An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary Academic editor

Siegfried Wu

All records of the 23 scleractinian species known to occur off Chile are reviewed, including the first records of seven for this coastline. Two species are described as new: Caryophyllia huinayensis and Tethocyathus endesa. Additional specimens of 15 of the 23 species are reported. All Chilean species are azooxanthellate, some occurring as deep as 4195 m; only six species occur at SCUBA depth. Three species are reported for the Juan Fernández Islands. The Chilean scleractinian fauna is considered to be depauperate, consisting of only 3% of the known azooxanthellate species

The genus Adelogorgia is distinguished from other holaxonians in having conspicuously ornamented double-disc sclerites and leaf clubs in the coenenchyme, and non-mineralised axis cores. The two eastern Pacific species currently recognised as Adelogorgia are diagnosed and illustrated. Three new species for the genus are described from new localities and depth ranges. Analysis of external and internal characters, especially sclerite colours and sizes, and colony colour, shape and branching, allows separating the species. An identification key to the five species is provided, as well as a character table for comparisons. This study was based on newly collected specimens from 50 to 200 m deep, and re-examination of all historical material. We conclude that the genus comprises five valid species with a wider distribution than previously reported. This research is a contribution to the octocoral systematics and biodiversity from mesophotic and deep waters.

A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... doi: 10.3897/zookeys.227.3612 ReSeARCh ARtICle www.zookeys.org 1 Launched to accelerate biodiversity research An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary Stephen D. Cairns1, Marcelo V. Kitahara2 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA 2 Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11600-000, Brazil Corresponding author: Stephen D. Cairns (cairnss@si.edu) Academic editor: Bert W. Hoeksema | Received 30 July 2012 | Accepted 13 September 2012 | Published 5 October 2012 Citation: Cairns SD, Kitahara MV (2012) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary. ZooKeys 227: 1–47. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.227.3612 Abstract he 120 presently recognized genera and seven subgenera of the azooxanthellate Scleractinia are keyed using gross morphological characters of the corallum. All genera are illustrated with calicular and side views of coralla. All termes used in the key are deined in an illustrated glossary. A table of all species-level keys, both comprehensive and faunistic, is provided covering the last 40 years. Keywords Azooxanthellate, Illustrated Key, Genera, Glossary, Scleractinia Introduction he ready identiication of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (determined herein by depth of occurrence and previously published observations) to the genus and species levels has been hampered by a lack of a comprehensive key to the genera as well as a lack of species level keys. For instance, the last comprehensive set of keys to the genera was published by Vaughan and Wells (1943) almost 70 years ago, and relied in part on microstructural characters that were both hard to observe (requiring thin sectioning) and interpret. Copyright S.D. Cairns, M.V. Kitahara. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Since then the number of Recent azooxanthellate genera and species has almost doubled, and new observations on apozooxanthellate species (species that have facultative symbiosis with zooxanthellae) are also available. Furthermore, what keys exist to the species level of various taxa or geographic regions are scattered throughout the literature and of variable quality (Table 1). In this Table, tabular keys are included, as they provide as much if not more information than a conventional dichotomous key. As result of the application of molecular data (e.g. Fukami et al. 2008, Kitahara et al. 2010a, Huang et al. 2011, Stolarski et al. 2011, Arrigoni et al. 2012), the higher taxonomic ranks of the order Scleractinia were shown to be polyphyletic. As such, a key to this taxonomic rank seems premature. hus, it is the purpose of this paper to provide a single, comprehensive, illustrated key to the presently recognized 120 azooxanthellate scleractinian genera and 7 additional subgenera. We constructed the key using gross morphological characteristics of the corallum, which, when used in conjunction with the glossary and illustrations, we hope will provide a guide to the proper genus identiication. But one must keep in mind that this key, as most, will not necessarily supply a deinitive identiication of the genus, as its use depends on the interpretation of the characters as well as the variation of that character state. We have used many of the dichotomies published by Vaughan and Wells (1943), but avoided the microstructural characters, and updated the taxa. Whereas microstructure is undoubtedly a valuable set of characters to deine genera, in most cases it is not necessary to identify the genera. Among the 120 extant azooxanthellate scleractinian genera, 74 are illustrated with its type species (~61%). Within the remaining 46 genera, 20 (~16,6%) have an extinct species as type, represented by a fossil coral. For them and the remaining 26 genera, the illustrated species present very well the most important morphological characters of their respective genus. table 1. Previously published keys to azooxanthellate taxa, divided as comprehensive keys to all taxa with in a monophyletic taxon, and partial (faunistic) keys of species. Taxa listed alphabetically by taxon name. Tabular keys (T) are included. Comprehensive keys Anthemiphyllia, species (T) Cairns (1999: 290) Asterosmilia, species (T) Cairns and Wells (1987: 38) Aulocyathus, species Cairns (1999: 104) Caryophyllia, species (T) Cairns (1991: 12) Caryophyllia, species Kitahara et al. (2010b: 112) Conocyathus, species Cairns (2004a: 290) Crispatotrochus, species Kitahara and Cairns (2008: 62) Deltocyathus, species Kitahara and Cairns (2009: 236) Dendrophylliidae, genera (T) Cairns (2001: 5) Flabellidae, genera (T) Zibrowius (1974: 26); Cairns (1989: 45) Guyniidae, genera (T) Cairns (1989: 41); Stolarski (2000: 23) Javania, species Cairns (2004b: 10) Micrabaciidae, genera Cairns (1989: 13) Placotrochides, species Cairns (2004a: 307) Scleractinia, families and genera Vaughan and Wells (1943) An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 3 Comprehensive keys Stephanophyllia, species Cairns (1989: 21) Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus), species (T) Cairns (1999: 85) Cairns (1988a: 711; 1989: 25; 1997: 5 [T]); Turbinoliidae, genera Filkorn (1994: 44) Faunistic keys Astrangia, E. Paciic Durham and Barnard (1952: 60) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Antarctica Cairns (1990: 18 [book]) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, E. Gulf of Mexico Cairns (1977a: 5) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, New Zealand Squires and Keyes (1967: 13); Tracey et al. (2012) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, NE Paciic Cairns (1994: 13) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, NW Paciic Cairns (1994: 75) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, S. Australia Cairns and Parker (1992: 4) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Cold Temp. NE Atl. Cairns (1981:3) Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Brazil Kitahara (2007: 510) Balanophyllia, W. Atlantic Cairns (1977b: 133) Balanophyllia, Japan Ogawa et al. (1998: 145 [in Japanese]) Balanophyllia, W. Atlantic (T) Cairns (2000: 163) Caryophyllia, New Zealand Cairns (1995: 43) Caryophyllia, W. Atlantic Cairns (1979: 46) Caryophyllia, W. Paciic Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 87, 96) Caryophyllia and Premocyathus, Japan Ogawa et al. (1999: 115 [in Japanese]) Conotrochus and Trochocyathus, Japan Ogawa et al. (2003: 57 [in Japanese]) Culicia, Australia Cairns (2004a: 274) Deltocyathus, W. Atlantic Cairns (1979: 91) Deltocyathus, W. Paciic Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 121) Dendrophyllia, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (1995: 25 [in Japanese]) Flabellum, New Zealand Cairns (1995: 96) Flabellum, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (2005: 56 [in Japanese]) Fungiacyathus, W. Paciic (T) Cairns (1989: 6, 7; 1999: 55) Fungiacyathus, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (2004: 11 [in Japanese]) Heterocyathus, W. Paciic Hoeksema and Best (1991: 222) Heterocyathus, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (2008: 248 [in Japanese]) Heteropsammia, W. Paciic Hoeksema and Best (1991: 222) Heteropsammia, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (2008: 248 [in Japanese]) Madracis, W. Atlantic Wells (1973: 19) Paracyathus and Polycyathus, Japan Ogawa et al. (2000: 55 [in Japanese]) Trochocyathus, W. Paciic Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 105) Truncatolabellum, W, Paciic Cairns (1989a: 62) Truncatolabellum, SW Indian Ocean Cairns and Keller (1993: 264) Truncatolabellum, Australia (T) Cairns (1998: 397) Truncatolabellum, Japan Ogawa (2006: 13 [in Japanese]) Tubastraea, Red Sea Scheer and Pillai (1983: 173) Tubastraea, Galapagos Cairns (1991: 27) Tubastraea, Japan Ogawa and Takahashi (1993: 97 [in Japanese]) Turbinoliidae, Japan Ogawa et al. (2002: 27 [in Japanese]) 4 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Methods Some genera are keyed two or even three times because of the variation within those genera regarding the characters used in the key. In theory, all variations of that genus will be correctly keyed. Although most couplets are dichotomous, some are polychotomous, such as the columella or colony shape, which allows the reader to clearly see the multiple states of a particular character. Although it would be desirable to follow the generic key with keys to all of the approximately 720 azooxanthellate species, it is a simple fact that not many species level keys have been published. hose that have been published in the last 35 years are listed in Table 1, separated as to whether they are keys to all of the taxa within a monophyletic taxon (comprehensive) or to a more limited fauna of a region (faunistic). Keys made before 1970 were found to be, in general, not up to date and are thus not included. It should be noted that fully one-third of the genera (40) are monotypic, and thus do not require a key following a correct genus identiication, and another 22 genera have but two species. Finally, although they do not include keys, the treatises of Wells (1956) and Chevalier and Beauvais (1987) include diagnoses of all genera, including those represented only by extinct species, and thus provide a rich source of taxonomic information. Other sources of useful taxonomic information include a list of all extant Recent scleractinian species as of 1999 (Cairns et al. 1999), which also includes a rough indication of their geographic range. he azooxanthellate component of this list is kept up to date as an on-line resource (www.lophelia.org/online-appendices), which now includes junior synonyms and depth ranges of the species, and authors of the genera. A list of the 120 azooxanthellate genera, their authorship, and bathymetric ranges was also published in Roberts et al. (2009: Table 2.7) Geographic ranges within brackets in the key are not meant to be considered as distinguishing characters, but simply informational, which may nonetheless hint at an incorrect identiication. Abbreviations: Ant. = Antarctic or Subantarctic, Atl. = Atlantic, IP = Indo Paciic, IWP = Indo-West Paciic, Pac. = Paciic, SubAnt = Subantarctic; Cosmopolitan implies occurrence in all three oceans as well as Subantarctic and/or Antarctic. Museums and Institutions acronyms: AM = Australian Museum (Sydney); AU = Auckland University Museum (Auckland); CSIRO = Commonwealth Scientiic and Industrial Research Organisation (Hobart); JCU = James Cook University (Townsville); MNHN = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris); SBMNH = Santa Barbara Natural History Museum (Santa Barbara); SIO = Scripps Institute of Oceanography (San Diego); NZOI = New Zealand Oceanographic Institution (now the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) (Wellington); USNM = United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian) (Washington, D.C.); YPM = Yale Peabody Museum (New Heaven). Useful sources for more information about deinitions of terms used in the glossary include: Wells (1956), and Cairns (1981, 1989, 1994). An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 5 Key to the Genera and Subgenera of the Recent Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (An asterisk indicates genera that have azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate representatives) 1a 1b 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5a 5b 6a 6b 7a 7b 8a 8b 9a 9b 10a 10b 11a 11b 12a Corallum colonial .......................................................................................2 Corallum solitary ......................................................................................43 Corallum free of attachment (recumbent, usually curved with a broken or open base, or globular)................................................................................3 Corallum irmly attached (arborescent, bushy, encrusting, or reptoid) ........5 Corallum recumbent (composed of a large primary corallite from which smaller buds originate); no sipunculid commensalism.................................4 Corallum globular; pores in lateral base of colony associated with commensal sipunculid ................[IWP] Heteropsammia* (in part) Plate 1, Figures A–B Corallum not porous (solid); septa arranged normally .................................. ................................................ [Atl. + IP] Anomocora Plate 1, Figures C–D Corallum, especially septa porous; septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan ........... ...................................... [Atl. + IWP] Eguchipsammia Plate 1, Figures E–F Corallum arborescent or bushy ...................................................................6 Corallum encrusting or reptoid.................................................................27 Branching intratentacular ...........................................................................7 Branching extratentacular ...........................................................................9 Equal distomadeal budding ........................................................................8 Unequal monostomaeous budding ............................................................... ........................................... [Cosmopolitan] Lophelia Plate 1, Figures G–H Texture of corallum rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca; septa arranged in a weak Pourtalès Plan ........................................................ ..............................................[W. Pac.] Dichopsammia Plate 1, Figures I–J Texture of corallum smooth or costate, solid; septa arranged normally ......... ....................................... Cosmopolitan] Solenosmilia Plate 1, Figures K–L Septal symmetry decameral or octameral, septa in only one cycle; columella styliform .......................[Atl. + IP] Madracis* (in part) Plate 2, Figures A–B Septal symmetry hexameral, septa arranged in multiple cycles; columella papillose, fascicular or absent ..........................................................................10 Texture of theca and septa rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca .........................................................................................................11 Texture of theca smooth, granular, or ridged (solid) .................................14 Septa arranged in a Pourtalès plan ............................................................12 Septa arranged normally ...........................................................................13 Corallum small (bushy), most corallites budding from a common basal coenosteum or from the edge zone of corallites that originate from the basal coenosteum..................... [Atl. + Pac.] Cladopsammia Plate 2, Figures C–D 6 12b 13a 13b 14a 14b 15a 15b 16a 16b 17a 17b 18a 18b 19a 19b 20a 20b 21a 21b 22a 22b 23a 23b 24a 24b 25a 25b Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Corallum large (bushy to arborescent), with multiple successive generations of budding forming an erect colony .............................................................. ............................................ [Atl. + IP] Dendrophyllia Plate 2, Figures E–F Corallum porosity only apparent near calicular edge; found in deep-water: 110-2165 m..................[Atl. + IWP] Enallopsammia Plate 2, Figures G–H Corallum porosity uniform: shallow-water: 0-110 m .................................... ..................................... [Atl. + IP] Tubastraea (in part) Plate 2, Figures I–J Columella absent ......................................................................................15 Columella present (papillose, trabecular or fascicular) ...............................16 Corallum large (arborescent), with numerous budding cycles, adjacent corallites often linked with hollow, tubular coenosteal bridges; tabular endothecal dissepiments common ... [I–P + Subant.] Goniocorella Plate 2, Figures K–L Corallum a small bush, corallites originating from a common basal coenosteum or from the sides of other corallites and from relatively few budding cycles; endothecal dissepiments not prominent ............................................. ..............[E. Atl. + New Zealand] Hoplangia (in part) Plate 5, Figures L–M Columella fascicular..................................................................................17 Columella papillose or trabecular ..............................................................18 Pali before septa of third cycle (P3) .............................................................. ............................................. [N. Atl.] Pourtalosmilia Plate 3, Figures A–B Pali absent ............................ [W. Pac.] Conluphyllia Plate 3, Figures C–D Columella trabecular, composed of slender ( lattened laths); corallum never with more than 4 generations of budding ..................................................... ....................................... [Atl. + W. Pac.] Coenosmilia Plate 3, Figures E–F Columella papillose (composed of rods); corallum composed of many generations of budding ...................................................................................19 Axial septal edges dentate ......[W. Pac.] Sympodangia Plate 3, Figures G–H Axial septal edges smooth..........................................................................20 Pali absent ........... [Cosmopolitan] Madrepora (in part) Plate 3, Figures I–J Pali present ...............................................................................................21 Pali arranged in multiple crowns before septa of all but last cycle; axial edge of septa minutely dentate ..........................................................................22 Pali arranged in two crowns before S2 and S3 or S1-3; axial edges of septa smooth .....................................................................................................24 Coenosteum costate .................[Atl. + Pac.] Cladocora Plate 3, Figures K–L Coenosteum not costate............................................................................23 Axial corallite associated with each branch .................................................... ............................................... [SW Pac.] Petrophyllia Plate 4, Figures A–B Axial corallites absent ................[Atl. + Pac.] Oculina* Plate 4, Figures C–D P1-3 arranged in two palar crowns ..... [IWP] Cyathelia Plate 4, Figures E–F One palar crown of P2 or P3 ....................................................................25 Only P2 present........................................................................................26 Only P3 present ............ [SW Atl. + E. Pac.] Bathelia Plate 4, Figures G–H An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 26a 26b 27a 27b 28a 28b 29a 29b 30a 30b 31a 31b 32a 32b 33a 33b 34a 34b 35a 35b 36a 36b 37a 37b 38a 38b 7 Columella massive ..........................[SE Atl.] Sclerhelia Plate 4, Figures I–J Columella rudimentary ................................................................................. .......................... [Cosmopolitan] Madrepora (in part) Plate 4, Figures K–L Septal symmetry decameral or octameral, septa in only one cycle; columella styliform .......................[Atl. + IP] Madracis* (in part) Plate 5, Figures A–B Septal symmetry hexameral, septa arranged in multiple cycles; columella papillose, fascicular, spongy, lamellar or absent...............................................28 Texture of corallum rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca ...29 Texture of corallum smooth or costate, solid ............................................31 Corallum increases by stoloniferous budding (reptoid), the connection among corallites often obscured, thus sometimes appearing to be solitary; Pourtalès Plan present .. [W. Atl. + IP] Rhizopsammia Plate 5, Figures C–D Corallum increases by budding from a common basal coenosteum, the connection among polyps quite evident; septa normally inserted ....................30 Columella massive; epitheca surrounds each corallite .................................... ........................................................ [E. Atl.] Astroides Plate 5, Figures E–F Columella of moderate to small size; epitheca lacking ................................... ..................................[Atl. + IP] Tubastraea (in part) Plate 5, Figures G–H Columella absent ......................................................................................32 Columella present .....................................................................................33 Corallites united by thin basal stolons (reptoid) ............................................ .......................................[Atl. + IWP] halamophyllia Plate 5, Figures I–K Corallites bud from a common basal coenosteum ......................................... ..............[E. Atl. + New Zealand] Hoplangia (in part) Plate 5, Figures L–M Axial edges of some or all cycles of septa inely dentate or beaded ................. ......................................................................................... (Rhizangiidae) 34 Axial edges of all septa smooth ..................................................................38 hin epitheca encircles corallites; axial edges of S1-2 smooth, sometimes lobate (but inner edges of S3-4 dentate).......................................................35 Epitheca absent; axial edges of all septa dentate.........................................36 Corallite base polycyclic; one crown of large P3 ............................................ ...................................................[Atl.+ Pac.] Colangia Plate 6, Figures A–B Corallite base monocyclic; pali, if present, of uniform size ............................ ................................................................ [IP] Culicia Plate 6, Figures C–D Corallite base polycyclic; pali absent ...... [IP] Oulangia Plate 6, Figures E–F Corallite base monocyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle.................37 Corallum stoloniferous (reptoid) or cerioid; peritheca absent ........................ .................................................[Atl. + IP] Astrangia* Plate 6, Figures G–H Corallum massive (subramose); peritheca unite corallites .............................. ........................................................[Indian] Cladangia Plate 6, Figures I–J Pali or paliform lobes on axial edges of septal of all but last cycle ..............39 Pali or paliform lobes present only on septa of penultimate cycle (usually P3)............................................................................................................41 8 39a 39b 40a 40b 41a 41b 42a 42b 43a 43b 44a 44b 44c 44d 45a 45b 45c 45d 46a 46b 47a 47b 48a 48b 49a 49b 50a 50b Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Corallum stoloniferous (reptoid)....[IWP] Rhizosmilia Plate 6, Figures K–L Corallites bud from a common basal coenosteum .....................................40 Corallites monocyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle, and all of approximately the same size ............... [IWP] Polycyathus Plate 7, Figures A–B Corallites polycyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle, those of P3 crown much larger than others ...... [W. Atl.] Phacelocyathus Plate 7, Figures C–D Columella fascicular..................................................................................42 Columella trabecular.................. [Atl. + IP] Phyllangia Plate 7, Figures E–F Occurrence of pali variable: usually P4, occasionally also P3, occasionally absent ..................................... [E. Pac.] Bathycyathus Plate 7, Figures G–H Pali in one crown before septa of third cycle (P3) ......................................... ............................................ [Atl. + Pac.] Coenocyathus Plate 7, Figures I–J Corallum irmly attached (ixed) ...............................................................44 Corallum unattached (free) .......................................................................67 heca granular, the granules usually occurring on longitudinally oriented costae .................................................................................................... 45 heca smooth (epithecate or stereome-reinforced), sometimes with ine transverse ridges encircling the theca .........................................................53 heca and septa porous, although in some genera a smooth epitheca may cover the basal portion of the corallum .....................................................61 heca absent (corallum discoidal) .....[E. Pac.] Nomlandia Plate 7, Figure K Columella papillose ..................................................................................46 Columella fascicular..................................................................................51 Columella absent ......................................................................................52 Columella labyrinthiform... [Atl. + IP] Labyrinthocyathus Plate 8, Figures A–B Pali or paliform lobes absent; base polycyclic ................................................ ................................... [W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Oxysmilia Plate 8, Figures C–D Pali or paliform lobes present; base monocyclic ........................................47 Coralla usually arranged in pseudocolonial assemblages ................................ .......................................[W. Pac.] Lochmaeotrochus Plate 8, Figures G–H Coralla discrete .........................................................................................48 Pali before S1-2 (P1, P2), indistinguishable from columellar elements .......... ..............................[W. Atl. + IWP] Monohedotrochus Plate 8, Figures E–F Pali before septa of all but last cycle; palar crowns discrete ........................49 Multiple slender paliform lobes on axial edge of every lower cycle septum, not arranged in crowns.................... [Atl. + IP] Paracyathus Plate 8, Figures I–J Two crowns of discrete pali or paliform lobes (P1+P2 and P3), only one palus or paliform lobe per septum ......................................................................50 True pali present, the P1-2 smaller than P3 but not signiicantly .................. ...[Atl. + IP] Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) (in part) Plate 8, Figures K–L Paliform lobes present, the P1-2 much smaller than the broad P3 ................ ................................. [W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Vaughanella Plate 9, Figures A–B An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 51a 51b 52a 52b 53a 53b 54a 54b 55a 55b 56a 56b 57a 57b 57c 58a 58b 59a 59b 59c 60a 60b 61a 9 Pali before septa of penultimate cycle............................................................ [Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) (in part) Plate 9, Figures C–D Pali absent ................ [Cosmopolitan] Crispatotrochus Plate 9, Figures E–F Corallum base monocentric; epitheca lacking; calice elliptical in outline; menianes lacking ........... [Cosmopolitan] Desmophyllum Plate 9, Figures G–H Corallum polycentric; transverse epithecal bands near corallum base; calicular outline modiied by calicular extensions; menianes on septal faces ........... ...............................................[W. Pac.] Dactylotrochus Plate 9, Figures I–J Columella absent or simply a rudimentary fusion of lower axial edges of major septa deep in fossa ...............................................................................54 Columella present (papillose, fascicular or labyrinthiform) .......................57 Pedicel reinforced (thickened) with stereome deposits .................................. ..............................................[Cosmopolitan] Javania Plate 9, Figures K–L Pedicel reinforced with hollow rootlets, most easily seen in cross section of base or pedicel, or in a damaged corallum .................................................55 Rootlets non-contiguous with pedicel, 2-20 adventitious rootlets anchoring the corallum .............................. [IWP] Rhizotrochus Plate 10, Figures A–B Rootlets (symmetrical or asymmetrical in placement) contiguous with pedicel, forming an integral part of the lower corallum....................................56 Calicular edge jagged ..........[W. Atl. + IP] Polymyces Plate 10, Figures C–D Calicular edge smooth ...[E. Atl. + W. Pac.] Monomyces Plate 10, Figures E–F Columella papillose ..................................................................................58 Columella fascicular..................................................................................60 Columella labyrinthiform... [W. Pac.] Stolarskicyathus Plate 10, Figures G–I Corallum base polycyclic; no notch between upper outer edges of septa and theca .........................................................................................................59 Base monocyclic, but may have an accessory basal rootlet; septal notch present ................................ [W. Atl. + IWP] Gardineria Plate 10, Figures J–K Pali before septa of penultimate cycle............................................................ ................................ [Atl. + E. Pac.] Concentrotheca Plate 10, Figures L–M Paliform lobes present before septa of S1-2 (P1-2) ........................................ ............................... [E. Atl. + E. Pac.] Ceratotrochus Plate 11, Figures A–B Pali before septa of all but last cycle in two crowns ....................................... ........................................ [Atl. + Pac.] Tethocyathus Plate 11, Figures C–D Corallum cylindrical and very small (calicular diameter less than 2 mm); a row of thecal spots or pores present in every interseptal region; octameral septal symmetry; only 1 columellar element .................................................. .................................................[Atl. + IWP] Guynia Plate 11, Figures E–G Corallum trochoid and larger (adult calicular diameter over 10 mm); thecal spots and pores lacking; hexameral symmetry; numerous columellar elements ............................ [IWP] Conotrochus (in part) Plate 11, Figures H–I Septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan ............................................................62 10 61b 62a 62b 63a 63b 64a 64b 65a 65b 66a 66b 67a 67b 68a 68b 68c 68d 68e 68f 69a 69b 69c 69d 69e 69f 70a 70b 71a 71b 71c Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Septa arranged normally ...........................................................................63 Corallum base polycyclic; theca costate ......................................................... ...... [Cosmopolitan] Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia)* Plate 11, Figures J–K Corallum base monocyclic; theca hispid (not costate) ................................... ......................... [W. Atl. + SW Pac.] hecopsammia Plate 11, Figures L–M Columella absent or rudimentary..............................................................64 Columella spongy .....................................................................................65 Corallum trochoid; theca costate .................................................................. ......................................... [W. Atl.] Trochopsammia Plate 12, Figures A–B Corallum subcylindrical (sometimes scolecoid); theca uniformly hispid (not costate) ....................... [S. Africa] Pourtalopsammia Plate 12, Figures C–D Costae absent; axial edges of all septa smooth; no endothecal dissepiments ... ............................................[W. Atl.] Bathypsammia Plate 12, Figures E–F Costae granular or hispid; axial edges of higher cycle septa dentate to laciniate; endothecal dissepiments present in an elongate corallum....................66 Columella not discrete (merging with lower axial edges of septa); costae weakly granular … ..................... [IP] Endopsammia Plate 12, Figures G–H Columella discrete; costae hispid .................................................................. ................................... [E. Atl. + IWP] Leptopsammia Plate 12, Figures I–J Corallum unattached (free) in every growth stage (lacking transverse division) .........................................................................................................68 Corallum undergoes transverse division, resulting in a free anthocyathus stage with a basal scar, but with a ixed anthocaulus stage ................................102 Corallum conical (ceratoid, trochoid or turbinate) ....................................69 Corallum bowl-shaped ..............................................................................87 Corallum cupolate (theca horizontal with no surrounding vertical theca) ....91 Corallum cuneiform ........................................... (Turbinoliidae, in part) 97 Corallum globular (pores in base of corallum associated with commensal sipunculid) ................................................................................................101 Corallum cylindrical ... [Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Stenocyathus Plate 12, Figures K–L Columella papillose ..................................................................................70 Columella rudimentary or absent..............................................................78 Columella fascicular..................................................................................83 Columella trabecular.................................................................................86 Columella styliform ................ [SW Pac.] Turbinolia Plate 13, Figures A–B Columella spongy ......................................................................................... ......... [W. Atl. + IWP] Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) Plate 13, Figures C–D Pali or paliform lobes present ....................................................................71 Pali and paliform lobes absent [IWP] Foveolocyathus Plate 13, Figures E–F Pali before septa of second cycle (P2) ........................................................72 Pali or paliform lobes before septa of all but last cycle ...............................77 Pali or paliform lobes before septa of third cycle (P3) ................................... ................... E. Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Paraconotrochus Plate 13, Figures G–H An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 72a 72b 73a 73b 74a 74b 75a 75b 76a 76b 77a 77b 78a 78b 79a 79b 80a 80b 81a 81b 82a 82b 83a 83b 84a 84b 85a 11 heca bears numerous linear rows of spots, pits or thecal perforations ......73 heca solid, not bearing spots, pits or perforations ....................................75 heca perforate .... [W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Trematotrochus Plate 13, Figures I–J heca bears linearly arranged spots or pits .................................................74 A row of pits occurs in each interseptal space on inner theca; costae granular ........................................ [W. Pac.] Endocyathopora Plate 13, Figures K–L A row of white spots occurs in each interseptal space on outer theca; theca smooth (epithecate) or covered with hispid spines ........................................ ......................................... [W. Atl.] Pourtalocyathus Plate 14, Figures A–B heca bears serrate costae ..........................................................................76 heca smooth (epithecate) ....[SW Pac.] Lissotrochus Plate 14, Figures C–D heca covered with twice as many costae as septa.......................................... ............................................... [SW Pac.] Pleotrochus Plate 14, Figures E–F Costae and septa of equal number ................................................................ ............................[W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Cryptotrochus Plate 14, Figures G–H Pali discrete, pairs of P3 fused into chevrons within each system; no parricidal budding .................................... [W. Pac.] Notocyathus Plate 14, Figures I–J Multiple paliform lobes on all septa; parricidal budding common ................ ............................................ [IWP] hrypticotrochus Plate 14, Figures K–L heca smooth (epithecate), costae not present ..........................................79 heca granular, costae present (twice the number of septa) .......................82 Rows of thecal spots visible on theca .........................................................80 hecal spots lacking ..................................................................................81 Twelve contiguous rootlets present in pedicel; parricidal budding absent...... ........................................[W. Pac.] Pedicellocyathus Plate 15, Figures A–C Rootlets lacking; parricidal budding from parent fragment common ............ ..................................................[Atl.] Schizocyathus Plate 15, Figures D–E Calicular edge smooth .................................................................................. ....................[Cosmopolitan] Flabellum (Flabellum) Plate 15, Figures F–G Calicular edge jagged .................................................................................... ...................[Cosmopolitan] Flabellum (Ulocyathus) Plate 15, Figures H–I heca perforate; septa hexamerally arranged in 3 or 4 cycles ......................... ................................................... [IWP] Conocyathus Plate 15, Figures J–K heca imperforate; only10 septa (6+4) .......................................................... ...........................................[SW. Pac.] Holcotrochus Plate 15, Figures L–M Pali before septa of penultimate cycle (usually P3) ....................................84 Pali absent .....................[E. Pac.] Pseudocyathoceras Plate 16, Figures A–B hecal edge spines or crests present ...........................................................85 hecal edge spines and crests absent ................................................................ [Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia)(in part) Plate 16, Figures C–D Base of corallum usually open, as though broken from parent through asexual budding .......................... [Atl. + IWP] Premocyathus Plate 16, Figures E–F 12 85b 86a 86b 87a 87b 87c 87d 88a 88b 89a 89b 90a 90b 91a 91b 92a 92b 93a 93b 94a 94b 95a 95b 96a 96b Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Base of corallum intact.................................................................................. ............... [W. Pac.] Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) Plate 16, Figures G–H heca costate; septal notch absent ................................................................. .......................................... [Atl. + IWP] Dasmosmilia Plate 16, Figures I–J heca smooth; septal notch present .............................................................. ......................... [E. Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Aulocyathus Plate 16, Figures K–M Paliform lobes on septa of all cycles; septal edges smooth ..........................88 Pali before septa of all but last cycle; septal edges smooth..........................90 Pali before septa of third cycle (P3); septal edges smooth .............................. ............................................. [W. Pac.] Ericiocyathus Plate 17, Figures A–B Pali and paliform lobes absent; septal edges coarsely dentate ......................... ................ [W. Atl. + IWP] Anthemiphyllia (in part) Plate 17, Figures C–D Lower outer edge of corallum bears tubercles or spines on the C1 or C1-289 Tubercles and spines absent .......................................................................... ....[Atl. + IWP] Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) Plate 17, Figures E–F Six long C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum ...................................... ..................[IWP] Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) Plate 17, Figures G–H Twelve to 18 short spines or tubercles on lower outer edge of corallum ....... ... [W. Atl. + IWP] Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) Plate 17, Figures I–J Six C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum .............................................. ...................[W. Pac.] Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus) Plate 17, Figures K–M Costal spines absent ...... [Atl. +Pac.] Deltocyathoides Plate 18, Figures A–C Costae alternate in position with septa; higher cycle septa increase by bifurcation; thecal base perforate ................................................(Micrabaciidae) 92 Costae continuous with septa; higher cycle septa increase by adding additional cycles; base imperforate ...................................................................95 Septa rudimentary, composed of a series of tall spines ................................... ......................................[Cosmopolitan] Leptopenus Plate 18, Figures D–E Septa lamellar ...........................................................................................93 Marginal shelf present; columella spongy ..................................................94 Marginal shelf absent; columella solid ........................................................... ............................................ [IWP] Stephanophyllia Plate 18, Figures F–H Septa highly porous ................... [IWP] Letepsammia Plate 18, Figures I–K Septa essentially imperforate, porous only at points at which septa bifurcate. ...........................................[IWP] Rhombopsammia Plate 18, Figures L–N Synapticular platelets absent; corallum robust; upper septal edges smooth .... ...........................................[Atl. + IP] Deltocyathus Plate 18, Figures O–Q Synapticular platelets brace adjacent septa; corallum fragile; upper septal edges bear slender elongate spines...................................................................96 Corallum with ive cycles of septa (96 septa) .................................................. [Atl. + IWP. + Ant.] Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) Plate 19, Figures A–C Corallum with four cycles of septa (48 septa) ................................................ ............ [Cosmopolitan] Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) Plate 19, Figures D–F An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 97a 97b 98a 98b 99a 99b 100a 100b 101a 101b 102a 102b 102c 102d 102e 102f 102g 103a 103b 103c 103d 104a 104b 105a 105b 106a 106b 107a 107b 13 hecal edge crests present .........................................................................98 hecal edge crests absent .........................................................................100 Pali absent ................................................................................................99 Pali present, before septa of all but last cycle ................................................. .............................................[IWP] Tropidocyathus Plate 19, Figures G–H Twice as many costae as septa ...[W. Pac.] Alatotrochus Plate 19, Figures I–J Equal number of costae and septa ...[IWP] Platytrochus Plate 19, Figures K–M Columella lamellar; pali absent ..................................................................... ..................................... [Atl. + Pac.] Sphenotrochus Plate 19, Figures N–O Columella papillose; pali before septa of all but last cycle .............................. ................................................[IWP] Cyathotrochus Plate 20, Figures A–B heca imperforate (although septa may be perforate) .................................... ............................... [IWP + W. Atl.] Heterocyathus* Plate 20, Figures C–E heca and septa perforate.............................................................................. ............................. [IWP] Heteropsammia* (in part) Plate 20, Figures F–H Columella papillose ................................................................................103 Columella spongy ...................................................................................108 Columella a solid fusion in center of calice .............................................109 Columella absent ....................................................................................110 Columella fascicular................................................................................111 Columella lamellar........................[IWP] Placotrochus Plate 20, Figures I–J Columella trabecular.....[Atl. + IWP] Placotrochides Plate 20, Figures N–O Pali before septa of all but last cycle ........................................................104 Pali before S1-2 (P1-2) ...........................................................................106 Pali before S2 (P2) ...............[SW Pac.] Kionotrochus Plate 21, Figures A–B Pali absent [W. Atl. + IWP] Anthemiphyllia (in part) Plate 21, Figures C–E Six long C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum ...................................... .........................................[W. Pac.] Bourneotrochus Plate 21, Figures F–H hecal spines absent, although corallum may bear thecal edge crests .......105 Corallum small (calicular diameter usually less than 5 mm); higher cycle septa bend toward and fuse with adjacent lower cycle septa ............................... ..................................[Atl. + W. Pac.] Peponocyathus Plate 21, Figures I–K Corallum larger (calicular diameter usually over 10 mm); higher cycle septa independent.................................................................................................. ..[W. Pac.] Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) (in part) Plate 21, Figures L–N Septa alternate in position with costae; thecal spots absent......................107 Septa correspond to costae; lines of thecal spots present ................................ ........................................... [W. Pac.] Temnotrochus Plate 21, Figures O–P Corallum cuneiform in shape, sometimes with basal thecal spurs (ish-tail morphology) ............................ [W. Pac.] Idiotrochus Plate 22, Figures A–C Corallum (anthocyathus) discoidal to bowl-shaped, without thecal spurs ..... .............................................[W. Pac.] Dunocyathus Plate 22, Figures D–E Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) 14 108a 108b 109a 109b 110a 110b 111a 111b Septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan; thecal edges often crested ....................... ........................................................[IP] Endopachys Plate 22, Figures F–G Septa normally arranged; thecal edges rounded ............................................. ...............................................[SW Pac.] Notophyllia Plate 22, Figures H–J Multiple paliform lobes on septa of all but last cycle; thecal spots absent; corallum discoidal to cupolate in shape .............................................................. ...........................................[Indian] Australocyathus Plate 22, Figures K–L Pali and paliform lobes absent; linear rows of thecal spots present; corallum compressed-cylindrical ....[W. Pac.] Truncatoguynia Plate 22, Figures M–N Buds propagate from thecal edges of corallum .............................................. ........................................... [W. Pac.] Blastrotrochus Plate 23, Figures A–B No budding from thecal edges ...................................................................... .................[E. Atl. +IWP + Ant.] Truncatolabellum Plate 23, Figures C–F Pali before third cycle septa; theca costate ........................................................ [Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) (in part) Plate 23, Figures G–H Paliform lobes before second cycle septa; epithecate ...................................... ..................................... [SW Pac.] Falcatolabellum Plate 20, Figures K-M Acknowledgements We wish to thank Anna Maria Addamo for showing us the need for writing such a paper, and Helmut Zibrowius for supplying images of the genus Cladangia. MVK is also thankful to Philippe Bouchet, Bertrand Richer de Forges, and MNHN and IRD- Nouméa staf and collaborators for their great efort in collecting and preserving deep-water scleractinians used to illustrate many genera in the present study. MVK is supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). References Arrigoni R, Stefani F, Pichon M, Galli P, Benzoni F (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Robust clade (Faviidae, Mussidae, Merulinidae and Pectiniidae): an Indian Ocean perspective. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65: 183–193. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.001 Cairns SD (1977a) Caryophylliina and Dendrophyllina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia). Memoires of the Hourglass Cruises 3(4): 1-27. Cairns SD (1977b) A review of the Recent species of Balanophyllia in the western Atlantic, with description of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 90(1): 132–148. Cairns SD (1978) New genus and species of ahermatypic coral (Scleractinia) from the western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(1): 216–221. Cairns SD (1979) he deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean and adjacent waters. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 57(180): 1–341. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 15 Cairns SD (1981) Marine lora and fauna of the northeastern United States. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circular 438: 1–14. Cairns SD (1988a) Cryptotrochus, new genus and two new species of deep-water corals (Scleractinia: Turbinoliinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101(4): 709–716. Cairns SD (1988b) Asexual reproduction in solitary Scleractinia. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville (Australia) 2: 641–646. Cairns SD (1989) A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine islands and adjacent waters. Part 1. Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 486: 1–136. doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.486 Cairns SD (1990) Antarctic Scleractinia: keys and notes for the identiication of the species. Koeltz Scientiic Books (Synopses of the Antarctic Benthos), 1–78. Cairns SD (1991) A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 504: 1–44. doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.504 Cairns SD (1994) Scleractinia of the temperate North Paciic. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 557: 1–150. Cairns SD (1995) he marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria Anthozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 103: 1–210. Cairns SD (1997) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Turbinoliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). 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Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172: 27–243. 16 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Cairns SD, Hoeksema BW, van der Land J (1999) Appendix: List of extant stony corals. Atoll Research Bulletin 459: 13–46. Chevalier JP, Beauvais L (1987) Order des Scléractiniaires. In: Grassé PP (Ed.) Traité de Zoologie tome III, fasc. 3. Masson, Paris. Durham JW, Barnard JL (1952) Stony corals of the Eastern Paciic collected by the Velero III and Velero IV. Allan Hancock Paciic Expedition 16(1): 1–110. Filkorn HF (1994) Fossil scleractinian corals from James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series 65: 96 pp. doi: 10.1029/AR065 Hoeksema BW, Best MB (1991) New observations on scleractinian corals from Indonesia, 2: Sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia. Zoologische Mededelingen 65(16): 221–245. Huang D, Licuanan WY, Baird AH, Fukami H (2011) Cleaning up the ‘Bigmessidae’: Molecular phylogeny of scleractinian corals from Faviidae, Merulinidae, Pectiniidae and Trachyphylliidae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 1–37. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-37 Kitahara MV (2007) Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 81(3): 497–518. Kitahara MV, Cairns SD (2008) New records of the genus Crispatotrochus (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae) from New Caledonia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1940: 59–68. Kitahara MV, Cairns SD (2009) Revision of the genus Deltocyathus (Cnidaria, Scleractinia), with a description of a new species from New Caledonia. Zoosystema 31(2): 233–249. doi: 10.5252/z2009n2a2 Kitahara MV, Cairns SD, Stolarski J, Blair D, Miller DJ (2010a) A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data. Plos One 5: e11490. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011490 Kitahara MV, Cairns SD, Miller DJ (2010b) Monophyletic origin of the Caryophyllia (Scleractinia; Caryophylliidae), with description of six new species. Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 91–118. doi: 10.1080/14772000903571088 Ogawa K (2006) A revision of Japanese ahermatypic corals around the coastal region with guide to identiication. XII. Truncatolabellum, Placotrochus and Placotrochides. Nankiseibutu (he Nanki Biological Society) 48(1): 13–20. [In Japanese] Ogawa K, Takahashi K (1993) A Revision of Japanese Ahermatypic Corals around the Coastal Region with a Guide to Identiication, I: Genus Tubastraea. Nankiseibatu (he Nanki Biological Society) 35(2): 95–109. [In Japanese] Ogawa K, Takahashi K (1995) A Revision of Japanese ahermatypic corals around the coastal region with a guide to identiication, II. Genus Dendrophyllia. Nankiseibutu (he Nanki Biological Society) 35(14): 15–33. 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Stolarski J (2000) Origin and phylogeny of Guyniidae (Scleractinia) in the light of microstructural data. Lethaia 33: 13–38. doi: 10.1080/00241160050150276 Stolarski J, Kitahara MV, Miller DJ, Cairns SD, Mazur M, Meibom A (2011) he ancient evolutionary origins of Scleractinia revealed by azooxanthellate corals. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11: 2–15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-316 Tracey DM, Anderson OG, Naylor JR (editors) (2011) A guide to common deepsea invertebrates in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report 86: 1–317. Vaughan TW, Wells JW (1943) Revision of the suborders, families and genera of the Scleractinia. Special Papers of the Geological Society of America 44: 1–363. Wells JW (1956) Scleractinia. In: Moore RC (Ed) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F. Coelenterata. Geological Society of America, Lawrence, F328-F444. Wells JW (1973) New and old corals from Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 23(1): 16–55. Zibrowius H (1974) Révision du genre Javania et considérations générales sur les Flabellidae (Scléractiniaires). Bulletin de l’Institute Océanographique (Monaco) 71(1429): 1–48. 18 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Glossary Anthocaulus: See Transverse Division. Anthocyathus: See Transverse Division. Apozooxanthellate: Species that have facultative symbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic dinolagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). Axial Corallite: See Corallite. Axial Septal Margin: See Septum. Azooxanthellate: Species that do not have symbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic dinolagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). Base (Figure 1): he lower several millimeters of a solitary corallum, usually solid and composed of an accretion of thecal layers (a monocyclic base) (e.g. Plate 24, Fig. B), but in some genera composed of concentric rings of partitioned chambers, called a polycyclic base (e.g. Plate 24, Fig. C) (Cairns 1978). he base usually expands basally as a thin layer facilitating adhesion to the substrate. Budding: he process of asexual reproduction that adds new mouths (or polyps) to a corallum, often resulting in a colony. Intratentacular budding adds new polyps to the oral disc inside the ring of tentacles surrounds its mouth (e.g. Plate 1, Fig. K–L). Extratentacular budding adds new polyps outside the ring of tentacles (e.g. Plate 2, Fig. H). (he third form of asexual reproduction is transverse division - Cairns 1988b). Calice (Figure 1) (pl. Calices): he skeletal analog of the polyp, cupping the polyp from below, and consisting of the septa, and, if present, the columella and pali (e.g. Plate 1, Figs C, E, G; Plate 9, Figs A, C, E, G, I, K). Ceratoid Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Coenosteum: he skeletal structure found between the individual corallites of a colonial corallum, including the costae, and various kinds of dissepiments; sometimes called peritheca (e.g. Plate 24, Fig. E). Colonial Corallum: See Corallum. Columella (Figure 1): An axial structure of diverse shape and composition that projects from the center of a calice. If in the shape of a single lamella (called lamellar) (e.g. Plate 20, Fig. I), if a maze of interconnected lamellae (labyrinthiform) (e.g. Plate 8, Fig. A), if a set of twisted lamellae (fascicular) (e.g. Plate 20, Figs C, E), if a simple rod (styliform) (e.g. Plate 13, Fig. A), if a group of rods (papillose) (e.g. Plate 8, Fig. K), if a ine porous mass (spongy) (e.g. Plate 12, Fig. G), and if an irregular group of twisted elements (trabecular) (e.g. Plate 16, Fig. K). Conical Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Corallite: he vertical, usually cylindrical, structure produced by an individual polyp, consisting of endothecal dissepiments and the calice at the upper end (e.g. Plate 1, Fig. F). If a corallite occurs at the tip of a colony’s branch, it is termed an axial corallite (e.g. Plate 24, Fig. F). Corallum (Figure 1) (pl. Coralla): he aragonitic calcium carbonate skeleton of a scleractinian coral. If the coral has only one mouth (or calice), it is termed solitary (e.g. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 19 Plate 10, Figs A–M; Plate 17, Figs A–M), if polystomatous (or more than one calice), then a colonial (e.g. Plate 2, Fig. A–L; Plate 3, Figs A–L). Costae (Figure 1) (sing. Costa; adj. Costate): Continuation of a septum on the outside of the corallite wall, often as a ridge or low linear mound (e.g. Plate 24, Figs A, D, G, M). Crest: See Edge Spine. Crown (Figure 1): See Palus. Cuneiform Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Cupolate Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Cycle: See Septum. Cylindrical Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Discoidal Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Dissepiments: hin horizontal (tabular dissepiments, e.g., Plate 2, Fig. K) or blister-like plates that form within a corallite (endothecal) or beneath the coenosteum outside corallites (exothecal), which separate the polyp from the lower part of the corallum that it no longer occupies. Distomodeal Budding: A mode of intratentacular budding in which two polyps (or calices) develop within the common tentacular ring (e.g., Plate 1, Figs I–K). Edge Spine/Crest/Spur: he external thecal edges of a solitary coral, those associated with the principal septa, sometimes bears a low thin crest, or a series of hollow spines. If the crest is limited to the basal portion of the corallum and project outward in the shape of a ish tail, they may be called spurs (e.g. Plate 24, Figs H–M). Edge Zone: he fold of the polyp body that extends over the edge of the theca (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. A). Endothecal: See Dissepiments. Epitheca: hin, external, smooth or wrinkled, non-trabecular sheath surrounding individual corallites, formed by centripetal (inward) growth (e.g. Plate 10, Figs I, K; Plate 11, Figs D, I; Plate 12, Fig. F). Tectura is very similar in outward appearance by originates by centrifugal (outward) growth (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. B) (Stolarski 1995). Exothecal: See Dissepiments. Extratentacular Budding: See Budding. Fascicular Columella: See Columella. Free: An unattached corallum (e.g. Plate 14, Figs A–L; Plate 17, Figs A–M; Plate 18, Figs A–Q). Globular Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Imperforate heca: See heca. Intratentacular Budding: See Budding. Labyrinthiform Columella: See Columella. Lamellar Columella: See Columella. Marginal Shelf: A low rim encircling a solitary corallum composed of greatly reduced septa and costae, or costal spines (Cairns 1989) (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. D). 20 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Menianes: Short ledge-like features on septal faces formed by aligned lateral extensions of trabeculae (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. C). Monocyclic Base: See Base. Monostomaeous/Monostomatous: A single-mouthed corallum, i.e., a solitary form (e.g. Plate 8, Figs A–F). Normal Arrangement of Septa: Arrangement of septa within a calice in which the septa are independent and all aligned with the center of the calice. (See Pourtalès Plan) (e.g. Plate 8, Fig. E; Plate 9, Fig. E). Paliform Lobes: Small, lattened lobes on the axial septal edge of various cycles, often more than one per septum, and part of the septum to which they are attached (e.g., Plate 17, Fig. I). Palus (Figure 1) (pl. Pali): Small lattened lobes on the axial septal edge of various cycles, always one per septum, and not part of the septum to which it is attached but ontogenetically diferent. Groups of pali occurring on the same cycle of septa and thus stand at the same distance from the center of the calice are called crowns of pali (e.g. Figure 1). Papillose Columella: See Columella. Parricidal Budding: A mode of intratentacular budding in which new polyps are generated from the inner surface of a fragment of a parent corallum that has longitudinally split apart (e.g. Plate 16, Fig. J, L–M). Pedicel (Figure 1): he stem-like region of a solitary coral just above the base and below the calicular surface. Perforate heca: See heca. Peritheca: See Coenosteum. Polycyclic Base: See Base. Polystomaeous/Polystomatous: See Corallum. Pourtalès Plan: A form of septal arrangement in which the axial edges of pairs of higher cycle septa bend in front of and unite before their adjacent lower cycle septum (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. E). See Cairns (1994: ig. 2). Reptoid Budding: A type of extratentacular budding in which polyps are asexually generated from a thin, reticulate, encrusting ribbon (similar to stoloniferous budding) (e.g. Plate 6, Fig. B; Plate 7, Fig. F). Scolecoid Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Septum (pl. Septa): Radially arranged longitudinal partitions of a corallite (Figure 1), usually arranged in hexameral symmetry. Septa are added in cycles, the irst cycle composed of 6 septa, the second also of 6, the third of 12, the fourth of 24, the ifth of 48, etc. resulting in corallites consisting of 6, 12, 24, 48, or 96, etc. septa per calice. Septa can bear smooth, dentate, or laciniate axial margin (Figure 1). Solitary Corallum: Solitary coralla exist in a variety of shapes, the shape being one of the criteria used to diferentiate genera and species. Many solitary coralla are shaped as an inverted cone (conical), and may be attached and straight or free and usually curved. If the edges of the cone diverge at a hypothetical basal angle of 10–40°, this corallum is called ceratoid (e.g. Plate 10, Figs H–I), if the angle is 40–60°, then An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 21 trochoid (e.g. Plate 8, Fig. F), if the angle is 60–80°, turbinate (e.g. Plate 13, Fig. H), and if the angle is 160–180° and the corallum is low, discoidal (e.g. Plate 18, Fig. P). Coralla may also be cylindrical (e.g. Plate 22, Fig. N), and if the cylinder is irregular in shape, scolecoid (e.g. Plate 12, Fig. D). Others are wedge-shaped (cuneiform) or bowl-shaped (e.g. Plate 17, Figs F, H, J, M). Still others have a lat base with a convex upper surface (cupolate) (e.g. Plate 19, Figs A–F) and others are simply onion-shaped or irregular (globular) (e.g. Plate 18, Fig. B). Spongy Columella: See Columella. Stereome: A general term for thick calcareous deposits, generally thickening various parts of the corallum. Stoloniferous Budding: A type of extratentacular budding in which polyps are asexually generated from a thin, elongate, encrusting coenenchymal ribbon, the connecting ribbon often obscured by encrusting organisms (e.g. Plate 5, Fig. B; Plate 6, Fig. D). Styliform Columella: See Columella. Synapticular Plate: Ribbons of calcium carbonate linking adjacent fungiacyathid septa, irst appearing as vertical rods midway between septa, later bifurcate, the two ends fusing to adjacent septal faces (T- or Y-shaped) (Cairns 1989a) (e.g. Plate 25, Fig. F). Trabecular Columella: See Columella. Tabular Endothecal Dissepiment: See Dissepiment. Tectura: See Epitheca. heca (Figure 1): he skeletal sides, or walls, of solitary coralla or corallites of colonial corals, that enclose the polyps. If the theca is solid, it is termed imperforate (e.g. Plate 9, Figs D, L); if the theca is porous, perforate (e.g. Plate 22, Figs I–J). hecal spots/pores: Some genera have longitudinal series of small pores aligned with the interseptal spaces of various cycles, termed thecal pores. In other genera, these analogous structures do not penetrate the theca but are visible only as slightly differently colored spots of a constructional consistently diferent from the remaining theca, these termed spots (e.g. Plate 11, Figs F–G; Plate 22, Fig. N). hecal spur: See Edge Spine. Trabecular Columella: See Columella. Transverse Division: One of the three main methods of asexual reproduction among the Scleractinia (Cairns 1988b). In this method an attached sexually produced solitary corallum (called the anthocaulus - e.g. Plate 25, Figs H, J) transversely divides it corallum usually along a crescent-shaped line of thecal weakness, producing an asexually generated distal corallum (the anthocyathus - e.g. Plate 25, Figs G, I), which falls to the substrate as an unattached (free) corallum, the base of which retains a scar of previous attachment (e.g. Plate 25, Figs I–J). Trochoid Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Turbinate Corallum: See Solitary Corallum. Zooxanthellate: Species that have symbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic dinolagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). 22 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Figure and plates Figure 1. Cutaway diagram of a species of Caryophyllia illustrating the basic morphological features of an attached, solitary scleractinian (Modiied from Cairns 1994). Small circular photos are from diferent scleractinian species and are intended to illustrate basic morphological characters used in the taxonomy of the group. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 23 Plate 1. Heteropsammia cochlea A (USNM 97652) and B (USNM 73772): Calicular and lateral view respectively; Anomocora gigas (MNHN uncatalogued, Terrasses stn. CP3091) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Eguchipsammia istula (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. 2024) e and F Calicular and colony view respectively; Lophelia pertusa (USNM 1071877) G and h Calicular and colony view respectively; Dichopsammia granulosa (USNM 15847, holotype) I and J Calicular and colony view respectively; Solenosmilia variabilis (USNM 47426) K and l Distal branch and colony view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 24 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 2. Madracis asperula A (SEM, USNM 99068) and B (USNM 99056): Calicular and colony view respectively; Cladopsammia sp. (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. 2023) C and D Calicular and colony view respectively; Dendrophyllia alcocki (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. 2135) e and F Calicular and colony view respectively; Enallopsammia rostrata (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW 2056) G and h Calicular and colony (calicular and acalicular side) view respectively; Tubastraea coccinea (USNM 46973) I Calicular view; Tubastraea diaphana (USNM 83677) J Colony view; Goniocorella dumosa (USNM 47505) K and l Calicular and colony view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 25 Plate 3. Pourtalosmilia anthophyllites A (USNM 1174947) and B (USNM 117494): Calicular and colony view respectively; Conluphyllia juncta (USNM 97316, paratype) C and D Calicular and colony view respectively; Coenosmilia arbuscula (USNM 97312) e and F Calicular and colony view respectively; Sympodangia albatrossi (USNM 97308, holotype) G (SEM) and h Calicular and colony view respectively; Madrepora oculata (MNHN uncatalogued, Halipro 2 stn. BT104) I and J Calicular and colony view respectively; Cladocora debilis K (USNM 10452, SEM) and l (USNM 62351): Calicular and colony view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 26 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 4. Petrophyllia rediviva (USNM 82696) A and B Distal branch and colony view respectively; Oculina virgosa (MNHN uncatalogued, SMIB 5 stn. DW101) C and D Calicular and colony view respectively; Cyathelia axillaris (USNM 92665) e and F Calicular and colony view respectively; Bathelia candida (USNM 47512) G and h Calicular and colony view respectively; Sclerhelia hirtella (MNHN Michellin collection) I and J Calicular and colony view respectively; Madrepora minutiseptum (MNHN uncatalogued, SMIB 5 stn. DW101) K and l Calicular and colony view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 27 Plate 5. Madracis pharensis A (USNM 96676, SEM): Colony view; Madracis sp. B (MNHN uncatalogued, New Caledonia): Colony view; Rhizopsammia sp. (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW 941) C and D Calicular and colony view respectively; Astroides calycularis (USNM 78767) e and F Calice detail and colony view respectively; Tubastraea coccinea (USNM 46973) G and h Calicular and colony view respectively; halamophyllia tenuescens I (MNHN uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. CH802), J and K (Norfolk 2 stn. 2095): Calicular and corallum views respectively; Hoplangia durotrix (AU 6097) l (SEM) and M (SEM): Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 28 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 6. Colangia immersa (USNM 73917) A and B Calicular and colony view respectively; Culicia stellata (MNHN uncatalogued, New Caledonia) C and D Calicular and stolon connection view respectively; Oulangia bradleyi (USNM 92371) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Astrangia danae (USNM 78507, SEM) G Calicular view; Astrangia poculata (USNM 80350, neotype) G and h and colony view respectively; Cladangia exusta (YPM 1359, syntype ?) I and J Calicular and colony view respectively; Rhizosmilia sagamiensis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. 2124) K and l Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 29 Plate 7. Polycyathus sp. (MNHN uncatalogued, Beryx 11 stn. DW11) A and B Calicular and colony view respectively; Phacelocyathus los (USNM 46077) C and D Calicular and colony view respectively; Phyllangia americana (USNM 80881) e and F Calicular and colony view respectively; Bathycyathus chilensis (USNM 100711) G and h Calicular and colony view respectively; Coenocyathus anthophyllites (USNM 48694) I and J Calicular and colony view respectively; Nomlandia californica (SBMNH 35560, holotype) K Calicular view (after Cairns 1994). Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 30 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 8. Labyrinthocyathus limatulus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW 936) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Oxysmilia corrugata (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2125) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Monohedotrochus circularis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2124) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Lochmaeotrochus oculeus (USNM uncatalogued, Musorstom 6 stn. DW394) G and h Calicular and “aggregation” view respectively; Paracyathus sp. (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2555) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Trochocyathus efateensis (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW818) K and l Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars represent 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 31 Plate 9. Vaughanella concinna (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2070) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) diomedeae (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2086) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Crispatotrochus rubescens (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. CP833) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Desmophyllum dianthus (USNM uncatalogued, Halipro 1 stn. CP877) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Dactylotrochus cervicornis (USNM uncatalogued, SMIB 10 stn. DW208) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Javania insignis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2023) K and l Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars represent 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 32 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 10. Rhizotrochus typus (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2024) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Polymyces wellsi C (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2618) and D (MNHN uncatalogued, New Caledonia): Calicular and lateral view respectively; Monomyces pygmaea (USNM 48561) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Stolarskicyathus pocilliformis (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2573) G, h, and I Calicular, oblique, and lateral view respectively; Gardineria hawaiiensis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2086) J and K Calicular and lateral view respectively; Concentrotheca laevigata (USNM 80748) l and M Calicular and oblique view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 33 Plate 11. Ceratotrochus magnaghii (USNM 48780) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Tethocyathus virgatus (USNM uncatalogued, SMIB 10 stn. DW205) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Guynia annulata (MNHN uncatalogued, Biogeocal stn. DW253) e, F and G Calicular, lateral, and oblique view respectively; Conotrochus funicolumna (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. CP967) h and I Calicular and lateral view respectively; Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia) laysanensis (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 6 stn. DW407) J and K Calicular and lateral view respectively; hecopsammia socialis (USNM 61828) l and M Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 34 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 12. Trochopsammia infundibulum (USNM 46722) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Pourtalopsammia togata (USNM 91792) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Bathypsammia tintinnabulum (USNM 14569) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Endopsammia philippensis (USNM 83006) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Leptopsammia stokesiana (USNM 78603) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Stenocyathus vermiformis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. ?) K and l Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 35 Plate 13. Turbinolia stephensoni (USNM 80014) A (SEM) and B (SEM): Calicular and oblique view respectively; Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) carinata (MNHN uncatalogued, Chalcal stn. D22) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Foveolocyathus parkeri (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 5 stn. 280) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Paraconotrochus zeidleri (USNM 85677, paratype) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Trematotrochus corbicula (USNM 46477) I (SEM) and J (SEM): Calicular and lateral view respectively; Endocyathopora laticostata (USNM 81894) K (SEM) and l (SEM): Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: red = 0.25 mm; blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm; green = 50 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 36 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 14. Pourtalocyathus hispidus (USNM 61928) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Lissotrochus curvatus (AM G16745) C (SEM) and D (SEM): Calicular and oblique view respectively; Pleotrochus venustus (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW 2104) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Cryptotrochus sp. (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2603) G and h Calicular and oblique view respectively; Notocyathus venustus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW 958) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; hrypticotrochus petterdi (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2561) K and l Calicular and oblique view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 37 Plate 15. Pedicellocyathus keyesi (USNM 94268, paratype) A, B (SEM), and C Calicular, pedicel detail, and lateral view respectively; Schizocyathus issilis (USNM 61747) D (SEM) and e (SEM): Calicular and lateral view respectively; Flabellum (Flabellum) politum (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW933) F and G Calicular and lateral view respectively; Flabellum (Ulocyathus) messum (MNHN uncatalogued, Bathus 1 stn. DW661) h and I Calicular and lateral view respectively; Conocyathus zelandiae (USNM 85713) J (SEM) and K (SEM): Oblique and lateral view respectively; Holcotrochus scriptus (USNM 85687) l (SEM) and M (SEM): Oblique and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 38 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 16. Pseudocyathoceras avis (USNM 46962, holotype) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) quadragenaria (USNM uncatalogued, PrFO, New Caledonia) C and D Calicular and oblique view respectively; Premocyathus dentiformis (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2573) e and F Calicular and oblique view respectively; Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) grayi (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2559) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Dasmosmilia lymani (USNM 82997) I and J Calicular and lateral (aggregation) view respectively; Aulocyathus juvenescens (MNHN uncatalogued, Lifou 2000 stn. DW37) K, l, and M Calicular, lateral, and oblique view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 39 Plate 17. Ericiocyathus echinatus (USNM 97169, holotype) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Anthemiphyllia patera costata (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. 2066) C and D Calicular and lateral view respectively; Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) regius (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. 858) e and F Calicular and lateral view respectively; Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) spiniger (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. CP877) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) coronatus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. CP950) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus) brevispina (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 8 stn. DW960) K, l, and M Calicular, oblique, and lateral view respectively. Scale bars represent 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 40 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 18. Deltocyathoides orientalis (MNHN uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. DW829) A, B and C Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Leptopenus discus (SIO Co-1271) D (SEM) and e (SEM): Oblique views respectively; Stephanophyllia complicata (USNM uncatalogued, New Caledonia) F, G, and h Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Letepsammia formosissima (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2032) I, J, and K Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Rhombopsammia niphada (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2069) l, M, and N Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Deltocyathus rotulus (MNHN-Scl.2008-0004) O, P, and Q Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 41 Plate 19. Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) paliferus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. DW 887) A, B and C Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) variegatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Lagoon NO stn. DC933) D, e, and F Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Tropidocyathus lessoni (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 8 stn. DW1105) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Alatotrochus rubescens (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW 908) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Platytrochus hastatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2559) K, l, and M Calicular and lateral (GCD and LCD) views respectively; Sphenotrochus hancocki (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2617) N and O Calicular and oblique view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 42 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 20. Cyathotrochus pileus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. CP833) A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Heterocyathus aequicostatus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW933) C, D, and e Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Heteropsammia cochlea (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. DW894) F, G, and h Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Placotrochus laevis (USNM 81989) I and J Calicular and lateral view respectively; Falcatolabellum raoulensis (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2603) K, L, and M Calicular, lateral, and oblique view respectively; Placotrochides scaphula (MNHN uncatalogued, Chalcal stn. DW75) N and O Calicular and An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 43 Plate 21. Kionotrochus suteri (NZOI F915) A (SEM) and B (SEM): Calicular and lateral view respectively; Anthemiphyllia dentata (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW914) C, D, and e Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Bourneotrochus stellulatus (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 3 stn. DW877) F, G, and h Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Peponocyathus folliculus (MNHN uncatalogued, Norfolk 1 stn. DW1697) I, J, and K Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) discus (MNHN uncatalogued, Biocal stn. DW46) l, M, and N Calicular, lateral, and base view respectively; Temnotrochus kermadecensis (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 5 stn. DW328) O and P Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 44 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 22. Idiotrochus emarciatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2632) A, B, and C Calicular, oblique, and lateral view respectively; Dunocyathus parasiticus (USNM 85697) D (SEM) and e (SEM): Oblique and lateral view respectively; Endopachys grayi (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2158) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively; Notophyllia recta (USNM 85752) h, I, and J Calicular, oblique, and lateral view respectively; Australocyathus vincentinus (USNM 85699) K and l Oblique views respectively; Truncatoguynia irregularis (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2117) M and N Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 45 Plate 23. Blastotrochus nutrix (USNM 97553)– A and B Calicular and lateral view respectively; Truncatolabellum sp. (MNHN uncatalogued, Concalis stn. DW2934) C, D, e, and F Calicular, oblique, lateral, and basal scar view respectively; Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) abrupta (MNHN-Scl.2009-0067) G and h Calicular and lateral view respectively. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. Bold face indicates type species for the genus. 46 Stephen D. Cairns & Marcelo V. Kitahara / ZooKeys 227: 1–47 (2012) Plate 24. A and B Caryophyllia ralphae (MNHN-Scl.2009-0077, A lateral view and B pedicel section): Green and red arrows indicating costae and monocyclic base respectively C and D Rhizosmilia robusta (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. DW2114 C pedicel section and D lateral view): Red and green arrows indicating polycyclic base and costae respectively e Astroides calycularis (USNM 78767, colony view): Blue arrows indicating coenosteum F Dendrophyllia ijimai (USNM uncatalogued, Bathus 4 stn. DW933, lateral colony view): Yellow arrow indicating the axial polyp G Sphenotrochus hancocki (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2617, oblique view): Green arrows indicating costae h Trochocyathus hastatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2497, oblique view): White arrow indicating costal spines I Truncatolabellum vigintifarium (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2578, oblique view): White arrow indicating lateral edge spines J Idiotrochus emarciatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Ebisco stn. DW2632, lateral view): White arrow indicating lateral edge spines (ish tail) K Tropidocyathus lessoni (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 8 stn. DW1105, lateral view): White arrow indicating alate edge crests l Caryophyllia unicristata (MNHN-Scl.2009-0094, oblique view): White arrow indicating very sinuous lateral crest M Stephanocyathus weberianus (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 5 stn. DW313, lateral view): White and green arrows indicating tubercles and costae respectively; Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm. An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia... 47 Plate 25. A Indeterminate Caryophylliina (lateral view of live specimen, Roatan, Honduras ~200 m deep): Green arrow indicating the edge zone B Javania sp. (USNM uncatalogued, Norfolk 2 stn. CH 2115, broken pedicel section): Blue arrow indicating tectura layers C Leptoseris gardineri (JCU uncatalogued, Australia, septal detail [SEM]): Yellow arrow indicating meniane D Letepsammia franki (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 6 stn. CP464, oblique view): Blue arrow indicating marginal shelf e Balanophyllia carinata (MNHN uncatalogued, Chalcal stn. D22, calicular view): Green diagram indicating a complete septal system arranged in a Pourtalès Plan coniguration F Fungiacyathus sp. (MNHN uncatalogued, Biocal stn. CP17, oblique view): Synapticular plates highlighted in green G and h Truncatolabellum candeanun (CSIRO uncatalogued, SS102005 stn. 170-086, lateral views) G anthocyathus and H anthocaulus I and J Bourneotrochus stellulatus (MNHN uncatalogued, Musorstom 4 stn. DW162, lateral views) I anthocyathus and J a specimen undergoing transverse division. Scale bars: blue = 1 mm; white = 5 mm.

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