformis Mceschler. The moth has the primaries grayish-brown marked with white at the insertion of the wings. The secondaries are bright orange- mk\ yellow, with a wide black marginal border, Fig. Si , , .. ., -p, c as represented in the cut. The habitat of the r . , . Tuerta sa- , * bulosa, o , insect is , , . Arizona and Mexico. Genus ALYPIA j-. Hiibner well represented within our territory. The following synopsis of the species is adapted from Hampson: I. (Androloma.) Fore wing of male with a dilation of costa and a groove of ribbed membrane below it from base exmac-cullochi tending beyond middle II. Fore wing of male with a postmedial dilation of costa and groove of ribbed membrane below it wing elongated. a. Fore wing with the markings yellow disparata b. brannani Fore wing with the markings white III. {Alypia.) Fore wing of male without dilation of costal area This genus is ; or grove. A. Fore and mid tibiae, orange; hind wings marked with white. a. b. B. Discal spot of fore wing longitudinal Discal spot of fore wing transverse octomaculata wittfeldi Hind wings marked with yellow. Hind wing with subbasal yellow spot c. Hind wing without subbasal yellow spot d. Mid tibiae only orange. a. Wings with the spots not traversed by black veins b. Wings with the spots traversed by black veins . (i) Alypia mac-cullochi Kirby, (MacCulloch's Forester. Plate XVII, dipsaci langtoni . .mariposa . . Fig. .ridingsi 13, &. ) Syn. lorquini Grote & Robinson; similis Stretch; edwardsi Boisduval. habitat of this species is Canada and the Rocky The Mountains northward to Alaska. 143 Agaristidae (2) Alypia disparata Edwards. Henry Mexican (The Forester.) Syn. gracilenta Graef despcrata Kirby. ; The features structural of this species are shown in the accompanying cut, the for use of which are indebted to of ness Fig. 82 Alypia disparata, $ (After (3) 20, where George F. occurs in southern Texas, The Arizona, and Mexico. Hampson.) it is we kind- The insect Hampson. writer has a large series collected for Jalapa, Sir the him in the common apparently more neighborhood of than farther north. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, Plate XVII, 9. (The Eight-spotted Forester.) Figs. 16, $, Fig. 21, bimacidata Syn. Gmelin; quadrignttalis Hubner; matuta Henry Edwards. This common very insect, which sometimes proves a which it commits upon veritable plague by the depredations the foliage of the Ampelopsis, which our is is cities extensively grown in as a decorative vine, found northern everywhere Atlantic westward ranges Mississippi. and beyond the One good which can be set the in States, down thing to the sparrow is the work, which he has been observed by the writer to do in devouring the larvae of this moth from the vines with which his home is English 7> Fig. a. Of' 83 Alypia octomaculata. larva; b. enlarged somite, showing markings; covered. c. moth. (After Riley.) (4) Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 18, $ Fig. (Wittfeld's Forester.) 19, ? sinks this species as a synonym but the writer cannot agree with him in , Sir George F. . Hampson of A. octomaculata, The form of the spots on the primaries, the white at the this. 144 Agaristidae ^ase of the abdomen, and the white annulus near its extremity, *re at all events marks quite as characteristic as those by which some other species in the genus are separated. southern Florida. Alypia langtoni (5) Couper, Plate XVII, Its habitat Fig. 17, is $. (Langton's Forester). & Robinson; hudsonica Henry Edwards. This species ranges from Canada westward through British Columbia into California in the south and Alaska in the north. Syn. sacramenti Grote Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, Plate XVIII, Fig. (The Californian Forester.) This, undoubtedly the handsomest species of the genus, is (6) 15. confined to the Pacific coast. Plate Alypia ridingsi Grote, (7) 14, $ XVII, Fig. 13, $ Fig. , (Ridings' Forester.) common species in the . A elevations, Rocky Mountain region at high and ranging northward to Sitka and the valley of Yukon. the Genus ALYPIODES Grote Two species of this genus are Mexican, the third is found in our fauna, though also occurring south of our boundary. (1) Alypiodes bimaculata 22. Fig. (The Plate Herrich-Schaeffer, XVII, Two- spotted Forester.) Syn. trimaculata Bois- duval. The figure in the plate represents the typical form, the figure in cut the shows the Fig. 84. aberration named Alypiodes bimaculata, $ (After . Hampson.) crescens by Walker, in which the hind wing has a yellow spot about the middle of The insect is fairly common in southern California, the wing. New Mexico, and Arizona. " The entomologist need not ingis night employment." A. relax his endeavors S. Packard. 145 day or night. Moth- SUGARING FOR MOTHS The day has been hot and sultry. The sun has set behind great banks of clouds which are piling up on the northwestern that the light is beginning to fade, the great horizon. Now masses of cumulus, which are slowly gathering and rising higher toward the zenith, are lit up by pale flashes of sheet-lightning. As yet the storm is too far off to permit us to hear the boom of the thunder, but about ten or eleven o'clock to-night we shall probably experience all the splendor of a dashing thundershower. Along the fringe of woodland which skirts the back pastures Here stand long ranks which we long have known. of ancient beeches; sugar maples, which in fall are glorious in robes of yellow and scarlet; ash trees, the tall gray trunks of which carry skyward huge masses of light pinnated foliage; On either side walnuts and butternuts, oaks, and tulip-poplars. is a path of the path in luxuriant profusion are saplings, sprung from the monarchs of the forest, young elm trees planted by the winds, broad-leaved papaws, round-topped hawthorns, viburnums, spreading dogwoods, and here and there in moist places clumps Where the path runs down by the creek, of willows. sycamores spread their gaunt white branches toward the sky, and drink moisture from the shallow reaches of the stream, in which duckweed, arrow-weed, and sweet pond-lilies bloom. The woodland is the haunt of many a joyous thing, which To-night the frequents the glades and hovers over the flowers. lightning in the air, the suggestion of a coming storm which lurks in the atmosphere, will send a thrill through all the swarms, which have been hidden through the day on moss-grown trunks, or among the leaves, and they will rise, as the dusk gathers, in It is just the night upon which to troops about the pathway. take a collecting trip, resorting to the well-known method o! "sugaring." Here we have a bucket and a clean whitewash brush. 146 We Sugaring for Moths have put into the bucket four pounds of cheap sugar. Now we will pour in a bottle of stale beer and a little rum. We have In our pockets are our cyanide jars. stirred the mixture well. Here are the dark lanterns. Before the darkness falls, while yet there is light enough to see our way along the path, we will pass from tree to tree and apply the brush charged with the sweet semi-intoxicating mixture to the trunks of the trees. The task is accomplished! Forty trees and ten stumps have been baptized with sugar-sweetened beer. Let us wash our sticky fingers in the brook and dry 1hem with our handkerchiefs. Let us sit down on the grass beneath this tree and puff a good Havana. It is growing darker. The bats are circling overhead. A screech-owl is uttering a plaintive lament, perhaps mourning The the absence of the moon, which to-night will not appear. The fireflies soar upward and frogs are croaking in the pond. flash in sparkling multitudes where the grass grows rank near the water. Now let us light our lamps and put a drop or two of chloroform into our cyanide jars, just enough to slightly dampen the We will paper which holds the lumps of cyanide in place. retrace our steps along the path and visit each moistened spot upon the Here tree-trunks. is the last tree of the lantern to the mosses which we sugared. There in the light we see the shining drops of our mixture clinging and slowly trickling downward toward the ground. Turn the light of the lantern full upon the spot, advancing cautiously, so as not to break the dry twigs under Ha Thus far nothing but the black foot or rustle the leaves. ants which tenant the hollows of the gnarled old tree appear But to have recognized the offering which we have made. ! Look they are regaling themselves in swarms about the spot. Scores of them, hundreds of them are congregatat them! ing about the place, and seem to be drinking with as much enjoyment as a company of Germans wilds of Hoboken. Let What on a picnic in the a beech. It is us stealthily approach the next tree. there? Oho! my beauty! Just above the moistened is The gray upper wings is a great Catocala. revealing the lower wings gloriously banded with patch upon the bark are spread, M7 Sugaring for Moths black and crimson. appear even more In the yellow light of the lantern the brilliant than they do in sunlight. wings How the He has just eyes glow like spots of fire! The moth is wary. Move cautiously! Keep alighted; he has not yet drunk deep. Uncover your the light of the lantern steadily upon him. poisoning jar. Approach. Hold the jar just a little under the moth, for he will drop downward on the first rush to get away. There! you have done it! You have Clap the jar over him! him securely. He flutters for a moment, but the chloroform acts Put that jar into one pocket quickly and the flutterings cease. and take out another. Now let us go to the next tree. It is an The trunk is rough, seamed, and full of knotted excrescences. See what a company has gathered! There are a dozen moths, large and small, busily at work tippling. Begin with those which are nearest to the ground. When was young old walnut. I grandfather taught me that in shooting wild turkeys resting in a treer*it is always best to shoot the lowest fowl first, and my If you shoot the gobbler which perches highest, comes tumbling down through the flock, he will startle them all, and they will fly away together; but if you take those which are roosting well down among the branches, those above will simply raise their heads and stare about for a moment to find out the source of their peril, and you can bag three or four before the rest make up their minds to fly. follow the same plan with my moths, unless, perchance, the topmost moth is some unusual rarity, worth all that suck the sweets below him. then the next. as he I Bravo! You have learned the lesson well. You succeeded admirably in bottling those Taraches which were sucking the moisture at the lower edge of the sweetened patch. There above them is a fine specimen of Strenoloma lunilinea. Aha! You have him. Now take that Catocala. It is amasia, a charmAbove him is a specimen of cava, one of the ing little species. Well done! You have largest and most superb of the genus. Now wait a moment! Have your captives ceased jour jar? Yes; they seem to be thoroughly Transfer them to the other jar for the cyanide to do its stunned. work. Look at your lantern. Is the wick trimmed ? Come him, too. their struggles in on then. Let us go to the next tree. This 148 is an ash. The moist spot Sugaring shows for Moths upon the silvery-gray bark of the tree. Look Here below are a few Geometers daintily sipping the faintly sharply! sweets. There Eustixis pupula, with is a little wings dotted with points of one with A good catch! the Harrisimemna, the fore wings. black. the There its is a silvery-white specimen of coppery-brown spots on Hold still! Ha! thought he would alight. That is Stop! Catocala coccinata a fine moth not overly common, and I the specimen is perfect. another tree. Here they are holding a Look! See them fairly swarming about the A dozen have found good places; twc or three are spot. The ants have found the place fluttering about trying to alight. as well as the moths. They are squabbling with each other. do not blame them. would The moths do not like the ants. not care to sit down at a banquet and have ants crawling all There is a specimen of Catocala relicta, the over the repast. How beautiful simple hind wings white, banded with black. colors are when set in sharp contrast and arranged in graceful There is a specimen of Catocala neogama, which was lines! unIt is not originally described by Abbot from Georgia. common. There is a good Mamestra, and there Pvrophila Well, let us try general assembly. I I a common species; we shall find Do not bother with get through. those specimens of Agrotis Ypsilon; there are choicer things to It is a waste of time to take them to-night. Let them be had. pyramidoides. of scores them The latter is before we drink themselves drunk, when the flying squirrels will come and catch them. Do you see that flying squirrel there peeping around the trunk of the tree? Flying squirrels eat insects. have seen them do it at night, and they have robbed me of many I a fine specimen. Off And now to the next tree! so we go from tree to tree. The lightning in the west hear the thunder. It is half-past grows more vivid. Hark! The storm will be here by ten. The leaves are beginning nine. to rustle in the tree-tops. The first pulse of the tornado is Boom! Boom! beginning to be felt. Now the wind is rising. The storm is drawing nearer. We are on our second round Our and are coming up the path near the pasture-gate. I 149 Sugaring Moths for We have taken more than a hundred collecting jars are full. specimens representing thirty species. Not a bad night's work. Are you through? Put Hurry up! Here are the draw-bars. Come quickly after me. I know out the light in your lantern. Here is the back garden gate. It is beginning to the path. We shall have to run if we wish to avoid a wetting. rain. Ah! here are the steps of the veranda. Come up! a flash and a crash that was! Look what My! how back and big trees are bowing their heads as the wind reaches them, and the lightning silhouettes them against the may be glad we are out of the gray veil of the rain. see the We storm, sun with will a rise good roof overhead. To-morrow morning the bright and clear, and we shall have work all the morning hours in setting the captures we enough to fill have made. Good-night! "It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance, which is almost implied by reproduction Variability, from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural ; Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less improved forms. Thus, from the war of Nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows: There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one, and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved." Darwin. I50 FAMILY NOCTUID^E " man be more just than God ? man be more pure than his Maker ? Behold He put no trust in His servants; And His angels He charged with folly: How much less in them that dwell in houses Shall mortal Shall a Whose foundation is in the dust, Which are crushed before the moth ? of clay, " Job, Chapter IV 17-19. , The Noctuidce are a huge complex of genera and species, genera being reckoned by hundreds, and the species by thousands. Within the faunal limits intended to be covered by the book there are already known to occur in the neighborhood of three hundred and seventy-five genera, and many more than two thousand species which are referable to this family. In the this arrangement of the genera and the species the author has in the main followed Dyar's Catalogue, which is based upon that of B. Smith, published in 1893 United States National Museum." Prof. J. The moths are nocturnal in as "Bulletin 44 their habits. very constant, and is described as follows by of India," Vol. II, p. 160): of the The neuration is Hampson ("Moths " Fore wing with vein \a slight and not anastomosing with ib] \c absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3, 4, 5 from close to lower angle; 6 from upper angle; 8 given off from 7 and anastomosing with 9, which is given off from 10 to form an areole; 11 from Hind wing with \a and b present; \c absent; cell; 12 long. 2 from middle of cell; 3 and 4 from lower angle; 5 from near lower angle or middle of discocellulars, rarely absent, but more or less aborted in the Acontiince and Trifince. Frenulum always, proboscis almost always, present." The larvae are generally naked, or at most pubescent. In some of the subfamilies the larvae are semiloopers, some of the prolegs being absent. Pupation 151 generally takes place under Noctuidse ground without a cocoon, the earth being fashioned cases into a cemented cell about the pupa. PANTHEA Genus (i) Panthea furcilla in some Hubner Plate Packard, XVII, Fig. 31, $. (The Eastern Panthea.) Closely allied to the following species, from which it may be distinguished by the absence of the reniform spot at the end of the cell. (The (2) Panthea portlandia Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 30, Western Panthea.) Transverse markings less diffuse than in the preceding species, and reniform spot always present. P. furcilla occurs on the northern Atlantic, and P. portlandia on the northern Pacific coast. (For the other two species consult Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 13.) <3 Genus DEMAS . Stephens Demas propinquilinea Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 3, $. (1) (The Close-banded Demas.) The caterpillar feeds on various deciduous trees, making a case for itself by drawing two leaves together with strands of It occurs in the Atlantic States. (For the other two species of genus see Proceedings U. silk. Vol. XXI, p. Genus (1) S. Nat. Museum, 22.) CHARADRA Charadra deridens Guenee, Walker Plate XVIII, Fig. 4, ?. (The Laugher.) Syn. circulifer Walker; contigua Walker. A rather rare moth, the habitat of which and the larva of which makes a case done by the preceding species. (2) Fig. 2, Charadra illudens Walker, ? . (The Sport. is the Atlantic States, for itself, very Plate XVIII, much Fig. 5, as $, ) Syn. pythion Druce. A Mexican species, which admit to the fauna of our territory on the authority of George Franck of Brooklyn, who reports its I occurrence in Florida. Noctuidae Charadra decora Morrison, (3) Plate XVII, Fig. 29, $ . (The Dandy.) Syn. jelina Druce. This in is Arizona, likewise a Mexican species, which is said to occur but the fact of its being found there requires verification. One in the other species of the genus, C. disputed Morrison, occurs Southern States. RAPHIA Hubner Genus (j) Raphia frater Grote, Plate XVIII, Brother.) Syn. personata Walker; flexnosa Walker. There are three species belonging fauna. They to Fig. this 3, genus The are closely alike in appearance. ?. (The our in species we R. abrupta Grote is also figure occurs in the Eastern States. an eastern species, while R. coloradensis is found in the West. Genus This regions is APATELA Hubner a large of both genus, well represented the Old World and the in the temperate New. The latest Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the United States credits our fauna with seventy -five species. The genus has been mono- graphed by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, pp. 1-104.) Within the compass of these pages we cannot do more than give a representation of a number of the forms, which have been described, leaving the student to further researches in the readily accessible literature of the XVIII, Fig. 12, %. subject. (1) Apatela americana Harris, Plate (The American Dagger-moth.) Syn. acericola Guen6e; obscura Henry Edwards; aceris Abbot & Smith (non Linnaeus). This is one of the largest species of the genus. The caterpillar feeds upon deciduous trees of many genera, and the insect occurs from New England to Utah and south to the Gulf States. Plate XVIII, Fig. 17, $. (2) Apatela dactylina Grote, (The Fingered Dagger-moth). Easily distinguished from the preceding species, which it 153 Noctuiase in the markings of the fore wings, by its smaller It and the white hind wings. ranges from Canada to The caterpillar Virginia and westward to the Rocky Mountains. lives upon alder, willow, and birch. resembles size $ (The (3) Apatela populi Riley, Plate XVIII, Fig. 14, Cottonwood Dagger-moth.) The moth, of which we reproduce the figures of the larva and imago given by Professor who Riley, first ranges described the species, Canada to the from western parts of the Carolinas, thence across the continent to the Pacific coast, warmer regions States and southern The imago Fig. 85. of the spot, which primaries, is is California. discriminated from Apatela lepusculina Guenee by the broader wings, especially of Apatela populi, (After Riley.) color avoiding the the Gulf of the female, by the paler groundand by the absence of the orbicular very rarely as the figure given by Riley, basal dash on the and conspicuous still further as it appears in by the very short wings, which A. lepusculina is fore in long, reaching outa sharply black line wardly as defined one-third length The larva different of the the of is cell. also quite in impor- tant particulars from that of the species, which has been named, but with which this species is often confounded in collections. The Fig. 86. Apatela populi, larva. (After Riley.) caterpillar feeds species of the genus Populus, and 154 upon the is foliage of different particularly common in the Noctuidae States of the Mississippi Basin upon the Cottonwood (Populus monilifera and Populus heterophylla.) innotata Guenee, (4) Apatela (The Unmarked Dagger-moth.) Syn. grcefi Plate XVIII, Fig. 6 I}, . Grote. The figure given in the plate represents a form intermediate between those depicted by Smith & Dyar. (See Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, Plate II, Figs. 17, 18). The ground The species occurs in Canada color is a dirty yellowish-white. and the northern Atlantic States. Apatela morula Grote, Darkish Dagger-moth. ) (5) Plate XVIII, Fig. 8, $ (The . Syn ulmi Harris. This insect occurs from Canada southward and westward to The caterpillar feeds upon elm, apple, the Rocky Mountains. and linden. (6) Apatela interrupta Guenee, (The Interrupted Dagger-moth.) Syn. occidentalis Grote The & Plate XIX, Fig. $ 5, . Robinson. upon the Rosacea, and also upon the elm and the birch. The insect has a wide range from the Atlantic seaboard to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to the larva feeds northern portions of the Gulf States. (7) Apatela lobeliae Guenee, Lobelia Dagger-moth.) The caterpillar feeds Plate XVIII, Fig. 9, upon oak, (The . in spite of the fact that the author of the species attributed it to the Lobelia, which would no doubt poison it if administered. It ranges from Canada to Florida and Texas, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. (8) Apatela furcifera Guenee, (The Forked Dagger-moth.) Plate XVIII, Fig. 10, 6 . The range of this species is practically the same as that of the The larva feeds upon various species of wild-cherry. ?. (The (9) Apatela hasta Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 6, preceding. Dart Dagger-moth.) Syn. telum Guenee. The Canada. insect It is is found in the northern Atlantic States and smaller and darker than the preceding species, to 155 Noctuidse which is it closely allied. The figure the plate in is hardly dark enough. (io) Apatela quadrata Grote, (The Quadrate Dagger.) This species occurs on the as far as Alberta in the north author does not (11) Plate Pacific coast and Kansas XViil. Fig. 15, $. and ranges eastward in The the south. recall a description of the larva. Apatela superans Guenee, Plate XVIII, 26, Fig. $. (The Chieftain Dagger.) This is a well-marked species, which cannot easily be mistaken. It occurs in Canada, southward to the Carolinas, and westward through the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds on the same plants as its allies, which have been mentioned above. (12) Apatela lithospila Grote, (The Streaked Dagger.) Ranges from the Atlantic to the upon oak, hickory, and chestnut. (13) Apatela connecta Grote, Plate XVIII, The Pacific. Plate 24, Fig. XVIII, larva Fig. 6 . feeds 19, 6- (The Connected Dagger.) The habitat of this Carolinas and westward species to the found from Canada to the is Mississippi. The larva feeds 6- (The on willows. (14) Apatela fragilis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 1, Fragile Dagger-moth.) Syn. spectans Walker. This delicate little species has by some authors been referred genus Microccelia, but is a true Apatela. It ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. The caterpillar feeds on birch and various plants belonging to the to the Rosacea;. (15) Apatela vinnula Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 25, $. (The Delightful Dagger.) This pretty and easily recognizable species feeds in the larval stage upon the elm and ranges from the Atlantic coast to the border of the Great Plains. It Apatela grisea Walker, (The Gray Dagger-moth.) (16) comes very Plate freely to sugar. XVIII, Fig. Syn. pudorata Morrison. The caterpillar feeds on apple, birch, willow, elm, 156 11, $. and srrow I v . . - Explanation of Plate XVIII (Except when otherwise tained in the collection of W. indicated, the specimens figured are conJ. Holland.) 2 Diplithera fallax Herrich-Schaeffer, Charadra illudens Walker, 9 3 Raphia 4 5 Charadra deridens Guenee, 9 Charadra illudens Walker, c?. 6 Arsilonche albovenosa Goeze, i 7 8 9 io ii 12 f rater Grote, $ , U. N. M. S. c?. Merolonche lupini Grote, <5\ Merrick Collection. Apatela morula Grote, <j\ Apatela lobelice Guenee, <J*. Apatela furcijera Guenee, cJ Apatela grisea Walker, 9 Apatela americana Harris. 9 Apatela innotata Guenee, J Apatela lepusculina Guenee, (J Apatela quadrata Grote, 9 Apatela radcliffei Harvey, q? 1 Apatela dactylina Grote, d Apatela oblinita Abbot & Smith, 9 Apatela connecta Grote, tf Apatela noctivaga Grote, 9 Apatela impressa Walker, tf. Apatela impleta Walker, 9 Apatela brumosa Guenee, c?Apatela xylinijormis Guenee, <J\ Merrick Collection. , Apatela vinnula Grote, 9 Apatela super ans Guenee, 9 1 . 1 *3 . 1 14 J 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 . . . . 9 The Moth Book Plate XVIII. Ml *'"~&p -> y-A r COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 10C3 IMES'CAN COLORTYPE CO., N. V. & CK Noctuidae wood The found from Canada to Georgia and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. (Euonymus). insect is (17) Apatela albarufa Grote, (The Reddish-white Dagger.) A somewhat XVIII, 16, Fig. $. variable species characterized reddish cast New Plate upon the primaries. Mexico and Colorado. It by a very faint ranges from the Atlantic to (18) Apatela brumosa Guenee, (The Frosty Dagger-moth.) Plate XVIII, Fig. 2}, $. Syn. inclara Smith. Very closely allied to A. impressa Walker, but easily disThe tinguished from that species by the lighter hind wings. larva feeds upon willow, birch, and alder. (19) Apatela noctivaga Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, 9 (The Burglar Dagger.) The larva feeds upon poplar and various herbaceous plants. The insect is found over almost the entire United States and southern Canada. . (20) Apatela impressa Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 21, 3. (The Printed Dagger.) The larva blackberry. feeds It is upon willow, plum, hazel, currant, and found from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains. (21) Apatela impleta Walker, (The Yellow-haired Dagger.) Plate XVIII, 22, ?. Florida and Fig. Syn. luteicoma Grote. The range of this species is from Canada to westward far into the valley of the Mississippi. The larva feeds on a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs. (22) Apatela oblinita Abbot 18, ? . & Smith, Plate XVIII, Fig. (The Smeared Dagger.) Syn. salicis Harris. This is probably the commonest species of the genus. It occurs from eastern Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains. The larva feeds on a great variety of shrubs and herbaceous plants. It never is found upon trees. It is very fond of the various species of smart-weed {Polygonum), and in the 157 Noctuidae of the year it is very abundant in places where this plant grows. does some damage to cotton-plants in the South, but by handpicking it can easily fall It be kept under. The cocoon, which is comof yellowish long and oval. There are two broods posed silk, is the Middle States. in The hibernating sects their cocoons and lay in- from emerge in May, their eggs. decaterpillars The velop and the second brood of moths appears Fig. a. Larva; Apatela oblinata. Cocoon; c. Moth. (After Riley.) 87. b. in posit pillars having made their ration, state. pupal Genus This small a is cocoons, pass APHARETRA genus, the species upon the wing They ovi- July. the and the caterof this winter genein the Grote of which have been Apatela, in which they have been formerly give figures of both species known to occur within our territory. They have been drawn from the types, and will suffice for the identification of the perfect insects. Nothing is as separated from placed. yet We known as to their larval stages. Apharetra dentata Grote. (The Toothed Apharetra.) This insect occurs in Canada and the northern portions of (i) Fig. 88. New as York and yet very New rare in Apharetra dentata, $ England. It collections. 158 . \. however, for some reason The annexed cut has been is, Noctuidae drawn for me by Mr. Horace Knight from the type which (2) is Museum. contained in the British Apharetra pyralis Smith. (Smith's Apharetra.) The specimen represented contained the type National in Museum, a drawing was kindly permitted to make. is It in of is 89 Fig. United the States which The I species British of Alberta in America. Genus Two fauna. t^ ^pyralfs', considerably darker than the preceding. is thus far only known from the Territory ARSILONCHE Lederer species belonging to this genus are represented in our Arsilonche colorada was described by Smith in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXII, The other species, which is v/ell known, we p. 414, in 1900. figure. (1) Arsilonche albovenosa Gceze, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6, $. (The White-veined Dagger.) The abdomen in our figure is dark, the specimen being It should be light, like the thorax. The insect occurs greased. quite commonly in Canada and the northern portions of the United States, and also in Europe and northern Asia. Genus For a MEROLONCHE Grote account of the three species contained in this genus the student is referred to the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 179. (1) full Merolonche lupini Grote, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, $ . (The Lupine Dagger.) Like all the species of this genus the Lupine Dagger is an inhabitant of the Pacific States. Good specimens are rare in collections. Genus HARRISIMEMNA Only one species of this genus (1) Harrisimemna is thus far Grote known. trisignata Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. (Harris's Three-spot. ) 159 4, 9. Noctuidae The moth from Canada to Texas, and from the The larva feeds on the winterberry ranges Atlantic to the Great Plains. and the lilac. Genus MICROCCELIA Guenee This genus is like the preceding represented in our territory by but one species. (i) Microccelia diphtheroides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 9, $ form obliterate Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 10, $ (The Marbled ; . Microccelia.) The form obliterata common. The species in is which the marblings found in the Atlantic are wanting is Subregion of the United States. Genus JASPIDIA Hubner This moderately large genus embracing five species, We figure two of them. our fauna. Jaspidia lepidula Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, $ (The is which occur (1) a in . Marbled-green Jaspidia. ) This is a common species in the Atlantic Subregion, ranging from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. Jaspidia teratophora Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIX, (2) Fig. 8, The $. (The White-spotted Jaspidia.) distribution of this species is practically the same as that of the preceding. DIPHTHERA Genus There (1) Fig. 1, is fallax Diphthera $. Hubner but one species of this genus in our fauna. Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XVIII, (The Green Marvel.) This beautiful little moth is not uncommon in the Appala- chian, or Atlantic, Subregion of the Continent. Genus POLYGRAMMATE This genus like the preceding by but a single species. (1) $ . is represented in our territory Polygrammate hebraicum Hubner, (The Hebrew.) Syn. hebrcBa Guenee. l6o Hubner Plate XIX, Fig. II, Noctuidae The caterpillar feeds upon the sour gum-tree (Nyssa sylvalarval stages have been described by Dyar. (See The tica). The insect is Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 9.) not uncommon in Pennsylvania and has much the same range as the preceding three or four species. CERMA Genus Hubner Three species of this genus are credited to our fauna. The one of which we give a cut has been by some authors confounded with Polygrammate hebraicum. (1) Cerma cora Hubner. (The Cora Moth.) Syn. festa Guenee. The ground-color of moth this pretty little is white shading into vinaceous gray, upon which FlG the darker markings stand forth conspicuously. It is quite rare, and so far as is known is con- 9 ~ The figure fined to the Atlantic Subregion of the continent. was drawn by the author from a specimen in the possession of the Brooklyn Institute, belonging to the Neumcegen Collection. Genus (1) CYATHISSA Cyathissa percara Morrison, Grote Plate XIX, Fig. 12, $ . (The Darling Cyathissa.) This pretty little species is found in the Gulf States and has been reported as ranging northward as far as Colorado. A second species of the genus has during the past year been described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from southern California, under name the pallida. Genus CHYTONIX Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, var. 14, 6 (The Cloaked Marvel.) (1) Fig. Grote Plate XIX, Fig. 13, 6 ; , Syn. iaspis Guenee. A common be found in It may species in the Northern Atlantic States. in Pennsylvania seated upon the bark June and July of oak-trees in the forest. It comes 161 freely to sugar and to light. Noctuidae Genus Of the sole COPIBRYOPHILA Smith species, named angelica, belonging genus, which was erected by Smith B. in the to this Prof. j. year 1900 (see "Proceed- ings U. S. Nat. Mus.," Vol. XXII, p. 416), we give a cut made from a drawing of Fig. Copibryophila 91. angelica, $ . w hich is contained tV p e> National Museum at Washington. th e j. ALEPTINA Genus the in Dyar This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the species named inca by him in the "Canadian Entomologist," Vol. XXXIV, 28. The The male p. 104. insect is found in Genus is figured on Plate XVII, Fig. Arizona and Texas. BAILEYA Grote A small genus, the species in which have been commonly referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously. (1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, $ . It Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion. comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of southern Indiana. (2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, $ This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade . on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to Texas. (3) Baileya doubledayi Guenee, Of the same size From australis it may Plate XVII, Fig. 26, as ophthalmica, readily be distinguished and by the different marking of the apex of the Genus $ . but differently marked. HADENELLA by its fore larger size, wings. Grote (1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 24, $ This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as . Colorado. (2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, 162 Plate XIX, Fig. 25, &. Noctuidae The f this identification insect with minuscula Morrison, made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north of the Gulf States. Genus ACOPA Harvey carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. 16, $ (i) The habitat of this species is Texas. Three other species belonging to the region of the Southwestern States have been Acopa . referred to this genus. CATABENA Genus Catabena lineolata Walker, (l) Syn. miscellus Grote. This is a common little States to California. It is Walker Plate XIX, Fig. moth which ranges from freely attracted to light. 15, 6 . the Atlantic The larva feeds on Verbena. Genus Crambodes (1) CRAMBODES Guenee talidiformis Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 17, $. Syn. conjugens Walker. A common westward larval species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging Like the preceding species the as far as Colorado. form feeds on Verbena. Genus PLATYSENTA Grote Platysenta videns Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 21, $ Syn. indigens Walker; meskei Speyer; atriciliata Grote. This species has the same range as the preceding. (1) common . It is at sugar. $ (2) Platysenta albipuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 23, This moth was originally described from Colorado, but it The specimen occurs all through the Southwestern States. . figured came from Texas. Genus (1) Balsa malana BALSA Walker Fitch, Plate XIX, Fig. 18, Syn. obliquifera Walker. 163 $. Noctuidae This is a very common species in the Atlantic States and is freely attracted to light. PLATYPERIGEA Genus of three reception Smith B. Smith for the which we figure in the annexed cuts, which have been made This genus has been erected by Prof. species, J] for two me J. of from the types through the courtesy of Fig. 92. Platyperigea prceacuta, . <j> \. Dr. H. G. Dyar, o Washington. f All of the species been re- have corded from Colorado. They also occur Wyoming, and have specimens col- in *%3%*X I lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. probably have an extensive range Genus in the They Rocky Mountains. ANORTHODES Smith (1) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, 6 This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio, and its range extends thence southward into the Southern . States. It occurs in Kentucky, is a Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Genus This Old World familiarity others. CARADRINA Ochsenheimer genus of moderate extent, represented both in the have chosen a few species, and the New. We with which will enable the student (1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, (The Mooned Rustic.) Syn. bilunata Grote. is distributed from The moth 22, $ . the Atlantic seaboard to the New Fig. (The Speckled Rustic.) Syn. fid-icularia Morrison. habitat of this species The recognize XIX, Fig. Mexico. It is common in Texas. Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, interior of (2) Plate to is the Atlantic Subregion. 164 29, . J .J . ' ' I : : ' M Explanation of Plate (Except when otherwise indicated, the W. in the collection of i. Apatela fragilis Guenee, Ciris wilsoni Grote, 4 . Walker, 9 1 19. 20. . Grote, trisignata, 8. 9. Microcarlia . 1 7. . Schaeffer, Guenee, $ . diph tJieroides Microcazlia 11. Polygrammate 12. Cyathissa percara Morrison, U. S. N. M. 13. Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, 14. Chytonix palliatricula Guen6e, diphtheroides obliterata, Grote, d cf 32. . hebraicum . 34. . $ . OUgia grata Hubner, cj OUgia juscitnacula Grote, . tf . 40. HiIlia algens Grote, c? Hadena passer Guenee, (J Hadena burgessi Morrison, J*. Hadena lateritia Hubner, cj Hadena dubitans Walker, 9 Hadena ducta Grote, 9 41. Mamestra juncimacula Smith, 35. , . 1 36. 37. 1 . 1 38. . var., 39. J*. 17. 18. Balsa malaria Fitch, 16. 33 1 cJ Guenee, cf Guenee, 9 OUgia festivoides Guenee, c? 31. 1'crigea vecors var. Catabena lineolata Walker, $ Aco>a carina Harvey, J\ U. S. N. M. Crambodes talidiformis Guenee, 15. . 30. Perigea xanthioides c?. 10. Hubner, . . . . Apatela interrupta Guenee, 9 Apatela hasta Guenee, 9 Jaspidea lepidida Grote, (J Jaspidea teratophora Herrich- 5. 6. Anorthodes prima Smith, (J Orthodes vecors Guenee, cf 21. Platysenta videns Guenee, 9 22. Caradrina meralis Morrison, $ 23 Platysenta albipuncta Smith, $ 24. Hadenella pergentilis Grote, ? U. S. N. M. 25. Hadenella subjuncta Smith, $ 26. Caradrina extimia Walker, c? 27. Caradrina punctivena Smith, cf 28. Caradrina spilomela Walker, tf 29 Caradrina tnultifera Walker, 9 c?. 1 cJ Detnas propinquilinea 9, U. S. N. M. Harrisimetnna specimens are contained Holland.) J. 2. 3. XIX . 42. 43. 44- cT- J 1 . 1 4*5 j . Hadena nigrior Smith, 9 Hadena verbascoides Guenee, 9 Hadena devastatrix Brace, cT Hadena arctica Boisduval, <J*. Thh Moth Book COPYHIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate XIX AMM CAN COLOHTYPE CO., N. Y. * Cm Noctuidae Caradrina spilomela Walker, (3) Plate XIX, 6 Fig. 28, . (The Convivial Rustic.) Syn. conviva Harvey. is a neotropical species found This over the hotter parts all and South America, and ranging northward Arizona and Texas. Caradrina extimia Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 26, (4) of North into <* . (The Civil Rustic.) Syn. civica Grote. The moth occurs in Colorado and thence westward to the Pacific. Caradrina punctivena Smith, (5) Plate XIX, Fig. 27, $ . (The Brown-streaked Rustic.) The identity of this insect with C. rufostriga Packard has Its habitat is Colorado, among the been suggested as probable. It no doubt occurs at intermediate mountains, and Labrador. points at suitable elevations. form. Genus This warmer is a parts It PERIGEA rather extensive of the evidently a strictly boreal is New genus, Guenee well also occurring in the species are credited to our Eastern Hemisphere. Twenty-four in the latest catalogue. figure We fauna species, (1) the in represented World, and which have a wide range. Perigea xanthioides Guenee, two Plate of the XIX, commoner 30, Fig. $ . (The Red Groundling.) This It is is not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. abundant in southern Indiana and Kentucky, particularly where (2) 1 have obtained it in large numbers. Perigea vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Dusky Groundling.) The distribution of this species is very ?. (The same as that Fig. 31, much the of the preceding. Genus OLIGIA Hubner Nine species belonging to territory, of which number three Oligia festivoides (1) (The Festive Midget.) Syn. varia "Qf~ 1 this genus are credited to our are selected for illustration. Guenee, i. r. 165 Plate XIX, Fig. }2, $. Noctuidae This the Atlantic States. is not an uncommon species in Oligia fuscimacula Grote, Plate XIX. Fig. 34, $ (The . (2) Brown-spotted Midget.) A common species in the Gulf States. Oligia grata (3) Plate Hubner, XIX, Fig. 33, $ . (The Grateful Midget.) Syn. rasilis Morrison. This species is quite widely distributed through the Atlantic States. HILLIA Genus There are three species in this more temperate regions of our Grote genus. territory, Northern States or to high elevations They are found in the being confined to the among the mountains of the West. Hillia algens Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 35, $ obscurely colored moth is found in Maine, northern York, southern Canada, and among the mountains of . (1) This New Wyoming, and Montana. Colorado, Genus This HADENA Schrank genus which is represented in both the More than one hundred species are credited Of these we have selected a number for purposes of a very large is Old World and New. to our fauna. knowing that familiarity with these will enable the collector presently to recognize other species, which he then be able to determine with the help of accessible illustration, young will literature. (1) 2, & A the Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, Plate XX, Fig. (Bridgham's Hadena.) . bright fore little species, wings being the reddish color of the medial area of quite distinctive. It is found in the Appalachian Subregion. (2) Hadena transfrons Neumoegen, Plate XX, Fig. 7, ? (Neumoegen's Hadena.) Closely allied to the preceding species, but with darker . primaries, and dark hind wings. Columbia. 166 Habitat Alberta and British Noctuidae Hadena (3) violacea Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 12, ? (The . Violet Hadena.) This species, which ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to California, may be distinguished from the preceding two species by its somewhat larger size, and by the fact that the secondaries are immaculately white. Hadena claudens Walker, (4) Plate XX, Fig. 6, $ (The . Dark-winged Hadena.) hilli Syn. Grote. This species is apparently confined to the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion. Hadena modica Guenee, (5) XX, Plate Fig. 14, 6. (The Black-banded Hadena.) Syn. subcedens Walker. Ranges from the Atlantic coast to the mountains of Colorado. (6) Hadena characta Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 3, $ (The Double-banded Hadena.) The habitat of this species is in the southwestern portion of . the Rocky Mountains. It is not uncommon in Arizona. Hadena mactata Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 8, ?. (The (7) Dark-spotted Hadena.) The distribution of this species is over the Appalachian Subregion and westward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. Hadena turbulenta (8) Hubner, Plate XX, Fig. 16, ? (The . Turbulent Hadena.) Syn. arcuata Walker. This little species is (9) uncommon not Hadena versuta in the Atlantic Plate Smith, XX, Fig. 4, Subregion. $ (The . Albertan Hadena.) So far as is now known this species is found in the Territory probably has a wide range on the eastern slopes of the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. of Alberta, but (10) it Hadena miseloides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 15, $. (The White-spotted Hadena.) This is not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. easily be recognized by its greenish fore wings, generally near the middle by a large white spot. 167 It may marked Noctuidae (n) Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, Plate XX, Fig. 13. $. (The Green-spotted Hadena.) This species is variable in color, some specimens having green spots on the disk of the fore wings, others being, as repreIt is a common sented in the plate, almost entirely brown. species in the central portions of the Mississippi Valley, ranging thence southward. The example was taken figured at Columbus, Ohio. Hadena (12) fractilinea Grote, XX, Plate Fig. 10, $ (The . Broken-lined Hadena.) Not a scarce species in the Appalachian Subregion. (13) Hadena basilinea Fabricius, Plate XX, Fig. 9, $ Base-streaked Hadena.) (The . Syn. cerivana Smith. This species, which is also found in Europe, occurs in Alberta, and the northwestern portions of British North America. Hadena passer Guenee, (14) Plate XIX, Passerine Hadena.) Syn. incallida Walker; loculata Morrison; Fig. }6, viralis Grote; $. (The conspicua Morrison. Not a very common species, ranging from southern Canada and the northern Atlantic States westward in the same latitudes to the Pacific, and southward into the mountains of Colorado. (15) Hadena burgessi Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 37, $. (Burgess's Hadena.) Syn. discors Grote. The habitat of this well-marked species is the Atlantic Subregion and the valley of the Mississippi as far west as the Great Plains. (16) Hadena vultuosa Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 11, $. (The Airy Hadena.) Not (17) common species, confined to the Atlantic Subregion. Hadena lateritia Hubner, Plate XIX, Fig. 38, $ (The a very . Red-winged Hadena.) Syn. molochina Hubner; obliviosa Walker. Found throughout temperate North America and Europe. (18) Hadena dubitans Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 39, $ Halting Hadena.) Syn. insignata Walker; sputatrix Grote. 168 . (The Moctuidae Much darker than the preceding species, which it somewhat It is found in the northern resembles. portions of the Atlantic Subregion. (19) Hadena ducta Plate XIX, Fig. the same as that of the last devastatrix Brace, Plate XIX, Grote, Speckled Gray Hadena.) The range of this species mentioned. (20) Hadena is 40, ?. (The 44, Fig. $ . (The Destroying Hadena.) Syn. ordinaria Walker; contenta Walker; marshallana Westwood. Universally distributed throughout the United States and southern Canada. (21) Hadena arctica The Northern Hadena.) Plate Boisduval, XIX, 45, Fig. $. Syn. amputatrix Fitch. A large and handsome species, easily recognizable. It ranges from Canada and New England into the Carolinas and westward to Colorado. (22) Hadena occidens XX, Grote, Plate 20, Fig. $ (The . Great Western Hadena.) The (2s) species is distributed from Colorado to California. Hadena verbascoides Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 43, ? . (The Mullein Hadena.) A for peculiarly anything (24) marked else. Hadena It species, which cannot mistaken easily be occurs in the northern Atlantic States. nigrior Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 42, ? (The . Darker Hadena.) Allied to the preceding species, but with the light color of the costal area confined to the basal portion of the wing. Found in New England and Canada. (25) Hadena lignicolor Guenee, Plate Wood-colored Hadena.) A well-marked species, larger. (26) It in XX, Fig. color recalling H. 5, $ (The . vultuosa, but ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado and Arizona. Hadena semilunata Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 41, $. (The Half-moon Hadena.) Not uncommon in Colorado and ranging thence westward to the Pacific. 169 Noctuidae (27) Hadena vinela Smith, MS., Plate XX, Fig. 19, $ (The Dark Ashen Hadena.) This species has been long distributed in collections as Fishea enthea, which it is not. apply to the figure the manuscript name, which has been given me by Prof. J. B. Smith. It is found in New England and southern Canada. . 1 CALOPHASIA Genus The only Stephens to our fauna is species C. strigata Smith, represented in Plate XX, Fig. 17, by a female specimen, loaned to me by the United States National Museum. It occurs in Colorado and Wyoming. of this genus Genus This genus was credited EPIDEMAS erected Smith by Professor J. B. Smith for the reception of the species figured in Plate XXIII, Fig. 2, from a female specimen in the National Collection, and named by him cinerea. It occurs in Genus (1) Colorado. MACRONOCTUA Macronoctua onusta There is Grote XX, Fig. 18, ?. only one species of this genus, which occurs in the Grote, Plate southern Atlantic States. Genus A FISHEA Grote There are only two species known. Fishea yosemitae Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 1, $ Yosemite Fishea.) small genus. (1) This species, which erally referred to the (The . is gengenus Aporophila Guenee, is placed here on the authority of Prof. In B. Smith. addition J. Fig. 94. Fishea yosemitce, ? i- to the figure given in the plate we have inserted a cut drawn from the type. By the help of these the student will no doubt be able to identify the species. The insect is found in California. 170 Noctuidae Genus A POLIA Hiibner moderately large genus, which includes about twenty in our fauna. Of these we have selected two for species illustration. (i) Polia theodori Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 21, . (Theodore's Polia.) The home of this region of the species is the southwestern portion of the Rocky Mountains. (2) Polia diversilineata Grote, Plate XX, Varied-banded Polia.) Fig. 22, $ . (The Syn. illepida Grote. Like the preceding species this is an inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains. Genus DRYOBOTA (1) Dryobota illocata Walker, Wandering Dryobota.) Lederer Plate Syn. stigmata Grote. A native of the Atlantic Subregion XX, Fig. 24, wandering ?. as far (The west as Colorado. HYPPA Genus The genus is found in Duponchel both hemispheres. Four species are credited to North America. (1) Hyppa xylinoides Common Hyppa.) Guen^e, Plate XX, Fig. 2}, ? Syn. contraria Walker; ancocisconensis Morrison. very common species in the Atlantic Subregion. A . It is (The freely attracted to light in the spring of the year. Genus A FERALIA Grote small genus containing four species in our territory. found in groves of pine. The insects are generally (1) Feralia jocosa Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 32, $. (The Joker.) Found in suitable localities throughout the northern Atlantic States. *7 Noctuidae MOMOPHANA Genus The only Grote species of this genus known is a very rare insect so far as has been ascertained. The cut we was drawn from a unique specimen Neumoegen Collection at the Brooklyn Institute. The type is at Cornell give the in All the specimens which University. have been taken have occurred in New York and Canada. Fig. 9 s.Momopkana comstocki Grote. \. VALERIA Genus Germar The only This genus occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. species in our fauna is Valeria opina Grote, the male of which is figured in Plate XX, It is Fig. 25. found EUPLEXIA Genus in California. Stephens genus, which is also found in Europe, English entomologists call the moth "The Small Angle Shades." The scientific name is Euplexia It lucipara Linnaeus, and it is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 26. occurs all over the United States and Canada. But one species of this occurs in North America. Genus TRACHEA This genus is also found is found in America, both hemispheres. Only one is confined to the Atlantic as Trachea delicata Grote, and the species Subregion. male is It is shown on known Plate Genus XX, in Europe. and Fig. 27. DIPTERYGIA The genus Dipterygia the species Hiibner in is Stephens represented in the named scabriuscula by Linnaeus, New World which by also occurs There are several Asiatic species. It is shown on It ranges from the Atlantic westward to the XX, Fig. 28. Rocky Mountains. Plate ACTINOTIA Genus This small genus Canada by the is insect to represented in Hu'bner the United States and which Guenee applied the 172 specific name Noctuidae ramosula, and which very common in is (1) XX, It is Europe and Asia than in Fig. 29. Pennsylvania. PYROPHILA Genus This genus America. delineated on Plate is better represented in Hu'bner Pyrophila glabella Morrison, Plate XX, Fig. S. 32, (The Gray Pyrophila.) Not nearly as common as the next species, but widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada. (2) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 30, S (The American Copper Underwing.) This insect, which is one of the commonest moths in the Atlantic Subregion, and ranges westward as far as Colorado, conceals itself under the loose bark of trees during the daytime, and comes forth at night. It sometimes fairly swarms at sugar, and becomes a veritable . pest to the collector, who desires rarer things. The caterpillar good deal of vegetation. does a damage to have re- I cently been annoyed the ravages inflicted Fig. 96. by by Larva of Pyrophila pyramidoides. (After Riley.) the larvae in the spring of the year upon the foliage of imported rhododendrons, for which they seem to have a partiality in my garden. They feed freely on a great variety of shrubs and herbaceous plants. (3) Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus, Plate XX, (The Mouse-colored Pyrophila.)' Fig. 31, $ . Syn. repressus Grote. A circumpolar species ranging throughout the temperate zone. Genus The genus of is HELIOTROPHA in represented a dark form occur. which alight and Lederer the Atlantic States The by a species, or light, typical, was named reniformis by Grote, and is depicted on XX, Fig. ^, while the dark form,' named atra by the same author, is shown on the same plate by Figure 34. form, Plate Noctuidse PRODENIA Genus A globe. Guenee small but widely distributed genus found in all parts of the Illustrations of two of the three species found in our fauna are given. ( i Prodenia commelinae Abbot ) & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 36, ? This species, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion, is in the southern portion of its range. (2) Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 35, $ Not as common as the preceding species, but ranging over common . the entire United States. Genus A small LAPHYGMA but widely distributed Guenee genus, represented in our fauna by but one species. (1) 37, S . Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & (The Fall Army Worm.) Smith, Plate XX, Fig. Syn. macro, Guenee signifera Walker plagiata Walker autumnalis Riley. ; ; This destructive insect, which States, ; found all over the Atlantic the Mississippi Valley, and thence southward through Fig. 97. Laphygma Fig. 98. frugiperda. a. full grown larva; b. head, magsegment of body, viewed from above; d. viewed from side, nified; c enlarged. is Laphygma frugiperda. typical form of moth eties. (After Riley.) a. ; b. c. vari- (After Riley.) and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided preferv>entral '74 Noctuidae ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden and attacks cotton. crops, said to is It inflict damage upon The moth is variable in winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and its markings. by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm (Leucania uniBecause its ravages are generally committed in the fall puncta). of the year it was named The A V. Riley. Prof. C. Army Worm by Fall the late very excellent account of the insect is given "Eighth Annual Report" of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, et seq., which the It is from this article that student will do well to consult. the two accompanying figures have been taken. by this distinguished authority in the Genus Lussa nigroguttata (1) This known little moth in regard to is its LUSSA Grote Grote, Plate found XX, Fig. 38, $ Not much is . Florida. in as yet life-history. Genus MAGUSA Walker dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, $ (1) Magusa Syn. divaricata Grote; angustipennis Moeschler; divida Moeschler. The sole species of the genus found within our territory, . ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America. Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards We and ( figure three of the five species attributed to this genus reported to occur within the limits of the United States. 1 ) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, $ (The . Yellow Pseudanarta.) Syn. crocea Henry Edwards. The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the southern portions of British Columbia. (2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Single Pseudanarta.) The habitat of this species (3) Pseudanarta falcata is Plate XX, Fig. 40, $ . (The the southwestern United States. Neumoegen, Plate (The Falcate Pseudanarta.) The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico. '75 XX, Fig. 41, $. Noctuidse HOMOHADENA Genus A Grote we considerable genus, one species of which Homohadena (i) This is northern Plate badistriga Grote, represent. XXI, Fig. $ I, . the only species of the genus, which occurs in the Atlantic States. Most of them are western and southern. The range of from is badistriga Atlantic the to Colorado. Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species, most of which are found in the western and southwestern We States. have selected for representation seven of their number. (i) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, $ (Day's Oncocnemis. ) Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming. (2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, $ (The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.) . . The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. Oncocnemis occata (3) Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. ? 8, (The . Harrow-moth.) This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying westward of these, as far as the Pacific. Oncocnemis chandleri (4) Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. ? . 3, ? . 7, (Chandler's Oncocnemis.) Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains. (5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. (The Black-banded Oncocnemis. This the fine species is Atlantic Subregion. ) found in the The specimen northern figured portions was taken of in Maine. (6) (The So Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, 6, Fig. $ . Iris-colored far this Oncocnemis.) species has only been reported from Colorado and Wyoming. (7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. Gray Oncocnemis.) The only specimens so far found have been taken 176 9, in $ . (The Colorado. XX ni ' [id to?.h Explanation of Plate XX (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Fishia yosemitcz Grote, $ bridghami Grote Robinson, cJ Hadena char acta Grote, c? Dryobota illocata Walker, 9Valeria opina Grote, cj U. N. M. 24. . & Hadena 1 25. , 1 . 26. . Hadena versuta Smith, cj Hadena lignicolor Guen6e, cj Hadena claudens Walker, cf Hadena transfrons Neumcegen, . . 9- 10. 1 1. 12. i3- 14. 1516. 17- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22 23 S. Euplexia lucipara Linnaeus, 9 Trachea delicata Grote, c? 27. 28 . scabriuscula Dipterygia Linnaeus, 9 29. Actinotia ramosula Guen6e, 9 Pyrophila pyramid'oides Guene 3o . . Hadena mactata Guen6e, 9 Hadena basilinea Fabricius, c? Hadena fractilinea Grote, c? Hadena vultuosa Grote, cf Hadena violacea Grote, 9 Hadena chlorostigma Harvey, c? Hadena viodic a Guenee, c? Hadena miseloides Guen6e, 9 Hadena turbulenta Hiibner, 9 . 3 1 . . Hadena vinela Smith, c? Hadena occidens Grote, . , , 36. 9Prodenia commelince Abbot 37. Laphygma Smith, 9 Smith, 38. S. N. M. Polia theodori Grote, r? Polia diversilineata Grote, c? Hyppa xylinoides Guen6e, 9 . , 9 , 1 , . . c? M orrison cj Pyrophila glabella 33. Helotropha reniformis Grote, 934. Helotropha reniformis var. atra. Grote, 9 35.- Prode nia ornithogalli Guene 32 . .9 Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus, & . Calophasia sirigata Smith, U. S. N. M. Macronoctua onusta Grote, U. S. N. M. , U. & . frugiperda Abbot & 1 rj . Lussa nigroguttata Grote, o\ U. S. N. M. Pseudanarta flava Grote, cj Pseudanarta singula Grote, cT. Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen 1 39. 40. . . 41 . . , The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. Plate HOLLAND. AMFR'CAN CDLOfiTYPE CO., N. Y. St XX CHI Noctuidae LEPIPOLYS Guenee Genus (i) Lepipolys perscripta Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 11, ?. Only one species occurs in our territory, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus ADITA Grote (i) Adita chionanthi Abbot & Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 10. A rather rare moth, which is found in the Atlantic Subregion, It is the but is much commoner in Colorado and Wyoming. only representative of its Genus A genus. COPIPANOLIS Grote small genus said to contain four species, which are not as might be desired. Copipanolis cubilis Grote, Plate XXI, distinctly separable as (i) The habitat of this insect appears upon the wing in Genus Fig. 12, ? . the northern United States. is Pennsylvania early EUTOLYPE It in April. Grote (1) Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 13, $ The genus represented by this species contains four others within our limits. They all occur in the Atlantic Subregion, except the species named damalis by Grote, which is Californian. . PSAPHIDIA Walker Genus Of the we four species of this genus occuring within our territory give illustrations of two. (1) Psaphidia grotei Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 14, $. The home of this species is the northern Atlantic States. It occurs upon the (2) wing very early in the spring of the year. Psaphidia resumens Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 15, $. Syn. viridcscens Walker; muralis Grote. The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding species. Genus Only one species of Cerapoda stylata by XXIII, Fig. 1. Its CERAPODA this genus is known. Smith, and Colorado. Prof. J. B. habitat is Smith 177 is It was named shown on Plate Noctuidae Genus FOTA Grote There are two species of this genus, both of which They both occur in Arizona and Mexico. we figure. Fota armata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 16, $. Fota minorata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 17, $. (i) (2) We do not recall any description of the habits of these two species. Genus PODAGRA Smith This genus has been quite recently erected by Smith for the reception of the species, a representation , Fig. 99. Podagra crassipes. of specimen r . IS . . given Genus the type of which, based upon the United States National Museum, in the . in Fig. 99. RHYNCHAGROTIS Over twenty species have been we these (1) Smith attributed to this genus. Of figure six. Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 18, ? . (The Catocaline Dart-moth.) This pretty species is found in the northern parts of the It is scarce in United States, in Canada, and British America. the eastern parts of its range south of Maine and the Adirondack Woods. (2) Rhynchagrotis rufipectus $ it Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 22. (The Red-breasted Dart-moth.) . The general distribution of this species extends much farther southward. is like the former, but (3) Rhynchagrotis minimalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 21,9. (The Lesser Red Dart-moth.) This species is found in Maine, southern Canada, and also in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenee, Plate XXI, (4) Fig. 19, ?. Syn. cupida Grote; velata Walker. A common extending (5) its species in the northern Atlantic Subregion, habitat to the region of the Rocky Mountains. Rhynchagrotis placida Grote, (The Placid Dart-moth.) 178 Plate XXI, Fig. 2}, $ . Noctuidae A very common species in the northern United States, found Mountains. westward as the Rocky Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, (The Greater Red Dart-moth.) as far (6) XXI, Fig. 20, 9 . closely resembles in general appearance the minimalis, but may be distinguished by its larger and the darker color of the hind wings. This species size, Plate species named Genus Of the commonest ADELPHAGROTIS species for illustration. Adelphagrotis prasina (1) Smith belonging to the genus five we select the Fabricius, Plate XXI, Fig. 24, ? . (The Green-winged Dart-moth.) This insect occurs all over Canada, the northern Atlantic It occurs States, the Rocky Mountains, and British Columbia. also in Europe. Genus PLATAGROTIS Smith The species of this genus are confined to the more temperate regions of our territory. (1) Platagrotis pressa Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 25, $. (The Dappled Dart.) Occurs in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. Genus EUERETAGROTIS Three species of the Atlantic Subregion. genus occur, all Smith of them within the Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenee, Plate XXI, (1) Fig. 26, $ . (The Sigmoid Dart.) From size, the following species distinguished readily and the darker coloration of the by its larger fore wings. Eueretagrotis perattenta Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 27, ? (2) (The Two-spot Dart.) A common " Yon species in the Atlantic States. night moths that hover where honey brims over." Jean Ingelow. 179 Songs of Seven. . Noctuidae ABAGROTIS Genus Only one species is by in type the United States Abagrotis erratica from California. represented thus far only recorded rare in collections. It is of the wings is ashen & gray j specimens; in others pale reddish. Abagrotis erratica. Genus (i) is It is drawn from the National Museum. color Fig. ioo. SEMIOPHORA Semiophora elimata Guenee, Form janualis Smith attributed to this genus. the accompanying cut, Plate XXI, Grote, in The some Stephens Plate 30, Fig. XXI, Fig. 29, $. (The Variable . Dart.) Syn. dilucidula Morrison; badicollis Grote. Not at all an uncommon species, ranging from Canada to Georgia. (2) Semiophora opacifrons Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 28, ? (The Black-fronted Dart.) This species is found in the more northern portions of the . ' Atlantic Subregion ranging into Quebec. (3) Semiophora tenebrifera Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 33, $ . (The Reddish Speckled Dart.) Syn. catharina Grote; martifestolabes Morrison. A well-marked species, the fore wings of prevalently reddish cast. into Canada. Genus The It PACHNOBIA species are mainly boreal, portions of our territory, which have a northward New Jersey ranges from Guenee being found in the northern Canada, and on the principally in higher mountain ranges. (1) Pachnobia littoralis Packard, Plate XXI, Fig. 32, $ . (The Reddish Pachnobia.) Syn. pectinata Grote; ferruginoides Smith. The species occurs from the mountains of Colorado northward to Alberta. (2) Pachnobia salicarum Walker, Plate XXI, Fig. 31, $. (The Willow Pachnobia.) Syn. orilliana Grote; claviformis Morrison. 180 Noctuidae This species, readily distinguished from all others by the well defined claviform spot, ranges from Massachusetts to Alberta and northward. Genus Two METALEPSIS Grote Of the species of this genus are credited to our fauna. type of one of these, preserved in the British Museum, I am able to give an excellent figure taken from Sir George F. Hampson's Fig. ioi. Metalepsis cornuta, 3. \. work upon the moths of the world, which is being published by the Trustees of the above named institution. The insect fine occurs in California. Genus SETAGROTIS Smith Eight species, all of them found in the northern parts of our territory or at considerable elevations among the to mountains of the West, are attributed this genus. of one of these, I am able to give a figure which Dr. Dyar kindly had drawn from the type in the United States It occurs among the National Museum. mountains of Colorado and Wyoming. The ground color of the wings Genus (1) is pale luteous. AGROTIS in 181 Setagrotis terrific a, 3 . h Ochsenheimer Agrotis badinodis Grote, Plate XXI, Pale-banded Dart.) Not an uncommon species and Canada. Fig. 102. Fig. 37, $ . (The the northern Atlantic States Noctuidae ypsilon Agrotis (2) Syn. suffusa Denis This is & (The Rottemburg. an exceedingly common Dart.) which occurs everyCanada and the United species, where in States. Its Ypsilon Harris; idonea Cramer. Schiffermuller; telifera It is also is one larva found of in the Europe. species, which under the name of "cut- worms," are known to inflict exinjuries upon growing plants. They burrow into the tensive FlG - ^ 10 ki: Ag s yP silon - (After Riley.) loose soil come forth during work. mischievous day, and and do their the at night 2 Fig. 36, Not . Plate a XXI, (The Knee-joint Dart.) a scarce species in the northern Atlantic Subregion. Genus This States are They plague to the market-gardener in particular. Agrotis geniculata Grote & Robinson, (3) is PERIDROMA Hubner a moderately large genus, represented in the United Half of these we species. and Canada by about a dozen illustrate. (1) Peridroma occulta Linnaeus, Plate XXI, 42, Fig. $. (The Great Gray Dart.) The habitat of this insect is the northern portion of our territory. (2) Peridroma astricta Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 41, ?. (The Great Brown Dart.) The species is found in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion, and also in Colorado. (3) Peridroma nigra Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 43, ? Great Black Dart.) Found in Colorado and Wyoming. (4) Peridroma saucia Hubner, Egg, Text-figure No. 2. (The Plate Common XXI, Fig. . 40, (The ? ; Cut-worm.) Syn. inermis Harris; ortonii Packard. Almost universally distributed throughout the United States and southern Canada. It also occurs in Europe. 182 ' I . , I .:','/ - . . , h '' : Explanation of Plate XXI (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 2. Homohadena badistriga Grote, d\ U. S. N. M. Magusa dissidens Felder, cf. 3. Oncocnemis atrijasciata 24. 4. Morrison, 9 Oncocnemis dayi Grote, <$ Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, 25. 26. Eueretagrotis sigmoides Guenee, 27. Eueretagrotis perattenta i. 5. . J 22. Rhynchagrotis rufipectus Morrison, 9 1 23. Rhychagrotis placida Grote, cj . Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius, 9Platagrotis pressa Grote, c?. 1 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. c?. - Oncocnemis tricolor Smith, 9Oncocnemis chandler i Grote, 9 Oncocnemis occata Grote, 9 Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, c? Adita chionanthi Abbot & Smith, d\ U. S. N. M. 29, Semiophora elimaia Guenee, (J . 30. Semiophora elimata var. janua- Lepipolys perscripta Guenee, 9, U. S. N. M. 31, Pachnobia salicarum littoralis tenebrifera Semiophora opacijrons lis Grote, c? 32, 33^ Semiophora 18. Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grote, 37, 9Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Guenee, 9 38. 15. 16. Packard, Walker, > . 35' Noctua normaniana Grote, Noctua bicarnea Guenee, 9 36. Agrotis 34. 20. Rhynchagrotis alternata Grote, placida Grote, 9c5\ 39 40. 41. 21. Rhynchagrotis red variety. geniculata <J*. & Grote Robinson, 9 . . 19. Walker, Eutolype bombyciformis Smith, 1 17. . 9 9Psaphidia grotei Morrison, 9 U. S. N. M. Psaphidia resumens Walker, 9Fota armata Grote, cf Fota minor ata Grote, (J 14. Grote, 1 Pachnobia 13. Grote, 9- . Copipanolis cubilis Grote, U. S. N. M. ' 928. 42 Agrotis badinodis Grote, cf . 1 . 1 43. . Peridroma simplaria Morrison, 9Peridroma incivis Guen6e, c? Peridro masaucia Hiibner, 9 Peridroma astricta Morrison, J Peridroma occulta Linnaeus, 9 Peridroma nigra Smith, cj . 1 ua Moth Iogok COPYHIGHTEO B' (V. J. Plate XXI HOLLAND. *ylir*N CfclOBTYPt CO., N. Y. * Cr Noctuidae Peridroma (5) incivis Guenee, Plate XXI, Fig. 39, $ . (The Uncivil Dart.) Syn. alabamcB Grote. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (6) Peridroma simplaria Morrison, (The Pale- winged Dart.) Not an uncommon species Genus XX Plate Fig. 38, J, ? . Texas and Arizona. in NOCTUA Linnaeus a very extensive genus, to which over forty species found in our territory are referred in recent lists. This (1) is Noctua normanniana Grote, Plate XXI, 34, $ Fig. . (Norman's Dart.) Syn. obtusa Speyer. Found everywhere (2) in the Atlantic Noctua bicarnea Guenee, Subregion. Plate XXI, Fig. 35, ? . (The Pink-spotted Dart.) Syn. plagiata Walker. is likewise a common species ranging from the Atlantic as far west as Colorado. This (3) Noctua c-nigrum Linnaeus, Plate XXII, Fig. Black-letter Dart.) Universally distributed through and also occurring in Europe. (4) Noctua jucunda Walker, 1, ?. (The the Appalachian Subregion Plate XXII, Fig. 5, ? . (The Smaller Pinkish Dart.) Syn. perconflua Grote. Very commonly found (5) Noctua oblata in the northern United States. Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The Rosy Dart.) Syn. hilliana Harvey. The habitat of this species Alberta. (6) is the North. Noctua fennica Tauscher, It is common Plate XXII, Fig. 4, $ . in (The Finland Dart.) Syn. intractata Walker. A Asia, circumpolar species found throughout northern Europe, and America. 183 Noctuidae Plate XXII, (7) Noctua plecta Linnaeus, Flame-shouldered Dart.) Syn. vie aria Walker. The distribution of this small what like that of the preceding, Noctua (8) collaris Grote 6, Fig. $ and well-marked species (The . is some- but it extends farther to the south. & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. (The Collared Dart.) Occurs in the northern parts of the Atlantic Subregion. Plate XXII, Fig, 12, $. (9) Noctua juncta Grote, 7, $ . (The Scribbled Dart.) Syn. patefacta Smith. The species ranges from (10) Noctua haruspica Nova Scotia to Alberta. Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 9, ? . (The Soothsayer Dart.) Syn. grandis Speyer. distributed Widely through the northern of our portions territory. (11) Noctua clandestina Plate Harris, XXII, Fig. 14, ?. (The Clandestine Dart.) Syn. unicolor Walker; nigriceps Walker. A common species ranging from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and readily separated from the preceding species by the narrower and darker fore wings. (12) Noctua havilae Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 18, $ (The . Havilah Dart.) A smaller species than either of the preceding. Colorado and (13) Wyoming westward Noctua It occurs from to California. atricincta Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. $. 11, (The Black-girdled Dart.) Thus far this species has only been reported as occurring in Alberta. (14) Noctua substrigata Smith, (The Yellow-streaked Dart.) This species, like the preceding, probably have a wider range. (15) Noctua calgary is Plate XXII, found Fig. 10, $ . in Alberta. Both $. (The Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 13, Calgary Dart.) The remarks made as to the two preceding species apply to this also. 184 Noctuidas (16) Noctua lubricans Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 8, $ . (The Slippery Dart.) Syn. associans Walker; illapsa Walker; beata Grote. very common species, universally distributed throughoul the United States. A Genus PRONOCTUA Only one species of Smith, is known. found in Colorado and J. B. ming. of Dr. Smith genus, named typica by this Prof is It Wyo- Through the kindness Dyar a drawing of the type was made for me at the United States National Museum and it is reproduced nexed CUt (Fig. 104). Genus in the anFig. 104. CHORIZAGROTIS Pronoctua typica. Smith Eight species are attributed to this genus by Dyar in his recent Catalogue of the moths of the United States. figure three of them. We (1) Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. (The Interfering Dart.) This insect is not scarce in 15, ? . Texas and Colorado, and thence ranges westward to California. (2) Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 22, ? (The Inelegant Dart.) An obscurely colored species occuring in the southwestern . States. (3) Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 17, $ (The Acorn Dart.) The range of this insect is from Colorado to British Columbia. . Genus About RHIZAGROTIS Smith dozen species have been assigned to this genus by recent writers. We figure one of them, to which Prof. It is represented J. B. Smith has applied the name proclivis. by a female specimen on Plate XXII, Fig. 16. The insect occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. a 185 Noctuidae Genus FELTIA Walker a considerable genus, represented This northern portions of both hemispheres. (1) Feltia subgothica Haworth. Of this common species, of the United States portions in by species is the (The Subgothic Dart.) which is found in the northern and also in Canada, and which likewise occurs in Europe, we give a figure on Plate also have reXXII. We a produced species C. V. Missouri of cut taken from the Prof. Riley's First Report. The is one of the commonest cut-worms, found more abundantly, how- larva Fig. 105. Feltia subgothica. Moth with wings expanded; moth with wings closed. ever, in the West than in the East. The species has a wide range over the northern Canada. portions of the United States and through southern (2) Feltia herilis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 20, $ (The . Master's Dart.) The (3) insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Feltia gladiaria Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 19, $ (The . Swordsman Dart.) Syn. morrisoniana Riley. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the previous. (4) Feltia venerabilis Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 26, $ Venerable Dart. Widely . (The ) distributed throughout the United States. (5) Feltia vancouverensis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 42, $. (The Vancouver Dart.) Syn. hortulana Morrison; semiclarata Grote; agilis Grote. I have given the above name to the specimen figured on the upon the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith, who has kindly examined the figure. The specimen came from Labrador. (The (6) Feltia volubilis Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 23, 9. Plate as cited Voluble Dart.) Syn. stigmosa Morrison. 186 Noctuidse Found throughout our entire territory. (7) Feltia annexa Treitschke, Plate XXII, Added Dart.) Fig. 28, $ (The . Syn. decernens Walker. Found throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States and ranging into South America. (8) Feltia malefida Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 32, 9 (The . Rascal Dart.) This species has the same range as that of the last mentioned form. POROSAGROTIS Genus Smith Eleven species are assigned by Dr. Dyar this genus. we As representatives of these in his Catalogue to have chosen five for illustration. (1) Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, (The Old Man Dart.) Syn. mur&nula Grote & Plate XXII, Fig. 25, $. Robinson. This pale-colored species extends in its range from the Atlantic to Colorado. (2) Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. }\, ?. (The Fuscous Dart.) Syn. septentrionalis Moeschler; patula Walker. The specimen insect is (3) figured was taken said also to occur in the at Nain, The Labrador. Rocky Mountains. Porosagrotis tripars Walker, Plate XXII, (The Tripart Dart.) Fig. 24, $ ; F'g- 31' ? Syn. worthingtoni Grote. The specimens figured came from Colorado. (4) Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. }}, $ . (Riley's Dart.) This species is spread from the Atlantic to the Rocky Fig. 29, Mountains. (5) Porosagrotis daedalus Smith, Plate XXII, (The Daedalus Dart.) The insect is peculiar to the region of the Genus EUXOA $. Rocky Mountains. Hiibner This great genus, including nearly two hundred species, are found in the region, with which this book deals, has which 187 Noctuidae in recent years been ranged under the name Carneades after the teaching of Grote, but as Carneades, which was erected by Bates, includes a different concept, this name was abandoned by Dr. Dyar, and the name Paragrotis Pratt was substituted for it. This name, however, must yield to the older name proposed by Hiibner, and which we have adopted at the suggestion of Prof. J. B. Smith. Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, (The Four-toothed Dart. ) This insect is distributed from Colorado to Oregon. Euxoa quadridentata (i) Fig. 30, 6 (2) . Euxoa brevipennis Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 27, 9 (The . Short-winged Dart.) species is the same as that of the preceding. olivalis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 34, $ (The The range of this Euxoa (3) . Olive Dart.) The species occurs in Colorado and Utah. Euxoa flavidens Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 38, $ (The Yellow-toothed Dart.) This moth is spread through the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to northern Mexico. The specimen It has figured came from the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. been compared with the type in the National Museum at Washington. (The (5) Euxoa perpolita Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 36, $ (4) . . Polished Dart.) It ranges from the States of the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion to the mountains of Colorado. Euxoa velleripennis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 35, $ (6) . (The Fleece-winged Dart.) It may at It has the same range as the preceding species. once be distinguished from it by its slighter build, and by the whiter hind wings. (The (7) Euxoa detersa Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 39, $ . Rubbed Dart.) Syn. pityochrous Grote; personata Morrison. A same pale and inconspicuously colored insect, distribution as the two preceding species. (8) Euxoa messoria Harris, Reaper Dart.) 188 which has the Plate XXII, Fig. 40, $ . (The Explanation of Plate XXII (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured tained in the collection of Noctua Noctua Noctua Noctua Noctua Noctua i. 2. 34- W. J. c-nigrum Linnasus, 9phyllophora Grote, 9 22. 23- Feltia volubilis 1 rj . fennica Tauscher, cf 14- i^. Chorizagrotis introfcrens Grote, 7- . , S. Q- 10. 1. I 2. . Rhizagrotis proclivis Smith, 9 balanitis Grote, 17- Chorizagrotis ' 8. 29. Porosagrotis dadalus Smith, 30. Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson Noctua havilce Grote, c? . 2i. , 31. Porosagrotis cf Feltia subgothica cj' . fusca Boisduval, (f. 32. Feltia malefida 2,^. Guenee, 9 Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, 935. 36. Euxoa Euxoa Euxoa olivalis Grote, c? velleripennis Grote, cJ per polita Morrison, c? Walker, Euxoa flavid ens Smith, (J Euxoa detersa Walker, cT 38. . , Ha worth, 9 39. 40. c? . 41. . Euxoa messoria Harris, c? Hadena semilunata Grote, 42. Feltia vancouverensis Morrison, 9 . c? 1 Feltia gladiaria Morrison 20. Feltia herilis Grote, cj q Euxoa brcvipentiis Smith, 9 Feltia annexa Treitschke, 9 27. 37. Porosagrotis tripars cT. '. . 28. 34. 16. i 1 W . 9- 1 Harvey, 9 25- Porosagrolis vctusta Walker, cj T 1 26. Feltia venerabilis alker, J . 1 iuconcinna 24. Porosagrotis tripars Grote, cf . jucunda Walker, 9 plecta Linnams, c? Noctua c o I laris Grote & Robinson c? Noctua lubricans Guenee, c?. Noctua haruspica Grote, 9 Noctua substrigata Smith, cj Noctua atricincta Smith, c?. Noctua juncta Grote, cf Noctua calgary Smith, c? Noctua clandcstina Harris, 9 5- 6. Chorizagrotis Harvey, 9 . oblata Morrison, con- ire Holland.) . cT The Moth Book Plate XXII AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO., N. Y. 4 CHI Noctuidse Syn. spissa Guen6e; cochrant Riley; repentis Grote pliciens Walker, etc. & Robinson; dis- This wretched little creature, the larva of which is one of our most destructive cut-worms, was described seven times by Walker under different names. The more inconspicuous, or the The littlest bugs smaller an insect, the more names it bears. have the biggest names. It is thus also, sometimes, with men. (9) Euxoa lutulenta Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. Muddy Dart.) An inconspicuous north Colorado to species, in the 13, $ (The . which ranges from Alberta in the and thence westward to south, California. (10) Euxoa dissona Dissonant Dart.) This moth is found (11) Euxoa Moeschler, Plate XXIII, Fig. in $ 5, . (The Labrador. titubatis Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 6, $. (The Tippling Dart.) The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the preceding. Euxoa insulsa Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. ?. (The Syn. insignata Walker; expulsa Walker; declarata Walker; Morrison; campestris Grote; verticalis Grote. decolor (12) 3, Silly Dart.) This suffered all is another much at the poor creature, which unconsciously has hands of the species-makers. It is found over the United States. (13) Euxoa albipennis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 7, $ . (The White-winged Dart.) Syn. nigripennis Grote. A common species in the Atlantic Subregion ranging across the valley of the Mississippi into Colorado. (The (14) Euxoa tessellata Harris, Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, $ . Tessellate Dart.) Syn. maizi. Fitch; atropurpurea Grote. Universally distributed throughout our region. (15) Euxoa basalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 8, $. (The Basal Dart.) This species is found in Colorado probably has a still wider range. 189 and Wyoming, and Noctuidae (16) Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee, Plate XXIII, (The Yellow-bellied Dart.) Walker; cinereomaculata Morrison; gularis Grote; illata Syn. 10, Fig. $ . turris Grote. This moth is found in the northern Atlantic States and thence westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Euxoa (17) furtivus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. Furtive Dart.) The habitat of this the is species of region $. 11, the (The Rocky Mountains. Euxoa (18) obeliscoides Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, $ . (The Obelisk Dart.) Syn. sexatilis Grote. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, valley of the Mississippi to Wyoming (19) Euxoa redimicula and across the and Colorado. - Plate Morrison, XXIII, Fig. 9, <5 . Fillet (The The Dart.) insect has exactly the same range as the last mentioned species. Genus There is EUCOPTOCNEMIS Grote but one species of the genus recognized in our To fauna. fimbriaris. this It Guenee gave the name was afterward named obvia by Walker. Its habitat is New It is a scarce England. species in col- The lections. Fig. 106. Eucoptocnemis National fimbriaris. figure from a specimen in we give was taken the United States Museum. Genus RICHIA Grote A small genus of obscurely colored moths. in the They are found southwestern States. (1) Richia aratrix Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. $. (The Plate XXIII, Fig. 15, 3. (The 14, Plough-girl. ) The (2) species is found in Colorado and Texas. Richia parentalis Grote, Parental Dart.) 190 Noctuidse This in the is a New Mexican species. It also occurs in Texas, and mountains of northern Mexico. ANYTUS Genus Grote Only few species have been recognized as belonging to this Of the five which have been named, we figure two. genus. (The (i) Anytus privatus Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 16, $ a . Sculptured Anytus.) Syn. sculptus Grote. A native of the Atlantic Subregion. (2) Anytus obscurus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 17, Obscure Anytus. Thus (The 6". ) far this insect has only been reported from Alberta. Genus UFEUS Grote A small genus of rather large, plainly colored moths, having a robust habitus, which permits them to be easily distinguished from others. Ufeus plicatus (1) Pleated Ufeus. Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. (The 19, ) Syn. barometricus Goossens. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward however, very common. Ufeus satyricus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 20, $ (The as far as California. The insect is not, . (2) Satyr.) This moth ranges over the northern Atlantic States, but, like the other species of the genus, does not appear to be anywhere very common. Genus AGROTIPHILA Grote There are seven species attributed to this genus by recent We can only figure one of them. authors. (1) Agrotiphila incognita Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 18, 6. species occurs in Alberta and westward to British The Columbia. Genus A large MAMESTRA very large genus, number of species. Ochsenheimer represented in both hemispheres by a The caterpillars of some species are 191 Noctuids Of the one hundred and quite destructive to cultivated plants. ten or more species occurring in our territory we have selected This number of species, thirty for purpose of illustration. if correctly ascertained by the student, ought to enable him to form some idea of the general character of the complex of insects, with which we are now dealing. Mamestra imbrifera Guenee, (i) Plate XXIII, Fig. 32, $. (The Cloudy Mamestra.) A native of New England. (2) the northern Atlantic States. Mamestra purpurissata It is not rare in Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 26, $ . (The Empurpled Mamestra.) This is occurs less a very common species in Maine and Quebec. of these localities. commonly south Mamestra juncimacula (3) It Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 41, $. (The Fused-spot Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Mamestra meditata (4) Colorado. Grote, Plate XXIII, 21, Fig. 9. (The Studied Mamestra.) common species in the Appalachian Subregion. Mamestra lustralis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 22, Quite a (5) $ . (The Lustral Mamestra.) Syn. suffusa Smith. The range and west is through the Atlantic States south and northern Mexico. of this species to Arizona Mamestra detracta Walker, (6) Plate XXIII, 24, Fig. S . (The Disparaged Mamestra.) Syn. claviplena Grote. The range of this insect is the same as that of the last men- tioned species. (7) Mamestra farnhami Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 23, ?. (Farnham's Mamestra.) A native of the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (8) Mamestra liquida Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 36, $ Liquid Mamestra.) The range of this insect territory as far as British is in Columbia. 192 . (The the northwestern part of our Noctuidae (9) Mamestra radix Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 25, $ . (Dimmock's Mamestra.) Syn. dimmocki Grote; desperata Smith. Distributed from Maine and Quebec across the northern of the United States and the southern parts portions of the British possessions to the Pacific. (10) Mamestra nevadae Grote, Plate XXIII, 33, $. Fig. (The Nevadan Mamestra.) Found in Nevada and California. (11) Mamestra subjuncta Fig. 27, $ Not at Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIII, (The Harnessed Mamestra.) . all an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging across the Mississippi Valley to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (12) Mamestra grandis (The Grand Mamestra. Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. 41, $. ) Syn. libera "Walker. (13) Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, 8 . (The Clover Mamestra.) Syn. chenopodii Fabricius; albifusa Walker; Walker; glaucovaria major Speyer. Found throughout Europe, northern Asia, and the United and Canada. The caterpillar does at times considerable States damage (14) to crops. Mamestra rosea Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 30, 9 . (The Rosy Mamestra.) Distributed generally through the northern portions of the United States and the southern portions of Canada and British Columbia. (15) $ . Mamestra congermana Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 31, (The Cousin German.) This insect ranges from the Atlantic to the eastern portions Rocky Mountains. of the region of the (16) Mamestra XXIII, Fig. 34, $ . Syn. exusta Guenee This is caterpillar picta Harris, Plate I, Fig. II, larva; Plate (The Painted Mamestra.) ; contraria Walker. one of the commonest species of the genus. The is a conspicuous object, and in the fall of the year is 193 Noctuidse upon various herbaceous plants. and to enumerate all the vege- generally very noticeable, feeding It is a promiscuous feeder, which tables ^ attacks <**&& it would al- most be to provide list of the plants of the United States. a They manifest, however, a decided when preference, accessible, for the cruciferous plants, and do much damage in of fields cabbages and beets. Fig. 107. Mamestra picta. a. larva; b. moth. (After Riley.) There broods two the are in Middle States. The species does to the writer. not occur on the Pacific coast, so far as is known Its range is from the Atlantic to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (17) Mamestra lubens Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 28, $ (The . Darling Mamestra.) A denizen of the northern portions of the United States. (18) Mamestra latex Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 40, ? (The . Fluid Mamestra.) Syn. demissa Walker. This insect has the same range as the preceding species. (19) Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. j*8, ? . (The Hitched Mamestra.) This species occurs from southern Canada to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. (20) Mamestra rugosa Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, $ . (The Rugose Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Maine and Nova Scotia. Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. (The Lilacine Mamestra.) Syn. illabefacta Morrison. (21) 194 '9, 3. Explanation of Plate XXIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of i. Cerapoda S. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. J. Holland.) Smith, U. <5\ N. M. 26. Mamestra jamhami Grote, 9 Mamestra dctracta Walker, <J>. Mamestra radix Walker, c? Mamestra purpurissata Grote, 27. Mamestra subjuncta 2324. cinerea Smith, N. M. Euxoa instils a Walker, 9 Epidcmas U. 3. W. stylata 9 . S. Euxoa tessellata Harris, c? Euxoa dissona Mceschler, $ Euxoa tititbaiis Smith, tf Euxoa albipennis Grote, cT Euxoa basalts Grote, cf Euxoa redimicula Morrsion, cJ Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee, cf Euxoa furtivus Smith, c?. Euxoa obeliscoides Guenee, 9 Euxoa lutulcnta Smith, o . 25- Robinson, . . 29. . 14. 15. 16. 17. 9. 32. 333435- . *4?ryiws privatus Walker, (J Anytus obscurus Smith, c? 1 36. . 37- . Agrotiphila incognita Smith, c? 19. Ujeus plicatus Grote, (J . 38. 1 Ujeus satyricus Grote, 21. Mamestra meditata Grote, 9 Mamestra lustralis Grote, 9- 22. cj 39. Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra imbrifera Guenee, 9 nevadce Grote, 9 picta Harris, <J*. renigera Stephens, 9 liquida Grote, 9 olivacea Morrison, cf adjuncta Boisduval, 9- . 20. rosea Harvey, 9 Mamestra congermana Morrison, 1 18. & . $ rj Grote . 1 . Richia aratrix Harvey, Richia parentalis Grote, c^ Mamestra lubens Grote, c? Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, d 3- Mamestra . 1 13. . 40. 41. Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Mamestra latex Guenee, 9 Mamestra grandis Boisduval, c? 1 rj . The Moth Book ruh-YRiGHIEU 8/ K J HOLLAND. Plate XXII! *VtfliC*H CClCfiTYPE 6*< N. T A CHI. Noctuidae This moth ranges from the Atlantic coast to Colorado New Mexico. (22) Mamestra renigera and Stephens, Plate XXI11, Fig. 35, $ . (The Kidney-spotted Mamestra.) Syn. herbimacula Guen6e; infecta Walker. This prettily marked little moth is found from New England and Ontario to Colorado. It occurs also in Europe. (25) Mamestra olivacea Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. (The Olivaceous Mamestra.) For the very extensive synonymy of 37, $ this insect the reader . is referred to Dr. Dyar's "Catalogue of the Moths of the United The States." It is too lengthy to impose upon these pages. moth ranges over the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (24) Mamestra laudabilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, ?. (The Laudable Mamestra.) Syn. indicans Walker; strigicollis Wallengren. This species extends its range from New Jersey through the southern States to Texas and southern California and northern Mexico. (25) Mamestra lorea Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. Bridled Mamestra.) Syn. ligata Walker; dodgei Grote. An obscurely colored species, to the 2, $ (The . which ranges from the Atlantic Rocky Mountains. (26) Mamestra erecta Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, $ . (The Erect Mamestra.) Syn. constipata Walker; innexa Grote. This little moth occurs in Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico. (The (27) Mamestra anguina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5, ? Snaky Mamestra.) The insect occurs in the northern portions of our territory, and among the higher mountains of the States of Colorado and . Wyoming. (28) Mamestra vicina Grote, Plate XXIV, Allied Mamestra.) Syn. teligera Morrison; acutipennis Grote. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 195 Fig. 6, $ . (The Noctuidae Mamestra neoterica (29) (The Modern Mamestra.) The range of this species Plate Smith, is XXIV, & Fig. 7, from Manitoba to Alberta, so . far known. (30) Mamestra negussa Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, $ (The Brown-winged Mamestra.) The species was originally described from Alberta. It occurs as is at present . also in northern Montana. Genus (1) ADMETOVIS. Admetovis oxymorus is XXIV, $ Fig. 9, . one of two species, which are attributed found from Colorado to California. This insect which to the genus, Grote Grote,. Plate is Genus BARATHRA Hiibner (1) Barathra occidentata Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, This is a New Mexican species. Another species of the genus, named curialis by Smith, has been described by him as coming from Maine and New Hampshire. . Genus NEURONIA (1) Neuronia americana Smith, Hubner Plate XXIV, $. 12, Fig. (The American Neuronia.) This tory. It the only species of the genus represented in our terrioccurs in Montana and Alberta. is Genus DARGIDA Walker The only species of this genus found within the limits of the It is United States was named procinctus by Grote. represented figure of the male insect on Plate XXIV, Fig. found from Colorado to California and Oregon. by the Genus MORRISONIA II. It is Grote Six species are attributed to this genus. We figure two them. (1) Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. Syn. evicta Grote. Form vomerina Grote, Plate XXIV, 196 Fig. 14, 9 . 13, $ . of Noctuidae The home of this insect is the Northern Atlantic States. It occurs in both forms in western Pennsylvania and Indiana. (2) Morrisonia confusa Hiibner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 15, $ Syn. infructuosa Walker; multifaria Walker. Not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. XYLOMIGES Genus our In fauna are found fifteen . Guenee which have been species From their number assigned to this genus. seven to put before the students of this book. we have chosen (1) Xylomiges simplex Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. (The Simple Woodling.) 17, $ . Syn. crucialis Harvey. A well marked and genus Apatela, so cerned. (2) It is easily recognizable species, recalling the far as the pattern of the maculation is con- spread from Colorado westward to California. Xylomiges dolosa Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 20, $ . (The Grieving Woodling.) Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward to Colorado. (3) Xylomiges perlubens Grote, Plate XXIV, (The Brown Woodling.) Fig. 19, $ . Syn. subapicalis Smith. This species belongs to the fauna of the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Colorado. Xylomiges pulchella Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 21, $. Fig. 18, $ . (6) Xylomiges cognata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 22, (The Oregon Woodling. ) Ranges from British Columbia and Oregon eastward $ . (4) (The Beautiful Woodling.) Habitat British Columbia. (5) Xylomiges patalis Grote, Plate XXIV, (Fletcher's Woodling. ) Syn. fletcheri Grote. Found in the Pacific States. to Colorado. (7) Xylomiges indurata Smith, (The Hardened Woodling.) 197 Plate XXIV, Fig. 23, $ . Noctuidse Readily distinguished from X. dolosa by the lighter color of the primaries and the pure white secondaries, as well as by the It is found in Colorado. different maculation. SCOTOGRAMMA Genus Of the thirteen species belonging to this in our fauna we depict three. Smith genus and occurring (i) ScotogrammasubmarinaGrote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 24, $ A native of the region of the Rocky Mountains ranging from . Arizona to Montana. infuscata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 25, $ figure given on the plate is taken from a specimen in the The insect is found in United States National Museum. (2) Scotogramma . The Colorado. (3) Scotogramma inconcinna Plate Smith, XXIV, Fig. 26, $. This plainly colored species, like its predecessor, occurs in Colorado. Genus ULOLONCHE Smith A genus of moderate extent, all of the species belonging to which are western, except the one we figure, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion. (1) The Ulolonche modesta Morrison, species is not Genus Plate XXIV, Fig. 16, $ . common. ANARTA Ochsenheimer A subarctic genus, represented in both hemispheres. The insects occur either in high northern latitudes, or at great elevaThere are many species. tions upon high mountains. give We illustrations of five of those found in our fauna. (1) Anarta cordigera Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 28, $. (The Catocaline Anarta.) Found in northern Canada, Labrador, Alaska, and thence southward along the summits of the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. It also occurs in the north of Scotland, and from Norway to Kamschatka. (2) Anarta melanopa Thunberg, Plate XXIV, (The Black-mooned Anarta.) Syn. nigrolunata Packard. iq8 Fig. 27, $ . Noctuidse A circumpolar species (3) commonly found Anarta schcenherri in both hemispheres. Zetterstedt, Plate XXIV, Fig. 30, $ (Schoenherr's Anarta.) Syn. leucocycla Staudinger. Its habitat is Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Lapland, and arctic Asia. Anarta richardsoni (4) Curtis, XXIV, Plate Fig. 29, $ . (Richardson's Anarta.) Ranges from Alaska to Labrador, and has been found on the mountains of Norway. Anarta impingens Walker, (5) Plate XXIV, Fig. 31, <5 . (The Dull Brown Anarta.) Syn. nivaria Grote; curta Morrison; perpura Morrison. Found on the mountains of Colorado. TRICHOCLEA Genus A small genus confined in its Grote range to the mountain regions of the West. Trichoclea antica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 32, $ figured is one kindly loaned me from the national collection, and determined by the author of the species. (1) . The specimen Genus TRICHOPOLIA Grote small genus we are able to give a figure of the type of the species named serrata by' Professor Smith. The Of this moth occurs in -^ . EUPOLIA Genus Smith Only one species has thus Prof. licentiosa. Eupoha $ . j. J. B. far been referred was named licentiosa by Smith. The annexed cut gives to this genus. Fig. 109. 108. Tnchopoha serrata. 3 {. Fig. Texas. It a figure of the type, which is preserved in the United States National Museum. Its home . .. IS Utah. Genus NEPHELODES Nephelodes minians Guenee, Guenee XXIV, Fig. }}, $. Syn. expansa Walker; sobria Walker; violans Guenee subdolens Walker (1) Plate ; 199 Noctuidae A common the species in the Atlantic States. of the year in western Pennsylvania. fall Genus HELIOPHILA abundant It is in Hiibner A large genus well represented in both the eastern and the western hemispheres. Thirty-six species are credited to our Of these we give figures of commoner and a few of the rarer forms. fauna. Plate Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, (i) (The eight, selecting XXiV, the Fig. 40, 6 . Army Worm.) Syn. extranea Guen6e. This species, the larva of Army Worm," which is known as the "Northern or simply as the "Army Worm," is found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to Texas and southward suitable elevations at upon the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It appears occasionally numbers, and is regarded by the farmer and the horticulturist as one of those in vast against the ravages of which they a great deal of energy. The first appearance of these insects in great numbers is recorded as having occurred in pests must direct New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the year 1743. In the year 1770 they devastated the fertile fields of the valley of the Con- no. Larva H. unipuncta. Fig. (After Riley.) of necticut. cereals, potatoes. says: "Had it They devoured but neglected The the grasses the chronicler pumpkins of this and and invasion not been for pumpkins, which were exceedingly abundant, and potatoes, the people would have greatly suffered As it was, great privation was felt on account of the loss of grass and grain." Sucfor food. cessive attacks made of the insect have been in various parts of the upon the crops r _, , country. The year 1861 is memorable as having been marked by their ravages, which were since then . , , IG r of IIIpa ;, H. unipuncta. (After Riley) particularly noticeable in the State of Missouri and in southern An excellent account of this invasion has been published Illinois. 200 Noctuidae " " Second Annual Report as State C. V. Riley in his by It appears from the Entomologist of Missouri. investigations of those who are familiar with the habits of the insect that they Prof. appear in greatest numbers in years which are characterized by being wet and cool, following years in which there has been Such conditions seem drought. be favorable to the development of the insects in great to swarms. Their appearance in the not observed; fields is often at first but when, having attained con. , , ., , and grasses gives out, Moth Fig. 112. c , siderable size, the supply of grain (After and they H. unipuncta. of RUey } begin to migrate in vast bodies in search of provender, they at once attract attention. The for these pests is to burn over grass lands keep the fence-rows clear of grass and weeds, and to plough under the land in the spring or the fall. Untilled grass lands on which crops are not properly rotated become best remedy in the winter, to centres of infection. pseudargyria (The False Wainscot.) Heliophila (2) 47, ? . A common Guenee, XXIV, Plate Fig. species in the Atlantic States, freely attracted to sugar. Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, (The Dark-winged Wainscot.) (3) 35, $ . Plate XXIV, Fig. Syn. complicata Strecker. The range of this species is from New Mexico and Texas to Arizona. (4) Heliophila minorata Smith, Plate XXIV, 41, $. Fig. 34, $. Fig. (The Lesser Wainscot.) This species is found in California and Oregon. albilinea Hubner, Plate XXIV, Heliophila (5) (The White-lined Wainscot.) Syn. harveyi Grote. insect is widely distributed, ranging from Nova Mexico and Texas, but apparently avoiding Scotia to The New the Great Plains and the regions lying west of them. 201 Noctuidae is It very common species and the to injury the in times at crops. however, equaled the first Atlantic does in States, considerable It has never, destructiveness species of the genus, to which we have given our attention on the is It said to be preceding pages. particularly when attracted the grain in is the to wheat milk the and The maturing. damage done at this time is, in the Middle States, where winter the heads wheat the are commonly grown, due is first just generation There are in of the to insects. two broods, one fact appearing on the wing in spring or summer, the second in the late summer. The latter brood, which generally is more numerous than the early produces first, of pupae the which caterpillars, yield the the moths, which, coming out in the spring of the year, lay their eggs in the wheatfields. It is said that the habit of Fig. Heliophila albiLarvae; b. Mass on the stem 113 linea. a. of eggs laid of wheat; c. Egg viewed from above d. Egg viewed from the side; (eggs great- attacking wheat in its period of maturation has lately been acquired by this insect, ; ly magnified). Riley.) (After way in and is an illustration of the which species, long regarded develop with apparent suddenness destructive tendencies. as innocuous, (6) Heliophila heterodoxa, Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 36, $ (The Heterodox Wainscot.) The insect ranges from British Columbia and northern . California as far east as Minnesota. (7) Heliophila multilinea Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 39, $ (The Many-lined Wainscot.) Syn. lapidaria Grote. Not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. 202 . Noctuidae (8) Heiiophila commoides Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 42, (The Comma Wainscot.) The insect occurs from the Atlantic westward Colorado. It is not very . as far common. NELEUCANIA Genus as 6" Smith is a small genus composed of species, which are, so far known, exclusively Western. Neleucania bicoloiata Grote. (1) (The Two-colored This as is Neleucania.) which occurs in Mexico and Arizona, and probably has a still wider distribu- Of this Colorado, tion, we upon a species, New are able to give a figure based specimen contained States National in the United this genus is (1) Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, The insect occurs in California. Genus . II4 . Neleucania bicolorata. ZOSTEROPODA Genus Only one species of Of the p IG Museum. ORTHODES . . Grote known Plate $ at present. XXIV, Fig. 46, 6 . Guenee ten species reputed to belong to the genus and said to be found in our territory four are figured. (1) Orthodes crenulata Butler, Plate XXIV, Fig. 37, $. (The Rustic Quaker.) An exceedingly common species in the Atlantic States, ranging westward throughout the valley of the Mississippi. (2) Orthodes cynica Guenee, Cynical Quaker.) Syn. candens Guenee; Quite as common tecta XXIV, Fig. 38, 8 . (The Walker. as the preceding species, same range. (3) Orthodes vecors Guenee, Small Plate Plate XIX, and having the Fig. 20, $ . (The Brown Quaker.) Syn. enervis Guenee; nimia Guenee; iogata Walker; velata Walker; prodeuns Walker; griseocincta Harvey; nitens Grote. 203 Noctuidse This another small creature, which has caused the species- is makers much exercise. It is found very generally throughout the Atlantic States. Orthodes puerilis Grote, (4) Boyish Quaker.) This insect is found in Genus Plate ward and westward HIMELLA Grote Plate XXIV, Fig. 44, $ . from the northern Atlantic States southMexico and Colorado. CROCIGRAPHA Crocigrapha normani (1) (The . New to Genus Fig. 45, $ northern California. Himella contrahens Walker, (1) Syn. thecata Morrison. This insect is found XXIV, Not an uncommon Grote XXIV, Grote, Plate insect in the Fig. 43, $ . northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. Genus GRAPHIPHORA Hiibner an extensive genus, represented in both hemispheres, and containing thirty-six species, which occur within our terThis is We illustrate ritory. four of them. Graphiphora culea Guenee, (1) Plate XXV Fig. I, $ . Syn. modified Morrison. This species is quite common in the Appalachian or Atlantic Subregion. (2) Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, $ Syn. capsella Grote; orobia Harvey. The insect has the same range as the preceding species, is equally and common. (3) Graphiphora alia Guenee, Plate insciens Walker; Syn. instabilis Fitch; Morrison. XXV, Fig. 3, ? hibisci Guenee; confluens Not a scarce species in the Atlantic Subregion. (4) Graphiphora garmani A . Grote, Plate rather scarce insect ranging from XXV, Fig. 5, . $ . western Pennsylvania throughout the valley of the Mississippi as far as Illinois and Iowa. 204 - Explanation of Plate (Except when otherwise tained in the collection of i. Mamestra latidabilis W. 26. Guenee, 3- 45- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 11. 12. 13- 14. Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra Mamestra , lorea Guenee, c? 27. . rugosa Morrison, c? erecta 28. . Walker, (J anguina Grote, 9 vidua Grote, 9 negussa Smith, 9 Admetovis oxymorus Grote, c? Barathra occidentata Grote, 9 Dargida procinctus Grote, c? Neuronia americana Smith, cf Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, c? Morrisonia sectilis var. vome. $ i7- Xylomiges simplex Walker, c? Xylomiges patalis Grote, 9 Xylomiges perlubens Grote, c? Xylomiges dolosa Grote, cj" Xylomiges pulchella Smith, e? Xylomiges cognata Smith, cj Xylomiges indurata Smith, J Scotogramma submarina Grote, 24. Trichoclea antica Smith, <5\ U. 33. S. N. M. Ncphelodes minians Guenee, 35. Heliophila subpunctata . . cT . Harvey, ? 36. Heliophila heterodoxa Smith, 1 (J <J* . . Guenee, J Walker, 1 . multilinea 39. Heliophila 40. Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, 41. Heliophila minorat a Smith, c? commoides Guenee, . . . 42. Heliophila . 1 . . normani Grote, c? Himella contrahens Walker, 9 43. Crocigrapha 44. Orthodes puerilis Grote, c? 46. Zoster opoda hirtipes Grote, c? U. S. N. M. 45- 25 cf 34. Heliophila albilinea Hiibner, J*. 38. Orthodes cynica 1 23' 32. 37. Orthodes crenulata Butler, 9 Ulolonche modest a Morrison, cT 22. Anarta impingens Walker, . . Morrisonia conjtisa Hiibner, 21. . <J*. 31. . 16. 20. c? (?. . IS- 19. melanopa Thunberg, cordigcra Thunberg, Anarta richardsoni Curtis, 9 Anarta schcenherri Zetterstedt, 29. . A narta A narta 30. 1 neoterica Smith, cf rina, Grote, 18. Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, J U. S. N. M. 1 9. 2. XXIV indicated, the specimens figured are conJ. Holland.) Scotogramma injuscata Smith, d\ U. S. N. M. 47. . . . Heliophila psendargyria Guenee, 9 c , The Moth Book Plate XXIV fj COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. li AMER'C*N COLORTYPE CO., N.Y. & CW. Noctuidae Genus This STRETCHIA Henry Edwards an extensive genus, to which a number of Western It badly needs revision by a critical is species have been referred. We figure one of the best known forms. Stretchia muricina, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, In addition to the figure given on the plate we annex a cut made from a drawing of a specimen contained in the collection authority. (i) of 6" the late Edwards, and now in American Museum of Henry the possession of Natural History in the New Genus . fig. York. 115. Stretchia muricina. PERIGONICA Smith which we represent by a figure of Coloradan the insect to which B. Prof. Smith has J. The male is depicted applied the specific name fulminans. This on Plate is a small genus, XXV, Fig. 6. PERIGRAPHA Genus Lederer The only found in of this genus our fauna has been named prima by represented species Professor a by Smith. drawing It of is the which is contained in the American Museum of Natural History. type, Fig. 116 Perigrapha prima. The Genus insect a is TRICHOLITA native of California. Grote (1) Tricholita signata Walker, Plate XXV, Fig. 7, $. Syn. semiaperta Morrison. This is the only species of the genus found in the eastern There are four other species, portion oT the United States. but they are western in their habitat. Genus CLEOSIRIS Boisduval This is a small genus found in Europe as well as in. The species which has been chosen to represent the genus was named populi by Strecker, who first described America. it. It is not at all uncommon in 205 Colorado and Wyoming. It Noctuidse It occurs abundantly about the city of Laramie. upon Plate XXV, Fig. 8, by a female specimen. Genus (i) The species of this genus are territory. found all not at is all an XXV, in the $ Fig. ii, . western half of our Hiibner Lithomoia germana Morrison, This represented Smith Plate LITHOMOIA Genus (i) PLEROMA Pleroma obliquata Smith, is XXV, Plate Fig. 12,?. uncommon species in the northern Atlantic XYLINA Ochsenheimer States. Genus An extensive the Old. Of Xylina disposita Morrison, Green-gray Pinion.) The moth is found (2) in the New World the and Plate XXV, Fig. 13. ? . (The . (The northern Atlantic States. Xylina petulca Grote, Wanton in species are attributed to it as found in this number ten are depicted in this book. Thirty-five our fauna. (1) genus found both Plate XXV, Fig. $ 9, Pinion.) Not a common species, having the same range as the preceding. antennata Walker. (The Ashen Pinion.) (3) Xylina Syn. cinerea Riley. The moth is a native of the Atlantic States. upon the apple, poplar, The larva feeds hickory, and other deciduous trees. has the habit It of boring into apples and peaches, and the galls which are found upon oaks. The green, a Fig. 117. -Xylina antennata. a. Larva boring into peach, b. Moth. marked with cream-colored eral It adherent. cocoon of silk, to which the Pupation takes place at 206 same pupates beneath the a loose, filmy lat- and stripe, spots of the color. is caterpillar soil in particles of earth are the end of June, or the Noctuidae beginning of July, and the moth emerges October. Xylina laticinerea Grote, (4) Plate September and in XXV, Fig. 17, $ (The . Broad Ashen Pinion.) The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. Xylina innominata Smith, (5) XXV, Plate (The Nameless Pinion.) The range of the Nameless Pinion 10, Fig. $. from the Atlantic to is Colorado. Xylina unimoda (6) Dowdy The species occurs in Warm (8) New XXV, Fig. 16, $ England and the Middle XXV, Plate Xylina tepida Grote, Gray Pinion.) (7) An Lintner, Plate (The . Pinion.) Fig. States. $. 15, (The eastern species, not uncommon in Pennsylvania. Xylina baileyi Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 19, ? (Bailey's . Pinion.) rather pretty species, A from northern (9) which has thus far only been reported New York. thaxteri Xylina Grote, XXV, Plate Fig. 18, ? . (Thaxter's Pinion.) The home of this species described from Maine. (10) New is Xylina pexata Grote, It was Fig. 20, England. Plate XXV, originally ?. (The Nappy Pinion.) Syn. washingtoniana Grote. The species ranges from Oregon. Genus New England LITHOLOMIA to Washington and Grote The one, There are only two species reckoned genus. we figure on Plate XXV, Fig. 22, by a male specimen, ranges over the entire northern portion of the United States from in this which ocean to ocean, species, L. but Genus a is nowhere very common. dunbari Harvey, is only known from CALOCAMPA British The other Columbia. Stephens The genus is found in both hemispheres. The species have Of the habitus which enables them to be easily recognized. 207 Noctuidae six occurring within the faunal limits, we deals, with which this book two. illustrate Plate XXV, Fig. 24, $. (i) Calocampa nupera Lintner, (The American Swordgrass.) A rather large moth, easily distinguished from the following species by the absence of the dark markings, which are found in the disk of the primaries of the latter insect. Atlantic Subregion. Calocampa curvimacula (2) It occurs in the XXV, Morrison, Plate Fig. 2), (The Dot and Dash Swordgrass.) The species is found throughout the northern portions of the United States and also in Canada. 8 . Genus CUCULLIA Schrank This is a considerable genus, which occurs in the temperate Four of the regions of both the Old World and the New. fourteen species attributed to our territory are chosen for repre- The sentation. Cucullia (1) Fig. 3, larvae feed Plate larva; on Solidago and other Compositce. convexipennis Grote XXV, Fig. 29, $ & . Robinson, Plate 1, (The Brown-bordered Cucullia.) A native of the Atlantic States. Cucullia asteroides Guenee, (2) Plate XXV, Fig. 27, ? . 26, 8 . (The Asteroid.) Found in the Cucullia (3) same localities as the last speyeri Lintner, named species. XXV, Plate Fig. (Speyer's Cucullia.) Ranges through Colorado, and Wyoming, the adjacent regions to the west. Cucullia intermedia Speyer, (4) Plate XXV, Fig. 30, ? . (The Intermediate Cucullia.) An Atlantic species. Genus (1) A COPICUCULLIA Smith Copicucullia propinqua Smith, Plate native of Colorado and Wyoming 208 XXV, Fig. 28. $. Noctuidae Genus (i) RANCORA Rancora solidaginis Smith Behr, Plate XXV, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. strigata Smith. The range of Columbia. this insect is Genus from northern LATHOSEA California to British Grote (1) Lathosea pullata Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 32, $ The species occurs in Oregon and eastward to Colorado. (2) Lathosea ursina Smith, Plate XXV, Fig. 31, ?. . A native of Colorado and the southern portions of Genus We ASTEROSCOPUS Wyoming. Boisduval are able to give a cut of the sole which has been assigned from our It is based upon the type of the species which was named borealis by Smith, and which is preserved species fauna to this genus. in , the United States National Museum at ~. t The insect is a male. , . . . . Fig. 118. Washington. TRAGEDY OF THE NIGHT-MOTH ausus Magna midnight, stars are keeping Their meek and silent course in heaven; 'Tis placid Save pale recluse, for knowledge seeking, All mortal things to sleep are given. But a wandering Night-moth enters, by taper gleaming bright Awhile keeps hovering round, then ventures On Goethe's mystic page to light. see ! Allured ; With awe she views the candle A universe of fire it blazing; seems To moth-savante with rapture gazing, Or Fount whence Life and Motion streams. What passions in her small heart whirling, Hopes boundless, adoration, dread; At length her tiny pinions twirling, the moth is dead. She darts, and puff ! 209 Asteroscopus \ borealis Tragedy of the Night-Moth The sullen flame, for her scarce sparkling, Gives but one hiss, one fitful glare; Now bright and busy, now all darkling, She snaps and fades to empty air. Her bright gray form that spread so slimly, Some fan she seemed of pygmy Queen; Her silky cloak that lay so trimly, Her wee, wee eyes that looked so keen. moment here, now gone forever, To nought are passed with fiery pain; Last And ages circling round shall never Give to this creature shape again Poor moth ! near weeping I ! lament thee, glossy form, thy instant woe; 'Twas zeal for "things too high" that sent thee Thy From cheery earth to shades below. Short speck of boundless Space was needed For home, for kingdom, world to thee ! Where passed unheeding Thy little life as unheeded from sorrow free. But syren hopes from out thy dwelling Enticed thee, bade thee earth explore Thy Is frame, so late with rapture swelling, swept from earth forevermore ! Poor moth thy fate my own resembles. Me, too, a restless, asking mind Hath sent on far and weary rambles, ! To seek the good Like thee, with I I ne'er shall find. common lot contented, With humble joys and vulgar fate, might have lived and ne'er lamented, Moth of a larger size, a longer date ! But Nature's majesty unveiling What seemed her wildest, grandest charms, Eternal Truth and Beauty hailing, Like thee, I rushed into her arms. What gained we, little moth ? Thy ashes, Thy one brief parting pang may show And thoughts like these, for soul that dashes From deep to deep, are death more slow : ! Thomas Carlyle. 2IO ni 9XB : ! . XXV Explanation of Plate v\ r (Except hen otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are the collection of i. 2. 3. 4. W. J. Holland.) Graphiphora culea Guenee, 9 Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, Graphiphora alia Guenee, 9 Graphiphora garmani Grote, c? . . cT Merrick Col- , lection. 5. Stretchia muricina Grote, 6. Perigonica fulminans Smith, 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. cj . c? . Tricholita signata, Walker, tf U. S. N. Cleosiris popali Strecker, $ . , Xylina petulca Grote, 9 Xylina innominata Smith, c?. Pleroma obliquata Smith, cJ U. Lithomoia germana Morrison, 91 Xylina disposita Morrison, 9 Homoglced carbonaria Harvey, 9 Xylina tepida Grote, c?. Xylina unimoda Lintner, cJ Xylina laticinerea Grote, (J Xylina thaxteri Grote, 9 Xylina baileyi Grote, 9 Xylina pexata Grote, 9 Xylina capax Grote & Robinson. M N. M. S. ? 1 . 1 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. . Litholomia napcsa Morrison, (?. Calocampa curvimacula Morrison, Calocampa nupera Lintner, c? Rancora solidaginis Behr, 9 Cucullia speyeri Lintner, J Cucullia aster oides Guenee, 1 (J . . 1 . 1 cJ . Copicucullia propinqua Smith, 9 Cucullia convexipennis Grote & Robinson, c? Cucullia intermedia Speyer, 9 Lathosea ursina Smith, 9 Lathosea pullata Grote, c? > U. S. N. M. 35. U. S. N. M. Nonagria oblonga Grote, c? U. S. N. M. Nonagria subflava Grote, 9 Ommatostola lintneri Grote, cJ U. S. N. M. 36. Sphida obliqua Walker, 9 32. 33. 34. , , 1 , . in The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. Plate AMERICAN CCIQRTYPE HOLLAND. \ XXV CO., N. Y. & C* Noctuidse Genus We BELLURA Walker cause this genus to be represented by a figure of the named gortynides by Walker. Synonyms are densa species Walker, vulnifica Grote, melanopyga Grote. The insect is peculiar to the Atlantic States, far as is known. The cut so was drawn from the American in Natural History in a specimen Museum New Genus (i) of York. Fig. h9 SPHIDA Sphida obliqua Walker, . Bellura gortynides. ? . \. Grote XXV, Plate Fig. 36, 2 & Robinson. The range of this moth is from the Atlantic to the The specimen figured was taken by the writer . Syn. obliquata Grote Minneapolis. It feeds in the stems of Genus NONAGRIA Typha Mississippi. at light in latifolia. Ochsenheimer A rather small genus of obscurely colored moths, the larvae of which burrow in the stems of aquatic plants, below the water- The genus is represented belong to our fauna. line. (1) Nonagria oblonga in both hemispheres. Grote, Plate Large Nonagria. ) Syn. permagna Grote. This is a Southern species, thus far XXV, Six species Fig. }}, 6 . (The only recorded as found in Florida. (2) Nonagria subflava Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 34, 2 . (The Yellowish Nonagria.) The insect ranges from Maine to Illinois, where it is found in the vicinity of lakes and pools of water in which rushes grow. Genus OMMATOSTOLA Grote Ommatostolalintneri Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 353. Thus far this species has only been recorded from New York (1) and New Jersey. 21 1 Noctuidae Genus (i) XXVI, ACHATODES Achatodes zeae Harris, Plate Guenee I, 12, Fig. Plate larva; Fig. i,3. This common insect, like those of the next three genera, is a It feeds stem-feeder, burrowing in the pith of its food-plants. in stems of elder (Sambucus), and Indian corn. Genus This genus It is is GORTYNA represented Ochsenheimer in the faunae of both hemispheres. quite extensive. (1) Gortyna velata Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. }, $ (The . Veiled Gortyna.) Syn. sera Grote & Robinson. Not uncommon in the Atlantic States. Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, Plate XXVI, Fig. 2, 3 This species, which is also found in Europe, has an extensive synonymy. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and shows (2) . ground-color and markhave led to the creation of a number of subspecific in different localities slight differences in ings, which distinctions (3) writers. by Gortyna immanis Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 4, ? (The . Hop-vine Gortyna.) The insect is found south of New York and New England not often to any great extent, though its occurrence as far south as as Maryland rarity has From noted. western a been New York ranges across the continent to the it Fig. 120. ment a. enlarged segGortyna immanis. b. larva; c. pupa; d. adult $ of larva; (After Howard.) the not hop it will not be abundant grown. In the centre of 212 Pacific. As it particularly infests in places where that plant is the hop-growing region of Noctuidse New Yo.k and Ontario very abundant at times, and its depredations have been complained about by those interested in The eggs are laid on the young shoots and the this industry. little larvae immediately bore into the stem near the tip. Here is it they remain until they are half an inch long, when they descend and attack the plant at the level of the ground. It has been recommended to pinch the tips which are seen to be affected and kill the young worms. Various applications to be put about the roots have been advocated, for which the reader may consult "Bulletin No. 7 (New Series) of the United States thus to Department of Agriculture." The hop-vines should at all events not be hilled up until the end of July or the beginning of August. This prevents the larvae from having easy access to the stems at the level of the ground. (4) Gortyna obliqua Harvey, XXVI, Plate Fig. 13, $ . (The Oblique Gortyna.) The habitat of this species is the Atlantic States and the Mississippi Valley. Genus (1) Fig. 5, Papaipema S PAPAIPEMA inquaesita Grote & Smith Robinson, Plate XXVI, . This species is, so far as we know, confined to the northern Atlantic States. (2) Papaipema purpurifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVI, Fig. 7, $ The range of this, as well as of all the species subsequently mentioned, is the same as that of the first species named in the genusGuenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 9, $ (3) Papaipema nitela Form nebris Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 8, $ The caterpillar inflicts a good deal of damage upon Indian . . . corn by burrowing into the end of the ear when the seed is in the milk. Those with the who have had to do of roasting preparation r A ears well know the unsightly larvae, , . . , , , Larva of PapaiFig. 121 pema niteia. (After Riley.) which, as they have stripped Cooks the husk from the cob, have revealed their presence. know more about these things than the farmer. The farmer 213 Noctuidse pulls his corn after the seed hard and dry, but the "kitchen is who has to deal with green vegetables, often has light upon subjects which elude the observation of the grower. (4) Papaipema necopina Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 12, ?. The species occurs in the Middle States, and has been more mechanic," frequently found in New York than elsewhere. Papaipema cerussata (5) & Grote Robinson, Plate XXVI, Fig. 10, ?. A pretty species, Northern States as Grote, Plate is Papaipema marginidens Guenee, (7) XXVI, found in the northern Atlantic western Pennsylvania. species not unusual in 3 which occurs in New England and the west as Minnesota. Papaipema cataphracta (6) The II, far Fig. 6, $ States, and XXVI, Plate . is Fig. . A rather scarce species, which has the same range as the preceding. Papaipema furcata (8) Smith, Plate XXVI, Fig. 14, $ plate was taken in western . The specimen shown on the Pennsylvania. OCHRIA Genus Dr. Dyar in his recent Hubner to this genus the insect which was accorded the specific name list refers sauzselitae of figure specimen by Grote. the in moth the History, delineation of which 1 22. Ochriasauz(liice.\, c , .. a a American Museum of Natural Fig. We give taken from ~ the for we skilful are indebted _..,. ,,.,,. to the facile fingers of Mrs. William Beutenmuller, one of the most accomplished delineators of insect life in America. (1) Pyrrhia This species, PYRRHIA Genus umbra Hubner Hufnagel, Plate XXVI, Fig. iy, ?. which occurs in Europe, ranges in North America from the Atlantic Genus (1) Xanthia flavago to the Rocky Mountains. XANTHIA Hubner Fabricius, Plate Syn. togata Esper; silago Hubner. 314 XXVI, Fig. 16, &. Noctuidae likewise a European species, which has a wide range in the northern parts of the United States. This is Genus JODIA Hubner (i) Jodia rufago Hubner, Plate XXVI, Fig. 17, $. (The Red-winged Sallow.) Syn. honesta Walker. European as well as a A BROTOLOMIA Genus (1) Brotolomia Not a very North American species. iris common Lederer Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. moth, which occurs from 19, New ?. England to Colorado. Genus ( 1 ) TRIGONOPHORA Trigonophora periculosa Guenee, XXVI, Fig. 18, 6 Grote, Plate This Hubner is preceding. var. v-brunneum . a very common The form we heavy and dark. figure has the In the typical Genus same range as the mark on the wings mark is light in color. species, having the form this CONSERVULA V Grote (1) Conservula anodonta Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 20, $. A rather scarce species, which is found in the northern part of our territory, south of Canada, and east of the Mississippi. Genus EUCIRRCEDIA Grote (1) Eucirroedia pampina Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 21, $. The moth comes out late in the fall. I have often found them when a warm day has occurred in the autumn, freshly emerged, and hanging from the stems of bushes from which all the leaves had already fallen. The insect is common in the Appalachian subregion. Genus SCOLIOPTERYX Germar (1) Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus, Plate XXVI, Fig. 22, <$ . (The Herald.) A common zone in insect found in North America. The Europe and the entire temperate on willows. larva feeds 215 Noctuidse CHCEPHORA Genus (i) ? Fig. 23, & Robinson, Plate XXVI, . common moth. It is found among the Alleghanies western Pennsylvania, and also occurs in other portions of the Not in & Robinson Grote Choephora fungorum Grote a very northern Atlantic subregion. Genus PSEUDORTHOSIA Grote The only species of the genus was named variabilis by Grote. It ranges from California to Colorado. species Pseudor- Fig. 123. thosia variabilis, $.{. We give a figure of the drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a specimen contained in the collection of the ^ ate Henry Edwards, and now in the American Museum Genus of Natural History. PSEUDOGLiEA Pseudoglaea blanda Grote, Grote XXVI, Plate Fig. 24, 6 . (1) Syn. tcedata Grote; decepta Grote. The habitat of the species is the Pacific States from which it ranges eastward to Texas and Colorado. Genus (1) Anchocelis ANCHOCELIS Guenee digitalis Grote, Plate The only species in our fauna so far northern Atlantic States. Genus SELICANIS Smith this generic name Prof. J. Under XXVI, known $ Fig. 25, is found . in the B. Smith in 1900 described a species from Colorado to which he gave the specific name cinereola. which is National The type of this insect, preserved in the United States Museum, is represented in the accompanying cut. Genus Fig. 124. cinereola, TAPINOSTOLA Selicanis 3 . {. Lederer Tapinostola variana Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 26, $. figure we give is taken from a specimen belonging to the United States National Museum and coming from Michigan. (1) The 216 Noctuidae FAGITANA Genus Two species, Walker which were formerly attributed Pseudolimacodes Grote, occur both of them. in the the genus to We United States. figure Plate XXVI, Fig. 27, $. habitat of this species is Florida. (2) Fagitana littera Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. 28, $ Fagitana obliqua Smith, (i) The . Syn. lucidata Walker; niveicostatus Grote. This is a rare insect, which occurs in the Atlantic States. COSMIA Genus Cosmia paleacea (1) Ochsenheimer Esper, Plate XXVI, Fig. }2, $ . (The Angle-striped Sallow.) Syn. discolor Walker; injumata Grote. This insect is found all over northern Europe and the United States. ORTHOSIA Genus Ochsenheimer The genus is well represented both in Of the fifteen species reckoned fauna two are selected for illustration. the Orthosia bicolorago Guenee, Plate XXVI, Fig. which is not uncommon. Orthosia helva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 30, ? (1) An ward and 29, 6 . eastern species, . (2) A New World as belonging to our the Old. very common species in the Atlantic States, ranging west- as far as Colorado. Genus PARASTICHTIS Hubner Parastichtis discivaria Walker, Plate XXVI, Fig. (1) 31, 6 . Syn. gentilis Grote. Found throughout Genus the northern Atlantic States. SCOPELOSOMA Curtis This genus represented in Europe by a single species a score represented in the United States and Canada by half species. when reason early in the spring, This fact is the cool and even frosty. in they are for the most part not well represented They appear upon the wing very the nights are why is of still 217 Noctuidse A good place to collect them is in maple-sugar camps, about the sap-buckets. moffatiana Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 33, (i) Scopelosoma collections. $ (Moffat's Sallow.) all of the other species . This as well as is found in the northern portion of the Atlantic subregion. (2) $ . Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, Plate XXVI, (The Anointed Sallow.) Ranges from New Jersey to Maine. walkeri Grote, Plate XXVI, (3) Scopelosoma Fig. 34, Fig. 35, $ . (Walker's Sallow.) The moth to is known (4) to fly from Texas to Iowa larva feeds upon oaks. and eastward The Maine and Canada. Scopelosoma devia Plate Grote, XXVI, 42, $ Fig. . (The Lost Sallow.) It occurs in northern Genus New York and Canada. ORRHODIA The genus Hubner found both in Europe and Smith has attributed to it a species to which he gave the name of californica. The type is in the United States National Museum and the annexed figure gives America. Fig. 125. is Prof. Orrhodia a representation of it. the genus in our fauna. It is the only species of californica. Genus GL./EA Hubner Glaea viatica Grote, Roadside Sallow.) (1) Plate XXVI, Fig. 38, $ . (The The species appears very late in the fall of the year. It ranges from Texas in the south to Massachusetts in the north. Glaea inulta Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 37, $ (2) (The Unsated Sallow.) The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to . Illinois (3) and Iowa. Gleea sericea Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. }6, $ . (The Silky Sallow.) The range of this species is much preceding. 218 the same as that of the IV V -MOD , i ; . XXVI Explanation of Plate (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of Achatodes N. M. Harris zees, W. tf , Holland.) J. U. S. 21. Eucirrcedia Guene, pampina 9- 2. Gortyna nictitans Borkhausen, 3- Gortyna velata, Walker, (J Gortyna immanis, Guenee, 9 Papaipema inquasiia Grote 22. Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus, cT- 23 Chaphora fungorum Grote & 24. Robinson, 9 Pseudoglcca blanda U. S. N. M. 6. Papaipema cataphracta Grote, 7- Papaipema purpurifascia Grote 1 45- . Robinson, & Robinson, Papaipema Guenee, io. Papaipema Papaipema ii. Papaipema 9- c? . c? Guenee, c? , 25- Anchocelis digitalis Grote, U. S. N. M. c? , 26. Tapinostola variana Morrison, d\ U. S. N. M. . var. nebris, Fagitana obliqua Smith, cj Fagitana littera Guenee, 9 29. Orthosia bicolorago Guenee, (J 30. Orthosia helva Grote, 9 3i- Parastichtis discivaria Walker, 1 27. 28. <J*. nitela 1 Guenee, c? . & cerussata Grote Robinson, 9 12. Grote, . nitela, & . marginidens $ . Papaipema necopina Grote, 9 32. Cosmia paleacea Esper, 33. Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote, cT . &. 1 i3- Gortyna obliqua Harvey, o 14- Papaipema furcata Smith, 9 Pyrrhia umbra Hufnagel, 9 34 Scopelosoma ceromatica Grote, 16. Xanthia flavago Fabricius, cJ Jodia rufago Htibner, cT U. S. N. M. T r i go no ph. or a v-brunneum 35 Scopelosoma walkeri Grote, 17- - 9- , Grote, cJ. 19. 20. Brotolomia Guenee, 9 Conservula anodonta Guen6e, 9 U. S. N. M. iris , cj . 36. GlcEa sericea Morrison, cj 37. Glcea inulta Grote, cT 1 . 38. Glcea viatica Grote, <$ . 39- Homoglcra hircina Morrison, 40. Epiglcea decliva Grote, c?. 41. Epiglcea d pastillicans 1 . 42. Scopelosoma devia Grote, c?. 1 (J . Morrison, The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED PY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate XXVI 'Z CO- N V t CHI, Noctuidss EPIGL.EA Genus Grote (i) Epiglsea pastillicans Morrison, Plate XXVI, Fig. 41, 4. (The Round-loaf Sallow.) The species occurs from West Virginia to Maine, and west- ward to Ohio. Epiglsea decliva Grote, Plate XXVI, Fig. 40, 6 (2) . (The Sloping Sallow.) Syn. deleta Grote. The moth occurs from Canada and westward to to Virginia, Illinois. Genus HGMOGL^EA Morrison Homoglaea hircina Morrison, Plate XXVI, (1) Fig. 39, $, (The Goat Sallow.) The habitat of this species is the northern part of our territory. Nova Scotia, and southward along the Alleghany Mountains into the Western part of North Carolina. (2) Homoglaea carbonaria Harvey, Plate XXV, Fig. 14, 9. (The Smudged Sallow.) The species ranges from Washington and Oregon eastward to Colorado. It has been located in the genus Euharveya, but It ranges from Alberta to name this is a for Homoglcea, according to Prof. J. B. synonym Smith, and accordingly sinks. Genus (1) CALYMNIA Hubner Calymnia orina Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. Syn. canescens Behr. This easily identified moth ranges over the The portion of the North American continent. oaks. Genus (1) ZOTHECA Zotheca tranquila I, &. entire temperate larva feeds upon Grote Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 2, 3 . (The Western Elder Moth.) Syn. sambuci Behr; viridula Grote. larva feeds upon elder (Sambiicus). The from northern California Wyoming. The is British The moth ranges Columbia and eastward to The greener form was named viridula by Grote. hardly subspecific, as the shade of green on the hardly alike in any two specimens, and the color soon difference wings to is fades out. 219 Noctuidae Genus IPIMORPHA (i) Ipimorpha pleonectusa (The Even-lined Sallow.) Hubner Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 3, $. Syn. cequilinea Smith. The species occurs from the Atlantic to the Genus ATETHMIA Atethmia subusta Hubner, (1) Rocky Mountains. Hubner Plate XXVII, Fig. 4, $. very common species ranging through the warmer parts of the Gulf States through Central and South America as far as A Argentina. Atethmia rectifascia (2) New Found from Genus (1) The Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. Jersey to Illinois TRICHOCOSMIA Trichocosmia inornata insect is found Genus in 5, 3 . and southward. Grote Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 6, <3 . Arizona and northern Mexico. TRISTYLA SMITH The genus was erected by Smith for the which he reception of a Californian species to gave the specific name alboplagiata. Through the kindness of the authorities of the United Fig. 1 26 States National Tristyla alboplagiata, $ Genus A Museum I am able to give a representation of the type of this insect. . ANTAPLAGA Grote composed exclusively of western species. Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 7, $. small genus (1) Hitherto only reported from Colorado. Genus GROTELLA Harvey (1) Grotella dis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 8, $ A small moth found in New Mexico and Arizona. . 220 Noctuidae PIPPONA Genus The only species hitherto Harvey referred to this found in Texas. We give in the cut, is herewith presented, a figure of a specimen which is contained in the American Museum of Natural History, and which was care- genus which is drawn for this book by Mrs. Beutenmuller. Fig.i27-P*o. was named bimatris by Dr. Harvey. na bimatris,'& \. fully It Genus BESSULA Grote the kindness of the authorities of the British Through and Sir George F. Hampson Fig. 128. I am Museum able to give herewith a figure Bessula luxa. of the type of the genus and species, which is preserved in the Grote Collection. The moth occurs in New Mexico and Colorado. Genus This genus is OXYCNEMIS Grote species which are found southwestern portions of our terOf one of these, found in ritory. California, to which Smith has applied composed wholly of in the Oxyc nemis $ . {. jusimacula. Fig. 129 Museum name fusimacula, we are permitted to give a figure taken from a specimen preserved in the American of Natural History. Genus (1) the specific . It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller. NYCTEROPHiETA Nycterophseta luna Morrison, Plate Smith XXVII, Fig. 9, $. Syn. magdalena Hulst; notatella Grote. The moth ranges from Dakota and Montana southward to southern Colorado. 221 Noctuidse Genus COPABLEPHARON Harvey Copablepharon grandis Strecker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 10, $ The species ranges from northern California and Oregon . (i) eastward to Montana. (2) II, Copablepharon longipenne From its Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. $. much the preceding species it may easily be distinguished by It has thus far only been found in Montana. greater size. Copablepharon album Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 12, $ fore wings in this species are pure white, and not shaded with yellow, as is the case with the other two species, which have been mentioned. It occurs from Oregon to Montana and . (3) The southward to Colorado. Genus (1) THYREION Thyreion rosea Smith, This insect is thus far only Smith Plate XXII, Fig. 13, ? to occur in Colorado. . known CHLOR1DEA Westwood Genus (1) Chloridea virescens Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. 14, $. Syn. rhexicB Abbot & Smith spectanda Strecker. Found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from Canada southward into Mexico. ; Genus HELIOCHEILUS Grote Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig, 15, $ The insect ranges from the middle of the Mississippi Valley south and west. It does not appear to be common in collections. . (1) Genus HELIOTHIS Ochsenheimer represented in both hemispheres by a number used to be made to include a large assemblage of insects, but latterly has been restricted by authors. The genus of species. (1) is It Heliothis armiger Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 17, $. (The Boll-worm.) This insect, which is known "Scarce Bordered Straw," is to English entomologists as the unfortunately not scarce in the 222 Noctuidae United States, and being of a singularly gluttonous habit in the larval stage, has become the object of execration to farmers and horticulturists. It a very promiscuous feeder, but shows a special is fondness for young Indian corn in the ear and account latter it for On cotton bolls. of the peculiarity has received the name we have applied above. It attacks the fruit of the tomato It also feeds Fig. 130. -Boll-worm feeding upon a tomato. (After Riley.) when still green, and causes upon pumpkins, peas, beans, it to rot on the vines. hemp, and, it is upon tobacco. An said, excellent ac- count of its habits has been given by Prof. C. V. Riley in his "Third Annual " Report as State Entomologist Missouri. It is of from that paper that we have extracted the figures, which are herewith given, and which serve to illus- the life-history of the insect. The Fig. 131. Heliothis armiger. a. Egg viewed from . a ii nvpr mot u ran ranffp m0in over g es a11 the side; b. Egg viewed from on top (both eggs magnified) c. Larva d. Pupa; e-f. Moth. (After the United States and trate ^^ ; ; southern Canada. It southern portion of our territory, where there are from three to four broods annually. It is here in the is most abundant in the 123 Noctuidse cotton-fields is inflicted. and in the growing corn that the greatest damage There appears to be no way of applying remedies wholesale manner to the crops so as to prevent the depreda- in a The only tions of this insect. resort for the is to grower go carefully over the fields, and where he detects the presence of the insects in their early stages, to pick them off and destroy them. In the case of corn the presence of the premature drying of the fallen silk, and worm is in the case of shown by the cotton by the lie withering on the ground. Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, Plate XXVII, Fig. flower-buds, which (2) 16, $. (The Spotted Clover-moth.) Syn. nuchalis Grote. This species, which occurs in Europe and Asia, not infrequently in the western part of our territory. DERRIMA Genus Derrima (1) stellata Walker, is found also Walker XXIX, Plate Fig. 67, 3 . (The Pink Star-moth.) Syn. Henrietta Grote. The specimen We the American Fig. 132. figured also give a cut taken Maine. in in Museum Derrima It of Natural History. is a rare insect, but widely distributed from New England to the Mississippi through the $ northern stellata, . J. tier of states. RHODOPHORA Genus Rhodophora gaurae Abbott & (1) was taken from a specimen Guene'e Smith, XXVII, Plate Fig. 18, 6 . Syn. matutina Hubner. A very common species in the southern and southwestern The larva feeds upon Gaura biennis. portions of our territory. (2) Rhodophora florida Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 19, $ . Ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward as far as Utah. Rhodophora (3) Fig. 20, 6 This is alsc j citronellus Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVII, . a common species in Texas and Arizona. Colorado. 224 It occurs Noctuidae RHODOSEA Genus Rhodosea (i) Grote julia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 53, $. The moth occurs in New Mexico and southward to northern Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate is contained in the United States National Museum. RHODODIPSA Genus Rhododipsa volupia (1) Fitch, Plate Grote XX VII, $. Fig. 22, Habitat Colorado and Texas. Rhododipsa miniana (2) The New insect occurs in Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 23, Rhododipsa masoni Smith, (3) This species has thus far . Plate XXVII, Fig. 24, $ only been reported from Colorado. TRIOCNEMIS Genus $ Mexico. . Grote only one species of this genus, to which Grote The male is depicted on applied the specific name saporis. Plate XXVII, Fig. 21. It ranges from Washington and California There is eastward to Colorado. Genus This PSEUDACONTIA Smith another genus represented thus far by one species. The insect received the specific name crustaria at the hands of Morrison. The -^ is 'AST^S^wGl y^^Sffl we give was taken from a specimen contained in the United States National Museum figure ^^^fO W "*""*> The insect ranges Washington. Nebraska to Colorado and Wyoming. from GR^EPERIA Grote at Genus The only p S euda- FlG contia crustaria. species attributed thus far to this genus is still a rare insect in collections. give a figure of the type contained in the collection of the We late Berthold Neumoegen, which Fig. 134 GrcBperia magnified, $ . f is preserved Brooklyn Institute. The insect occurs in Texas. The fore wings are deep maroon, edged anteriorly with pale creamy white. at the 225 Noctuidae Genus (i) Porrima regia This Plate Grote XXVII, a southern species, found in Texas, as far as Kansas and Colorado. is northward TRICHOSELLUS Genus (i) PORRIMA Strecker, Fig. 26, ?. and also ranging Grote Trichosellus cupes Grote. Syn. crotchi Henry Edwards. This little moth, which is the only one represented in the figure by a drawing of the type, preserved in the American Museum belonging to the genus, Fig. 135. Tricho- sellus cupes, annexed which is is of Natural History. $ Genus EUPANYCHIS Grote The only species belonging to the genus was originally named spinosae by Guenee. Grote & Robinson subsequently called it hirtella. It occurs from Canada southward to the Potomac and westward The figure we give is from a to Illinois. drawing of National a specimen in the United States Fig. Museum. 136. Eupanychis spinoscs, $ Genus CANIDIA Fig. 137. Canidia . Grote scissa. a Floridan species, a figure of the type of which has been prepared for this book under the supervision of Sir George This F. is Hampson. Genus SCHINIA Hubner a very extensive moths, which are particularly This is genus of small and rather pretty abundant in the grassy and semiarid 226 Noctuidaa lands of the southwestern States. There however, a number are, of species, which occur in the Atlantic subregion. (i) Schinia chrysellus Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 28, ?. The fore wings are silvery white. The insect is strikingly and is not at all uncommon in the States of Colorado, Mexico, and Texas. (2) Schinia aleucis Harvey, Plate XXVII, Fig. 29, $. This species is smaller than the preceding, which it resembles in a general way. The hind wings are darker. It occurs in Texas. (3) Schinia cumatilis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, S. beautiful, New A beautiful species, with silvery-white wings. It may once be distinguished from the two preceding species by the different arrangement of the bands upon the fore wings. It is found in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. (4) Schinia trifascia Hubner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 35, ? at . Syn. lineata Walker. The moth is found from the Atlantic to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming. (5) Schinia simplex Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 32, ? The home of this species is Colorado. The fore wings in some specimens are much brighter green than shown on the plate. (6) Schinia nundina Drury, Plate, XXVII, Fig. 33, $ . . Syn. nigrirena Haworth. This is a strikingly marked species, mistaken for anything ward and westward else. to Illinois It which cannot New ranges from easily be Jersey south- and Kentucky. (7) Schinia acutilinea Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 34, S. Syn. separata Grote. The moth (8) is found in Colorado and Utah. Schinia brucei Smith, Plate XXVII, The home of the insect is Colorado. (9) Schinia lynx Guenee, Plate XXVII, Is Fig. 37, $ . $ . Fig. 38, taken from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. (10) Schinia roseitincta Harvey, Plate Syn. exaltata Henry Edwards. Has been found from Colorado to Texas. XXVI, Fig. 36, $. (11) Schinia saturata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 43, $. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward Texas and southern California. 227 to Noctuidae (12) Schinia tertia Grote, Plate XXVII, This species (13) The (14) is common Fig. 39, ?. Texas. in Schinia albafascia Smith, Plate XX VII, Fig. is Utah and Colorado. 45, $. habitat of this species Schinia jaguarina Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 41, &. The species ranges from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska and Colorado and southward to Texas. (15) Schinia arcifera Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 42, $. Syn. spraguei Grote. The species occurs from New England to New Mexico and southward. (16) Schinia packardi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 31, $. Syn. mortua Grote; nobilis Grote. Distributed from Colorado to Texas (17) Schinia thoreaui Grote Fig. 46, $ & and Arizona. Robinson, Plate XXVII, . Ranging from the valley of the Ohio southward into Texas. (18) Schinia marginata Haworth, Plate XXVII, Fig. 44, $. Syn. rivulosa Guenee; divergens Walker; contracta Walker; designata Walker. Found from New York to Iowa and thence southward. Schinia brevis Grote, Plate XXVII, (19) Syn. atrites Grote. This species southward to is New spread Mexico. Genus (1) Fig. 40, $. from Massachusetts to Iowa DASYSPOUDiEA and Smith Dasyspoudaea lucens Morrison, A common insect in Plate XXVII, Fig. 47, $ Nebraska and westward in Colorado . and Wyoming. (2) Dasyspoudaea meadi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 48, $ Ranges from Montana southward Genus . to Colorado. PSEUDANTHCECIA Pseudanthcecia tumida Grote, Plate Smith XXVII, Fig. 49, $. (1) This insect occurs from Colorado to the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It is common in Chihuahua. 228 Explanation of Plate XXVII (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) J. i. Calymnia orina Guenee, 2. Zotheca tranquilla Grote, cf Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, 3. 28. cf 29. 30. 31. 4- 5- 7- S. Aiethmia subusta Hubner, <$ U. S. N. M. Aiethmia rectifascia Grote, rj\ U. S. N. M. Trichocosmia inornata Grote, d\ U. S. N. M. , Antaplaga dimidiata Grote, c? Grotella dis Grote, d\ U. S. N. . M. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Nycterophceta luna Morrison, 9 10. Copablepharon grandis Strecker, 9. 41. - 42. 43. 11. Copablepharon 12. Copablepharon album Harvey, Grote, 9 U. , S. longipenne N. M. ' 13. Thyreion rosea Smith, Q & cumaiilis Grote, cj packardi, , /i'eliocheilus simplex Smith, 16. Grote, Heliothis scutosus Fabricius, armiger Hubner, iS. Rhodophora 19. Rhodophora Rhodophora Smith, 20. gaurcs tri fascia Hubner, 9 Harvey, o roseitincta brucei Smith, cf 1 (J . lynx Guenee, tf. tcriia Grote, 9 [ jaguarina Guenee, cj arcifera Guenee, 9 saturaia Grote, c? Grote P scudotamila vanella 27. 9 & Robin- Dasyspoudcca lucens Morrison, . - , 51. Melicleptria sueta <J* , 1 . . Grote, c?, N. M. Porrima regia Strecker, 9 Porrima gloriosa Strecker, 9 Grote, J*. ri pen ni pule h 54. 55. Rhodosea jnlia Grote, 9 N. M. > U. - s S. Melaporphyria oregona Henry Edwards, <?. Dysocnemis belladonna HenryEdwards, cf Heliaca diminutiva Grote, c? Axenus arvalis Grote, c?. 58. Heliolonche modicella Grote, 9 59. Omianescea Smith. cf U. S.N.M. 60. Xanthothrix neumocgeni Henry 56. . rj Smith, 9 Grote, cf. . & 24. 26. . Haworth, marginata c? 53. . florida Guenee, c? citroucllus Grote 25. S. . Dasyspoudcea meadi Grote, & Abbot Robinson, J Triocnemis saporis Grote, U. S. N. M. U. , brevis Grote, cj 52. Melicleptria <J*. Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, cf Rhododipsa miniana Grote, Rhododipsa masoni Smith, 9 23. 1 . Pseudantlicecia tumida Grote o 1 . . 22. . 49 1 21. . tf 48. 1 (J 9 mtndina Drury, acuiilinea Grote, <j\ 50. Stylo poda cephalica 17. Heliothis . . Fabricius, paradoxus , <J' son, cT47. virescens . . 45. Schinia albafascia Smith, U. N. M. 14. Chloridea 15. chrysellus Grote, 9 aleucis Harvey, 46. Schinia thoreaui <? S. 44. Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia Schinia 57. , 61. Edwards, 9 Heliophana mitis Grote, cf- The Moth Book Plate XXVII W COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. AMEHICAN COLORTYPE HOLLAND. . CO., ^ N. Y. * CHI. ! Noctuidse Genus PALADA Smith is but one species of the genus, and are able to give a figure of the type of this through the kindness of the authorities of the There we United States National Museum. It received the specific name scarletina at the hands of Fig. 138. p a lada Its habitat is California. Prof. J. B. Smith. scarletina, $ . Genus (i) STYLOPODA Stylopoda cephalica This is a very common Smith Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 50, $ . species in southern California. Genus SYMPISTIS Hvibner This another of the is moths, many genera among which are the Heliothid thus represented far in America by but a single species. The insect was named proprius by Henry Edwards, and we give a figure of the type which is in his collection Fig. 139. SympisUs proprius, 3 {. Genus This one little now in the possession of the American Museum of Natural History. . MELAPORPHYRIA Grote Of genus contains three species. these we select for illustration. (1) Fig. Melaporphyria oregona Henry Edwards, 54- The range of the species Genus (1) Fig. is XXVII, from Colorado to Oregon. DYSOCNEMIS Grote Dysocnemis belladonna Henry Edwards, 55, Plate $ $ Plate XXVII, . This beautiful little Genus moth occurs in Utah. PSEUDOTAMILA Smith (1) Pseudotamila vanella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 25, &. Found among the mountains of Nevada and California. 229 Noctuidse MELICLEPTRIA Genus (i) 52, Hubner XXVII, Plate Melicleptria pulchripennis Grote, Fig. $. Syn. tanguida Henry Edwards. The range of this insect is from Colorado to California. (2) Melicleptria sueta Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 51, $ . Syn. californiciis Grote. Is distributed from Colorado to California. Genus HELIOLONCHE Grote (1) Heliolonche modicella Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 58, $. The moth is distributed from California to Colorado and Wyoming. OMIA Genus (1) The Omia nesaea Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. habitat of this little Genus (1) Hubner moth is 59, 6 . California. HELIOPHANA Grote Heliophana mitis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 61, $ . Syn. obliquata Smith. Genus HELIODES Guenee There are but two species so far They both belong to this genus. California, Fig. 140. Heliodes restrictalis, 3 . Fig. 141. ioaned are in smallest of the We HELIOSEA for use in this Grote Heliosea pictipennis, . \. genus and the species is kindly book by Sir George F. Hampson. It is figure of the type of the me among the to occur give in the annexed cut a representation of the type of the species named restrictalis by Prof. J. B. Smith. Heliothids. Genus The and known 230 Noctuidae from the taken The moth occurs Vol. IV. Lepidoptera Henry Edwards Xanthothrix neumcegeni Henry Edwards, $ Fig. 60, Phalaenae," in California. XANTHOTHRIX Genus (i) the of "Catalogue Plate XXVII, . This pretty bright colored moth occurs little AXENUS Genus in California. Grote Axenus arvalis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 57, $ (1) Syn. ochraceus Henry Edwards; amptus Henry Edwards. A common . insect ranging from Colorado to California and southward. Genus Five species HELIACA Herrich-Schaeffer attributed are to of this genus, Plate XXVII, we which illustrate one. (1) Heliaca diminutiva Grote, The range of this species is the same Fig. 56, 6 as that of the last . mentioned. Genus EUPSEUDOMORPHA Eupseudomorpha (1) Dyar Neu- brillians moegen. Of this beautiful insect, which is still we give a figure drawn by the writer from the type, which Collection. Fig. is contained in the Neumcegen very rare in collections, The moth Genus XANTHOPASTIS (1) Xanthopastis Syn. regnatrix Grote. 142. Eupseudo- morpha brillians, inhabits Texas. $. \. Hubner timais Cramer, Plate XI, Fig. 17, $. a very wide range all over the tropics of the occurs not infrequently in the Gulf States, and occasionally ranges as far north as New York. This insect has New World. It 231 Noctuidae Genus PSYCHOMORPHA Harris Plate III, Fig. 9, $. (i) Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, This very beautiful little moth appears on the wing early It is the spring in Pennsylvania. not uncommon Hitherto States. been placed authors tidce, Fig. T Larva 143. menis. view the Agarisincline to the opinion that it is better located where we have put r ', , we has it by many of Psychomorpha epithe NoctUldK. grown caterpillar; b, side it, among segment enlarged; c, hump on Larval characteristics, how- a, of , among but in in the Atlantic , . Full eleventh segment. (After Riley.) show ever, in this a great likeness stage of develop- genus Alypia. The accompanying cut, which we have reproduced from the writings of Prof. C. V. Riley, may be compared in this connection with the on page 144. figure of the larva of Alypia octomaculata given ment to the species included in the Genus This genus, recent writers moth is PSEUDALYPIA like the preceding, among undoubtedly Henry Edwards has been located by the Agaristidce. The Noctuid. have a I here in the order of arrangement, believing that upon the whole it is better located at this point in the serial arrangement placed it The figure annexed is than anywhere else. that of the type preserved in the American Museum of Natural History. Genus (1) Pearly some It was drawn by EUTHISANOTIA Euthisanotia unio Hiibner, Pseuda- Pl(J i yp i a croich.i, . o. \. Mrs. Beutenmuller. Hubner Plate XVII, Fig. 24, $ . (The Wood-nymph.) This lovely moth has a wide range throughout the eastern portions of our territory as far west as the Mississippi. (2) Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Plate XVII, (The Beautiful Wood-nymph.) Syn. assimilis Boisduval. 232 Fig. 2}, $ . Noctuidas This is much a has larger practically the range of distribution. species than the preceding. same It The of the genus to the affinity genus Psychomorpha i s clearly shown by the larva, a representation of which is given in the annexed cut taken from the writings of Fig. 145. Enthisanotia grata, a, Fullgrown larva; b, enlarged segment, side Prof. C. V. Riley, who deview; c, cervical shield from behind; voted considerable time to d, anal hump from behind; e-f, top the study of the life-history and side views of egg, enlarged. of these insects. (After Riley.) Genus CIRIS Grote (1) Ciris wilsoni Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, $ This insect occurs in Texas and Arizona. referred to the There authors. . It has also been Agaristidce and to the Zygcvnidce by various is, no doubt as to however, its being a true Noctuid. Genus NOROPSIS Guenee Plate XXVIII, Fig. (1) Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, 1,9. This very pretty moth has a wide range in the hotter portions of America. It is found in Florida, and represents the invasion of our southern territory by the fauna of the Antilles, and South America. Genus (1) The FENARIA Fenaria longipes Druce, Grote Plate XI, Fig. 16, $ . species occurs in Arizona and ranges thence southwardly into Mexico. (2) Fenaria sevorsa Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 12, ? Syn. adessa Druce. The species has the same range " When as the preceding. I love the season well teeming with bright forms." Longfellow. An April Day. forest glades are 233 . Noctuidae Genus ACHERDOA Only one species of the genus is Walker attributed to from our it received the specific name ferraria at the hands of the late Francis Walker, fauna. It and was renamed ornata by Neumcegen. The cut we give was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a specimen in the American Fig. 146. ferraria, Museum Acherdoa 6 f AON Genus (1) Aon This It represents Neumcegen noctuiformis Neumoegen, Plate XLI, not an is of Natural History. the male insect. . uncommon moth Genus in Fig. 18, $ , southern Texas. CIRRHOPHANUS Grote Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2, ? The insect varies considerably in size, the specimen depicted on (1) . the plate being rather small. It is not an uncommon species in the southern States, and is also found as far north as Pennsylvania. Genus (1) BASILODES Guenee Basilodes pepita Guenee, Plate XXVIII, The genus Basilodes contains Fig. 7, 9 . number of species which are all, with the single exception of this species, natives of the southwestern portions of our territory. The present species occurs a from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Colorado. insect has been occasionally taken in Pittsburgh. The Genus STIRIA Grote Stiria rugifrons Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5, $. The specimen figured on the plate was caught by the writer (1) in southern Colorado. It is reported also from Kansas and probably has a wide range, but is as yet rare in Indiana. It collections. Genus (1) The ward. Stibadium STIBADIUM spumosum insect ranges from It is Grote Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. }, $ York to Colorado and south. New very abundant in southern Indiana, where freely to sugar. 234 it comes Noctuidae PLAGIOMIMICUS Genus Grote There are All of we them five species reckoned as belonging to this genus. are southwestern and western forms, except the one figure. (i) Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 9> ? This moth is quite common in western Pennsylvania. It ranges southward and westward to the Gulf States and Colorado. Genus FALA Grote (i) Fala ptycophora Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, $ The habitat of this insect, which is the sole representative of . its genus, California. is Genus This is NARTHECOPHORA another genus in which we Smith recognize thus far only one species. (1) II, Narthecophora pulverea Smith, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 9. The figure is of the species, taken from a specimen determined by the author and contained in the United States National Museum. Genus NEUMCEGENIA Grote species of this genus was named poetica beautiful little moth, the fore wings The only It is a by Grote. being bright metallic green, with a golden which is outwardly and the costa being creamy yellow. The drawing for the annexed cut was made from the type which is preserved at the FlG reflection, the light spot, trifid, Brooklyn Institute. Genus The only - I4 ?- - genia poeiica PLUSIODONTA ' * *' Guenee species of this small genus recognized as found in North America was named compressipalpis by Guenee. Walker renamed it insignis. It is represented on Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6, by a male specimen. The insect is a native of the Atlantic subregion, and is locally very common in western Pennsylvania. 235 Noctuidae GONODONTA Genus Hubner This genus is representative of the tropical fauna of America, and but two species occur within our limits, both of them in the warmer parts of Florida. (i) Gonodonta unica Neumoegen, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 10. $. The larval stages have been well described by Dyar in the " Proceedings of the United States National Museum," Vol. XXIII, The caterpillar feeds on Anona laurifolia, the Custardp. 272. apple. Genus CALPE Treitschke found in the temperate regions of both Only one species occurs in America. hemispheres. canadensis Bethune, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 8, $. (1) Calpe (The Canadian Calpe.) The genus Calpe is Syn. purpurascens Walker; sobria Walker. The range of this species is restricted to the colder portions of in Canada, rarely It is found territory. York, and ranges westward to Alberta. our New Genus PANCHRYSIA in northern Hubner This genus, which is generally known under Walker's name Deva, is better represented in the eastern hemisphere than in the western. We figure one species of the four credited to our fauna. (1) 13. Panchrysia purpurigera Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3. little moth, which is not very common, ranges England and Canada to Colorado and New Mexico. This pretty from New Genus POLYCHRYSIA Hubner Two species, both of which we figure, are attributed to this genus as occurring within our territory. (1) Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 12, ? . Syn. trabea Smith. This is a European insect, which is found also in Alberta and Assiniboia. Polychrysia formosa Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, $ all the specimens which have come under the observation of the writer have been taken in New England or in . (2) So New far, York. 236 Noctuidae Genus PLUSIA Hubner Three of the four species attributed to the genus as found America are represented upon our plate. Plusia aerea Hubner, Plate XXVIII, (i) to Fig. 16, $ in . The moth ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward Texas and the region of the Rocky Mountains. Plusia aeroides Grote, Plate XXVIII, (2) Fig. 17, $ . The distribution of this species is almost identical with that The larva feeds on various species of Spircea. of Plusia cerea. Plusia balluca Geyer, Plate XXVIII, (3) The species is not uncommon Genus (1) in the Fig. 22, ? . northern Atlantic States. EUCHALCIA Hubner Euchalcia contexta Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 23, $ species is found from Maine to Wisconsin, and occasionfar south as the mountains of central Pennsylvania. . The ally as Euchalcia putnami Grote, Plate XXVIII, Dyar with questionable correctness treats form of the European festucce Linnaeus. There (2) Dr. a Fig. 15,5. this species as is no doubt of the distinctness of the two. (3) Euchalcia venusta Walker, striatella Syn. The range of southward to the XXVIII, Fig. 21, ? . this species is from Nova Scotia and Canada mountains of West Virginia. Genus (1) Plate Grote. EOSPHOROPTERYX Dyar Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 18, 8. This lovely moth from New westward is still very rare in collections. It ranges England and Canada to the mountains of Virginia and into the Valley of the Mississippi. Genus AUTOGRAPHA Hubner large assemblage of species, about fifty being recogOf this number we are nized as occurring in the United States. This is a only able to figure about one third. 237 Noctuidse Autographa bimaculata Stephens, (i) Plate XXVIII, Fig. Syn. u-brevis Guenee. This is a common species in the northern Atlantic States. Autographa biloba Stephens, (2) The species is Plate XXVIII, Fig. 24, $ . distributed widely from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Autographa verruca (3) Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 20, $ Syn. omega Hubner; 00 Cramer; omicron Hubner; questionis Treitschke rutila . ; Walker. The moth is scarce in the northern Atlantic States, but has been recorded as occurring in Massachusetts. It ranges from New England to Texas and southward through Central and South America. (4) Autographa rogationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. hamifera Walker; dyaus Grote; includens Walker; culta Lintner. The range of this species is the same as that of the pre- ceding. Autographa precationis Guenee, (5) 28, The the Plate XXVIII, Fig. $. insect is found in Canada and the United States Rocky Mountains. (6) Autographa egena Guenee, This States, (7) is and east of Plate XXVIII, Fig. 29, a southern species, occurring in Florida ranging southward into South America. Autographa flagellum Walker, $ . and the Gulf Plate XXVIII, Fig. 27, $, . Syn. monodon Grote; insolita Smith. The (8) 35. species ranges from Quebec to Alberta. Autographa pseudogamma Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. o. The (9) insect is indigenous in Quebec and Nova Scotia. Autographa ou Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 33, $. Syn. Jratetta Grote. This species is almost universally distributed through the United States and southern Canada. (10) Autographa brassicse Riley, Plate Syn. echinocystis Behr. 238 XXVIII, Fig. 36, 6 . Noctuidae This insect, which preys upon the Cruciferce in its larval state, has been well described and its habits fully set forth by Prof. C. V. Riley in the Missouri Reports. It from his paper is upon the species we have that been per- mitted to extract the which figure is here- with annexed of the insect various in its stages. The appears to moth be very distributed generally throughout the United States and Canada, and does a good deal Fig. 148. larva; to diminish the supply of the raw material from (11) 30, $ b, Autographa brassies, pupa; c, male moth. which sauer-kraut Autographa oxygramma Geyer, is a, Full-grown (Aftei Riley.) made. Plate XXVIII, Fig. . Syn. indigna Walker. The moth is found in ward to South America. the southern States, and thence south- (12) Autographa rectangula Kirby, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 32, $ Syn. morluorum Guenee. This lovely species abundant one summer (13) Fig. 34, is northern in at Saratoga, its New range. I found it . quite York. Autographa vaccinii Henry Edwards, Plate XXVIII, -3 This species may easily be distinguished by the strongly checkered fringes of the primaries. (14) Autographa selecta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 39, $ . Syn. viridisignata Grote. This colored. (15) 38, is a It is somewhat northern in large its species, not very attractively range. Autographa angulidens Smith, S. 239 Plate XXVIII, Fig. Noctuidss The range species is found in Colorado, and probably has a wide Rocky Mountains. Autographa ampla Walker, in the (16) This fine species northern is in Plate XXVIII, Fig. 31, its range, but extends $. its southward along the ranges of the great mountains of the habitat west Autographa basigera Walker, (17) Plate XXVIII, Fig. 26, $ . Syn. laticlavia Morrison. The insect occurs in the Appalachian subregion. Autographa simplex Guenee, Plate XXVIII, is one of the very commonest species of (18) This which is apparently universally distributed Fig. 37, $. the genus, our throughout country. Genus SYNGRAPHA Hubner composed of species which are subpolar in the four species which are reckoned as belonging to the fauna of North America, we illustrate two. This genus their habitat. is Of Syngrapha hochenwarthi Hochenwarth, (1) Fig. 41. 3 Plate XXVIII, . Syn. divergens Fabricius. Found everywhere in was taken in Labrador. (2) Arctic America. Syngrapha devergens Hubner, The specimen figured Plate XXVIII, Fig. 40, ? . Syn. alticola Walker. The species is found in Labrador, and has been reported from It will the high mountains of Colorado. probably be found to have a wide range. Genus We ABROSTOLA Ochsenheimer give representations of both the species which occur in our fauna. (1) The Abrostola urentis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, insect, which is by no means common, Fig. 42, is found $. in the Appalachian subregion. (2) Abrostola ovalis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. J.3, & The range of this insect is the same as that of the mentioned. . 240 last 1 I ! .7/ J. ' ' - "- ... , ... , Vjt! :'<) < \ : ai ijjO ' - n .- mO '''. ' ... ' . . . . n u M a .8 . J . . .' Explanation of Plate XXVIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, d 2 . 3. 1 Cirrho phanns iriangulifer Grote, d\ U. S. N. M. Stibadium spumosum Fala ptychophora Grote, S. N. M. cT 5. Stiria rugifrons Grote, tf 6. Plusiodonta Guenee, 7. 8. S. 26. Autpgrapha 1 fJ d . 9 , Autographa precationis Guenee, 29. Autographa egena Guenee, c? Autographa oxygramma Geyer, 30. $ 31. 32. . Gonodonta p ur p ur i ger a tf. 34 35 A utographa pseudogamma 38. Autographa brassicce Riley, c? Autographa simplex Guenee, c? Autographa angulidens Smith Autographa selecta Walker, $ Syngrapha d evergens Hubner 9- bimaculata h o chenw art hi Syngrapha Hochenwarth, $ . Abrostola urentis Guenee, cT. 43- Abrostola ovalis Guen6e, c?. 44- Behrensia conchijormis, Grote, 42. . 20. Autographa verruca Fabricius, 2 Euchalcia venusta Walker, cf . 40. 41. 1 cJ . . Henry <? 39- thyatiroides Eosphoropteryx Guenee, J*. Autograph a 1 rj Grote, cT36 . . . Autographa ampla Walker, 9Autographa rectangula Kirby, 9- 1 Stephens, . 1 Autographa ou Guenee, vaccinii Autographa Edwards, $ 33 37. Polychrysia formosa Grote, <5\ 15. Euchalcia putnami Grote, (J 16. Plusia area Hubner, cT 17. Plusia ceroides Grote, 9- 1 Walker, 28. d pityochromus 14. 19. basigera - Autographa flagellum Walker, var. esmerelda, Oberthiir, 9 18. - 1 27. N. M. Panchrysia Walker, . d\. compressipalpis unica Neumcegen, 9, U. S. N. M. 11. Narthecophora pulverea Smith, 9, U. S. N. M. 12. Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, 13. $ c?. Plagiomimicus Grote, 10. . . Basilodes pcpita Guenee, 9 Calpe canadensis Bethune, U. 9. 1 25. V. , Plusia balluca Geyer, cj Euchalcia contexta Grote, Autographa biloba Stephens, cT Autographa rogationis Guenee, 24. Grote, 94. 22. 23. . d\ U. S. N. M. The Moth B&ok COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, Plate XXVI II PE CC, N. Y. & C". Noctuidae I BEHRENSIA Genus Grote Only one species has thus far been attributed to this genus, Behrensia conchiformis Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. (i) 44. 5This found insect, which is as yet very rare northern California and Oregon. little in DIASTEMA Genus Diastema (i) tigris in collections, is Guenee Guenee. Syn. lineata Walker. The sole species belonging to the genus, which occurs within our borders, has been reported from Florida. give in the accompanying cut an illustration of a specimen We which found is in the American Museum of fig. Natural History. 149. Diastema tigris. Genus OGDOCONTA Butler (1) Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 1, ?. Syn. atomaria Walker. This region. where is I it not at comes an all have found uncommon it particularly freely both to light Genus species in the Atlantic sub- abundant in southern Indiana, and to sugar. P^CTES Hubner Eight species are enumerated as belonging to this genus in Of these we have given Dyar's recently published Catalogue. illustrations of three in our plates. (1) Paectes abrostoloides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 3, ?. The insect occurs in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into the Mississippi Valley. Paectes pygmaea Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 2, $ is a southern species. The specimen from which the figure on the plate was taken was captured in Texas. (3) Paectes oculatrix Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 4, $ (2) . This . The It has a wide species is by no means very common. The range from the Atlantic into the basin of the Mississippi. specimen figured on the plate was taken in western Pennsylvania. I have specimens from Indiana and 241 Illinois. Noctuidse EUTELIA Genus Hubner (i) Eutelia pulcherrima Grote. Syn. dentifera Walker. species of this genus known to occur within ou\ that which is figured in the accompanying cut, which The only territory is Eutelia pulcherrima, $ Fig. 150. was made from Museum. The the type insect is now found in in . \. the possession of the British New York and but probably has a wider southern range. It is New jersey, as yet very rare in collections. (1) Genus MARASMALUS Grote Marasmalus inficita Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 6, 6" . Syn. histrio Grote. found from the northern Atlantic States and to Texas and Colorado. Marasmalus ventilator Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 5, ? This species is Canada southward and westward (2) . This species, which considerably larger than the preceding, has the wings more or less marked by reddish scales, which enables it to be easily discriminated from its congener. Its range is practically the is same. Genus (1) This little the writer No less AMYNA Guenee Amyna octo Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 7, 5. moth has suffered more than any other known to by being made the sport of the makers of synonyms. than nineteen synonyms have been applied to name. it in addi- Catalogue it appears under the name orbica Morrison, and tecta Grote is given as a synonym. The student who wishes to know what some of the other names are which have been given to it may consult Hampson's "Moths tion to its true of India," Vol. II, p. 251. In Dyar's It is found throughout the hot lands of both hemispheres. 242 Noctuidae Genus (i) The PTER^THOLIX Grote Pteraetholix bullula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. habitat of this little moth is the Gulf States. 8, $ . Genus Alabama Grote Alabama (i) argillacea Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. n, $. (The Cotton-worm Moth). Syn. xylina Say; grandipuncta Guenee; bipunctina Guene. The Cotton-worm Moth is one of a number of insects which annually inflict a vast amount of damage upon the crops in the southern por- of our tion \mz%3e^M In country. Prof. Com- stock's "Re- port upon the insects which are injurious to cotton," pub- lished in 1879, and the Reof the in "Fourth port United States E ntomological Commission," there is Alabama Fig. 151. argillacea. a. Egg: b. immature larva; c. lateral view of mature larva; d. dorsal view of mature larva; c. leaf in which pupation takes place; /. pupa. (After Riley.) given a great deal of valuable this species. Much may and interesting information in regard to also be learned about it from the study "Missouri Reports" published by the late Prof. C. V. The range of the insect is very broad. It sometimes, though very rarely, occurs as far north as Canada. From this northernmost location it has been found ranging southward as far as Argentina. It sometimes appears to migrate in swarms. of the Riley. A number of years ago, during a heavy snowstorm in November, myriads of the moths suddenly appeared in the city of Pittsburgh, and they came flying in the evening to the electric lights. From one store the proprietor said that he had swept them out by the 243 Noctuidae quart. I have a insects which thus appeared, and taken from one of these specimens. few of the the figure on the plate is Genus The There ANOMIS Hubner species belonging to this genus are mainly southern. considerable uncertainty as to the identification of some is Of the of the species, which were named by the older authors. four reputed to be found within our limits we figure the one which is commonest. Anomis erosa (i) Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. ?. 12, Occasionally found as far north as New England. thence southward into the South American continent. SCOLECOCAMPA Genus The only species of the genus so far Guenee known United States was named liburna by Geyer. called quently it ligni. The larva Ranging feeds in to occur in the Guenee subsedecaying wood, It tunnels its particularly that of oaks, chestnuts, and hickories. way through the softer parts, and after reaching maturity makes a loose cocoon composed of a few strands of mixed with silk chips and the frass left in the burrow, from which it emerges in due season as the moth, which is represented on Plate XXIX, Fig. 16, by a male specimen. Genus A EUCALYPTERA Morrison which are confined to the genus, species southern States and to Mexico and Central America. (1) The of the small Eucalyptera strigata Smith, habitat of this species Genus (1) Cilia distema Grote, This obscure in our territory, is Plate XXIX, Fig. 9, 5 . Texas. CILLA Plate Grote XXIX, Fig. 10, $ . moth, the only representative of the genus has hitherto only been reported from Texas. little Genus AMOLITA Grote (1) Amolitafessa Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 13, 8. The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Texas and Colorado. 244 Noctuidae RIVULA Genus Guenee Rivula propinqualis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 14, $ The range of this insect is from Nova Scotia to Texas, and across the continent as far as the Rocky Mountains. . (i) Genus PSEUDORGYIA Harvey versuta Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. (1) Pseudorgyia This insect is thus far only known to us from Texas. DORYODES Genus 17, $ . Guenee bistriaris Geyer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 15, $ Syn. acutaria Herrich-Schaeffer; divisa Walker; promptella Walker. There are three species of the genus found in our territory, (1) Doryodes one of them, so . far as is known to the writer, as yet unnamed. to Florida and The insect we are considering ranges from Maine westward to Colorado. PHIPROSOPUS Genus (1) Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grote Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig 18,?. Syn. nasntaria Zeller; acutalis Walker. The species ranges from Genus New York to Texas. ANEPISCHETOS Smith The only species thus far referred to this genus, which was erected by Smith in 1000 for its reception, received at the author the specific name hands of that bipartita. A figure of the type, which is contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, is AnepischetoTbipar- given in the accompanying cut. Genus tita, DIALLAGMA This genus was $ . {. Smith same time by the same author for the reception of the insect of which we give a erected at the as the preceding Fig. l^.Diallag- ma lutea, 3 . {. Its habitat, as representation in Fig. 153. also that of the last mentioned species, is Florida. 245 Noctuidae PLEONECTYPTERA Genus This is heretofore Grote genus of moderate size, which by some writers has been placed among the Pyralidce, though it is a undoubtedly correctly located the among Noctuidce. species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue. Plate XXIX, Fig. (i) Pleonectyptera pyralis Hubner, Syn. irrecta Walker; floccalis Zeller. The insect ranges through the southern Eight 19, ? . Atlantic States to Central and South America. Genus ANNAPHILA Grote A genus of moderate extent, embracing over a dozen species, which are found within the United States. diva Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 20, $ (1) Annaphila . The (2) habitat of this pretty little moth is California. Annaphila lithosina Henry Edwards, XXIX, Plate Fig. 21,?. The specimen figured in the plate came from southern California. Genus INCITA Grote Only a single the species, type of the known. The figure we give annexed cut is drawn from the type genus, India Fig. 154. aurantiaca, 3 \. . is possession of the American History in New York. Genus TRICHOTARACHE Museum in the in the of Natural Grote The sole representative of this genus in our fauna is the insect the type of which is given in the accompanying figure, drawn for this work by Mr. Horace Knight, of London. Fig. 155. The habitat of the Trichotarache assimilis Grote, moth is California. 246 . }. Noctuidae Genus EUSTROTIA Hu'bner This is quite an extensive genus, of which eighteen species Of this number we give illustrations are included in our fauna. of seven. (i) Eustrotia albidula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig 22, $ . Syn. intractabilis Walker. This little moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and further west. (2) Eustrotia concinnimacula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 23, 9. Not an uncommon species (3) Fig. 24, $ The It in the Atlantic Eustrotia synochitis Grote & subregion. XXIX, Plate Robinson, . distribution of this species is the same as that of the last. occurs from Canada to Texas. (4) 25, Eustrotia musta Grote & Found from the (5) Atlantic to the very (6) Rocky Mountains. Plate XXIX, Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, The moth has the same ranges It is Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. . 6* common as the last Fig. 26, ? . mentioned species. in Indiana. Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, Plate XXIX, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. nigritula Guenee. A very common species, having the same range as its prede- cessor. (7) Eustrotia carneola Guenee, Plate XXIX, Syn. biplaga Walker. What has been said except that it is, if (1) . of the last species applies also to this, anything, even more Genus Fig. 28, ? GALGULA Galgula hepara Guenee, Plate common. Guenee XXIX, Fig. 31, $. Syn. externa Walker. Form partita Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 32, $ Syn. vesca Morrison; subpartita Guenee. This common insect exists, as is shown in the plates, in two It is an inhabitant of forms, one quite dark, the other lighter. . the Atlantic subregion, and is particularly Pennsylvania. 247 abundant in western Noctuidae Genus Azenia implora (i) AZENIA Grote, Plate Not an uncommon insect in Grote XXIX, LITHACODIA Genus Fig. 29, $. Arizona. Hubner (1) Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 30, $. This little moth may be found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. It is the only species of its genus occurring in the United States. PROTHYMIA Genus (1) Prothymia rhodarialis Walker, Hiibner Plate XXIX, Fig. 38, ? . Syn. coccineifascia Grote. 36, The species ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. (2) Prothymia semipurpurea Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. ?. The species has the was taken same range whose fauna deserve all at The specimen praise. Prothymia orgyise (3) This is a Texan Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 37, $ . species. Genus (1) as the last. New Brighton, Pa., by the Messrs. Merrick, ardent and successful labors as collectors of the local figured EXYRA Exyra semicrocea Guenee, Grote Plate XXIX, Fig. 35, ? . There are four species of the genus Exyra attributed to our The species are mainly fauna, but only one of these is figured. southern in their range. Exyra semicrocea is found from New Jersey southward and westward as far as Texas. Genus Two XANTHOPTERA Guenee of the four species which are found within the limits of the United States are represented (1) upon our Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Guenee, The insect is found in plates. Plate XXIX, Fig. the southern portions of the Appalachian subregion. 248 Noctuidse (2) Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 34, & The distribution of this species is identical with that of the one last mentioned. . THALPOCHARES Genus is Lederer The only species of this genus found within our faunal limits It received the a native of Florida. specific name aetheria at the hands of Mr. Grote. Fig. 156. The illustration Thalpochares cetheria, 9 we give is drawn 2- is preserved in the British Museum, and book by Mr. Horace Knight under the George F. Hampson. The insect is not common from the type which was drawn for direction of Sir this in collections. Genus EUMESTLETA Butler Seven species are given by Dyar in his Catalogue as occurring The insects have a within the limits of the United States. southern and southwestern range, occurring in the Gulf States have selected one of them for illustration. and in Arizona. We (1) 39. Eumestleta flammicincta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. $ S/n. patula Morrison; pairuelis Grote. The habitat of this insect is Florida Genus GYROS and Texas. Henry Edwards only one species of this genus known, the name muiri through Mr. Henry Edwards in honor of his friend, John Muir, the well-known writer, whose charming descriptions of the natural beauties of the western portions of our There is It received continent have established for him an enviable position in the world of letters, found The moth is Fig. 157. Gyros muiri, $ f. in California, 249 Noctuidae TRIPUDIA Genus This Grote considerable of a size, represented in the genus western and southwestern States by nine species, and well represented in the fauna of Mexico and Central America. 40, (i) $ is Tripudia opipara Henry Edwards, Plate This is a very common Genus The genus Fig. species in Texas. METAPONIA Duponchel represented in both hemispheres. Of these we figure two. occur in our fauna. (1) 4. XXIX, . Three species is Metaponia obtusa Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXIX, Fig. ? Syn. obtusula Zeller. The Texas. (2) insect occurs from the valley of the It is commoner in the Metaponia perflava Harvey, Not an uncommon species in to Plate XXIX, $. Fig. 42, Texas. CHAMYRIS Genus Ohio southward south than in the north. Guenee (1) Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, Plate XXIX, Fig. 43, $. The species is found from New England and Canada southward to the Carolinas aud westward to Kansas. The larva feeds on the Rosacea. The insect is very common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Genus TORNACONTIA Smith Two species have been attributed to this genus. One of them, which received the specific name sutrix at the hands of Grote, It Fig. 158. Tomacontia sutrix, $. J. is represented in the annexed cut. was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from specimen in the collection of the Museum of Natural The insect is found Mountains. 250 a United States New York. in the region of the Rocky History in Noctuidse Genus THERASEA Grote is a small genus, represented in our fauna by two species, Therasea flavicosta Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 47, 3. The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. This (i) Genus The genus is found TARACHE in Hiibner both hemispheres. It is well repre- our fauna, thirty-five species being known to occur within the limits o'f the United States and Canada. Eleven of these are figured upon our plates. sented (1) The (2) in Tarache terminimacula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 46, $ species ranges from Massachusetts to Illinois. Tarache delecta Walker, Plate XXIX, ? Fig. 48, . Syn. metallica Grote. The range of this species occurs in the salt-marshes on is along the Atlantic coast. Long Island New Jersey, and It and ranges thence southward to Texas. (3) Tarache flavipennis The habitat of this species (4) Tarache lactipennis Harvey, Not at all (5) an uncommon Tarache lanceolata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 52, $ is the Pacific coast. Plate (6) Grote, Plate Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, habitat of this insect ? . Fig. 53 6 . Fig. 45, species in Texas. XXIX, This species, like the preceding, occurs The XXIX, . is in S Fig. 49, . Texas. Plate XXIX, Arizona. (7) Tarache aprica Hiibner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 50, $ The range of this species is from the valley of the Ohio southward to Texas and westward to Colorado. (8) Tarache erastrioides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 54, $ The moth is found in New England and Canada and southward so far as West Virginia and Indiana. (9) Tarache virginalis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 51, 9. The habitat of the species is from Kansas to Arizona. . . (10) Tarache binocula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 44, $ The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (11) Tarache libedis Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 55, $ The home of this insect is New Mexico and Colorado. . . 251 Noctuidae Genus FRUVA Grote species belonging to this genus are southern and southwestern in their distribution. Six are known. The Fruva (i) apicella Grote, Plate Syn. truncatula Zeller; accepta A very common species in XXIX, SPRAGUEIA Genus Fig. 56, ? . Henry Edwards. the Gulf States. Grote A genus of small, but very attractively colored moths, which requent the flowers of the Compositce in the later summer. (1) Spragueia onagrus Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 57, $ The moth occurs quite abundantly in southwestern Pennsyl. vania and the valley of the Ohio, and ranges thence southwardly. It is common on the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago.) Plate Spragueia plumbifimbriata Grote, (2) XXIX, Fig. 58,9. This modestly colored species (3) Spragueia dama is found Texas. in Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 59, $ . Syn. trifariana Walker. This is a common species in the southern States. Spragueia guttata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 60, This pretty moth ranges from Texas to Costa Rica. (4) Genus (1) CALLOPISTRIA $ . Hiibner Callopistria floridensis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 61, $. indicates, the species is from Florida. As the name Genus A genus METATHORASA Moore represented in both hemispheres, and particularly yell in Asia. (1) <>2, ? A Metathorasa monetifera Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. . native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from Thus Canada does not appear to have been reported found it from any locality west of the Allegheny Mountains. one summer quite abundantly at Saratoga, New York. to Florida. far it I 2S2 Explanation of Plate XXIX (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- W. tained in the collection of i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. . Marasmalus ventilator Grote, $ Marasmalus inficita Walker, c?. . A mynaocto Guenee, Ptercetliolix bullula S. '3- i415. 16. 1 7. 1 8 . Exyra semicrocca Guenee, 36 Prothym ia semi pur pu reaWalker U. .' 9 37. 38. 39. 9 ,U.S.N.M. Grote, cT.U. Eucalyptera strigata Smith, distema Grote, c? 1 cj r? . Prothymia orgyice Grote, c? Prothymia rhodarialisW alker, 9 Eumcstleta flammicincta Walker, . . (J. Henry Ed- 41 Metaponia obtusa Herr . 42. 43. . Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, c? Scolecocampa liburna Geyer, rj Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, $ U. S. N. M. . , Merrick Collection. Schaeffer, Amolitafessa&tote, c? .U.S.N.M. Rivula propinqualis Guenee, $ i h c - 9 Metaponia perflava Harvey, 9 Chamyris ceriniha Treitschku. . 9Tarache binocula Grote, c? 45. Tarache lactipennis Harvey, 9 46. T arache ierminimacula Grote 9 47. Therasea flavicosta Smith, cj* 48. Tarache delecta Walker, 9 49. Tarache lanceolata Grote, (J 50. Tarache aprica Hubner, c?. 51. Tarache virginalis Grote, 9 52. Tarache flavipennis Grote, cj 53. Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, 44. . . 1 P hi pros pus , 9, N. M. Tripudia o pi para wards, cf . Alabama argillacea Hubner, Anomis erosa Hubner, 9 S. 40. N. M. 10. Cilia 12. 35. , 7. 1 1. Holland.) . 8. 9- J. Ogdoconta cincreola Guenee, 9Partes pygmcea Hubner, <? Partes abrostoloides Guenee, 9 P cedes occulatrix Guenee, c? Merrick Collection. . , callitrichoides Grote, 9 19. Pleonectyptera pyralis Hubner, 20. Annaphila diva Grote, 21. Ann a phi . , 1 . . I a tf. lithosina 54. 22. Eustrotia albidula 23 . Eustrotia cone i Guenee, 9 n n 55. imac ula Guenee, 9 24. Eustrotia Grote & Grote & 26. Robinson, $ Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, 9 . Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, c? 28. Eustrotia carneola Guenee, 9 27. 29. Azenia implora Grote, 9 30. Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, c? . Xanthoptera . . 9 apicella Grote, Spragueia dama Guen6e, cj Spragueia guttata Grote, J 61. Callopistria fioridensis Guenee, d\ U. S. N. M. 62. Mctathorasa monetifera Guenee, 1 59. 60. 63. . 1 . Xanthoptera semiflava Guen6e, 9Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, r>. 64. 65 . nigrofimbria Gue- nee, cf. 34. Fruva Spragueia onagrus Guenee, c?. Spragueia plumbifimbriata - . 31. Galgula he para Guenee, cT. 32. Galgula he para var. partita 33. . Tarache erastrioides Guenee, 9 Tarache libedis Smith, <J*. Grote, 9 Eustrotia musta cf 58. <J*. 25. Guenee, 56. 57. synochitis Robinson, d Henry Edwards, 9 1 Cydosia imitella Stretch, c? Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robin. son, c?. Cydosia majuscula Henry Edwards, 9 67. Derrima stcllata Walker, cf 66. The Moth Book Plate XXIX ^40 42 %<#* i I 45 44 * *L/. % t 54 55 58 V ~. 59 /r --J N> 66 67 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. AMERICAN COLORTTPE CO.. N. Y. A CHI. Noctuidse EUHERRICHIA Genus Grote A small genus represented by three species in our fauna. Euherrichia granilosa occurs in Florida; Euherrichia cervina on the Pacific slope; and the species, which we figure, from Canada to Florida and westward to Colorado. (i) Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 6}, $ . Syn. rubicunda Walker. The specimen depicted was taken the neighborhood in of Saratoga, N. Y. Genus CYDOSIA Westwood A small genus represented in our fauna by three species, all of which we figure. The larva pupates in a small cocoon made of strands of silk woven open meshes, which by a long cord. is into the form of a globular basket with suspended from the under side of a leaf (i) Cydosia imitella Stretch, Plate XXIX, The moth is found in the southern States. (2) Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robinson, Fig. 64, $ . Plate XXIX, Fig. Plate XXIX, Fig. 65, $. The species occurs in Florida. (j) Cydosia majuscula Henry Edwards, 66,$. The habitat of the insect is same the as that of the species last mentioned. Genus CERATHOSIA Smith The only species of the genus was named tricolor by Smith. The fore wings are pure white, spotted with black, the hind The wings are pale yellow. habitat of the species is Texas. Genus Fig. 159. Cerathosia color, HORMOSCHISTA The only tri- 1 $ i- Mceschler species of this genus, which occurs within our territory, was originally described by Mceschler from Porto Rico. tig. 160. "TT* . , Hormoschista pagenstecheri, 3 , . {. It is found in Florida and elsewhere along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. 257 Noctuidae Genus There is PHAL^ENOSTOLA only one species of the genus Grote known to occur within our territory. Phalaenostola larentioides Grote, Plate (i) The insect ranges from New York southward and westward to Missouri. PANGRAPTA Genus (i) Guenee; epionoides The moth occurs from Nova Fig. 1, ? to the Carolinas . Hubner Pangrapta decoralis Hubner, Plate Syn. geomelroides recusans Walker. XXX, XXX, Guen6e; Fig. 3, 9 Scotia to Florida and . Fitch; elegantalis westward to the Mississippi. Genus SYLECTRA Hubner only one species of this genus which occurs within It was originally named the faunal limits covered by this book. erycata by Cramer. Subsequently Hubner There is applied to it the specific name mirandalis, which, of course, falls as a synonym. It is in Florida, and is also quite common in the entire equatorial belt of South America. The peculiarly scalloped wings and the found Fig. i6i.Sylectra erycata, * . \. nocj ose antennae serve to readily J distinguish it is not likely to be confounded . . the insect, and with any other. The ground-color of the wings variegated with reddish ochraceous. Genus HYAMIA Three species of the genus we figure two. luteous, is Walker are accredited to our fauna. Of these (1) The Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. insect ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. Hyamia sexpunctata $ 2, . Hyamia perditalis Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 4, $ Syn. semilineata Walker; umbrifascia Grote. The range of this moth is the same as that of the preceding . (2) species. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania. 254 Noctuidae Genus MELANOMMA Grote another genus of which we know but the one species in our territory. received the specific name auricinctaria It This is Melanomma Fig. 162. from Mr. Grote, who Atlantic States. which first described The annexed Genus it. figure preserved in the British is auricinctaria, g It is . f. occurs in the southern drawn from the type Museum. ARGILLOPHORA Grote The sole representant of this species is shown in the annexed cut, which was prepared for this book by Mr. Horace Knight Fig. 163. Argillophora furcilla, . {. from the type, access to which was kindly given by Sir George F. Hampson. The insect was originally reported from Alabama, but rare in collections. is still Genus The It probably has a wide range. PARORA Smith species belonging to this genus was by Prof. J. B. Smith, from Texas. The accompanying cut shows a figure of the type, which is preserved in the United States sole originally described National Museum. wings pale reddish ochraceous. is is found in The ground-color of the The moth f ig \^ 4 Texas. . . Parora texana, 3 255 . J. Noctuidae HOMOPYRALIS Grote We figure belong to this genus. Genus Five species of these commoner as one of the They come representative. to freely sugar. (i) Homopyralis contracta Walker, Plate, XXX, Fig. ?. 5, Syn. zonata Walker; tactus Grote. The insect is widely distributed over the Appalachian all subregion. Genus ISOGONA Guenee (1) Isogona natatrix Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. $. 18, Syn. tenuis Grote. The moth occurs in the southern Atlantic States. HYPSOROPHA Genus Hubner (1) Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, Plate XXX, Fig. 6, $ The species is quite abundant in northern Florida in the It ranges westward and northward as far as spring of the year. . Kansas. (2) Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, The moth occurs from common New York XXX, Plate to Texas, Fig. 7, ?. and is not un- in the eastern half of the valley of the Mississippi. Genus CISSUSA Walker Ten of the species are attributed to this moths of North America. southwestern species. purposes of We genus They are all have selected three Catalogue western and of them for of the illustration. (1) Cissusa spadix Cramer, Plate Syn. vegeta Morrison. The in the latest species XXX, Fig. 9, $ occurs in the southwestern . portions United States. (2) Cissusa inepta Henry Syn. morbosa Henry Edwards. The moth flies in Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 10, $ . Colorado. Cissusa sabulosa Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 1, 9 The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding 1 (3) species. 256 Noctuidae Genus The only Edwards. men It ULOSYNEDA Smith species of this genus was named valens by is represented on Plate XXX, Fig. 12, by a of the male sex. Its Genus home is Colorado, DRASTERIA Henry speci- Wyoming, and Utah. Hvibner A widely distributed genus containing four species, which are peculiar to our fauna. All of these are figured on our plates. (1) Drasteria erechtea Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 14, ? . & Syn. sobria Walker; narrata Walker; patibilis Walker; agricola Grote Robinson; mundula Grote & Robinson. This is a very common species widely distributed from Canada to Wyoming. and Florida It westward as as far frequents grassy places and Colorado and may be found from April to October. (2) Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth, Plate XXX, Fig. Syn. erichto Guenee. Quite as same general common and having the as the preceding species, distribution. Drasteria cserulea Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 13, $ Syn. aquamarina Felder. The habitat of this pretty species is the Pacific coast. one of the very few blue moths which are known. (3) . It is (4) Drasteria conspicua Smith, Plate XXX, Fig. 16, $ This elegant moth is a native of Alberta and the adjacent territories of the British possessions. . Genus (1) C^NURGIA Syn. socors Walker; purgata Walker. The range of this insect is from ward Walker Caenurgia convalescens Guenee, Plate Canada XXX, to Florida Fig. 17, $ . and west- to the Mississippi. (2) The Caenurgia adversa Grote, habitat of the species Genus is Plate XXX, Fig. 18, $ . California. EUCLIDIA We Ochsenheimer show two of the four species which are within our faunal limits. 257 known to occur Noctuidae (i) Euclidia cuspidea Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 20, ? . The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and Georgia and thence westward to the Mississippi. (2) Euclidia intercalaris Grote, Plate This Mexico and the southwestern Genus (1) XXX, a rather rare species in collections. is Not uncommon in found . New in States. PANULA Panula inconstans, Fig. 19, $ It is Plate Guenee XXX, Fig. 21, $. the southern States. Genus MELIPOTIS Hubner a moderately large genus, represented in both the World and the Old. Of the ten species known to occur within our faunal limits we show six on our plates. This is New (1) Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, Plate XXX, This is uncommon not an occurs in Florida. Fig. 22, ? insect in the Antilles, The specimen figured on the plate and . also was taken in the latter locality. (2) Melipotis pallesccns Grote Fig. 25, ? An & Robinson, Plate XXX, . inhabitant of the southwestern portions of our territory, New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. reported from Colorado, (j) Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, Plate XXX, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. grandirena Haworth. Found from New England to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. (4) 26, Melipotis perlseta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. ?. The species has been found in Arizona and Texas. XXX, Fig. 24, $ Syn. cinis Guenee; agrotipennis Harvey; hadeniformis Behr. York to Florida and westward to The insect ranges from (5) Melipotis jucunda Hubner, Plate . New Texas and Colorado. (6) Melipotis sinualis Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 23, ? This easily recognizable species is an inhabitant of Texas and Arizona and ranges southward along the high table-lands o' northern Mexico. 258 Noctuidaa Genus CIRRHOBOLINA Grote Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison, Plate XXX, (i) $ Fig. 36, . Syn. pavitensis Morrison. common insect in Texas. A Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, Plate XXX, (2) Fig. 28, ? . Syn. incandescens Grote. The moth occurs quite commonly in the southwestern portions of our territory from Colorado to Arizona and Texas, and thence southward on the Mexican plateaus. SYNEDA Genus Guenee Twenty-five species are attributed to this genus and indicated as having their habitat within the territory with which this book deals. It is possible that a final revision of the genus will lead to the discovery that some of the so-called species are merely local races or varietal forms of others. There is considerable dissimi- between the sexes some of the species, and it may be an element of confusion. The species which are figured on the plates are such as are for the most part larity that there is in in this fact also known and the identification Syneda graphica Hubner, well (1) Syn. capticola Walker. The insect ranges from New of which Plate York certain. is XXX, Fig. 30, to Florida &. westward to the Alleghany Mountains. (2) Syneda divergens The insect is Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 32, $ . western and has an ascertained range from Colo- rado to California. Syneda alleni Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 35, $ Syn. saxea Henry Edwards. The species has a northern range and is reported from (3) . and Canada, Manitoba and Montana. ward along It extends its Maine habitat south- the elevated table-lands of the continent to Colorado and Wyoming. (4) Syneda adumbrata This Behr, Plate a western species ranging in the east to the Pacific. (5) is Syneda socia The range of last is Fig. 34, $ . XXX, Fig. 38, $ . practically the same as that of the Behr, Plate this species XXX, from Montana and Arizona mentioned. 259 Noctuidse (6) Syneda howlandi Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 53, $ Syn. stretchi Behr. The insect is distributed from Colorado and Arizona westward . to California. (7) Syneda edwardsi Behr, Plate XXX, Fig. 37, 2 is thus far known only from California. Syneda hudsonica Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX, . The moth (8) 3h Fig. $ This is from Ontario westward a northern species, ranging to Montana. (9) Syneda athabasca Neumoegen, Plate XXX, Fig. 29, The moth has been taken in considerable numbers in Alberta <$ and Assiniboia, and Columbia. is Genus This is a very large also reported as CATOCALA occurring . British in Schrank genus represented in both hemispheres. to be North America; at all The metropolis of the genus appears events, there are more species found in our territory than occur Asia and temperate Europe the very well represented by many strikingly beautiful forms. considerable variation in the case of some of the species, elsewhere, in though eastern genus is There is and as they have always been favorites with collectors, a great deal has been written upon them, and many varietal names have been suggested. Over one hundred species are attributed to our Of these the majority are figured in our plates. We fauna. follow the order of arrangement given in Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera. (1) Catocala epione Drury, Epione Underwing. Plate XXXI, Fig. 3, 2. (The ) The insect is distributed from New England and Canada southward to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Iowa. (The (2) Catocala sappho Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 2, $ . Sappho Underwing.) This rare species has been found from western Pennsylvania and Virginia as far west as Illinois and as far south as Texas. West (3) Catocala agrippina Strecker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 1, 2. (The Agrippina Underwing.) The species occurs from New York and the region of the Great Lakes southward to Texas. 260 /V. , 7. ;it;..i I J banijsj i "'. totO '''. . i >hm<^ *. ,'<\M1U')\\ .J .0 ' . . ~- i ..' ' ' {' ' : . . H O I ' ; r. I i \ .SI i i \ . \ . () i > T Explanation of Plate XXX (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Phalcenostola larentioides Grote, i. 9- Hyamia 2. 3. 4. 5. sexpunctata Grote, c? . Pangrapta decoralis Hubner, 9 Hyamia perditalis Walker, 9 Homopyralis contracta Walker, . Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, 9 23. Melipotis sinualis Harvey, 9- 24. 25. Melipotis jucunda Hubner, c? Melipotis pallescens Grote & 26. Melipotis Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, 9 . Hyblcea pnera Cramer, 9 U. S. N. M. 9. Cissura spadix Cramer, (J 10. Cissura inepta Henry Edwards, 8. , - perlata Henry Edwards, 9 27. Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, cj' 28. Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, 9 29. Syneda athabascce Neumcegen, 30. Syneda graphica Hubner, cT Syneda hudsonica Grote 1 . tf . Robinson, 9 Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, (? 7. Panula inconstans Guenee, 22. ' 96. 21. 31. & Robinson, 9 11. Cissura s abulo s a Henry Edwards, 9 12. Ulosyneda Edwards, 35. Syneda divergens Behr, cJ Syneda hoivlandi Grote, cf Syneda ad umbrata Behr, c?. Syneda alleni Grote, cf. 36. Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison, 37. 1 32. 33. v ale ns Henry cf. Drasteria car idea Grote c?. 14. Drasteria erechtea Cramer, 9 1 5 Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth 13. , 34. . . d*. Drasteria cons picua Smith, c? 17. Ccenurgia convalescens Guenee, 39. 40. Syneda edwardsi Behr, 9Syneda socia Behr, cj Litocala sexsignata Harvey, 9 Hypocala andremona Cramer, 18. Ccenurgia adversa Grote, J1 19. Euclidia intercalaris Grote, (J 41. Agnomonia 42. Epidromia delinquens Walker, . d , 1 1 38. . 16. . . . <?. . 20. Euclidia cuspidea Hubner, 9 1 . 9- anilis Drury, c? . The Moth Book. COPYRIGHTED DY w. J. HOLLAND. Plate XXX. jWkm AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO, N.Y. A CHI. Noctuidae (4) Catocala subviridis Harvey, Plate XXXI, Fig. 4, $ (The Faintly Green Underwing.) The insect has been by some writers regarded as a variety of It is characterized by larger size, and the preceding species. brighter colored fore wings, on which the maculation is much . more distinct. shade visible In certain lights there a is pronounced greenish the wings. upon Catocala lacrymosa Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 6, S (5) (The Tearful Underwing.) Form paulina Henry Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 12, $ (The Paulina Underwing.) Form evelina French, Plate XXXI, Fig. 9, ? (The Evelina . . . Underwing.) The range of this variable species is same practically the as that of the last mentioned. (6) Catocala viduata Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 15, $ . (The Widowed Underwing.) Syn. maestosa Hulst; guenei Grote. The metropolis It is abundant (7) (The in of this species appears to be the Gulf States. Texas. Catocala vidua Abbot Widow & Smith, Plate XXXI, Fig. 5, 8. Underwing.) Syn. desperata Guenee. The insect ranges from Canada to Florida through the Appa- lachian subregion. (8) Catocala dejecta Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 1, 6. (The Dejected Underwing.) The species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic subregion. Form Carolina subsp. nov. t Plate XXXII, Fig. 5, 6 (Carrie's Underwing.) This insect, which occurs in western Pennsylvania, appears to be a form of dejecta, having the same relation to that species It is characterized by as that which is held by basalts to habilis. smaller size, and by the black stripe which runs from the base wing to the apex, giving it quite a different facies from The type is figured upon our plate, and it may from the dejecta. its of the illustration easily be recognized. 261 Noctuidae (9) Catocala retecta Grote, Plate Yellow-Gray Underwing.) The moth is found from Canada XXXI, $ Fig. 8, to the Carolinas (The . and westward to the Mississippi. (10) Catocala flebilis Grote, Plate Mourning Underwing.) The habitat of this species is the XXXI, same Fig. $ 11, (The '. as that of the last men- tioned. (11) Catocala robinsoni Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 7, ?. (Robinson's Underwing.) The moth ranges from New England to the Mississippi and southward to Tennessee and the Carolinas. It is particularly abundant in the Ohio valley. (12) Catocala obscura Strecker, Plate (The Obscure Underwing.) The moth may be found from Canada ward to XXXI, Fig. 14, $. Maryland and west- to Colorado. (13) Catocala insolabilis Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, ?. (The Inconsolable Underwing.) The species is found from Canada southward to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (14) Catocala angusi Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, $ (Angus' . Underwing.) The range of this species is same the as that of the preceding. Catocala Judith Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 2, $ (The Judith Underwing.) The insect occurs from New England westward in the north(15) . ern portions of the Atlantic subregion. (16) Catocala tristis Gloomy Underwing.) The species appears Edwards, to be Plate XXXII, commoner in Fig. 3, $ New . (The England than elsewhere. (17) Catocala relicta Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, ?. (The Relict.) Form bianca Henry Edwards, Bianca Underwing.) This fine moth is found lachian subregion. It is in the not Plate XXXII, 7, <3 . (The northern portions of the Appa- uncommon 262 Fig. in New England and XXXI Explanation of Plate (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) I agrippina Strecker, c?. sappho Strecker, cf epione Drury, <5\ subviridis Harvey, tf. vidua Abbot & Smith, . lacrymosa Guenee, robinsoni Grote, $ r electa Grote, o c? <?. . . 1 . lacrymosa var. evelina, French, insolabilis Guenee, $ ? . . Grote, $ lacrymosa var. paulina Henry Edwards, 9 angusi Grote, c?. obscura Strecker, tf viduata Guen6e, $ flebilis . . . . J. The Moth Book Plats XXXI * 15 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. - Noctuidae New northern York, but western Pennsylvania. It has a westward range to Colorado and Oregon. (18) Catocala cara Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, $ (The it is rare in . Darling Underwing.) This large and splendid species is a native of the Appalachian subregion, and in it has a wide range. Catocala amatrix Hiibner, (19) Plate XXXII, (The Sweetheart. ) Form nurus Walker, Plate XXXII, $ 12, Fig. . (The Nurse.) Fig. 13, 9 another fine species, which has the same geographical distribution as the last mentioned. This . is (20) Catocala marmorata Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 9, ? (The Marbled Underwing.) This is a rather rare species, which has a wide distribution. Its metropolis appears to be West Virginia and Kentucky, though . it has been taken elsewhere. (21) Catocala concumbens Walker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 10. t . (The Sleepy Underwing.) This lovely moth has a wide range It region. is very common in in the Appalachian subEngland and central New New less common in western Pennsylvania. (22) Catocala californica Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. York, 1, $ . (The California Underwing.) As the name (23) 14, $ . This insect ceding species. is a native of California. is XXXV, Plate $. Fig. regarded by some as a varietal form of the preIt has the same habitat. Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, Plate (The Luciana Underwing.) (24) 11, implies, the species Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, (The Cleopatra Underwing.) XXXV, Fig. Colorado, and Syn. nebraskcs Dodge. Form somnus Dodge, Plate XXXV, Fig. 16, The moth is found in Kansas, Nebraska, $ . Wyoming. (25) Catocala babayaga Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 18, $ . (The Babayaga Underwing.) The habitat of the species (26) (Stretch's is Arizona. Catocala stretchi Behr, Underwing.) The Plate species 26} is XXXV, Californian. Fig. 13, $. Noctuidae 8, Plate XXXIII, Fig. (27) Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, $ (The Augusta Underwing.) Like the preceding species, this is also confined in its range to . the Pacific coast. I Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. (The Rosalind Underwing.) The insect has been found in Kansas and .Colorado. Plate XXXV, Fig. 17, $ (The (29) Catocala pura Hulst, (28) 15, $. . Pure Underwing.) The moth is an inhabitant of the region of the Rocky Mountains. Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, $. (50) Catocala unijuga Walker, (The Once-married Underwing.) This is a widely distributed species, the range of which is northern, extending from New England to Colorado, through Canada and the region of the Great Lakes. !t is common in central New York. meskei Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 6, $. (31) Catocala (Meske's Underwing.) as a variety By some students this species has been regarded Its range is the same. of the preceding. (32) Catocala groteiana Bailey, Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, $ . (Grote's Underwing.) The moth occurs from Canada to New Mexico, and has been sometimes treated as a variety of Catocala briseis Edwards. hermia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. (33) Catocala (The Hermia Underwing.) 7, $. The habitat of the species is Colorado and New Mexico. briseis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 12 $ (34) Catocala . Briseis Underwing.) (The The species is an inhabitant of the northern portions of the known to occur in Colorado. Appalachian subregion, and is also Plate XXXIII, Fig. 3, $ faustina Catocala Strecker, (35) . (The Faustina Underwing.) The specimen figured on the plate was received by the writer from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The range of the moth is from Colorado to California. Catocala parta Guenee, Plate XXXIV, (36) (The Mother Underwing.) 264 Fig. II, <* Noctuidae common Appalachian subregion and ranges northward into the region of Hudson Bay and This fine species is quite westward as far as Colorado. coccinata Grote, (37) Catocala in the Plate XXXIV, 10, Fig. $. (The Scarlet Underwing.) The moth is recorded as occurring from Canada to Florida and Texas, and westward to the Mississippi. It is not very common. (38) Catocala aholibah Strecker, Plate (The Aholibah Underwing.) The specimen figured on the is found from New 15,?. Fig. was obtained from the be accepted as typical. The Mexico and Colorado to California and author of the species, and insect XXXI V, plate may Oregon. (39) Catocala verrilliana Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 16, $ . (Verrill's Underwing. ) A neat and prettily marked species which has much the same range as the preceding, though extending somewhat farther to the south. ultronia Hubner, Plate XXXIII, (40) Catocala (The Ultronia Underwing.) Form celia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. Celia Underwing.) Form mopsa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. Mopsa Underwing.) 2, Fig. 4, $ 7, . (The . $ $ . (The Besides the three forms of this variable species which we for illustration, there are several others which have have selected The insect is very common, and received subspecific names. occurs from the Atlantic to the Great Plains and from Canada to Florida. (41) Ilia Catocala ilia Cramer, Plate XXXIV, Underwing.) Form uxor Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Form osculata Hulst, Plate XXXIV, Fig. Fig. 17,?. Fig. 7, $ . 14,3. (The (The Wife.) (The Beloved Underwing.) This is a common and variable species which and Canada. generally throughout the United States is found 6 (42) Catocala innubens Guenee, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 13, Plate I, Fig. 7, larva. (The Betrothed.) 265 ; Noctuidae Form hinda French, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 10, $ (The Hinda . Underwing.) Form scintillans Glittering is Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. $. 9, (The Underwing.) This is another very found from Canada common and very variable species, which the Carolinas and to westward to the Mississippi. (43) Catocala nebulosa Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 16, ? (The Clouded Underwing.) This fine species is found in the Middle Atlantic and Central . States east of the Mississippi. southern Indiana. appears to be quite It Catocala piatrix Grote, (44) Plate XXXVI, common Fig. 6, $ . in (The Penitent.) The moth is found throughout the United Rocky Mountains, and as far south as Arizona. States east of the It is a common species. Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVI, (The Bride.) This is another common and variable species which has the same geographical distribution as that of the last-named insect. (45) Fig. 5, $. (46) Catocala subnata Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 15, ?. (The Youthful Underwing.) The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and appears to be not uncommon in Kentucky and southern Indiana. (47) Catocala cerogama Guenee, (The Yellow-banded Underwing.) Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6, 6 . Syn. aurella Fisher; eliza Fisher. common species ranging from Canada to the westward to the Mississippi. Catocala palaeogama Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, $ This is a Carolinas and (48) . (The Oldwife Underwing.) Form phalanga Grote, Phalanga Underwing.) The moth ranges from ward Plate New XXXVI, England Fig. 4, to Virginia $ . (The and west- to the Mississippi. Catocala (49) Fig. 3, $ . consors Abbot (The Consort.) 266 & Smith, Plate XXXIV, Explanation of Plate XXXII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) I dejecta Strecker, cT judith Strecker. c? . . tristis Edwards, cf . groteiana Bailey, c?. Carolina Holland, c? relicta . Walker, 9 bianca Henry Edwards, antinympha Hubner, c? relicta var. . cava Gue'nee, c? badia Grote & Robinson, 9 muliercitla Guenee, 1 (J . amatrix Hubner, rj amatrix var. nurus Walker, 9 1 . olivia Henry Edwards, o 1 . alabamcB Grote, 9 arnica Hubner, J* minuta Edwards, J ccelebs . lineella Grote, c? nerissa gisela 1 . Grote, c? . Henry Edwards, 9 Meyer, 9 c? . W. J The Moth Book CO D VR|GHTEO BY W. J. Plate XXXII HOLLAND, , .\ v. i r- . Noctuidae The insect is found from Pennsylvania southward and westward to Texas. (50) (The Catocala muliercula Guenee, Little The Plate XXXII, Fig. n,<5. Wife.) insect is an inhabitant of the central portions of the Appalachian subregion. Catocala delilah Strecker, (51) Plate XXXIV. Fig. 4, ?. (The Delilah Underwing.) Syn. adoptiva Grote. The range of this species is from southern Illinois and Kentucky southward to the Gulf and westward to Kansas and Nebraska. Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, (The Desdemona Underwing.) The species is found in the southwestern States. (52) Fig- 5> 3 Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, (The Andromache Underwing.) This species is found in southern California and Arizona. (53) Fig. 2, $ . I am indebted to Mr. O. C. Poling for the fine specimen of this rare moth which is figured upon the plate. It is closely allied to the preceding species. (54) Catocala illecta Walker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. \,$. (The Magdalen Underwing.) Syn. magdalena Strecker. The moth is found from Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Texas. (55) Catocala serena Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 14, $ (The Serene Underwing.) The insect ranges from Canada and New England westward . into the valley of the Mississippi. eastern Siberia, but this is doubtful. (56) (The It is said to also occur in Catocala antinympha Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 8, $ . Wayward Nymph.) The moth is reported from Canada to Maryland and westward as far as the Mississippi. have found it very abundant at Saratoga, N. Y., and even more abundant on the summits of the Allegheny Mountains about Cresson Springs in the month I of August. (57) Fig. io, Grote & Robinson, (The Badia Underwing.) Catocala badia $ . 267 Plate XXXII, Noctuidae New England than elsewhere. species is more common in rather abundant on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay, The It is and occurs also in central known never (58) it to New York and the be taken in Adirondacks. have I western Pennsylvania. Catocala coelebs Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 18, $ (The . Old-maid.) of this species, which is by some students regarded form of the preceding, is from southern Canada through New England into central New York. (59) Catocala habilis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. n, $. The range as a varietal Form basalis Grote, Plate XXXIII, The moth occurs from Canada to The form basalis has the Mississippi. $ 12, Fig. . Virginia and westward to a black longitudinal streak from the base of the fore wing along the lower side of the cell. (60) Catocala abbreviatella Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 9, $ The insect occurs from Minnesota and Illinois southward to . Texas and westward to Utah. (61) Catocala whitneyi Dodge, (Whitney's Underwing.) The moth, which is probably only XXXIV, Plate a varietal Fig. S 8, . form of the pre- ceding species, has the same range. The specimen figured on the plate was received from the author of the species. (62) Catocala polygama Guenee, XXXIV, Plate $ Fig. 13, . (The Polygamist.) Form crataegi Saunders, Hawthorn Underwing.) A common and Plate XXXIV, variable species ranging 12, Fig. all $ (The . over the Appa- lachian subregion. (63) Catocala 1, $ . amasia Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXV, Fig. (The Amasia Underwing.) Syn. sancta Hulst. The geographical range Illinois of the species is from New York and southward to the Gulf of Mexico. (64) Catocala similis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. formula Grote. Form aholah Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, $ The moth occurs from Rhode Island to Texas. distributed but not very common species. 268 . It is a widely ' . . . . . ... . ... . . ... . Explanation of Plate XXXIII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) 3 Catocala californica Henry Edwards, cj Catocala ultronia Hiibner, cj Catocala faustina Strecker, cT 4 Catocala celia i 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 . Henry Edwards, . . io ii Catocala habilis Grote, c? Catocala basalts Grote, c? 13 14 15 16 17 18 tf. Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, Catocala scintillans Grote, <j\ Catocala hinda French, 12 c?. Catocala unijuga Walker, 9 Catocala meskei Grote, c? Catocala mopsa Henry Edwards, cj . Catocala innubens Guenee, c?. Catocala serena Edwards, c? Catocala subnata Grote, 9 . . Catocala nebulosa Edwards, 9 Poaphila quadrifilaris Hiibner, 9 Allotria elonympha Hubner, J . 1 . <J*. . W. J. The moth Book COPYHIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate XXXIII AMFRiCAN COLORTYPE CO-, N. Y. 4 CH Noctuidae Catocala fratercula Grote (65) & Robinson, Plate XXXV, (The Little Sister. ) Form jaquenetta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 5, 8 Form gisela Meyer, Plate XXXII, Fig. 21, ? The species is very variable within certain limits, and is widely distributed over the United States and Canada from the 8 Fig. 4, . . . Atlantic to the Pacific. Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, (The Olivia Underwing.) The species is a native of Texas. (67) Catocala praeclara Grote & Robinson, Plate (66) 8 . Fig. 7. Fig. 14, XXXV, 3- The insect belongs within the more northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in Massachusetts. (68) Catocala grynea Cramer, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, 8 is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward . The moth to the Mississippi. (69) Catocala alabamae Grote, The habitat of the species state of (70) is, Plate XXXII, as indicated Alabama. Catocala gracilis Edwards, Plate Fig. 15, 9 . by the name, the XXXV, Fig. 8, ? . (The Graceful Underwing.) The species occurs from Canada to the southern States on the Atlantic seaboard and westward to the valley of the Ohio. minuta Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 17, 8. (71) Catocala (The Little Underwing.) is indigenous in the Eastern and Middle States. Catocala arnica Hiibner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 16, 8. Form lineella Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 19, 8. Form nerissa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 20, ? The moth (72) . It has This small species is subject to considerable variation. a wide range from Ontario to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the Great Plains. It " Place and time requiring, let this insect fly. hovers round the wick with the wind of its wings the flame is extinguished." Sudraka, The Mrichchakati, 269 or, The Toy-cart. WALKING AS A FINE ART The first act of all animals is that of absorption. Feeding is a The senses of smell, of touch, and of taste are primal necessity. involved in it. Sight has little to do with it at first, but is soon awakened. Coincident with this act that of locomotion. become later a than Arctic supreme passion, all other animals. Circle to among the lower animals is Man, whose desire Florida a to annihilate space has approaches the act of locomotion Young ducks and geese fly from the few months after they have been Babies do not often begin to crawl until they are twice and rarely walk until more than a year of life has been There is nothing more interesting than the sight of a passed. The look of glad surprise and child just beginning to walk. immense satisfaction which is displayed when a few successful The triumphs steps have been taken is delightful to the observer. of the most successful men do not in later years afford them so hatched. as old, much momentary who pleasure as is that at last after realizes experienced by the little fellow many failures he has "got his legs." In much of our going to and fro on this small globe we are aided by adventitious helps. Stephenson, Fulton, and the fathers of the science of magnetism and electricity have done much to for our rapid transportation from one spot to But there are some places to which we cannot be hauled, and we have not yet reached the point where we can dispense with the use of our pedal extremities. pave the way another. man who has acquired the love of walking for no form of exercise more health-giving, none which tends more thoroughly to invigorate, if it be wisely undertaken. The effect of the act is to quicken the venous circulation; to send the blood to the lungs, there to be purified by contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere; to harden and strengthen the muscles of the legs and to bring those of the arms and the chest into play. People who walk do not have overloaded veins. The shop-girl who stands behind the counter all day suffers from varicosis, but the man or woman who walks Happy its own is the sake! There is avoids it. Standing is harder than walking; and brings no return of health to the system. 270 it is more fatiguing, XXXIV Explanation of Plate (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of Holland.) i. Catocala 2. Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, c? Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, o Catocala delilah Strecker, $ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. illecta Walker, c? . 1 . . Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Catocala cerogama Guenee, c? . Catocala osculata Hulst, cJ Catocala whitneyi Dodge, q Catocala abbreviatella Grotc, $ Catocala coccinata Grotc, c? Catocala parta Guenee, J 1 . 1 . . 1 . Catocala cratasgi Saunders, Catocala polygama Guenee, $ . 1 (J Catocala ilia Cramer, cJ Catocala aholibah Strecker, $ Catocala verrilliana Grote, c?, . 1 . Catocala uxor Guenee, O . . . cJ*. . W T The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate XXXIV AMERICAN COLCRTYPE CO-, N. Y. A Cm, Walking as a Fine Art In walking, the best results are secured when there is no burden upon the mind. The man who carries the load of daily care with him when he walks derives less benefit from the act than the man who dismisses all Concern and simply gives It is a mistake to suppose that it is an himself over to the act. advantage in walking to have some definite object of pursuit. The woman who is advised by her physician to walk should not select as her path some busy street upon which she is certain to be diverted by the opportunity to unite with her exercise a number of shopping excursions. The man who goes out to walk should not choose a much frequented part of the town where he is sure to meet business friends and acquaintances. The person who desires to derive the best results from his strolls should select a retired spot in park or country where the "madIt is hard to make Americans ding throng" does not resort. realize the importance forever that exercise, if The demand of these suggestions. taken at all, shall have an aim is ulterior to the pursuit of which the upbuilding of the system shall The popularity of golf is due take place as a collateral incident. to the fact that it answers the demand of a great class of persons itself, in to be amused while they are being invigorated. forms, in which the It is one of the of exercise is sugarcoated for consumption by a race which is slowly but surely working itself to death in office, mill and factory. least objectionable pill Walking for its own sake is pursued to a far greater extent in England and in Germany than in America. We may well learn to imitate our cousins on the eastern side of the Atlantic in this regard. If walking is to be pursued with an object, there is nothing which may be chosen as an aim better than the pursuit of that To become knowledge which is the end of the naturalist. acquainted with the fields and the flowers which bloom in them, with the forests and the myriad forms of animate life which frequent them, is an aim which leads far away from the cares met the other day and pursuits of the weary, workday world. a friend, who, with quick step and alertness depicted in every feature, was hurrying along one of the avenues in the capital. I I marveled and at his gait, five years rested for upon I knew that his head. 271 the winters of fourscore "How is it that you have Walking as a Fine Art " found the fountain of eternal youth ?" I said. My dear boy," " he replied, I have found it by living near to nature's heart, and by having my beloved science of entomology to refresh and quicken me in my daily walks." Would you cultivate walking as a fine art, learn to see and to what the world, which man has not made nor has entirely marred, is telling you of the wonders of that life which she kindly nourishes upon her bosom. hear "Cleon sees no charm in nature in a daisy, I; Cleon hears no anthem ringing in the sea and the sky, Nature sings to me forever earnest listener, I State for state, with all attendants, who would change ; ALLOTRIA Genus ! Not I." Hubner (i) Allotria elonympha Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 18, $. This handsome little species is found in the Appalachian sub- region. (i) It is the sole species of the genus. Genus ANDREWSIA Grote Andrewsia messalina Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Syn. belfragiana Harvey; jocasta Strecker. The insect has been found to range from appears on the wing Genus $. Kansas to Texas. It the latter state in May. in EUPARTHENOS Euparthenos nubilis Hubner, The moth occurs from the northern (i) Genus (1) i, Fig. HYPOCALA Hypocala andremona Cramer, Plate Grote XXXVI, ?. Fig. 2, Atlantic States to Arizona. Guenee Plate XXX, Fig. 40, $ . Lintner. Syn. hilli The insect is characteristic of the neotropical fauna. It occurs and is found very commonly throughout Mexico, Central America, and South America. as a straggler into Texas, Genus LITOCALA Harvey Litocala sexsignata Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 39, $ The species occurs through the region of the Rocky Mountains (1) . to California. 272 Explanation of Plate (The specimens figured, are contained XXXV the collection of in Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, 9- Catocala similis Edwards, <J\ Catocala aholah Strecker, tf Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, J*. Catocala jaquenetta Henry Edwards, tf . . Catocala grynea Cramer, cj Catocala prccclara Grote & Robinson, . Catocala gracilis Edwards, 9 Catocala marmorata Edwards, 9 Catocala concumbens Walker, (J Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, <$* 1 . (J*. Catocala briseis Edwards, tf Catocala stretclii Behr, (J Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, $ Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, <j\ . 1 13. 14. 15. 16. . . 17. Catocala somnus Dodge, 9 Catocala pur a Hulst, c?. 18. Catocala babayaga Strecker, J 1 . W. J The; Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate AMERICAN CGtOBTYTF CO., XXXV 'J. Y. k CH Noctuidae TOXOCAMPA Genus Toxocampa (i) This Guenee victoria Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 10, $. New a northern species found from England to British Columbia and ranging southward along the higher mountain is ranges of the west. PHOBERIA Genus Hubner Phoberia atomaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 14, $ Syn. orthosioides Guenee; forrigens Walker; ingenua Walker. The moth has been taken from Maine to Texas and westward (i) . as far as the Great Plains. SIAVANA Genus Siavana repanda Walker, (1) Walker XXXVI, Plate $. Fig. 15, Syn. auripennis Grote. The moth ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to the Gulf of Mexico. It is not uncommon in Florida. Genus PALINDIA Guenee an extensive neotropical genus, represented by but two species, which have thus far been taken within our territory. (1) Palindia dominicata Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, $ This is . The moth in Central occasionally occurs in Texas. It is very common and South America. PANAPODA Genus Guenee Panapoda rufimargo Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 19, $ Syn. rubricosta Guenee; cressoni Grote. Form carneicosta Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 20, $ Syn. scissa Walker; combinata Walker. (1) . . The found through the Appalachian subregion. It is New England, and at certain times has been taken abundantly in western Pennsylvania. quite insect common is in parts of Genus PARALLELIA Hubner Parallelia bistriaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 18, $ Syn. amplissima Walker. The insect occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward (1) to the . Rocky Mountains. 273 Noctuidse AGNOMONIA Genus (i) Agnomonia anilis Drury, Plate Hiibner XXX, Fig. 41,5. Syn. sesquistriaris Hiibner. The moth It is common is found from Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas. in Florida. REMIGIA Genus Guenee XXXVI, Fig. 16, $. (1) Remigia repanda Syn. latipes Guenee; perlata Walker ;indentata Harvey; texana Morrison. The species, which is somewhat variable, is said to occur in Fabricius, Plate Labrador, but the writer, though he has at various times received large collections from that country, is not in possession of any The insect direct evidence of the correctness of the statement. does, however, occur in northern Canada and ranges thence southwardly to Argentina, keeping, so far as is known, to the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes. GRAMMODES Genus A moderately large Three species occur spheres. one. (1) Grammodes in Guenee represented in both hemiour fauna, of which we figure genus, which is smithi Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 22, $ The in Mexico. . The moth occurs in the Gulf States and specimen figured was taken in southern Texas. Genus (1) EPIDROMA Epidroma delinquens Walker, The moth, which is Guenee Plate common enough America, has recently been found to occur Genus This is a occur in the POAPHILA genus of large warmer the twelve species, size, in Fig. 42, $. and South southern Florida. Guenee the insects belonging to We figure but are attributed to our fauna. regions of America. which XXX, in Central Poaphila quadrifilaris Hiibner, Plate XXXIII, The insect is known to occur from Massachusetts (1) along the coast. 274 which one of Fig. 17, ? to Florida . Noctuidae PHURYS Genus Guenee Six species occurring within our territory are given as belonging to this genus in the latest list of the lepidoptera of North America. Of these we illustrate two. Phurys vinculum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 12, $ species occurs in the Gulf States and southward. (2) Phurys lima Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig 1 1, $ The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding (i) . The . It species. may be easily distinguished by the presence of the small round dark dot near the base of the fore wings on the inner margin. Genus (1) CELIPTERA Guenee Celiptera frustulum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. ?. 13, Syn. discissa Walker; elongatus Grote. The moth the is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of Rocky Mountains. ANTICARSIA Hubner Genus Of the two species of the genus found' within our limits give a figure of the one which most commonly occurs. (1) 10, $ Anticarsia gemmatilis Plate Hubner, XXXVII, we Fig. . The moth Wisconsin is found through the valley of the Mississippi from to Texas. Genus (1) ANTIBLEMMA Antiblemma inexacta Walker, Syn. canalis Grote. This is a variable insect, names have been to which Hubner Plate a XXXVI, number Fig. 23, $ . of subspecific based upon slight differences in the markings of the wings. It is found in the Southern States, and ranges thence to the southern portions of the South American given, continent. Genus (1) Litoprosopsus Fig. 4. 3 The LITOPROSOPSUS futilis Grote & Grote Robinson, Plate XXXVII, . insect occurs in Florida and hotter portions of America. 275 Georgia and also in the Noctuidae Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval genus of remarkably showy insects, which are more numerously found in the tropics of the Old World than in There are several very beautiful species which the New. This is a large Only one occurs sparingly as a now and then taken in Florida. South America and is also found in Africa. are found in South America. straggler into our fauna. It is commoner in is It Ophideres materna Linnaeus, Plate Syn. hybrida Fabricius; calamine a Cramer. The insect is rare in Florida. (i) STRENOLOMA Genus XXXVI, Fig. 8, $. Grote (i) Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 9, $ This fine moth is quite common in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from Pennsylvania southward and westward as far as . Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico. Genus CAMPOMETRA Guenee The species of this genus are principally found in the southern and southwestern portions of our territory. (1) Campometra amella Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 8, $ . Syn. integerrima Walker; stylobata Harvey. The species ranges from Florida to Texas. (2) Campometra mima Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. The moth occurs from Colorado Genus to TRAMA 9, $ . Texas and Arizona. Harvey Three species are assigned to this genus in recent lists. (1) Traraa detrahens Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 21,3. Syn. arrosa Harvey. habitat of this species . The Genus A is the Southern States. MATIGRAMMA Grote small genus, the species of which are southern, or south- western, (1) in their distribution. Matigramma puiverilinea Grote, Plate XXXVII, n.9. The moth is found from Florida to Texas. 276 Fig. XXXVI Explanation of Plate in the collection of (The specimens figured are contained Holland.) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, cJ Eupartkenos nubilis Hubner, 9 Catocala palmogama Guenee, cf 1 i. 2. 3. . . 6. Catocala palmogama var. pJtaldnga Grote, c?. Catocala neogama Abbot Smith, 9Catocala piatrix Grote, o 1 7. Catocala hermia 4. 5. & - Henry Edwards, 9- 15. 'V>- materna Linnaeus, 9 Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, o 7" ixocampa victoria Grote, 9 Phurys lima Guenee, cJ*. Phurys vinculum Guenee, o Celiptera frustulum Guenee, 9Phoberia atomaris Hubner, (J Siava;:a re pa nda Walker, 9- 16. Rts 8. . 1 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. - 1 - 1 14. . 17. r 'panda Fabricius, c? Palladia dominicata Guenee, tf iS. Parallel ia bistriaris 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ::' :' . 1 . Hubner, c? Panapoda rufimargo Hubner, c?. Panapoda rufimargo var. carncicosta Guenee, Trama detrahens Walker, J Grammodes smithi Guenee, 9Antiblemma inexacta Walker, 9. 1 . J*. W. J. The Moth Book. Plate XXXVI. Noctuidae Genus CAPNODES The genus is well Guenee represented There tropics of both hemispheres. one species in vena Smith, our fauna, a in the is but Capnodes puncti- representation of which is _ given in the accompanying cut, drawn from FlG# l6s Capnodes the type in the National Museum. punctivena, $ \. . . Genus YRIAS Guenee Not a large genus, the species of which are confined to the southwestern portions of our territory. (i) Yrias clientis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. The insect is found in Arizona. (2) Yrias repentis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. The moth, like its predecessor, is Genus (1) ZALE found 13, 12, $ . $ . in Arizona. Hubner Zale horrida Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. ), $ is found throughout the United States east of the . The moth region of the Great Plains. Genus SELENIS Guenee The only borders is species of the genus which occurs within our monotropa Grote. It is found in Texas. The annexed Fig. 166. cut in Sclents monotropa, 1 I- was drawn from the type of the species which is preserved It was made British Museum. by Mr. Horace Knight, the under the supervision of Sir George 277 F. Hampson. Noctuidae Genus Pheocyma (i) PHEOCYMA Hubner lucifera Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 5,?. Syn. linsola Walker. Found in the Appalachian subregion. Genus YPSIA Guenee (1) Ypsia undularis Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 6, $. The moth occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to Colorado. PSEUDANTHRACIA Genus Pseudanthracia (1) coracias Grote Plate Guenee, XXXVII, Fig, 7. ? The insect, which far is from common in has collections, of which practically the same range as the preceding species, appears at first glance to be a miniature reproduction. Genus This in the is HOMOPTERA Boisduval which occur both or more so-called our fauna, but several of these will no quite an extensive genus, species of Old World and the New. Some twenty species are attributed to doubt prove to be mere varieties or local races of others. give figures of three of the (1) it commoner forms Homoptera lunata Form edusa Drury, Plate in our Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. XXXVII, We plates. 15, $. Fig. 16, $ Syn. putrescens Guenee; saundersi Bethune; viridans Walker; involuta . Walker. Almost universally distributed throughout the United States and Canada. (2) Homoptera cingulifera Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, ? . Syn. intenta Walker; woodi Grote. The moth occurs from Massachusetts to the region of the to Florida and westward Great Plains. Plate XXXVII, Fig. 14, ? (3) Homoptera unilineata Grote, The insect ranges from eastern Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in The specimen figured on the plate was eastern Massachusetts. . taken at Magnolia, Massachusetts. 278 XXXVII Explanation of Plate (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are. contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 2. Thysania zenobia Cramer, Erebus odora Linnseus, $ 3. Zale horrida Hiibner, 1. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 5 . cf. Litoprosopus futilis Grote & Robinson, Phceocyma lunifera Hiibner, 9. Ypsia undularis Drury, 9 Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, 9 0". . . Campometra amella Guenee, 9 Campometra mima Harvey, d . 51 9. 10. Anticarsia gemmatilis Hiibner, 11. Matigramma 12. Trias repentis Grote, Trias clientis Grote, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. }2.. 33. Homoptera Homoptera Homoptera Homoptera . d'. 9, U. S. N. pulverilinea Grote, M. d". d". unilineata Grote, 9. lunata Drury, cf. lunata var. edusa Drury, o cingulifera Walker, 9, Merrick Collection. 71 . Isogona natatrix Guenee, 0". Hormisa absorptalis Walker, cf. Zanclognatha lituralis Hiibner, 9 Xanclognatha laevigata Grote, d\ Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, . o". Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, 9. Renia discolor alis Guenee, cf. Palthis angulalis Hiibner. 9. Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, cf. Eptzeaxis scobialis Grote, 9 Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, 9 9. . . Philometra metonalis Walker, o". Hormisa bivUtata Grote, d\ V. S. N. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, Capis curvata Grote, 9. o 1 . M. Plate The Moth Ecok COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. XXXV YPE CO., N. Y. II A CM Noctaida LATEBRARIA Genus Guenee Latebraria amphipyroides Guene is only one spei.es (,l) There of the genus known to occur ithin the faunal limits covered book. this by from straggler a is It South Mexican terthe American and in which ritories, it is quite common. The accompar r g based upon a drawing made from a specimen con- cut tained the in United the of collection States National Museum at Washington, will. no doubt, enable the student P to readily v. species, the is New a EREBUS genus of large World. Only one t- " anything else. Latreilk moths most in e species occurs n Plate XXXVII, Fig. ted States. I Erebus odora Linns (i) ; - recognize the is not likely to be confounded Genus This - izj.Lt. : l . ;:a Crar; ~- This great moth is very ::mmon It occurs quite; ndantly warmer portions of the Gulf State : tti tropical regions of e on America. Dverthe countries :f South America. It is found I of the lada. I have in my a s thi stragglef jghout tro| into the northern and has even beer collection a Hited f disl America and United rtions Florida and specimen vhich taken was ta ken Leadville. Colorado, in a snowstorm xxurred there one Fourth of July. The insect n tc thai lofty and iesolate at spot, was caught Buttering Genus the drifl . THYSANIA Thysania zenobia Q Dalman Plate WWII. Fig. :. l another great South American moth, which occasionn Florida taken It has bee", ally occurs within our territory. This is -"-' Noctuidse and southern Texas, and South America. It is a very abundant species in Mexico EPIZEUXIS Hubner Genus This genus of considerable a is The larva? most part. feed upon dried leaves Eleven species are attributed to our fauna, five of (i) size. for the which we figure. Epizeuxis americalis Guenee. Syn. scriptipennis Walker. insect The range of this is from Can- ada to Texas east of the Rocky Mountains. It is woods of in the Appalachian subregion, and is one of the moths which are most Epizeuxis commonly Thelifehisy attracted to sugar. D Larva en- Fig. .168. amencahs. a, . tory has been well ascertained, and has been entertainly described by Professor C. larged; b, Dorsal view of larval segment ;c, Lateral view of do. a, Cremaster of pupa. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, _ . . ; ., . , ,,, "L c ,, , Insect V. Riley in the Fourth Volume of L jfe j he re ader is referred to the ac- count there given for (2) common exceedingly the fuller details. Epizeuxis scmula Hubner. Walker; herminioides Walker; concisa Walker. The range and the habits of this species are very much the same as those of the last mentioned species. Syn. mollifera Walker; effusalis Like the insect at it, sugar, is and on also very frequent a warm summer of southern have seen as many as twenty of these moths at one time, congregated about a spot on the trunk of a tree, which had been moistened with beer in which sugar had been disin night, Indiana, the forests I solved. Fig. 169. cemula. a, (3) Plate Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, XXXVII, Fig. 29, ? . Syn. ph&alis Gucn6e; surrectalis Walker. 280 Epizeuxis Larva enlarged; of larva viewed laterally; c, do. viewed dorsally; d, Tip of pupa; e, b, Segment Moth. (After Riley," Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. no.) Noctuidae species occurs generally throughout the United States and The Canada. Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, (4) The insect is found from the from Canada to the Carolinas. XXXVII, Plate Fig. 27, $ . Atlantic to the Mississippi and Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 28, 9 The moth occurs from New England to the Trans-Mississippi . (5) States, east of the Great Plains. Genus The genus found in the is ZANCLOGNATHA of moderate Lederer known All of the species size. Appalachian subregion, and have within it a are wide range. in (1) Zanclognatha laevigata Grote, The species is somewhat variable the amount of dark shading upon Plate XXXVII, Fig. 21, $ . the fore wings. It is distributed from Canada to the southern states. Zanclognatha protumnusa- (2) lis Walker. Syn. minimalis Grote. The moth has much same the range as the last-mentioned species. Its life history has been accurately ascertained, and Professor C. V. Riley has given US an account Of the habits of the insect in the paper to which reference has already been made. and The types of both Walker's ^^Z^X^ c> Larva; d> Dorsal view of larval segment ;e,lateral view of do.; b, d, e, Enlarg- antenna; ed. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. in.) Grote's insects are preserved in the British no doubt of their identity. Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, (3) 22, $ The habitat and the habits of this species are (4) $ Plate there XXXVII, is Fig. . as those of the preceding. Zanclognatha lituralis 20, Museum, and Hubner, Plate much the same XXXVII, Fig. . The moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion. 281 Noctuidae HORMISA Genus This is a small of genus species inhabiting our territory. of these. (i) Hormisa Walker which there We are known figure the XXX VII, absorptalis Walker, Plate to be four two commonest Fig. 19, $ . Syn. niibilifascia Grote. The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to Illinois. (2) Hormisa bivittata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 31, 8. The moth, which is not common in collections, is found from Quebec and Maine to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio. SISYRHYPENA Genus Fig. 171. (1) Sisyrhypena Grote Sisyrhy pena orcijeralis 1 , orciferalis Walker. Syn. pupillaris Grote; harti French. The figure which we type of the species which British Museum. The give is was drawn for this in the collection of book from Mr. Grote insect occurs in the southern States. Genus PHILOMETRA Grote Three species are reckoned as belonging to this genus. give a figure of one of them. (1) the in the Philometra metonalis Walker, Plate XXVII, We Fig. 30, 6 . Syn. goasalis Walker; longilabris Grote. The moth is found from Nova Scotia and the region of Hudson Bay to Virginia and westward to Illinois. Genus (1) CHYTOLITA Grote Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, The moth is not at all uncommon 282 in the Atlantic Fig. 2}, ? . subregion, Noctuida HYPENULA Genus One species is Grote reckoned as belonging to Fig. 172. this genus. Hypenula cacuminalis, . %. Hypenula cacuminalis Walker. (1) Syn. biferalis Walker; opacalis Grote. The moth is a native of the southern portions of our territory. The figure we give is taken from Walker's which type, is preserved in the British Museum. We specimen preserved also give a figure of a the in American Museum was of Natural History, and which determined by Mr. Grote as his species, to opacalis. .... t. riG. 173. Hypenula opa1 ca iis rote , , which he gave the name The comparison of the two G figures will serve to illustrate the variability of the species. Genus RENIA Guenee There are eight species belonging to the genus which are found within the region covered by this book. One of the commonest of these is selected for illustration. (1) Renia discoloralis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 24, $ Syn. fallacialis Walker; generalis Walker; thraxalis Walker. The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion. BLEPTINA Genus (1) Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, . Guene'e Plate XXXVII, Fig. 32, $ . Syn. cloniasalis Walker. The moth occurs from Canada ward to the Rocky Mountains. Genus to the Gulf of Mexico, TETANOLITA and west- Grote Three species are assigned to this genus in the latest lists. Of these, we have selected the one which is the type of the genus 283 Noctuidae The specific name mynesalis was for purposes of illustration. to the insect by Walker. Subsequently Grote applied originally The cut hereto annexed was drawn it the name lixalis. gave Tetanolita mynesalis, $ Fig. 174. from Walker's type, which British Museum. and southward is j. , contained in the collections of the The moth ranges from Pennsylvania Genus HETEROGRAMMA Guenee Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, (1) to Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Plate XXX VII, 26, 9 Syn. gyasalis Walker; rurigena Grote. . Fig. The species is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the region of the Great Plains. It is the only species in the genus. Genus (1) GABERASA Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, Walker Plate XLII, Fig. Syn. bifidalis Grote; indivisalis Grote. The male moth has the fore wings bifid. Fig. 175. DIRCETIS 6" . Grote described the which has not bifid wings, under the name The moth occurs from Canada to Texas. female, Genus 2, indivisalis. Grote Dircetis pygmcea Grote, 1 . There are two species of the genus which are found within We give in the cut a figure of the type of Grote's our borders. 284 Noctuidae which he applied the name pygmsea. It is found from Florida to Texas along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. species to Genus PALTHIS Hubner Two We species of the genus are found within the United States. figure both of them. (i) Palthis angulalis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 25, ?. Syn. aracinthusalis Walker. The insect is very common everywhere from Canada Gulf of Mexico east of the Great Plains. (2) Palthis asopialis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. The distribution of the species preceding. is the same 1, to the $. as that of the Genus CAPIS Grote (1) Capis curvata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 33, ? The insect vs found in Maine, northern New York, Canada. It is the only species belonging to the genus. . and Genus SALIA Hubner Two species belonging to the genus are found within our territory. figure in the accompanying cut the type of one of these, which received the specific name interpuncta at the hands We of Mr. Grote. Fig. The moth is i Genus (1) 76. Salia interpuncta, ? . \. found from Massachusetts to Arizona. LOMANALTES Grote Lomanaltes eductalis Walker. Syn. Icetulus Grote. The figure of the moth which we give was drawn for this book by Mrs. Beutenmiiller of New York from a specimen contained in the collections of the Fig. 177. Lomanaltes American Museum of Natural History. eductalis, $ The insect ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to New York and Pennsylvania 1 285 Noctuidae BOMOLOCHA Genus Hubner Sixteen species occurring within our limits are attributed to this genus in the latest List of the Lepidoptera of North America. we Nine of these (i) illustrate. Bomolocha manalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 3, $ . The moth ranges from Canada and Minnesota southward the valleys of the Potomac and the Ohio. (2) Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. to 4, ? . Syn. benignalis Walker; laciniosa Zeller. The geographical cides with that of the (3) Bomolocha distribution of the species practically coinlast. bijugalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. Syn. fecialis Grote; pallialis Zeller. The insect occurs from Canada to Florida the 7, ? . and westward to Rocky Mountains. (4) Bomolocha The moth but does not range (5) scutellaris Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. New found from is far to England 10, $ . to British Columbia, the south. Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 5, habitat of the insect extends from New England and The Canada westward . to Illinois and southward to Pennsylvania and the Virginias. (6) Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 6, $ Syn. achatinalis Zeller; damnosalis Walker; caducalis Walker; profecta Grote. . The insect is found from the Middle States southward to Texas. (7) Bomolocha toreuta Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 9, $ . Syn. albisignalis Zeller. The moth ranges over the same region as the last-mentioned species. (8) Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 8, $ . Syn. perangulalis Harvey. The moth (9) is found from Canada to Virginia. Bomolocha edictalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 11, $ . Syn. lentiginosa Grote; vellijera Grote. The range of the species is the tioned. 286 same as that of the last men- Noctuidae Genus PLATHYPENA Only one species of the genus Grote known is to occur within our territory. scabra Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 14, $. (i) Plathypena Syn. erectalis Guenee; palpalis Haworth; crassatiis Haworth; obesalis Stephens. Universally distributed through the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. HYPENA Genus Schrank found in all parts of the globe. Three species Of these we figure the are known to be found in our territory. one which is commonest. The genus Hypena humuli (1) ? , is Harris, Plate XLII, Fig. 12, $ ; Fig. 13, var. Syn. evanidalis Robinson This insect,the larva of which does considerable ; germanalis Walker. to the hop, is widelydistributed overthe whole of the United States damage and Canada. what of It is some- variable in the shade the wings and amount the of maculation upon them. For an account of the habits of the insect and the best manner to guard against the ravages which the larva the reader is commits referred to the excellent article by Dr. L. O. Howard of the De- partment Fig. 178. c, segment adult, a, of do.; d, e, a, c, Howard, of Agriculture Hypena humuli. e, pupa; egg; b, larva; tip of do.; /, greatly enlarged. (After U. S. Dept. Agric, NewSeries, No. 7, p. 44.) Bull. Washington upon insects injurious to the hop-vine, which was published as the Seventh Bulletin of the New Series of in Bulletins issued Arm. Moth. by the Division of Entomology of the Department. Who was Samson's love, my A woman, master. dear Moth ? Shakespeare, Love's Labor's 287 Lost, I, 2. FAMILY NYCTEOLID/E "An vnredy reue thi residue shal spene, That menye moththe was maister ynne, in a mynte-while." Piers Plowman (C) xiii, 216. The Nycteolidce are related to the Noctuidce, many of the genera, especially in the Old World, containing moths which are green in color and frequent trees. The apex of the fore wing is more or less produced to a point. The larvae have eight, pairs of and are fleshy, with the anal somite tapering to a point. legs, They are either naked or slightly pubescent. are found in the United States. Genus NYCTEOLA But two genera Hubner The genus is represented in both the Old World and the New. Two species are found in the United States. (1) Nycteola revayana Scopoli, form lintnerana Speyer, Plate XLII, Fig. 15, $. A number of synonyms and subspecific forms have been by authors who have dealt with this species. The form which we figure is the one which is most commonly encountered large erected in our territory. Genus HYBLiEA Fabricius This genus is extensively developed in the warmer portions of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is represented by only one species in our region. (1) Hyblaea puera Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, $ . Syn. saga Fabricius; mirificum Strecker. The insect, which is common in the tropics of the two hemiThe specimen figured on spheres, occurs occasionally in Florida. our plate is contained in the collection of the United States National Museum. 288 FAMILY PERICOPID^E (Hypsid^ Auctorum) " Loose to the wind their airy garments flew, Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew, Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes, While every beam new transient colours flings, Colours that change whene'er they wave their wings." Pope. The following characterization Hampson's "Moths of India," Vol. Rape of the family is of the Lock. taken from 495: "Proboscis present. the third joint long and naked. Legs I, p. Palpi smoothly scaled; smooth; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two pairs. Frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from Hind wing with lb; \c .absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell. veins \a and \b present, \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell; 8 free from the base and connected by a bar with 7 at middle of cell. " Larva with all the legs present, sparsely covered with long hairs. " Cocoon slight." Genus DARITIS Walker A small genus showy moths, which is represented in our fauna by two species. (1) Daritis thetis Klug, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 5, $. The insect occurs in southern Arizona, of rather Genus (1) Fig. 4, Composia COMPOSIA Hubner fidelissima Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXXVIII, 6. Syn. olympia Butler. 289 Pericopidse This very beautiful moth in southern Florida. It which occurs within our Genus Three species of United States. this is is found throughout the Antilles and the only representative of GNOPHAELA genus Walker genus are found within the limits of the in Mexico and Central America. Others occur Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval, (i) its territory. Plate XXXVIII, Fig. $. 2, Syn. hopfferi Grote morrisoni Druce. The & Robinson; discreta Stretch: arizontz French- habitat of this species is the southwestern portion of our and northern Mexico. Gnophaela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVIII, territory (2) Fig. 3, $ . Syn. continua Henry Edwards. found from southern Colorado westward and south-westward. The moth is (3) Gnophaela clappiana Holland, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, $ The figure on our plate represents the type of the species, which was taken at Colorado Springs. It occurs from central . Colorado to Arizona. DAS LIED VOM SCHMETTERLINGE " War's ein Sylphe, der dein Kleid So bestreut, Dich aus Morgenduft gewebet, Liebes. leichtes, luft'ges Ding, Schmetterling, Das da iiber Blumen schwebet, Nur von Thau tmd Bliiten lebet, Blute selbst, ein fliegend Blatt, Das, mit welchem Rosenfinger Nur auf Tage dich belebet ? Seelchen, und dein kleines Herz Pocht da unter meinem Finger, Wer bepurpurt hat ? Fiihlet Todesschmerz. ! Fleuch dahin, O Seelchen, sei Froh und frei, Mir ein Bild, was ich sein werde, Wenn die Raupe dieser Erde Auch wie du ein Zephyr ist Und in Duft und Thau und Honig Jede Bliite kiisst." Herder. 290 ; at a b 'i I i. , > 'O .11 Explanation of Plate XXXVIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 3. Gnophcela clap plana Holland, c? type. Gnophcela latipennis Boisduval, rj*. Gnophcela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, 4. Composia i. 2. 5. 6. , 1 (5 . fidelissima Herrich-Schagffer, <j\ Daritis thetis Klug, $ calif or nica Packard, . Phryganidia o Olene leucophcsa Abbot & Smith, cj Olene leucophcea Abbot & Smith, 9 Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, c?. 1 . 1 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. . . Gynaephora rossi Curtis, cj~ Gynaephora rossi Curtis, $. . Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, c?. Porthetria dispar Linnaeus, $. Psilura monacha Linnaeus, (J*. Psilura monacha Linnaeus, $. Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, cf definita Packard, cT U. S. N. M. Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, (J U. S. N. M. Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, c?, U. S. N. M. Hemerocampa , 1 , Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, c?. Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, 9Carama cretata Grote, c? U. S. N. M. , Lagoa crispata Packard, c? Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & Smith, J Megalopyge opercularis Abbot & Smith, . 1 . c?. The Moth Book. Plate XXXVill. \ 'M' y / i 21 i 24 25 23 COPYRIGHTED CY W. J. HOLLAND, 19C3. AMiR'CAN COLORTYPE CO., N. Y. I CH FAMILY DIOPTID/E " Genius detects through the fly, through the caterpillar, through the grub, through the egg, the constant individual; through countless individuals the fixed species, through many species the genus, through all genera the steadfast type; through eternal unity." all the kingdoms of organized life the Ralph Waldo Emerson. The moths belonging to this family are, so far as is known, respects to the Geometrician. They differ, however, in having veins 3 and 4 of the hind wing arising from a common stalk at the lower angle of the cell. The family is closely related in many well represented in the tropics of the New World, but is only in our territory by the genus Phryganidia Packard, known which occurs in southern California. PHRYGANIDIA Genus Fig. 6, californica Phryganidia (1) $ Packard Packard, Plate XXXVIII, . The moth, which is obscurely colored, is one of the least attractive insects belonging to the family which it represents. Many of the species are very bright and gay in color, as any student of the fauna of South America knows. the species, as the portion of which it " name is is implies, confined. insect, what can be In happiness compared to thee ? Fed with nourishment divine, The dewey morning's gentle wine Nature waits upon thee still, Happy And thy verdant cup " does fill ! ; 'Tis filled wherever thou dost tread Nature's self thy Ganymede. Thou dost drink and dance and sing, Happier than the happiest king All the fields which thou dost see, All the plants belong to thee, All the summer hours produce, ! Fertile Man made with early juice, does sow and plough, and landlord thou." for thee Farmer he, From the 291 The home of California, to the southern Greek of Anacreon, FAMILY NOTODONTID^E old Greece or Rome Sung, painted, wrought, lies here at home; We need but eye and ear In all our daily walks to trace The outlines of incarnate grace, "The Beauty which The hymns of gods to hear. " Whittier. The Notodontidse have been Hampson the Noctuidae. two characterized by Sir George F. "A family of moths superficially resembling Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with as follows: pairs; tarsi short and hairy. Fore wing with vein \a form- ing a fork with iat the base; \c absent; vein 5 from the middle of the discocellulars, or rarely from just below the upper angle of Hind wings with two internal veins; vein 5 from the the cell. centre of the discocellulars or rarely absent; 8 free from the base, curved, and running close along the subcostal nervure or joined by a bar. "Larva without the anal prolegs, and carrying the anal somites more or less erect; these often bear paired processes and are sometimes swollen; the other somites are often prominently to it humped. "Pupa naked." An elaborate and very useful monograph dealing with the insects composing this family has been written by Professor A. S. Packard, and is published in the Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 87-284. The student will do well to refer to this. Genus (1) 20, $ Packard & Smith, Plate XL, Fig. . The It APATELODES Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot insect is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. ranges from Canada to the southern States and as the Mississippi. 292 far west a* Notodontidae Apatelodes angelica Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 21, $ Syn. hyalinopuncta Packard. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the It is rather common in western preceding. Pennsylvania. (2) Genus Six species and a MELALOPHA . Hiibner number of subspecies have been recognized as belonging to this genus and are found in the region with which this book deals. Of four of these we give figures. Melalopha apicalis Walker, (1) Plate XL, Fig. 18, $ . Syn. vau Fitch; indentata Packard. The figure upon our plate, cited above, represents the form of the species to which Grote & Robinson applied the name ornata and of which the name incarcerata Boisduval is a synoThe insect is widely distributed all over the United Melalopha inclusa Hubner, Plate XL, Fig. 19, ? nym. (2) States . Syn. americana Harris. insect is very widely distributed over the Appalachian subThe larva feeds upon the leaves of various species of region. The the genus Populus. (3) Melalopha strigosa The habitat of this species Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 17, $ is the northern portion of the . Appa- lachian subregion. (4) Melalopha albosigma Fitch, Plate XL, Fig. 16, $ Widely distributed over the United States. Easily discriminated from the other species by the broad brown shade on the . apical half of the outer margin of the primaries, succeeded near the costa by a distinct s-shaped white line. DATANA Genus Walker Thirteen species which are properly referred to this genus are found within our limits. Of these we give figures of the four which (1) p <g- most commonly found. Datana ministra Drury, Plate are 11, This I, Fig. 13, larva; Plate XL, 3. is a very common The species, found throughout the Appa- gregarious and may be found in great masses upon the leaves of the walnut and allied trees in the latter part of August and early September. lachian subregion. (2) larvae are Datana angusi Grote & Robinson, 293 Plate XL, Fig. 12, $. Notodontidae the The habits and the distribution of same as those of the preceding. (3) 14. this species are Datana perspicua Grote & Robinson, much very Plate XL, Fig. 3- More nearly allied to D. ministra than to any other species of the genus, but readily distinguished from that insect by the paler color of the secondaries and the lighter, more yellowish color of the primaries. (4) 13. Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 3. The darker color of the primaries and the more numerous transverse bands enable this species to be at once separated from the other species which we have figured. Genus (i) HYPERiESCHRA Hyperaeschra stragula Grote, Butler Plate XL, Fig. 1, &. Syn. scitipennis Walker. found throughout the United States. With the we have given there should be no difficulty whatever in determining it. (2) Hyperaeschra georgica Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XL, Fig. The moth is help of the illustration 7, s. The moth is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is commoner in the southern portions of its range than in the more northern portions thereof. (3) It is, however, not very Hyperaeschra tortuosa Tepper, The insect is rare in Pennsylvania. Plate XL, as yet quite rare in collections. Fig. 4, Its $ . habitat is Colorado and Arizona. Genus (1) ODONTOSIA Odontosia elegans Hubner Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 3, 3. This elegant insect is found from Canada to Colorado and appears to be commoner in the region of the Rocky Mountains than elsewhere. Genus NOTODONTA Ochsenheimer The genus is represented in both hemispheres. There are two We give illustrations of both species which belong to our fauna. of them. 294 Notodontidae Notodonta basitriens Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 5, The moth is found in the Atlantic States. (2) Notodonta simplaria Graef, Plate XL, Fig. 6, ? The moth, which is by no means common, occurs (i) ?. . the in northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. PHEOSIA Hubner Genus (1) Pheosia dimidiata Syn. rimosa Packard ; Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XL, Fig. 9, $ . californica Stretch. The moth, which is far from common, ranges from Canada and England westward to the region of the Rocky Mountains. (2) Pheosia portlandia Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 10, $ New . Syn. descherei Neumcegcn. The species northwestern States the form, in the replaces which has been described species or a local race of the preceding still open to discussion. The moth is caterpillar feeds the in upon the linden is a valid which is Packard 8, ? Appalachian subregion. . The (Tilia). Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 3. The and not rare this a question Packard, Plate XL, Fig. Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & (2) 15. is LOPHODONTA Genus Lophodonta ferruginea (1) Whether as dimidiata. insect is found habits are very its Genus in same region as the last mentioned, the same. the much EUNYSTALEA Grote Eunystalea indiana Grote. (1) is one of the rarest insects of the family to which it Besides the type, which the writer believes to be conbelongs. tained in the collection of the This British Museum, there is only one other specimen known, which is found in the collection of Dr. Barnes, to whom the author is indebted for the privilege of being allowed to make the cut which is given herewith. The wj:# insect occurs in Florida. $ 295 . j. Notodontidae NADATA Genus Nadata gibbosa Abbot & (i) I, Walker XXXIX, Smith, Plate Fig. ? This insect, the distribution of which is almost universal under a number of throughout our territory, has been described varietal or subspecific names, founded for the most part upon in the trilling variations ground-color of the wings. Genus NERICE Nerice bidentata Walker, (i) XXXIX, The Fig. 2, Walker Plate Fig. I, larva; Plate 15, $. upon the elm. larva feeds The wide range insect has a through the Appalachian subregion. Genus (1) Fig. 1, A Symmerista SYMMERISTA Hubner & albifrons Abbot Smith, Plate XXXIX, ? very common insect in the Appalachian subregion, ranging far as the region of the Rocky from the Atlantic westward as Mountains. Genus HIPPIA Mceschler (1) A Hippia packardi Morrison, Genus (1) Fig. Plate rather scarce insect in collections. 5, DASYLOPHIA Dasylophia anguina Abbot $ XXXIX, Its & Fig. 18, $. habitat is Texas. Packard Smith, Plate XXXIX, . Syn. cuculijera signata Walker. Herrich-Schaeffer; punctata Walker; cana Walker; The moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Plate XXXIX, Fig. (2) Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, 6,?. Syn. interna Packard; tripartita Walker. The habitat of the moth is the Appalachian subregion. specimen figured was taken in Indiana. Genus LITODONTA The Harvey Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 20, $ The moth, which is the sole representative of the genus in . (1) 296 XXXIX Explanation of Plate (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. & Smith, 9 Nerice bidentata Walker, q Hyparpax venus Neumoegen, cT U. S. N. M. Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, cj U. S. N. M. Nadata gibbosa Abbot 1 . , 1 , Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, c? Dasylophia tliyatiroides Walker, 9 Simmerista albijrons Abbot & Smith, 9 Harpyia cinerea Walker, ? U. S. N. M. . . . , borealis Boisduval, Harpyia (?. Harpyia albicoma Strecker, <5\ U. Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, Cerura multiscripta Riley, c? Schizura ipomeae Doubleday, N. M. S. 1 (J var. . cinereofrons, 17. Packard, c?. Schizura badia Packard,' 9 U. S. N. M. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, c? Schizura leptinoides Grote, tf Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, cT 18. Hippia packardi Morrison, 9 14. 15. 16. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. , . Ianassa lignicolor Walker, 9 Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, Misogada unicolor Packard, U. , N. M. S. 1 cJ . 9 Doubleday, J*. manteo Doubleday, c? bilineata Packard, <J*. biundata Walker, tf umbrata Walker, tf Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, J\ U. Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, c? Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, <J*. Fentonia marthesia Cramer, o Ellida caniplaga Walker, 9. Heterocampa Heterocampa Heterocampa Heterocampa Heterocampa . astarte . . . . 1 . S. N. M. The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W J. HOLLAND. 1903. Plate XXXIX. fEP'CAN COLOBTYPE CO., N. Y. 4 CHI. Notodcntidae our fauna, is not at all uncommon in Texas and Arizona, and ranges southward into northern Mexico. Genus HETEROCAMPA Doubleday Eleven species belonging to this somewhat extensive genus are recognized as occurring within the limits with which this book deals. Six of these have been selected for illustration. Heterocampa (i) astarte Doubleday, XXXIX, Plate Fig. 22, $ . Syn. varia Walker; menas Harris. The moth northward as is not far as uncommon in the southern States and ranges Pennsylvania and Ohio. Heterocampa obliqua (2) The Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 2, $ insect occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian . subregion. (3) Heterocampa umbrata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 26, $ . Syn. semiplaga Walker; pulverea Grote & Robinson; athereo Harris. The moth is rather common in the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic as Heterocampa (4) far west manteo as the Mississippi. Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 2}, $ Syn. cinerascens Walker; subalbicans Grote. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last . mentioned. (5) Heterocampa biundata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. oltvatus Packard; mollis Walker. Like the preceding species, this is a native of the eastern portion of our territory, and occurs from Canada southward to Georgia. (6) Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 24, 6 . Syn. turbida Walker; associata Walker; ulmi Harris. Not uncommon in the eastern States. Genus (1) MISOGADA Walker Misogada unicolor Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 21, ?. Syn. marina Packard; cinerea Schaus (non Packard) sobria Walker. inhabits the It This is the sole species of the genus. ; Appalachian subregion. 297 Notodontidae Genus The only EUHYPARPAX Beutenmuller species of the genus as yet known is that to which Beutenmuller applied the name rosea. It is a native of Colorado, and is tions, as yet very rare in collec- only one the specimen, type, being known. This is found in the collection of the American Museum Fig. i8o.-Euhyparpax rosea, of NewY ork. rosy red in shown in Natural History in The moth is pale color, and marked as which was drawn from the type by Mrs. the cut, Beutenmuller. Genus IANASSA Walker (i) Ianassa lignicolor Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 19, ?. Syn. virgata Packard; lignigera Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. other species, both of them inhabiting the southwestern portions Two of our territory, are known Genus (1) to belong to the genus. SCHIZURA Doubleday Schizura ipomceae Doubleday, form cinereofrons Pack- ard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 13, $. widely distributed throughout the United States. Several subspecific or varietal forms have been described, and a number of synonyms have been created for the species. For a The species is knowledge of these the reader may refer to the Monograph by Professor Packard, to which allusion has already been made. (2) 15. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3Syn. nitida Packard. is also a widely distributed species. This The larva feeds upon the Rosacea. (3) 17, Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3. Syn. edmandsi Packard; humilis Walker; conspecta Henry Edwards. is a very common Its species of wide distribution. This habits are much the same as those of the last mentioned. 298 Notodontidae Schizura badia Packard, (4) Syn. signtficata Walker. The habitat of the species is Plate XXXIX, Fig. 14, ? . the Appalachian subregion. Schizura leptinoides Grote, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 16, $. Syn. mustelina Packard. The insect ranges through the Atlantic States westward to the (5) Mississippi. HYPARPAX Genus Hyparpax aurora Abbot & (1) Hubner Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3. A, Syn. rosea Walker; venusta Walker. The moth occurs common in Virginia in the Appalachian subregion, but is more than elsewhere, so far as the observations of the writer extend. Hyparpax venus Neumoegen, (2) The habitat of the insect is XXXIX, Plate Fig. 3, <* . Colorado. Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 28, $ insect has thus far been reported only from Florida. I am indebted to Mr. Beutenmuller for the loan of the specimen, which (3) . The is figured upon the plate. Genus CERURA Schrank both hemispheres. Two species are attributed to it as being found in the United States. (1) Cerura scitiscripta Walker, form multiscripta Riley, The genus Plate I, is found Plate Fig. 18, larva; The moth is known Genus in XXXIX, to occur from HARPYIA Fig. 12, New $ . to Mexico. England Ochsenheimer (1) Harpyia borealis Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 9, $ The range of the species is through the Appalachian subregion (2) Harpyia cinerea Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 8, ? The moth occurs almost everywhere throughout the United . . and southern Canada. States Harpyia scolopendrina (3) 11, 8 Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, . Syn. aquilonaris Lintner. Form albicoma Strecker, Plate 299 XXXIX, Fig, 10, $ . Fig. Notodontidae The insect is a denizen of Canada and the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. FENTONIA Genus (i) Fentonia marthesia Cramer, Plate XXXIX, The moth, which is by no means common, has through the Appalachian subregion. Genus 30.. $ . GLUPHISIA a wide range Boisduval XXXIX, Fig. Syn. clandestine^ Walker; trilineata Packard. distributed throughout the entire territory. Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. (1) 28, Fig. Packard; turbida Walker. tessella Syn. Butler Plate Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, $. Widely (2) 29, $ . Edwards; rupta Henry Edwards; formosa Syn. albofascia Henry Henry Edwards. The moth is found southern California and Arizona, as well in as in northern Mexico. (3) 27, $ Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIX, Fig. . Syn. danbyi Neumoegen The species, the wings, is which found avimacula Hudson ; is somewhat in the Genus (1) ; slossoni Packard. variable in the maculation of northern portions of our territory. ELLIDA Ellida caniplaga Walker, Plate Grote XXXIX, Fig. 31, $ . Syn. iransversata Walker; gelida Grote. The moth in Pennsylvania brood appears upon the wing is double-brooded. in the early spring. The first The cater- The second brood is feeds upon the linden {Tilia). matured about the end of July. The insect is not common in collections, because its habits have not been hitherto understood. pillar Genus (,) CARGIDA Schaus Cargida cadmia Guenee. Syn. obliquilinea Walker. The moth is a native of the Texas southward to southern States, and ranges from Costa Rica. 300 The cut which we give is I - .M i . Explanation of Plate XL (When not otherwise indicated, the specimens W. J. Holland.) figured are contained in the collection of i. 2. Hyperceschra stragula Grote, c? Heterocampa obliqua Packard, d 3. 4. 5. i7- - Tepper, Hypercrschra 9, U. S. N. M. Notodonta basitriens Q U. S. N. M. Notodonta simplaria U. S. N. M. , 8. Lophodonta ferruginea "Packard, 9. P he o si a d- ? d- 11. Edwards, d, U. S. N. M. Datana ministra Drury, d- 12. Datana an gu s i portlandia inclusa Melalopha 9. Hubner, & Abbot 21. Apatelodes angelica Grote, dHabrosyne scripta Gosse, d> 22. Euthyatira pudens Guenee, Merrick Collection. vanica Henry Grote Grote d , Datana 15. Robinson, dLophodonta angulosa Abbot Smith, d- Grote 9 Smith, 1 Merrick Collection. 25. P seudothyatira 26. Pseudothyatira 27. B omb y c i a tearli Henry 28. Hy par pax peroph oroides & expultrix Grote, '&. & & cymatophoroides Guenee, d- & Robinson, d14. perspicua Grote & Robinson, N. M. S. 24. Euthyatira pudens var. pennsyl- P he o sia Robinson, dintegerrima d, Apatelodes torrejacta Smith, d- 23- Datana Grote, strigosa N. M. 20. dimidiata Herrich- 10. 13. Fitch, Melalopha apicalis Walker, var. d, U. 19. 9 Hyperceschra georgica Herrich- Schaeffer, S. ornatq 7. Schaeffer, 18. Walker, Gragf, albosigma Melalopha U. Odontosia elegans Strecker, dtortuosa Melalopha d- 1 , 6. 16. Edwards, d, U. Strecker, Collection. d , S. N. M. Beutenmiiller The Moth Book. Plate XL Notodontidae drawn from the type of Walker's the British Museum. The insect though specimens coming from Fig. 181. numerous species, which is contained in is rare as yet in collections, Central America are far more Cargida cadmia, $ \. than specimens obtained from points within the limits of the United States. in cabinets Cargida pyrrha Druce, (2) The Plate XI, Fig. 15, S. insect occurs in southern Arizona Genus CRINODES and in Mexico. Herrich-Schaeffer Crinodes beskei Hubner, Plate XLI, Fig. 4, $. This very peculiar moth is the only representative of its genus which occurs within our territory. There are numerous species found in the tropics of the New World. The habitat of the present species is Arizona and Mexico. (1) NASU-NO TAKE Nasu-no Take is a volcano in the interior of Japan. Tora-san came into my room on the upper floor of the tea-house where we had made our stay while exploring the summit of the mounTora-san was my fidus tain, which was in eruption at the time. He could make an was "an honorable Achates. for he when necessity insect-box or repair a jinrickisha, He did not disdain, carpenter." demanded, to prove himself a capable cook, He could provide a meal of not his cailing. though this was "America-no Chow" or "Nippon-no Chow," the cuisine of Anglo-Saxon and of Japanese being alike familiar to him. He was best of all an enthusiastic entomologist, and much preferred "Danna-san," he said, sugaring for moths to making curries. "Nasu-no Take have got many moth Tokio no have got." "Yea, verily! good Tora-san." "Danna-san, 301 me catchee moth Nasu-no Take " With all ko komban sugar way. Danna-san go long ?" my " so it was arranged. And heart! Sayo! In the oak-forest below the tea-house we sugared the trees. When the night came on we went with our lanterns to the spot. The black shadows clung to the woodland path. As the lanterns went bobbing along the narrow way, each turn produced a weird and beautiful effect. The gnarled old pines, the oaks and the bamboos, the wild yams festooning the shrubbery, thrust moment into relief against the universal darkness, were fascinating to look upon. Here and there white lilies held up their stately blossoms, and starry flowers, from which the forth for a moths of fled as moving The effect along, bloomed everywhere. shrubbery and forest-growths is always we came lights in charming. But the captures of that night were more memorable than all the witchery of the strange and beautiful scenery in the midst of which we walked. The gems of our catch were a dozen perfect specimens of the great Snowy Underwing, the most beautiful as well as one of the rarest species of the splendid genus to which I never pull out the drawer in the cabinet, where it belongs. these things have rested full many a day since then, without How seeing visions and dreaming dreams of the happy past. much "globe-trotters" miss when they are not students of The memory of one such night spent in the wild woods nature! is worth the memory of weeks spent " The in palaces. insect legions, prank' d with gaudiest hues, and purple, swarm' d into existence. Pearl, gold Minute and marvellous creations these. some proudly shone Like living jewels; some grotesque, uncouth, And hideous Those lived deliciously on honey-dews, And dwelt in palaces of blossomed bells. ..... Millions millions, wing'd and plumed in front, dim atmosphere with hum and hurry. Pelican Island. Montgomery. on Fill'd the 302 FAMILY THYATIRID/E "Feeble though the insect be, Allah speaks through that to thee! As within the moonbeam I, God in glory sits on high, where countless planets Sits And from roll, thence controls the whole There with threads : thousand dyes Life's bewildered web he plies, And of the hand which holds them Lets not e'en the feeblest all fall." CEhlenschl^ger. The F. Aladdin's Lamp. family has been characterized as follows by Sir George in his Hampson, work upon the moths of India: "A family of moths resembling the Noctuidce in appearance. Proboscis present. Antennae usually rather thickened and flattened. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs, hind tibia with two pairs. Fore wing with vein \a short and slight, not forming a from the center of the discocellulars; fork with \b ; \c absent; 5 veins 7 and 8 stalked; and 9 and 10 stalked, and almost or quite anastomosing with veins 7 and 8 to form an areole. Hind wing with two internal veins; vein 5 from the center of the discocelluor generally from below the center; veins 6 and 7 given off not far from the base; 8 bent down and quite or almost lars, touching 7 after the bifurcation. Larva noctuiform, with five pairs of prolegs." Genus (1) Habrosyne The moth is HABROSYNE Hiibner scripta Gosse, Plate XL, Fig. 22, $ common locally in the northern States of . quite the Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the central portions of the Valley of the Mississippi. 303 Thyatiridae PSEUDOTHYATIRA Genus Grote Plate Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Guenee, (i) Fig. 25, 6 XL, . Form expultrix Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 26, $ The moth, which occurs in the two forms which we have . delineated on the plate, is a native of the northern portions of the It is Appalachian subregion. common in Pennsylvania. EUTHYATIRA Genus Smith Euthyatira pudens Guenee, Plate XL, Fig. 2}, $ Form pennsylvanica Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 24, $ The moth emerges in the very early spring, and may be found where it is common, seated about three inches from the end of . (1) . twigs in the woodlands, with its wings folded about the twig in such a way as to elude the observation of those who are not The form pennsylvanica is found in familiar with its habits. both sexes dimorphism. $ every brood. Genus It represents BOMBYCIA a curious case of Hubner improvisa Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Bombycia (1) 27, in Fig. . Syn. tearli The Henry Edwards. habitat of the insect is on the Pacific slope, in the northern portions of the coast ranges. 1 Then rapidly with foot as light As the young musk-roe's, out she To cull flew each shining leaf that grew Beneath the moonlight's hallowing beams this enchanted wreath of dreams, For Anemones and Seas of Gold, And new-blown And lilies of the river, those sweet flowrets that unfold Their buds on Camadeva's quiver." Thomas Moore. }Q4 Lalla Rookh. FAMILY LIPARID/E "The takes its It study of entomology is one of the most fascinating of pursuits. votaries into the treasure-houses of Nature, and explains some of the wonderful series of links which form the great chain of creation. It lays open before us another world, of which we have been hitherto unconscious, and shows us that the tiniest insect, so small perhaps that the unaided eye can scarcely see its work to do in the world, and does it." Rev. J. G. Wood. it, has The following the pages of Sir p. characterization of the family F. George is Hampson's "Moths of adapted from India," Vol. I, 432: ' A family of moths generally of nocturnal flight, though genera, as Aroa of the Eastern Hemisphere and Hemerocampa, are more or less diurnal in their habits. The perfect some insects are mostly clothed with long hair-like scales upon the The males have the antennae highly pectinated, the body. branches often having long terminal spines, and spines to retain them in position. The females often have a largely developed anal tuft of hair for covering the eggs. The proboscis is absent. The legs are hairy. The frenulum is present, except in the genus The fore wing with Ratarda, which does not occur in America. vein \a not anastomosing with \b ; \c absent except in Ratarda ; Hind wing with two internal 5 from close to lower angle of cell. veins; 5 from close to lower angle of cell, except in the eastern genera Ga^alina and Portbesia, 8 nearly touching 7 at middle of cell and connected with it by a bar. Larva hairy; generally clothed with very thick hair or with thick tufts of hair, and forming a cocoon into which these hairs are woven, they being Genus (1) Fig. often of a very poisonous nature.' GYN^PHORA Gynaephora rossi Curtis, Plate Hiibner XXXVIII, Fig. 10, $, 11,9. The genus is arctic, and the species 305 is found in the arctic Liparidae regions of America, the specimens figured having been received by the writer from Point Barrow in Alaska. NOTOLOPHUS Genus (i) Notolophus antiqua Germar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 18, $ . Syn. nova Fitch. The moth is found Europe and in northern portions of in the the United States and in Canada. Genus The HEMEROCAMPA Dyar genus are wingless, or have the wings at most rudimentary. The eggs are deposited in masses, generally upon the surface of the cocoon from which the female has The larvae are voracious feeders; and as the species emerged. females in this are generally very prolific, the insects inflict a great deal of dam- age upon vegetation. (i) Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. <$. 19. Syn. cana Henry Edwards gulosa Henry Edwards. ; The insect replaces on the Pacific coast the following species, which in its habits it closely resembles. Smith, Plate (2) Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & XXXVIII, Fig. 20, S, Fig. 21, ?. (The White-marked Tussock Moth.) Syn. letuographa Geyer ; intermedia Fitch ; borealis Fitch ; obliviosa Henry Edwards. The moth and its is widely distributed in the Appalachian subregion, ravages upon shade-trees and shrubbery are matter of familiar observation. The insect is northern double-brooded portions of brooded farther south. its range, The first in more the and triple- generation is matured from eggs which, having been deposited in the fall of the year, remain in situ upon the cocoons upon which they were deposited until they are hatched by the heat of the sunshine of spring. The caterpillars rapidly develop, and the second generation, which is always much more numerous than the first, begins to appear about the middle of July in the latitude of New York and Philadelphia. j$o6 Liparidae A follows third generation in the month of September. This generation lays the eggs from which the larvae which appear in the following spring are hatched. The female, as has already been stated, is wingless, and lives purpose of oviposition. Having laid her eggs, for the solely which she covers with the hairy abdomen, and mingles with the with deposits scales which she plucks from secretion, which she a viscid the which on drving becomes hard and eggs, and she dies. brittle, The young larva on being hatched has the power of spinning thin thread with which itself from place when of it its a silk, a lowers resting- disturbed, Fig. larva, sive molts. This power H. leucostigma. magnified; (After Rile y-> and by means of which dropped. b 183. is it c, a, female; b, young female pupa; d, male pupa. regains the place from lost as the insect develops which it has after succes- The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not The head is brilliant vermilion in color; the unbeautiful creature. is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupae of the two sexes, as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the body tufts moth are generally twice as large as those of the male. The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is female see to it that in the fall to and winter the cocoons, which may be found adhering to the twigs of trees and shrubs and secreted in the nooks and crannies of fences, are gathered together and destroyed. It is also useful to spray the Fig. 184. -i7. leucostigma. Larva of female moth. (After Riley.) 307 trees young which to attack foliage of are liable with any one Liparidse of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the purpose of destroying the larvae of this and other destructive insects The spraying should which attack our shade-trees. intervals when upward upon (3) the take place at to be are observed larvae young moving the trunks of the trees. Hemerocampa definita XXXVIII, Packard, Plate Fig. 3. 17. This species, which is northern Atlantic States. closely allied to the last, is found in the What has been said as to the habits of H. leucostigma applies also to Genus this insect. OLENE Olene achatina Abbot (1) Syn. parallela Grote & Hiibner & Smith, Robinson ; tephra Plate Hiibner XXXVIII, ; Fig. 9, $ . cinnamomea Grote & Robinson. The moth, which intensity of the dark is somewhat Appalachian subregion, but south than in the north. (2) 7, $ , is & the in somewhat more Olene leucophaea Abbot Fig. 8, ? variable markings upon the wings, is the in the frequent in Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. . Syn. basiflava Packard ; atrivenosa Palm ; manto Strecker. likewise a variable insect, the range of which tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species. This and style found is Genus PORTHETRIA is prac- Hiibner (1) Porthetria* dispar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 12,6, (The Gypsy Moth.) Fig. 13, ?. This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were allowed to escape through the window of the room in which Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in they were. their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul- and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of tiplied far 308 Liparidse which has been put forth, the insect appears to have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States, though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very great, owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by all the exertion the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance. PSILURA Genus (i) monacha Psilura Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 14, 6, Fig. 15, ? This is another insect which Europe, and is said to have been imported from reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the The specimens figured on our plate are from a is New World. brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place. Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domiciled in the region. Genus 16, EUPROCTIS (1) Euproctis chrysorrhcea $. (The Brown-tail Moth.) This insect, from Europe. Hiibner Linnseus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. two preceding species, is an importation has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston, like the It is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia, Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the-Sea. Massachusetts, and Genus The only DOA Neumcegen & Dyar species of the genus, native of Colorado, named ampla by Grote, is and ranges thence southward through Arizona to the higher mountain plateaus of Mexico. also occurs not infrequently in northwestern Texas. It may easily be recognized with the help of the It accompanying from a cut, specimen which is drawn Fig in the collection of the writer. Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair." Byron. Childe Harold, Canto 309 I. a Liparidae LEUCULODES Genus The genus thus Dyar represented in our fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst It is a applied the specific name lacteolaria. is native of Arizona. Fig. far The figure which is here- with given was drawn by the writer from the \&>.Lencuiodes type which is preserved in the United States lacteolaria, $ . \. National Museum. MOTH-SONG " What dost thou Thou dusky here, courtier, Within the pinky palace of the rose? Here is no bed for thee, No honeyed But for the spicery, golden bee, And the gay wind, and me, Its sweetness grows. Rover, thou dost forget Seek thou the passion-flower ; Bloom of one twilight hour. Haste, thou art late! Its hidden savors wait. For thee is spread Its soft, purple coverlet ; Moth, art thou sped ? Dim as a ghost he flies Thorough the night mysteries." Ellen Mackay Hutchinson Cortissoz 3IO FAMILY LASIOCAMPID/E "Now busily convened upon the bud That crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime, And spread their muslin canopy around, Pavilioned richer than the proudest kings." The Lasiocampidce have been characterized as follows by Sir F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 402: "Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally George Proboscis absent; eyes small; antennae bipectinate in both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to mid and hind tibiae and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein \a large. not forked with b ; \c rarely present; the cell medial in position; veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and from before the angle. Hind wing with two internal veins; 6 and 7, 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell; or connected with Frenulum absent. downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly accessory costal veinlets generally present. Larva with lateral often subdorsal tufts clothed with hair. Cocoon closely woven of silk and hair." Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as occurring within our faunal limits. GLOVERIA Genus Packard Gloveria arizonensis Packard, (1) Syn. dentata Henry Edwards. The moth (2) The (3) is found in Gloveria psidii Plate XLI, Fig. 3, ?. Arizona and northern Mexico. Salle, Plate habitat of the species the is XLI, Fig. same 2, $ . as that of the foregoing. Gloveria howardi Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 1, ?. figured on the plate is one of several which The specimen contained in the collection of the United States National 3 11 are Museum, Lasiocampidae and which constituted the material upon which the original description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar. Genus ARTACE Walker Artace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. (i) Syn. rubripalpis Felder. This rather rare little moth has its 5, $. habitat in the southern Atlantic States. Genus TOLYPE Hubner We Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. give illustrations of the one which ( 1 ) Tolype velleda The is species commonest. Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, $ , Fig. 8, ? . found throughout the Appalachian subregion. HYPOPACHA Genus The only is known species to Neumcegen & Dyar belong to genus was named The only specimen this grisea by Neumcegen. of which the writer has knowledge is the type which is contained in the collection of the Of this I have, through Brooklyn Institute. the kindness of the authorities of that institution, is Fig. 187. -Zf. 3 . grisea, $. been permitted to make in the annexed reproduced ^ c . . of the species is The species, Tent-caterpillar, ; is The habitat . Hubner Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, ?. frutetorum Boisduval. which " drawing, which cut. Arizona. MALACOSOMA Genus Malacosoma americana (1) Syn. decipiens Walker . a is commonly known as "The American widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosacea, and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards great white webs woven by the caterpillars are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruitgrower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil- as the wild cherry with avidity. The 512 Lasiocampidae lar not is pleasam to The contemplate. bets combat these to way destructive insects to is search for diligently their webs when they first are being formed, and cut to the off branches to which they are attached and burn them. By following method this carefully, may be their ravages held in check. Malacosoma (2) californica Packard, Plate X, Fig. n, $. Syn. psendoneustria Boisduval. The is in species, which habits very its closely allied preceding, has its Fig. 188. M. americana. larva b, dorsal view of larva the to ; d, cocoon. home upon the (3) Fig. 9, Stretch ; ; Pacific coast. ; disstria Hiibner, form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Syn. sylvatka Harris Neumcegen c, (After Riley.) Malacosoma $ view of mass of eggs a, lateral ; & Dyar perversa The moth ; drupacearum Boisduval Plate Fig. ; 10 X, , 6 . thoracicoides thoracica sylvaticoides Neumcegen & Dyar Neumcegen & Dyar. is universally distributed through the ; ; United States and Canada. variable, and a number It appears to be rather of subspecies or varietal forms have been recognized. Many of the races, if such they can be called, differ so little from the typical stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard the names which have been applied to them as other than synonyms. Fig. 189. M, disstria, larva. Riley.) (After The habits of the larvae are almost identical with those of the species to which reference has already been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the 313 Lasiocampidae although they also Rosacea?, times feed upon other trees. at hickories of various species and the walnuts are not The exempt from their ravages. The writer has never observed them feeding upon birch, or beeches. oaks, An ex- cellent account of the hab- of these creatures may its be found in souri Reports, Riley's Mis- Number 111, from which the illustrations here given have been Fig. moth ; igo.Af. c, disstria. a, egg viewed from top from side; c, d, ; have been recommended Genus egg mass; b, eggs viewed taken. The means of holding the insects in d, (After Riley.) magnified. in check are the same which the case of M. americana. HETEROPACHA (i) Heteropacha rileyana The moth is not uncommon Harvey Harvey, Plate VIII, Fig. 7 $. the Valley of the Mississippi, ranging from western Pennsylvania to Kansas and Missouri, and into Texas. southward Genus (1) Fig. 20, in EPICNAPTERA Rambur Epicnaptera americana $ Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 19, 6, . Syn. occidentis Walker ; carpinifolia Boisduval. There are a number of color forms of this insect which have received names, and which appear to be local races of some meaWe have given sure of stability in the regions where they occur. in our plate the form which is common in the Mississippi Valley. The specimens figured were bred from larvae reared by Mr. Tallant at Columbus, Ohio. " The Baron was an Both the Fontenettes thought we should entomologist. be fascinated with the beauty of some of his cases of moths and butterflies." G. W. Carle 3M IJX selnU) I. M m .w .U .3 V. L' , 9 .7/ adi to .*T; ' . i . .u .a ,rro^f! , : : fi .'* <>[) . - ' I .r .'w\Y[ .'nr.A .8 -,... ' : r O V\ .oi ''" si ' >.' " M M .Jp .7. .3 9 it ' .U .di .os ,ain A Q. lO .is . G .4-- m Explanation of Plate XLI (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Gloveria howardi Dyar, 9 U. S. N. M. Gloveria psidii Salle, <3\ U. S. N. M. , $ U. S. N. M. Crinodes beskei Hiibner, (J Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, $ Oreta irrorata Packard, $ Falcaria bilineata Packard, 9 Gloveria arizonensis Packard, , 1 . . . . Eurycyttarus confederate Grote Cossus undosus Lintner, Q & 1 Robinson, (J . . 17. Prionoxystus robinice Peck, 9 Prionoxystus robinice Peck, tf\ Thyridopteryx ephemercejormis Haworth, (J Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, e? Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, c? Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, c?\ U. S. N. M. Hepialus lemberti Dyar, J* U. S. N. M. Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, 9- 18. A on 19. 20. Epicnaptera americana Harris, c?. Epicnaptera americana Harris, 9 21. Lacosoma 22. 23. Drepana genicula Grote, Drepana arcuata Walker, 24. Oreta rosea Walker, jo. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. . 1 . . . , noctuiformis Neumcegen, c? chiridota Grote, 9 . 1 cJ . 1 cJ . 1 (J . . The Moth Book. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. Plate XLI. HOLLAND, 1903, AMEB'CAN C0L9RTYPE CO., N Y. . CHI. FAMILY BOMBYCID/E " And thou, the insect of an hour, O'er Time to triumph wouldst pretend With nerves of grass wouldst brave the power Beneath which pyramids must bend! " ; Carl Gustaf Af Leopold. The Bombycidee were originally confined to the Asiatic contiand more particularly to the southeastern portions of that The family is quite small and includes only a great land mass. few genera. Of these the genus Bombyx is the only one which is well known. The family has been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," nent, Vol. I, p, }\ : "Proboscis absent, palpi rather small or absent; antennae Frenulum bipectinated in both sexes; legs hairy, without spurs. absent; vein 5 of both wings from or from above the middle of the discocellulars; veins 7, 8, and 9 of the fore wing generally more or less bent downward; vein \a forming or not forming with \b\ \c absent or present. Hind wing with two or three internal veins; vein 8 arising from the base of 7, or free from the base with a bar between them; the inner margin irreg- a fork and in part turned over. Larva elongate and not hairy; dorsal humps on some of the somites, or a horn on the terminal somite, or paired dorsal ular spines. Cocoon formed of fine Genus (1) Bombyx mori silk of great commercial value." BOMBYX Linnaeus Linnaeus. The silk-worm of commerce is not known to exist in a feral where it is now most commonly or wild state in the regions 315 Bombycidae reared. The In this respect caterpillar, it is like many other domesticated of which a figure Fig. 191. Larva of is Bombyx animals. herewith given, feeds upon mori. (After Riley.) the leaves of the white mulberry, and will also feed freely upon Osage orange, an American hedge-plant. The the leaves of the was introduced an early date into the American colonies, but its insect at culture has not as yet risen in the to great proportions, though the manufacture of silk from New World imported material is at the present day an important American industry. Fig. 192. Cocoon of B. mori. The (After Riley.) and maintained where in which might be is best an industry undertaken the Southern States of the American Union, climatic conditions are linas and Georgia appear to nish the best culture of silk climate for wholly favorable to it. The Caro- fur- the development of this industry, and it is believed by those who are most conversant with the matter that in time the rearing of the silkworm may become in these States an exceedingly important and branch of industry. profitable Southern California and Arizona are also likely to silk may be become centers in Moth of B. mori. Fig. 193. (After Riley.) which the growing of raw successfully pursued. THE HISTORY OF SILK-CULTURE The by greater portion of the silk of commerce is produced The in the larvae of the moth known as Bombyx mori. 316 Bombycidae through ages of human culture, has become thoroughly domesticated. It has been wrongly maintained that the moth sect, known as Tbeopbtla buttoni, and which is found in China and western India, is the ancestral or feral form from which the domesticated Bombyx mori has been derived. The common silkworm does not exist in a wild state anywhere so far as is known, and is as much a domestic animal as the Jersey cow or the grey- hound. Chinese literature clearly shows that the silk-industry The Emperor Hwang-Ti, whose that country. the eighteenth century B.C., fostered the culture of and his empress, Si-Ling-Chi, who gave her personal atten- originated in was in reign silk, tion to the breeding of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk, was deified in consequence, and is reputed to be "the goddess The methods of securing the silk and weaving from it were held secret by the Chinese for nearly two thousand years, and only after ages was a knowledge of the art transmitted to Corea, and thence to Japan. Silk in very small of silk-worms." fabrics quantities was imported into Greece and Rome from China by way of Persia. Aristotle was the first writer in Europe to give a correct account of the manner in which silk is produced. He is supposed to have derived his information from those who had accompanied Alexander the Great on his victorious march into India. The price of silken fabrics in the West at the beginning of the Christian era, owing to the cost of transportation, was so great that only the very rich could possess garments of this material. Their use was restricted to wealthy women. For a man to use silken clothing was esteemed a sign of luxurious Under the reigns of Tiberius, Vespasian, and effeminacy. Diocletian the use of silken apparel by men was positively interdicted; but gradually, with the increase of importation of raw from Persia and its manufacture into stuffs in Asia Minor and silk elsewhere, the habit of using it grew, and its cost was slowly lowered. Under the reign of the Emperor Justinian, in the sixth century, positive steps to foster sericulture as an imperial monopSilk-looms operated by women were estaboly were taken. lished in the palace at Constantinople, and Justinian endeavored, in view of the loss of the supply of raw silk brought about by a war with Persia, to him supplies of the induce the Prince of Abyssinia to secure to article by a circuitous route. 317 Relief was finally Bombycidae brought to the embarrassed imperial manufacturer when two who had lived long in China and had learned all the processes of silk-culture, were induced to go back to that Nestorian monks, far-away land and bring to Constantinople a stock of the eggs of As it was among the Chinese a capital offense to the silk-worm. reveal the secrets of the trade or to export the eggs from which the worms are hatched, the two priests had to proceed with the They concealed the eggs in the hollows of the which they carried as pilgrims. From these eggs, utmost caution. bamboo staffs thus transported to Constantinople in a.d. 555, all of the silkworms in Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, and America until as It was not until the last-menrecently as 1865 were descended. tioned year that any importation of fresh eggs of the silk-worm from China took place. Those two bamboo sticks held within themselves the germ of a vast industry, countless costly wardrobes, the raiment of kings, queens, and emperors, and untold wealth. From the time of Justinian onward the growth of silk-culture It was introduced into Greece and Asia Minor was rapid. It Spain by the Saracens at the beginning of the eighth century. found lodgment in Sicily and Naples in the twelfth century, and It was in the next century was taken up in Genoa and Venice. in not begun in France until the latter part of the sixteenth century, but in the seventeenth century it made great progress in France, The weaving of silk had as well as in Belgium and Switzerland. begun at an earlier date than this in France, Germany, and Eng- Attempts made to introduce the culture of the mulberrytree and of the silk-worm in Great Britain have always signally The climate appears to be against the industry. James I, failed. who had failed in his attempts to foster sericulture in England, undertook to plant the industry in Virginia m 1609. But the eggs land. and mulberry-trees he sent out were lost by shipwreck. In 1619 and the years immediately following the attempt was renewed, and the raising of silk-worms was enjoined by statute and enIn spite of every effort, little came of the attempt, the colonists finding the growth of tobacco to be far more profitable. In Georgia and the Carolinas similar attempts couraged by bounties. were made, and from 1735 were exported to Engfrom these colonies. From to 1766 there land considerable quantities of raw 318 silk Bombycidae Sericulture was at this time 1760 onward the industry declined. taken up in Connecticut and flourished there more than anywhere many years, though the raw silk was not exported, but woven on the spot into various fabrics. The production of raw silk in Connecticut for many years amounted to a sum of not less than $200,000 annually. In 1830 an effort was made to introduce else for into the United States the so-called Chinese mulberry (Moms A popular craze in regard to this plant and the multicaulis). Fabulous prices were paid profits of silk-culture was begotten. for cuttings of the Morns multicaulis, as much even as five dolHundreds of people twigs less than two feet in length. to believe that the possession of a grove of these trees would be the avenue to fortune. But in 1839 the bubble burst, and lars for came persons who had invested the whole of their small earnings were ruined. It was discovered that the trees would not withstand frost and were practically worthless, as compared with the white mulberry (Morus alba). "Colonel Mulberry Sellers" remains in American literature a reminder of those days, and of the many visionary tendencies of certain of our people. The manufacture of silk thread and of silken fabrics was begun the United States at an early date. Machinery for reeling, throwing, and weaving silk was invented, and the importation of raw silk was begun. The industry has steadily grown until at in the present time silk-manufacture has come to be an important industry, in which nearly a hundred millions of dollars are invested. sum even The annual production of silken goods amounts to a employed and gives employment to seventy-five thousand persons. So much for the industrial importance of one small species of those insects to which this volume is devoted. greater than the capital was brown with a golden gloss, Janette, was finer than silk of the floss, my pet 'T was a beautiful mist falling down to your wrist, 'T was a thing to be braided, and jewelled, and kissed It It ; 'T was the loveliest hair in the world, pet." Charles G. Halpine. 319 Janette's Hair. FAMILY PLATYPTERYGID/E " Above the wet and tangled swamp White vapors gathered thick and damp, And through their cloudy curtaining Flapped many a brown and dusky wingPinions that fan. the moonless dun, ut fold them at the rising sun." Whittier. The family has been described as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 326: "Small or moderate-sized moths of somewhat slender build, generally with the apex of the fore wing falcate. Palpi slender Fore and slightly scaled, often very minute. vein \b forked at the base; \c absent; 5 from close to Hind wing with one or two internal the lower angle of cell. wing with veins; \a short when present; 5 from near lower angle of cell; the discocellulars angled; the origin of veins 6 and 7 before the cell; 8 bent down and nearly or quite touching 7. Larva smooth, with the anal prolegs absent, except in the genus Eucbera;* the anal somite usually with a long process, angle of the others often humped. Cocoon spun among leaves." EUDEILINEA Genus The only fauna It is is Packard species of the genus the one a rather rare known in our named herminiata by Guenee. little moth in collections, being probably overlooked by collectors on account of its insignificant size and its general resemblance to Fig. 194herjniniata, E. $ . 4-. 1 commoner species. It is , subregion. * Not American. 320 found in the Appalachian Platypterygidse Genus ORETA Walker (i) Oreta rosea Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 24, ?. Syn. americana Herrich-Schseffer formula Grote. ; The moth is a native of the eastern portions (2) Oreta irrorata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. The range of this species is coincident with Genus (1) DREPANA Drepana arcuata Walker, of our territory. $ 6, . that of the last. Schrank Plate XLI, Fig. 2}, $. Syn. fabula Grote. Form genicula Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 22, 6 The species, which is dimorphic, inhabits The form genicula occurs in the subregion. arcuata in the summer. Genus The genus . the Appalachian spring, the form FALCARIA Haworth common to both hemispheres. Falcaria bilineata Packard, Plate XLI, The insect, which is by no means common, is Fig. 7, ?. is a native of the (1) eastern portion of our territory. TRANSFORMATION " Who that beholds the summer's Ten thousand thousand glistering In volant dance of mix'd rotation play, Bask in the beam, and beautify the day Who 'd think Were Prone swarms, gaily gilded forms, ; these airy wantons, so adorn, late his vile antipathy and scorn, to the dust, or reptile thro' the mire, And ever thence unlikely to aspire ? Or who with transient view, beholding, loaths Those crawling sects, whom vilest semblance cloaths; Who, with corruption, hold their kindred state, As by contempt, or negligence of fate ; Could think, that such, revers'd by wondrous doom, Sublimer powers and brighter forms assume ; From death their future happier life derive, And tho' apparently entomb'd, revive ; Chang'd, thro' amazing transmigration And wing rise, unwonted skies So late depress'd, contemptible on earth, Now elevate to heaven by second birth." Henry Brooke. the regions of 321 ; Universal Beauty. FAMILY GEOMETRID/H "... The sylvan powers Obey our summons from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild ; And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And But Of Or purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, round ten thousand forms minute scatter velvet moss or rifted oak or cavern deep from rock lichen, torn the Naiads too : Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face the lily, and each sedge and rush They crop That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer's tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute." J. The Geometridce Taylor. Norwich, 1818. and universally distributed There is no country where there is any vegefamily of moths. tation where they do not occur. Even in the inhospitable regions of the far North, upon the verge of the eternal ice, they may be found. They are more or less frail in their habit, with conare a very large siderable expanse of wing in proportion to the size of the body. They are semidiurnal or crepuscular. They have been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson: "... Proboscis present or rarely absent. Legs and tarsi Fore slender, elongate, and naked, or slightly clothed with hair. wing with vein \a forming a fork with \b. \c absent; vein 5 from or from above middle of the discocellulars, 7 rising from 8, Hind wing with the frenulum usually present, but absent in 9. a few genera. Vein \a very short, apparently absent in some forms; vein \b running to anal angle; \c absent. developed precostal spur. }22 8 with a well- Geometric! ae Larvce with the three anterior pairs of abdominal claspers totally aborted, and progressing by bringing the posterior somites close to the thoracic, looping the medial somites. In a few ancestral forms there is to tendency develop additional prolegs and more ordinary mode of progression." The larvae, which are commonly known as "measuring" worms," "span-worms," or loopers," have the power in many to a of attaching themselves by the posterior claspers to the stems and branches of plants, and extending the remainder of the body outwardly at an angle to the growth upon which they are cases which attitude they wonderfully resemble short twigs. Dichromatism is often revealed among them, part of a brood of caterpillars being green and the remainder brown or yellowish. Various explanations of this phenomenon have been suggested. In not a few cases the females are wingless. Over eight hundred species of Geometridce are known to occur within the limits of the United States and Canada, and when the region shall have been exhaustively explored, there is little doubt that this number will be greatly increased. It is impossible within the limits of this book to mention and depict all of these species. We have therefore confined ourselves to the description through our plates of one hundred and seventy species, which are either more commonly encountered, or are possessed of some striking character. Incidentally occasion has been taken to figure a few of the types of species in the collection of the author which have never before been delineated. The student who desires to familiarize himself with the family with which we are now dealing will derive much assistance from the writings of Packard and Hulst, the titles of which he will find in the portion of the Introduction of this book devoted resting, in to the literature of the subject. SUBFAMILY DYSPTERIDIN/E Genus (i) DYSPTERIS Dyspteris abortivaria 21,6. (The Bad-wing.) This pretty little moth that the hind wings Hiibner Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, Fig. may be much are so 3*3 easily recognized by the fact smaller than the fore wings. Geometridae It is is the only species of the genus found within our territory. uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. It not NYCTOBIA Genus Three species belong Hulst One to this genus. of them is selected for illustration. Nyctobia limitata Walker, (i) Syn. lobophorata Walker The habitat of this tioned species. It is ; Plate XLII, Fig. 22, $. vernata Packard. moth not at is all identical with that of the last-men- uncommon Genus CLADORA Pennsylvania. Hulst Cladora atroliturata Walker, (1) in Plate XLII, Fig. 23, S. (The Scribbler.) Syn. geminata Grote A & Robinson. of species, which is the sole representative The moths may be found in the early in our fauna. neatly marked the genus spring seated upon the trunks of trees in the forest. It is a native of the Appalachian subregion. RACHELA Genus Dr. Hulst. Hulst genus have been characterized by the late The only one which occurs in the eastern portions Four species of of the continent this we figure. Rachela bruceata Hulst, Plate XLII, Fig. 24, $ The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. (1) uncommon in . It is not western Pennsylvania. SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENIN/E PALEACRITA Genus Riley There are reputed to be three species of the genus found in the United States. Only one of them, because of its economic importance, has received (1) $ . much attention thus Paleacrita vernata Peck, Plate XLII, far. Fig. 25, S , Fig. 26, (The Spring Canker-worm.) Syn. sericeiferata Walker ; autumnata Packard There are two insects these, known the smaller of the two, is 324 as ; merricata Dyar. canker-worms. properly named One of the Spring Geometridae Canker-worm, because the great majority of from the ground in the spring. It has been orchards, and formerly in our Eastern cities was nuisance, not a because of the injury which it moths the a great issue pest in only inflicted upon the foliage of shade-trees, but because of the annoying manner in which the larvae, pendent from the branches by long threads of silk, were blown about over things and persons beneath them. It was to effect their de- Fig. nata. Paleacrita 195. a, ver- mature larva; b, egg, magnified, natural size shown in mass at side c, enlarged segment of larva, side view d, ; struction that the English sparrow was originally imported into this country. The ravages of the insects upon the foliage of trees in parks and gardens since this step was taken, but in the ; do., viewed dorsally. (After Riley.) have measurably decreased open country, especially in the Valley of the Mississippi, the insects are still numerous enough to do much harm The females to orchards. apterous, the best method of preventing the being FlG. 196. Paleacrita vernata. a, male; b, female c, joint of antenna d, joint of abe, ovipositor. (After Riley.) ; domen multiplication of the insects ; upon them ; upon the proved very effective, which is to tie from is to prevent climbing up A simple device, which has a piece of rope about the trunk and ovipositing. foliage trees intended to protect, and to insert between the rope and the bark strips of tin, which, having been put into place, should be bent downwardly and outwardly, so as to form of the tree a collar with a it is downward flare. The insects have been found not to be inclined to pass such a barrier, and they will congregate Birds just below it, and may there be captured and destroyed. are the chief enemies of the canker-worm, and every wise or- chardist will see to species of insectivorous birds are not molested his that all neighborhood, but are encouraged to find in The small amount of fruit hospitable welcome. the birds take as toll is amply compensated for by the trees which in his it a work which they perform in keeping 32 5 down insect pests, such as Geometridas the one under consideration. is It the part of wisdom in every to protect the birds. way The canker-worm is widely distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific Genus ALSOPHILA Hubner Only one species of the genus occurs within our limits. (i) Alsophila pometaria Harris. (The Fall Canker-worm.) Syn. restitnens Walker. The Fall Canker-worm in many respects closely resembles the preceding species, but a critical eye can at once detect great differences both in the form and markings of the caterpillar and mature of the The moths insect. generally emerge from the pupal state in the late fall, or during mild spells of weather in the winter, continue to and may even come forth until the spring is well advanced. The eggs are not laid as those of the preceding species, singly under the scales of bark, FlG. 197. side view; of segment ment //, Alsophila pometaria. a, but are deposited in a compact mass fastened to the egg, do., top view; c, side view of larva; d, top view of segof larva; f, mature larva; g, pupa; b, cremaster. twigs by a strong gluey secretion, and are loosely cov- (After Riley.) ered with gray hairs, which the female rubs from her abdomen. The caterpillars are not ornamented on the back by a multitude of fine lines, but have a broad brown stripe along the dorsal line. The moths have are larger than those of the Spring a distinct whitish spot Canker-worm, and on the costa of the primaries near the apex. The cater- undergoes but two molts, and matures very pillar rapidly. prolegs somite. It has rudimentary the eighth ms^ e on ' <"> -A. pometaria. female antenna d, segment of body (After Riley.) of female, enlarged. ; The precautionary measures which have proved effective in combating the Spring Canker-worm are not efficacious in dealing with this species. To effectively destroy them the best means is to spray the foli326 Geometridae buds are opening, with some one of the poisonous mixtures which are prepared as insecticides. One of the age, just as the very best means of keeping down the ravages of the insects is to encourage the cherry-birds (Ampelis) to stay about the place. They wage relentless war upon the pests. Genus EUDULE Eudule mendica Walker, (i) Hubner Plate XL1I, Fig. 2y, 6 . (The Beggar.) Syn. biseriata Herrich-Schseffer. This delicate little moth is widely distributed throughout the It has been Appalachian subregion. commonly placed in the genus Eupbaiiessa. (2) Eudule unicolor Robinson, Plate XL1I, Fig. 28, $ . (The Plain-colored Eudule.) The insect, which has been in most lists attributed to the genus Ameria, ranges from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Genus NANNIA Nannia refusata Walker, (1) Hulst Plate XLII, Fig. 31, ?. (Har- vey's Geometer.) Syn. harveiata Packard. This is a common species in the spring of the year in the northern Atlantic States. Genus (1) HETEROPHLEPS Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schseffer Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, Fig. 29, $. (The Three-spotted Fillip.) Syn. quadrinotala Walker; hexaspilata Walker. This pretty moth little entire United States, preceding species in Genus and is widely distributed throughout the very generally associated with the locality and time of appearance. is TEPHROCLYSTIS Hubner composed for the most part 01 small and inconspicuous species. It is found in both hemispheres. select, for purposes of illustration, one of the commoner This is a very extensive genus, We species, which is found in both Europe and America. 32 1 Geometridae (i) 6. Tephroclystis absinthiata Clerck, Plate XLII, Fig. 32, (The Absinth.) Syn. minutata Treitschke notata Stephens ; elongata ; Haworth absynthiata ; Guenee; coagulata Guenee; geminata Packard. This inconspicuous little creature illustrates the truth of the remark, already made, that the smaller the insect the more and the lengthier the names which it bears or which have been im- posed upon it. EUCYMATOGE Genus Eucymatoge (1) Syn. impleta Walker The moth ; Hubner intestinata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 30, ?. indoctrinata Walker. almost universally distributed throughout the It is found in the spring of the year seated upon United States. the trunks of trees, the gray bark of which it assimilates in is color. Genus The genus brica Curtis is VENUSIA common is found in Curtis to both hemispheres. Europe and the United Venusia cam- Two States. other species of the genus occur in our territory, and of both of these we give figures. (1) 15, Venusia duodecimlineata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 6. The moth is very widely, if not 'throughout temperate North America. (2) distributed Venusia comptaria Walker, Syn. condensate Walker Packard. The universally, species is inclinataria ; common Plate XLII, Fig. 55, 6 Walker inclinata Hulst perlineata . ; ; the eastern portions of the United in States. Genus (1) EUCHCECA Hubner Euchceca albovittata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 19, $. (The White-striped Black.) Syn. propriaria Walker The moth ; reciprocata Walker. found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and ranges have obtained specimens taken at well up into Alaska, whence Sitka and on Lake Labarge, in the Valley of the Yukon. is I (2) Euchceca californiata Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 20, $. (The Californian Black.) The moth inhabits the Pacific States. 328 Geometridae Euchceca lucata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 6, $ (The Woodland Black.) The insect is distributed from western Pennsylvania and West (3) . Virginia to Illinois, and northward about Pittsburgh. Genus Hydria undulata (1) to Manitoba. HYDRIA It is not rare Hiibner Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 34, ?. (The Scallop-shell Moth.) This neatly marked species America. It is Genus The is found in both Europe and the only species of the genus in the United States. PHILEREME species of this genus are all Hiibner Western in their habitat. Philereme californiata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 36, $. The specimen figured was taken on the slopes of Mt. Shasta. (1) EUSTROMA Genus Hiibner quite an extensive genus found in both the New World and the Old. Of the nine species recognized thus far as occurring This is within the United States, we figure three. (1) Eustroma diversilineata Hiibner, Plate XLII, Fig. 42, $ . (The Diverse-line Moth.) is not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 53, $ (The The moth (2) . Plum Moth.) Syn. ribesiaria Boisduval The (3) ; triangidatum Packard ; montanatum Packard. found in both Europe and North America. Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 43, $ insect is . (The Dark-banded Geometer.) A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. It is one of the most beautiful of the geometrid moths found in the Atlantic States. Genus RHEUMAPTERA Hiibner A genus of moderate size, the species of which are found in the temperate and boreal regions of both hemispheres. (1) Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 40, 8, ?, var. (The Spear-mark.) The species is very variable, and half a dozen forms have been named. The only differences existing between these forms are Fig. 41, 329 Geometric! je amount of black and white upon the upper side of The moth is found all through northern Europe and in the relative the wings. Asia, and is widely distributed through the northern United States and Canada as far west as Alaska, where it is very common. (2) Rheumapteraluctuata Denis & Fig. 39, $ The remarks made well to the present. numbers from Alaska. (3) Schiffermuller, Plate XL11, . as to the preceding species apply equally have received I it Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata recent years in great in Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 38,5. The moth of the Pacific States. a native is Genus PERCNOPTILOTA Hulst North America by a single species, represented Percnoptilota fluviata Hubner, which is shown on Plate XLII, The moth also occurs in Europe Fig. 48, by a male specimen. and northern Asia, and has been described under at least fifteen different names. The synonymy is too extensive to burden the This genus in is pages of this book with Genus it. MESOLEUCA Hubner an extensive genus found in the temperate regions ot the northern hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic. This (1) is Mesoleuca The ruficillata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 21, $. is the northern United States and habitat of the species southern Canada. (2) Mesoleuca gratulata Syn. brunneiciliata Packard. The (3) found Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 47, $ . . the Pacific subregion. Plate XLII, Fig. 50, ? not an uncommon species in Europe and the northern insect is in Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, This is . portions of the United States and in Canada. (4) Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 49, ? The moth occurs in the Atlantic States. Mesoleuca . hersiliata (5) Syn. flammifera Walker. Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 46, $ The home Rocky Moun- tains. It is of the species is in the region of the uncommon in Colorado. not 330 . Explanation of Plate XLII (The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of Holland.) i. 2. . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Palthis asopialis Guenee, 9 Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, (J Bomolocha manalis Walker, 9 Bomolocha batiimoralis Guenee, 9 Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, cf. Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, cf. Bomolocha bijugalis walker, cf Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, cf. Bomolocha toreuta Grote, (J Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, 9 Bomolocha edictalis Walker, c?. Hypena hamuli Harris, cf. . . 1 9. 10. 11. 12. . Vtuvnuli var., r? 13. 14. Hypena 15. 16. Nycteola lininerana Speyer, cf Brcphos infans Mceschler, 9 Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, cf Melanchrota geometfoides Walker, tf 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. . Plathypena scabra Fabricius, cf . . . Melanchroia cephise Cramer, rf . . Sphacelodcs vulneraria Hiibner, tf Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schsefier, J*. Nyctobia limitata Walker, tf Cladora alroliturata Walker, r? Rachela brucella Hulst, Paleacrita vernata Peck, tf Paleacrita vernata Peck, 9 . $ . Eudule mendica Walker, $ Eudule unicolor Robinson, cf . . Hsteroplileps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, J*. Eucymaioge iniestinata Guenee, ,9 . Nannia refusaia Walker, rf Tephroclystis absintlnata Clerck, . Venusia comptaria Walker, <$ Hydria undulata Linnesus, 9 Hydriomena latirupta Walker, Philereme caUfomiata Packard, cf. . tf. c? . Gypsochro siicllata Guenee, rf R'.wumaptera rubrosujfusata Packard, rj Rlieumaptsra Itictuata Denis & Schiffermuller, <$. i 1 . Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, cj Rheumaptera hastata Linneeus, var. Eusiroma diver silineata Hiibner, cf Eustroma atrocoloraia Grote, rf 1 . cj. . . Gypsochroa designata Hufnagel, Triphosa progressata Walker, tf Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee, rj Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, c?. c?. . 1 . Percnoptilota fluviata Hiibner, c? Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, c?. Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, 9 . Hydriomena autumnalis Stromeyer, Hydriomena speciosata Packard, cJ Eustroma prima ta Linnaeus, J Hydriomena sordidata Fabricius, cj. cj*. 1 1 . . W. J. The Moth Book. Plate XLII. M 10 12 13 21 18 20 * 28 /i 29 27 26 25 I. * f * ,1 l.-j , 4 :'' ML * 30 *vl C* ** Wf 32 31 43 36 44 42 W3W ^agF 43 45 $&i* 52 47 53 51 54 49 COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND AMERICAN COLORTYPE CO., N.Y. & CHI. Geometridae Genus HYDRIOMENA Hubner This is a very extensive genus, which is well represented in the temperate portions of both the Eastern and the Western There are nearly Hemisphere. reported to occur in thirty species which have been our fauna. sordidata Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 54, ? (i) birivata Borkhausen. Syn. rectangulata Fabricius bicolorata Borkhausen Hydriomena . ; ; The insect is found all over the northern United States and Various varietal forms have Canada, and is common in Europe. been described, based upon differences, more or less constant, in the markings of the wings. Hydriomena autumnalis (2) Stromeyer, Plate XLII, Fig. 5'. 6". another species which is found in Europe, and also It has an exthe Pacific subregion of North America. tensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may This occurs is in Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue of the Moths of the PalaeRegion, or to Dyar's List. (3) Hydriomena speciosata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. 52, $ The home of this pretty species is in the southwestern por- refer to arctic . tions of the United States. occurs It in Texas, Arizona, and southern California. Hydriomena (4) Syn. lascinata Zeller. The insect is latirupta Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 35, S found almost everywhere in . the United States and Canada. (5) $ , Hydriomena custodiata upper side ; 11, Fig. 6 , under Guenee, Plate XLIII, 10, Fig. side. Syn. gneneata Packard. The moth is an inhabitant of the Pacific subregion. Genus TRIPHOSA Stephens (1) Triphosa progressata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 45, Syn. indnbitata Grote dubitata Packard. $ . ; The species occurs in the northern portions of the Pacific subregion. " Soft-buzzing Slander silly moths that eat honest name." Thomson. Liberty^ Pt. IV, 609. ; An 33 1 G;:rr. etrida CCENOCALPE Hubner Genus is a moderately large genus, almost all the species of are found in the Pacific subregion or in the southwestern This .::. portions of the United Sta: Ccenocalpe gibbocostata W.;ker. (i) The moth is one of the cies :V- [ Plate XLIII, Fig. 16, 3 . of the genus found in the Atlantic States. s . . found in Marmopteryx marmorata (i) The insect ranges i . the region of the Re; MARMOPTERYX Genus the Plate XLIII. Fig. 4. Ccenocalpe fervifactaria Grote. (2 This rather pretty Mountains. Packard Packard.. Plate XLIII. Fig. in the east to California in from Colorado west GYPSOCHROA Genus Gypsochroa designata Hiibner Hufnagel, Plate XLII. Fig. 44. The moth occurs in both Europe and North Am Plate XLII. Fig. (2) Gypsochroa sitellata Guenee. J . - }'. . Walker ; albosignata Packard. Syn. luztitata Guenee ; impauperata The srecies is quitr . idely i.r.ributed throughout the Unit States. SUBFAMILY MONOCTENIIN/E Genus PAOTA Hulst fultaria Grote. Plate XLIIL Fig. 27, Arizona. 7 h e habitat of the Paota Genus H^EMATOPSIS Hubner Haematopsis grataria (The Chickweed Moth.) - jm. saniara is Hubner common ; the roadsides, gi ; passer-by approach. F-bricius, Plate XLIIL Fig. 2, -: . successaria Walker. but none the ' 1 where it less beautiful little moth is often has the habit of clinging to the nd of flying up when the footsteps of the It is a native of the Appalachian subregion, and ranges from the Atlantic The larva feeds on chickweed. Mississippi and be to the rid SUBFAMILY STERRHftUE ERASTRIA Genus (i) Erastria amaturaria This insect, which Hubr.er V. . XLIII, Fig. 22. native of the Appalachian subregion. else, is a 5. not likely to be mistaken for anything is It is common in Pennsylvania. PIGEA Guenee Genus (1) Pigea mutilineata The insect found is Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. }. of the types of the species upon which he based . his description. COSYMBIA Hubner Genus (1) Cosymbia lumenaria Hubner. This is a common Plate XLIII, Fig. 12. species in the AtL SYNELYS Genus This . Tl r.imen figured is one p which was loaned to Dr. Hulst. and in Arizona. : ; Syn. a small r{. The moth : is Hulst e Walker *: common very (1) $ . Leptomeris quinquelinearia Hubner Hate XLIII. F Pac species e\ . ".-.r:s::r": ~ : :. v habitat of this insect Plate XLIII. Fig. 14. is the northern portion of the Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, Plate XLIII. Fig (The Magnet Moth.) ' Syn. ruirm&umria The insect is I .. . found : . Butler. palachian subregion. (3) a United States. lere in the 1 Leptomeris sentinaria Hubner. Syr The . . (The Five-lined Geometer.) A common (2) ^zenee all c* ;hian subregion. Ap LEPTOMERIS Genus 9, in the . sub sgion. genus containir._ g rt or nirr species, which are found in the Southern States, excepl ^ (1) Synelys alabastaria Hubner. Plate XLIII. F:g. 5, is 2 r*brxrfir.;-ij: in the Pacific Packard. subregion. B Ap- Geometridae Genus EOIS Hiibner Eois ptelearia Riley. (The Herbarium Moth.) The moth which is the subject of consideration is interesting because of the fact that in recent years it has become known as a destructive herbarium pest. The larvae attack the flowers, to (i) Fig. above; Eois ptelearia. 199. a, larva, from side; b, do., from side view of abdominal segment ; d, tubercle of same; e, c, pupa;/, cremaster; enlarged. g, abdominal projection. " (After C. V. Riley, All figures greatly Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 109.) some extent the leaves, and also to a less extent the hard fruits and seeds of specimens collected in the Southwestern States and in Mexico. Their ravages were first detected at the Museum in the year 1890. Strangely appetite for species belonging to the flora of the Eastern and Northern States. It is believed that the insect United States National enough, they show no native to the region the plants of which it devours, but thus no entomologist has reported its occurrence in the section of The damage it country from which it is supposed to come. is able to inflict upon specimens is very great, because of the very rapid multiplication of individuals which takes place. An exceedingly interesting account of the insect and its is far 334 Geometridse work was given by the late Professor C. V. Riley in From this article the cuts "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 108 et seq. which are herewith given have destructive been extracted. Botanists can- not too carefully guard against this and other insect plagues which multiply A tions. in their collec- solution of corrosive sublimate and arsenic, such as is commonly employed for herbarium poisoning specimens, will do much to prevent the ravages of the larvae; but, as is pointed out by Professor Riley in the article to which reference has been made, additional safety secured from attack will be specimens, as they are received in the herbarium, if all are subjected to at least twentyfour hours' exposure to the Fig. 200. fumes of bisulphide of carbon in an air-tight box or receptacle. b, cocoon ; c, Eois ptelearia. moth a, (After C. greatly enlarged. " Insect Vol. Life," IV, larva; All figures d, egg. ; V. Riley, no.) p. This substance, as experience has shown, is destructive to all forms of insect life. Care should, however, be exercised in its use, as the fumes mixed with atmospheric gases make a highly explosive compound. The opera- tion should never be undertaken in the presence of flame. It is not even safe to allow the fumes of carbon bisulphide to mingle in large quantity with the atmosphere of an apartment which is Accidental sparking, owing to some delighted by electricity. fect of the wires, may cause an explosion. Several bad accidents have occurred from the use in careless hands of this otherwise most valuable insecticide. (2) Eois ossularia Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 7, $ The moth, which has an extensive synonymy, which we will . omit, (3) is widely distributed throughout the United Eois inductata Guenee, Syn. consecntaria Walker; sobria States. Plate XLIII, Fig. 6, $ Walker; suppressaria Walker. 335 . Geometric! ae The species is indigenous in Eois sideraria Guenee, (4) Syn. californiaria Packard The ; the Appalachian subregion. Plate XLI1I, Fig. californiata Packard ; 1 $ 3, . pacificaria Packard. species ranges over the northern portions of the United States. SUBFAMILY GEOMETRIN/E Genus Hulst Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee, (1) Fig. CHLOROCHLAMYS 17, Plate Syn. indiscriminaria Walker ; densaria Walker ; deprivata Walker. The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific. attracted to light in the evening. Syn. oporaria Zeller Not at all ; freely Plate XL11I, Fig. 18, $. gratata Packard. uncommon Genus It is EUCROSTIS Hubner Genus Eucrostis incertata Walker, (1) XL11I, ?. in the Appalachian subregion. RACHEOSPILA Guenee A small genus, characteristic of the hot lands of the American continents. One species, R. lixaria, is found in the Appalachian subregion as far north as the Middle States; the four remaining species found within our territory have thus far been reported only from Florida. (1) Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, Plate XLI1I, Fig. 19, $. The specimen depicted on the plate is the type of the species, which was taken by the writer on the upper waters of the St. Johns River. (2) Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 20, $ The specimen depicted on the plate is likewise the type of the species and came from the same locality as the preceding . species. Genus SYNCHLORA (1) Synchlora liquoraria Syn. tricoloraria Packard. A species which is Guenee, Guenee Plate XLIII, Fig. 2}, $. very widely distributed throughout the United States. 336 Geometridae ANAPLODES Genus (i) Packard iridaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 24, $ Anaplodes Syn. rectaria Grote. from Colorado The moth ranges o" to California. SUBFAMILY FERNALDELLIN^ FERNALDELLA Genus The genus Hulst the only representative of the There are two species in the genus, is subfamily. both of them natives of the region of the One of these, originally Mountains. fimetaria by Grote & Rocky named Robinson, and subse- Fig. 201. a. Fernaldel- fimetaria, & . quently named balesaria by Zeller, is represented in the accompanying cut. It is a very common insect central Texas as well as in Colorado and Arizona. T . in SUBFAMILY ENNOMIN/E Genus EPELIS Hulst Epelis truncataria Walker, Plate XLIII, (1) Syn. /axon i Minot. Fig. 26, ?. This species, the only representative of the genus, ranges through the northern and cooler portions of the Appalachian subregion, westward to the Rocky Mountains. EUFIDONIA Genus (1) Eufidonia notataria Walker, Syn. discopilata Walker Morrison. ; fidoniata This neatly marked moth It is is Walker found ; in Packard Plate XLIII, Fig. 25, 8. bicolorata Minot quadripunctaria ; the Appalachian subregion. the only species in the genus. Genus (1) ORTHOFIDONIA Orthofidonia Packard semiclarata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. Syn. viatica Harvey. The moth (2) is a native of the Atlantic States. Orthofidonia vestaliata Guenee, Syn. junctaria Walker. 331 Plate XLIII, Fig. 31, $. Geometric! ae The habitat of this insect species, but ranges a reported from Colorado. Genus is little it the same as that of the preceding farther to the DASYFIDONIA West, and has been Packard Dasyfidonia avuncularia Guenee, (i) Plate XLIII, Fig. }2, 8. is This very pretty moth occurs from Colorado to California. the sole species in the genus. Genus HELIOMATA There are reputed to be three species them we The Grote in this genus. Two of figure. Heliomata infulata (1) It habitat of the Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 28, ?. of the is the Atlantic region species continent. (2) Heliomata cycladata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 29, 8 The moth ranges from the Atlantic States westward as far Montana. It is nowhere very common. . Genus MELLILLA Grote Mellilla inextricata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. }}, 8 . (1) Syn. xanthometata Walker; snoviaria Packard. The insect is a native of the Atlantic States. Genus (1) CHLORASPILATES Packard Chloraspilates bicoloraria Packard, form arizonaria, Plate XLIII, Fig. 34, 8 The moth is found Genus (1) as . in the region of the Rocky Mountains. PHYSOSTEGANIA Warren Physostegania pustularia Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 35-5. A native of the Atlantic States, ranging westward into the Valley of the Mississippi. Genus DEILINEA Deilinea variolaria Guenee, (1) Syn. intentata Packard. 338 Hiibner Plate XLIII, Fig. 36, ? . Explanation of Plate XLIII (The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J. Holland.) marmorata 32 D asyfidonia avuncular ia 2. Haematopis grataria Fabricius, 33 Mellilla 3. Pigea muliilineata Hulst, cf Type. Triphosa fervif act aria Grote, cf Synelys alabastaria Hiibner, 9 Eois inductata Guenee cf Eois ossularia Hiibner, cf i. Marmopteryx Packard, Guenee, cf xanthomctata Walker, cf. . cf. 4. 5. 6 . cf. Leptomeris 37- quinquclinearia Packard, 9 Hydriomena 1 1 Hydriomena cf 12. 13. 14. , Cosymbia lumenaria Hiibner, 9 Eois sideraria Guenee, cf Leptomeris sentinaria Hiibner, 5 . duodecimlineata Packard, 6 Sciagrapha mellistrigata Grote, 43- Macaria s-signata Packard, cf Macaria eremiata Guenee, cf. Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, 9 Cymatophora tnceptaria Walker, 27. 28. 29. . amaturaria Walker, cf. Synchlora liquor aria Guenee, cf Anaplodes iridaria Guenee, cf Eufidonia notataria Walker, cf Epelis truncataria Walker, 9 Paota fultaria Grote, cf Heliomaia infulata Grote, 9 Heliomata cycladata Grote, cf . . . . 30. Orthofidonia semiclarata 44- 46. 47. 48. cf. . ' Macaria hypa-thrata Grote. cf Cymatophora succes saria Walker, 9 50. Cymatophora coortaria Hulst, cf Cymatophora tenebrosata Hulst, 5i- Symp herta 49. cf, Type. tripunctaria Packard, 9 53- A pacasia defluata Walker, cf Catopyrrha dis similar ia 54. Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius, 55- Enemera juturnaria Guenee, 52 - Hiibner, cf . cf cf 56. Platea trilinearia Packard, <f 57- P late a calif orniaria Herrich- Schaeffer, cf 58. . Caripeta divisata Walker, cf Walker, 59- Pit iledia Guen6e, 60. 931. Orthofidonia vestaliata ' cf. 22. Erastria 25. 26. Haworth, 42. , 24. prceato'mata cf- . 23. Mac aria Sciagrapha heliothidata Guenee, 9- cf Triphosa gibbicostata Walker, cf 17. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Guenee, 9 18. Eucrostis incertata Walker, cf 19. Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, 9 Type. 20. Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, cf. Type. 21. Mesoleuca rufocillata Guenee, 1 cf, 41. 45- Venusia <f 9- custodiata Guenee, lower side. Sciagrapha granitata Guenee, Type. 39- Philobia enotata Guenee, cf 40. (? 1 pustularia cf 38. Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, custodiata Guenee, cf. . Physostegania Guenee, cf. 9. 35- 36. Deilinea variolaria Guenee, 9 Leptomeris magnetaria Guenee, 10. 34. Chloraspilates arizonaria Grote, cf- . . , 7. 8. , Hulst, cf, Type. semiclusaria Nepytia cf- . punctomacularia Walker, Plate XLill The Moth Book v 30 I *? , 1*9? COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. JP CAN CCLCBTVC CO., N. Y. 4 CHI Geometridae The moth occurs quite commonly (2) Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, A in the Atlantic subregion. Plate XLI1I, Fig. 38, 8. The specimen native of the Pacific subregion. figured is one of the types. Genus (1) SCIAGRAPHIA Sciagraphia granitata Guenee, Hulst Plate XLIII, Fig. 37, 8. (The Granite Moth.) This small moth, which is a common species in the Appalachian subregion, has been described under no less than nineteen names by various authors. The student who is curious synonymy may consult Dyar's List. (2) Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenee, Plate XLIII, 9 as to the Fig. 41, (The Sun-flower Moth.) . Syn. ocellinata Guenee Packard. ; restorata Walker ; subcolumbata Walker ; duplicate, The moth occurs throughout the region of the Great and the Rockv Mountains. (3) Sciagraphia mellistrigataGrote, Plains Plate XLIII, Fig. 42, 8 . (The Honey-streak.) The insect is found in the northern portions of the United States, and ranges westward and southward, being not at all uncommon in northern Texas and in Colorado. Genus (1) PHILOBIA Duponchel Philobia enotata Guenee, amulataria Syn. Walker ; Plate XLIII, Fig. 39, 8. notata Cramer sectomaculata Morrison {jion ; Linnaeus). The insect appears to be United States and Canada. Genus common everywhere MACARIA throughout the Curtis A considerable genus, represented in both hemispheres. (1) Macaria s-signata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 43, 8. The species occurs from Colorado westward to California. (2) Syn. Walker. The (3) Macaria eremiata Guenee, retectata Walker; habitat of the species Plate XLIII, Fig. 44, 8. retentata Walker; subcinctaria Walker; gradata the Appalachian subregion. Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 47, 8 is Macaria hypaethrata 339 . Geometric! se The insect flies in Colorado and adjoining Macaria praeatomata Haworth, (4) States. Plate XLIII, Fig. 40, 2. Syn. consepta Walker. Not a rare species in the Atlantic States. Macaria glomeraria (5) The range of same CYMATOPHORA Genus Cymatophora (1) XLIV, Fig. 5, 2. as that of the preceding. Grote, Plate this species is the Hubner ribearia Fitch, Plate XLIII, Fig. 4s, ?. (The Gooseberry Span-worm.) Syn. sigmaria Guenee Saunders. T he States ; annisaria Walker ; aniusaria Walker gooseberry and the currant are subject and Canada great deal of in ; grossulariata the United which do a most frequent causes to the attack of various insects, damage One to them. of the of injury to these plants are the larvse of the Gooseberry Span-worm, which is when It is, represented in Fig. 204. mature, about an inch in length, bright in color, marked with dark-brown upon the segments. The eggs, which are laid by the mature female at yellow spots Fig. 202. bearia, Cymatophora . \. ri- the end of June or the beginning of July, (After Riley.) are very minute, but upon examination under the microscope are seen to be beautifully ornamented with deep pits or sculpturings. They are pale bluish-green. The eggs are attached by the female to the stems and branches of the plants, not far from the ground. Being almost microscopic in size, they readily elude observation, and this, it is known, accounts for the fact that the insects are often, by the transplantation of the shrubs, transferred from one locality to another in which they have been previously unknown. The eggs, having been laid, remain through the summer and fall and all of the succeeding winter in a dormant state, and do not hatch until early, in the following when Fig. of a, enlarged size. (After ; b, natural Riley.) the spring, leaves are beginning to put out upon the bushes. 340 Egg 203. Gooseberry Span-worm. As soon as the Geometric! ae eggs are hatched, the larvae begin to feed upon the young leaves, and they mature very quickly, the rate of their development being marked by a corresponddevastation ing of the "D. upon which they have established themplants selves. takes Pupation place at the end of May or in the beginning of The caterpillar burinto the loose soil June. rows about the of the roots bushes, or simply crawls under loose leaves, and, without spinning a cocoon, undergoes transfor- mation into a chrysalis, is smooth and of a which shining mahogany In state the this remain for color. insects about two weeks, when they emerge as moths, and the cycle of life is Fig. 204. Gooseberry Span-worm, c, pupa. a, b, larvae; (After Riley.) repeated. The most effectual method sprinkle the bushes with of combating the larvae is to hellebore. This is a powdered white good remedy, not only for the species we are considering, but for several other insects which are likely to occur upon the plants at the same time. inceptaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 46, 6 (2) Syn. argillacearia Packard; modestaria Hulst. Cymatophora A . native of the Appalachian subregion. (3) Cymatophora successaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 48, ?. Syn. perarcaala Walker. Form coortaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 49, $ A widely distributed species, which the Middle Atlantic States. (4) Cymatophora tenebrosata 341 is not at . all uncommon in Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 50, $ . Geometridae The specimen represented upon the The moth is found in Arizona. plate is one of Dr. Hulst's types. Genus SYMPHERTA Hulst n) Sympherta tripunctaria Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 51, ? The moth is found in northern California, and ranges northward into British Columbia. . AP^CASIA Genus Hulst Apaecasia defluata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. (1) Syn. subcequaria Walker. The habitat of the species is the northern $. 52, portion of the Appalachian subregion. Genus CATOPYRRHA Hubner Catopyrrha coloraria (1) Syn. accessaria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 54, $ Hubner; cruentaria Hubner; atropunctaria Walker. Form dissimilaria Hubner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 53, $ The insect, which in the mature form presents many . . varietal due to variation in the form and shade of the markfound in the Appalachian subregion. differences, ings, is ENEMERA Genus Enemera juturnaria (1) Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 55, $. the Rocky Mountains, The moth is found in the region of westward to California and northward to Genus (1) Hulst Alaska. CARIPETA Walker Caripeta divisata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 58, $ . Syn. albopunctata Morrison. The (2) insect is found in the Atlantic States. Caripeta angustiorata Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. piniaria Packard. The moth, which is as yet quite rare in collections, is, preceding species, a native of the Appalachian subregion. Genus (1) 57- PLATEA like the Herrich-Schaeffer Platea californiaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIII, 3 Syn. uncanaria Guenee. 342 Fig. Geometridae The moth flies from Colorado to California. (2) Platea trilinearia Syn. dulcearia Grote. The Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 56, $ insect ranges from northern Wyoming PHILEDIA Genus . to Arizona. Hulst Philedia punctomacularia Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 59, $ The insect, which is found in the Pacific States, is represented (1) . on the plate by a figure of the type. Genus NEPYTIA Hulst (1) Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, The insect (2) is Plate XLIV, Fig. 15, ?. a native of the Pacific subregion. Nepytia semiclusaria Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 60, $ . Syn. pulchraria Minot; pellncidaria Packard; pinaria Packard. The moth occurs the northern portions of the United States. in Genus ALCIS Curtis (1) Alcis sulphuraria Packard, form baltearia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 1, $. This insect, which is somewhat variable, is represented in the plate by the type of the form to which the Rev. Dr. Hulst The species is widely distributed applied the name baltearia. throughout the United States. Alcis metanemaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 5, 6 in Arizona and southern California. figure on the plate is that of the type of the species. (2) . The moth occurs PARAPHIA Genus (1) The Guenee Paraphia subatomaria Wood, Syn. nubecularia Guenee ; Plate XLIV, Fig. 10, $. matnmurraria Guenee impropriata Walker ex; ; superata Walker. Form unipuncta Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 11, ?. Syn. unipunctata Guenee; triplipunctaria Fitch. The moth, which the markings, is is found Genus (1) The variable in the shade of the in the PTEROSPODA Pterospoda opuscularia insect is a wings and Appalachian subregion. native of California. 343 Dyar Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. The specimen 18, ?. figured on Geometric! ae the plate is the type of the species. upon which Genus Dr. Hulst based the description CLEORA Cleora pampinaria Guenee, (i) Syn. Guenee sublunaria Walker fraudulentaria ; ; Curtis ' Plate frugallaria Guenee ; XLIV, Fig. 4, $ collecta Walker . tinctaria ; Zeller. The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond. (2) Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 8, ? . The specimen figured on the plate is the unique type which was described by Hulst in " Entomologica Americana," Vol. Ill, The species has been overlooked in Dyar's List. p. 214. Genus MELANOLOPHIA Hulst (1) Melanolophia canadaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 7, $ Syn. signataria Walker impei-fectaria Walker cotitribnaria Walker. A common . ; ; species in the early spring throughout the United States. ECTROPIS Hubner Genus (1) XLIV, & Ectropis crepuscularia Denis Fig. 9, S Schiffermuller, Plate . This species, which is found alike in Europe and America, has an extensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may refer to Dyar's List or to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue. The species is widely distributed throughout the continent of North America. Genus (1) EPIMECIS Hubner Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Fig. 29, ? Plate XLIV, Fig. 28, $, . Syn. hortaria Fabricius ; liriodendraria Abbot & Smith; disserptaria Walker; amplaria Walker. The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is far more common in the South than in the North. have taken it I in Pennsylvania on rare occasions, but abundance by me in Florida. 344 it has been found in great Geometridae Genus LYCIA Hubner Lycia cognataria Guenee, (i) XLIV, Fig. Plate I, Fig. 17, larva; Plate 6. 13, Syn. sperataria Walker. This is a common species in the Atlantic States. The larva In every brood there are many depicted on the plate is brown. specimens of the larvae which are green, and some are even yellowish. The moth has in the vicinity of Pittsburgh latterly shown a fondness caterpillars upon imported rhododendrons, and the have proved troublesome. for ovipositing NACOPHORA Genus Nacophora quernaria Abbot & (1) 14. Hulst Smith, Plate XLIV, Fig. ? The has the is species same Genus The genus is found as the last, but APOCHEIMA Apocheima our fauna. rachelae Hulst, is not rare. It Appalachian subregion. Hubner in the boreal regions of Only one species occurs (1) common not as habitat, being a native of the both hemispheres. in Plate XLIV, Fig. 12, $. (Rachel's Moth.) The moth is found in Montana, Assiniboia, and northward to Alaska. Genus CONIODES Coniodes plumigeraria worm.) (1) Hulst. Hulst (The Walnut Span- groves of English walnuts in southern Calhave been found to be liable to the attack of a span-worm, which previously had been unknown or unobserved. The trees had up to that time been regarded as singularly immune from the depredations of insect pests, and considerable alarm and apprehension were felt when it was found that a small caterpillar had In recent years the ifornia begun to ravage them. The insect feeds also upon the leaves of The taste for the various rosaceous plants, and upon the oak. foliage of the English walnut has evidently been recently acquired. An excellent article upon these insects was published in 1897 345 Geometridae " by D. W. Coquillet in the Bulletins of the United States Department of Agriculture," New Series, No. 7, p. 64. From this Fig. 205. we article C. plumigeraria. a, male; b, female, magnified. (After Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric," Series, No. 7, p. 66.) " Coquillet, New have taken the accompanying cuts, and from draw some of the facts herein set forth. we it In describing the insect Mr. Coquillet says " The color of the caterpillar is a light pinkish gray, varied with a darker gray or purplish, or sometimes with : black and yellow, but never marked with distinct lines; the piliferous spots are black or dark brown, and the spiracles are orange yellow, ringed with black, and usually situThe ated on a yellow spot. worms become C P lumigrari a larva fi ?\ o, segment viewed laterally c, viewed dorsally. (After Coquillet, -Bull. US. Dept. Agric," New Series, FlG f\~ magnified ; ' > ' 7, p. grown in then enter the earth to a ; do. No. full the latter part of April or during the month of May; they depth of from tWO tO four h and form smaU ce ,i s j 65.) The change but do not spin cocoons. to the chrysalis takes place shortly after the cells are completed, and the chrysalis remains unchanged throughout the entire summer and until early in the following year, when they are changed into moths, which emerge from the ground from the first week in January to the last week in March. The male moth 346 Geometridae winged, but the female is wingless and is so very different in appearance from the male that no one not familiar with the facts in the case would ever suspect both belong to the same species." is The best means of combating these pests has been found to the caterpillars are just hatching, with a solution of Paris green and water, one pound of the poison to two hundred &' Gallons of water. be to spray the trees, when Genus PHIGALIA Duponchel (i) Phigalia titea Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 16, $ revocata Walker Syn. titearia Guenee strigataria Minot. The very species common in is found Erannis in the Appalachian subregion, and is Pennsylvania. Genus (i) . ; ; ERANNIS tiliaria Harris, Plate Hubner XLIV, 17,3. (The the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Fig. Linden Moth.) The species ranges from Mountains. Genus CINGILIA Walker Cingilia catenaria Drury, Plate XLIV, Fig. 21, $ Chain-streak Moth.) (1) . (The Syn. humeralis Walker. The range of which has just this species is much the same as that of the one been mentioned above. Genus SICYA Guenee (1) Sicya macularia Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23, ?, var. This species has an extensive synonymy, the insects being variable in the amount of red which they show on the yellow The student who wishes to go into ground-color of the wings. The insect is very genthese matters may consult Dyar's List. erally distributed throughout our territory. Genus (1) THERINA Therina endropiaria Grote Fig. 26, $ . 347 Hubner & Robinson, Plate XLIV. Geometriaas A native of the Appalachian subregion. Therina athasiaria Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 27, $ seminudaria Packard bibularia Syn. siccaria Walker seminudata Walker (2) . ; ; ; & Robinson. The habitat of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (3) Therina fiscellaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 25, $ Grote . Syn. flagitaria Guenee ; panisaria Walker ; lequaliaria Walker, The insect ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado. Hiibner, Plate XLIV, Fig, 24, Syn. pultaria Guenee sciata Walker invexata Walker. The moth is quite common in the Atlantic States. Therina fervidaria (4) ; METROCAMPA Genus Latreille Metrocampa praegrandaria Guenee, (1) . ; Plate XLIV, Fig. S. 30, Syn. perlata Guenee The home ; perlaria Packard of the species is ; viridopcrlata Packard. the northern part of the United and southern Canada. States EUGONOBAPTA Genus Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee, Snowy Geometer.) (1) (The Warren Plate XLIV, Fig. 31, . Syn. nivosata Packard. This It is is a very particularly common abundant Genus The genus is found cies are attributed to Ennomos (1) species in the Appalachian subregion. in western Pennsylvania. ENNOMOS in Treitschke both Europe and America. our fauna, two of which subsignarius Hiibner, we Plate Three spe- figure. XLIV, Fig. 35, $ . Syn. niveosericeata Jones. The moth ranges from the Atlantic westward as far as Colorado. Ennomos magnarius (2) Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 34, o . (The Notch-wing.) Syn. alniaria Packard (non Linnceus) burg) ; ; autumnaria Mceschler (non Werne- lutaria Walker. This family. is one of the larger and more conspicuous species of the rather a common insect in the northern United States, It is 348 Explanation of Plate XLIV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. A lets baltearia Hulst, cf,Type. 21. angustiorata Walker, 22. Caripeta 9 23. . 4. Macaria glomcraria Grote, 9 Cleora pampinaria Guenee, c? 5. Alois 3. . metanemaria o Hulst, 24. 1 Euch&ca Melanolophia lucata Guenee, cj Guenee, cT . canadaria . 8. Cleora 9. Type. Ectropis crepnscularia Denis alrifasciata Schiffermuller, c? 10. 9 Hulst, { 30. Epimecis 9- M Lycia cognataria Guenee, 14. Nacophora quemaria Abbot c? ^^. 15. Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, 16. Phigalia 17. Erannis 9- . calijorniata rnagnarius Guenee, subsignaritts Hiibner, 36. Plagodis keutzingi Grote, 37. Ania limbata Haworth. 38. Hyperitis 39. A' 40. Xanihotype amicaria Schaiffer, cf 1 . Ennomos s. Ennomos . tiliaria Harris, c? Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, 9, Type. Eucha;ca albovittata Guenee, cf Guenee, serinaria Herrich- Scha?ffer, c? 35. cf . cmargataria Plagodis & 34. Cramer, p a prcegrandaria c? 9- . . Smith, 9 titea am r, & 32. Plagodis rachelce Hulst, c? 13. Euchaca tr o c Cranu Eugonobapia nivosaria Guenee, Paraphia unipuncta Haworth, rj e virginaria Guenee, 31. Apocheima 20. . f & 9- 19. Therina fiscellaria Guenee, o Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, c? Therina alhasiaria Walker, cf Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Wood, 12. 18. 27. 28. 29. . Paraphia subatomaria Sicya macularia Harris, var., 9 Therina jervidaria Hiibner, c? , <?. 11. 25. 26. 7. . . 1 , Type. 6. Cingilia catcnaria Drury, tf Sicya macularia Harris, <$ Packard. % rj". . Herrich- . anthoty p e croc at art a Fabricius, cf ca-laria Hulst, cf . The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, Plate XL1V .0^0RTY"E CO., N. Y. 4 Cm Geometridae and appears on the wing most abundantly summer and fall. early XANTHOTYPE Genus Xanthotype crocataria (i) $ in the late Warren Fabricius, Plate XLIV, Fig. 39, (The Crocus Geometer.) . Syn. citrina Hiibner. Form caelaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 40, $ common species in the Appalachian subregion. The insect shows great variability in the amount of the dark spots and cloudings upon the upper side of the wings. . Quite a PLAGODIS Genus Hiibner Plagodis serinaria Herri ch-Schseffer, (1) Syn. subprivata Walker ; Plate XLIV, Fig. Jloscularia Grote. A common species of the Appalachian subregion, particularly abundant among the Alleghany Mountains. Plagodis keutzingi Grote, (2) Plate XLIV, $ Fig. 36, . Syn. keutzingaria Packard. The of this habitat identical is species with that of the preceding. Plagodis emargataria Guenee, (3) Plate XLIV, Fig. 32, ? . Syn. arrogaria Hulst. The range of the moth is throughout the northern portions of the Atlantic subregion. Genus HYPERITIS Guene"e Hyperitis amicaria Herrich-Schaeffer, (1) Plate XLIV, Fig. 38,3. insinuaria Guenee Syn. nyssaria Guenee ; exsimaria Guenee subsinuaria Guenee neoninaria Walker neonaria Packard ; Walker ; ; ; ; laticincta ; cesionaria Walker. A very variable which species, has throughout the eastern portions of our Genus (1) ANIA Ania limbata Haworth, Syn. vestitaria Ilerrich-Schceffer ; wide a distribution territory. Stephens Plate XLIV, resistaria Fig. 37, ?. Herrich-Schaeffer ; filimentaria Guenee. By no means rare in the eastern portions of our territory. 349 Geometridse GONODONTIS Genus Gonodontis hypochraria (i) Fig. i, XLV, Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate 6. Syn. refractaria Guenee The ; mestusata Walker. from the Atlantic coast insect ranges tions of the Rocky Mountains. in the distribution of the spots It Syn. hamaria Guenee The ; to the central porvery variable in color and is and markings. Gonodontis duaria Guenee, (2) Hiibner agreasaria Walker distribution of this species is Plate XLV, Fig. 2, $ . adustaria Walker. ; coincident with that of the preceding. Gonodontis obfirmaria Hiibner, Plate XLV, Fig. 14, The moth is found in the Atlantic States. It is common . (3) in western Pennsylvania. EUCHLiENA Genus Euchlaena serrata Drury, (1) Plate Hiibner XLV, Fig. 4,$. (The Saw-wing.) Syn. serrataria Packard ; concisaria Walker. This rather large and species is not at all uncommon region with which this book deals. showy in the eastern portions of the Plate (2) Euchlsena obtusaria Hiibner, Syn. propriaria Walker ; decisaria Walker. XLV, Fig. 3, $ . Like the preceding species, a native of the eastern half of the continent. (3) Euchlaena effectaria Syn. muzaria Walker. A Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 24, $ . denizen of the Appalachian subregion. Euchlaena amcenaria Guenee, Plate XLV, arefactaria Grote & Robinson. The habitat of the insect is the same as that of (4) Syn. deplanaria Walker Fig. 7, $ . ; the preceding species. Plate XLV, Fig. 8, $ (5) Euchlaena astylusaria Walker, vinosaria Grote & Robinson. Syn. madusaria Walker; oponearia Walker; A (6) . native of the Atlantic States. Euchlaena pectinaria Denis Fig. 25, $ & Schiffermuller, . Syn. dednctaria Walker. Found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. 350 Plate XLV, Geometridae Genus EPIPLATYMETRA Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote (i) XLV, Fig. 15,5. The insect is common Genus Pherne (1) in Wyoming and PHERNE Grote & Robinson, Plate Colorado. Hulst parallelia Packard, Plate XLV, ?. Fig. 9, Syn. paralleliaria Packard. The moth is a native of the Pacific subregion. Pherne jubararia (2) The Hulst, Plate insect occurs in the State of depicted in the plate is XLV, Fig. 20, $. Washington. The specimen the type of the species originally described by Hulst. (3) Pherne placearia Syn. mellitularia Hulst. The (1) A Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. habitat of the species is 21, $. California. Genus METANEMA Guenee Metanema inatomaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 15,5. widely distributed species, found throughout the entire territory. Metanema determinata (2) Syn. carnaria Packard. The moth occurs in Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 12, ?. the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, Plate (3) Syn. aliaria Walker trilinearia Packard. XLV, Fig. 28, ? . ; The insect has a wide range Genus (1) 6, in the Appalachian subregion. PRIOCYCLA Guenee Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLV, Fig. $. Very commonly found Genus in the eastern portions of our territory. STENASPILATES Packard Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 5, $ The moth occurs in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, and is (1) common . in Florida. 35* Geometric! ae Genus AZELINA Azelina ancetaria Hubner, (i) Guenee XLV, Fig. 2}, $. hnbnerata Packard; honestaria Walker; peplaria atrocolorata Hulst morrisonata Henry Edwards Plate Syn. hubneraria Guenee; Hubner A stygiaria ; very Walker ; ; ; common and a very variable species, which is widely the entire continent, except in the colder distributed throughout portions. SYSSAURA Hubner Genus (i) Syssaura infensata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 10, $, var. biclaria Walker. Syn. ephyrata Guenee; olyzonaria Walker; aquosus Grote & Robinson; sesvarus Grote & Robinquilinea Grote cemearia Walker puber Grote & Robinson ; ; son ; ; juniperaria Packard. This species, which has a very extensive range in the southern and Gulf States, has been frequently redescribed, as a Atlantic reference to the above synonymy show. CABERODES Genus Caberodes confusaria (i) Syn. remissaria will Guenee Hiibner, Plate XLV, Fig. 29, $. Guenee imbraria Guenee superarla Guenee ineffusaria floridaria Guenee phasianaria Guenee interlinearia Guenee varadaria arbtiraria Walker amyrisaria Walker etc. myandaria Walker, This is a very common moth, universally found throughout the Guenee Walker ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; temperate portions of the territory with which this book deals. It is somewhat variable, but there is hardly any excuse for the application to given. it of the multitude of The student names which have been it in any of its slightly have supplied in our plate. Caberodes majoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 31, ?. is likely to recognize varying forms from the figure we (2) Syn. pandaria Walker. This wings. is It a larger species than the preceding, with more delicate ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Genus OXYDIA Guenee (1) Oxydia vesulia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 11, $. This moth has a very lengthy synonymy, which we will not It is one of the attempt to give. larger species found within our territory, and ranges from Florida and Texas southward to the Valley of the Rio de la Plata in South America. 352 Geometridse Genus TETRACIS Guenee (i) Tetracis crocallata Guenee, Plate Syn. allediitsaria Walker aspilata Guenee. XLV, $. Fig. 16, ; This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion. SABULODES Genus Guen6e Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, (i) XLV, Plate Fig. 18, $. Henry Edwards. native of the Appalachian subregion. Syn. imilata A (2) Sabulodes arcasaria Syn. depontanata Grote. Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. $. 17, The moth has the same habitat as the preceding species. lorata Grote, Plate XLV, Fig. 19, $. (3) Sabulodes Common in the eastern portions of our territory. Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 26, ?. insect ranges from Colorado to California. (5) Sabulodes transversata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 34, $ alker goniata Syn. transmutans Walker; contingens Walker transfindens Guenee transvertens Walker transposita Walker incurvata Guenee. (4) The . W ; ; ; ; ; one of the commonest species which are found in the It is very abundant in Pennsylvania in the Atlantic subregion. There is also a brood which late summer and early autumn. This is appears in the early summer. (6) Sabulodes politia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 30, $ . The moth, which the warmer portions of America, has a very extensive synonymy, which in will be found found is Dyar's Genus (1) 32, $ , in Florida, and southward through List. ABBOTANA Abbotana clemataria Abbot & Fig. 33, $ , Smith, Plate XLV, ; transducens Walker. variable species, which through the Appalachian subregion. It widely distributed is is not uncommon Pennsylvania. " Fig. var. Syn. transferens Walker A somewhat Hulst Moths, which the night-air of reality blows Clive Holland. 353 to pieces." My Japanese Wife. in Geometric! ae SUBFAMILY MECOCERATIN/E MECOCERAS Genus (i) Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, Guenee XLV, Plate Fig. 22, $ . Syn. nitocraria Hiibner; peninsularia Grote. The habitat of the species Almodes Florida. ALMODES Genus (1) is Guenee terraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Syn. stellidaria Guenee squamigera Felder assecoma Druce calvina Druce rivularia Grote. ; ; ; Fig. 2j, $ . balteolata Herrich-Schaeffer ; ; This is a tropical species, the sole representative of its genus found within our borders. It ranges from Florida southward into Central and South America. SUBFAMILY PALYADIN^E Genus (1) PALYAS Palyas auriferaria Guenee Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. }6, $. The specimen figured in the plate is the type loaned by the writer to the author of the species. PHRYGIONIS Genus (1) Phryigonis argenteostriata which was Hiibner Strecker, Plate XLV, Fig. 35.?Syn. cerussata Grote This moth, like ; obrussata Grote. the preceding species, is a native of Florida. SUBFAMILY SPHACELODIN/E Genus (1) SPHACELODES Sphacelodes vulneraria Guenee Hiibner, Plate XLII, Fig. 20, $ . Syn. floridensis Holland. The moth is found from the southern portions of North Caro- along the Atlantic coast to Florida, and ranges southward into South America. lina SUBFAMILY MELANCHROIIN/E Genus (1) MELANCHROIA Melanchroia cephise Cramer, 354 Hiibner Plate XLII, Fig, 19, $ . Explanation of Plate XLV of (The specimens figured are contained in the collection W. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1 6. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Gonodontis hypochraria Herrieh-Sehaeffer, $ Gonodontis duaria Guenee, 9 Euchlcena obtusaria Hiibner, (J*. Euchlcena serrata Drury, tf Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, $. Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, cT Euchlcena amcenaria Guenee, cTEuchlcena astylnsaria Walker, c? Pherne parallelia Packard, 9 Syssaura infensata Guenee, var. biclaria Walker, 9 . . . . . . Ox yd la vesulia Cramer, cJ Metanema determinata Walker, 9Metanema inaiomaria Guenee, c? 1 . . Gonodontis obfirmaria Hiibner, cT Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, Tetrads crocallata Guenee, c? Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, tf Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, 9 Sabulodes lorata Grote, (? Pherne jubararia Hulst, 9 Type. Pherne placearia Guenee, c?. Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, c? Azelina ancetaria Hiibner, c? Euchlcena effectaria Walker, cT Euchlcena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermtiller, . . . ^^. Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, 9 Almodes terraria Guenee, J*. Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, 9 Caberodes confusaria Hiibner, cT Sabulodes politia Cramer, fj Caberodes majoraria Guenee, 9Abbotana clcmitaria Abbot & Smith, 9 Abbotana clemitaria Abbot & Smith, c? 34. Sabulodes trausversata Drury, 9 27. 28. 29. . 1 30. 31. 32. 35. 36. cT- . . Phrygionis argenteo striata Strecker, 9Palyas auriferaria Hulst, c? Type. , , var. c?- . J The Moth Book. COPYRIGHTED BY W. J HOLLAND Plate XCV. AMERIOAN COLORTYPb CO., N.Y. & CHI. Geometric! ae Found throughout the region ot tne Gulf southward to South America. (2) 18, Melanchroia geometroides Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 6. Syn. mors Lucas. The moth occurs in Florida and southern Texas, and ranges thence southward into Brazil. SUBFAMILY BREPHIN/E BREPHOS Genus (1) Ochsenheimer Brephos infans Mceschler, Plate XLII, Fig. 16, 9. (The Infant.) This tains in is a boreal insect New which occurs upon the White Mounnorthern Maine, and ranges thence in Hampshire, northwardly to Labrador. LIVING AND DYING " Then let me joy to be Alive with bird and tree, And have no haughtier aim than To be a partner in their bliss. So this, my soul at peace anxious carping cease, Fed slowly like a wholesome bud shall From With sap of healthy thoughts That when No praise and good at last I die may earth deny, But with her living forms combine To chant a threnody divine." Edmund 355 Gosse. The Farm. FAMILY EPIPLEMIDjE " And purge thy mortal grossness so, That thou shalt like an airy spirit go. Peaseblossom! Cobweb! Moth! and Mustardseed!" I will Shakespeare. This a family of small is moths Midsummer in many to the Geometridce, so far as the structure of the mature insects are concerned. Night's Dream, III, i. respects closely allied and general appearance larvse are, however, The The family has been described as follows by Hampson, "The Moths of India," Vol. Ill, p. 121: " Proboscis and frenulum Fore wing with vein \a present. quite different. separate from \b; \c absent; 5 from or from above the middle of the discocellulars; 7 widely separated from 8, and usually stalked with 6. Hind wing with two internal veins; vein 5 from or from above the middle of the discocellulars; 8 free from the base. Larvce with five pairs of prolegs and sparsely clothed with . hair." family is much better represented in the tropics of the than in our territory, and even better represented in the tropics of the Old World than of the New. Only four genera The New World are known to occur within the United States, Philagraula, CalOf these we have selected one Calledapteryx, and Scbidax. for purposes of illustration. li^ia, Genus (1) CALLEDAPTERYX Grote Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 17, $. Syn. erosiata Packard. This little moth, which may easily be distinguished by its deeply eroded or scalloped wings, is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. It has the habit of alighting upon old rails and the trunks of trees, and, before composing itself on its new station, of waving downward. recognize its wings three or four times upward and This peculiar habit enables the collector to quickly it. 356 FAMILY NOLID/E " would bee unwilling to write anything untrue, or uncertaine out of mine and truth on every part is so deare unto mee, that I will not lie to bring any man in love and admiration with God and his works, for God needeth not the lies of men." Topsell, writing upon the Unicorn in The Historic of Four- owne I invention ; footed Beasts. This many is a small family of quite small moths, which have by authors been associated with the Litbosiidce. They are characterized by the presence of ridges and tufts of raised scales upon the fore wings. They frequent the trunks of trees, and the larvae feed upon lichens growing upon the bark. The caterpillars have eight pairs of legs and are thinly clad with minute hairs. Four genera occur within the limits with which this book deals. Genus CELAMA Walker Seven species occurring within our this territory are attributed to genus. (i) Celama triquetrana Syn. trinotata Walker ; Fitch, Plate XIII, Fig. 25, S sexmaculata Grote. The moths may be found in the early . spring of the year, sitting upon the trunks of trees in the forest. They are easily recognized by the three black tufts of raised scales upon the costa of the fore wing. (2) Celama pustulata Walker, Syn. nigrofasciata Zeller ; Plate XIII, Fig. 26,$. obaurata Morrison. This species, like the preceding, is common in the Appalachian It subregion. may be at once distinguished from the former by the wide black band running across the middle of the primaries. Genus NOLA Leach There are three species of the genus found within our fauna. We select the commonest for purposes of illustration. (1) Nola ovilla Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 24, $. 357 Nolidae The habits of this insect are much like those of the species deIt is found associated with scribed under the preceding genus. them at the same time and in the same localities. The moth has a considerable range in the Atlantic States, and is always very It abundant in the forests of Pennsylvania in the early spring. seems to prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks. Genus RCESELIA Hiibner (i) Rceselia fuscula Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 27, ?. Syn. conspicua Dyar. This moth An is where a native of Colorado, allied species, Roeselia minuscula it is not uncommon. found Zeller, is At- in the lantic States. Genus (1) NIGETIA Walker Nigetia formosalis Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 32, $. Syn. melanopa Zeller. This rather pretty little creature is common in the woodlands of the Appalachian subregion. It taken fact, N. formosalis, Fig. 207. (After Hampson.) have found it, ' though in $ it is by no means other Indiana locality than where rare in Pennsylvania. ... all you restless things, That dance and tourney in the fields of air : Your secret 's out! I know you for the souls Of all light loves that ever caused heartache, Still dancing suit as some new beauty toles! Nor can you e'er your flitting ways forsake, winds strip off your painted stoles, sere leaves follow in your downward wake." Till the just And Edith M. Thomas. 35 have very southern any I In frequently. appears to be commoner it it moths for Indiana southern in to sugar, freely attracted is and when sugaring in I FAMILY LACOSOMID/E " Everything lives by a law; a central balance sustains C. L. all." von Kuebel. This is a small family of moths peculiar to the Western HemiWhile the perfect insects show structural resemblances sphere. to the Platypterygidce, the caterpillars, which have the habit of constructing for themselves portable cases out of leaves, which they drag about with them, resemble in some respects the The young larva of Cicinnus melsheimeri, immePsychidce. diately after hatching, draws together two small leaves with of strands and makes between them silk, its hiding-place. when more mature, it detaches two pieces of leaves and makes out of them a case which it carries about with it, and Afterward, which can desert it at will. When at rest ties it the case to a with a few strands of silk, which it bites off desires again to start on a journey among the branches. station selected when The it larva of Lacosoma makes a case by doubling fauna. It is a leaf at the and taking it with it as a There are only two genera of this family in our more abundantly represented in the tropics of South midrib, cutting portable house. it off at the petiole, America. Genus CICINNUS Blanchard Cicinnus melsheimeri (i) Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 17, ?. (Melsheimer's Sack-bearer.) Syn. egenaria Walker. The It is species occurs in the eastern portions of our territory. not uncommon in Pennsylvania. Genus (1) Lacosoma LACOSOMA chiridota Grote, Grote Plate XLI, Fig. 21, $. (The Scalloped Sack-bearer.) The species is the same as that of the occurs quite frequently in western Pennsylvania. from Florida in the possession of the author are distribution of this foregoing. It Specimens smaller and much darker in color. 359 FAMILY PSYCHID/E " The habits of insects are very mines of interesting knowledge, and it is impossible carefully to watch the proceedings of any insect, however insignificant, without feeling that no writer of fiction ever invented a drama of such absorbing interest as is acted daily before our eyes, though to indifferent spectators." J. G. Wood. A family of small or medium-sized moths, the larvae of which feed in a case composed of silk covered with bits of leaves, grass, twigs, or other vegetable matter, which are often arranged in a From this fact has arisen the custom of very curious manner. In certain species found calling the caterpillars "basket-worms." in Asia and Africa, these "baskets," or "cases," are spiral in form, and so closely resemble the shells of snails that they were, in fact, originally sent to the British Museum as shells by the first person who collected them. The pupa is formed within the The males are winged, but the females are without The female in almost all of the genera is possessed of a larva-case. wings. very lowly organization, being maggot-like, and in truth being more than an ovary. She is known to deposit her eggs in the larval skin which lines the sack in which she was developed. little Copulation takes place through the insertion of the abdomen of winged male into the sack where the female is concealed. the Parthenogenesis is ascertained to occur in one at least of the The moths are obscurely colored. The wings of the males have numerous scales upon them, but they are in many genera. species so loosely attached that they are lost in the first few moments of flight. In consequence the male insects appear to have diaphanous wings. Eight genera, including the genus Solenobia, which has by most authors heretofore been reckoned among the Tineidce, are attributed by Dyar to this family as occurring within our territory. Much remains to be learned both as to the structure and the lifehistory of these interesting, but obscure, moths. 560 Psychidae Genus OIKETICUS Guilding The genus is found in the hotter parts of Amer- having originally been found in Central America. It is also represented in southern Asia and in Australia. Three species ica, the occur in the The Florida. Grote, one United States another fornia, species typical in New Mexico, latter species and the male is southern Cali- in and a third in was named abboti by delineated in Fig. 208. Fig. Oiketicus 208. abboti. 1 $ are pale smoky brown, with darker maculation at the end of the cell and just beyond in the primaries. The wings Genus (1) THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth, Plate XLI, Fig. 12, $. Syn. coniferaritm Packard. The common "Bag-worm," as it is usually called, occurs throughout the Appalachian subregion, from the Atlantic to the tegsfl* Fig. 209. Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis. (Bag-worm.) larva; b, male pupa; c, female pupa; d, male moth; e, female chrysalis in cocoon, showing eggs in situ ; f, full-grown larva; g, young larvae with small cones of silk over them. a, (After Riley.) borders of the Great Plains. attacking trees It is a very promiscuous feeder, and shrubs of many genera, but, so far as is 361 Psychidae known, abstaining from the Graminece. It evinces special fond- ness for the conifers, and above all for the red cedar and arborIt has proved very injurious to shade-trees in some of our vitae. cities, and made the subject of repeated its in St. ravages Louis and Washington have been comment in the literature of eco- A very full and interesting account of the habits of this peculiar insect was published by the late Professo; C. V. Riley in the "First Annual Report of the State Entomologist nomic entomology. of Missouri, " to The males escape from is " to refer. The bag, smaller than that of the female. which the reader will do well or "basket," of the male insect ' ' the lower end of the case in the winged form, and having copulated with the females, which remain in The female detheir cases and are apterous and sluggish, die. posits her eggs, which are soft and yellow, in the sack where she has her home, and ends her existence by leaving what little of her body remains after the ova have been extruded, as a sort of loose The eggs plug of desiccated tissue at the lower end of the sack. remain in the case till the following spring, when they hatch. The young larvae emerge, and placing themselves upon leaves, where they walk about on their fore feet, with their the anal extremities held up perpendicularly, proceed to construct about themselves little cones of vegetable matter mixed with fine silk. After a while they cease to hold these cones erect, and seizing the leaves and branches with their feet, allow the bag to assume a They moult. within pendant position. their cases four times before reaching maturity and pupating. The remedy for these insects is to simply collect the cases which may be found in the fall and winter hanging from the In one of the parks in St. Louis sevbranches, and burn them. eral years ago, the superintendent caused the cases to be collected, and they were destroyed by the bushel, with great benefit summer. to the trees the next Genus This is species of which carbonaria is is EURYCYTTARUS Hampson genus of very small case-bearing moths, two a small are found in known to occur in the United States. Texas. The other species, a native of the Appalachian subregion. 362 which we E. figure, Psychidae (i) & Eurycyttarus confederata Grote Robinson, Plate I, case; Plate XLI, Fig. 8, $. The insects feed upon grasses and herbaceous plants in the When ready to pupate they attach their cases to larval state. Fig. 1 6, larval the under side of of trees. and in The rails, insect the stringers offences, and fallen branches is very common western Pennsylvania in the city of Pittsburgh. FAR OUT AT SEA " Far out at sea the sun was high, While veered the wind and flapped the We saw a snow-white butterfly sail ; Dancing before the fitful gale Far out at sea. The little wanderer, His way, who had lost danger nothing knew; Settled a while upon the mast of ; Then fluttered o'er the waters blue Far out at sea. Above, there gleamed the boundless sky Beneath, the boundless ocean sheen Between them danced the butterfly, The ; ; spirit-life of this vast scene, Far out at sea. The tiny soul that soared away, Seeking the clouds on fragile wings, Lured by the brighter, purer ray Which hope's ecstatic morning brings Far out at sea. he sped, with shimmering glee, Scarce seen, now lost, yet onward borne! Night comes with wind and rain, and he Away No more will dance before the morn, Far out He at sea. dies, unlike his mates, I ween Perhaps not sooner or worse crossed And he hath felt and known and seen A larger life and hope, though Far out ; lost at sea." R. H. 363 Horne. Genius. FAMILY COCHLIDIID/E when joined with the entomological collection, "The rearing of larvae adds immense interest to Saturday afternoon rambles, and forms an admirable . . . introduction to the study of physiology." Herbert Spencer, in Education. This family, which has generally been known as the Limaco"The Moths of is described as follows by Hampson, didce, India," Vol. p. I, 371 : "Fore wing with two internal veins; vein \b forked at the Hind wing with vein 8 arising free, then bent down and base. the base of the cells; usually anastomosing shortly with 7 near three internal veins. Larva limaciform, and either bearing series of spinous stingor unsegmented with ing tubercles, or smooth and segmented, and claspers small, very thick transparent cuticle; the head, legs, and often retractile. Cocoon hard and compact; round or oval in shape, with a lid for the escape of the imago prepared by the larva." These curious insects, the larvae of which are commonly known as "slug-caterpillars," are better represented in the tropics of both hemispheres than in the more temperate regions. Nevertheless our fauna contains quite a large number of genera and species. Of the majority of these we give illustrations. Genus SIBINE Herrich-Schseffer (1) Sibine stimulea Clemens, Plate XLVII, Fig. 9, 6 . I, Fig. 6, larva; Plate (The Saddle-back.) Syn. ephippiatits Harris. The green caterpillars with their little brown saddle on the back are familiar to every Southern boy who has wandered in the corn-fields, and many a lad can recall the first time he came in contact with the stinging bristles as he happened to brush against the beastie. Nettles are not to be compared in stinging power to the armament of this beautifully colored larva. 364 Cochlidiidae EUCLEA Genus Euclea nanina Dyar, (i) Hubner Plate XLVII, Fig. 25, 6 . Syn. nana Dyar (non Herrich-Schseffer). The moth The writer took a native of Florida. is it in some the spring of the year 1884, on the upper waters of in numbers, the St. Johns. (2) Euclea Boisduval, delphi-nii Plate XLVII, Fig. 24, ? . (The Spiny Oak-slug.) Syn. strigala Boisduval; quercicola Herrich-Schseffer ferruginea Packard ; argentatus Wetherby. Form viridiclava Walker, ; tardigrada Clemens; Plate XLVII, Fig. 23, 6 . Syn. monitor Packard. Form psenulata Clemens, This and of our territory, (3) Plate XLVII, Fig. 5, 3 It occurs in the eastern portion . a very variable species. is not is at all Euclea indetermina uncommon. Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 10, $ . Syn. vernata Packard. The (4) and species is found in Euclea chloris 29, $ , S Fig. 26, Syn. viridis Reakirt the States of the Atlantic seaboard. Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLVII, Figs. 15 . fratema Grote. insect has the same range as the species last mentioned. The Genus The they are ; MONOLEUCA & Robinson Grote insects belonging to this genus are subtropical so far as known to occur in the United States. The genus is well represented in Central and South America. (1) Monoleuca semifascia Walker, The moth is found in Genus Fig. ADONETA Adoneta spinuloides (1) Plate XLVII, Fig. 22, $ Clemens Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, 3 3. Syn. voluta Clemens ; ferrigera Walker ; nebulosus Wetherby. common species in western Pennsylvania, and widely distributed through the Appalachian subregion. This (2) 19, 6. . the Gulf States. is a Adoneta pygmaea Grote & Robinson, (The Pygmy Slug.) The moth has thus far been found only 365 in is Plate XLVII, Fig Texas. Cochlidiidae SISYROSEA Genus 14. Grote Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schaeffer, (i) Plate XLV1I, Fig. ? Syn. inornata Grote The & Robinson. insect occurs in the eastern portion of our territory. It is not rare about Pittsburgh. Genus (1) Natada nasoni NATADA Walker Grote, Plate XLVil, Fig. 13, $. (Nason's Slug.) Syn. daona Druce ; rude Henry Edwards. The moth ranges from the southern portions of the coast westward and southward to Texas and Mexico. Genus (1) larva; ; I, . , Hubner; no?idescriptus The perfect which is larva, Hubner Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, Plate Plate XLVII, Fig. 6, 6 Fig. 7, 9 (The Monkey Syn. abbotana Walsh PHOBETRON Atlantic nigricans Packard; hyalinus Walsh; Fig. 14, Slug.) tetradactylus Wetherby. insects are quite dissimilar in the two sexes. The very curious object, feeds upon the Rosacea*, the a Cupuliferce, and various low-growing shrubs, as the sassafras, and Spiraea. The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and was quite common in western North Carolina in former years, and may be so still. The larvae are generally to be found close to the ground. alder, Genus ISOCH^ETES Dyar (1) Isochaetes beutenmiilleri Henry Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 17, 9. This is a rare little insect, which has practically the same distribution as the preceding species. Genus (1) ALARODIA Alarodia slossoniae Packard, Moeschler Plate XLVII, Fig. 18, 9. (Slosson's Slug.) This remarkable little species inhabits in the larval stage the mangroves which grow in the swampy lands on the southern coast of Florida. A good account of its habits has been pub 366 Cochlidiidae the "Journal of the New York Entomological Society," Vol. V, and indeed the student who desires to know about the habits of this and all other species of the CochliIished by Dr. Dyar diidce found who author, in North America must consult the writings of this made these insects the subject of special and ex- in has haustive inquiry. PROLIMACODES Genus Prolimacodes scapha (i) XLVI1, Fig. 8, ? Harris, Plate I, Fig. 9, larva; Plate (The Skiff Moth.) . Syn. undifera Walker. The moth has The subregion. trees. to wide appeared to It have a distribution throughout the Appalachian upon a great variety of shrubs and larva feeds me in my boyhood, when particular fondness for a {Plata mis). reared it often, COCHLIDION Hubner Genus Cochlidion biguttata Packard, (1) Syn. tetraspilaris Walker. A I the leaves of the sycamore Plate XLVII, Fig. 4, $. native of the eastern portions of the region. (2) Cochlidion rectilinea Grote Fig. 27, $ & Robinson, Plate XLVII, . The insect is quite common locally, and has the same distribution as the preceding species. (3) Cochlidion y-inversa Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 21, $ The distribution of the species is the same as that of the two . preceding. The larva frequents hickory. Genus (1) 2, 6 LITHACODES Lithacodes fasciola Packard Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLVII, Fig. . Syn. divergens Walker. The caterpillar feeds on a great variety of low shrubs and trees especially fond of the leaves of the various species of wild It is common in western cherry. Pennsylvania, and is well dis; it is tributed throughout the Appalachian subregion. Genus (1) PACKARDIA Grote Packardia elegans Packard, Syn. nigripunctata Goodell. 367 & Robinson Plate XLVII, Fig. 16, ?. Megalopygidae The a great variety of trees and shrubs, and the deep glens and ravines of the Appalachian subregion, where there is much shade and moisture. The insect is not uncommon in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. larvae feed upon commonly found are in Packardia geminata Packard, (2) The larvae frequent Plate XLVII, Fig. 1, $ . character to places exactly opposite in those resorted to by the previous species, being fond of dry open woods, and living upon low shrubs and bushes. The insect is a native of the Appalachian subregion. Genus HETEROGENEA Knoch (1) Heterogenea shurtleffi Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 20, $ This, which is one of the very smallest of all the Cocblidiidce, . feeds in its ironwood. larval stage upon black The genus found both is and Old World and the oak, chestnut, beech, in the New. Genus TORTRICIDIA Packard Tortricidia flexuosa Grote, form csesonia Grote, Plate (1) Fig. 12, ?. XLVII, A native of the Appalachian subregion, the larva feeding on It is not uncommon in chestnut, oak, hickory, and wild cherry. western Pennsylvania. (2) Tortricidia testacea Packard, Plate Plate XLVII, Fig. 11, 5. The mon which has the same habitat upon the same species of plants. as insect, species, feeds at light in Fig. I, 19, the It is larva; preceding not uncom- western Pennsylvania. FAMILY MEGALOPYGID/E " Simple and sweet is their food: they eat no flesh of the living." C. L. This and VON KUEBEL. a small family characteristic of the neotropical regions, represented by three or four genera, which have a foothold in the is southern portions of our territory. Genus Carama CARAMA Walker cretata Grote, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 22, $ (1) Syn. pura Butler. 368 . Dalceridae The insect feeds in its larval stage upon the red-bud {Cercis). The caterpillars are gregarious at first, but during the later part of their life separate. The cocoon is made in the ground. The from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania souththe Appalachian region at comparatively low elevations. insect occurs ward in Genus MEGALOPYGE (i) Fig. 25, $ Hiibner & Megalopyge opercuiaris Abbot Smith, Plate XXXVII3, . Syn. lanuginosa Clemens The moth is ; subcitrina Walker. found in Georgia and the region of the Gulf States. Genus LAGOA (1) Lagoa crispata Packard, (The White Flannel-moth.) The Harris Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 23, $. upon the flowering blackberry (Rubus and ranges from Massachusetts southward along the caterpillar feeds villosus), coast. Lagoa pyxidifera Abbot & (2) 24, $ Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. (The Yellow Flannel-moth.) . This enough a rare is in its moth proper succeeded in finding Southern States. in collections. locality, it. Its is It no doubt common few collectors have but thus far home on the seaboard of the is FAMILY DALCERID/E " So man, the moth, is not afraid, it seems, To span Omnipotence, and measure night That knows no measure, by the scanty rule And standard of his own, that is to-day, And is not ere to-morrow's sun go down." Cowper. The Task, VI, 211. This by a is another family which number of species. is small represented in our fauna only Besides the insect known as Dalcerides ingenita Henry Edwards, there is only one other species referable to the family known to occur within the United States. This insect is Pinccnia coa Schaus, a moth which is not uncommon in into our territory. Mexico, and occurs Dalcerides ingenita 569 in is Arizona as a straggler likewise an inhabitant Epipyropidae of Arizona. In Central and South America the Dalceridce Of Pinconia coa we give more numerously found. tation on Plate VIM, are a represen- Fig. 6. FAMILY EPIPYROPIDjE " So, naturalists observe, a flea Has And And smaller fleas that on him prey; these have smaller still to bite 'em, ad infinitum." so proceed Swift. A Rhapsody. The Epipyropidce are a very remarkable little family of paramoths, of which, as yet, comparatively little is known. Professor J. O. Westwood of Oxford, in the year 1876, published an account of a lepidopterous insect, the larva of which sitic lived upon Fulgora candelaria, the great tree-hopper, which is abundant at Hong-Kong and elsewhere in southeastern Asia. The caterpillar, according to Westwood, feeds upon the white, cottony secretion, which is found at the base of the wings of In 1902 Dr. Dyar described another species, the moth Fulgora. was bred from a larva which was found attached to the body of a tree-hopper belonging to the genus Issus. The specimen came from New Mexico, and was taken at Las Vegas Hot The moth, cocoon, and an alcoholic specimen of the Springs. of which larva are preserved in the United States National Museum. Champion, the veteran explorer of Central America, so much corded of who Mr. has done to instruct us as to the biology of those lands, has re- in a London note in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society for 1883, xx, p. that observed by him while collecting a in similar phenomenon was Central America. There New home is insect Epipyrops barberiana. in Mexico. " The Dr. little fleas that do so tease, Have smaller fleas that bite 'em, these again have lesser fleas, And And so ad infinitum.''' Swift. is some patient observer whose Dyar named the New Mexican here a field of interesting study for As popularly but 370 incorrectly quoted. Zygaenidae FAMILY ZYG/ENIDy^E " Every traveller is a self-taught entomologist." Oliver Wendell Holmes. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table. The Zygcenidce are not very well represented in the fauna of North America. They are more numerous in the Old World than in the New, and the genera found in the New World are mainly aberrant. The family has been characterized as follows by Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 228: "Closely allied to the Syntomidce, but distinguished by vein \a of the fore wing being present, except in Anomoeotes x vein 8 of the hind wing present and connected with 7 by a bar; veinlets in the cell of both, with wings generally present. Frenulum present except in Hi\ mantopterus. 1 Larva short and in a silken Pupa cylindrical. cocoon." Genus (1) ACOLOITHUS Acoloithus falsarius Clemens, Clemens Plate XVI, Fig. 14, 6 . Syn. sanborni Packard. The larva feeds The (Ampelopsis). Genus (1) upon the grape and the Virginia creeper insect is not scarce PYROMORPHA the Atlantic States. in Herrich-Schaeffer Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich-Schaeffer, Fig. 33> 3 Plate XLVII, . Syn. pe?'lucidula Clemens. The insect is not very common. portions of the territory with which It is this a native of the eastern book deals. Genus TRIPROCRIS Grote There are eight species assigned to this genus in recent lists. They are all found in the southwestern portions of our territory. (1) Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 4, o A native of Arizona. 1 Genera found in Asia and Africa. 37' Zygsenidae Triprocris latercula Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. Has the same habitat as the preceding species. Plate (3) Triprocris constans Henry Edwards, XIII, Fig. (2) 16, $ . The moth occurs in New Mexico. (4) Triprocris smithsonianus Clemens, 32, Plate XLVII, Fig. . The insect orado, and is is not uncommon in the southern portions of Colfound in New Mexico and northern Texas. HARRISINA Genus Packard Three species belonging to the genus occur within the United Two of these are indigenous to Texas and Arizona. The States. other has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. We have selected it for illustration. (1) Harrisina americana Guerin-Meneville, Plate XLVII, habits of this insect have been so well described by Pro- Fig. 34> $ Syn. texana Stretch. The fessor C. V. Riley that we cannot do better than quote some passages from his account, which is to be found in the "Second Annual Report of the of Mis- State Entomologist He says: souri," at page 85. "During the months of July jgng Fig. 210. b, pupa; c, H. americana. a, larva; cocoon; d, e, moths. (After Riley.) and August, the leaves of the grape-vine may often be found denuded of their softer parts, with nothing but the veins, and sometimes only a few of the larger ribs tell tions of the leaf will examine such chief all skeleton-like, to left the mischief that has been done. Very frequently only porbe thus denuded, and in that event, if we a leaf closely, drawn up in line we shall find the upon the yet toward the margin, cutting away with retreating as they feed. 372 authors of the mis- leafy tissue with their heads their little jaws and Chalcosiidae These soldier-like files are formed yellow uniforms which produce a by worms in black and moth popularly known as American Procris. The eggs from which the they hatch are laid in small clusters on the under side of the leaves, and while the worms are small, they leave untouched the most delicate veins of the leaf, which then presents the appearance of fine network, as shown in the right of the figure (211); but when they become older and stronger they devour all but the larger ribs, as left shown When these the at of the figure. Fig. 211. . . Harrisina americana. Larvae. . (After Riley.) grown full worms disperse over the vines or forsake them entirely, and each spins for itself a small, tough, whitish, flattened cocoon, within which, in about three days, it changes to a chrysalis, three tenths of an inch long, broad, flattened, and of a light shining yellowish-brown color. In about ten days afterwards the moths begin to issue." The insect is double-brooded. It is common in the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic to the borders of the Great Plains in the West. FAMILY CHALCOSIIDyE " Daughters of the air." De La Fontaine. This family is represented in our fauna by but a single insect, belonging to the genus Gingla, established by Walker. It is an obscure little moth known as Gingla laterculae Its habiDyar. *at is Arizona. 313 Thyrididae FAMILY THYRIDIDAE "And exercise your promised patience by saying a little of. the yet Caterpillar, or the Palmer-fly or worm, that by them you may guess what a work it were in a discourse but to run over those very many flies, worms, and little living I will creatures with which the sun and meadows, both I think, myself enjoy summer adorn and and contemplation for the recreation beautify the river-banks and of us Anglers : pleasures which, more than any other man that i$ not of my profession." Izaak Walton. The Compleat Angler, Chap. V, Pt. The Tbyrididce are a small family of i moths revealing decided They have been characterized as follows " Moths of " Moths India," Vol. I, p. 352 by Hampson, generally with hyaline patches and stride on the wings. Palpi obliquely Antennae almost simple. Fore wing upturned and slender. with vein \a forming a fork with \b at base; \c absent; 5 from Hind wing with two internal veins; near lower angle of cell. vein 8 nearly touching vein 7 just before or after the end ol the cell. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with two affinity to the Pyralidce. : pairs. Larva pyraliform, with five pairs of legs." Six genera are attributed to this family in the last list of the species found within the United States which has been published. (1) Of four Thyris of these we Genus THYRIS maculata give illustrations. Laspeyres Harris, Plate XLVII, Fig. 30, $ . (The Spotted Thyris.) Syn. perspicua Walker. The moth (2) is a native of the Eastern States. Thyris lugubris Boisduval, Plate It is not common. XLVII, Fig. 31, $. (The Mournful Thyris.) Syn. sepulchralis Boisduval ; nevadcz Oberthiir. The range of the species is coincident with that of other congener in the United States. Genus (1) DYSODIA Dysodia oculatana Clemens, Eyed Dysodia.) 374 its only Clemens Plate III, Fig. 10, S. (The Cossidae Syn. plena Walker aurea Pagenstecher. The States. species It is is very ; fasciata Grote & ; widely distributed throughout the entire United common in western Pennsylvania. Genus HEXERIS Hexeris enhydris Grote, (i) Syn. reticulum Beutenmiiller. The moth occurs in the Plate Grote XLVII, Fig. 35, $. subregion of the Gulf. MESKEA Genus (1) Robinson; montana Henry Edwards Grote Meskea dyspteraria The moth is Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 36, $. found in Florida and the region of the Antilles. FAMILY COSSID/E "Bright insect, ere thy filmy wing, Expanding on the breath of spring, Quivered with brief enjoyment, 'T was thine for years immured to dwell Within a lone and gloomy cell, To The eat, thy sole employment." Acheta Domestica. " Goat-moths," or "Carpenter- worms," as they are familiarly called, have sorely puzzled Some systematists. writers have been inclined to regard them as allied to the Tortricidce. Cossidce, We assign accorded them by them the position in the linear series which is also by Dyar. They form a very Hampson and distinctly defined group, whatever their relationships They are succinctly described by Hampson in "The India," Vol. may Moths be. of as follows: "Proboscis absent; palpi usually minute or absent; antennae bipectinated to tip or with distal half simple in both sexes, or wholly simple in female. Tibiae with I, p. 304, Fore wing with vein \b forked at base; spurs absent or minute. \c present; an areole formed by veins 7 and 10; veins 7 and 8 forking after the areole; the inner margins usually more or less lobed. Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 free from the base or connected with Both 7 by an erect bar at end of cell. wings with forked many veinlets in cell. as nine bristles to the frenulum. 375 The female may have as Cossidse Larva. galleries in siderable Smooth, with wood a few hairs; internal feeders, boring or the pith of reeds, etc., and often doing con- damage. cocoon formed of silk and chips of wood." Six genera are recognized as occurring within our fauna. Pupa in a Genus (i) Zeuzera pyrina ZEUZERA Latreille Plate Linnaeus, IX, Fig. 9, $ (The Leopard-moth.) Syn. hypocastrina Poda ; cesculi Linnseus ; hilaris Fourcroy ; dccipiens Kirby. Old World, but has within recent years become introduced and acclimated on Long Island, and has This insect Fig. 212. is a native of the The Leopard-moth, a, dorsal view of e, burrow in wood made by larva. male; d, female; Vol. IV, p. 317.) c, larva; b, lateral view of do. ; (After Pike, "Insect Life," multiplied to a great extent in the environs of the city of Brooklyn. It has already inflicted much damage upon trees, and, apparently is destined to work still greater injury. being firmly established, It is a promiscuous feeder, but evinces a particular fondness elms and maples. 376 for Cossidse The eggs are generaiiy laid near the crotch of the. tree, watch should be kept in the spring of the year to detect presence and destroy them before they are hatched. and their Genus COSSUS Fabricius The genus is cossus Linnaeus found on both sides of the Atlantic. Cossus a large species which does great damage to is As am was a boy writing, my friend, Dr. Ortmann, relates of eleven, living in his native village in Thuringia, his attention was called to a notice posted by the Biirgermeister offering a reward for information which would lead trees in Europe. that when he I and punishment of the individuals who by boring avenue of birch-trees, upon which the place prided itself, had caused great injury to them. Already the instincts of the naturalist had asserted themselves, and the prying eyes of the lad had found out the cause of the trouble. He went accordingly to the office of the Biirgermeister and informed him that he could tell him all about the injury to the trees. The official sat wide-mouthed and eager to hear. "But you must assure me, before tell you, that the reward you offer will "Yes, yes, my little man; do not be in surely be paid to me." doubt on that score. You shall certainly be paid." "Well, then, Herr Biirgermeister, the holes from which the sap is flowing were not made by boys who were after the birch-sap to make beer, but by the Weidenbohrer." 1 A small explosion of official to the detection into the trunks of a certain fine I The act of the presumptuous boy was reported dignity followed. to a stern parent, and the result was, in Yankee phrase, a "licking," which was (i) The (2) certainly undeserved. Lintner, Plate XII, Fig. I, 6 It is found in the Atlantic States. quite rare. Cossus centerensis insect is Cossus undosus . Lintner, Plate XLI, Fig. 9, ? . Syn. bmcei French. The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. specimen figured was taken on the Arkansas River near Canyon in The Colorado, City. undoubtedly the most attractively marked and most gant species found in our territory. It is 1 The common German name 311 for the Cossus. ele- Cossidse Genus PRIONOXYSTUS Grote There are two species of this genus found in the United One of them, Prionoxystus macmurtrei Guerin-Mene- States. = querciperda Fitch, is a rather rare species. It bores its larval The female, which resembles the female of the passages in oak. other species, is quite large, sometimes four inches in expanse of The male, on the other hand, is quite diminutive. have wing. never seen a male much more than an inch and a half in expanse ville 1 The species has been taken most frequently in recent The other years in western Pennsylvania by local collectors. It frespecies, Prionoxystus robiniae Peck, is very common. quents various trees, but shows a preference for the wood of the of wing. common locust (Robinia pseudacacia) and various species of The male is depicted on Plate XLI, Fig. n, the genus Populus. and the female by Fig. 10 on the same plate. The insect is I have found widely distributed throughout the United' States. the males exceedingly abundant about the electric lights in of our Western cities, as St. Paul and Omaha. Genus INGUROMORPHA some Henry Edwards Two species of this genus occur within Both are found in the extreme our limits. southern portions of the United States. arbeloides Dyar is a native of Arizona. ^$:^0hm /. I. basalis Walker, which is shown in the annexed figure, is found in Florida and Mexico. Fig. 2\z-inguro' Typelis'/Zin'i. margin. The general color of the fore wings is pale ashen-gray, with the outer border dull ochreous marked with dark-brown striae, and > broader spots and blotches toward the outer The hind wings are darker gray. " I recognize The moths, with that great overpoise Which makes a mystery of them how They can stop flying." E. B. Browning. .378 of wings at all Aurora Leigh. JEgeriidx Genus Only one species of COSSULA this genus occurs in Florida and Mexico. Strecker, by our fauna. It was named magnifica by and subsequently also Druce in the year Bailey. 189 1 applied to name norax. in It Bailey known from is it the specific It is represented the annexed cut one third It larger than the size of life. as yet a rare insect in collec- is few specimens havFlG 2H.- Cossla magnifica, $ |. No doubt it is locally common, and when some shrewd observer discovers its haunts and mode of life, we shall all have a good supply of specitions, only a . . ing been found. mens in our cabinets. Genus HYPOPTA Hiibner Nine species are said to belong to this genus and are reputed to occur within our territory. They are all Southern or Southwestern forms. (1) Hypopta bertholdi Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 2, $. The specimen figured on the plate came from California. The author has also received it from Colorado. (2) Hypopta henrici Grote, Plate XII, Fig. 3, $ The moth is found in Arizona and New Mexico. . FAMILY ^GERIID/E " I '11 follow you, I '11 lead you about a round Through bog, through bush, through brake, through brier." Shakespeare. Mid$um?ner Night 's Dream, III, i. The name Sesm being, according to the laws of priority, applicable to a genus of the Sphingidce, as has been pointed out on page 61, the name of the family which we are now considering must be that which is given above. The name strictly "Ses/idce" must yield to the name " A!gennia>." This is on some accounts regrettable, as the former name has for many years been consistently applied to the family by 379 many authors. .flSgeriidae The name which we use has of writers, and is been applied by a multitude established in use in certain also already well quarters. The /Egeriidce are diurnal in their habits, flying in the hottest sunshine. They are very rapid on the wing. Their larvae are borers, feeding on the inner bark or the pith of trees and lesser The pupa; are generally armed with hook-like projecwhich enable them to progress in a forward direction in Some of the genera have the galleries in which they are formed. at the cephalic end a sharp cutting projection, which is used to enable the insect to cut its way out of the chamber before the change into a moth takes place. The moths have been described as follows by Hampson in "The Moths of India," Vol. p. 189: "Antenna; often dilated or knobbed. Legs often with thick tufts of hair; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs; hind tibiae with two pairs. Frenulum present. Wings generally more or less hyaline; fore wing with veins \a and \b forming a fork at base; plants. tions, I, \c absent; veins 4 to given off at almost even distances from Hind wing with three internal veins; vein 8 coincident the cell. 1 1 with 7." The American species have been very thoroughly monographed by Mr. Beutenmuller, the amiable and accomplished Curator of the Section of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural His- It is through his kindness that the author is tory in New York. able to give on Plate XLVI of the present volume so many illustrations of the species which are found in our fauna. The stu- dent who desires to know more about these things must consult Mr. Beutenmiiller's great work. Genus MELITTIA Hubner Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, Plate XLVI, Fig. (1) Syn. cucurbitcE Harris The ; ceto larva of the insect West wood is ; 1, 9. amcena Henry Edwards. commonly known as the "Squash- The insect has an extensive borer," or the "Pumpkin-borer." It attacks the range from New England to the Argentine States. Cucurbitacece generally, laying the eggs upon all parts of the but preferably upon the stems, into which the caterpillar plant, and in which it develops until the time of pupation, when descends into the ground, makes a cell beneath the surface in bores, it 380 /Egeriidae which hibernates, and transformed into a chrysalis the followThe moths emerge, according to locality, from June ing spring. to August. It is said to be double-brooded in the southern parts of our region, but is single-brooded in the Northern States. (2) Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 2, $ it is . This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but the fore wings are devoid of the metallic tints which appear in that and there are other minor differences which present species, themselves upon comparison of the two forms. The life-history remains to be worked out. It is thus far known only from Kansas. (3) Melittia grandis Strecker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 3, $ . The insect is reported to occur in Texas and Arizona. Genus QJEA Beutenmuller Gsea emphytiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 5, ? of this species are found in the British Museum. known definitely as to its true locality, except that the (1) . The types Nothing is specimens came from the United States. Of course the life-history is also unknown. It is to be hoped that some reader of this book will rediscover the species and let us all know its true history. (2) Gsea solituda Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 4, $ . The species occurs in Kansas and in Texas, but the history of mode of development from egg to imago remains to be its written. EUHAGENA Genus Henry Edwards only one species of this genus known at the present time. It was named nebraskae by Henry Edwards in the year 88 1. A male specimen is depicted on Plate XLVI, Fig. 34. The species may easily be recognized by its red wings. Its early his- There is 1 tory is unknown. I received several specimens of the insect some who sent them to me, but so wretchedly time ago from a friend packed that nothing came to hand but fragments. The wellmeaning sender had done them up in cotton as if they were birds' Never wrap cotton eggs, and of course they were all smashed. about moths or butterflies, and then ram cotton down into the box to make the specimens ride well. Particularly avoid the "ramming" process. 381 /Egeriidae ALCOTHOE Genus Alcothoe caudata Henry Edwards Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 6, 6. The larvae bore in the roots of various species of clematis. The insect is widely distributed, occurring from Canada to Florida, and westward to the Mississippi. The moths come out in April (i) and May The in the South, and from June to August in the North. larvae hibernate in their galleries in various stages of Genus SANNINA Walker Sannina uroceriformis Walker, (i) growth. Plate XLVI, Fig. 7, $ . Syn. qitinqitecaitdatus Ridings. The larva feeds on the tap-root of the persimmon (Diospyros) depth of from eighteen to twenty-two inches under the ground. The species occurs from Virginia to Florida, and westat a ward as far as the food-plant ranges. Genus PODOSESIA Mceschler (1) Podosesia syringae Harris, Plate Syn. longipes Mceschler. The larvae feed on the ash and the XLVI, lilac. Fig. 17, ?. They tunnel their passages straight into the wood for many inches. They cut their way out almost to the surface just before pupating, leaving only a thin layer of fiber to close the end of the gallery; this is broken through by the emergent pupa as it comes forth from its cocoon, and then the pupal envelope is split and the perfect winged insect The moths are on the wing in western Pennsylvania appears. in June, and are to be found on the blossoms of Syringa. MEMYTHRUS Newman Genus (1) Memythrus tricinctus Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 14, $. The larvae infest the small trunks of willows and poplars. The moths appear in the latter part of June and the beginning of Transformation July; the caterpillars hibernate in their galleries. occurs in a tough cocoon located at the outer end of the gallery. The is species found ranging westward as (2) 3, Fig. Memythrus 12, ? in New far as England and the Middle Ohio and Michigan. States, polistiformis Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. . 382 11, Explanation of Plate XLVI taken by the kind permission of Mr. William Beutenmuller from the plates illustrating his Monograph of the Sesiidse of North America.) (The figures in this plate are i. 2. 3. 4. Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner, 9. Melittia snowi Henry Edwards, <$ Melittia grandis Strecker, 9 . Gcra solituda Henry Edwards, c? 6. Gcea emphytiformis Walker, 9 Alcathoe caudata Harris, (J 7. Sannina uroceriformis Walker, 8. Algeria a pifor mis Linnaeus, 5. 9. 10. 11. 1 . tf . 9 Bembecia marginata Harris, 9 Memythrus simulans Grote, 9 16. Memythrus polistiformis Harris, (J Memythrus polistiformis Harris, 9. Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, J Memythrus tricinctus Harris, 9 Palmia prcecedens Henry Edwards, 9. Parharmonia pini Kellicott, cJ 17. Podosesia syringes Harris, 18. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, (J Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, 9 12. 13. 14. 15. 19. 1 . . Vespamima Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon Synanthedon 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 91 20. 23. . 1 21. 22. 1 . sequoiae . Henry Edwards, bassiformis Walker, rileyana rileyana J c?. 1 . Henry Edwards, cT. Henry Edwards, 9 . pictipes Grote pyri Harris, 9 & Robinson, 9. . tipuliformis Clerck, 9 albicornis Henry Edwards, 9. acerni Clemens, 9 . . scitula Harris, 9 . Henry Edwards, 9 Henry Edwards, J*. Henry Edwards, 9 aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, nebraskce Euhagena Henry Edwards, J Paranthrene heuchera; Henry Edwards, J neglecta rutilans . rutilans . ci\ 1 . 1 . 36. Calasesia coccinea Beutenmuller, 9 37. Albuna pyramidalis, var. montana Henry Edwards, tf. The Mo :h Plate XLVI. Book CO^YFIIGHTEC BY W J. HOLLAND, 1903 iEgeriidae The which is popularly known as the "Grape-root Borer," ranges from Vermont to the Carolinas, and westward as far as Missouri. It inflicts considerable damage upon both wild and cultivated grape-vines. The moth resembles the wasps of the genus Polistes, whence the name. (3) Memythrus simulans Grote, Plate XLVI, Fig. 10, ? The insect, which is known to occur from New England to Minnesota, not ranging below the Potomac and the Ohio, feeds insect, . stage upon the wood of the red oak. Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, in its larval (4) Fig. 13, The habitat of the species Genus (1) Plate XLVI, $. Texas. is PALMIA Beutenmuller Palmia prsecedens Henry Edwards, The moth known is to occur in and nothing rare in collections as yet, Plate North Carolina. is known of XLVI, It is Fig. very its life-history. Genus iEGERIA Fabricius Plate XLVI, Fig. 8, ? & Schiffermiiller. This insect, which in England is known as the "Hornetmoth," because of its resemblance to a hornet, is found abunIts dantly in Europe, but less commonly in North America. larva lives in the roots and lower portions of the trunks of poplars and willows, and requires two years in which to undergo trans(1) .ffigeria apiformis Clerck, . Syn. vespiformis Hufnagel; crabronifor mis Denis formation. Genus (1) BEMBECIA Bembecia marginata Hiibner Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 9, $. Syn. pleciceformis Walker; odyneripennis Walker; rubi Riley; flavipes Hulst. The borer," insect, is which not at all is popularly uncommon. known The as the "Blackberry- grub-like Iarvce infest the and raspberries, and when mature eat their about three inches through the pith of the dead cane, and cutting their way outwardly, leave only a thin layer of the epidermis between themselves and the outer air. The pupa is armed at its head with a triangular chisel-shaped process, with which roots of blackberries way up 383 jEgeriidae it cuts through the epidermis of the plant, and then wriggling forward, until half of the body is extruded, the pupal case bursts, and the moth emerges. The males come out in the early afternoon, the females about four o'clock, copulation occurs almost immediately, and the female begins to oviposit before the sun The moths appear sets. in August Pennsylvania. 20, $ larvae overwinter VESPAMIMA Genus (i) end of July and throughout the at The Vespamima in the canes. Beutenmiiller sequoiae Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. . Syn. pinorum Behrens. This species upon the said to be very destructive to coniferous trees The larvae do their mischievous work at is Pacific slope. the forking of the branches. Genus PARHARMONIA Parharmonia (1) Beutenmiiller pini Kellicott, Plate XLVI, Fig. 6. 16, The larvae species is found from Canada to New Jersey. live under the bark of pine-trees. The moths appear in July and The August. Genus (1) SANNINOIDEA Sanninoidea exitiosa Syn. persica Thomas ; Beutenmiiller Say, Plate XLVI, Fig. pepsidiformis Hiibner ; 18, $, Fig. xiphiceformis Boisduval. well-known " Peach-borer." The larvae infest the trunks of peach-trees and wild cherries near the ground, and also attack the upper roots. The species ranges from Canada to This is the Florida, and westward amount of in damage Genus (1) to the Rocky Mountains. It does a large peach-orchards. ALBUNA Henry Edwards Albuna pyramidalis Walker, form montana Henry Ed- wards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 37, $ This is a variable species, of which several varieties have been described. It ranges from Nova Scotia into New England, and . westward of its to the Pacific in the same early history or food-plants. 384 latitudes. Nothing is known ./Egeriidae SYNANTHEDON Genus Hubner {Sesia auctorum.) The name Sesia being properly restricted to a genus of the Sphingidce, we apply to the genus the name proposed by Hubner " in the Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmetterlinge," p. 129. This appears to be the proper and logical method of procedure under the circumstances. The genus is very extensive. Fifty-eight species are found our fauna, of which we delineate eleven. (1) Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23, ? Syn. brunneipennis XLVI, . Henry Edwards Henry Edwards. Virginias and Carolinas westfar as California and Oregon. hyperici ; The species ranges from the ward through Ohio and Illinois as (2) Plate in Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 31, 8, Fig. 32, ?. Syn. aureola Henry Edwards; hemizonce perplexa Henry Edwards impropria Edwards madarice Henry Edwards. wards ; ; Henry Edwards; lupini Henry EdHenry Edwards washingtonia Henry ; ; This insect is known as the "Strawberry-borer." It not only infests the crown of these plants, which it generally destroys, but also frequently attacks raspberries and blackberries at the crown of the roots. It ranges from Nova Scotia westward across the continent, and in the Mississippi Valley southward into northern Texas. (3) Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 30, ? The insect stages are (4) is found in California and Washington. Its early XLVI, Fig. unknown. Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, Plate 21, S. Syn. lustrans Grote eupatorii Henry Edwards imitata Henry Edwards. The (<=)) ; consimilis sexfasciata larva feeds in the insect ranges 26, ; from New Henry Edwards Henry Edwards ; ; bolli infirma Henry Edwards Henry Edwards stems of Eupatorium purpurenm. England ; ; The to Texas. Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. $. The insect, which is found in 385 Europe and Asia, and has also iEgeriidae been transported to Australia, from Europe. It is an importation into this country feeds in the stems of gooseberry- and currant- bushes. (6) Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, Fig. 24, $ Plate XLVI, . Syn. innsitata Henry Edwards. The larvae feed under the bark of plums, wild and cultivated cherry-trees, peach-trees, the June-berry (Amelancbier), and the chestnut. The eggs are laid on the trunks and the branches of The moths are on the wing Synanthedon acerni Clemens, the trees. (7) in June and July. XLVI, Fig. Plate 28, ? . Syn. acencohim Gennadius. This is the common " Maple-borer." sap-wood and do a great deal of our larger At times cities. The damage larvae tunnel in the to trees, especially in trees are completely girdled galleries made by the by the and insects, are thus killed; at other times they are so weakened that on the occasion winds or storms they are broken off and greatly disfigured. The insects emerge from the pupae early in the morning, and may be seen at times in small swarms about of high the trunks of the trees, ovipositing upon the bark. The time of emer- gence is the latter part of May and the beginning of June. The pupae are formed in small cocoons composed of silk and pellets of excrement interwoven upon the surface. Just before the s. acemi. a, larvse; cocoons; c, male; d, pupa profrom burrow. jecting (After Riley.) Fig. 215. moths emerge, the chrysalids work their way partially out of the tunnels in which they are, ... ... and then the outer sheathing ofc the pupa splits open and the perfect insect crawls forth, in a few moments to be upon the wing; foi the development of the power of flight is with this species, as b, with almost all The moth is , . , the /Egeriidce, exceedingly rapid. found from New England as far west as Nebraska. 386 /Egeriidae Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, (8) XLVI, Fig. 33, $ Plate . The moth occurs in No Texas. history of habits has as yet its been written. (9) Synanthedon pyri Harris, Plate Syn. kccbelei Henry Edwards. XLVI, Fig. 25, ? . This is a common species everywhere, infesting the bark of In the vicinity of Pittsburgh many trees pear- and apple-trees. have been killed by these mischievous little creatures. Syn. gallivorum The scitula Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 29, $. Westwood hospes Walsh amula Henry Edwards. Synanthedon (10) ; ; larvae inhabit the bark of chestnut, dogwood, oak, willow, The moth ranges from Canada to and westward through the Valley of the Ohio. Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, hickory, and the galls of oaks. Virginia, (11) Fig. 27, ? . Syn. proximo The moth Henry Edwards modesta Kellicott. not known to occur south of the ; Potomac and is ranges from New England to Oregon. feed upon the trunks and shoots of willows. the Ohio. It CALESESIA Genus coccinea Calesesia (1) The larvae XLVI, Fig. Beutenmuller Beutenmuller, Plate 36, 9. The habitat of this rare insect the early stages are as yet The male and Mexico. Hubner Paranthrene heucherae Henry Edwards, (1) Fig. 35. Plate XLVI, <$ There are several species which are all, in the genus found in the United as yet, rare in collections, as to their life-history. New New PARANTHRENE Genus States, is unknown. The present and little is known species has been found in Mexico. FAUNAL SUBREGIONS This volume is an attempt to bring together into compact form an account of the commoner and more striking species of 387 JEgetiidas moths which are found in the United States and Canada. The is vast, and zoologists as well as botanists have for the purposes of science subdivided the region into what are known as "faunal subregions," or "botanical subregions." These subdivisions of the territory are entirely natural and are based upon a knowledge of the flora and fauna of each area. Both flora and fauna are more or less dependent upon conditions of soil, rainfall, and temperature. area Beginning with the Atlantic coast, we find a large area extending from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario, southward through New England, the Middle States, and the Eastern CenStates as far south as the Carolinas and northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, westward into Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Kansas, then northward through eastern Iowa and Minnesota, in which, with some slight variations, the predominant features of the vegetation and of the fauna are alike. In a broad tral way this territory is known as the Appalachian subregion. It two parts, to the more northern of the name Canadian, and to the southern has been subdivided into which has been applied name Carolinian. These minor subdivisions of the broader subregion are quite natural, and are based upon the fact that certain groups of plants and animals are characteristic of the one which are not characteristic of the other; yet upon the whole the character of the vegetation and of the animal life of the two lesser areas is in most respects quite similar. The genera are practiIt was, when the cally the same throughout these territories. the country was first discovered by white men, a region of trees, except in northern Indiana and parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Minne- where there were prairies; but on these prairies, where trees grew, they were for the most part representatives of the same genera which were found through the eastern parts of the domain, and in many cases were the same species. Accompanying the plants are the insects which feed upon them. Beginning on the extreme southern portions of the coast of North Carolina and running along the coast of South Carolina through eastern and southern Georgia, northern Florida, and westward along the Gulf of Mexico, we have a strip of territory preserving many of the floral and faunal peculiarities of the Appalachian subregion, but possessing distinctive features of its own. sota, 388 ^geriidae We warmer detect here the influence of skies and the life of the It is the region of the not-far-off tropics. long-leaved pine, the cypress, the live-oak, the evergreen magnolia, and the palmetto. It is the subregion of the Gulf. It has a fauna of its own. extreme southern portion of Florida and on the out- In the lying islands we find established a northern offshoot of the plantThe conditions are dislife and of the fauna of the West Indies. tinctly tropical here. A sharp division takes place west of the Mississippi River, at those points where the heavily wooded lands terminate and are succeeded by the grassy, woodless plains, which lie between the western borders of the Valley of the Mississippi and the eastern While the Great Plains are ranges of the Rocky Mountains. traversed by numerous river valleys, in which there is abundant arboreal vegetation, nevertheless the whole region in part only preserves the faunal and floral characteristics of the Appalachian The southern part of this territory, lying in New Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona, with which, in part, southern California is identified, has a large number of genera and subregion. which range southward along the plateaus and treeless This may be called highlands of Mexico and Central America. the Arizonian or Sonoran subregion. The northern half of the belt of the Great Plains is invaded by species life which are related to types This is regions of the continent. especially true where the plains reach a great altitude above the It This subregion may be called the Dakotan. level of the sea. forms of both plant and animal predominant stretches in the colder from northern Colorado northward to the British provinces of Assiniboia and Alberta. West of the Great Plains is a territory traversed from north to south by the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, in which there occurs a commingling of genera and species, some coming in from the far north on the higher ranges, others coming in from the south on the lower levels, and a multitude of forms mingling with these which show the influence of migration both from the The region of the Great Plains and from the Pacific slope. Rocky Mountains is a region in which there are singular complexities, owing the arctic zone to the great differences in elevation. Species of a few habitat within their be found having may }8q iEgeriidae miles of species which are in many cases distinctly subtropical. On the high peaks holarctic genera occur, and in the valleys genera which have territory In a general sense the their metropolis in Mexico. called the Coloradan subregion. may be The Pacific subregion includes central and northern California and the valleys lying between the coast and the western outliers The subregion extends northward into of the central cordillera. British Columbia. There is shown here a distinct resemblance to the fauna of Europe and temperate Asia. Beginning in Labrador on the east and extending across the entire northern portion of the continent into Alaska is a region which we may call the Holarctic subregion, in which the genera and species alike of plants and animals are for the most part the same which are found in similar latitudes in the Eastern Hemisphere. In tween the Alaska there is evidence of a distinct connection be- Greenland and Labrador, together with some of the adjacent islands, show remarkable affinities to the flora and fauna of boreal Europe and the Alps. Various subdivisions of these broader areas have been sugflora and fauna of Asia. gested, but in the indicated suffice to main the subregions which the writer has show the differences in these tracts. "... From And secret corner, every chink where they slept away The wintry storms or rising from their tombs To higher life by myriads, forth at once, Swarming they pour, of all the varied hues Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose. Ten thousand forms ten thousand different tribes ! ! People the blaze." Thomson. 390 Summer. FAMILY PYRALIDCE " All multiplicity rushes to be resolved into unity. Anatomy, osteology, exeach kind the lower pointing to the higher hibit arrested or progressive ascent in ; forms, the higher to the highest, from the fluid in an elastic sack, from radiate, mollusk, articulate, vertebrate, up to man as if the whole animal world were only ; a Hunterian Museum to exhibit the genesis of mankind." Emerson. The Pyralidce constitute an enormous complex of subfamilies, They are found in all the temperate and genera, and species. tropical parts of the world, but are more numerous in hot lands than in the colder portions of the globe. Nearly eight hundred known to occur species belonging to this family are already within the United States and Canada, and the region will undoubtedly yet yield many new species to science. We cannot in these pages undertake to give even an outline of the genera and the species, but we have selected a few for illustration in order that the student, encountering these interesting insects, may be able to at least recognize their relative position in the great suborder with which this book deals. The moths of this family are described as follows by Sir George F. Hampson in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1898, page 590: "Proboscis and maxillary palpi Fore wing with vein usually well developed; frenulum present. \a usually free, sometimes forming a fork with \b\ \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell; 8, 9 almost always stalked. Hind wing with veins \a, b, c present; 5 almost always from near cell; 8 approximated to 7 or anastomosing with it lower angle of beyond the cell. Larva elongate, with five pairs of prolegs. Pupa with segments 9-1 and sometimes also 8 and 12 movable, not protruding from cocoon on emergence." 1 The Pyralidce have been divided into a number of subfamilies. Of the subfamilies represented in our fauna, we shall in the following pages give illustrations of a few species which are com391 Pyralidae monly encountered be wished that While it is to or possess interesting traits. be able to give a monographic view of we might the entire family, such a procedure is wholly out of the question, in view of the limits imposed upon us in the matter of space by such a volume as that which has been undertaken. SUBFAMILY PYRAUSTIN^E of this family may be distinguished by the fact median nervure is not pectinated upon the upper side, or is at most very slightly pectinated, by the absence of tufts of scales in the cell of the fore wing, and by the further fact that vein 10 of In the hind wing, vein 7 and the fore wing rises from the cell. The genera that the vein 8 almost invariably anastomose. Fifty-seven genera are found in our territory, represented by two hundred and twenty-four Genus (1) species. ZINCKENIA Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, Syn. angustalis Fabricius cialis Boisduval. The moth is ; found recurvalis Fabricius all regions of both hemispheres. tions of the United States. Genus Desmia (1) Hiibner XLVII, Fig. 28, 3. Plate ; diffascialis Hiibner ; albifas- over the temperate and subtropical It is common in the southern por- DESMIA Westwood funeralis Hiibner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 37, $. (The Grape-leaf Folder.) Fig. 216. bead Desmia funeralis. of larva, magnified; 3, I, pupa; larva secreted 4, male moth; between folds of 5, female moth. leaf; 2, (After Riley.) The caterpillar of this pretty little 392 moth feeds upon the leaves Pyralidsc of various wild and cultivated grapes, showing a preference for those species the leaves of which are thin and tender. The green color, and is very lively when which do considerable damage in vineyards, may be kept down by crushing the larvae and the pupae when found in the folded leaves, which are easily detected. The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf east of the Great Plains. caterpillar is of a transparent The disturbed. insects, Genus Samea (i) SAMEA Guenee ecclesialis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. Syn. castellalis Guenee luccusalis ; Walker ; disertalis 2, ?. Walker. The insect is widely distributed throughout the hotter parts Western Hemisphere. It is common in Florida and ranges of the south as far as Argentina. Genus DIASTICTIS Hubner Diastictis fracturalis (1) Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1, $ . marked species, which is found in Texas and Arizona, and ranges southward into Mexico and Central America. This a neatly is Genus CONCHYLODES Conchylodes (1) ovulalis Syn. Guenee Guenee platinalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 60, 8 erinalis ; Walker ; tiiagicalis Felder ; . concinnalis Hampson. The moth is found in western Pennsylvania and southward through the southern portions of the United States into South America. Genus (1) PANTOGRAPHA Lederer Pantographa limata Grote & Robinson, Fig. 38, $ Plate XLVII, . Syn. suffusalis Druce. The insect occurs from to Patagonia. AGATHODES Genus (1) Maine Agathodes monstralis Guenee, Syn. designalis Guenee Ti?e ; Guenee Plate XLVIII, Fig. 3, $ . floridalis Hulst. moth ranges from Florida to the Rio de America. 393 la Plata in South Pyralidse Genus This is numerous a Guenee both hemispheres large genus, represented give figures of three. in species. Glyphodes (i) GLYPHODES by We nitidalis Plate Stoll, XLVII, Fig. 43, 6. (The Pickle-worm.) The insect feeds in larval its stage upon melons, into which the caterpillar bores. habits given by Riley is in the account of "Second Annual Report its of the " It has, like most of the page 67. wide range, and extends from the southern portions State Entomologist of Missouri, Pyralidce, a cucumbers and A good of the United Stntes to the southern portions of South America. Plate XLVII, Fig. 39, $ (2) Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus, . Guenee. Syn. marginahs Stoll; lucernalis Hiibner; hyalinatahs The range of this species is very much the same as that of the last mentioned. (3) Glyphodes quadristigmalis Guenee. (The Privet- moth.) Fig. 217. c, cocoon ; segment of Vol. I, p. Glyphodes quadristigmalis. a, lateral view of larva; b, dorsal view; moth e, lateral view of two segments of larva, enlarged /, anal " pupa from below, greatly enlarged. (After Riley, Insect Life," d, ; ; 24.) This moth has in recent years proved at times troublesome as an enemy of privet-hedges in the southern portions of the country. As many as four broods of the moths have been detected in one 394 Explanation of Plate XLVII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Packardia Packard, geminata 2S. 2(). 2. Lithacodes Herrich- fasciola con- are represented Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, J Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, 1 . 9Thyris maculata Harris, o 31. Thyris lugubris Boisduval, 1 Schaeffer, 3. Adoneta c? 5. 6. Herrich- spinul aides Schaeffer, 4. 30. . 32. Triprocris <5*. Cochlidion biguttata Packard, 9 ii 13. . Schajffer, 35. 36. 16. 1 IsochcBtes , , beutenmulleri Edwards, 9 19. U. , S. Henry N. M. , 1 , Heterogenea 21. Cochlidion J\ U. shurtleffi Packard, N. M. S. y-inversa 38. Packard, Monoleuca semifascia Walker, 26. Euclea Euclea Euclea Euclea 27 Cochlidion 23. 24. 25. Hexeris enhydris Grote, viridiclava Walker, cf . c? . Pantographa limata Robinson, <J*. Clyphodes hyalinala 1 el . tf . & Grote Linnaeus, cT- bicoloralis Guene>, cr- 41. Pyrausta insequalis Guenee, rj42. Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, 9 43. Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, (J 44. Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, c? . 1 . . 45. Evergcstis straminalis Hiibner, c?. 46. Herculia Pyrausta 49. Pyrausta 50. Pyrausta 51. Pyrausta 52. Pyrausta 48. himonialis Zeller, 9 Guenee, r? illibalis . Htibner, 9 orphisalis Walker, r? . funebris Strom, c? unifascialis Packard. langdonalis Grote, cj 53. Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, 9 54. Pyrausta pcrtextalis Lederer, c? . 57. Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, cf Pyrausta unimacula Grote & Robinson, cj Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS., 55. 22. Guerin- . 47. Phlyctcenia tertialis Alarodia slossonice Packard, 9 U. S. N. M. Grote & Adoneta pygmcea Robinson, J U. S. N. M. 20. 37. S. HerrichN. M. textula Sisyrosea U. , . Meskea dyspteraria Grote, Desmia juneralis Hiibner, 40. Cindapliia c? & americana Meneville, cj > S. Schseffer, 9 U. S. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, 9 U. S. N. M. Packardia elegans Packard, 9 18. cf. . 39. N. M. Natada nasoni Grote, N. M. . . a n u s Tortricidia testacea Packard, cf coesonia Grote, 9 - U. 7 i Harrisina Tortricidia 15. n 34. 12 14. s o Smith, J Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, 9 Prolimacodes scapha Harris, 9 Sibine stimulea Clemens, cj Euclea indetermina Boisduval, d\ U. S. N. M. 1 10 h Pyromorpha dimidiata Herrich- . 9- c? i t 33. . 8. Clemens, . m Euclea pcenulata Clemens, cT Phobetron pithecium Abbot & 1 7. s 56. . delphinii Boisduval, 9 nanina Dyar, & 58. Eustixia pupula Hiibner, chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, 59. Hypsopygia & 60. Conchylodes platinalis Guenee, . & costalis c? . Fabricius, c?. rectilinea Robinson, Grote 1 cj . c?. The Moth Book COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND. Plate XLVII Pyralidse summer in Washington, being known to occur in Genus This The D. C. the West insect has a Indies wide range, and Central America. PHLYCTAENODES Guenee genus well represented in both hemispheres. are over thirty species found in the United States. is a There Phlyctaenodes triumphalisGrote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 5, $ This species, which is found in the vicinity of San Luis Obispo, California, was described by Grote in the "Canadian Entomolo(i) . gist," Vol. XXXIV, It p. 295. does not appear in Phlyctaenodes sticticalis Linnaeus. (2) Dyar's List. (The Sugar-beet Moth.) Syn. fascahs Hiibner; tetragonahs Haworth; sordida Butler. The moth, of which we give an enlarged representation in Fig. has becmee in recent years the object of attention in 218, those portions of the West in which the cultivation of the sugar-beet has be- come an industry of It has magnitude. done considerable damage to the crop There in Nebraska. are two and perhaps broods pro- in a year. The three duced insect multiplies with great large and rapidity, areas planted the beet have with been defoliated by the caterpillars in in cases Phlyctccnodes sticticalis. Twice the size " Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 320.) (After Riley, Fig. 218. of life. comparatively a short time. woven of silk to and which are formed which at a The larvae hibernate particles of earth are adherent, small depth under the surface of the By harrowing the ground it has been ascertained that many of the cases are thrown up, and are emptied of the larvae by the meadow-larks and other insectivorous birds, or are killed by the soil. frosts of winter. Many of them, however, escape such treat- 395 Pyralidae ment, being possessed of vitality enough to withstand a great It has been suggested thai a better way in degree of cold. which to rid the fields of the pests is to apply Paris green to the composed of one pound of the poison to two of water. The spraying of the plants by the to have proved efficacious in cases where the beets, in a solution hundred gallons mixture is said Fig. 220. P. sticticalis. a, outline of larval case b, cocoon of parasite in larval case; c, P. sticticalis. a, larva, dorsal view of segment view of segment. lateral of do. c, " Insect Life," Vol. V, (After Riley, P- 32I-) Fig. 219. magnified ; ; b, ; (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 321.) pupa, enlarged. application was made as soon as it was ascertained that the inNature in this case, as in sects were at work upon the leaves. multitudes of others, comes to the assistance of the agriculturist, and there is a parasite which destroys many of the cocoon of one of these is shown in Fig. 220. The moth occurs in Europe as well The larvae. as in America, and it is possible that the insect has been imported from the Old World. oberthuralis Fernald, Plate XLVI1I, Fig. (3) Phlyctaenodes The species occurs in California and Arizona. Genus TITANIO Hiibner (1) Titanio proximalis Fernald, Plate XLV1II, The moth belongs is is a native of California. represented in our fauna by a " And your spoil shall be gathered Fig. 6, $ . The genus to which number of species. like the gathering of the caterpillar." Isaiah. 396 xxxiii, 4. it Pyralidae PHLYCTiENIA Hubner Genus Ci) Phlyctaenia tertialis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 47, $ Syn. plectilis Grote & Robinson syringicola Packard. . ; This is a common species in the eastern portion of the region. The genus very abundant about Pittsburgh. in our fauna by a dozen species. It is CINDAPHIA Genus is represented Lederer Cindaphia bicoloralis Guenee, (1) Syn. julialis Walker incensalis Lederer ; ; Plate XLVII, Fig. 40, $. amiculatalis Berg pulchripictalis ; Hampson. The moth occurs from New York and New England southward to the temperate regions of South America. It is the only representative of the genus in our fauna. PYRAUSTA Genus This Schrank a very large genus, which is well represented in both There are about sixty species known to occur hemispheres. is within our territory. (1) Pyrausta pertextalis Lederer, Plate XLVII, Fig. Syn. gentilis Grote ; 54, $ . thesealis Zeller. The species ranges from portions of our region. New England to the extreme southern (2) Pyrausta langdonalis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 52, $ The moth occurs in western Pennsylvania and Ohio and . Indiana. (3) Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, Plate Syn. adipaloides Grote & Robinson. The insect is uncommon not Syn. orasusalis Walker The It is species not is (5) Pyrausta arsaltealis ; subjectalis in found (6) XLVII, Fig. 55, $. in the eastern portions of illibalis Lederer Middle Atlantic States. Plate ; our territory. Pennsylvania. Walker; The moth, which . badipennis Grote. ; found uncommon Syn. Walker in the Pyrausta fumalis Guenee, (4) XLVII, Fig. 49, $ Hubner, Plate XLVII, eupkasalis Walker; Fig. 48, ? Walker; fascialis . guttzilosa magniferalis Walker. somewhat variable in its markings, is Appalachian subregion. Pyrausta unifascialis Packard, Plate XLVII, Fig. 'i,S. is in the 397 Pyralidae Syn. subolivalis Packard The moth is ; hircinalis Grote ; obnigralis Hulst. known United States and to occur in the northern portions of the to range westward to California. (7) Pyrausta insequalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 41, 3 . Syn. subsequalis Guenee; madetesalis Walker; repletalis Walker; efficitalis Walker. The species inhabits the Appalachian subregion. Pyrausta ochosalis Fitch, MS., Plate XLVII, Fig. 57, $ This species, which is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania, (8) is in . many collections Robinson, which it confounded with resembles P. generosa Grote & way. The insect is species, and the markings are in a general prevalently smaller than the latter The species has been correctly discriminated in the collection of the United States National Museum from P. generosa, different. and the name applied to it in manuscript by Fitch is there given it. have used this name in designation of the species. I Plate Pyrausta tyralis Guenee, (9) Syn. erosnealis Walker; dijissa Grote The & XLVII, Fig. 44, $. Robinson; bellnlalis Hulst. species ranges from the Valley of the Ohio southward to Texas. Pyrausta unimacula Grote (10) Fig. 56, $ The & Robinson, Plate XLVII, . insect is common Pennsylvania and the Valley of the in Ohio. Pyrausta funebris Strom, (11) Syn. octomaciilata Linnseus ; Plate XLVII, Fig. 50, 5 This pretty and distinctly marked species, which tern of found the pat- in recalls the markings of the genus Alypia, the northern parts of temperate North America and its in . glomeralis Walker. wings is in Europe. (12) Pyrausta niveicilialis Grote, Plate XLVII, Fig. 42, $. The moth is found from New England to western Pennsylvania and the Valley of the Ohio as far west as southern Indiana. Genus EUSTIXIA Hiibner (1) Eustixia pupula Hubner, Plate XLVII, The It is insect is Fig. 58, $ . found throughout the Appalachian subregion. freely attracted to light and also to sugar. Indiana. 398 It is common in Pyralidae CORNIFRONS Genus (i) Cornifrons simalis Grote, The range of the moth is Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7, $ . from Montana to Oregon. NOCTUELIA nus Lederer Guenee (1) Noctuelia thalialis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 9, $ novalis Grote costamacidalis gelidalis Walker Syn. peruviana Walker . ; ; ; Snellen. The insect found is in the Gulf States and southward through South America. SUBFAMILY NYMPHULITME The insects composing this family are generally found in the vicinity of water, the larvae feeding for the most part upon aquatic Four genera belonging to the subfamily are recognized plants. as occurring within our limits. the commoner species. Genus We give an illustration of one of NYMPHULA Schrank obscuralis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. io $. The insect occurs from Maine to Minnesota, and southward into Pennsylvania and West Virginia. (1) Nymphula SUBFAMILY SCOPARIIN/E The Scopariince are represented in our fauna by the genus Seven species belonging to this genus are Scoparia alone. attributed to it in the last published list of the Lepidoptera of the United States. SUBFAMILY PYRALIN^E Five genera belonging to this subfamily occur within our terOf these we have selected for illustration specimens rep- ritory. resenting three of the genera. Genus (1) Hypsopygia HYPSOPYGIA Hubner costalis Fabricius, Plate XLVII, Fig. 59, 8. (The Clover-hay Worm.) Syn. Jimbrialis Denis & Schiffermuller. 399 Pyralidae This troublesome Europe, where it is little species is common. very no doubt an importation from has spread from the Atlantic It to the has Rocky Mountains. the of stacks often habit of It infesting clover-hay, and does a great deal of damage by weaving of fine whitish its webs mixed silk with excrement in the hay and devouring the leaves. Many cases have been reported in which hay had been rendered entirely unfit for use by the presence ofthese pests. Fig. 221. Hypsopygia eostalis. 1-2, cocoon; 4, pupa; 5-6, moth; 7, covered with silken web. (After As the feed larvae larvae; 3, larva Riley.) point not to stack to new hay dried clover, it ommended to upon has been rec- make it a old hay is known Furthermore, as the larvae are known to have been infected. in places where the prefer hay which is somewhat moist, it is recommended to make it a point to stack the hay in such a manner that it cannot be This may be done by buildsubjected to an excess of moisture. ing the stacks upon a framework of rails elevated a little distance above the ground, so as to permit of the circulation of Genus PYRALIS air beneath. Linnaeus (1) Pyralis farinalis Linnaeus, Plate XLVII, Fig. 53, $ . (The Meal Snout-moth.) This is a cosmopolitan species, being quite abundant everywhere. It manifests a decided preference almost for cereals in any form, and feeds upon meal, bran, and even the straw and husks. It undergoes Fig. 222. <?, moth b, larva; Pyralis farinalis. cocoon. Bull. U. S. Dept. (After Chittenden, New All Vol. ," Series, UQ.) IV, Agric. p. figures twice the size of life. ; 1 c, 400 Pyralidae quite rapidly and known produce as many The caterpillars prefer the dark as four generations in a year. corners of meal-bins and the nooks of granaries and elevators which are least disturbed, and here will, unless they are detected and their ravages checked, establish centers of infection, from transformation is to The will go forth to do a vast amount of mischief. of silk mixed with the tunnels cases or form long caterpillars debris of their food, in which they are quite effectually concealed from view. The best remedy is cleanliness, and frequent moving which they of stored products. Genus (i) HERCULIA Herculia olinalis Guenee, Walker Plate XLVIII, Fig. 13, S. Syn. trentonalis Lederer. The is species widely distributed throughout the United States The larvae feed upon the leaves of the oak. (2) Herculia himonialis Zeller, Plate XLVII, Fig. 46, $ The moth is found from New England to Pennsylvania. and Canada. uncommon among not . It is the Alleghany Mountains about Cresson. SUBFAMILY CHRYSAUGIN/E This genera. (1) is a small subfamily, represented in Two of these we Genus SALOBRANA have selected our fauna by nine for representation. Walker Salobrana tecomse Riley, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 11, $. little moth feeds in its larval state upon the This curious rior The inte- of the seed-pods of the common trumpet-vine (Tecoma). eggs are deposited when the pods are forming, and the larvae develop within them until in the fall, when they become dormant, following spring, when they prepare for their escape by making an orifice in the outer shell of the pod and transforming into pupae. An excellent hibernating in their burrows until the account of their habits has been given by the late Professor C. V. The Riley in the "American Entomologist," Vol. Ill, p. 288. moth is found in the southwestern portions of the United States, in the West Indies, and in Mexico and Central America. 401 Pyralida: Genus TOSALE (i) Tosale oviplagalis Walker, Syn. nobilis Grote; anthcecioid.es Grote & Walker Plate XLVIII, Fig. 33, $. Robinson. common insect in western Pennsylvania, coming ranges from the eastern portions of our territory southward into South America. This a is freely to sugar. It SUBFAMILY SCHCENOBIIN/E subfamily of peculiar moths in which the prowanting, and which are represented in our territory by Of these we have four genera and a dozen or more species. This boscis is a small is selected one for illustration. Genus Scirpophaga perstrialis (1) 12, SCIRPOPHAGA Treitschke Hiibner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. ?. Syn. serriradiellus Walker The habitat of this ; macrinellus Zellner. moth is the southern part of Florida. SUBFAMILY CRAMBIN/E The Crambince, or "Grass-moths," as they are commonly subfamily. The North American species have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little called, constitute a large book entitled published in "The Crambidae of North America," which was To this the student will do well to refer. 1896. in our territory, and over eighty species. of these can be represented in our plates. There are fourteen genera Only few a Genus (1) CRAM BUS Fabricius Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, $ . Syn. semifusellus Walker. The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the grasses. Crambus (2) alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, S. very common in the Appalachian subregion. Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, ?. The insect is (3) Syn. bipunctellus Zeller. 402 Pyralidas to The insect occurs from Canada and New England the Potomac and the Ohio in the South. in the North Crambus trisectus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, ? (4) Syn. inierniinellus Walker exsiccatus Zeller biliturellns Zeller. . ; ; This is a very common and widely distributed species, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate latitudes. Genus DIATRiEA Guilding (1) Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk Borer.) Syn. leucaniellus Walker; lineosellus Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; crambi- doides Grote. world was called upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper in which it was described was the Rev. Lansdown Guilding, who was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account About thirty years later, attention was called to of the insect. As to the early as the year 1828 the attention of the damage inflicted the ravages of a similar insect in the island of Mauritius, into which it been had intro- From West In- duced. the dies the insect was ed transportLouisi- to ana, study and of a its pernicious was accurately made 3 habits D. saccharalis. b, c, varieties of larva, enlarged d, third thoracic segment e, eighth abdominal segment /, abdominal segment from side g, same from above, ; ; intheyean88i by Dr. L. O. Howard ; ; enlarged. (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 101.) of the United States Department of Agriculture. Louisiana as a pest since 1855. 403 It had been known in Pyralidae The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane. sorghum and the stalks of the com- attacks with equal avidity mon Indian corn, or maize. It The insect has gradually worked its the region of the Gulf, having found lodghere and there throughout the Southern States, and is now way northward from ment known land. to occur quite It is far north as abundantly at times as double-brooded in Virginia. The most serious the larvae attack damage young stalks. Mary- upon the crop where which are older and well inflicted is Plants though established, suffer to some extent from the may they are insects, not generally suffi- damaged prevent the maturing and hardening of the grain; but ciently to where the young and der, they stalks fail are stunted, sicken, accompanying shows and The die. ultimately are quite tento mature, figure dwarfed the and sickly appearance of such a stalk, which has been invaded by the The borer. history of the life- insect has been briefly given as follows by Howard " In early parent D. saccharalis. 224. corn-stalk infested by larva; Fig. show a, b, tunnel and pupa. "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 99.) larval appearance stalk cut (After of open to Howard, : spring moth lays the her eggs upon the young cane near the axils, and the young borer pene- the stalk at or near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active, trates 404 Pyralidse one place and enters at another, making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect and frequently leaves the stalk at hibernates in the larval state within the stalks." The in fact that the insect makes its home in the winter months means for most effectually com- the dry stalks furnishes the bating its The remedy attacks. found is destroying the in either by burning them or by gathering them up and feeding them to live stalks, stock. is It known well where crops that and the tated, not left are ro- stalks are the in standing fields all winter, the insect does not succeed ing in inflict- much damage. Care- and intelligent tillage of the soil, cleanliness in the ful fields, will do much to pre- vent the increase of these insects, as well as of other injurious many species which might be named. In addition to Fig. 225. larged (After ; b, D. wings Howard, saccharalis. male "Insect of ; a, female, en- pupa, enlarged. Life," Vol. IV, c, P- 95-) feeding upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has been ascertained " " Gama-grass ( Tripsacum dactyloides), and it is recommended to burn over fields in which this grass grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous " Insect to know more about this insect may consult the pages of at Life," Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written length that the insect will attack upon its habits. mation contained It is from in the this article that much of the infor- preceding paragraphs has been drawn. SUBFAMILY GALLERIIN/E This is a subfamily the larvae of at least one species of which have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of 405 Pyralidae bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young upon whose industry they prey. of the insects Genus (i) GALLERIA Galleria mellonella Linnaeus. Syn. cereana Linnaeus ; cerella Fabricius ; Fabricius (The Bee-moth.) obliquella Walker. The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more a- The Bee-moth, a, larva; b, cocoon; c, pupa; d, Fig. 226. female moth with wings expanded e, male moth with wings closed. ; (After Riley.) than a century, while it has been known from time immemorial in Europe as one of the most dreaded pests of the hive. The moth wing is double-brooded, the in the latter part of first May and generation appearing on the the beginning of June, and We cannot do better than to quote in the second in August. this connection the following account of the insect which is given " First Annual in the Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri," p. 166: " During the daytime these moths remain quietly ensconced in some angle of the hive, but, as night approaches, they become active, and the female uses her best endeavors to get into the by Professor C. V. Riley hive, her object being to deposit her eggs in as favorable a place as possible. Wire-gauze contrivances are of no avail to keep her out, as she frequently commences flying before all the bees have ceased their work. But even if she were entirely prevented from entering the hive, she could yet deposit her eggs on the outside, or, by means of her extensile ovipositor, thrust them in between the slightest joint or crack, and the them would readily make their way 406 young worms hatching from into the hive. The moment Pyralidae worm hatched, it commences spinning a silken tube for its The protection, and this tube is enlarged as it increases in size. worm cuts its channels right through the comb, feeding on the the is wax, and destroying the young bees on its way. When fullgrown, it creeps into a corner of the hive or under some ledge at the bottom, and forms a tough white cocoon of silk mingled with its own black excrement, as shown in Figure 226, b. In due time the moth emerges from this cocoon. A worm-infested hive may generally be known by the discouraged aspect which the bees present, and by the bottomboard being covered with pieces of bee-bread mixed with the black gunpowder-like excrement of the worm. ... If a hive is very badly infested with the worm, it is better to drive out the bees and secure what honey and wax there may be left than to preserve new is no it as a moth-breeder to infest the apiary. hive, the bees loss, as of the may do something; and they would have perished, if If put into a they do not, there finally, from the ravages worm." SUBFAMILY EPIPASCHIIN/E This subfamily is represented in our fauna by fourteen genera and about thirty species. The insects may generally be recognized and separated from allied forms by the fact that the cell of We have the fore wing is adorned by tufts of raised scales. only space to give an illustration of a single genus and species. Genus Yuma YUMA Hulst trabalis Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. (1) Syn. adulatalis Hulst. The insect is found in Colorado and Almost 14, $. Wyoming, and ranges of the Epipascbiince found within our territory are native to the West and the Southwest, only a few species being found in the eastern portions of the southward into Texas. all United States. SUBFAMILY PHYCITIN/E This is a very extensive group of moths, which have been admirably monographed by the late Mons. E. L. Ragonot of " Memoires sur les Lepidopteres," Vols. VII and Paris, in the 407 PyraJidae VIII. There are represented more than two hundred in our fauna over sixty genera and can give our readers species. We merely a glimpse into this corner of the field, but trust that what they shall see may impel them to undertake for themselves the pleasant task of diligent exploration, assuring them that they will world of wonders with which to deal. find here a Genus (i) ACROBASIS Acrobasis betulella Zeller Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 15, $. a common species, ranging from New England to There are nearly a dozen other species of the genus known to occur in our fauna, and no doubt many more which have not yet been discovered and described. This is Colorado. Genus MINEOLA Hulst Mineola juglandis Le Baron. (The Walnut Case-bearer.) This little moth lives in its larval stage upon the leaves of (1) the hickory and walnut. It has the habit of drawing together two of the opposite leaves attached to the long peti- and between them it which is quite straight and is com- ole, builds a case, posed of silk, which excrementitious is which matter, and attached to closely the whole. is neatly applied to In this case the larva lives until the Fig. 227. M. juglandis. a, case woven between leaves b, case c, e, wing of M. indigenella and variety d, wing of AI. juglandis. ; ; cooler warn airs it to of autumn leave the ; (After Riley.) petiole of the compound leaf, which will fall pres- ently, and it then anchors its little case to the twig near by, anc in a half-grown state prepares for the cold winds and icy tem- When again spring sends the sap up the perature of winter. branches, and the leaves begin to unfold, it cuts the bands of silk which held the case in place, and completing its development 408 Pyralidae upon freshly grown and sapid food, it is transformed into from which the moth presently emerges. The moth resembles the next species, but the student, by habits as is and of the case, which is always that of the following species, pupa, closely the study of its and not crooked, once discriminate it. straight, may (2) Mineola indigenella Zeller. Syn. nebulo Walsh zelatella Hulst. a at (The Rascal Leaf-crumpler.) ; This moth is common in the Valley of the Mississippi and in Ontario, but does not appear to be very common in the Eastern States, and is unknown in the extreme southern portions of our region. It is common very in western Pennsylvania. Professor C. V. Riley describes its habits as follows: "It one of those insects hardly noticed while carrying on its most deis which it is is structive work; voracious for during it is the most leafy months of May and June, and is then more or less hidden by the foliage of the tree, Fig. 228. M. indigenella. a, case; b, case wrapped in debris of leaves c, head ; of larva; d, moth, enlarged. (After Riley.) which it so effectually But the nakedness of helps to denude. winter, though it does not reveal the surreptitious worm, lays bare and renders conspicuous its little house, and these houses these larval cases twigs as in whether closely attached Figure 228, b, or hidden in a in clusters to the few seared and silk-sewn leaves as at Figure 229, are unerring tokens of past injury to the and symbols of increased injury in the future, unless removed. The bunches of leaves anchored to the tree by strong tree, and breasting defiantly every winter's wind are, indeed, significant insignia upon which is written in characters, if not in words 'result of careless culture and unpardonable silken cables neglect.' There is but one brood a year, and the 409 larva, about one-third Pyralidae grown, invariably passes the winter protected in its case. At this season of the year it is always of a deep reddish-brown color. As the leaves expand in spring rouses from its winter lethargy, it and after 'heaving anchor' to use a nautical expression silken connections of in it, by severing the its case, travels search of food, and having found secures its case again, and breaks its long fast. Toward the end of acquires its growth, wnen the earlier brown color frequently takes May it on a more or less hue. smooth worm with the It is a decided deep green head and thoracic joints as represented The case at this time usually Fig. 229. Cluster of leaves hiding larval case of M. indi(After Riley.) genella. at c. presents the appearance of Figure 228, being crooked and twisted like a a, horn, gradually enlarging, cornucopia-fashion, from tip to mouth, and reminding one strongly of a piece of bird-dung. It is formed of the worm's excrement and other debris, interwoven with silk, and is completely lined on the inside with a carpet of the last-named material. The worm leaves it for feeding purlittle The chrysalis is formed inside and the moths commence to make their appearance during the fore part of June, and later as we go farther north." The insect feeds principally upon the Rosacece, and is very poses mostly during the night. this case, injurious to orchards, attacking apple-trees, plums, quinces, cherries, and certain varieties of pears, especially the Seckel pear. Genus (1) Ambesa The moth Utah. It is is AMBESA Grote laetella Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 16, $ not found uncommon in the Genus in Colorado, . Wyoming, and sage-brush in August. MELITARA Walker (1) Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 8, ?. The insect is not at all uncommon in Arizona, and is also said to occur in Mexico. 410 Pyralidae ZOPHODIA Genus (1) Zophodia grossulariae worm.) Hubner (The Gooseberry Fruit- Riley. Syn. lurbitella Grote. The larva of this little moth, which upon currants and gooseberries is feeds glass-green, forming upon the as they are branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a cluster of them together with a web of The berries attacked by the larvae silk. do not generally fall to the ground, but shrivel up where they are, attached to the stalk. The caterpillars transform into pupae on the ground, under leaves and among rubbish. There is but one brood Fig. 230. Moth and Z. gross7(lari(E. cocoon. (After Riley.) during the year. The insect is widely distributed from New England and southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Genus CANARSIA Valley. Hulst Canarsia hammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. ) ) The larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or ( 1 soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple the trees, leaving veins and Sometimes veinlets it and allied framework of untouched. devours upper surface of the completely skeletonizes all of the leaf it; and more frequently it only eats portions In the fall of here and there. the year orchards are often made to appear quite sear and blighted 6 a by the inroads of the minute larvae, which are gregarious and are at times found literally in millions <& Fig. 231. C. hammondi. a, larva; b, enlarged dorsal view of segment c enlarged view of head and anterior segments; d, moth. (After Riley.) ; upon the trees. The insect has an extensive , range, 411 and is found from New Pyralidae England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas. By weakening the trees the larvae cause the fruit to fall pre- It maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this has the effect of destroying the larvae. A better method of procedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as disinfectants in orchards. EPHESTIA Genus Ephestia kuehniella (i) Syn. gitonella Druce. This wretched pest, Zeller. Guenee (The Flour-moth.) the original habitat of which is not recent years caused a great deal of trouble and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the It is believed by many European entomologists to be Atlantic. known, has within of American Fig. 232. origin, but this E. kuehniella. (All cannot be proved. figures greatly enlarged.) Others hold that a, larva; b, pupa; moth; d, enlarged head of larva; e, enlarged segment; /, moth at rest g, front (After Riley, wing, showing characteristic markings k, i, neuration of wings. "Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 166.) c, ; ; it is an importation from the Orient, and of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in it goes under the name localities. Wherever a decided plague. Rapidly multitakes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and the creature plying, came from, it some it is 412 Explanation of Plate XLVIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. U. S. N. M. cT Guenee. 9 U. S. N. M. Agathodes monstralis Guenee, <5\ U. S. N. M. Phlyctcenodes oberthuralis Fernald, <J\ U. S. N. M. TJ. S. N. M. Phlyctcenodes triumphalis Grotc, 9 Titanio proximalis Fernald, cT U. S. N. M. Comifrons simalis Grote, cj U. S. N. M. Melitara femaldialis Hulst, 9 U. S. N. M. Noctuelia ihalialis Walker, tf U. S. N. M. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, $ U. S. N. M. Salobrana tecomce Riley, 9Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, 9 U. S. N. M. Herculia olinalis Guenee, c? U. S. N. M. Yuma trabalis Grote, 9 U. S. N. M. Acrobasis betulella Hulst, 9 U. S. N. M. Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, Samea , ecclesialis > , , , , , , , , , , 19. 20. Ambesa Icetella Grote, c? Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, cJ Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, cf Crambus tiirbatellus Walker, 9 Crambus trisecius Walker, 9 21. Archips 1 17. 18. . 22. cerasivorana Fitch, 9 U. S. N. M. Tortrix albicomana Clemens, c? U. S. N. M. 23. Amorbia humerosana Clemens, 9 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. , . U. S. N. M. Platynoia flavedana Clemens, 9 var. Platynota labia sana Zeller, 9 U. S. N. M. Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, c? U. Eucosma dor sisignatana Clemens, c?. Cenopis grotcana Fernald, cf Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, 9 Archips pur pur ana Clemens, <$ Archips parallela Robinson, c?. Archips rosaceana Harris, 9 Tosale oviplagalis Walker, c? Archips argyrospila Walker, 9 U. S. N. M. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, 9 U. S. N. M. Atteva aurea Fitch, c? U. S. N. M. Atteva gemmata Grote, tf\ U. S. N. M. . , , S. . . , , , Semioscopis merricella Dyar, 9 Eulia alisellana Robinson, 9 41. Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, <5\ U. S. N. M. Stenoma schlcegeri Zeller, J U. S. N. M. 42. Anaphora popeanella Clemens, 43. Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Adela bella Chambers, tf. 40. 44. 45. N. M. 1 , c?. c?. tf , U. S. N. M. The Moth Book. Plate XLVIII. WW gff ffit,, 13 i ^s^ I 25 38 ^* H J*t' 40 39 -/ 1 45 41 44 Pyralidae to defy attempts to eradicate seems six to seven it. Each female lays from hundred eggs, and the process of generation seems, where buildings are warm, to go on continuously. Moving and no good, as the insect seems to multiply airing the wheat does in the pipes in which flour is transported in a mill from one place Much damage is done by the habit to another by air-pressure. which the sess of fine larvae gnawing gauze screens in posthe the of a flour- the insect mill. When has once established itself in an elevator or the only remedy appears to be to shut mill, down, and thoroughly clean the place from bottom, and keep shut down and go on cleaning until top to not a nook or cranny is known to harbor the larvae, panying which cocoons, or The accom- moths. illustrations, from the pages of are taken " Insect Life," Vol. enable the student to recognize this creature in of development. its II, will various stages Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some In England, Germany, and parts of Canada and New England. its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment. shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the Belgium It same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spewhich we shall also have something to say. cies of Plodia, of "Bee to the blossom, Each to his passion ; moth to the flame; what 's in a name? " Helen Hunt Jackson. 413 Vanity of Vanities. Pyralidae (The Dried-currant Moth.) Ephestia cautella Walker. (2) Syn. cahiritella Zeller ; pasulella Barrett desuetella ; Walker. This insect, which in many respects closely resembles the preceding species, like it is destructive to stored food-products. Zante currants, known It is to feed upon cacao-beans, or chocolate- raisins, is reIt nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. garded as probable that upon occasion it may develop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance which, containing nutriment, accords in its general character with the commodities which have been Fig 234 cautella. E. Va ^ize 'of (After nde u s.' Tife? chitU 'De pt! Agric.," * name d- 't is especially likely to attack dried fruits That the of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. nsect nas been introduced from abroad into our i fauna beyond reasonable doubt. is Its ravages on tne other side of the Atlantic have been described by New writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun8, try seems to ^ate from aDO ut the time of the At- No. ter. lanta Cotton Exposition. as Just most of the common weeds in European origin, having been brought over were originally imported, or at a later time in our in are fields of which the seeds the hay and straw which are used to stuff crates and packing-boxes, so many of the destructive insects, which have greatly multiplied in America, are for- eign in their origin. not without reason the a It is that government maintains set of officers, . function whose Fig. 235. . it IS tO inspect for vegetable importations r the purpose of quarantin- tion of ( After wings ( is. cautella. ; d, eggs. itte " den 1 A ; Agnc," New ? Ser., 'J' No. a, moth; b, vena- All figures enlarged. B ulL c R' s ' Dept ' 8, p. o.) ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests. Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our farmers would to-day be happier, 4M Pterophoridae Genus (i) PLODIA Guenee Plodia interpunctella Hiibner. Syn. zece The (The Indian-meal Moth.) Fitch. larva of this moth has anything edible which comes meal with particular avidity, but does not disdain a propensity to feed in its way. It upon almost feeds upon Indian grain of any kind, whole or ground. It breeds in all sorts of dried and vegetables. fruits It eats English walnuts, is said to invade beehives, and is known age at times to damherbariums and to attack collections of dried There is nothing which seems to come amiss to its appetite, and insects. it is, when sance. FlG. 2T,6.P. interpunctella. larva; d, front view of head of larva; view of segment of larva. All figures (After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S. enlarged. Dept. Agric.,"New Ser., No. 4, p. 119.) pupa; e, c, lateral established in a house or store-room, a veritable nuiare, according to the temperature of the building There which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing has establis itself under his roof it will require industry, patience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it. " FAMILY PTEROPHORID/E " Nature never did betray The breast that loved her Through From all ; 't is her privilege, the years of this our life, to lead joy to joy." Wordsworth. The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided in such a manner as to The hind wings are suggest feathers. generally ally bifid, clumsy in sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are genersometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement, appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They trifid, 415 Pteroporidaeh The pupse are very remarkable, being soft and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies, though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about sixty species of Plume-moths known to occur in the United States. We can take space to represent only one of these are generally hairy. species. Genus OXYPTILUS Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (i) Zeller Fitch. (The Grape-vine Plume.) An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the which is universally distributed over the habits of this insect, whole Appalachian subregion, is given by the late Professor Riley in the "Fourth Missouri Report." The moths may generally be found vineyards and about grape-vines, when they are beginning to put out in The eggs their leaves. are laid on the branches before they begin to blossom, and about the time the third bunch of grapes on shoot is a given beginning to mature, it will be found that the terminal leaves have been drawn together with a few strands of silk, and in the tan- gle thus prepared, under cover from heat and rain, will be found the curi- ous Fig. 237. The Grape-vine Plume, a, larvse; b, pupa; c, enlarged view of process on back of pupa; d, moth; segment of larva. e, lateral little caterpillars of the Plumemoth. The accompanying cut, taken from the paper of Professor Riley to which allusion has been view of (After Riley.) serve to be done The damage done by tell made, will the story better than can in brief compass by words. not usually very great, and it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the end of the shoot and destroy the insects. the insects 416 is T^ Orneodidae FAMILY ORNEODID/E " close Very and diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best room for new and contradictory discoveries." microscope, will leave George Eliot. very small family of moths, represented in our fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the This case in a is the insects of the family. all Genus Orneodes (i) ORNEODES Latreille Linnaeus. hexadactyla (The Six-plume Moth.) The moth, which measures half an inch expanse of wings, is found in Europe and in the cooler portions of North America, in exclusive of the arctic been reported to occur as souri, but far has south as Mis- more commonly found is New It regions. in New York, Canada, MamEngland, s' toba, and the Northwestern States on the dactyia. \. nowhere apparently a is overlooked by collectors ' Pacific coast. common of its ' It is ' insect, or else Fig. 238. O. hexa- on account small size. FAMILY TORTRICID/E " Die Kritik nimmt Raupen und oft dem Baume Bliithen mit einander." Jean Paul Richter. The Tortricidce constitute a very large assemblage of genera Because of the habit of the larvae of many species of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these and species. insects have been often called "Leaf-rollers." Many of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits, and the famous " jumping-beans " of New Mexico and Arizona are simply the seeds of a species of Croton or Sebastiania in larvae live in the inside of the 41* Tortricidae which is lodged the larva of a species of Tortricid, which has the power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is Cydia saltitans Westwood in the case of Sebastiania seeds the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar; insect imparting the monia sebastianice. It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tortricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of We shall content ourselves with an account of a few species, which will serve to show the reader the United States and Canada. what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to single family of beautiful little moths. Genus (i) EUCOSMA Eucosma scudderiana view in this Hiibner (The Misnamed Gall- Clemens. moth.) Syn. saligneaiia Clemens The moth was called ; affusana Zeller. " the Misnamed Gall-moth" by Professor Clemens because Riley had given a it specific name which implied it was a denizen of low-trees wil- willow- or when galls, that in fact it has been ascertained to live in the galls of the GoldenThe inrod (Solidago). sect is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, and is possibly an inquiFig. 239.-2?. scudderiana. a, moth; b, larprotruding from a gall of the Golden- line val skin rod. (After Riley.) cies, Gnorimoschema galls, or intruder which in are the pro- duced by another spe(2) Eucosma gallcesolidaginis Riley. dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 27, 8. Syn. similana Walsinsrham. Clemens ; distigmana Walker 418 ; clavana Zeller ; graduatana Tortricidae This is is a common found abundantly species in the in Appalachian subregion. western Pennsylvania. Genus (i) It ANCYLIS Hubner Frolich. Ancylis comptana (The Leaf- Strawberry Toller.) Walsh & Riley. proved a very destructive foe of the There are two strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding Syn. conjlexana Walker This little ; fragaritz insect has upon the tender parenchyma, cause the plants to wither and dry. So bad have the ravages of the larvae proved in some places that horticultur- have ists been led c to r/lG. abandon growing Straw- size; berries in those localities. S The insect Canada and found is in the A. comptana. a, larva, natural enlarged view of anterior portion of moth d> anal se s ment of larva ( After 240. b, ; /' Riley.) - ; in portions of the United States immediately Although the moth occurs in western south of the Great Lakes. Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been reported from this part of the country. Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller insiticiana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 29, $ . (1) Ecdytolopha The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs of the common locust (Robinid). Genus CYDIA Hubner (1) Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. (The'Coddling-moth.) This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which amounts one in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every worm which is encountered at familiar with the pinkish the heart of apples and pears. is 419 But for every apple and pear Tortricidae which survives the attacks of these insects and develops sufficiently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer, there are scores of apples and pears the development of which is entirely ruined, and they fall to the ground undersized and worthless. There are two broods of the The insects annually. ond brood hibernates cocoon. We from Riley: sec- in the quote again "The same temperature which causes our apple-trees to burst their beauteous blossoms releases the coddling-moth from Fig. 241. C. pomojiella. a, burrow in b, point where egg is laid e, fullgrown larva; d, pupa; f, moth at rest; moth with g, wings expanded; //, enlarged apple ; ; head of larva; i, cocoon. (After Riley.) its pupal tomb, and though its wings are still damp with the imprint of the great Stereotyping Establishment of the Almighty, they soon dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each to seek its companion. The moths soon pair, and the female . . . from blossom to blossom, flits each a tiny yellow egg. In thirty-three days, full-fed; As the deftly depositing in the calyx of fruit matures, the worm under favorable circumstances, when, leaving the apple, it spins up in it develops. has become some crevice, changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks afterwards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young worm entering from the side." The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all windand immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons falls the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind among 420 Tortricidae on another. Not all the The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe. stock brought into America from Europe, biped live or hexapod, has turned out well. Genus (i) Syn. malivorana The young tie ALCERIS Hubner Alceris minuta Robinson. Le Baron ; insect feed larvae of this leaves of apple- and Leaf-tier.) variolatia Zeller. ; the early spring upon the which they crumple up and Under the folded leaves they in pear-trees, together with threads of and (The Green Apple vacciniivorana Packard silk. their transformation into the pupal state. The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when disturbed, dropping to the ground or live at last undergo lowering themselves quickly upon a strand of silk. shown in The chrysalis, as the annexed cut, has a peculiar horn-like boss or projection at the upper end. The insect much damage does in the spring by preventing the proper expansion of the leaves in the terminal buds and by devouring the blossoms. The writer has for several years been greatly interested in observing the manner in which these pernicious little Fig. larva ; 242. b, pupa minuta. Alceris ; c, moth apple-leaf concealing Riley.) ; d, pupa. a, folded (After creatures have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a couple of dwarf which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the pear-trees application of this old-fashioned Genus (1) 40, $ remedy when needed. EPAGOGE Hubner Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, Fig. . This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion. 421 Tortricidae CENOPIS Genus Zeller i Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, ?. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, (i) The the Appalachian subregion. Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 28, $ habitat of this species Cenopis groteana (2) The insect not is is uncommon in the ARCHIPS Genus . Valley of the Ohio. Hiibner (1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 32, Syn. vicariana Walker ; gossypiana Packard ; arcticana Moeschler. ?. This is a common species found all over the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. The larvae inflict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of allied plants. (2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate Syn. gurgitana Robinson lintneriana Grote. XLVIII, Fig. 30, 5 . ; In many respects this species mentioned, from which more smoky is very closely allied to the last may be distinguished by the darker, color of the primaries. It has the same distribution it as rosaceana. (3) Archips cerasivorana The Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 21, ?. larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to It is feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. found in the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. The species ranges from New England westward 31, $ . into the Valley of the Mississippi. (5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate Syn. furvana Robinson; v-signatana Packard. The species, which is not at all XLVIII, Fig. 34, $. uncommon, ranges through the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. PLATYNOTA Genus (1) Platynota flavedana Clemens, Syn. concursana Walker The moth (2) is ; Clemens Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, ?. laterana Robinson. a native of the Platynota labiosana Appalachian subregion. XLVIII, Fig. 25, ? Zeller, Plate 422 . Yponomeutidae The tory, southwestern portion of our having been reported from Colorado and Texas. insect is found in the TORTRIX Genus terri- Linnaeus (i) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 22, $ The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being . commoner in the Atlantic States Genus than elsewhere. EULIA Eulia alisellana Robinson, (1) The insect is common in Hiibner Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, ?. the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. AMORBIA Genus (1) Clemens Amorbia humerosana Clemens, The species is indigenous in Plate XLVIII, Fig. 2}, $ the northern portions of the . Appalachian subregion. Genus (1) COMMOPHILA Hiibner Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Fig. 26, ? The insect Plate XLVIII, . is a native of the Pacific subregion. FAMILY YPONOMEUTID/E " Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth." Shakespeare. Merchant of Venice, I, 9. moderate size, represented in our fauna by twenty-two genera and over sixty species. The species have a characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able This is a family of to figure only three species, of space. Genus (1) 44- owing to the necessary limitations YPONOMEUTA Latreille Yponomeuta multipunctella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. <$ Syn. ordinatellus Walker ; euonymella Chambers wakarusa Gaumer. 423 ; orbimaculella Chambers ; Gclechiidae The insect found is in the Appalachian subregion, but more thereof. particularly in the southeastern portions Genus ATTEVA (i) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate Syn. compta Clemens. Walker XLVIII, Fig. }6, $ . The insect is common in the southern portions of our region, being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward in o Mexico and lands still farther South. (2) Atteva Syn. fastuosa Zeller gemmata The moth is ; Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 37, $ . floridana Neumcegen. found in the warmer parts of Florida. FAMILY GELECHIID7E " He buildeth his house as a moth." Job. xxvii, 18. a very extensive family of small moths which possess habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are This is \ Fig. 243. P. operatlella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited about it, natural size b, egg, dorsal view c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged d, k, mines of larva in potato j, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato, somewhat reduced e, larva, dorsal view f, larva, lateral view g, larva, third abdominal segment, lateral view; h, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged; i, pupa; " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 239.) /, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, ; ; ; ; ; ; 424 ; Gelechiidae known either more to be burrow they prey. or less injurious to vegetables, in which they in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which We can speak of only a few of them. PHTHORIM^EA Genus (i) Phthorimsea operculella Syn. terrella Walker ; Zeller. solanella Boisduval ; Meyrick (The Potato-moth.) tabacella Ragonot. This insect, represented in Fig. 243, the ravages of which upon potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been known for many years, and which has more recently caused much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently well found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a danThe best gerous and annoying pest. remedy for it is said to be the total de- struction of infected potatoes, and the protection of the stored tubers from access by the ovipositing females. Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA Busck (1) Gnorimoschema daginis Riley. moth.) gallaesoli- (The Solidago Gall- The man who has loitered by the waysides in the country must often have noticed the manner in which the stems of the common golden-rod are frequently swollen and enlarged about two thirds of their length from the root. This swelling may be caused by the larvse of several insects, but one ~f the most frequent causes of the abis the larva of a little normal growth Fig. 244. Galls of the Soli- dago Gall-moth. (After Riley.) section of gall showing burrow at d, larva at e; i>, gall, a, moth to which the above sesquipedalian name has been given. The life- opening at c. of the insect was history carefully worked out by Professor Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained 4^5 Gelechiidae in accompanying cut has been the "First Missouri Report," the appears from the outside, and also a section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed for itself in the enlargement of the stem. The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but taken. It shows particularly in a gall as it western Pennsylvania. Genus ANARSIA Anarsia lineatella (i) Syn. pruniella Clemens. Zeller. Zeller (The Peach-twig Borer.) The insect which we are considering was duced into California, where it is in all probability intro- now most firmly established, from Asia, probably from Japan. are deposited at the point where the leaves The eggs are attached to the stems, where the stem of the The larvae make minute burrows unor fruit is located. der the bark of the twigs and into the stem of the fruit, and thus cause damage both to the trees and to the peaches. The insect is double-brooded. The larvae Fig. 245. A. lineatella. a, new shoot of peach withering from attack of larva ; b, larva, enlarged c, pupa, enlarged. (After ; Marlatt, "Bull. U. S. Ser., No. Dept. Agric," New 10, p. 11.) are secretive, effectually that when the it is said to be very difficult to detect them. The insect remains in the days, and hide so moth emerges. The imago wing. The fore wings are pupal state about ten is about half an inch of a beautiful gray expanse of clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects of the second generation hibernate as larvae in their burrows in the bark of the twigs. in color, A very full and excellent account of the habits of this has been published in the "Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture " by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. It is insect 426 -1S Gelechiidae we have been with great kindness permitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given. from this As a paper that means of combating this pest, it has been recom- mended to spray the peachtrees, just as the leaves are beginning to open in the with a solution of one pound of lime and one spring, pound of Paris green mixed two hundred gallons of in water. is It recom- also mended to spray the trees in February, or even injanuary, with kerosene which the is little emulsion, said to penetrate burrows in which the larvae hibernate and them. The latter method , A. tig. 246. kill wings expanded; " [ b, 10, p. c, , ... a, moth with moths with wings ^^\ New e A11 fi s res f: T Bull. U. c S. Dept. l is undoubtedly preferable. u ,. lineatclla. (After Mariatt, Agric, Ser., No. 12.) CANDLE CUPID'S " Round her flaming heart they hover, Lured by loveliness they go Moth-like, every Captive to its man a lover, gleam and glow. Old and young, the blind and blinking, Fascinated, frenzied things, How they flutter, never thinking a doom awaits their wings! What It is all the Pleasure same old story, hung upon a breath : Just a chance to taste of glory Draws a legion down to death. Fire is dangerous to handle ; Love is an uncertain flame But the game is worth the candle When the candle 's worth the game! " Felix Carmen, in Life, Vol. XLI, ; 427 p. 494. Xylorictidae FAMILY XYL0RICTID7E A in our fauna two genera and The group may be represented by Stenoma small family which contains nine species. schlaegeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVIII, Fig. 41, a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa- by lachian and subregion, is abundant particularly in western Pennsylvania. FAMILY CECOPHORID/E " This Entomology is a science, not a pastime. " Westwood. another comparatively small family of interesting insects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are distributed into thirteen genera. can represent only a couple is We of them, for the purpose of Book" what they " The Moth showing the readers of are like. Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth Depressaria heracliana De Geer. (1) Web- (The Parsnip worm.) b Fig. D. heracliana. a, larva, side view; b, dorsal view; c, pupa; d, anal extremity of pupa e, moth, enlarged f, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the 247. ; larvae, natural size. Syn. nacella heraclei Retzius Duponchel ; (After Rilev.) ; ; umbellana Fabricius ; umbellella Zetterstedt ; fasti- ontariella Bethune. The Parsnip Web-worm is an 428 importation from Europe, " where it Blastobasidae has been known A umbelliferous plants. from time immemorial as an enemy of full account of the insect is given by To this the reader may "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 94. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the The inplants which have become infested, and to burn therm sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hidden in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed. Riley in refer. Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner Semioscopis merricella Dyar, (1) This is not at all an uncommon Plate XLVIII, Fig. 38, insect in western ?. Pennsyl- There are numerous specimens in the collection of the which have been taken during the past twenty years, vania. writer FAMILY BLASTOBASID/E This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representafor illustration a species of the which we have selected genus Holcocera, to which Professor Riley tive of the specific applied name glandulella, because it infests acorns. The Acorn-moth inquiline; that is is an to takes possession of the remnants of the say, it repast left in the acorn by the grub of a weevil, which has devel- Fig. 248. H. glandulella. a, acorn showing b, acorn showing opening left for moth; c, larva; enlarged view of head of larva; d, lateral view of segment e, dorsal view of segment f, moth g, nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.) ; ; ; oped within the fruit and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation elseBetween the weevil and the larva of the moth very little is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis- where. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in appointed. The insect is the development of the larva, and also the moth. quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 429 Elachistidae FAMILY ELACHISTIDyE This is microscopic which a large family of moths, many of in size, but all are very beautiful. are almost One of the larger species we have selected for tion. It the galls illustra- lives in which its produces stems of the presence in the FalseIndigo(/47or- pba fruticosa). It belongs to the genus Walshia, and was described under the name amor- specific FlG. 249. phella by Clemens. Walshia amorphella. In minds us somewhat of the moth with the its frightful habits it re- name which Golden-rod, about which something has lives in the galls of the The accompanying cut, which has been taken already been said. from Professor Riley's "Second Missouri Report," shows at a a figure of the female white little affair, is moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft delineated at b, and the figures c and d show the galls as they appear. The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion. FAMILY TINEID/E "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal but lay up for yourselves trea: sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, The are of and where thieves do Matthew. not break through nor steal." vi, 19, 20. Tineidce are a very great family of moths, some of which size, but most of which are very minute. Among moderate them there are many insects which although they are so small, while are exceedingly beautiful, many economic importance, being destructive or of these we shall take opportunity to speak 430 of them have Of beneficial. briefly. great a few Tineidae BUCCULATRIX Genus (i) Zeller Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch- ieaf Bucculatrix.) This little insect in its larval stage is and the wild cherry. upon the parenchyma ot gpi^^^^jju*'^ "' known The leaves of the birch '' .".' ' ' ' - to infest the caterpillars feed ' ,i,| i . .". ,"" v . ' ' i --Mii^{Bj the leaves, attacking both the upper and the lower and completelyskelForests etonizing them. of birches in New England sides, are known have been to completely stripped of living tissue in the fall of the year, in such a manner as to suggest that a fire had passed over the The trees. larvae are sluggish in their movements, when disdown by turbed dropping The cocoons and ribbed, as represented in the annexed a silken cord. are white They figure. after up turn dark they have been spun for insect some is Rhode not time. The uncommon B. canadensisella. a, skeletonized 250. birch-leaf ; b, pseudo-cocoon ; c, larva d, head of same ; e, anal segments of do. ;/, anal segment ; cocoon with extended pupal skin All figures magnified. (After Packh, moth. ard, "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 14.) of pupa ; g ; , and is throughout New England, northern New York, and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by Professor A. S. Packard in "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 14. (The Apple-leaf (2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. in known Island, to occur Bucculatrix.) Syn. pomonella Packard The minute moth, in ; curvilineatella Packard. a greatly enlarged figure of which is given the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple- 43i Tineidse trees of their parenchyma. wrought great destruction While it does not appear to have generally, nevertheless there are in- stances on record it where much damage orchards. The larvae has done in have the habit of forming their cocoons in company, attaching them to the twigs in great clusas ters, represented in This fact has Fig. 251. led to the recommen- Fig. 251./?. pomifoliella. a, cocoons clustered upon end of twig; b, cocoon, greatly en(After larged c, moth, very greatly magnified. dation that when infested, the trees, should be pruned all over in and the twigs and carefully collected burned. As the cocoons are located at the ends of the twigs, this may be a partially effective remedy. Another remedy is to thoroughly spray the trees with coal-oil emulsion or with linseedlightly the ; fall, Riley.) oil. The greasy application thin papery cocoons. Genus (1) is TINEOLA said to destroy the pupae in the Herrich-Schseffer Tineola bisselliella Hummel. Syn. crinella Treitschke ; (The Clothes-moth.) destructor Stephens ; biselliella Zeller ; lanariella Clemens. There are several species of Tineid insects which attack garments made of woolen fiber and furs. One of the commonest and most widely distributed of these is which we now are the insect consid- Pennsylvania and in Maryland and southward, so far as observation ering. In shows, this is the commonest of the "Clothes-moths." The damage, to say, is it is needless not done by the Fig. 252. 432 T. bisselliella. (After Riley.) Tineidae imago, or perfect insect, but by the This is larva, or caterpillar. all its destructive ugliness in the annexed cut. represented in food is animal fibers, and it constructs for itself a cocoon of bits of wool or hair, in which transformation into a pupa finally Its takes place. partial to all It is animal hair. feeds It upon furs, woolens, carpets, horsehair mattresses, and even to some extent upon silken fabrics, The latter. though it has no positive preference for the insect, like all the others of its class, has duced into this country from the Old World. the writer will speak of the best article been introa In separate method of preventing its ravages. TINEA Genus Tinea pellionella (i) flavescentella Syn. Haworth Linnseus. ; Linnaeus (The Fur-moth.) merdella Zeller ; dubiella Stainton ; griseella Chambers. This insect makes for about in the larval stage. itself a Its movable case food is very in much which it same the travels as that of the preceding species, is and The structive. moth it de- equally differs from the palecoloredClothes- moth in having the fore wings They darker. are, in fact, quite gray, tled mot- Fig. 253. T. pellionella. (After Riley.) with darker gray, as shown reproduced. A the cut which we have herewith caused to be comparison between the figures of this and the in succeeding species will enable the student to readily discriminate them. The lower left-hand figure gives a good representation of the case made out of bits of hair in which the caterpillar performs its migrations. The insect to the temperature of its domicile. is many-brooded, according In the warmer parts of the country the processes of generation no doubt go on continuously. 433 i'ineidae In the colder parts of the country winter arrests development temporarily. The fact all insect is widely distributed over the world. Genus all over the continent, and TRICHOPHAGA in Ragonot (The Carpet-moth.) (l) Trichophaga tapetzella Linnaeus. The nature and habits of this species are very closely allied to Like those of the last two species of which we have spoken. them, it was originally introduced into America from the Old World. It differs from them in the larval that, instead of ing a cocoon for itself bits of hair as the Fig. 254.-7-. tapetzella. (After Riley.) state in simply makout of Clothes- moth, or forming a movable f()r tse f ag the p ur _ caS j ] weaves together, out of the debris of the material in which it is carrying on its ravages, long galleries lined inside with strands of silk. These long, tortuousgalleries, cutthroughthepileof carpets, are familiar objects to the careful housewife, whose horror and anxIt is one of the sad iety have often been expressed to the writer. moth, it prerogatives of the entomologist to be made from time to time the recipient of the household woes of his neighbors, who discover that the moth and the buffalo-bug "corrupt," and that the white ant and the cockroach "steal." The perfect insect, as shown in the annexed cut, is in appearance a very different moth from either of the foregoing species. CLOTHES-MOTHS " The moth shall eat them up like a garment, wool." and the worm shall eat Isaiah. them like li, 8. From the accounts which have been given in the preceding pages of the three species of Clothes-moths, the ravages of which are commonly encountered in the household, it has been learned that they may each be discriminated from the other by the habits of the larvae. The Carpet-moth makes 454 a gallery of the substance Tineidae on which it feeds; the Fur-moth makes a small portable case, which it carries with it; while the insect which we have called the Clothes-moth lives for the most part free until the time of pupation, when it constructs for itself a cocoon out of bits of fiber. All of these three species are equally destructive, no question which how when once best to destroy the insects is they have found lodg- house, and how to prevent their attacks. All of these creatures "love darkness better than ment and there more frequently asked of the writer than is in a deeds being When light, their suspected that furs or garments are infected by their presence, the first step which should be taken is to expose them to full sunlight, the hotter the better. Garments in which moths are known to exist should be hung up evil." it is open air. And this airing and exposure to sunlight should not be for an hour or two, but, if possible, it should extend over a number of days, and should take place in the latter part of May in the or the early part of the month of June, at which time the female engaged in ovipositing. Where it is impossible to air and expose to sunlight the fabrics which have been attacked, as is sometimes the case with carpets in dark corners, they should be thoroughly saturated with benzine. It is needless to say that moth is should never be undertaken in the presence of a candle or other exposed light. Furniture in carpeted rooms should in the spring of the year be removed from the place where it has long stood, and the spot should be thoroughly sponged this operation with benzine. weak that it A solution of corrosive sublimate in alcohol, so any white mark upon a black feather it and afterward dried, may be carpets and to fabrics which are exhibited will not leave which has been dipped applied effectively to into in museum cases. At the Carnegie Museum we make it a rule to spray all substances which might be exposed to the attack of moths, when hung in cases, with a solution of corrosive sub- limate and strychnine in alcohol. In goods carpet warehouses and in establishments where wooler/ are stored in quantity it is well to have on the roof of the Into building an apartment fitted up with large air-tight chests. these chests, or compartments, fabrics supposed to have been attacked by moths may be put and exposed for twenty-four or 435 Tineidae more hours to the fumes of carbon bisulphide. This fluid should quantity in shallow pans at the bottom of the disinfecting-chambers, in such a way that it will not come directly be placed in in large contact with the fabrics. Being volatile, the fumes will grad- the entire chamber, and will destroy all animal life. Inasmuch as carbon bisulphide, as has already been stated elsefill ually where in this book, is, when mixed with atmospheric explosive, no lights should be allowed to or the apartment in which the disinfection writer has in his come near is own air, highly the chests, The taking place. in the spring of household made it a rule rugs and have them placed in a large chest the year to take all about four feet long, three feet wide, and three feet deep, at the bottom of which there is a slatted support beneath which is a long, Into this pan the bisulphide is poured. shallow pan. The rugs are loosely placed in the chest, and then it is closed tightly and they are left there for forty-eight hours. The storage of furs and woolen garments during the summer months is an important matter. The one thing to be perfectly ascertained before placing garments in storage is that they are thoroughly disinfected and that not a single female moth capable This fact being known with of depositing fertile eggs is present. certainty, all that it is necessary to do is to place the garments in clean air-tight receptacles and close them up so that nothing can Garments may be put into perfectly tight paper get into them. bags with all openings pasted shut with a piece of tough paper. The boxes in which tailors send home garments are good storage receptacles, provided the garments are free from pests when put into them and provided every opening in the box is pasted shut It is not an altogether unwise precaution "moth-balls" or crystals of naphthaline or bits of camphor, but it must be borne in mind that neither naphthaline nor camphor will kill the larvae of moths that have once found access to the garments upon which they are in the habit of feedA great deal of money has been uselessly expended upon ing. with a piece of paper. to put in such substances, when all that is necessary is simply to insure the exclusion of the pests. The annual loss occasioned and by these minute yet most annoy- not unreasonable to say that their mischievous depredations cost the citizens of the United States ing insects is vast, it is 436 Tineidse annually a sum present time to money which is enough in amount pay the interest upon the national debt. of Genus The moths of this ADELA genus at the Latreille are remarkable for the enormous We have length of their antennae in proportion to their size. represented one of the commoner species on Plate XLVIII, Fig. name bella at the hands of the The base of the antennae is black, and received the specific It 45. Mr. V. T. Chambers. late the This fact has prevented the photographer from getting a full representation of the length of the organ in our This is much to be regretted, and the student must add in cut. extremity is white. his imagination to the antennas, as they are shown, a thread-like extension, extending fully three eighths of an inch beyond the The moths may be apparent ending of the organs as depicted. found in shaded woods in June feeding upon the flowers of Asclepias. Genus PRODOXUS world Riley life of plants has been the subject of a great deal of interesting inquiry in recent years. It has been discovered that many genera and species depend for The relation of the insect to the and consequently for their continued preservaupon the agency of insects. Without the kind attention which they receive from the tiny creatures of the air, they would not produce seed, and the race would speedily become extinct. One of the most beautiful illustrations of the interdependence of the world of plants and the world of insects has been discovered their fructification tion in the case of the Tineid genus Pronuba. This insect has be- specialized to a remarkable degree, as we shall have occaIn fact, without its agency the sion to show in speaking of it. come pollenation of the plants belonging to the genus Yucca But, curiously enough, associated with accomplished. is never it and does closely resembling it superficially is a genus of moths which not possess the power of pollenizing the Yucca, but which is represented by many species the larvae of which feed in the stems The Yucca plants depend for of the various species of Yucca. The the perpetuation of the species upon the moth Pronuba. moth Prodoxus depends upon the Yucca plants for life, and thus 437 Tineidae upon the labor of Pronuba. The whole story is one of interesting in the annals of insect life, and the student who is curious to know all about its interesting details should " Insect consult the fourth volume of Life," where Professor Riley indirectly the most has with minute patience worked out the wonderful story, with the skill of a Sherlock Holmes. all (i) Prodoxus quinquepunctella Chambers. (The Bogus Yucca Moth.) Syn. decipiens Riley This casella, ; paradoxica Chambers. moth, which superficially resembles Pronuba yuchas no maxillary tentacle such as is found in the latter insect. Its absence little is y^ in characteristic, of fact, the species all The of the genus. ovipositor is homologous to that of Pro- nuba, but is a stronger instrument intended for in making incisions the tender bark of the stem, while the ovipositor of Pronu- ba is a long, slender- organ which to thrust the is used egg into the ovarian cavity of the growing seedvessel. & Fig. 255. from above P. qiiinqaepunctella. The a, larva; b, head jaw and antenna e, pupa f, infested stem, showing burrows, castings, cocoons, and ; c, pupa-shell, h. their d, left ; All enlarged. burrows in ; (After Riley.) the stems of the Yucca various larvae of the species of Prodoxus are without maggot feet, quite like, and remain plants, not in descending to the ground to pupate, as do those of Pronuba. The pupse, when the time for emergence arrives, protrude themselves from the stems, and the moth escapes from the pupal skin, very much in the way in which the same act is performed by various species 438 'of Tine'idse The cut, Fig. 255, taken from the wood-burrowing /Egerians. writings of Professor C. V. Riley, has more value as an explanation of the facts in the case than a whole page of verbal description would have. The species of the genus Prodoxus all appear upon the wing before those of the genus Pronuba, the former having no function to perform in connection with the fertilizaFig. tion of the flowers, and being on the P. quinquepunc- 256. a, moth with wings folded moth with wings expanded tella. spot to oviposit while the flower-stems are still soft and easily capable of be- b, enlarged maxillary (After Riley.) c, ; ; palpus. ing cut into by the ovipositor of the Pronuba must wait until the flowers are opening and the tissues of these portions of the plant are ready for the peculiar female, while operations which the perpetuation of the and the insect call for. life both of the plant Prodoxus marginatus Riley. The accompanying cut serves to show the characteristic feaThe figure at a gives a view of tures of this species of the genus. (2) the last abdominal segment of the female magnified twenty-six diThe basal joint of the ameters. ovipositor is represented at bjo, the terminal joint at tjo, and the oviduct at ov. the sents Figure c repreof the male claspers viewed from above. the fore times FlG. 257. P. marginatus. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 373.) is A view wing magnified given the species at pr., and by are the show the natural size of the wing. down the reader will understand name which was given to the moth originally beneath serving to By looking why it may be known. (3) Prodoxus y-inversa Riley. The main characteristics of a third species of the genus The left front wing is represented at a, given in Fig. 258. hair-line of five at the figure the specific suggested itself. The upside genitalia of the at b enlarged fourteen diameters. 439 male moth are represented is taken from above This view Tineidae and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. At c we have a lateral view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovipositor of the female is at d exserted from shown the anal joint of the abdomen. At e there is given another lateral view of the tip of the ovipositor much more enlarged. This view shows the peculiar saw-like structure Fig. 258. P. y-inversa. In- (After Riley of the organ, by help of which incisions are made sect Life," Vol. IV, p. 373.) in growing stems of the Yucca. and the preceding species are found in California. the soft outer bark of the this (4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley. This pretty little moth, the habits of which are as those of the preceding three species, is Both much the same a native of the State of The Colorado. figure represents with her wings expanded, and the drawing is magnified more than three times a female the of size The life. undoubtedly, so far as insect is Fig. the mark- Riley, P. reticulata. 259. (After " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 374.) ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the entire genus. (5) Fig. Prodoxus coloradensis 260 is features of a devoted to the fifth Riley. illustration insect belonging to the of the salient specific the name like the preceding, Colorado. shown As genus Prodoxus. implies, this species, The is front found in wing is four times the size of life, the hair-line below the figure inThe dicating the natural size. male are shown viewed from above, and at viewed laterally. genitalia of the % Fig. 260. P. coloradensis. (After " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 374.) Riley, at b c 440 Tineidze (6) Prodoxus cinereus This species whipplei. is The Riley. known to breed way in which best Fig. 261. P. cinereus. a, in the flower-stems of Yucca to set the species before the larva; b, head and first thoracic joint; c, anal hooks; d, pupa; e, pupal shell protruding stalk ; f, adult female ; g, side view of clasper of adult male. " figures greatly enlarged. (After Riley, from All Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 306.) reader seems to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic features are carefully depicted. Genus It is found PRONUBA Pronuba yuccasella in California. Riley (The Yucca Moth.) No discovery in recent years has been more interesting to students of insect and plant life than that which was made in (1) Riley. 1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which subbetween the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the sists genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the female moth and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer; tained that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect when engaged gaged in in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en- laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the 441 Tineidae pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in- than finitely better care done by the most turist it could be skilful horticul- usingthe mostdelicate human appliances. There are several species of the genus Pronuba, and they hold a positive and well-ascertained relationship to the various species of the plants in the economy of & Fig. 262. P. yuccasella. a, larva female moth with closed b, do. with wings ; c, wings expanded ; which they perform so important function. Pronuba yuccasella ; a side view of larval segment head of larva from below f, do. from above g, thoracic leg of do. mandible j, spini, h, maxilla neret and labial palpi k, antenna, (After Riley, "Insect enlarged. d, ; e, pollenizes in the Eastern States the blossoms of the common Yucca ; ; ; ; ; filamentosa, and on the Western plains it performs the act for the ; Life," Vol. IV, p. 360.) blossoms of Yucca angustifolia. Yucca by Pronuba syntbetica. wbipplei is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the Yucca brevifolia is pollenized work of pollenation according The larva of Pronuba, after to their peculiar requirements. has attained to it the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, to move about and burrow into the earth. It full size, drops to which enable it then undergoes transformation into the pupal state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig. 263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous which enable processes, through the loose The student who acquainted insect with must life subject. to make its way desires to become fully this interesting chapter in consult the altogether admi- rable papers written fessor Riley, to almost it soil. upon the subject by Pro- whom we are indebted we know in regard to These papers may be found in all that Publications of the St. Louis Academy 442 for the the Fig. 263. casella. I, P. yucmale chry- m, female chrysalis. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. salis ' ; p ' 3 of Science, the "Fifth Tineidae Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri," and fourth and fifth volumes of "Insect Life." ACROLOPHUS Genus Poey Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, (i) Fig. 43, $ Syn. bombycina in the Plate XLVIII, . Zeller. a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected the As species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion. The other species are mainly Southern and Western. Genus ANAPHORA Clemens Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate (i) Syn. agrotipennella Grote ; scardina Zeller. XLVIII, Fig. 42, . insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky MounThere are other species in the genus, which are found in the South and the West. The tains. FAMILY HEPIALID^E This family is composed of large or moderately large insects. are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste- They matists generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre- Some go even senting an ancestral stock. they are lepidoptera at This so far as to is, however, STHENOPIS Packard all. an deny that untenable position. Genus (1) 14, $ . Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Syn. argentata Packard The Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.) ; alni Kellicott. larvce feed at first enter the stems. The roots of the alder, and then upon the insect is found the United States and Canada. in the northern portions of The moths have the habit of dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations over the spot where oviposition is to take place. (2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Syn. semianrat/cs Neumcegen & Dyar. 443 Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, 6 . Hepialidse It The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. occurs rather abundantly in Assiniboia and Alberta. HEPIALUS Genus Fabricius (i) Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, Plate Syn. pulcher Grote macglashani Henry Edwards. XLI, Fig. 15, $ . ; The moth is found in New England and southern Canada. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.) (2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. This species, the neuration of the wings of which is reprein the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the sented northern portions of our territory. Hepialus lemberti Dyar, (3) Plate XLI, Fig. 16, $ . (Lem- bert's Ghost-moth.) The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in collections. FAMILY MICROPTERYGID/E This family is represented minute insects and in our fauna by two genera of species. They are remarkable because revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of insects. One six of the remarkable features which they reveal is the persistence in them of mandibles in the pupse, which are lost in the imaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not represented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Eriocephala, which does occur We in have arrived North America. at last at the end of our necessarily com- pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths represented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. have We thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might have been said; possibly some things have been said which will have we little interest for the general reader; but, bringing this book to its end, that upon the whole, we have given a and more complete review of the whole subject to American students than has ever been essayed in any book by any feel, in fuller 444 Micropterygidae other writer. Throughout the task has been to a large degree a labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and helping those who have eyes to see and ears to hear, to understand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the more wonderful more we know of the it. THE FINAL GOAL " O, yet we somehow good trust that Will be the To pangs final goal of ill, of nature, sins of will, Defects of doubt and taints of blood ; That nothing walks with aimless feet That not one life shall be destroyed, ; Or cast as rubbish to the void, When God hath made the pile complete ; That not a worm is cloven in vain, That not a moth with vain desire Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire, Or but subserves another's gain." Tennyson. In Memoriam, I, III. THE END When sun the moon shall shine at frozen over, and shall have faded out from the sky, and the a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the noonday equator from either pole, and no keels shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth, a melancholy " bug." 44 5 INDEX ^Egeria, genus; paiformis, vespiformis, 383 ^geriida, Family, Abagrotis, genus; erratica, 180 abalinealis, Bomolocha, 286 Abbot, John, 27 Abbotana, genus; clemataria, transducens, transferens, 353 asliaria, 25, 36, crabroniformis, 379 Metanema, 351 ^Emilia, genus; ambigua, bolteri, cinnamo- mea, Red-banded, occidentalis, Rosy, sanguivenosa, significans, syracosia, Epizeuxis, 280; Synanthedon, asmulataria, Philobia, 339 aequaliaria, Therina, 348 asquilinea, Ipimorpha, 220 asquosus, Syssaura, 352 aerea, Plusia, 237 aroides, Plusia, 237 ssculi, Zeuzera, 376 ffisionaria, Hyperitis, 349 ffitheria, Thalpochares, 249 aethra, Hffimorrhagia, 63 affinis, Herse, 43 ffimula, abbotana, Phobetron, 366 abboti, Oiketicus, 361 abbotti, Sphecodina, 70 abbreviatella, Catocala, 268 Abdomen, 14, 18 abdominalis, Pygarctia, 136 abortivaria, Dyspteris, 323 Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240 abrostoloides, Psctes, 241 abrupta, Raphia, 153 Absinth, The, 328 absinthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 absorptalis, Hormisa, 282 absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 accepta, Fruva, 232 137 387 Eucosma, 418 Agapema, genus, 86; galbina, 86 affusana, agarista, Erebus, 279 Agaristidffi, 3, 24, 32, 140, 232, 233 Agathodes, genus; designalis, floridalis, accessaria, Catopyrrha, 342 acericola, Apatela, iS3 stralis, 393 agilis, Feltia, mon- 186 Agnomonia, genus; anilis, sesquistriaris, 274 agreasaria, Gonodontis, 350 agricola, Drasteria, 257 agrippina, Catocala, 260 agrotipennella, Anaphora, 443 agrotipennis, Melioptis, 258 Agrotiphila, genus; incognita, 191 Agrotis, genus; badinodis, 181; geniculata, idonea, suffusa, telifera, ypsilon, 182 aholah, Catocala, 268 aholibah, Catocala, 265 Ailanthus, 82 Alabama, genus; argillacea, bipunctina, grandipuncta, xylina, 243 alabamEe, Catocala, 269; Peridroma, 183 alabastaria, Synelys. 333 Alarodia, genus; slossoniaa, 366 albafascia, Schinia, 228 albarufa, Apatela, 157 albata, Clemensia, 108 alberts, Dodia, 117 albescens, Hyloicus, 50 albicans, Opharus, 139 albicoma, Harpyia, 299 albicomana, Tortrix, 423 albicornis, Synanthedon, 387 albicosta, Eucha>tias, 13s albida, Clemensia, 108; Estigmene, 122 acericolum, Synanthedon, 386 aceris, Apatela, 153 acerni, Synanthedon, 386 achaia, Apantesis, 130 achatina, Olene, 308 Bomolocha, 286 Achatodes, genus; zes, 212 achatinalis, achemon, Pholus, 66 Acherdoa, genus; ferraria, ornata, 234 Acherontiinas, 43 "Acheta Domestica," quoted, 140 Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanborni, 371 Acopa, genus; carina, 163 Acorn-moth, The, 429 acrasa, Estigmene, 122, 123 Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 408 Acrolophus, genus; bombycina, plumifrontellus, 443 Actias, genus, 86; luna, 87, 88 Actinotia, genus, 172; ramosula, 173 acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245 acutaria, Doryodes, 245 acutilinea, Schinia, 227 acutipennis, Mamestra, 19s Adela, genus; bella, 437 Adelocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, 96 Adelphagrotis, genus; prasina, 179 adipaloides, Pyrausta, 397 Adita, genus; chionanthi, 177 adjuncta, Mamestra, 194 Admetovis, genus; oxymorus, 196 admirandus, Memythrus, 383 Adoneta, genus; ferrigera, nebulosus, pygmsa, spinuloides, voluta, 365 adoptiva, Catocala, 267 adulatalis, Yuma, 407 adumbrata, Syneda, 259 adustaria, Gonodontis, 350 adversa, Caenurgia, 257 aedessa, Fenaria, 233 albidula, Eustrotia, 247 albifascialis, Zinckenia, 392 albifrons, Symmerista, 296 albifusa, Mamestra, 193 albilinea, Heliophila, 201 albipennis, Euxoa, 189 albipuncta, Platysenta, 163 albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286 alboclavellus, Crambus, 402 albofascia, Gluphisia, 300 albolineata, Syssphinx, 96 447 Index alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220 albopunctata, Caripeta, 342 albosigma, Melalopha, 293 albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332 albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159 albovittata, Euchoeca, 328 album, Copablepharon, 222 Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, amyntor, Ceratomia, 47 amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352 Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291 Anal angle, 18 Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella scardina, 443 Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337 Anarsia, genus; lineatella, pruniella, 426 Anarta, genus; Black-mooned, Catocaline, cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im- 384 vac- ciniivorana, variolana, 421 Alcis, genus; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphuraria, 343 Alcothoe, genus; caudata, 3S2 Aleptina, genus; inca, 162 aleucis, Schinia, 227 Alexicles, genus; aspersa, 122 algens, Hillia, 166 alia, Graphiphora, 204 alinda, Hylesia, 90 alisellana, Eulia, 423 allediusaria, Tetracis, 353 allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104 alleni, Syneda, 259 Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272 Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, calstellidaria vina, rivularia, squamigera, terraria, 354 alni, Sthenopis, 443 alniaria, Ennomos, 348 alope, Erinnyis, 58 Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restituens, 326 alternata, Rhynchagrotis, 179 alticola, Syngrapha, 240 Alypia, genus, 143, 232; bimaculata, 144', brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci, 143; disparata, 143, 144; edwardsi, 143; gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni, 143, 145; lorquini, mac-cullochi, 143; mariposa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaculata, 143, 144; quadriguttalis, 144; ridingsi, 143. 145; sacraments, 145; similis, 143, wittfeldi, 143, 144 Alypiodes, 145 genus; bimaculata, trimaculata Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72 amphipyroides, Latebraria, 279 ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 309 amplaria, Epimecis, 344 amplissima, Parallelia, 273 amplus, Axenus, 231 amputatrix, Hadena, 169 Arayna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242 vestitaria, 349 Agnomonia, 274 Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, pellucida, rubicunda, senatoria, stigma, 94; 05; Virginian, 93; virginiensis, 94, 95 anilis, Cymatophora, 340 anna, Apantesis, 130 Annaphila, genus; diva, lithosina, 246 annexa, Feltia, 187 annisaria, Cymatophora, 340 annulifascia, Halisidota, 138 anodonta, Conservula, 215 Anomis, genus; erosa, 244 Anona laurifolia, 236 anons, Cocytius, 44 Anomceotes, genus, 371 Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164 antaeus, Cocytius, 44 Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220 Antennae, 3, 4, 13, 18; of Eriocephalid larvae, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13 antennata, Xylina, 206 anthcecioides, Tosale, 402 Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexacta, 275 antica, Euchartias, 135; Trichpclea, 199 Anticarsia, genus; gemmatilis, 27s antigone, Estigmene, 123 antinympha, Catocala, 267 aniusaria, amasia, Catocala, 148, 268 amatrix, Catocala, 263 amaturaria, Erastria, 333 Ambesa, genus; lastella, 410 ambigua, Emilia, 137 ambigualis Gaberasa.. 284 Ambulycinae, 41, 42, 54 Amelanchier, 386 amella, Campometra, 276 Ameria, genus, 327 americalis, Epizeuxis, 280 americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314; Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Melalopha, 293; Neuronia, 196; Oreta, 321 arnica, Catocala, 269 amicaria, Hyperitis, 349 amiculatalis, Cindaphia, 397 amcena, Melittia, 380 amcenaria, Euchlaena, 350 Amolita, genus; fessa, 244 Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423 Amorpha fruticosa, 430 amorphella, Walshia, 430 ampelophaga, Pholus, 65 Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371 pingens, leucocycla, 199; nigrolunata, 198; nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson's, schcenherri, Schcenherr's, 199 of moths, 10 ancetaria, Azelina, 352 anchocelioides, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Anchocelis, genus; digitalis, 216 ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171 Ancylis, genus; fragariae, comptana, conflexana, 419 andremona, Hypocala, 272 Andrewsia, genus; belfragiana, jocasta, messalina, 272 andromache, Catocala, 267 andromedas, Hyloicus, 50 Anepischetos, genus; bipartita, 245 angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibryophila, 162 anguina, Dasylophia, 296; Mamestra, 195 angulalis, Palthis, 28s angulidens, Autographa, 239 angulifera, Callosamia, 86 angulosa, Lophodonta, 295 angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293 angustalis, Zinckenia, 392 angustiorata, Caripeta, 342 angustipennis, Magusa, 175 Ania, genus; filimentaria, limbata, resistaria, Anatomy antiphola, Halisidota, 137 antiqua, Notolophus, 306 Ants, 147 Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus. Sculptured, sculptus, 191 Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234 Apaecasia, genus; defluata, suboequaria, 342 Apantesis, genus, 129; achaia, anna, arge, 13b; arizonensis, autholea, 131; b-atra, 132; mica, 448 behri, 132; blakei, bolanderi, 131; coelebs, 130; colorata. cera132; Index Apantesis Continued argyrospila, Archips, 422 complicata, dahurica, 131; decolorata, determinata, diecki, 132; 130; dione, docta, 131; dodgei, 132; doris, edwardsi, 130; excelsa, favorita, figurata, arizonae, Gnophaela, 290 arizonaria, Chloraspilates, 338 arizonensis, Apantesis, 131; Gloveria, 311 armata, Fota, 178 armataria, Priocycla, 351 armiger, Heliothis, 222 armillata, Hypocrisias, 136 Army Worm, The, 200 Army Worm, The Fall, 174 Aroa, genus, 305 arrogaria, Plagodis, 349 arrosa, Trama, 276 arsaltealis, Pyrausta, 307 Arsilonche, genus; albovenosa, colorada, 159 Artace, genus; punctistriga, rubripalpis, 312 artemis, Hemileuca, 92 arvalis, Axenus, 231 Asclepias, 135, 437 asdrubal, Pseudosphinx, S7 f-pallida, 132; gelida, 131; incarnatorubra, 130; incompleta, 132; incorrupta, 131; intermedia, 129; liturata, 131; lugubris, 132; mexicana, 131; michabo, minea, 130; mormonica, 131; nais, 132; nerea, 130; nevadensis, 131; ochracea, 130; oithona, 129; ornata, 130; otiosa, 131; parthenice, 120; persephone, 130; phalerata, 132; proxima, quenseli, 131; radians, 132; rectilinea, 129; rhoda, 132; saundersi, 129; shastaensis, speciosa, strigosa, turbans, 131; virgo, 129; virguncula, 131; vittata, williamsi, 132 Apatela, genus, 133, 15 7, 197; acericola, aceris, 153; albarufa, 157; americana, 153; brumosa, 157; connecta, 156; dactylina, ' 153; fragilis, 156; furcifera, graefi, 155; grisea, 156; hasta, 155; impleta, impressa, inclara, 157; innotata, interrupta, 155; lepusculina, 154; lithospila, 156; lobelias, 155; luteicoma, 157; morula, 155 ;noctivaga, oblinita, 157; obscura, 153; occidentalis, i.S5;.Populi, 154; pudorata, quadrata, 156; salicis, 157; spectans, superans, 156; telum, ulmi, 155; vinnula, 156 Apatelodes, genus; angelica, hyalinopuncta 293; torrefacta, 292 Apex of wing, 18 Apical patch, 18 apicalis, Melalopha, 293 apicella, Fruva, 252 apicosa, Eustrotia, 247 apiformis, jSSgeria, 383 Apharetra, genus; dentata, 158; pyralis, Smith's, 159; Toothed, 158 Apocheima, genus; rachelas, 345 Aporophila, genus, 170 Apple-leaf Skeletonizer, The, 411 Apple-leaf Tier, The Green, 421 aprica, Tarache, 251 aquamarina, Drasteria, 257 aquilonaris, Harpyia, 299 Arachnis, genus; aulaea, incarnata, Painted, picta, zuni, 124 aracinthusalis, Palthis, 285 aratrix, Richia, 190 arbeloides, Inguromorpha, 378 arburaria, Caberodes, 352 arcasaria, Sabulodes, 3*3 Archips, genus; arcticana, argyrospila, cerasivorana, furvana, gossypiana, gurgitans, lintnerana, parallela, purpurana, rosaceana yicariana, v-signatana, 422 arcifera, Schinia, 228 Arctia, genus, 114, 134; auripennis, caia transmontana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134 arctica, Hadena, 169 arcticana, Archips, 422 Arctiidas, 24, 31, 114 Arctonotus, genus, 71; lucidus, terlooi, 71 Arctostaphylos tomentosa, 89 arcuata, Drepana, 321; Hadena, 167 arefactaria, Euchlasna, 350 arge, Apantesis, 130 argentata, Halisidota, 138; Sthenopis, 443 argentatus, Euclea, 365 argenteomaculatus, Sthenopis, 443 argenteostriata, Phrygionis, 354 argillacea, Alabama, 243; Lexis, 105 argi llacearia, Cymatophora, 341 Argillophora, genus; furcilla, 255 argus, Automeris, 89 Ashmead, William H., viii. Asimina triloba 46 asopialis, Palthis, 285 aspersa, Alexicles, 122 aspilata, Tetracis, 353 assecoma, Almodes, 334 assimilis, Euthisanotia, 232; Trichotarache, 246 associans, Noctua, 185 associata, Heterocampa, 297 astarte, Heterocampa, 297; Sphinx, 55 asteroides, Cucullia, 208 Asteroscopus, genus; borealis, 209 astricta, Peridroma, 182 astur, Opharus, 139 astylus, Calasymbolus, 56 astylusaria, Euchlasna, 350 astymone, Anisota, 95 aterrima, Pachylia, 60 Atethmia, genus; rectifascia, subusta, 220 athabasca, Syneda, 260 athasiaria, Therina, 348 athena, Estigmene, 123 athereo, Heterocampa, 297 atomaria, Phoberia, 273 ; Ogdoconta, 241 atra, Heliotropha, 173 Atreides, genus, 49; plebeja, 49 Atreus, genus, 49 atriciliata, Platysenta, 163 atricincta, Noctua, 184 atrifasciata, Cleora, 344; Oncocnemis, 176 atripennis, Dahana, 103 atrites, Schinia, 228 atrivenosa, Olene, 308 atrocolorata, Azelina, 352; Eustroma, 329 atro liturata, Cladora, 324 atropunctaria, Catopyrrha, 342 atropurpurea, Euxoa, 189 Attacinae, 80, Si Atteva, genus; floridana, aurea, compta, fastuosa gemmata, 424 auge, Cosmosoma, 98 augusta, Catocala, 264 aulsea, Arachnis, 124 aurantiaca, Incita, 246 aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375 aurella, Catocala, 266 aureola, Synanthedon, 385 aureopurpurea, Synanthedon, 387 auricinctaria, Melanomma, 255 auriferaria, Palyas, 354 auripennis, Arctia, 134; Siavana, 273 aurivitta, Cydosia, 253 aurora, Hyparpax, 299 aurosea, Automeris, 89 aurotus. Philosamia, 82 australis, Baileya, 162 449 Index autholea, Apantesis, 131 Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; angulidens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimaculata, brassicas, culta, dyaus, echinocystis, egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, includens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238; laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum, 239; omega, omicron, oo, on, 238; oxygramma, 239; precationis, pseudogamma, questionis, 238; rectangula, 239; rogationis, rutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240; u-brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238; viridisignata, 239 Automeris, genus, 89: argus, aurosea, corollaria, fabricii, io, pamina, varia, zelleri, zephyria, 89 autumnata, Paleacrita, 324 autumnalis, Hydriomena, 331; Laphygma, belfragei, Holomelina, it6 bella, Adela, 437; Utetheisa, 117 belladonna, Dysocnemis, 229 bellicula, Lithacodia, 248 bellulalis, Pyrausta, 398 genus; densa, gostynides, melanopyga, vulnifica, 211 belmaria, Holomelina, 116 Beloved, The, 265 Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody neripennis, pleciasformis, rubi, 383 Bellura, benignalis, Bomolocha, 286 beskei, Crinodes, 301 Bessula, genus; luxa, 221 bertholdi, Hypopta, 379 Bertholdia, genus; Grote's, trigona, 140 Betrothed, The, 265 Acrobasis, 408 Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380 beutenmnlleri, Isocha?tes, 366 bianca, Catocala, 262 bibularia, Therina, 348 bicarnea, Noctua, 183 biclaria, Syssaura, 352 bicolor, Adelocepbala, 96; Diacrisia, 128, Lexis, 1 os bicolorago, Orthosia, 217 bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 397 bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338 bicolorata, Eufidonia, Hydriomena, 337; 331; Neleucania, 203 bidentata, Nerice, 296 biferalis, Hvrenula, 283 bifidalis, Caberasa, 284 biguttata, Cochlidion, 367 bijugalis, Bomolocha, 286 bilineata, Falcaria, 321; Heterocampa, 297 biliturellus, Crambus, 403 biloba, Autographa, 238 bilunata, Caradrina, 164 bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, 145. Autographa, 23S; Holomelina, 116 bimatris, Pippona, 221 binocula, Tarache, 251 bipartita, Anepischetos, 245 biplaga, Eustrotia, 247 bipunctellus, Crambus, 402 bipunctina, Alabama, 243 birivata, Hydriomena, 331 biselliella, Tineola, 432 biseriata, Eudule, 327 bisselliella, Tineola, 432 bistnaris, Doryodes, 245; Parallelia, 273 biundata Heterocampa, 297 bivittata, Ectypia, 133; Hormisa, 282 Black, The Californian, The White-striped, 328; Woodland, 329 blakei, Apantesis, 131 blanda, Pseudogkea, 216 Blastobasidap, 26, 429 Bleptina, genus; caradrinalis, cloniasalis, 283 betulella, 174 autumnaria, Ennomos, 348 avimacula, Gluphisia, 300 avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338 Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus, 231 axillaris, belfragiana, Andrewsia, 272 Hasmorrhagia, 63 Aye-Aye, 77 Darapsa, 68 ancetaria, atrocolora.ta, Azelina, genus; honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, morrisonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352 Azenia genus; implora, 248 azalea;, B babayaga, Catocala, 263 badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299 badicollis, Semiophora, 180 badinodis, Agrotis, 181 badipennis, Pyrausta, 397 badistriga, Homohadena, 176 Bad-wing, The, 323 Bag-worm, The, 361 Bailey, J. S., 36 Baileya, genus; australis, doubledayi, ophthalmica, 162 baileyi, Xylina, 207 balanitis, Chorizagrotis, 185 balluca, Plusia, 237 baltearia, Alcis, 343 balteolata, Almodes, 354 baltimoralis, Bomolocha, 286 Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 163 Barathra, genus; curialis, occidentata, 196 barberiana, Epipyrops, 370 Barnes, Dr. William, ix barometricus, Ufeus, 191 Basal dash, 18; line, 18 261 basalis, Catocala, 268; Euxoa, 189; Inguromorpha, 378 basiflava, Olene, 308 basigera, Autographa, 240 basifinea, Hadena, 168 Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234 Basilona, genus; imperatoria, imperialis punctatissima, 97 basitriens, Notodonta, 295 bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385 b-atra, Apantesis, 132 Bats, 147 beani, Phragmatobia, 126 beata, Noctua, 185 Bee-moth, The, 406 Beggar, The, 327 behrensaria, Deilinea, 339 Behrensia, genus; conchiformis, 241 behri, Apantesis. 131 bete, Didasys, 99 boerhavia?, Xylophanes, 75 Boisduval, J. A., 30 bolanderi, Apantesis, 131 Synanthedon, 385 Boll-worm, The, 222 Emilia, 137, Euchastias, 135 Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304 Bombycidas, Family, 12, 25, 34, 31S bombyciformis, Eutolype, 177 bombycina, Acrolophus, 443 bombycoides, Lapara, 53 Bombyx, genus; m.ori, 315 Bomolocha, genus; abalinealis, achatina)is, bolli, bolteri, albisignalis, baltimoralis, galis, 45 caducalis, benignalis, biiudeceptalis, damnosalis, Inrlex Bomolocha edictalis, Continued fecialis, Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 387 laciniosa, calgary, Noctua, 184 Calidota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, muricolor, Streaked, strigosa, 139 California;, Leptarctia, 121 californiaria, Eois, 336; Platea, 342 californiata, Eois, 336; Euchoeca, 328; lentiginosa, madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, perangulalif, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, vellitera, 286 Books about North American Moths, 27 borealis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpy ia, 299; Hemerocampa, 306; Hyphoraia, 128 Borer, The Peach-twig, 426 Philereme, 329 Catocala, 263; Estigmene, 123; Hemileuca, 92; Malacosoma, 313; Orrhodia, 218; Pheosia, 295; Phryganidia, 291; californica, Bouvardia, 75 brannani, Alypia, 143 brassicae, Autographa, 238 Breeding larvae, 5 Brephinae, Subfamily, 355 Brephos, genus, infans, 355 brevis, Schinia, 228 brevicornis, Holomelina, 116 brevipennis, Euxoa, 188 Bride, The, 266 bridghami, Hadena, 166 brillians, Eupseudomorpha, briseis, Catocala, 264 Samia, 84 californicus, Melicleptria, 230 Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata 356 calleta, Callosamia, 86 callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 24s Callizia, genus, 336 Callopistria, genus; floridensis, 252 Callosamia, genus, 84; angulifera, calleta, 86; promethea, 84 231 Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula, nupera, 208 Calophasia, genus; strigata, 170 Calpe, genus; canadensis, Canadian, purpurascens, sobria, 236 British Museum, Trustees, ix brontes, Ceratomia, 48 Brooke, Henry, quoted, 321 Brother, The, 153 Brotolomia, genus; iris, 215 Browning, E. B., quoted, 21, 378 Brown-tail Moth, The, 309 bruceata, Rachela, 324 Haemorrhagia, 64; brucei, Cossus, 377; Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227 Bruceia, genus; hubbardi, pulverina, 108 brumosa, Apatela, 157 brunnea, Ctenucha, 102 brunneiciliata, Mesoleuca, 330 brunneipennis, Synanthedon, 385 Bryant, W. C, quoted, 113 Bucculatrix, genus; Apple-leaf, Birch-leaf, canadensi selia, curvilincatella, pomifoliella, pomonella, 431 Buck-moth, 91; Nevada. 92; Tricolor, 93 Budgeon, Miss, Acheta Domestica, quoted, 375 buffaloensis, Haemorrhagia, 63 bullula, Pteraetholix, 243 burgessi, Hadena, 168 Busck, A., 38 A. G., ^o Butler, " Butterfly Book, The," 4 Byron, quoted, 309 calvina, Almodes, 354 Calymnia, genus; canescens, orina, 219 cambrica, Venusia, 328 "Cambridge Natural History," 17 campestris, Euxoa, 189 Campometra, genus; amella, integerrima, mima, stylobata, 276 108; cana, Clemensia, Dasylophia, 296; Hemerocampa, 306; Lapara, 53 canadaria, Melanolophia, 344 canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celerio, 76; Hyloicus Si canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 431 Antiblemma. 275 Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 411 candens, Orthodes, 203 canescens, Calymnia, 219 Canidia, genus; scissa, 226 caniplaga, Ellida, 300 canalis, Canker-worm, The Fall, 326; canningi, Philosamia, 82 Capis, genus; curvata, 285 The Spring, 324 Capnodes, genus; punctivena, 277 caprotina, Estigmene, 123 capsella, Graphiphora, 204 capticola, Syneda, 259 Capture of specimens, 19 cara, Catocala, 148, 263 Caberodes, Caradrina, genus; amyrisaria, arburaria, confusaria, floridaria, imbraria, ineffusaria, varadaria, 352 Cable, G. W., quoted, 80; 314 cacuminalis, Hypenula, 283 cadaverosa, Hypoprepia, 106 cadmia, Cargida, 300 caducalis, Bomolocha, 286 caeca, Turuptiana, 121 caelaria, Xanthotype, 349 Caenurgia, genus; adversa, purgata, socors, 257 caerulea, Drasteria, 257 genus; bilunata, 164; civica con viva, extimia, 165; fidicularia, meralis, multifera, 164; punctivena, rufostriga, interlinearia, majoraria, myandaria, pandaria, phasianaria, remissaria, superaria, spilomela, 165 caradrinalis, Bleptina, 283 Carama, genus; cretata, pura, 368 carbonaria, Eurycyttarus, 362; Homoglaea 219 Cargida, genus; cadmia, obliquilinea, 30c pyrrha, 301 Carica, 58 caricae, Cocytius, 44 carina, Acopa, 163 Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorata convalescens, divisata, piniaria, 342 Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 210 Carmen, Felix, quoted, 427 carnaria, Metanema, 351 cassonia, Tortricidia, 368 cahiritella, Ephestia, 414 caia, Arctia, 134 caicus, Erinnyis, 60 Carnegie, Andrew, Dedication to, Carneades, genus, 188 calaminea, Ophideres, 276 calasymbolus, gcus, 55; astylus, excaecatus, integerrima, i( nyops, pavonina, rosacearum, 56 carneola, Eustrotia, 247 Carolina, Catocala, 261; Haploa, n8; 451 v Eucereon, Protoparce, 45 100 Index Ceratocampidae, Family, 24, 31, 70, 80, 94 Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes 48; catalpae, 48; quadricornis, 47;repentinus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48 Cercis, 369 cereana, Galleria, 406 cerella, Galleria, 406 cerintha, Chamyris, 250 Cerisyi, Sphinx, 54 cerivana, Hadena, 168 Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161 cerogama, Catocala, 266 ceromatica, Scopelosoma, 21S cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354 Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209 cervina, Euherrichia, 253 ceto, Melittia, 380 Chalcosiidae, Family, 373 chamaenerii, Celerio, 76 Chambers, V. T., 37 Chamyris, genus; cerintha, 250 chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176 Chapman, T. A., 8 characta, Hadena, 167 Charadra, genus; circulifer, contigua, 1S2. Carpenter- worms, 37s Carpet-moth, The, 434 carpinifolia, Epicnaptera, 314 Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54 caryae, Halisidota, 138 Case-bearer, The Walnut, 408 casta, Crambidia, 104 castellalis, Samea, 393 3. 4 Catabena, genus; lineolata, miscellus, Catalogues and Lists, 29 Ceratomia, 48 catalpae, cataphracta, Papaipema, 214 catenaria, Cingilia, 347 Castniidae, 163 Caterpillars, 6; Coloration of, 9; gregarious, 9 catharina, Semiophora, 180 Catocala, genus, 79, 147, 148, 260; abbreviatella, 268; adoptiva, 267; agrippina, 260; aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabamae, 269; amasia, 268; amatrix, 263; arnica, 269 andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha, 267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga, 263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca, 262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263; Carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266; cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; coelebs, 266; concumbens, 263; consors, 268; crataegi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267; desdemona, 267; desperata, 261; eliza, 266; epione, 260; evefina, 261; faustina, 264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; fratercula, gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea, 269; guenei, 261; habilis, 268: hermia, 264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267; innubens, 265: insolabilis, 262; jaquenetta, 269; Judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella, 369; luciana, 263; maestosa, 261 magdalena, 267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta, 269; mopsa, 265; muliercula, 267; nebraskas, 266; nerissa, 263; nebulosa, neogama, 269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 269; 266; parta. osculata, 265; palaeogama, 264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 366; polygama, 268; praclara, 269; pura, 264; relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262; rosalinda, 268; sappho, 260; scintillans, 266; serena, 267; similis, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263; subnata, 266; subviridis, 261; tristis, 262; ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verrilliana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi, deridens, 152; decora, 153; dispulsa, felina, 153; illudens, pythion, 152 chenopodii, Mamestra, 193 chersis, Hyloicus, 50 chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 45 Chionanthus, 46, 51 Lacosoma, 359 Chlaenogramma, Genus, 46; chiridota, jasminearum rotundata, 46 Chloraspilates, aria, genus; arizonaria, bicolor- 338 Chloridea, genus; rhexiae, spectanda, virescens, 222 chloris, Euclea, 365 Chlorochlamys, genus; chloroleucaria, densaria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336 chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 chlorostigma, Hadena, 16S Choephora, genus; fungorum, 216 ; Darapsa, 68 Choerocampinas, Subfamily, 75 choriona, Holomelina, 116 Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, inconcinna introferens, 185 Chrysauginae, Subfamily, 401 chrysellus, Schmia, 227 chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 309 Chytolita, genus; morbidalis, 282 Chytonix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, 161 cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176 Cicinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 359 Cilia, genus; distema, 244 cimbiciformis, Haemorrhagia, 63 Cindaphia, genus; amiculatalis, bicoloralis, incensalis, julialis, pulchripictalis, 397 cinerascens. Heterocampa, 297 cinerea, 170; 299; Epidemas Harpyia, Misogada, 297; Xylina, 206 cinereofrons, Schizura, 298 cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicanis, 216 cinereomaculata, Euxoa, 190 chcerilus, 268 Catopyrrha, genus; accessaria, atropunctaria, coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342 caudata, Alcothoe, 382 cautella, Ephestia, 414 Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61 ceanothi, Samia, 84 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84 cecropia, Samia, 83, 84 Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata, pustulata, sexmaculata, trinotata, triquetrana, 357 Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamaenerii, daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata oxybaphi, 76 celeus, Protoparce, 45 celia, Catocala, 265 Celiptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu'urn, 275 Cempis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422 tenterensis, Cossus, 377 tephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229 tephise, Melanchroia, 354 ceramica, Apantesis, 132 Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177 cerasivorana, Archips, 422 Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253 : cinereus, Prodoxus, 441 cinerosa, Erinnyis, S9 Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humeralis, 347 cingulata, Herse, 43 cingulifera, Homoptera, 278 cinis, Melipotis, 258 cinnamomea, Emilia, 137; Olene, 308 circulifer, Charadra, 152 Ciris, genus; wilsoni, 233 Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens, pavitensis, mexicana, 259 45 2 Index Commophila, genus; macrocarpana, 423 Cirrhophanus, genus; triangulifer, 234 Cissusa, genus; inepta, morbosa, sabulosa, spadix, vegeta, 256 Cisthene lactea, 108 Citheronia, genus; mexicana, regalis, regia, sepulchralis, 97 citrina, Xanthotype, 349 citronellus, Rhodophora, 224 civica, Caradrina, 165 Cladora, genus; atroliturata, geminata, 324 clandestina, Gluphisia, 300; Noctua, 184 clappiana, Gnophaela, 2go clarkiae, Proserpinus, 73 clarus, Comacla, 107 Classification of moths, 22 elaudens, Hadena, 167 clavana, Eucosma, 418 claviform spot, 18 claviformis, Pachnobia, 180 claviplena, Mamestra, 192 Bruce 's, 64; Calif ornian, 64; Clearwing, Graceful, 63; Humming-bird, 62; Snowberry, 63; Thetis, 64 clemataria, Abbotana, 353 Clematis, 382 Clemens, Brackenridge, 28, 30, 37 cana, albata, albida, Clemensia, genus; irrorata, patella, philodina, umbrata, 108 cleopatra, Catocala, 263 Cleora, genus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraudulentaria, frugallaria, pampinaria, sublunaria, tinctaria, 344 Cleosiris, genus; populi, 203 clientis, Yrias, 277 clio, Euverna, 133 cloniasalis, Bleptina, 283 clorinda, Darapsa, 68 Clothes-moth, The, 432, 434 clotho, Pholus, 67 Clover-hay Worm, The. 399 clymene, Haploa, 118 c-nigrum, Noctua, 183 cnotus, Darapsa, 68 coa, Pinconia, 369 coagulate, Tephroclystis, 328 coccinata, Catocala, 149, 265 coccinea, Calesesia, 387, Ptychoglene, no coccineifascia, Prothymia, 248 Cochlidiida, Family, S, 9. 25. 35. 364 rectilinea biguttata, Cochlidion, genus; tetraspilaris, y-inversa, 367 cochrani, Euxoa, 189 Cocytius, genus, 44; anonje; anteus; caries; hydaspus; jatrophae; medor; tapayusa, 44 Codd ling-moth, The, 419 coelebs, Apantesis, 130; Catocala, 268 Ccenocalpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria, gibbocostata, ceneiformis, strigularia, 332 cognata, Xylomiges, 197 cognataria, Lycia, 34 s Collar lappet, 18 collaris, Noctua, 184 collecta, Cleora, 344 colona, Haploa, 118 colorada, Arsilonche, 159 coloradaria, Epiplatymetra, 351 coloradensis, Prodoxus, 440; Raphia 153 Coloradia, genus, 90, 91; pandora, 91 coloradus, Hyloicus, 52 coloraria, Catopyrrha, 342 colorata, Apantesis, 132 Columbia, Samia, 84 Comacla, genus; clarus, simplex, texana, 107 fuscipes. comma, Haploa, 118 commelirae, Prodenia, 174 commoides, Heliophila, 203 murina, complicata, Apantesis, 131; Heliophila, 201 Composia, genus; fidelissima, olympia, 289 Composite:, 101, 252 compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235 compta, Atteva, 424 comptana, Ancylis, 419 comptaria, Venusia, 328 Comstock, J. H., 29 comstocki, Momophana, 172 conchiformis, Behrensia, 241 Conchylodes, genus; concinnalis, erinalis magicalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 393 concinna, Schizura, 298 concinnalis, Conchylodes, 393 concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247 concisa, Epizeuxis, 280 concisaria, Euchkena, 350 concumbens, Catocala, 263 concursana, Platynota, 422 condensata, Venusia, 328 confederata, Eurycyttarus, 363 confine, Eucereon, 100 conflexana, Ancylis, 419 confluens Graphiphora, 204 confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197 confusaria, Caberodes, 352 congermana, Mamestra, 193 congrua, Estigmene, 123 S3! 52; Lapara coniferarum, Hyloicus, Thyridopteryx, 361 Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 34s conjungens, Crambodes, 163 connecta, Apatela, 156 consecutaria, Eois, 33s consepta, Macaria, 340 Conservula, genus; anodonta, 215 consimilis, Synanthedon, 385 consita, Haploa, 118 consors, Catocala, 266 Consort, The, 266 168' conspicua, Drasteria, 257; Hadena Rceselia, 358 conspecta, Schizura, 298 constipata, Mamestra, 195 contenta, Hadena, 169 contexta, Euchalcia, 237 contigua, Charadra, 152; Haploa, 119 contingens, Sabulodes, 333 continua, Gnophaela, 290 228 contracta, Homopyralis, 256; Schinia contrahens, Himella, 204 contraria, Hyppa, 171; Mamestra, 193 contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344 convalescens, Caenurgia, 257 convexipennis, Cucullia, 208 conviva, Caradrina, 165 Convolvulaces, 99 convolvuli, Herse, 43 coortaria, Cymatophora, 341 copablepharon, genus; album, grandis longipenne, 222 Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162 Copicucullia, genus; propinqua, 208 Copidryas, genus, 141; cosyra, 142; gloveri Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177 Coquillet, D. W., 346 cora, Lerma, 161 coracias, Pseudanthracia, 278 cordigera, Anarta, 198 Cornifrons, genus; simalis, 399 Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403 cornuta, Metalepsis, 181 ccrollaria, Automeris, 89 Cortissoi.. Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, quoted, 3*o 453 Index Cosmia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea, 217 Cosmosoma, genus; auge, melitta, omphale, 98 Cossidae, Family, 25, 35, 37s Cossula, genus; magnifica, norax, 379 Cossus, genus; brucei, centerensis, undosus, 377 costasmaculalis, Noctuelia, 399 costalis, Hypsopygia, 399 costinotata, Ccenocalpe, 332 Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria. pendulinaria quadriannulata, 333 cosyra, Copidryas, 142 Cotton-worm, 243 Cowper, quoted, 369 Coxa, 14 is crabroniformis, Algeria, 383 casta allegheniensis, genus lithosioides, pallida, uniformis, 104 Crambinae, Subfamily, 402 Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis 163 Crambus, genus; alboclavellus, 402; biliturellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus, semi403; laqueatellus, interminellus, fusellus, 402; trisectus, 403; turbatellus Crambidia, ; curta, Anarta, 199 curvata, Capis, 285 curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431 curvimacula. Calocampa, 208 Custard-apple, 236 custodiata, Hydriomena, 331 Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161 cycladata, Heliomata, 338 Cydia, genus; pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418 Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscula, 253 Cymatophora, genus; aniusaria, annisaria, 340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; grossulariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perarcuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; successaria, tenebrosata, 341 cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304 cynica, Orthodes, 203 cynthia Philosamia, 81, 82 cephalica, 402 crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60 crantor, Pholus, 66 crassatus, Plathypena, 287 crassipes, Podagra, 178 crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257 cratasgi, Catocala, 268 Crataegus, 62 crenulata, Orthodes, 203 crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344 cressonana, Ctenucha, 102 Cressonia, genus, 57; instabilis, pallens, robinsoni, 57 cretata, Carama, 368 crinella, Tineola, 432 Crinodes, genus; beskei, 301 crispata, Lagoa, 369 crocallata, Tetracis, 353 crocataria, Xanthotype, 349 crocea, Pseudanarta, 175 Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204 Crocota, genus, 115 226 Croton, 417 crucialis, Xylomiges, Cruciferae, 239 Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153; 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156; 155; 154; Darkish, Dart, Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked, 155; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156; Interrupted, Lobelia, 155; Lupine, 159; Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white, Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked, 155; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157 Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103 Dahlia hesperioides, 3 dahurica, Apantesis, 131 Dalceridae, Family, 25, 35, 369 Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369 Burglar, Cottonwood, dama, Spragueia, 252 damalis, Eutolype, 177 damnosalis, Bomolocha, 286 danbyi, Gluphisia, 300 Dandy, The, 153 Darapsa, genus, 68; azaleae, chcerilus, clorinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus 68; versicolor, 69 Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196 Daritis, genus; thetis, 289 Dark, World of the, 77 Dart (Dart-moth), Acorn, 185; Added, 187; Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Blackgirdled, 184; Black-letter, 183; Calgary, 184; Catocaline, 178; Clandestine, Collared, 184; Daedalus, 187; Dappled, 179; Disso190; Finland, 183; nant, 189; Fillet, Flame-shouldered, 184; Fleece-winged, Four-toothed, 188; Furtive, 190; Fuscous, 187; Great Black, Great Brown, Great juglandis croesus, Xylophanes, 75 crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Trichosellus, D dactylina, Apatela, 153 daedalus, Porosagrotis, 187 197 cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342 crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225 Ctenucha, genus, 101; brunnea, cressonana, latreillana, multifaria, rubroscapus, 102; venosa, 101; virginica, walsinghami, 102 cubensis, Calidota, 139 cubilis, Copipanolis, 177 cuculifera, Dasylophia, 296 Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides. Brownbordered, convexipennis, intermedia, Intermediate, speyeri, Speyer's, 208 cucurbitae, Melittia, 380 culea, Graphiphora, 204 Gray, 182; Greater Red, Green-winged, Havilah, 184; Inelegant, Interfering, Lesser Red, 178; Masters, 186; Muddy, Norman's, 183; Obelisk, 190; Old Man, Olive, 18S; Pale-banded, 181; Palewinged, 183; Parental, 190; Pink-speckled, 185; Placid, 178; Polished, 188; Rascal, Red-breasted, 178; 187; 188; Reaper, Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley's, 187; Rosy, 183; Rubbed, 188; Scribbled, 184; Shortwinged, 188; Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 189; Smaller Pinkish, Slippery, 185; 183; Soothsaver, 184: Subgothic, Swordsman, 186; Tes'sellate, Tippling, 1S9; Tripart, 187; 179; 185; 189; 187; culta, Autographa, 238 cumatilis, Schinia, 227 cunea, Hyphantria, 123 cupes, Trichosellus, 226 cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Cupid's Candle, 427 cupressi, Isoparce, 48 Cupuliferse, 366 curialis, Barathra, 196 Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver, 186; Variable, 180; Venerable, Voluble, 186, White-winged, 189; Yellow-bellied, 190; Yellow-streaked, 184; Yellow-toothed, 188; Ypsilon, 182 454 Index Darwin, quoted, 150 Dasyfidoma, genus, avuncularia, 338 Dasylophia. genus; anguina, cana, Diacrisia, cuculi- fera, interna, punctata, signata, thyatiroides, tripartita, 296 Dasyspoudaea, genus; lucens, meadi, 228 Datana, genus; angusi, 293; integerrima, 294; ministra, 293; perspicua, 294 daucus, Celerio, 76 davisi, Halisidota, 137 dayi, Oncocnemis, 176 Day-sphinx, White-banded, 62 Bomolocha, 286 decernens, Feltia, 187 decia, Leptarctia, 121 decipiens, Malacosoma, 312; Prodoxus, 438; 128; diffascialis, Zinckenia, 392 diffinis, Haemorrhagia, 63 diffissa, Pyrausta, 398 digitalis, Anchocelis, 216 231; Holomelina, dimmocki, Mamestra, 193 dione, Apantesis, 130 Dioptidae, Family, 25, 33, 291 diminutiva, Dircetis, genus; pygmaea, 284 Grotella, 220 umbellana, urn- 428 dcprivata, Chlorochlamys, 336 deridens, Charadra, 152 Derrima, genus; henrietta, stellata, 224 descherei, Pheosia, 29s desdemona, Catocala, 267 deserta, Illice, designalis, Agathodes, 393 designata, Gypsochroa, 332; Schinia, 228 Desmia, genus, funeralis, 392 desperata, Alypia, 144; Catocala, 261; Mamestra, 1 93 Destruction of insects by electric lights, 95 destructor, Tineola, 432 desuetella, Ephestia, 414 determinata, Apantesis, 132; Metanema, 351 detersa, Euxoa, 188 detracta, Mamestra, 192 detrahens, Trama, 276 Deva, genus, 236 devastatrix, Hadena, 169 devergens, Syngrapha, 240 devia, Scopelosoma, 218 116 dis, delinquens, Epidroma, 274 delphinii, Euclea, 365 Demas, genus; Close-banded, propinquilinea, 152 demissa, Mamestra, 194 densa, Bellura, 211 densaria, Chlorochlamys, 336 dentata, Apharetra, 158; Gloveria, 311 denticulalis, Epizeuxis, 281 dentifera, Eutelia, 242 denudata, Pseudohazis, 93 deplanaria, Euchtena, 350 depontanata, Sabulodes, 3S3 heracliana, genus; heraclei, Depressaria, no 121; Diospyros, 87, 382 Diphthera, genus; fallax, 160 Deilinea, genus, 338; behrensaria, 339; intentata, variolaria, 338 dejecta, Catocala, 261 delecta, Tarache, 251 deleta, Epiglaea, 219 delicata, Trachea, 172 delilah, Catocala, 267 pastinacella, Heliaca, diphtheroides, Microccelia, 160 dipsaci, Alypia, 143 Dipterygia, genus, scabriuscula, 173 deductaria Euchtena, 350 definita, Hemerocampa, 308 deflorata, Ecpantheria, 120 defluata, Apascasia, 342 Deidamia, genus, 71; inseriptum, 71 bellella, bicolor, dilucidula, Semiophora, 180 dimidiata, Antaplaga, 220; Leptarctia, Pheosia, 295; Pyromorpha, 371 Euchtena, 350 declarata, Euxoa, 189 decliva, Epiglaea, 219 decolor, Euxoa, 189 decolora, Herse, 43 decolorata, Apantesis, 132 decora, Charadra, 153 decoralis, Pangrapta, 254 deducta, Cirrhobolina, 250 ontariella, 127; ; Dilophonota, genus, 60 Zeuzera, 376 decisaria, 114, diecki, Apantesis, 132 Diervilla, 63 decepta, Pseudogtea, 216 deceptalis, genus, fumosa, 127; latipennis, proba, punctata, pteridis, Red-legged rubra, Ruddy, rufula, vagans, 128; virginica, 127; Wandering, 128 Diallagma, genus, lutea, 245 Diastema, genus; lineata, tigris, 241 Diastictis, genus; fracturalis, 393 Diatrasa, genus; crambidoides, leucaniellus, lineosellus, obliteratellus, saccharalis, 403 Dictyosoma, genus, 48; elsa, 49 Didasys, genus; bete, 99 Discal mark, 18 discissa, Celiptera, 275 discistriga, Platyperigea, 164 disci varia, Parastichtis, 217 discolor, Cosmia, 217 discoloralis, Renia, 283 discopilata, Eufidonia, 337 discors, Hadena, 168 discreta, Gnophaela, 290 disertalis, Samea, 393 dispar, Porthetria, 308 disparata, Alypia, 143, 144 displiciens, Euxoa, 189 disposita, Xylina, 206 dispulsa, Charadra, 153 disserptaria, Epimecis, 344 dissidens, Magusa, 17s dissimiiaria, Catopyrrha, 342 dissona, Euxoa, 189 Malacosoma, 313 distema, Cilia, 244 distigma, Adelocephala, 06 distigmana, Eueosma, 418 diva, Annaphila, 246 divaricata, Magusa, 175 divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schinia, 228; Syneda, 259; Syngrapha, 240 diversilineata, Eustroma, 329; Polia, 171 divida, Magusa, 17s divisa, Doryodes, 245 divisata, Caripeta, 342 disstria Doa, genus; ampla, 309 docta, Apantesis, 131 dodgei, Apantesis, 132; Mamestra, 195 Dodia, genus; albertas, 117 Dolba, genus, 46; hyteus, 46 Doll, Jacob, ix, dolli, 49 Hyloicus, 52 dolosa, Xylomiges, 197 domingonis, Erinnyis, 59 dominicata, Palindia, 273 doris, Apantesis, 130 Eueosma, 418 Doryodes, genus; acutaria, bistriaris, divisa promptella, 245 dorsisignatana', 455 Index doubledayi, Baileya, 162 elongatus, Celiptera, 275 Double mount, elsa, 21 Dictyosoma, 49 emargataria, Plagodis, 349 Emerson, R. W., quoted, 41, 98, 288, 39i emphytiforrms, Gasa, 381 genus; agricola, aquamarina, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea, erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria, 257 Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula, 321 Dried-currant Moth, The, 414 Druce, Herbert, 29 drupacearum, Malacosoma, 313 drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52 druraei, Herse, 43 Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata, WanderDrasteria, caerulea, Enarmonia End Dyar, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, ennucleata, Synelys, 333 enthea, Fishea, 170 Eois, genus, 334; californiaria, californiata, 336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia, 336; ptelearia, 334; pacificaria, 335; siderana, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 33s Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237 Epagoge, genus; tunicana, 421 Epelis, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337 ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx, 361 Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella, cautella, desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 412; 35, 38 it8 dyaus, Autographa, 238 Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229 Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374; fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena, 375 dyspteraria, Meskea, 375 Dyspteridinae, Subfamily, 32-5 Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323 pasulella, occidentis, 314 Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170 Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274 Epiglaea, genus; decliva, deleta, pastillicans, 219 epilais, Syntomeida, epilobii, Celerio, 76 Kodiosoma, 133 393 Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419 echinocystis, Autographa, 238 ecclesialis, Same.a, echo, Seirarctia, Epimecis, hortaria, bonia, 1 20 Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344 Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigroflava, scri- Two- banded, 133 Bomolocha, 286 edmandsi, Schizura, 298 eductalis, Lomanaltes, 285 edusa, Homoptera, 278 edictalis, Alypia, 99 amplaria, liriodendraria, disserptaria, virginaria, 344 bris, 61 Epizeuxis, genus; asmula, americalis, concisa, Apantesis, 143; genus; epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232 epione, Catocala, 260 epionoides, Pangrapta, 254 Epipaschiinae, Subfamily, 407 Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 351 Epiplemida?, Family, 25, 34, 356 Epipyropidce, Family, 25, 35, 370 Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 370 Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu- 122 Ecpantheria, genus; deflorata, muzina, edvvardsi, 414 ephippiatus, Sibine, 364 ephyrata, Syssaura, 352 Epicnaptera, genus; americana, carpinifolia, E eavesi, 418 Ennominae, Subfamily, 337 Ennomos, genus; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria, magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius, 348 dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356 duaria, Gonodontis, 350 dubia, Estigmene, 123 dubiella, Tinea, 433 dubitans, Hadena, 168 dubitata, Triphosa, 331 ducta, Hadena, 169 dulcearia, Platea, 343 dunbari, Litholomia, 207 duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328 duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339 dyari, Haploa, sebastiana?, 445 endropiaria, Therina, 347 Enemera, genus; juturnaria, 342 enervis, Orthodes, 203 enotata, Philobia, 339 English sparrow, 95 enhydris, Hexeris, 375 171 ing, of All, 291, 58; Hemihyalea, 100; Syneda, 260 Erinnyis, 138; denticulalis, 28t; effusalis, herminioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phaealis, 280; scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectalis, 280; 130; Lymire, Ellida, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata, 280 Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347 Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333 erastrioides, Tarache, 251 Erebus, genus; agarista, odo/a, 279 erechtea, Drasteria, 257 erecta, Mamestra, 195 erectalis, Plathypena, 287 cremiata, Macaria, 339 eremitoides, Hyloicus, 49 eremitus, Flyloicus, 40 eriohto, Drasteria, 257 Erinnyis, genus, 57, 58; alope, 58; caicus, 60; cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 59; edwardsi, ello, fasqiata, 58; festa, 50. fiavicans, janiphae, lassauxi, 58; melancholica, 50; merianas, 58, 59; obscura, oenotrus, pal- 300 Erinnyis, 58 elongata, Tephroclystis, 328 rhcebus, rustica, 59 Eriocephala, genus, 444 effectaria, Euchlaena, 350 Pyrausta, 398 Epizeuxis, 280 egena, Autographa, 238 egenaria, Cicinnus, 359 Eggs, of moths, 4, 5 eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93 egle, Euchaetias, 135 eglenensis, Pareuchaetes, 134 efficitalis, effusalis, Elachistidse, Family, 26, electra, Hemileuca, 91 elegans, Odontosia, 430 294, Pygarctia, 136 Pangrapta, 254 elimata, Semiophora, 1 80 Eliot, George, quoted, 417 elegantaiis, eliza. Catocala, 266 lida, ello, 456 penasus, picta, phalaris, piperis, Index erinalis, Conchylodes, 393 Eupolia, genus; licentiosa, 199 Euproctis, genus; chrysorrhoea, 309 Euproserpinus, genus, 74; errato, euterpe. phaeton, 74 Eupseudomorpha, genus; brillians, 231 Eupseudosoma, genus; flpridum, immaculata, involutum, nivea, Snowy, 139 euryalus, Samia, 84 Eurycyttarus, genus; carbonaria, 362; confederata, 363 Euschemonidffi, 3 Eustixia, genus; pupula, 398 Eustroma, genus; atrocolorata, diversilineata, montanatum, prunata, ribesiaria, triangulatum, 329 Eustrotia, genus; albidula, apicosa, biplaga, carneola, concinnimacula, intractabilis, muscosula, musta, nigritula, synochitis, 247 Eutelia, genus; dentifera, pulcherrima, 242 euterpe, Euproserpinus, 74; Syntomeida, 99 Euthisanotia, genus, 142, 232; assimilis, grata, unio, 232 Euthyatira, genus; pennsylvanica, pudens, Eriocephalida?, 8 erosa, Anomis, 244; Malacosoma, 313 erosiata, Calledapteryx, 356 erosnealis, Pyrausta, 398 erratica, Abagrotis, 180 errato, Euproserpinus, 74 erycata, Sylectra, 254 eson, Xylophanes, 75 Estigmene, genus, 122; acrsea, 122, 123; albida, 122; antigone, athena, californica, caprotina, congrua, dubia, klagesi, menthastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123; prima, 122; pseuderminea, rickseckeri, White- bodied, 123 etolus, Hacmorrhagia, 62 Eubaphe, genus, 115 Eucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244 Eucereon, genus, Carolina, confine, Floridan, 100 Euchaatias, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri, Mouse-colored, mu'rina, egle, Oregon, oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135 Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festuca\ putnami, striatella, venusta, 237 Euchlasna, genus; amoenaria, arefactaria, astylusaria, concisaria, decisaria, dcductaria, deplanaria, effectaria, madusaria, muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria, propriaria, serrata, serrataria, 34 Eutolype, genus; bombyciformis, damalis, 177 Euverna, genus; clio, 133 Euxoa, genus, 187; albipennis, atropurpurea, basalis, 189; brevipennis, 188; campestris, 189; cinereomaculata, 190; cochrani, declarata, decolor, 189; detersa, 1S8; displiciens, dissona, expulsa, 189; flavidens. 188; furtivus, gularis, illata, 190; insignata, insulsa, lutulenta, maizi, 189; messoria, 188; nigripennis, 189; obeliscoides, ochrogaster, 190; olivalis, perpolita, personata, pityochrous, quadridentata, 188; redimicula, 190; 189; sexatilis, 190; repentis, 189; turris, spissa, tessellata, titubatis, 190; velleripennis, 188; verticalis, 189 evanidalis, Hypena, 287 evelina, Catocala, 261 evicta, Morrisonia, 196 exaltata, Schinia, 227 excaecatus, Calasymbolus, 36 excelsa, Apantesis, 132 exitiosa, Sanninoidea, 384 vinosaria, 35o Euchceca, genus; albovittata, californiata, 328; lucata, 329; propriaria, reciprocata Eucirroedia, genus; pampina, 215 Euclea, genus; argentatus, chloris, delphinii, ferruginea, fraterna, indetermina, monitor, nana, namna, pasnulata, quercicola, strigata, tardigrada, vernata, viridiclava, 365 257; cuspidea, intercalates, 258 Eucoptocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190 Eucosma, genus; affusana, clavana, distigmana, dorsisignatana, graduatana, sabgneana, scudderiana, similana, 418 Eucrostis, genus; gratata, incertata, oporaria, 336 Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata, intestinata, 328 Eudeilinea, genus; herminiata, 320 Eudule, genus; biseriata, mendica, Plaincolored, unicolor, 327 Eueretagrotis, genus; perattenta, sigmoides, 179 Euerythra, genus; phasma, trimaculata, 120 Eufidonia, genus; bicolorata, discopilata, fidoniata, notataria, quadripunctaria, 337 Eugenia, buxifolia, procera, 140 Eugonobapta, genus; nivosaria, nivosata, 348 Euhagena, genus; nebraskae, 381 Euharveya, genus, 219 Euherrichia, genus; cervina, granitosa, granitosa, mollissima, rubicunda, 253 Euhyparpax, genus; rosea, 298 Eulia, genus; alisellana, 423 Eumestleta, genus; flammicincta, patruelis, patula, 249 Eunystalea, genus; indiana, 29s euonymella, Yponomeuta, 423 viridis, Euclidia, genus, expansa, Nephelodes, 199 expulsa, Euxoa, 189 expultrix, Pseudothyatira, 304 exsiccatus, Crambus, 403 exsimaria, Hyperitis, 349 exsuperata, Paraphia, 343 Exterior line, 18 externa, Galgula, 247 extimia, Caradrina, 165 extranea, Heliophila, 200 exusta, Mamestra, 193 Exuvia?, larval, 9 Exyra, genus; semicrocea, 248 Eyes; of cats, 78; of moths, 12, 18; of noc- turnal animals, 77; of owls, 78 fabricii, Automeris, 89 fabula. Drepana, 321 fadus, Sesia, 52 Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata, costatus, obliqua, 217 Fala, genus, ptycophora, 235 Falcaria, genus; bilineata, 321 Euonymus, 157 Eupanychis, genus; hirtella, spinoss, 226 Euparthenos, genus; nubilis, 272 eupatorii, Synanthedon, 385 Euphanessa, genus, 327 falcata, Pseudanarta, 175 fallacialis, Renia, 283 fallax, Diphthera, 160 euphnesalis, Pyrausta, 397 Euplexia, genus; lucipara, 172 Fall 457 Web-worm, 123 nivei- Index falsarius, Acoloithus, 37 1 False Indigo, 430 Families of North American moths, Far out at Sea, 362 flavicosta, Therasea, 251 flavidens, Euxoa, 188 flavipennis, Tarache, 251 flavipes, Bembecia, 383 flavofasciata, Proserpinus, Key to, 24 Pyralis, 400 farnhami, Mamestra, 192 "Far Out at Sea," 363 fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392 fasciata, Dysodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58 fasciatus, Pholus, 67 fasciola, Lithacodes, 367 fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258 fastuosa, Atteva, 424 Faunal Subregions, 387 faustina, Catocala, 264 faustinula, Illice, 109 favorita, Apantesis, 132 faxoni, Epelis, 337 fecialis, Bomolocha, 286 farinalis, flebilis, Xylomiges, 197 flexuosa, Raphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368 Flight, Great powers of, 67 floccalis, Pleonectyptera, florida, Rhodophora, 224 floridalis, Agafthodes, 393 floridaria, fioridensis, Callopistria, 63; Sphacelodes, 354 Fenaria, 233 fluviata, Percnoptilota, Flying Squirrels, 149 De Fontaine, 186: 330 La, quoted, 373 Forester, Californian, 145; Eight-spotted, 144; Langton's, 14s; MacCulloch's, 143; Mexican, 144; Ridings', Two-spotted, 145: Wittfeld's, 144 formosa, Gluphisia, 300 formosa, Polychrysia, 236 formosalis, Nigeria, 358 formula, Catocala, '268 formula, Oreta, 321 forrigens, Phobena, 273 Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178 f -pallida, Apantesis, 132 14, 15 genus; Haemorrhagia, Flour-moth, The, 412 annexa, 186; agilis, decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana, 186; malefida, 187; morrisoniana, semiclarata, stigmosa, subgothica, vancouverensis, venerabilis, volubilis, 186 Femur, 252; floridum, Eupseudosoma, 139 floscularia, Plagodis, 349 Charadra, 153 Felt, E. P., 37 Feltia, genus, 246 Atteva, 424 Caberodes, 352 floridana, fegeus, Epistor, 61 felina, 73 Catocala, 622 fletcheri, _ aedessa, longipes, sevorsa , fenestra, Telea, 87 Feniseca tarquinius, 6 fennica, Noctua, 1 83 Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida, 300 Feralia, genus; jocosa, 171 Fernald, C. H., 31, 37 Fernaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337 Fernaldellinae, Subfamily, 337 fernaldialis, Melitara, fractilinea, Hadena, 168 fracturalis, Diastictis, 393 fragarias, Ancylis, 419 fragilis, fratella, ferox, Syntomeida, 99 ferraria, Acherdoa, 234 ferrigera, Adoneta, 365 fraterna, Euclea, 365 fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344 Fraxinus, 46, 51 ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 29s ferruginoides, Pachnobia, .180 fervidaria, Therina, 348 Frenulum, 16, 17 Fringes, 18 fervifactaria, Ccenocalpe, 332 fessa, Amolita, 244 festa, Cerma, 161; Erinnyis, 59 festivoides, Oligia, 165 festucae, Euchalcia, 237 Pachylia, 60 Ficus pedunculata, 100 fidelissima, Composia, 289 fidicularia, Caradrina, 164 fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337 figurata, Apantesis, 132 fikmentaria, Ania, 349 Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327 fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 399 fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190 fimetaria, Fernaldella, 337 Final Goal, The, 445 fiscellaria, Therina, 348 Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemitae, 170 flagellum, Autographa, 238 flagitaria, Therina, 348 flammans, Ptychoglene, no flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249 flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330 Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369 fiava, Pseudanarta, 175 flavago, Xanthia, 214 flavedana, Platynota, 422 flavescentella, Tinea, 433 flavicans, Erinnyis, 58 Apatela, 156 Autographa, 238 Raphia, 153 fratercula, Catocala, 269 f rater, 410 344 Laphygma, 174 Fruit-worm, The Gooseberry, 411 frugallaria, Cleora, frugiperda, frustulum, Celiptera, 275 frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312 Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula 252 fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106 ficus, Fulgora candelaria, 370 Phragmatobia, 126 fuliginosa, , fulminans, Perigonica, 205 fultaria, Paota, 332 fulva, Kodiosoma, 133 fulvicollis, Scepsis, 101 fulvoflava, Halisidota, 138 fumalis, Pyrausta, 397 fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Haemorrhagia, 63 funebris, Pyrausta, 398 funeralis, Desmia, 392 funerea, Pygoctenucha, in fungorum, Chcephora, 216 furcata, Papaipema, 214 furcifera, Apatela, furcilla, 155 Argillophora, 255; Panthea, 132 Fur-moth, The, 433 furtivus, Euxoa, 190 furvana, Archips, 422 fusca, Porosagrotis, 187 fuscalis, Phlyctasnodes, 395 fuscimacula, Oligia, 166 fuscipes, 458 Comacla, 107 Index Gnophaela, genus; arizonas, clappiana, con- fuscula, Rceselia, 358 fusimacula, Oxycnemis, 221 futilis, Litoprosoous, 27s tinua, discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, risoni, goasalis, Philometra, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis, 284 Gasa, genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381 galbina, Agapema, 86 Galgula, genus; externa, hepara, partita, subpartita, vesca, 247 galianna, Hemeroplanes, 60 galii, Celerio, 76 Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340 gallaesolidaginis, Gnorimoschema, 418, 425 Galleria, genus; cereana, cerella, mellonella, obliquella, 406 Galleriinas, Subfamily, 40 s gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387 Gall- moth, The Misnamed, 418; 42S The gordius, Hyloicus, 51 Gortyna, genus; immanis, Hop-vine, tans, 212; obliqua, Oblique, Veiled, velata, 212 gortynides, Bellura, 211 geniculata, Agrotis, 182 gentilis, Parastichtis, 217; Pyrausta, 397 Geometer, Crocus, 349; Dark-banded, 329; Five-lined, 333; Harvey's, 327; Snowy, 348 Geometers, 149 geometrica, Parasemia, 134 Geometridae, Family, 7, 25, 34, 322 Geometrinae, Subfamily, 336 geometroides, Melanchroia, 355; Pangrapta, 254 georgica, Hyperaeschra, 294 germana, Lithomoia, 206 germanalis, Hypena, 287 gibbocostata, Ccenocalpe, 332 gibbosa, Nadata, 296 gilvipennis, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Gingla, genus; laterculae, 373 gisela, Catocala, 269 gitonella, Ephestia, 412 Ghost-moth; Graceful, Lembert's, 444; Silver-spotted, 443 glabella, Pyrophila, 173 gladiaria, Feltia, 186 Glaea, genus; inulta, sericea, viatica, 218 glandulella, Holcocera, 429 Glassy-wing, Edwards', 138; Freckled, 139 glaucovaria, Mamestra, 193 Gleditschia, 96 glomeralis, Pyrausta, 398 glomeraria, Macaria 340 gloveri, Copidryas, 141; Samia, 84 Gloveria, genus; arizonensis, dentata, howardi, psidii, 311 Glover's Purslane-moth, 141 Gluphisia, genus; albofascia, avimacula, clandestina, danbyi, formosa, rupta, sepsevera, lucernalis, ristigmalis, slossoni, trilineata, hyalinata, hyalinatalis, marginalis, nitidalis, quad- 394 213; nictisera, Gosse, Edmund, quoted, 355 gossypiana, Archips, 422 gracilenta, Alypia, 144 gracilior, Leptomeris, 333 gracilis, Catocala, 269; Hasmorrhagia, 63; Hepialus, 444 gradata, Macaria, 340 graduatana, Eucosma, 418 graefi, Apatela, 155 Graeperia, genus; magnifica, 225 Grammodes, genus; smithi, 274 Grammodia, genus, 60 grandipuncta, Alabama, 243 grandirena, Melipotis, 258 grandis, Copablepharon, 222; Mamestra, 193; Melittia, 381; Noctua, 184 granitata, Sciagraphia, 339 granitosa, Euherrichia, 253 Grape-leaf Folder, The, 392 Grape-vine Plume, The, 416 graphica, Syneda, 259 Graphiphora, genus; alia, capsella, confluens, Solidago, Gama-grass, 405 garmani, Graphiphora, 204 Gaura biennis, 224 gaurae, Pogocolon, 72; Rhodophora, 224 Gazalina, genus, 305 Gelechiidae, Family, 26, 38, 424 gelida, Apantesis, 131; Ellida, 300 gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399 geminata, Cladora, 324; Tephroclystis, 328 geminatus, Sphinx, 55 gemmata, Atteva, 424 gemmatilis, Anticarsia 275 generalis, Renia, 283 generosa, Pyrausta, 398 genicula, Drepana, 321 genus; 282 Goat-moths, 375 goniata. Sabulodes, 353 Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236 Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasaria duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata obfirmaria, refractaria, 350 Gooseberry Fruit-worm, The, 411 divisalis, tentrionalis wrighti, 300 gallaesolidaginis, 418, 425 Gaberasa, Glyphodes, mor- vermiculata, 290 Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; G culea, garmani, hibisci, insciens, instabilis, modifica, orobia, oviduca, 204 Grass-moths, 402 grata, Euthisanotia, 232; Oligia, 166 grataria, Haematopsis, 332 gratata, Eucrostis, 336 gratulata, Mesoleuca, 330 Grease-wood, 96 Green Apple-leaf Tier, The, 421 grisea, Apatela, 156; Hypopacha, 312; Illice, no griseella, Tinea, 433 griseocincta, Orthodes, 203 grossulariae, Zophodia, 411 Cymatophora, 340 grossulariata, rrote, A. R., 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36 groteana, Cenopis, 422 63; Hemileuca, Lycomorpha, 101; Psaphidia, 177 groteiana, Catocala, 264 Grotella, genus; dis, 220 grotei, Hasmorrhagia, 91; Groundling; Dusky, Red, 165 grynea, Catocala, 269 gueneata, Hydriomena, 331 Guenee, A., 27, 32, 36 guenei, Catocala, 261 Guettarda elliptica, 139 Guilding, Lansdown, 403 gularis, Euxoa, 190 gulosa, Hemerocampa, 308 Gumppenberg, C. v., 34 gurgitans, Archips, 422 guttata, Platyprepia, 128; Spragueia, 252 guttifera, Halisidota, 138 guttulosa, Pyrausta, 397 gyasalis, Heterogramma, 284 459 Index Harpyia, genus; albicoma, aquilonaris, boreahs, cinerec,, scolopendrina, 209 Harris. Thaddeus William, 27 Harris' Three-spot, 159 harrisi, Halisidota 137; Lapara, 53; Pygoc- Gymnocladus, 96 Gynaephora, genus; rossi. 305 Gvpsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata "hassitata, impauperata, propugnata, propugnaria, sitellata, 332 Gypsy Moth, The, 308 Gyros, genus; muiri, 249 tenucha, ; H 268 Habrosyne, genus; scripta, 303 Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, 168; Albertan, 167 amputatrix, arctica, 169; arcuata, 167 Black basilinea, 168; Base-streaked, banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham's, 166 Broken-Hned, Burgess', burgessi, cerivana habilis, Catocala, 16S 167; chlorostigma, 168; characta, claudens, 167; conspicua, 16S; contenta Dark Ashen, 170; Darker, 169 169; Dark -spotted, Dark-winged. 167; Destroying, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Doublebanded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 169; Great Western, 168; 169; fractilinea, Green-spotted, 16S; Half-Moon, 169; Halting, 168; hilli, 167; incallida, insignata, lateritia, 168; Hgnicolor, 169; loculata, 168; mactata, 167; marshallana, 169; miselmodica, molochina, 168; oides, 167; Mullein, 169; Neumoegen's, 166; nigrior, Northern, 169; obliviosa, 168; occidens, ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Redwinged, 16S; semilunata, Speckled Gray, 168; subcedens, 167; 169; sputatrix, 166; Turbulent, transfrons, turbulenta, verbascoides, 167; 169; versuta, 167; vinela, 170: violacea, Violet, 167; viralis, vultuosa, 16S; White-spotted, 167; Woodcolored, 169 Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163; pergentilis, subjuncta, 162 hadeniformis, Melipotis, 258 Hsmatomis, genus; mexicana, uniformis, 107 Haematopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, successaria, 332 Hasmorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; aethra, axillaris, 63; brucei, 64; buffaloensis, cimbiciformis, 62; floridensis, fumosa, metathetis grotei, marginalis, 63; palpalis, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus, 63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; s^nta, 64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe. 62; diffinis, 63; etolus, gracilis, uniformis, 63 haesitata, Gypsochrea, 332 hageni, Isogramma, 47 halesaria, Fernaldella, 337 halicarniae, Lapara, 53 Halisidota, genus, us, 137; annulifascia, 138; antiphola, 137; argentata, caryas, 138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 138; Gartered 137; guttifera, 138; harrist, 137; Hickory, longa, Long-streaked, maculata, porphyria. Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessellated, tessellaris, 137 Halpine, Charles G., quoted, 319 hamaria, Gonodontis, 350 hamifera, Autographa, 238 hammondi, Canarsia, 411 Hampson, Sir George F., ix, 18, 23, 31, 32, 33. 34. 35, 3(>, 37. 98, 103, 114, 140, 151, 288, 289, 292, 303, 306, 311, 315, 320, 322, 356, 364. 371. 374. 375, 380, 391 Haploa, genus, 117; Leconte's, 118; Lyman's, iig; Carolina, clymene, colona, comma, 118; confusa, 119; consita, 118; contigua, 119; dyari, interruptomarginata, lactata, lecontei, militaris, vestalis, 118 1 1 1 Harrisimemna, 149, i 50 trisignata, 159 Harnsina, genus; americana, texana, 372 harti, Sysyrhypena, 282 haruspica, Noctua, 184 harveiata, Nannia 327 harveyi, Heliophila, 201 hasdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57 hasta, Apatela, 155 hastata, Rheumaptera, 329 havils, Noctua, 184 Hawkmoth, 78; Clemens', 52; Five-Spotted. 45 Head; anatomy of, 12, 18; larval, 7 hebraea, Polygrammate, 160 hebraicum, Polygrammate, 160, Hebrew, The, 160 id Syssphinx, 96 Heliaca, genus: diminutiva, 231 Heliochilus, genus, paradoxus, 222 Heliodes, genus; restrictalis, 230 Heliolonche, genus; modicella, 230 Heliomata, genus; cycladata, infulata, 338 Heliophana, genus; mitis, obliquata, 230 Heliophila, genus, 200; albilinea, 201; commoides, 203; complicata, 201; extranea, 200; harveyi, 201; heterodoxa, lapidaria, 202; 202; minorata, 201; multilinea, uni201; subpunctata, pseudargyria, puncta, 200 Heliosea, genus; pictipennis, 230 heliothidata, Sciagraphia, 339 Heliothis, genus; armiger, 222; nuchalis scutosus, 224 Heliotropha, genus; atra, reniformis, 173 helva, Orthosia, 217 Hemerocampa, genus, 305; borealis, cana, 305; definita, 307; gulosa,' intermedia, leucographa, leucostigma, obliviosa, vetusta, 306 Hemeroplanes, genus, 60; galianna, licastus, parce, 60 Hemihyalea, genus; Edwards', edwardsi, Freckled, labecula, 1.38; 139; quereus, translucida, 138 Hemileuca, genus, 91; artemis. californica, 92; electra, grotei, hualapai, 91; juno, 92; maia, neumoegeni, 91; nevadensis, 92; sororius, tricolor, 91; 93; proserpina, yavapai, 92 Hemileucinae, Subfamily, 80, 81, 90 hemizonae, Synanthedon, 385 henrici, Hypopta, 379 henrietta, Derrima, 224 hepara, Galgula, 247 Hepialidas, Family, 15, 16, 26, 443 Hepialus, genus; gracilis, hyperboreus, lemberti, macglashani, pulcher, 444 hera, Pseudohazis, 93 heraclei, Depressaria, 428 heracliana, Depressaria, 428 herbimacula, Mamestra, 195 Herculia, genus; himonialis, olinalis, trentonalis, 401 Herder, Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge, 290 herilis, Feltia, 186 hermia, Catocala, 264 herminiata, Eudeilinea, 320 herminioides. Epizeuxis, 280 Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W., 27 Herse, genus, 43; affinis, cingulata, convol' vuli, decolora, drurasi, pungens, 43 heiligbrodti, . 460 Index hersiliata, Mesoleuca, hubbardi, Bruceia, 108 hubneraria, Azelina, 352 hubnerata, Azelina, 352 hudsonica, Alypia, 145; Syneda, 260 Hulst, Rev. G. D., 33, 34, 36 humeralis, Cingilia, 347 humerosana, Amorbia, 423 humilis, Schizura, 298 humuli, Hypena, 287 Huxley, Thomas Henry, quoted, 38 hyalinata, Glyphodes, 394 hyalinatalis, Glyphodes, 394 hyalinopuncta, Apatelodes 293 hyalinus, Phobetron, 366 Hyamia, genus; perditalis, semilineata, sexpunctata, umbrifascia, 234 Hybkca, genus; mirificum, pucra, saga, 28S hybrida, Ophideres, 276; Utetheisa, 117 Hydria, genus; undulata, 329 Hydriomena, genus; autumnalis, bicolorata, birivata, custodiata, gueneata, lascinata, latirupta, rectangulata, sordidata, specio- 330 hertaria, Epimecis, 344 associata, astarte, genus; bilineata, biundata, cinerascens, menas, mollis, obliqua, olivatus, Heterocampa, athereo, manteo, pulverea, semiplaga, subalbicans, turbida, ulmi, umbrata, varia, 297 Heterocera, denned, 3 heterodoxa, Heliophila, 202 Heterogenea, genus; shurtleffi, 36S Heterogramma, genus; gyasalis, pyramusalis, rurigena, 284 Heteropacha, genus; rileyana, 314 Heterophleps, genus; hexaspilata, quadrinotata, triguttaria, 327 heuchers, Paranthrene, 387 hexadactyla, Orneodes, 417 hexaspilata, Heterophleps. 327 Hexeris, genus; enhydris, reticulina, 375 hibisci, Graphiphora, 204 "Hickory Horn-devil," 6, 97 hieroglyphica, Noropsis, 233 hilaris, Zeuzera, 376 hilli, Hadena, 167; Hypocala, 272 Hillia, genus; algens, 166 hilliana, Noctua, 183 Himantopterus. genus, 371 Himella, genus; contrahens, thecata, 204 himonialis, Herculia, 401 hinda, Catocala, 266 Hippia, genus; packardi, 296 hircina, Homoglaea, 219 hircinalis, Pyrausta, 398 hirtella, Eupanychis, 226 hirtipes, Zosteropoda, 203 histrio, marasmalus, 242 Hoboken, 147 hochenwarthi, Syngrapha, 240 Holcocera, genus; glandulella, 429 Holland, Clive, quoted, 353 hollandaria, Racheospila, 336 Holmes, O. W., quoted, 3, 371 Holomelina, genus, 115; choriona, belfragei, belmaria, bimaculata, Black-banded, brevicornis, diminutiva, Ehrman's, Five-sphtted, immaculata, Least, Plain-winged, 116; obscura, opella, ostenta, rubricosta, Showy, Tawny, 115 Homoglaea, genus; carbonaria, hircina, 219 Homohadena, genus; badistriga, 176 Homoptera, genus; cingulifera, edusa, intenta, involuta, lunata, putrescens, saundersi, unilineata, viridans, woodi, 278 Homopyralis, genus; contracta, tactus, zonata, 256 honesta, Jodia, 215 honestaria, Azelina, 352 Honey-locust, 96 Honey-streak, The, 339 hopfferi, Gnophasla, 290 Hops, 287 Horama, genus; texana, ioo Hormisa, genus; absorptalis bivittata, nubilifascia, 282 hormos, Hypsoropha, 256 Hormoschista, genus; pagenstecheri, 253 hornbeckiana, Pholus, 67 Home, R. H., quoted, 363 horrida, Zale, 277 hortaria, Epimecis. 346 hortulana, Feltia, 186 hospes, Synanthedon, 387 Howard, L. O., viii, 403, 405 howardi, Gloveria, 311 howlandi, Syneda, 260 hualapai, Hemileuca, 91 Huber, 112 _ sata, 331 hydromeli, Litodonta, 296 hykeus, Dolba, 46 Hylesia, genus, 90; alinda, 90 Hyloicus, genus, 49; albescens, 50; andromedae, 50; canadensis, 51; chersis, 50; coloradus, 52; coniferarum, 52; dolli, 52; drupiferarum, 52; eremitus, 49; eremitoides, 49; gordius, 51; insolita, 51; kalmiae, 5:; libocedrus, 51; lugens, 49, 50; luscitiosa, 52; oreodaphne, 50; perelegans, 51; pinastri, 52; plota, 51; pcecila, 51; saniptri, 52; separatus, 50; sequoiae, 52; sordida, 49; vancouverensis, 50; vashti, 50 Hyloicus kalmiae, larva of, 7 hypaethrata, Macaria, 339 Hyparpax, genus; aurora, perophoroides, rosea, venus, venusta, 299 Hypena, genus; evanidalis, germanalis, humuli, 287 Hypenula, genus; biferalis, cacuminalis, opacalis, 283 Hyperasschra, genus; georgica, scitipennis, stragula, tortuosa, 294 hyperboreus, Hepialus, 444 hyperici, Synanthedon, 385 Hyperitis, genus; aesionaria, amicaria, exsimaria, insinuaria, laticincta, neonaria, neoninaria, nyssaria, subsinuaria, 349 Hyphantria, genus, 122, 123; cunea, i23;pallida, 124; punctatissima, i23;textor, 124 Hyphoraia, genus; borealis, parthenos, 128 Hypocala, genus; andremona, hilli, 272 hypocastrina, Zeuzera, 376 hypochraria, Gonodontis, 350 Hypocrisias, genus; armillata, Least, minima, 136 Hypopacha, genus; grisea, 312 fucosa, Hypoprepia, genus; cadaverosa, inculta, miniata, plumbea, subornata tricolor, vittata, 106 Hypopta, genus; bertholdi, henrici, 379 Hyppa, genus; ancocisconensis, Common, contraria, xylinoides, 171 Hypsopygia, genus; costalis, fimbrialis, 399 Hypsoropha, genus; hormos, monilis, 256 I Ianassa, genus; lignicolor, lignigera, virgata 298 iaspis, Chytonix, 161 69 6, 68 Ichneumon-flies, Ichneumonidse, idonea, Agrotis, 182 4.61 Index ilia, infensata, Syssaura, 352 Catocala, 265 illabefacta, illapsa, illata, illecta, Mamestra, 194 inficita, infumata, Cosmia, 217 Polia, 171 Pyrausta, 397 genus, 108; deserta, no; faustinula, 109; grisea, no; nexa, 109, 110; packardi, plumbea, schwarziorum, striata, subjecta, tenuifascia, unifascia, 109 illocata, Dryobota, 171 illudens, Charadra, 152 imbraria, Caberodes, 352 imbrifera, Mamestra, 192 imitata, Sabulodes, 353; Synanthedon, 385 imitella, Cydosia, 253 Holo139; Eupseudosoma, immaculata, melina, 116 impauperata, Gypsochroa, 332 imperator, Pachysphinx, 57 imperatoria, Basilona, 97 imperfectaria, Melanolophia, 344 imperialis, Basilona, 971 impingens, Anarta, 199 impleta, Apatela, 157; Eucymatoge, 32-8 implora, Azenia, 248 impressa, Apatela, 157 impropria, Synanthedon, 385 impropriata, Paraphia, 343 improvisa, Bombycia, 304 inatomaria, Metanema, 351 inca, Aleptina, 162 incallida, Hadena, 168 incandescens, Cirrhobolina, 259 incarcerata, Melalopha, 293 incarnata, Arachnis, 124; Lerina, in incarnatorubra, Apantesis, 130 incensalis, Cindaphia, 397 inceptaria, Cymatophora, 341 illepida, infuscata, Scotogramma, 198 ingenita, Dalcerides, 369 illibalis, Illice, ingenua, Phoberia, 273 Inguromorpha, genus; insulata, Pareuchaetes, 134 instabilis, Cressonia, 57; Graphiphora, insulsa, Euxoa, 189 integerrima, Calasymbolus, 56; 276; Datana, 294 intenta, Homoptera, 278 intentata, Deilinea, 338 intermedia, 129; Hemerocampa, Celerio, 76; 308; Utethe- intermediata, Mesoleuca, 330 interminellus, Crambus, 403 interna, Dasylophia, 296 interpuncta, Salia, 285 interpunctella, Plodia, 415 interrupta, Apatela, 155 interruptomarginata, Haploa, 118 intestinata, Eucymatoge, 328 intractabilis, Eustrotia, 247 intractata, Noctua, 183 introferens, Chorizagrotis, 185 inulta, Glasa, 218 inusitata, Synanthedon, 386 Scotogramma invexata, Therina, 348 involuta, Homoptera, 278 involutum, Eupseudosoma, 139 Automeris, 89; Calasymbolus, 56 Ipimorpha, genus; ffiquilinea, pleonectusa, 220 ipomceae, Schizura, 298; Syntomeida, 99 iricolor, Oncocnemis, 176 iridaria, Anaplodes, 337 iris, Brotolomia, 215 irrecta, Pleonectyptera, 246 irrorata, Clemensia, 108; Oreta, 321 isabella, Isia, 124 Isaiah, quoted, 396, 434 io, 274 Indian-meal Moth, The, 41s indivisalis, Apantesis, Cucullia, 208; 1 17 isa, Peridroma, 183 indicans, Mamestra, 195 indigenella, Mineola, 409 indigens, Platysenta, 163 indigna, Autographa, 239 indiscriminaria, Chlorochlamys 204 Campometra, interlinearia, Caberodes, 332 inclara, Apatela, 157 inclinata, Venusia, 328 inclinataria, Venusia, 328 198 inconstans, Panula, 258 incornipta, Apantesis, 131 inculta, Hypoprepia, 106 incurvata, Sabulodes, 353 indentata, Melalopha, 293; Remigia, indetermina, Euclea, 36s indiana, Eunystalea, 295 basalis, insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 419 insolabilis, Catocala, 262 insolita, Autographa, 238; Hyloicus, 51 insularis, Philosamia, 82 incertata, Eucrostis, 336 Incita, genus; aurantiaca, 246 includens, Autographa, 238 inclusa, Melalopha, 293 incognita Agrotiphila, 191 incompleta, Apantesis, 132 inconcinna, Chorizagrotis, 185; arbeloides innexa, Mamestra, 19s innominata, Xylina, 207 inornata, Sisyrosea, 366; Trichocosmia, 220 innotata, Apatela, 155 innubens, Catocala, 265 inquassita, Papaipema, 213 insciens, Graphiphora, 204 inscriptum, Deidamia, 71 insequalis, Pyrausta, 398 insignata, Euxoa, 189; Hadena, 168 insignis, Plusiodonta, 235 insinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 _ incivis, Marasmalus, 242 infirma, Synanthedon, 385 infructuosa, Morrisonia, 197 infulata, Heliomata, 338 Noctua, 185 Euxoa, 190 Catocala, 267 336 Gaberasa, 284 genus, 12s, 127; isabella, 12s Isogona, genus; natatrix, tenuis, 256 Isochates, genus; beutenmulleri, 366 Isogramma, genus, 47; hageni, 47 Isoparce, genus, 48; cupressi, 48 Issus, genus, 370 Isia, indoctrinata, Eucymatoge, 328 indubitata, Triphosa, 331 inductata, Eois, 335 indurata, Xylomiges, 197 ineffusaria, Caberodes, 352 inepta, Cissusa, 256 inermis, Peridroma, 182 inexacta, Antiblemma, 275 inextricata, Mellilla, 338 infans, Brephos, 355 infecta, Mamestra, 19s Jackson, Helen Hunt, quoted, 413 jaguarina, Schinia, 228 jamaicensis, Sphinx, 53 462 Index languida, Melicleptna, 230 lanuginosa, Megalopyge, 309. , con> Lapara, genus, 53; bombycoides, cana, ferarum, halicarniae, harnsi, pineum, 53 Laphygma, genus; autumnahs, frugiperda, Janette's Hair, 319 janiphee, Erinnyis, 58 180 janualis, Semiophora, Japan, 37 79. laquenetta, Catocala, 269 46 jasminearum, Chlaenogramma, Marbled-green, genus; lepidula. 160 teratophora, White-spotted, Jatropha, 58 44 Cocytius, Jatrophse, Jean Ingelow, a.uoted, i79 Job, quoted, 151, 424 jocasta, Andrewsia, 272 jocosa, Feralia, 171 honesta, rufago, 215 Jodia, genus; Joker, The, 171 Jordan, Dr. Karl vx, 31 82 jorulla, Rothschildia, juanita, Pogocolon, 73 1 jubararia, Pherne, 35 XT a 183 Noctua, 258; jucunda, Melipotis, Judith, Catocala .262 Cressonia, 57; Mineola, 408 Jaspidia, laqueatellus, Crambus, 402 larentioides, Phalaenostola, 254 Larvae; food of, 6 Hydriomena, 331 Lasiocampidse, Family, 9. 24. 34. 3" lassauxi, Erinnyis, 58 Latebraria, genus; amphipyroides, 279 laterana, Platynota, 422 laterculae, Gingla, 373 lateritia, Hadena, 168 latex, Mamestra, 194 laticincta, Hyperitis, 349 laticinerea, Xylina, 207 laticlavia, Autographa, 240 290 latipennis, Diacrisia, 128; Gnophsela, latipes, Remigia, 274 latirupta, Hydriomena, 331 209 ursma, Lathosea, genus; pullata, latreillana, Ctenucha, 102 laudabilis, Mamestra, 195 Laugher, The, 152 Lauraceae, 85 Leaf -rollers, 417 lecontei, Haploa, 118 lascinata, . juglandis, Juglans, 87 Jugum, 16 . julia, Rhodosea, 225 julialis, Cindaphia, 397 Jumping beans, 417 juncimacula, Mamestra, 192 juncta, Noctua, 184 junctaria, Orthofidoma, 337 80 June-berry, 3 juniperaria, Syssaura, 352 juno, Hemileuca, 92 Jussieua, 67 jussieuae, Pholus, 67 juturnaria, Enemera, 342 Legs of moths, 14, 15 lemberti, Hepialus, 444 lena, Leptarctia, 121 lentiginosa, Bomolocha, 286 Leopard-moth, The, 376 K Kalmia, Coffee-tree, 96 keutzingaria, Plagodis, 349 .. keutzingi, Plagodis, 34? . of North American moths, 24 families to Key Killing specimens, 19 Kirby. W. F., 29 klagesi, Estigmene, 123 Kentucky . tricolor, genus; 133 eavesi, . . 51 Keats, quoted, 114 Kodiosoma, 160 Lepipolys, genus; perscnpta, 177 decia dimiLeptarctia, genus; California;, 121 diata, lena, Leptina, genus, 162 leptinoides, Schizura, 299 Leptomeris, genus, gracihor, magnetana, rubrolineaquinquelinearia, rubrolineana, ta, sentinaria, spuraria, 333 lepusculina, Apatela, 154 in Lerina, genus; incarnata, robmsoni, leucocvcla, Anarta, 199 308 Hemerocampa, leucographa, leucophsea, Olene, 308 leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 308 Leuculodes, genus; lacteolaria, 310 Lexis, genus; argillacea, bicolor, 105 libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 215 libedis, Tarache, 251 libera, Mamestra, 193 libocedrus, Hyloicus, 51 lepidula, Jaspidia, 51 kalmice, Hyloicus, koebelei, macra, plagiata, signifera, 174 202 lapidaria, Heliophila, 18 Lappet, collar and shoulder, laqueata, Calidota, 139 fulva, Synanthedon, 387 Kuebel, C. L. von, quoted, 359, kuehniella, Ephestia, 412 33 labecula, Hemihyalea, 139 labiosana, Platynota, 422 labruscse, Pholus, 67 laciniosa, Bomolocha, 286 Lacosoma, genus; chiridota, 359 Lacosomidae, Family, 25, 35. 359 lacrymosa, Catocala, 261 lactata, Haplqa, 118 lacteolaria, Leuculodes, 310 lactipennis, Tarache, 251 lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 330 lsetella, Ambesa, 410 laetulus, Lomanaltes, 285 281 laevigata, Zanclognatha, Lagoa, genus; crispata, pyxidifera, 309 lanariella, Tineola, 432 lanceolata, Tarache, 251 langdonalis, Pyrausta, 397 langtoni, Alypia, 143. U5 nigra, . Libraries, Readers in, 98 liburna, Scolecocampa, 244 licastus. Homeroplanes, licentiosa, Eupolia, 199 60 , . _. T 109. Lichen-moth; Allgehenian, 104; Banded, in Druce s, Blue-green, Crimson-bodied, ; no; Funereal, in; Little White 108. Mouse-colored, 107; Narrow-banded, .110, Powdered, 108; Subject, 109; Mexican, 107; Painted, 106; Pale Pearly-winged, Scarlet-winged, 106; Yellow-blotched, 104; no Mamestra, 195 Scolecocampa, 244 ligata, ligni, lignicolor, Ianassa, 298; lignigera, Ianassa, 298 lilacina, Mamestra, 194 lima, Phurys, 27s 463 Hadena, 169 Index limata, Pantographa, 393 limbata, Ania, 349 limbolaris, Melipotis, 258 limitata, Nyctobia, 324 lineata, Celerio, lupini, 76; Diastema, 241; Schinia, Lussa, genus; nigroguttata, 175 Mamestra, 192 385 lustralis, lintnerana, Archips, 422; Nycteola, 288 Ommatostola, 211 Liparidae, Family, 24, 34, 305 Lycomorpha, genus; lycopersici, Protoparce, 45 Lyman, H. H., 32, 118 Mamestra, 192 Liquidambar, 83, 87 liquoraria, Synchlora, 336 liriodendraria, Epimecis, 344 liquida, Lymire, genus; edwardsi, 100 Vncea, Pachylia, 60 lynx, Schinia, Liriodendron, 85 Lithacodes, genus; divergens, fasciola, 367 Lithacodia, genus; bellicula, 248 Litholomia, genus; dunbari, napaea, 207 Lithomoia, genus; germana, 206 Lithosiidas, Family, 24, 31, 103 lithosina, Annaphila, 246 lithosioides, Crambidia, 104 lithospila, Apatela, 156 Litocala, genus; sexsignata, 272 Litodonta, genus, hydromeli, 296 Litoprosopus, genus; futilis, 275 littera, Fagitana, 217 Little Wife, The, 267 littoralis, Pachnobia, 180 lituralis, Zanclognatha, 281 liturata, Apantesis, 131 Living and Dying, 354 Racheospila, 336 lixaria, 155 Apatela, 155 lobophorata, Nyctobia, 324 loculata, Hadena, 168 Lomanaites, genus; eductalis, loetulus, longa, Halisidota, 138 Longfellow, H. W., quoted, 121, 233 longilabris, Philometra, 282 longipenne, Copablepharon, 222 longipes, Fenaria, 233; Podosesia, 382 Lonicera, 62, 63 lobelia;, angulosa, 285 ferruginea, 295 lorata, Sabulodes, 353 lorea, Mamestra, 195 lorquini, Alypia, 143 Lowell, James Russell, quoted, 116 lubens, Mamestra, 194 lubricalis, Epizeuxis, 280 lubricans, Noctua, 185 lucata, Euchceca, 329 luccusalis, Samea, 393 lucens, Dasyspoudaea, 228 lucernalis, Glyphodes, 394 luciana, Catocala, 263 lucidata, Fagitana, 217 lucidus, Arctonotus, 71 lucifera, Pheocyma, 278 lucipara, Euplexia, 172 luctuata, Rheumaptera, 330 luctuosus, Epistor, 61 lugens, Hyloicus, 49, 50 lugubris, Apantesis, 132; Epistor, 61; Thyris, 374 . lumenana, Cosymbia, 333 luna, Actias, 87; Nycterophasta, 221 lunata, Homoptera, 278 lunilinea, Strenoloma, 276 sperataria, 34s grotei, palmeri, pholus, 101 lintneri, "Loopers," 8 Lophodonta, genus; Synanthedon, 385 luteicoma, Apatela, 157 lutulenta, Euxoa, 189 luxa, Bessula, 221 Lycia, genus; cognataria, moth, 18 linnei, Pholus, 67 Lobelia 159; lustrans, Synanthedon, lutaria, Ennomos, 348 lutea, Diallagma, 245 227 lineatella, Anarsia, 426 lineella, Catocala, 269 lineola, Pheocyma, 278 lineolata, Catabena, 163 Lines, on wings of Noctuid Merolonche, Lupinus, 64, 124 luscitiosa, Hyloicus, 52 227 M Macaria, genus, 339; consepta, 340; eremiata, 339; glomeraria, 340; gradata, hypaethrata, 339; praeatomata, 340; retectata, retentata, s-signata, subcinctaria, 339 mac-cullochi, Alypia, 143 macglashani, Hepialus, 444 Mackay, C. W., quoted, 272 macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 378 macra, Laphygma, 174 macrinellus, Scirpophaga, 402 macrocarpana, Commophila, 423 Macronoctua, genus; onusta, 170 mactata, Hadena, 167 macularia, Sicya, 347 maculata, Halisidota, 137; Thyris, 374 maculicollis, Opharus, 139 madariae, Synanthedon, 385 madefactalis, Bomolocha, 286 madetesalis, Pyrausta, 398 madusaria, Euchlasnaj 350 Maenas, genus: vestalis, 127 masstosa, Catocala, 261 magdalena, Catocala, 267; Nycterophseta, 221 magicalis, Conchylodes, 393 magnarius, Ennomos, 348 magnetaria, Leptomeris, 333 magniferalis, Pyrausta, 397 magnifica, Cossula, 379; Graeperia, 225 Magusa, genus; angustipennis, dissidens. divaricata, divida, 17s maia, Hemileuca. 91 maizi, Euxoa, 189 majoraria, Caberodes, 352 majuscula, Cydosia, 253 Malacosoma, genus; americana, 312; cali312; disstria, decipiens, fornica, 313; drupacearum, erosa, 313; frutetorum, 312, perversa, pseudo-neustria, sylvaticoides, thoracica, thoracicoides, 313 malana, Balsa, 163 Malaporphyria, genus; oregona, 229 malefida, Feltia, 187 malivorana, Alceris, 421 Mamestra, genus, 101; acutipennis, 195; Allied, adjuncta, 194; albifusa, 193; anguina, 195; Brown-winged, 196; chenopodii, 193; Cloudy, 192, claviplena, Clover, congermana, 193; constipata, 195; contraria, Cousin-German, 193; Darling, demissa, 194; desperata, 193; detracta, 192; dimmocki, Dimmock's, 193, Disparaged, 192; dodgei, 19s; Empurpled, 192, Erect, erecta, 19s; exusta, 193; farnhami, Farnham's, 192; Fluid, 194; Fused-spot 464 Index Mamestra Continued genus: californicus, languida, pulchripennis, sueta, 230 Melipotis, genus; agrotipennis, cinis, fascioitfelicleptria, 192; glaucovaria, Grand, grandis, Harnessed, 193; herbimacula, 195; Hitched, illabefacta, 194; imbrifera, 192; indicans, infecta, innexa, 19s; juncimacula, 192, 195; Laudable, laudabilis, latex, 194; libera, 193; ligata, 195; lilacina, Lilacine; 195; 192; lorea, 194; Liquid, liquida, lubens, 194; Lustral, lustralis, meditata, Modern, negussa, neoterica, 196; 192; nevadae, Nevadan, 193; olivacea. Olivaceous, 195; Painted, picta, 193; purpurissata, 195; rosea, 193: renigera, 192; radix, Rosy, 193; rugosa, Rugose, 194; Snaky, strigicollis, 19s; Studied, 192; subiuncta, 193; suffusa, 192; teligera, 195; trifolii, 193; vicina, 195 _ laris, grandirena, limbolaris, hadeniformis, pallescens, perlaeta, jucunda, sinualis 258 Melitara, genus; fernaldialis, 410 melitta, Cosmosoma, 98 genus; amcena, ceto, cucurbitse, 380; grandis, 381; satyriniformis, 380; snowi, 381 Mellilla, genus; inextricata, snoviaria, xanMelittia, thometata, 338 mellistrigata, Sciagraphia, 339 mellitularia, Pherne, 351 mellonella, Galleria, 406 matthewi, Scepsis, 101 matuta, Alypia, 144 matutina, Rhodophora, 224 meadi, Dasyspoudaea, 228 Meal Snout-moth, The, 400 "Measuring-worms," 8 melsheimeri, Cicinnus, 359 Memythrus, genus, 382; admirandus, 383; polistiformis, 382; simulans, 383; tricinctus, 382 menas, Heterocampa, 297 mendica, Eudule, 327 mendocino, Saturnia, 89 Mentha, 49 menthastrina, Estigmene, 123 meralis, Caradrina. 164 merdella, Tinea, 433 merianEE, Erinnyis, 58, 59 Merolonche, genus; lupini, 159 merricata, Paleacrita, 324 merricella, Semioscopis, 429 Merrick, F A., ix, 11S Merrick, H. S., ix Meskea, genus; dyspteraria, 375 meskei, Catocala, 264; Platysenta, 163 Mesoleuca, genus; brunneiciliata, rlammifera, gratulata, hersiliata, intermediata, lacustrata, ruficillata, 330 messalina, Andrewsia, 272 messoria, Euxoa, 188 mestusata, Gonodontis, 350 Metalepsis, genus; cornuta, 181 metallica, Tarache, 251 Metamorphoses, 4 Metanema, genus; aeliaria, carnaria, detertriliminata, inatomaria, quercivoraria nearia, 351 metanemaria, Alcis, 343 Metaponia, genus; obtusa, obtusula, perflava, 250 metathetis, Haemorrhagia, 63 Metathorasa, genus; monetifera, 252 metonalis, Philometra,'282 Metrocampa, genus; perlaria, perlata, praegrandaria, viridoperlata, 348 mexicana, Apantesis, 131; Cirrhobolina, 259; Mecoceras, genus; nitocraria, nitocris, peninsularia, 354 Mecoceratinaj, Subfamily, 354 michabo, Apantesis, 130 mammurraria, Paraphia, 343 manalis, Bomolocha, 286 Mandibles of larva?, 7 Manetta, 75 manifestolabes, Semiophora, 180 manteo, Heterocampa, 297 manto, Olene, 308 "Manual the for Study of Insects," by Comstock, 17 Maple-borer, The, 386 Maple-trees, 95 Marasmalus, genus; histrio, lator, 242 Marble-wing, The, 332 Margin of wings, 18 inficita, venti- marginalis, Glyphodes, 394 marginaiis, Hagmorrhagia, 63 marginata, Bembecia, 383; Schinia, 228 marginatus, Prodoxus, 439 marginidens, Papaipema, 214 marina, Misogada, 297 mariposa, Alypia, 143, 145 Marlatt, C. L., 426 Marmopteryx, genus; marmorata, 332 marmorata, Catocala, 263; Marmopteryx, 332 marshal'ana, Hadena, 169 Marumba, genus, 56 Marvel, The Cloaked, 161; The Green, 160 masoni, Rhododipsa, 225 materna, Ophideres, 276 Matigramma genus; pulverilinea, 276 Matthew, quoted, 430 Median shade, 18 medita, Mamestra, 192 medor, Cocytius, 44 Citheronia, tomis, 107 Microccelia, 97; Estigmene, genus, 156, 160; Marbled, obliterata, 160 123;- Hasma- diphtheroides, Microgaster, 69 Micropterygidae, Family, 26, 444 Micropteryx, genus, 444 Micropyle, s Midget, Brown-spotted, 166; Festive, Grateful, 166 Mikania scandens, 99 Megalopyge, genus; lanuginosa, opercularis, subcitrina, 369 Megalopvgidss, 8, 25, 35, 368 Melalopha, genus; albosigma, americana, apicalis, incarcerata, inclusa, indentata, ornata, strigosa, vau, 293 melancholica, Erinnyis, 59 Melanchroia, genus; cephise, 354; geometroides, mors, 355 Melanchroiinae, Subfamily, 354 Melanolophia, genus; canadaria, contribuaria, imperfectaria, signataria, 344 Melanomma, genus; auricinctaria, 2SS melanopa, Nigetia, 358 melanopyga, Bellura, 211 militaris, 165; Haploa, 118 mima, Campometra, 274 minea, Apantesis, 130 Mineola, genus, 408; indigenella, 409; jugJandis, 408; nebulo, zelatella, 409 miniana, Rhododipsa, 225 minians, Nephelodes, 199 miniata, Hypoprepia, 106 minima, Hypocrisias, 136; Pseudomya, 99 465 Index Moths minimalis, Rhychagrotis, 178, 179; Zanclognatha, 281 ministra, Datana, 293 minorata, Fota, 178; Heliophila, 201 minuscula, Hadenella, 163; Roeselia, 358 minuta, Alceris, 421; Catocala, 269 minutata, Tephroclystis, 328 mirificum, Hyblaea, 288 miscellus, Catabena, 163 miseloides, Hadena, 167 Continued Sand-dune, 143; Scallop-shell, 329; Sixplume, 417; Skiff, 367; Solidago Gall-, 425; Spotless Fall Web-worm, 124; Stigma, 94; Sugar-beet, 395; Sun-flower, 339; Yucca, 441 Moth-Song, 310 Muir, John, 249 muiri, Gyros, 249 muliercula, Catocala, 267 multifaria, Ctenucha, 102; Morrisonia, 197 multifera, Caradrina, 164 multilinea, Heliophila, 202 multilineata, Pigea, 333 multipuncteila, Yponomeuta, 423 multiscripta, Cerura, 299 mundula, Drasteria, 257 mursenula. Porosagrotis, 1S7 muralis, Psaphidia, 177 muricina, Stretchia, 205 muricolor, Calidota, 139 marina, Comacla, 107; Euchaetias, 135 muscosula, Eustrotia, 247 musta, Eustrotia, 247 mustelina, Schizura, 299 muzaria, Euchlaena, 350 muzina, Ecpantheria, 120 myandaria, Caberodes, 352 Myginda ilicifolia, 99 mynesalis, Tetanoiita, 284 myops, Calasymbolus, 56 Myosotis, 134 myron, Darapsa, 68 Misnamed Gall-moth, The, 418 Misogada, genus; cinerea, marina, sobria, unicolor, 297 mitis, Heliophana, 230 modesta, Pachysphinx, 57; Synanthedon, 387; Ulolonche, 198 modestaria, Cymatophora, 341 modica, Hadena, 167 modicella, Heliolonche, 230 modifica, Graphiphora, 204 moffatiana, Scopelosoma, 218 mollifera, Epizeuxis, 280 mollis, Heterocampa, 297 mollissima, Euherrichia, 253 molochina, Hadena, 168 Molts, larval, 8 Momophana, genus; comstocki, 172 monacha, Psilura, 309 Monarda, 49 moneta, Polychrysia, 236 monetifera, Metathorasa, 252 Hypsoropha, 256 monilis, monitor, Euclea, 365 monodon, Autographa, 238 N Monoleuca, genus; semifascia, 36s monotropa, Selenis, 277 mopsa, Catocala, 265 monstralis, Agathodes, 393 montana, Albuna, 384; Dysodia, 375 montanatum, Eustroma, 329 Montgomery, James, quoted, 302 Moore, Thomas, quoted, 304 Nacophora, genus; quernaria, 34s Nadata, genus; gibbosa, 296 morbidalis, Chytolita, 282 morbosa, Cissusa, 256 mori, Bombyx, 315 mormonica, Apantesis, 131 Morrenia, 58 Morris, Rev. J. G., 28 Morrisonia, genus, 196; confusa, 197; evicta, 196; infructuosa, multifaria, 197; sectilis, vomerina, 196 morrisonata, Azelina, 332 morrisoni, Gnophaela, 290 morrisoniana, Feltia, 186 mors, Melanchroia, 35s mortua, Schinia, 228 mortuorum, Autographa, 239 morula, Apatela, 155 Moths; Achaia, 130; Acorn, 429; Acraea, 123; Alinda, 90; Anna, 130; Arge, 130; Astur, 139; Chain-streak, Carpet, 434; 347; 133; Clymena, 118; Colona, 118; Cora, 161; Cosyra, 142; Cotton-worm, 243; Diverse-line, 329; Dried-currant, 414; Echo, 122; Fall Web-worm, 123; Flour, 412; Fur, 433; Galbina, 86; Glover's Purslane-, 141; Granite, 339; Gypsy, 308; Harrow, 176; Hera, 93; Herbarium, 334; Honey-locust, 96; Imperial, 97; Indianmeal, 415; Io, 89; Juno, 92; Leopard, 376; Linden, 347; Luna, 87; Magnet, 333; Magpie, 93; Michabo, 130; Milk -weed, 135; Oithona, 129; Pandora, 91; Parthenice, 129; Persephone, 130; Plum, 329; Polyphemus, 87; Potato, 425; Privet, 394; Clio, Mexican Walnut-, Rosy Maple-, 95; 97; Royal Pine-devil, Walnut-, nais, Apantesis, 132 nana, Euclea, 365 nanina, Euclea, 365 Nannia, genus; harveiata, refusata, 327 napsa, Litholomia, 207 narrata, Drasteria, 257 Narthecophora, genus; pulverea, 23s nasoni, Natada, 366 Nasu-no Take, 301 nasutaria, Phiprosopus, 245 Natada, genus; daona, nasoni, rude, 366 natatrix, Isogona, 256 nebraskse, Catocala, 263; Euhagena, 381 nebulo, Mineola, 409 nebulosa, Catocala, 266 nebulosus, Adoneta, 365 necopina, Papaipema, 214 neglecta, Synanthedon, 385 negussa, Mamestra, 196 Neighbor, The, 119 Neleucania, genus; bicolorata 203 Nelphe Carolina, 100 Neocastniidae, 3 neogama, Catocala, 149, 266 neonaria, Hyperitis, 349 neoninaria, Hyperitis, 349 Nephelodes, genus; expansa, minians, sobria, subdolens, violans, 199 Nepytia, genus; nigrovenaria, pellucidaria, pinaria, pulchraria, semiclusana, 343 nerea, Apantesis, 130 Nerice, genus; bidentata, 296 Nerium odorum, 99 Omia, 230 Amphion, 72 Neumcegen, B., 31, 33, nesffia, nessus, 34, 3s neumoegeni, Hemileuca, 91; Xanthothrix 231 Neumcegenia, genus; poetica, 235 Neuronia, genus; americana, 196 97; 97; 466 Index nevadae, Mamestra, ig3; Thyris, 374 nevadensis, Apantesis, 131; Hemileuca, 92 nerissa, Catocala, 269 nexa, Illice, 109, no nicotianae, Protoparce, 45 Nigetia, genus; formosalis, melanopa, 358 Night air, nurus, Catocala, 263 nuttalli, Pseudohazis, 93 Nycteola, genus; lintnerana luna Nycterophaeta, genus; magdalena, notatella, 221 Nyctobia, genus; limitata, lobophorata, vernata, 324 Nymphula, genus; obscuralis, 399 Nymphulinae, Subfamily, 399 Nyssa sylvatica, 161 nyssaria, Hyperitis, 349 80 nigra, Kodiosoma, 133; Peridroma, 182 nigricans, Phobetron, 366 nigriceps, Noctua, 184 nigrior, Hadena, 169 nigripennis, Euxoa, 189 nigrirena, Schinia, 227 nigritula, Eustrotia, 247 nigrofasciata, Celama, 357 nigrofimbria, Xanthoptera, 248 nigroflava, Ectypia, 133 nigroguttata, Lussa, 17s nigrolunata, Anarta, 198 nigrovenaria, Nepytia, 343 nimia, Orthodes, 203 niobe, Seirarctia, 122 o obaurata, Celama, 357 obeliscoides, Euxoa, 190 oberthuralis, Phlyctasnodes, 396 obesalis, Plathypena, 287 obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 350 oblata, Noctua, 183 oblinita, Apatela, 157 obliqua, Fagitana, 217; Heterocampa, 297; Sphida, 2 1 1 obliquata, Heliophana, 230; Pleroma 206; Sphida, 211 nitela, Papaipema, 213 nitens, Orthodes, 203 nitida, Schizura, 298 Glyphodes, 394 nitidalis, nitocraria, Mecoceras, 354 .ecoceras, 3S4 nivaria, Anarta, 199 nitocris, nivea, obliquella, Galleria, 406 obliquifera, Balsa, 163 obliquilinea, Cargida, 300 obliterata, Microcoelia, 160 obliviosa, Hadena, 168; Hemerocampa, . Eupseudosoma, 139 niveicilialis, Pyrausta, 398 303 oblonga, Nonagria, 211 obnigralis, Pyrausta, 398 obrussata, Phrygionis, 354 obscura, Apatela, 133; Catocala, 262; Erinnyis, 59; Holomelina, 113; Pseudosphinx, niveicostatus, Fagitana, 217 niveosericeata, Ennomos, 348 nivosaria, Eugonobapta, 348 nivosata, Eugonobapta, 348 nobilis, Schinia, 2S8; Tosale, 402 noctivaga, Apatela, 157 Noctua, genus, 1S3; associans, 185; atricincta, 184; beata, 185; bicarnea, 183; calgary, clandestina, collaris, 184; c-nigrum, fennica, 183; grandis, haruspica, havilae, 184; hilliana, 183; _ illapsa, 185; obscuralis, Nymphula, 399 obscurus, Anytus, 191 obtusa, Noctua, 183; Metaponia, 250 obtusaria, Euchlasna, 350 obtusula, Metaponia, 250 obvia, Eucoptocnemis, 190 occata, Oncocnemis, 176 occidens, Hadena, 169 occidentalis, ./Emilia, 137; Apatela, 155; Pachy sphinx, 57 occidentata, Barathra, 196 occidentis, Epicnaptera, 314 occulta, Peridroma, 182; Protoparce, 45 ocellata, Sphinx, 54 intractata, jucunda, 183; juncta, 184; lubricans, 185; nigriceps, 184; normanniana, oblata, obtusa, 183; patefacta, plagiata, 183; plecta, revayana, 288 Nycteolidae, Family, 24, 33, 288 184; perconflua, substrigata, uni- color, vicaria, 184 genus; costaemaculalis, gelidalis, novalis, peruviana, thalialis, 399 Noctuidas, Family, 7, 24, 32, 151 noctuiformis, Aon, 234; Tuerta, 143 Nola, genus; ovilla, 337 Nolidae, Family, 24, 34, 357 Nonagria, genus; Large, oblonga, permagna, subflava, Yellowish, 211 nondescriptus, Phobetron, 366 notata, Philobia, 339; Tephroclystis, 328 notataria, Eufidonia, 337 notatella, Nycterophaeta, 221 Notch-wing, The, 348 Notodonta, genus, 294; basitriens, simplaria, 295 Notodontidae, Family, 23, 33, 292 Notolophus, genus; antiqua, nova, 306 norax, Cossula, 379 normani, Crocigrapha, 204 normanniana, Noctua, 183 Noropsis, genus; hieroglyphica, 233 nova, Notolophus, 306 novalis, Noctuelia, 399 nubecularia, Paraphia, 343 nubilifascia, Hormisa, 282 nubilis, Euparthenos, 272 nuchalis, Heliothis, 224 nundina, Schinia, 227 nupera, Calocampa, 208 Nurse, The, 263 Noctuelia, Ocelli, 12 ocellinata, Sciagraphia, 339 ochosalis, Pyrausta, 398 ochracea, Apantesis, 130; Platyprepia, 128 ochraceus, Axenus, 231 Ochria, genus; sauzaelitae, 214 ochreipennis, Zanclognatha, 281 ochrogaster, Euxoa, 190 octo, Amyna, 242 octomaculata, Alypia, 143, 144; Pyrausta, oculatana, Dysodia, 374 oculatrix, Pasctes, 241 oculea, Telea, 87 Ode to an Insect, 291 Odontosia, genus; elegans, 294 odora, Erebus, 279 odyneripennis, Bembecia, 383 CEcophoridae, Family, 26, 428 CEhlenschlaeger, quoted, 303 osmearia, Syssaura, 352 ceneiformis, Coenocalpe, 332 oenotrus, Erinnyis, 59 Ogdoconta, genus; atomaria, cinereola, 241 Oiketicus, genus; abboti, 361 oithona, Apantesis, 129 467 Index Olene, genus; achatina, atrivenosa, basi- cinnamomea, leucophaea, manto, flava, parallela, tephra, 308 Oligia, genus; festivoides, 165; fuscimacula grata, rasilis, 166; varia, 165 olinalis, Mamestra, 195 olivalis, Euxoa, 188 olivatus, Heterocampa, 297 oviplagalis, Tosale, Oviposition, 402 of, 5 Owls, 7S oxybaphi, Celerio, 76 Oxycnemis, genus; fusimacula, 221 Oxydia, genus; vesulia. 352 oxygramma, Autographa, 239 oxymorus, Admetovis, 196 Oxyptilus, genus; periscelidactyius, 416 Ozonadia, genus, 108 269 olympia, Composia, 289 olyzonaria, Syssaura, 352 238 Autographa, omega, Omia, genus; nesaea, 230 omicron, Autographa, 238 Ommatostola, genus; lintneri, 211 omphale, Cosmosoma, 98 onagrus, Spragueia, 252 Blackatrifasciata, genus; Oncocnemis, Chandler's, cibalis, banded, chandleri, dayi, Day's, Gray, iricolor. Iris-colored, Narrow-banded, qccata, tenuifascia, 176 ontariella, Depressaria, 428 onusta, Macronoctua, 1 70 00, Autographa, 238 opacalis, Hypenula, 283 opacifrons, Semiophora, 180 opella, Holomelina, 115 opercularis, Megalopyge, 369 operculella, PhthorimEea, 424, 425 Opharus, genus; albicans, astur, maculicollis, Pachnobia, genus; claviformis, ferruginoidet littoralis, orilliana, pectinata, Reddish salicarum, Willow, 180 Pachylia, genus, 60; aterrima, crameri, ficus 6undatifascia, venezuelensis, lyncea, Pachysphinx, genus, 56; imperator, modesta occidentalis, princeps, 57 pacificaria, Eois, 336 Packard, A. S., p. 30, 31, 33, 34 v 35, 145 123; Estigmene, 296 packardi, Hippia Mice, 109; Scepsis, 101; Schinia, 22S Packardia, genus; elegans, 367; geminata 368; nigripunctata, 367 oculatrix. abrostoloides Paectes, genus; pygmaea, 241 pasnulata, Euclea, 365 pagenstecheri, Hormoschista, 253 Palada, genus; scarletina, 229 palaeogama, Catocala, 266 paleacea, Cosmia, 217 Paleacrita, genus; autumnata, merricata, sericeiferata, vernata, 324 Paleontology, 2 2 Palindia, genus; dominicata, 273 pallens, Cressonia, 57 pallescens, Melipotis, 258 pallialis. Bomolocha, 286 palliatricula, Chytonix, 161 Crambidia, 104; Cyathissa. 161; pallida, Erinnyis, 59; Hyphantria, 124 pallidior, Palpidia, 105 pallidulus, Sphinx, 55 palmeri, Lycomorpha, 101 Palmer-worrns, 114 Palmia, genus; praecedens, 383 palpalis, Haemorrhagia, 64; Plathypena, 287 ma- oporaria, Eucrostis, 336 opuscularia, Pterospoda, 343 orbica, Amyna, 242 Orbicular spot, 18 orbimaculella, Yponomeuta, 423 orciferalis, Time ovulalis, Conchvlodes, 393 olivia, Catocala, Ophideres, genus; calaminea, hybrida, terna, 276 ophthalmica, Baileya, 162; Sphinx, 55 opipara, Tripudia, 250 opina, Valeria, 172 oponearia, Euchlaena, 350 oviduca, Graphiphora, 204 357 ovilla, Nola, Herculia, 401 olivacea, pustulata, 139 ostenta, Holomelina, 115 otiosa, Apantesis, 131 ou, Autographa, 238 ovalis, Abrostola, 240 Sysyrhypena, 282 ordinaria. Hadena, 169 ordinatellus, Yponomeuta, 423 oregona, Melaporphyria, 229 oregonensis, Euchaetias, 135 oreodaphne, Hyloicus, 50 Oreta, genus; americana, formula, irrorata, rosea, 321 orgyiae, Prothymia', 248 orilliana, Pachnobia, 180 orina, Calymnia, 219 orizaba, Rothschildia, 82 ornata, Acherdoa, 234; Apantesis, 130; Melalopha, 293 ornatrix, Utetheisa, 1 1 7 Orneodes, genus; hexadactyla, 417 Orneodidae, Family, 25, 417 ornithogal'.i, Prodenia, 174 orobia, Graphiphora, 204 orosusalis, Pyrausta, 397 orphisalis, Pyrausta, 397 Orrhodia, genus, calif ornica, 218 Orthodes, genus; candens, crenulata, cynica, enervis, griseocincta, nimia, nitens, prodeuns, 203; pueriiis, 204; tecta, togata, vecors, velata, 203 Orthofidonia, genus; junctaria, semiclarata, vestaliata, viatica, 337 Orthosia, genus; bicolorago, helva, 217 orthosioides, Phoberia, 273 Ortmann, A. E., 377 ortonii, Peridroma, 182 osculata, Catocala, 265 ossularia, Eois, 335 Palpi, 7, 12 Palpidia, genus; pallidior, 105 Palthis, genus; angulalis, asopialis, thusalis, 2S5 aracin- Palyadinae, subfamily, 354 Palyas, genus; auriferaria, 354 pamina, Automeris, 89 pampina, Eucirrcedia, 215 pampinaria, Cleora, 344 pampinatrix, Darapsa, 68 Panapoda, genus; carneicosta, combinata, cressoni, rubricosta, rufimargo, scissa 273 Panchrysia, genus; purpurigera, 236 pandana, Caberodes, 352 pandora, Coloradia, 91 pandoras, Pholus, 65 Pangrapta, genus; decoralis, elegantalis, epionoides, geometroides, recusans, 254 panisaria, Therina, 34S Panthea, genus; Eastern, furcilla, portlandia, Western, 152 46S Index Pantographa, genus; limata, suffusalis, 393 Parmia, genus; inconstans, 258 Paota, genus; fultaria, 332 Papaipema, genus, 213; cataphracta, cerus- Pericopidaa, Family, 24, 33, 2S9 periculosa Trigonophora, 215 Peridroma, genus, 182; alabamae, 183; astricta, 182; incivis, 183; inermis, nigra, occulta, ortonii, saucia, 182; simplaria. sata, furcata, 214; inquaesita, 2 1 3 marginidens necopina, nitela, 213, 214; purpu; 183 Perigea, genus; vecors, xanthioides, 165 Perigonica, genus; fulminans, 205 Perigrapha, genus; prima, 205 Periodicals containing information as moths, 28 periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus,' 416 _ rifascia, 213 Pawpaw, The, 46 paphia, Telea, 87 paradoxica, Prodoxus, 438 paradoxus, Heliochilus, 222 Paragrotis, genus, 188 parallela, Archips, 422; Olene, 308 Parallelia, genus; amplissima, bistriaris, 273 parallelia, Pherne, 351 paralleliaria, Pherne, 351 Paranthrene, genus; heucherae, 387 Paraphia, genus; exsuperata, impropriata, mammurraria, nubecularia, subatomaria, unipuncta, unipunctata, triplipunctaria, 343 Parasemia, 134 genus; perlaria. Metrocampa, 34S perlata, Metrocampa, 348; perlaeta, Melipotis, 238 perlevis, Euchaetias, 135 ... permagna, Nonagria, 2 1 1 perophoroides, Hyparpax, 299 perplexa, Synanthedon, 385 perpolita, Euxoa, 188 Parasitized larva, 69 Parastichtis, genus; discivaria, gentilis, 217 parce, Hemeroplanes, 60 parentalis, Richia, 190 Pareuchaetes, genus; eglenensis. Gray-winged, insulata, 134; tenera, 134, 135; Yellow- perpura, Anarta, 199 perscripta, Lepipolys, 177 persephone, Apantesis, 130 persica, Sanninoidea, 384 Persimmon, 87, 382 personata, Euxoa, 188; Raphia, 153 perspicua, Datana, 294; Thyris, 374 perstrialis, Scirpophaga, 402 pertextalis. Pyrausta, 397 peruviana, Noctuelia, 399 perversa, Malacosoma, 313 pettitana, Cenopis, 422 petulca, Xylina, 206 pexata, Xylina, 207 phaealis, Epizeuxis. 280 phaeton, Euproserpinus, 74 Phalaenostola, genus; larentioides, 254 phalanga. Catocala, 266 phalaris Erinnyis, 59 phalerata, Apantesis, 132 phasianaria, Caberodes. 332 phasma, Euerythra, 120 Pheocyma, genus; lineola, lucifera, 278 Pheosia, genus; californica, descherei, dimidiata, portlandia, rimosa, 295 Pherne, genus; jubararia, mellitularia, parallelia, paralleliaria, placearia, 351 Phigalia, genus; revocata, strigataria, titea, titearia, 347 Philagraula, genus, 356 Philedia, genus; punctomacularia, 343 Philereme, genus; calif orniata, 329 Philobia, genus; aemulataria, enotata, notata, sectomaculata, 339 philodina, Clemensia, 108 Philometra, genus; goasalis, longilabris, metonalis, 282 Philosamia, genus, 82; aurotus, canningi, 82; cynthia, 81, 82; insularis, pryeri, vesta, walkeri, 82 Phiprosopus, genus; acutalis, callitrichoides, nasutaria, 245 genus; syringicola, Phlyctasnia, plectilis, tertialis, 397 Phlyctaenodes genus; fuscalis, 39s; oberthursordida, sticticalis, tetragonalis, alis, 396; triumphalis, 395 Phoberia, genus;_ atomaria, forrigens, ingenua, orthosioides, 273 Phobetron, genus; abbotana, hyalinus, nigricans, nondescriptus, pithecium, tetradactylus, 366 384 pini, Parora, genus; texana, 255 parta, Catocala, 264 parthenice, Apantesis, 129 parthenos, Hyphoraia, 128 partita, Galgula, 247 passer, Hadena, 168 pastillicans, Epiglasa, 219 pastinacella. Depressaria, pasulella, Ephestia, 414 Patagium, p. 18 patalis, Xylomiges, 197 428 patefacta, Noctua, 184 108 257 patruelis, Eumestleta, 249 patula, Eumestleta, 249; Porosagrotis, paulina, Catocala, 261 pavitensis, Cirrhobolina, 259 pavonina, Calasymbolus, 56 Parsnip Web-worm, The, 42S Peach-borer, The, 384 Peach-twig Borer, The, 426 pectinaria, Euchlaena, 350 pectinata, Pachnobia, 180 pelasgus, Hsemorrhagia, 62 pellionella, Tinea, 433 pellucida, Anisota, 95 pellucidaria, Nepytia, 343 penaeus, Erinnyis, 59 pendulinaria, Cosymbia, 333 peninsularia Mecoceras, 354 Penitent, The, 266 pennsylvanica, Euthyatira, 304 pepita, Basilodes 234 peplaria, Azelina, 352 pepsidiformis, Sanninoidea, 384 perangulalis, Bomolocha, 286 perarcuata, Cymatophora, 341 perattenta, Eueretagrotis, 179 percara, Cyathissa, 161 Percnoptilota, genus; fluviata, 330 perconflua, Noctua, 183 perditalis, Hyamia, 254 perelegans, Hyloicus, 51 perflava.Metaponia, 250 pergentilis, Hadenella, 162 Remigia, 274 perlineata, Venusia, 328 perlubens, Xylomiges, 197 perlucidula, Pyromorpha. 371 permaculata, Turuptiana, 121 geometnca, plantagims, winged, 134 Parharmonia, genus; to patella, Clemensia, patibilis, Drasteria, 187 469 Index Pleroma, genus; obliquata, 206 genus, 65; achemon, 66; ampelophaga, 65; clotho, 67; crantor, 66, fasciatus, hornbeckiana, jussieuae, labruscae, linnei, 67; pandorus, 65; posticatus, 66; satellitia, 65; strigilis, 67; typhon, 65; Pholus, vitis, plicatus, Ufeus. 191 Plodia, genus; interpunctella, zeae, 415 plota, Hyloicus, 51 plumbea, Hypoprepia, 106; Illice, 109 plumbifknbriata, Spragueia, 252 Plume, The Grape-vine, 416 Plumeria, 58 plumeriae, Pseudosphinx, 57 plumifrontellus, Acrolophus, 443 plumigeraria, Coniodes, 345 Plusia, genus, 8, 237; serea, aeroides, balluca, 67 pholus, Darapsa, 68; Lycomorpha, 101 phrada, Ptychoglene, no Phragmatobia, genus; beani, brucei, fuliginosa, 126; remissa, 127; rubricosa, 126; yarrowi, 127 Phryganidia, genus; californica, 2gi Phrygionis, genus; argenteostriata, cerussata, obrussata, 354 Phthorimaea, genus, 425; operculella, 424, 425; solanella, tabacella, terrella, 425 Phurys, genus; lima, vinculum, 275 Phycitinae, Subfamily, 407 Physostegania, genus; pustularia, 338 piatrix, Catocala, 266 pica, Pseudohazis, 93 Pickle-worm, The, 394 picta, Arachnis, 124; Erinnyis, 59; Mamestra, 193 pictipennis, Heliosea, 230 pictipes, Synanthedon, 386 Piers Plowman, quoted, 288 Pigea, genus; multilineata, 333 pinaria, Nepytia, 343 pinastri, Hyloicus, 52 Pinconia, genus; coa, 369 pineum, Lapara, 53 pini, Parharmonia, 384 piniaria, Caripeta, 342 Pinion; Ashen, 206; Bailey's, Broad Ashen, Dowdy, 207; Green Gray, 206; Nameless, Nappy, Thaxter's, 207; Wanton, 206; Warm Gray, 207 pinorum, Vespamima, 384 piperis, Erinnyis, 59 Pippona, genus; bimatris, 221 pithecium, Phobetron, 366 pityochromus, Plagiomimicus, 235 pityochrous, Euxoa, 188 placearia, Pherne, 351 placida, Rhynchagrotis, 178 plagiata, Laphygma, 174; Noctua, 183 Plagiomimicus, genus; pityochromus, 23s Plagodis, genus; arrogaria, emargataria, . 23.7 Plusiodonta, signis, 235 Neumcegenia, 235 Pogocolon, genus, 72; gauras, 72; juanita, vega, 73 Polia, genus; diversilineata, illepida, Theodore's, theodori, Varied-banded, 171 Poling, O. C., ix polistiformis, Memythrus, 382 politia, Sabulodes, 353 Polychrysia, genus; formosa, moneta, trabea, 236 polygama, Catocala, 268 Polygamist, The, 268 Polygonum, 157 Polygrammate, genus; hebram, hebraicum, 160 polyphemus, Telea, 87 pometaria, Alsophila, 326 pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 431 pomonella, Bucculatrix, 431 Pope, Alexander, quoted, 289 poetica, popeanella, Anaphora, 44,5 populi, Apatela, 154; Cleosiris, 205 Populus, 57, 155, 378 Porosagrotis, genus; daedalus, fusca, muranula, patula, rileyana, septentrionalis, tripars, vetusta, worthingtoni, 187 porphyria, Halisidota, 138 Porrima, genus; regia, 226 Porthesia, genus, 305 Porthetria, genus; dispar, 308 portlandia, Panthea, 152; Pheosia, 295 posticatus, Pholus, 66 keutzingaria, keutzingi, serinaria, subprivata, 349 plantaginis, Parasemia, 134 Plantago, 120, 125, 134 Platagrotis, genus; pressa, 179 Platanus, 87, 367 Platea, genus; californiaria, 342; dulcearia, Potato-moth, The, 425 praeacuta, Platyperigea, 164 prascedens, Palmia, 383 praeclara, Catocala, 269 praegrandaria, Metrocampa, 348 trilinearia, 343; prasatomata, Macaria, 340 erectalis, obesalis, palpalis, scabra, 287 platinalis, Conchylodes, 393 Platynota, prasina, Adelphagrotis, 179 precationis, Autographa, 238 pressa, Platagrotis, 179 prima, Anorthodes, 164; Estigmene, genus; concursana, flavedana, labiosana, laterana, 422 Platyperigea, genus; discistriga, praeacuta, 164 Platyprepia, genus; guttata, ochracea, virginalis, 128 Platypterygidae, Family, 24, 34, 320 Platysenta, genus; albipuncta, atriciliata, indigens, meskei, videns, 163 pyralis, 122, Perigrapha, 205 princeps, Pachysphinx, 57 Prinos, 46 Priocycla, genus; armataria, 351 Prionoxystus, genus; macmurtrei, querci- perda, robiniae, 378 privatus, Anytus, 191 plebeja, Atreides, 49 pleciaeformis, Bembecia, 383 plecta, Noctua, 184 plectilis Phlycteenia, 397 plena, Dysodia, 375 pleonectusa, Ipimorpha, 220 Pleonectyptera, genus; floccalis, in- Poaphila, genus; quadrifilaris, 274 Podagra, genus; crassipes, 178 Podosesia, genus; longipes, syringae, 382 floscularia, uncanaria 342 genus; crassatus, compressipalpis, poecila, Hyloicus, 51 . Plathypena, genus; pluto, Xylophanes, 75 Privet-moth, The, 394 proba, Diacrisia, 128 Proboscis, 12 procinctus, Dargida, 196 proclivis, Rhizagrotis, 185 Prodenia, genus; commelinae, 174 prodeuns, Orthodes, 203 irrecta, 246 470 ornithogalli, Index Prodoxus, genus; cinereus, 441; coloradensis, 440; decipiens, 438; marginatus, 439; paradoxica, quinquepunctella, 438; reticulata, 440; y-inversa, 439 profecta. Bomolocha, 286 Triphosa, 331 Progressata, rolegs, abdominal, anal, 7 Prolimacodes, genus; undifera, scapha, 367 promethea, Callosamia, 84 promptella, Doryodes, 245 Pronoctua, genus; typica, 185 Pronuba, genus, 441; maculata, synthetica, 442; yuccasella, 441 propinqua, Copicucullia, 208 propinqualis, Rivula, 245 propinquilinea, Demas, 152 propriaria, Euchoeca, 32k; Euchlaena, 350 proprius, Sympistis. 229 propugnata, Gypsochroa, propugnaria, Gypsochroa ,132 332 proserpina, Hemileuca, 91 Proserpinus, genus, 72, >3, 741 clarkiae, flavofasciata, 73 Protambulyx, genus, 54; strigilis, carteri, 54 Prothymia, genus; coccineifascia, orgyiae, rhodarialis, semipurpurea, 248 Protoparce, genus, 44; Carolina pudens, Euchaetias, 135; Euthyatira, 304 pudorata, Apatela, 156 puera, Hyblaea, 288 puerilis, Orthodes, 204 pulchella, Xylomiges, 197 pulcher, Hepialus, 444 pulcherrima, Eutelia, 242 pulchraria, Nepytia, 343 pulchripennis, Melicleptria, 230 pulchripictalis, Cindaphia, 397 pullata, Lathosea, 209 pultaria, Therina, 348 pulverea, Heterocampa, 297; Narthecophora, pulverilinea, Matigramma, 276 pulverina, Bruceia, 108 Pulvillus, 14, 15 punctata, Dasylophia, 296; Diacrisia, 128 punctatissima, Basilona, 97; Hyphantria, 123 punctistriga, Artace, 312 punctivena, Capnodes, 277; Caradrina, 165 punctomacularia, Philedia, 343 pungens, Herse, 43 Pupae, 9 Sysyrhypena, 282 pupula, Eustixia, 140, 398 pura, Carama, 368; Catocala, 264; Utetheisa, pupillaris, Linnaeus; Carolina Donavan; celeus; chionanthi; lycopersici; nicotianae occulta, 45; quinquemaculatus, 41, 43, 45; rustica sexta, 45 Protosia, genus, 1 1 1 protumnusalis, Zanclognatha, 281 proxima, Apantesis, 131; Synanthedon, 387 proximalis, Titanio, 396 purgata, Caenurgia, 257 purpurana, Archips, 422 purpurascens, Calpe, 236 purpurifascia, Papaipema. 213 purpurigera, Panchrysia, 236 purpurissata, Mamestra, 192 pustularia, Physostegania, 338 pustulata, Celama, 357; Opharus, 139 prunata, Eustroma, 329 pruniella, Anarsia, 426 Pryer, Henry, 79 pryeri, Philosamia 82 Psaphidia, genus; grotei, muralis, resumens, viridescens, 177 Pseudacontia, genus; crustaria, 225 Pseudalypia, genus; crotchi, 232 Pseudanarta, genus; crocea, falcata, Falcate, flava, Single, singula, Yellow, 175 Pseudanthoecia, genus; tumida, 228 Pseudanthracia, genus; coracias, 278 pseudargyria, Heliophila, 201 pseuderminea, Estigmene, 123 pseudogamma, Autographa, 238 Pseudoglaea, genus; blanda, decepta, taedata, 216 Pseudohazis, genus, 93; denudata, eglanterina, hera, nuttalli, pica, shastaensis, 93 Pseudolimacodes, genus, 217 Pseudomya, genus; minima, 99 pseudoneustria, Malacosoma, 313 Pseudorgyia, genus, versuta, 245 Pseudorthosia, genus; variabilis, 216 Pseudosphinx, genus, 57; asdrubal, hasdrubal, obscura, plumeriae, rustica, tetrio, 57 Pseudotamila, genus; vanella, 229 Pseudothyatira, genus; cymatophoroides, expultrix, 304 psidii, Gloveria, 311 Psidium pyrifera, 140 Psilura, genus; monacha, 309 Psychidae, Family, 7, 25, 35, 360 Psychomorpha, genus; epimenis, 232 ptelearia, Eois, 334 Pteraetholix, genus; bullula, 243 pteridis, Diacrisia, 128 Pterophoridae, Family, 25, 37, 415 Pterospoda, genus; opuscularia, 343 Ptychoglene, genus; coccinea, flammans, phrada, sanguineola, tenuimargo, no ptycophora, Fala, 235 puber, Syssaura, 352 putnami, Euchalcia, 237 putrescens, Homoptera, 278 Pygarctia, genus; abdominalis, elegans. Elegant, Orange-bodied, spraguei, Sprague's, vivida, 136 Dircetis, 284; Adoneta, 365; pygmaea, Paectes, 241 Pygoctenucha, genus; funerea, harrisi, pyrin rhoura, terminalis, votiva, Pyralidae, Family, 21, 25, 36, 246, 391 Pyralinae, Subfamily, 399 Pyralis, genus; farinalis, 400 pyralis, Apharetra, 159; Pleonectyptera, 246 pyramidalis, Albuna, 384 pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 149, 173 pyramus, Haemorrhagia, 63 pyramusalis, Heterogramma, 284 Pyrausta, genus; adipaloides, arsaltealis, badipennis, 397; bellulalis, diffissa, efficitalis, erosnealis, 398; euphcesalis, fascialis, 398; fumalis, 397; funebris, generosa, gentilis, 397; glomeralis, 398; guttulosa, 397; hircinalis, 398; illibalis, 397; insequalis, 398; langdonalis, 397; madetesalis, 398; magniferalis, 397; niveicilialis, oboctomaculata, 398; ochosalis, nigralis, 397; pertextalis, orphisalis, orasusalis, repletalis, 398; subjectalis, 397; subolivalis, subsequalis, 398; thesealis, 397; tyralis, unimacula, 398 unifascialis, 397; 398; Pyraustinae, Subfamily, 392 pyri, Synanthedon, 387 pyrina, Zeuzera, 376 Pyromorpha, genus; dimidiata, perlucidula, 371 Pyrophila, genus; glabella, Gray, Mousecolored, pyramidoides, repressus, tragopoginis, 173 pyrrha, Cargida, 301 Pyrrhia, genus; umbra, 214 pyrrhoura. Pygoctenucha, in 471 Index repressus, Pyrophila, 173 pythion, Charadra, 152 pyxidifera, Lagoa, 369 resistaria, Ania, 349 326 restituens, Alsophila, Q restorata, Sciagraphia, 33Q resumens, Psaphidia, 177 retecta, Catocala, 262 retectata, Macaria, 339 retentata, Macaria, 339 reticulata, Prodoxus, 440 reticulina, Hexeris, 37s Retinaculum, 17 revayana, Nycteola, 288 revocata, Phigalia, 347 Rheumaptera, genus; hastata, 329; luctuata rubrosuffusata, 330 rhexiae, Chloridea, 222 Rhizagrotis, genus; proclivis, 185 rhoda, Apantesis, 132 rhodarialis, Prothymia, 248 quadrata, Apatela, 156 quadriannulata, Cosymbia, 333 quadricornis, Ceratomia, 47 quadridentata, Euxoa, 188 quadrifilaris, Poaphila, 274 quadriguttalis, Alypia, 144 quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 443 quadrinotata, Heterophleps, 327 quadripunctaria, Eufidonia, 337 quadristigmalis, Glyphodes, 394 Quaker, Boyish, 204; Cynical, Rustic, Small Brown, 203 quinquecaudatus, Sannina, 382 quinquelinearia, Leptomeris, 333 quinquemaculatus, Protoparce, 45 quinquepunctella, Prodoxus, 438 quenseli, Apantesis, 131 quercicola, Euclea, 365 querciperda, Prionoxystus, 378 quercivoraria, Metanema, 351 quercus, Hemihyalea, 138 quernaria, Nacophora, 345 questionis, Autographa, 238 Rhododendrons, 173 Rhododipsa, genus; masoni, miniana, volupia, 225 Rhodophora, Rhodosea, genus; florida, 225 1 7 8, 179; placida, rufipectus, velata, 178 ribearia, Cymatophora, 340 ribesiaria, Eustroma, 329 richardsoni, Anarta, 199 Richia, genus; aratrix, parentalis, 190 Richter, Jean Paul, quoted, 417 rickseckeri, Estigmene, 123 ridingsi, Alypia, 143, 14s Riley, C. V., 30, 141, 154, 17s, 201, 223. 232, 233, 239, 243, 280, 281, 335, 362, 401, 406, 409, 420, 425 Porosagrotis, rileyana, Heteropacha, 314; 187; Synanthedon, 385 uosa, frater, personata, 153 Rascal Leaf-crumpler, The, 409 Oligia, 166 rasilis, rimosa, Pheosia 295 Rivula, genus; propinqualis, 24s raspa, Syssphinx, 96 Ratarda, genus, 305 reciprocata, Euchceca, 328 reconditaria, Synelys, 333 rectangula, Autographa, 239 rectangulata, Hydriomena, 331 rivularia, Almodes, 354 rivulosa, Schinia, 228 Robinia, pseudacacia, 378, 419 robinise, Prionoxystus, 378 Robinson, C. T., 29, 30, 37 robinsoni, 262; Cressonia, 57; Catocala, Lerina, 1 1 1 Rceselia, genus; conspicua, fuscula, minuscula, 367 recusans, Pangrapta, 234 redimicula, Euxoa, 190 reducta, Turuptiana, 121 358 rogationis, Autographa, 238 Rosaceae, 83, 155, 366, 410 350 rosaceana, Archips, 422 rosacearum, Calasymbolus, 56 rosalinda, Catocala, 268 rosea, Euhyparpax, 29S; Hyparpax, 299; Mamestra, 193; Oreta 321; Thyreicn, 222 roseitincta, Schinia, 227 regalis, Citheronia, 97 regia, Citheronia, 97; Porrima, 226 regnatrix, Xanthopastis, 231 Relict, The, 262 relicta, Catocala, 149, 262 Remigia, genus; indentata, latipes, perlata, repanda, texana, 274 remissa, Phragmatobia, 127 remissaria, Caberodes, 352 Renia, genus; discoloralis, fallacialis, generalis, thraxalis, 2S3 Gynaephora, 305 Rothschild, Hon. Walter, ix, 31 Rothschildia, genus, 82, S3; jorulla, orizaba, 82 rotundata, Chlsenogramma, 46 rossi, Royal Walnut-moth, 6 rub'ens, Haemorrhagia, 64 rubi, Bembecia, 383 Reniform spot, iS reniformis, Heliotropha, 173 renigera, Mamestra, 195 repanda, Remigia, 274; Siavana, 273 repentinus, Ceratomia, 48 repentis, Euxoa, 189; Yrias, 277 repletalis, citronellus, Rhopalocera, 3 Rhynchagrotis. genus; alternata, 179; anchocelioides, cupida, gilvipennis, 178; minimalis, Cochlidion, julia, rhcebus, Erinnyis, 59 Rachela, genus; bruceata, 324 rachelse, Apocheima, 345 lixaria, hollandaria, Racheospila, genus; saltusaria, 336 radians, Apantesis, 132 radix, Mamestra, 193 Ragonot, E. L., 37, 40S ramosula, Actinotia, 173 Rancora, genus; solidaginis, strigata, 209 Raphia. genus; abrupta, coloradensis, flex- rectaria, Anaplodes, 337 rectifascia, Atethmia, 220 rectilinea, Apantesis, 129; recurvalis, Zinckenia. 392 genus; gaurae, matutina, 224 R refractaria, Gonodontis, refusata, Nannia. 327 230 restrictalis, Heliodes, rubicunda, Anisota, 95; Euherrichia, 253 rubra, Diacrisia, 12S; Samia, 84 rubricosa, Phragmatobia, 126 rubricosta, Holomelina, 115 rubripalpis, Artace, 312 rubrolinearia, Leptomeris, 333 Pyrausta, 398 472 Index rubrolineata, Leptomeris, 333 rubrcscapus, Ctenucha, 102 rubrosuffusata, Rheumaptera, 330 rude, Natada, 366 rufago, Jodia, 215 ruficaudis, Hasmorrhagia, 62, 63 ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 330 rufi pectus, Rhynchagrotis, 178 rufostriga, Caradrina, 165 rufula, Diacrisia, 128 rugifrons, Stiria, 234 rugosa, Mamestra, 194 rupta, Gluphisia, 300 rurigena, Hete'rogramma, 284 Rustic; Brown-streaked, Civil, Convivial, 165; Mooned, Speckled, 164 rustica, Erinnyis, 59; Protoparce, 45; Pseudosphinx, 57 rutila, Autographa, 238 rutilans, Synanthedon, 385 Sabal palmetto, 122 arcasaria, contingens, Sabulodes, genus; depontanata, goniata, imitata, incurvata, lorata, politia, sulphurata, transfindens, transmutans, transposita, transvertens, truxaliata, 353 sabulosa, Cissusa, 256; Tuerta, 143 Sack-bearer, Melsheimer's, Scalloped, 359 sacramenti, Alypia, 14s Saddle-back, The, 364 saga, Hyblaea, 288 Salia, genus; interpuncta, 285 salicarum, Pachnobia, 180 saliceti, Sphinx, 55 salicis, Apatela, 157 saligneana, Eucosma, 418 Sallow; Angle-striped, 217; Anointed, 218; Moffat's, 218; Lost, Even-lined, 220; Red-winged, 215; Roadside, 218; Roundloaf, 219; Silky, 218; Sloping, Smudged, 219; Unsated, Walker's, 218 Salobrana, genus; tecomffi, 401 saltusaria, Racheospila, 336 sambuci, Zotheca, 219 Sambucus, 212, 219 Samea, genus; castellalis, disertalis, ecclesialis, luccusalis, 393 Samia, genus, 83; californica, ceanothi, 84; Columbia, euryalus, 84; cecropia, 83, gloveri, rubra, 84 sanborni, Acoloithus, 371 sanguineola, Ptychoglene, no sanguivenosa, Emilia, 137 saniaria, Haematopsis, 332 saniptri, Hyloicus, 52 Sannina, genus; quinquecaudatus, uroceriformis, 382 Sanninoidea, genus; exitiosa, pepsidiformis, persica, xiphiseformis, 384 saporis, Triocnemis, 225 sappho, Catocala, 260 satellitia, Pholus, 65 saturata, Schinia, 227 Saturnia, genus, 89; mendocino, 89 Saturniidae, Family, 9, 12, 24, 31, 80 Saturniinse, 80, 81, 86 satyricus, Ufeus, 191 satyriniformis, Melittia, 380 saucia, Peridroma, 182 Sauer-kraut, 239 saundersi, Apantesis, 129; Homoptera, 278 sauzaelitas, Ochria, 214 saxea, Syneda, 259 scabra, Plathypena, 287 scabnuscula, Dipterygia, 172 Scale insects, fed upon by larvae, 6 Scape-moth, The Yellow-collared, The Whitecollared, 1 01 scapha, Prolimacodes, 367 Scarce Bordered Straw, 223 scardina, Anaphora, 443 scarletina, Palada, 229 Scepsis, genus, 100; fulvicollis, matthewi, packardi, semidiaphana, wrighti, 101 Schaus, 33 Schidax, genus, 356 Schinia, genus, 226; acutilinea, 227; albafascia, 228; aleucis, 227; arcifera, atrites, brevis, 228; brucei, chrysellus, 227; contracta, 228; cumatilis, 227; designata, divergens, 228; exaltata, 227; jaguarina, 228; lineata, lynx, 227; marginata, mortua, 228; nigrirena, 227; nobilis, 228; nundina, 227; packardi, rivulosa, 228; roseitincta, saturata, separata, simplex, 227; spraguei, tertia, thoreaui, 228; trifascia, 227 Schizura, genus; badia, 229; cinereofrons, concinna, conspecta, edmandsi, humilis, ipomceae, leptinoides, mustelina, 298; 299; nitida, 298; significata, 299; unicornis, 298 W schlasgeri, , Stenoma, 428 schoenherri, Anarta, 199 Schcenobiinae, Subfamily, 402 schwarziorum, Illice, 109 duplicata, granitata, Sciagraphia, genus; heliothidata, mellistrigata, ocellinata, res- torata, subcolumbata, 339 sciata, Therina, 348 scintillans, Catocala, 266 Scirpophaga, genus; macrinellus, perstrialis, serriradiellus, 402 226 scissa, Canidia, scitipennis, Hyperaeschra, 294 scitiscripta, Cerura, 299 scitula, Synanthedon, 387 scobialis, Epizeuxis, 281 Scolecocampa, genus; liburni, ligni, 244 Scoliopteryx, genus; libatrix, 215 scolopendrina, Harpyia, 299 Scoparia, genus, 399 Scopariinae, Subfamily, 309 Scopelosoma, genus, 217; ceromatica, devia, moffatiana, walkeri, 218 Scotchmen, 80 Scotogramma, genus; inconcinna, infuscata, submarina, 198 Scribbler, The, 324 scribonia, Ecpantheria, 120 scripta, Habrosyne, 303 scriptipennis, Epizeuxis, 280 scudderiana, Eucosma, 418 sculptus, Anytus, 191 scutellaris, Bomolocha, 286 scutosus, Heliothis, 224 Sebastiania, 417 Seckel pear, 41 o_ sectilis, Morrisonia, 196 sectomaculata, Philobia, 339 sedata, Tarache, 251 Seirarctia, genus; echo, niobe, 122 selecta, Autographa, 239 Selenis, genus; monotropa, 277 Selicanis, genus; cinereola, 216 semiaperta, Tricholita, 205 semiauratus, Sthenopis, 44.1 semiclarata, Feltia, 186; Orthofidoma. 337 semiclusaria, Nepytia, 343 semicrocea, Exyra, 248 . semidiaphana, Scepsis, 101 semifascia, Monoleuca, 365 473 index semiflava, Xanthoptera, 249 sermfusellus, Crambus, 402 semilineata, Hyamia, 254 semilunata, Hadena, 169 seminudaria, Therina, 348 seminudata, Therina, 348 Sister, 187 Thyns, 374 Sequoia, 52 sequoias, Hyloicus 52; sericea, Glaea, 218 sericeiferata, Paleacrita, 324 serinaria, Plagodis, 349 serrata, Euchlaena, 350; Trichopolia, 199 serrataria, Euchlaena, 350 serriradiellus, Scirpophaga, 402 Sesia, genus, 61, 379; fadus, tantalus, titan 62 Family, 379 Subfamily, 57 sesquilinea, Syssaura, sesquistriaris, 352 Agnomonia, 274 Setagrotis, genus; terrifica, 181 Setting-board, 20 Setting-needle, 19 severa, Gluphisia, 300 sevorsa, Fenaria, 233 sexatilis, Euxoa, 190 Synanthedon, 385 sexmaculata, Celama, 357 sexpunctata, Hyamia, 254 sexsignata, Litocala, 272 sexta, Protoparce, 45 Shakespeare, quoted, 94, 103, 356, 379, 423 Sharp, David, quoted, 3, 17, 30 shastaensis, Apantesis, 131; Pseudohazis, 93 Sheep-moth, Nuttall's, 93 Siavana, genus; auripennis, repanda, 273 Sibine, genus; ephippiatus, stimulea, 364 siccaria, Therina, 348 Sicya, genus; macularia, 347 Sideraria, Eois, 336 sigmaria, Cymatophora, 340 sigmoides, Eueretagrotis, 179 signata, Dasylophia, 296; Tricholita, 203 signataria, Melanolophia, 344 signifera, Laphygma, 174 significans, Emilia, 137 significata, Schizura, 299 silago, Xanthia, 214 Silk -culture, The History of, 316 Silk-moth, The Ailanthus, 82; Ceanothus, Columbian, Glover's, 84; Mendocino, 89; Orizaba, 82; Spice-Bush, 84; Tulip-tree, 86; Zephyr, 89 simalis, Cornifrons, 399 similana, Eucosma, 418 similis, Alypia, 143; Catocala, 268 simplaria, Notodonta, 295; Peridroma, 183 simplex, Autographa, 240; Comacla, 107; Xylomiges, 197 simulans, Memythrus, 383 singula, Pseudanarta, 175 sinualis, Melipotis, 258 sexfasciata, slossoni, Gluphisia, 300 slossoniae, Alarodia, 366 Slug; Monkey, 366; Nason's, 366; Pygmy, 36s; Slosson's, 366, Spiny Oak-, 365 Small Angle Shades, 172 Smerinthus, 54 Smith, Herbert H., 20 Smith, John B., viii, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 118, smithi, Grammodes, 274 Smythe, Ellison, 63 Snout-moth, The Meal, 400 snoviaria, Mellilla, 338 snowi, Melittia, 381 sobria, Calpe, 236; Drasteria, 257; Eois, 335; Vespamima, 384 serena, Catocala, 267 Sesiidas, Sesiina?, 269 Skeletonizer, The Apple-leaf, 411 Skinner, Henry, ix badicollis, elimata, janualis, genus; sepulchralis, Citheronia, 97; Little, Gypsochroa, 332 Six-plume Moth, The, 417 catharina, manifestodilucidula, labes, opacifrons, tenebrifera, 180 Semioscopis, genus; merricella, 429 semiplaga, Heterocampa, 297 semipurpurea, Prothymia, 248 senatoria, Anisota, 94 senta, Hcemorrhagia, 64 sentinaria, Leptomeris, 333 separata, Schinia, 227 separatus, Hyloicus, 5 septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 300; Porosagrotis, Semiophora, The Sisyrosea, genus; inornata, textula, 366 sitellata, Nephelodes, 199 socia, Syneda, 259 socors, Caenurgia, 257 Solanaceae, 45 solanella, Phthorimasa, 425 Solenobia, genus, 360 solidaginis, Rancora, 209 Solidago, 101, 117, 126, 252, 418 Solidago Gall-moth, The, 425 solituda, Gaea, 381 Somites, in body of larvae, 6 somnus, Catocala, 263 sordida, Hyloicus, 4g; Phlyctaenodes, 39s sordidata, Hydriomena, 331 Hemileuca, 91 Southey, quoted, 77 sororius, stellata, Derrima, 2 24 stellidaria, Almodes, 354 Stenaspilates, genus; zalissaria, 351 Stenoma, genus; schlaegeri, 428 Sthenopis, genus; alni, argentata, argenteo- semiauratus, maculata, quadriguttatus, 443 Stibadium, genus; spumosum, 234 sticticalis, Phlyctaenodes, 39s stigma, Anisota, 94 stigmata, Dryobota, 171 stigmosa, Feltia, 186 stimulea, Sibine, 364 Stinging Caterpillars, 90; spines, 9 Stiria, genus; rugifrons, 234 stragula, Hyperasschra, 294 Strawberry-borer, The, 385 Strawberry Leaf -roller, 419 Strecker, Herman, 30, 52 Strenoloma, genus; lunilinea, 147, 276 Stretch, R. H., 32, 35 stretchi, Catocala, 263; Syneda, 260; Utjtheisa, 117 Stretchia, genus; muricina, 205 striata, Illice, 109 striatella, Euchalcia, 237 170; Calophasia, strigata, Euclea, Eucalyptera, 244; Rancora, 209 36r. strigataria, Phigalia, 347 Mamestra, 19s Pholus, 67 139; Calidota, 131; Apantesis, Melalopha. 293 strigularia, Ccenocalpe, 332 stygiaria, Azelina, 352 stylata, Cerapoda, 177 stylobata, Campometra, 276 Stylopoda, genus; cephalica, 229 spadix, Cissusa, 256 Span-worm; Goose-berry, 34; Walnut, 345 strigicollis, strigilis, strigosa, 474 Index Sparrows, English, 325 Spear-mark, The, 329 Specimens, capture of, sub.iuncta, killing, mounting, 19 speciosa, Apantesis, 131 speciosata, Hydriomena, 331 spectanda, Chloridea, 222 spectans, Apatela, 156 Spectre, The, 77 Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 364 sperataria, Lycia, 345 Spermacoce, 75 speyeri, Cucullia, 208 Sphacelodes, 354 genus; floridensis, vulneraria, Sphacelodinae, Subfamily, 354 Sphecodina, genus, 70; abbotti, 70 Sphida, genus; obliqua, obliquata, 211 Sphingidae, 12, 25, 30, 41 Sphinx, genus, 54; astarte, 55; cerisyi, 54; geminatus, jamaicensis, 55; ocellata, 54; ophthalmica, pallidulus, tus, saliceti, triparti- 55 Abbot's, 70; Abbot's Pine, 53; 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea, 68; Bear, 71; Big Poplar, 57; Blinded, 56; Bombyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy's, 54; Chersis, 50; Clark's Day-, 73; Colorado, 52; Cramer's, 59; Cypress, 48; Domingo, 59; Ello, 58; Euterpe, 74; Fig, 60; Fourhorned, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy, 67; Gaura, 72; Giant Gray, 57; Gordian, 51; Grote's, 61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 49; Hog, 68; Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 69; Laurel, 51; Lesser Vine, 67; Lettered, 71; Lintner's. 51; Lintner's Pine, 53; Madame Merian's, 58; Mourning, 61; Nessus, 72; Neumcegen's, 50; Obscure, 59; Occult, 45; CEnotrus, 59; Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine, 52; Pluto, 75 Rustic, 4s; Satellite, 65; Sequoia, 52; 60; Silver-spotted, Small-eyed, 56; Strecker's, 73; Striped Morning, 76; Tersa, 75; Tomato, 45; Twin-spot, 55; Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walnut, 75; WhiteWaved, 48; Western Poplar, 57; banded Day-, 62; Wild Cherry, 52; Yellow- Sphinx, Achemon, ; banded Day-, 73 spilomela, Caradrina, 16s Spinneret, 7 spinosae. Eupanychis, 226 spinuloides, Adoneta, 365 Spiraea, 237, 366 Euxoa, 189 "Splitters" and "Lumpers," 112 Sport, The, 152 Spots on wings of noctuid moth, 18 spraguei, Pygarctia, 136; Schinia, 228 Spragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus, plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252 spumosum, Stibadium, 234 spuraria, Leptomeris, 333 Spurs, tibial, 14, 15 sputatrix, Hadena, 168 spissa, squamigera, Almodes, 334 s-signata, Macaria, 339 subaequaria, Apaecasia, 342 subalbicans, Heterocampa, 257 subapicalis, Xylomiges, 197 subatomaria, Paraphia, 343 subcedens, Hadena, 167 subcinctaria, Macaria, 339 subcitrina, Megalopyge, 369 subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339 subdolens, Nephelodes, 199 subflava, Nonagria, 211 subgothica, Feltia, 186 subjecta, Illice, 109 subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397 475 Hadenella, 162; Mamastra, 193 sublunaria, Cleora, 344 submarina, Scotogramma, 198 subnata, Catocala, 266 subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398 subornata, Hypoprepia, 106 subpartita, Galgula, 247 subprivata, Plagodis, 349 subpunctata, Heliophila, 201 Subregions, Faunal, 387 subsequalis, Pyrausta, 398 subsignarius, Ennomos, 348 subsinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 substrigata, Noctua, 184 Subterminal line, 18 subusta, Atethmia, 220 subviridis, Catocala, 261 successaria, Cymatophora, 341; Hamatopsis, 332 Sudraka, quoted, 269 sueta, Melicleptria, 230 suffusa, Agrotis, 182; Mamestra, 192 Pantographa, 393 Sugar-beet Moth, The, 395 Sugar-cane, 403 Sugaring for moths, 146 sulphuraria, Alcis, 343 sulphurata, Sabulodes, 353 superans, Apatela, 156 superaria, Caberodes, 332 suppressaria, Eois, 335 surrectalis, Epizeuxis, 280 sutrix, Tornacontia, 250 Sweetheart, The, 263 Swift, quoted, 370 Swordgrass American, Dot and Dash, 208 Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254 sylvaticoides, Malacosoma, 313 Symmerista, genus; albifrons, 296 Sympherta, genus; tripunctaria, 342 Symphoricarpus, 62, 63 Sympistis, genus; proprius, 229 Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acerni, 386; suffusalis, ; asmula, albicornis, 387; aureola, 385; aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, bolli, brunneipennis, consimilis, eupatorii, 385; gallivorum, 387; hemizonae, 385; hospes, 387; hyperici, imitata, impropria, infirma, 385; inusitata, 386; kcebelei, 387; lupini, lustrans, madariae, 385; modesta, 387; 385; pictipes, 386; neglecta, perplexa, proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilans, 385; sexfasciata, scitula, tipuliformis, 387; washingtonia, 385 Synchlora, genus; liquoraria, tricoloraria, 336 259; Syneda, genus; adumbrata, alleni, athabasca, 260; capticola, divergens, 259; edwardsi, 260; graphica, 259; howlandi, hudsonica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi, 260 alabastaria, ennucleata, Synelys, genus; reconditaria, 333 Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, divergens, hochenwarthi, 240 synochitis, Eustrotia, 247 Syntomeida, genus; epilais, euterpe, ferox, ipomeas, 99 Syntomidae, 24, 31, 98 syracosia, ^Emilia, 137 Syringa, 382 syringas, Podosesia, 382 syringicola, Phlyctaenia, 397 Syssaura, genus; asquosus, biclaria, ephyrata, infensata, juniperaria, osmearia, olyzonaria, puber, sesquilinea, varus, 352 Syssphinx, genus, 96; albolineata, heiligbrodti, raspa, White-lined, 96 Index Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, laris, thesealis, Pyrausta, 397 thetis, Haemorrhagia, 64: Daritis, orciferalis, pupil- 282 tabacella, Phthorimaea, 425 tactus, Homopyralis, 256 tasdata, Pseudogkea, 216 talidiformis, Crambodes, 163 tantalus, Sesia, 42, 61, 62 thorates, Xylophanes, 75 Thorax, tapayusa, Cocytius, 44 tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434 Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216 Tarache, genus; apnea, binocula, delecta, erastrioides, flavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo- lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminimacula, virginalis, 251 tardigrada, Euclea, 365 Tarsius spectrum, 77 Tarsus, 14, 15 Taylor, J., quoted, 322 tearli, Bombycia, 304 Tecoma, 49, 401 tecomae. Salobrana, 401 tecta, Amyna, 242; Orthodes, 203 Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia, polyphemus, 87 telifera, Agrotis, teligera, 182 Mamestra, 195 telum, Apatela, 155 tenebrifera, Semiophora, 1S0 tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341 tenera, Pareuchaetes, 134 Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 445 tenuifascia, Illice, 109; Oncocnemis, 176 tenuimargo, Ptychoglene, no tenuis, Haemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256 tepida, Xylina, 207 tephra, Olene, 308 Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, absynthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata, minutata, notata, 328 teratophora, Jaspidia, 160 terlooi, Arctonotus, 71 Terminal lunules, 18 terminalis, Pygoctenucha, in Utetheisa, 117 terminimacula, Tarache, 251 ; terraria, Almodes, 354 terrella, Phthorimaea, 425 terriflca, Setagrotis, 181 tersa, Xylophanes, 75 tertia, Schinia, 228 tertialis, Phlyctasnia, 397 tessellaris, Halisidota, 137 tessellata, Euxoa, 189 testacea, Tortricidia, 368 Tetanolita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284 Tetracis, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocallata, 289 Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358 Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390 thoracica, Malacosoma, 313 thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313 T Thyridopteryx, Thalpochares, genus; aetheria, 249 thaxteri, Xylina, 207 thecata, Himella, 204 theodori, Polia, 171 Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251 Therina, genus, 347; asqualiaria, athasiaria, bibularia, 348; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria, fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria, pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, semmudata, siccaria, 348 genus; Dosylo- coniferarum, ephe- lneraeformis, 361 Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata, Mournful, nevadae, perspicua, sepulchraiis, Spotted, 374 Thysania, genus; zenobia, 279 thysbe, Hasmorrhagia, 62 Tibia, 14, is Tiger, 78 Tiger-moths, 115; Aulaean, 124; Banded, 132-, Bean's, 126; Blake's, 131; Bruce's, 126; Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, 134; Intermediate, 129; Isabella, 125; Labrador, Little Virgin, 131; Many-spotted, 121; Mexican, 131; Nevada, 131; Ornate, 130, Phyllira, 132; Ranchman's, 128; Rubv, St. 126; Small, 134; Lawrence, 128; Straight-lined, 129; Virgin, 129; Virginian, Vestal, 127; Williams', 132; Yarrow's, 127; Zuni, 124 triangulatum, Eustroma, 329 triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234 241 tigris, Diastema, Tilia, 300 tiliaria, Erannis, 347 timais, Xanthopastis, 231 tinctaria, Cleora, 344 Tinea, genus; dubiella, flavescentella, griseella, merdella, pellionella, 433 Tineidas, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, 430 Tineola, genus; biselliella, bisselliella, crinella destructor, lanariella, 432 tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 385 titan, Sesia, 62 Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396 titea, Phigalia, 347 titearia, Phigalia, 347 titubatis, Euxoa, 189 togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214 Tolype, genus; velleda, 312 Topsell, "Historie of Serpents," quoted, 114; "Historie of Four-footed Beasts," 353 tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366 tetragonalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367 tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 57 Harrisina, texana, Comacla, 107; 372; Horama, too; Parora, 255; Remigia, 274 textor, Hyphantria, 124 textula, Sisyrosea, 366 thalialis, Noctuelia, 399 14, 18 thoreaui, Schinia, 228 thraxalis, Renia, 283 Thyatiridas, Family, 25, 34, 303 thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; phia, 296 Thyreion, genus; rosea, 222 Thyrididae, Family, 24, 35, 374 quoted, 357 toreuta, Bomolocha, 286 Tornacontia, genus; sutrix, 250 torrefacta, Apatelodes, 292 Tortricidaa, Family, 2^, 25, 37, 417 Tortricidia. genus; caesonia, flexuosa, testacea, 368 Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423 tortuosa, Hyperasschra, 294" Tosale, genus; anthcecioides, nobilis, oviplagalis, 402 Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273 trabalis, Yuma, 407 trabea, Polychrysia, 236 Trachea, genus; delicata, 172 Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209 tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173 Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276 tranquila, Zotheca, 219 transducens, Abbotana, 353 476 Index transfe:ei,s, Abbotana, 353 trans/indens, Sabulodes, 353 transfrons, Hadena, 166 translucida, Hemihyalea, 13S transmontana, Arctia, 134 transmutans, Sabulodes, 353 transposita, Sabulodes, 353 transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, 333 Transverse, anterior line, 18; posterior line, 18 trentonalis, Herculia, 401 Trichoclea, genus; antica, igg Trichocosmia, genus; inornata, 220 Tricholita, genus; semiaperta, signata, 205 lYichophaga, genus; tapetzella, 434 frichopolia, genus; serrata, iqo Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupes, 226Trichotarache, genus; assimilis, 246 tricinctus, Memythrus, 382 Cerathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93; tricolor, Hypoprepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133 tricoloraria, Synchlora, 336 trifariana, Spragueia, 252 trifascia, Schinia, trifolii, 227 Mamestra, 193 trigona, Bertholdia, 140 Trigonophora, genus; periculosa, neum, 215 triguttaria, Heterophleps, 327 v-brun- Metanema, 351; Platea, 343 tnlineata, Gluphisia, 300 trimaculata, Alypiodes, 145; Euerythra, 120 trinotata, Celama, 357 Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 223 tripars, Porosagrotis, 187 trilinearia, tripartita, Dasylophia, tripartitus, Sphinx, 55 296 Triphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata, progressata, 331 triplipunctaria, Paraphia, 343 Triprocris, genus, 371; constans, latercula, 372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372 Tripsacum dactyloides, 405 Tripudia, genus; opipara, 250 tripunctaria, Sympherta, 342 triquetrana, Celama, 357 trisectus, Crambus, 403 tristis, Catocala, 262 Tristyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220 triuinphalis, Phlyctasnodes, 39s Trochanter, 14, 15 truncataria, Epelis, 337 truncatula, Fruva, 252 truxaliata, Sabulodes, 353 Tubercles, larval, 8 Tuerta, genus; noctuiformis, sabulosa, 143 tumida, Pseudanthoecia, 228 tunicana, Epagoge, 421 turbans, Apantesis, 131 turbatellus, Crambus, 402 turbida, Heterocampa, 297 turbitella, Zophodia, 411 turbulenta, Hadena. 167 Turkeys, Shooting wild, 148 turris, Euxoa, 190 Turuptiana, genus; caeca, permaculata, reducta, 121 Typha latifolia, 211 typhon, Pholus, 65 typica, Pronoctua, 185 tyralis, Pyrausta, 398 ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Heterocampa, 297 Ulolonche, genus; modesta, 198 Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257 ultronia, Catocala, 265 umbellana, Depressaria, 428 umbellella, Depressaria, 428 umbra, Pyrrhia, 214 umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297 umbrifascia, Hyamia, 254 uncanaria, Platea, 342 260; Underwings, The, Agrippina, 260; Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American Copper, 173; Andromache, 267; Angus', 262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga, 263; Badia, 267; Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California, 263; Carrie's, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra, 263; Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected, 261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione, 260; Evelina, Faintly Green, 261; Faustina, 264; Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262; Graceful, 269; Grote's, 264; Hawthorn, 268; Hermia, 264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 265; Inconsolable, Judith, 262; Little, 269; Luciana, 263; Magdalen, 267; Marbled, 263; Meske's, 264; Mopsa, 265; Mother, 264; Mourning, Obscure, 262; Old-Maid, 268; Oldwife, 266; Olivia, 269; Once-married, 264; Paulina, 261; Phalanga, 266; Pure, 264; Robinson's, 262; Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet, 265; Serene, 267; Sleepy, Stretch's, 263; Tearful, Ultronia, Verrill's, 261; 265 Wayward, 267; Widow, Widowed 261 Whitney's, 268; Yellow-banded, 266; Yellow-gray, 262; Youthful, 266 undatifascia, Pachylia, 60 undifera, Prolimacodes, 367 undosus, Cossus, 377 undularis, Ypsia, 278 undulata, Hydria, 329 undulosa, Ceratomia, 4S ; Ungues, 14, 15 unica, Gonodonta, 236 Eudule, unicolor, 327; Misogada 297; Noctua, 184 unicornis, Schizura, 298 unifascia, Illice, 109 unifascialis, Pyrausta, 397 uniformis, Crambidia, 104; Haematomis, 107; Haemorrhagia, 63 uniiuga, Catocala, 264 unilineata, Homoptera, 278 unimacula, Pyrausta, 398 unimoda, Xylina, 207 unio, Euthisanotia, 232 unipuncta, Heliophila, 200; Leucania, 17s; Paraphia, 343 unipunctata, Paraphia, 343 Abrostola, urentis, 240 uroceriformis, Sannina, 382 ursina, Lathosea, 209 Utahensis, Arctia, 134 Utethcisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia ornatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117 uxor, Catocala, 265 V vaccinii, Autographa, 239 vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421 Vaccinium, 36 vagans, Diacrisia, 128 valens, Ulosyneda, 257 Valeria, genus; opina, 172 vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 50 vanella, Pseudotamila, 229 u u-brevis, Autographa, 238 Ufeus, genus; barometricus, phcatus, satyncus, 191 477 Index varadaria, Caberodes, 352 Pseudorthosia, 216 variana, Tapinostola, 216 variolana, Alceris, 421 viridoperlata, Metrocampa, 348 viridula, Zotheca, 219 Vitaceae, 61, 65, 70 vitis, Pholus, 67 vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, vivida, Pygarctia, 136 variolaria, Deilinea, 338 volubilis, varus, Syssaura, 352 vashti, Hyloicus, 50 vau, Melalopha, 293 volupia, Rhododipsa, 225 voluta, Adoneta, 365 vomerina, Morrisonia, 196 votiva, Pygoctenucha, in v-signatana, Archips, 422 vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354 vulnifica, Bellura, 211 vultuosa, Hadena, 168 varia, Automeris, Oligia, 1 65 89; Heterocampa, 297; variabilis, v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215 vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165 vega, Pogocolon, 73 vegeta, Cissusa, 256 velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, velleda, Tolype, 312 velleripennis, Euxoa, 188 vellifera, 178 Feltia, 106 186 w Bomolocha, 286 Comma, 203; Dark-winged, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201; Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201 of wings, 16 venerabilis, Feltia, 186 Venation Wainscot; False, venezuelensis, Pachylia, 60 venosa, Ctenucha, 101 Marasmalus, 242 venus, Hyparpax, 299 Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptaria, condensata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, inclinataria, perlineata, 328 venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 299 verbascoides, Hadena, 169 Verbena, 163 vermiculata, Gnophaela, 290 vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Paleacrita, 324 verrilliana, Catocala, 265 verruca, Autographa, 238 versicolor, Darapsa, 69 versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245 verticalis, Euxoa, 189 vesca, Galgula, 247 Vespamima, genus; pinorum, sequoia, 384 vespiformis, ^geria, 3S3 vesta, Philosamia, 82 vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 337 vestalis, Haploa, 118; Maenas, 127 vestitaria, Ania, 349 vesulia, Oxydia, 352 vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis, 187 viatica, Glaea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337 Viburnum, 62, 63 vicaria, Noctua, 184 vicariana, Archips, 422 vicina, Mamestra, 195 victoria, Toxocampa, 273 videns, Platysenta, 163 vidua, Catocala, 261 viduata, Catocala, 261 vinculum, Phurys, 275 vinela, Hadena, 170 vinnula, Apatela, 156 vinesaria, Euchlaena, 350 violacea, Hadena, 167 violans, Nephelodes, 199 viralis, Hadena, 168 virescens, Chloridea, 222 virgata, Ianassa, 298 virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251 virginaria, Epimecis, 344 virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127 virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95 virgo, Apantesis, 129 virguncula, Apantesis, 131 viridans, Homoptera, 278 viridescens, Psaphidia, 177 viridiclava, Euclea, 365 viridis, Euclea, 365 viridisignata, Autographa, 239 wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423 Walker, Francis, 27, 30 walkeri, Philosamia, 82; Scopelosoma, 218 Walking as a Fine Art, 270 Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408 Walnut Span-worm, The, 345 Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430 ventilator, Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38 walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102 Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374 washingtonia, Synanthedon, 385 washingtoniana, Xylina, 207 Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards', 100; Lesser, 99; Polka-dot, 99; Scarletbodied, 98: Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99 Web-worm, The Parsnip, 428 Westwood, J. O., 35, 370, 428 whitneyi, Catocala, 268 Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320 Wife, The, 265 williamsi, Apantesis, wilsoni, Ciris, 233 132 Wings, structure of, p. 15 wiskotti, Arctia, 134 Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144 Wood, Rev. J. G., qu6ted, 360 woodi, Homoptera, 278 Woodling, Grieving Brown, Fletcher's Hardened, Oregon, Simple, 197 Beautiful, Wood-nympn, Woolly Beautiful, Pearly, 232 bears, 115, 125 Wordsworth, quoted, 415 worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187 wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, 101 X Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214 xanthioides, Perigea, 1 65 xanthometata, Mellilla, 338 Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231 nigrofimbria, 248; genus; Xanthoptera, semiflava, 249 Xanthothrix, genus; neumcegeni, 231 Xanthotype, genus; caslaria, citrina, crocataria, 349 xiphiaeformis, Sanninoidea, 384 Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207; cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, laticinerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida, thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana, 207 xylina, Alabama, 243 xylinoides, Hyppa, 171 Xylomiges, genus; cognata, 478 crucialis, dolosa indurata, perlubens patalis, pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197 fletcheri, Index 75: bcerhavhe, Xylophanes, genus, thorates, 75 eson, pluto, tersa, 26, 428 Xylorictidae, Family, crcesus Zale, genus; horrida, 277 zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 3Si laevigata, genus; Zanclognatha, H+ralis "turahs- , Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127 H P y fnv erk 9 cTchMion, 367; Prodoxus. 439 ordinatellus, wapunctella, orbimaculella, karusa, 423 _ ., , 26 Yponomeutidse, Family, 278 Ypsia, genus; undulans, Q ,, C Yu ma! el P g enu s; a adui atalis, trabalis, 407 281 49 . gS ^"ScS. decipiens, hilans aSK^SS^a^ 38. 423 182 ypsilon, Agrotis, 14.Q, Vrias eenus; chentis, repentis, 277 Yucca 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, whipplei, 440. 442 Yucca-moth, 441 minimalis, ochreipenms, protumnusahs, Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 41 5 zelatella, Mineola, Zeller, P. C, 37 zelleri, Automens, 89 zenobia, Thysania, 279 zeae, angustalis, recurvalis, 392 diffascialis, fascialis, Homopyrahs, 256 _Wt .ii- 4" . turbitella, Zophodia, genus; grossulans, 203 genus; hirtipes, Zosteroooda. 1 vmdula tranquila, sambuci, Zotheca ; genus; 219 zuni, Arachnis, 124 233. 37 Zygaenidae, Family. 25, 35. zonata, 442, . , Yiq THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS GARDEN CITY, N. Y. DOS^ILJil'MM QL 549 H76 1915 c.l 1 Holland, W.J. The moth book o3 3 I9P