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    Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES
    Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES
    Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES
    Ebook172 pages1 hour

    Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

    By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

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    About this ebook

    We have summarized the following chapters from the book by this Argentine researcher: "The Industry And The Revolution", "Before 1880: A Traditional And Primitive Society", "1880-1914: The Awakening Of Fabric Production", among others. 

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
    Release dateNov 24, 2021
    ISBN9798201027582
    Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES
    Author

    MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

    Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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      Summary Of "The Industry We Were Able To Achieve" By Jorge Schvarzer - MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

      Summary Of The Industry We Were Able To Achieve By Jorge Schvarzer

      UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

      MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

      Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

      While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

      SUMMARY OF THE INDUSTRY WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE BY JORGE SCHVARZER

      First edition. November 24, 2021.

      Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

      ISBN: 979-8201027582

      Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

      Table of Contents

      Title Page

      Copyright Page

      Schvarzer, Jorge | THE INDUSTRY THAT WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE

      Sign up for MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU's Mailing List

      Further Reading: Summary Of Second Industrial Revolution (1850-1914) By María Inés Barbero

      Also By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

      About the Author

      About the Publisher

      Schvarzer, Jorge

      THE INDUSTRY THAT WE WERE ABLE TO ACHIEVE

      CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY AND THE REVOLUTION: FROM WORKSHOP TO SOCIETY

      Humanity went through numerous economic and social changes, but none of them is as important as the one that divides two stages of history: traditional society and modern society.

      TRADITIONAL SOCIETY is one whose productivity is simple, routine and based on the natural economy (based on a poor peasant economy, whose only success is to be able to reproduce a little more than it has). Traditional societies are characterized by not having the capacity for productive innovation. These types of societies span the entire history of mankind up to the industrial revolution.

      MODERN SOCIETY developed from the social expansion of the manufacturing system that radically changed the way of producing. Society entered its industrial stage, the income level rose dramatically and, after the Industrial Revolution, new riches and inventions were formed that changed people's lives (telephone, airplane, computers, TV, etc.)

      Schvarzer argues that the concept of revolution is often confused with political insurrection and seizure of power. While noting that this is important, he gives more importance to far-reaching social and economic transformations. THE MAJOR COURT IS GIVEN FROM THE WAYS HOW, FOR EXAMPLE, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION OCCURS.

      The author wants to illustrate the difference in this cut with an estimate made by the economist Paul Bairoch about the evolution of per capita income. The evolution of this through time can be patterned as a continuous almost horizontal line that reaches up to the industrial revolution (it spans from 500 B.C. to the 18th century). Bairoch estimates that the per capita income of the towns was around 400 dollars (this magnitude was uniform and the same for the different societies). In a developed society today it can be seen that a citizen has 50 to 100 times more assets than men had two centuries ago and in those countries the per capita income is 20 thousand dollars. These results would never have been possible without the existence and expansion of the factory system.

      The productive content of the revolution

      Traditional societies, in view of their way of producing, hardly allowed men to vegetate in relative poverty. A minority could enjoy riches and luxuries, but they were little compared to today's scale. Almost all of the world's population lived in the countryside. The reason for this was that only the exploitation of the land produced enough wealth to live on. Despite this, famines were a phenomenon that occurred regularly.

      The cut produced by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION was based on the SUBSTITUTION OF HUMAN WORK BY ENERGY DRAWN IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY FROM NATURAL FORCES. It must be clarified that man also used the force of animals, such as oxen or horses. But ONLY WHEN THE STEAM MACHINE IS DISCOVERED AS THE FIRST SOURCE OF SYSTEMATIC ENERGY AND MANAGEMENT BY EACH WORKER. The machine made by Watt did not initially create a fountain that surpassed nature, but he used a theoretical principle that allowed that beginning to pass quickly. To understand the significance of the industrial revolution, it is necessary to understand that THESE ADVANCES PRODUCED AN ENERGY THAT COULD BE HANDLED AND CONCENTRATED IN SPACE AND TIME. THIS CONSTITUTED A LEVER THAT MOVED AND TRANSFORMED THE WORLD.

      THE STEAM MACHINE CHANGED THE ECONOMY since unlike in traditional societies that used local raw materials because PRODUCTS SHOULD BE BROUGHT FROM FAR AWAY REGIONS AND EXPORTED TO OTHERS ALSO FAR.

      System interaction

      The first steam engines were made of WOOD. This detail made them fragile for the energy power they unleashed. The solution was interviewed shortly after when deciding to make them IRON. The greater power of the machines was also demanding a better quality iron. This made the production process more complicated and refined. STEEL was discovered. The manufacture of NEW TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS was stimulated that were DEMANDING BETTER MACHINES AND MORE STEEL, FUELS AND OTHER SUPPLIES to function.

      Schvarzer clarifies that the INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM CONCEPT ASSUMES A GREAT PRODUCTIVE INTEGRATION THAT IS GREATER AND MORE COMPLEX THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES DO NOT EXIST IN AN ISOLATED OR IN A SUBJECT WAY. THEY FORM A NETWORK OF RELATIONSHIPS THAT GUIDE THE MARCH OF THE WHOLE.

      THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN FROM ELECTRICITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY. It was a revolution in the revolution. From then on, the expansion of the same principle of industrial organization accumulated advance after advance. For the organization of the tasks in the factory, it is necessary to consider the modes of division of labor guided by TAYLORISM and FORDISM.

      These practices caused that, beyond the dehumanizing effects that they had as a consequence, AN EACH TIME GREATER FRACTION OF HUMAN WORK COULD BE REPLACED BY MACHINES. THE MANUAL TASKS WERE BECOMING PARCELED IN EACH TIME MORE ELEMENTARY MOVEMENTS that allowed understanding them and MANUFACTURING MACHINES THAT REPRODUCE THEM.

      The system marched towards an ever GREATER STANDARDIZATION. At the beginning, the factories had been a continuation of the artisan workshops and produced without coordination with each other, assembling their pieces in relation to those that they manufactured. As progress was made, the AMERICAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM was created, which consisted of PROJECTING THE PRODUCTION OF EQUAL AND INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS. The objective was to SPEED UP THE ASSEMBLY OF THE FINAL PRODUCT. This also increased the degree of PRECISION of the technical and productive instruments.

      One of the central things that Schvarzer wants to make clear is that CURRENT SOCIETY (WORLDWIDE) IS A PRODUCT OF THE EXPANSION OF THE SOCIAL AND PRODUCTIVE MODEL OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. THE SO-CALLED POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IS ONLY THE EXTENSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL PRINCIPLE TO ALL SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS. THE FACTORIES REDUCE THEIR WEIGHT INSIDE THE ECONOMY BUT THE REST OF THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES BECOME FACTORIES IN THEIR WAY OF WORKING.

      In poor countries the industrial system lacks the internal coordination of that of developed nations. Its industry is, many times, an accumulation of factories and industrial establishments that fail to create a dynamic industrial system. This type of system has been described as an ENCLAVE system.

      The spread of the revolution

      ONCE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS SUCCESSFUL, ALL COUNTRIES SHOULD FOLLOW THESE GUIDELINES OF PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATION. The different countries had to find their own way to access industrialization. This was not easy as ENGLAND, a pioneer country in the Industrial Revolution, TRIED TO CLOSE THE WAY TO THE COUNTRIES THAT WANTED TO INDUSTRIALIZE IN ORDER TO KEEP THEIR MONOPOLY. For example, the London government prevented technicians who could apply their knowledge in other countries from traveling or, much more, from emigrating. It also banned the export of machinery.

      These types of measures sometimes lasted until the beginning of the 19th century. This British monopoly situation in the world economy was not broken due to spontaneous market trends but to the power of other nations.

      The most important contemporary case (to England) of industrialization was the United States. This nation had some comparative advantages over others. The main one is that it retained ties with its former metropolis that allowed it to incorporate emigrants and technical knowledge.

      At first the political leaders, aware of the difficulties that the factory system brought in Europe, were inclined to make a living from agriculture, a choice that was stimulated by their religious convictions. Jefferson initially had that vision, but he and others were able to revise his views under the impact of the evidence and change their opinion. This was a contentious issue for decades. In Jefferson's time, his conservative political rival, John Adams, stood by his anti-industry views. The United States began by laying the foundations of its industry through the installation of an extended rail system. Later he installed a steel and mechanical industry. However, the differences between the supporters of industrial development and their adversaries were only resolved with the end of the Civil War between the North and the South.

      Those who arrived late

      With the exception of Western Europe and the United States, only JAPAN and RUSSIA were able to carry out A NATIONAL MODEL OF INDUSTRIALIZATION. Japan was until the middle of the 19th century one of the most isolated countries in the world until the Americans arrived and forced them to sign a Treaty of Commerce and Friendship as an option to war.

      The country was forced to follow the tariff policy that foreigners wanted. Later the English set up a military base in Yokohama. Japan was in those years a market in which Europe placed its manufacturing surpluses. Japan became heavily indebted due to this import process. With each negotiation he was losing sovereignty. This process dragged on until a palace coup tried to change things. Protectionism was not possible, given the dependency conditions of the country, and it was decided to compensate the imposed economic opening with a policy of factory installation and technical stimulation promoted by the Japanese state. Once this was consolidated, the government sold the establishments to

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