Abstract
Multiple-marker (COI-5P, UPA, psbA and rbcL-3P) and two algorithmic approaches [automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and Poisson tree process (PTP)] were used for species delimitation of Lithophylloideae in Brazil. The integrative approach was mostly congruent between markers and algorithmic methods of species delimitation, suggesting the occurrence of 24 species. Based on morphology and molecular data, Amphiroa rigida, Amphiroa vanbosseae, Lithophyllum atlanticum, Lithophyllum kaiseri, Lithophyllum margaritae, Titanoderma pustulatum, Titanoderma prototypum and Paulsilvella huveorum, which were previously reported for Brazil, are confirmed in this work. Six new species are distinguished by both molecular and morphological traits, and they are provisionally named as Amphiroa sp. 1, Amphiroa sp. 2, Amphiroa sp. 3, Lithophyllum sp. 1, Lithophyllum sp. 2 and Lithophyllum sp. 3. Another 10 species are cryptic and cannot be distinguished based on traditionally used morphological traits. These include Amphiroa sp. 4, Lithophyllum sp. 4, three species that are morphologically named under Amphiroa beauvoisii, and six that share the morphology described for Amphiroa fragilissima. All four markers used were useful for species delimitation. However, a combination of practical aspects and levels of intra- and interspecific divergence values led us to propose the use of rbcL-3P as a standard DNA barcode marker for the Corallinales.
About the authors
Beatriz N. Torrano-Silva initial investigation was in invasive species, followed by taxonomy and flora composition based on traditional techniques. For her PhD research she worked at University of São Paulo and also at Universidad Autónoma de Baja Califórnia Sur. Her last years were dedicated to coralline algae diversity, taxonomy and systematics, combining the traditional methodologies with molecular biology as an important ally. She is especially interested in bringing science to society and is currently a professor at Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Brazil.
Bruno R. Vieira works as an editor and author of biology and sciences in Somos Educação S.A., Brazil, and is a volunteer teacher at a nonprofit educational organization. He graduated in biology at University of São Paulo (USP), where he also completed his undergraduate training research in phycology. He has been working with education and scientific divulgation for 9 years. His main goal is to develop different and interesting approaches to teach and attract people’s interest in scientific knowledge. He has edited 21 books, written 10 books and developed more than 150 digital learning objects.
Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez was for over 20 years one of the leading scientists in Mexico in the field of marine botany, and a leading researcher in the field of rhodolith taxonomy and ecology. He contributed largely as the principal investigator and leader of the Marine Botany Laboratory at UABCS. Dr. Riosmena-Rodríguez produced more than a 100 scientific articles, over 40 projects as P.I., 40 book chapters, and 5 books. He was the main advisor of 12 PhD, 20 Master’s and 30 Bachelor’s students. Dr. Riosmena-Rodríguez untimely passed away in March 2016.
Mariana C. Oliveira is a full professor of University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Her PhD work was on molecular phylogeny of the Bangiales. Her main expertise is in molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of algae, genomics of algae and bacteria, focusing mainly on red algae. She is interested in the origin, evolution and diversity of Rhodophyta. Presently she integrates the Phycological Society of America as international VP, the coordination committee of the Biota-FAPESP program and is the president of the Botany Advisory committee of CNPq.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Carlos F.D. Gurgel, Dr. Alan Templeton, Dr. Alexandros Stamatakis, Dr. Enrique Lessa, Dr. Guillaume Achaz and Dr. Joan Pons for their help in assessing the applicability of our grouping methods. We thank Dr. Paul Gabrielson and Dr. Judith Sutherland who kindly shared their expertise on coralline material amplification before we began our first steps in this work. The Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) provided scholarship and research funding for B.N.T.S. Funder ID: 10.13039/501100001807 (2010/19234-3 and 2013/11833-3). M.C.O. also thanks the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; 301491/2013-5). Three reviewers provided valuable suggestions to improve this paper.
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Supplemental Material:
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2017-0040).
Article note:
We dedicate this paper to our friend and admired colleague, Dr. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez, and his family. He has inspired us all. Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez passed away in March 2016.
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