Distribution of Yeast Species and Risk Factors of Oral Colonization after Oral-Care Education among the Residents of Nursing Homes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study and Data Collection
2.2. Oral-Care Education
2.3. Sample Collection and Fungal Cultures
2.4. Identification
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
Species Distribution
3.2. Status and Risk Factors for Yeast Colonization
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (N = 165) | Colonized by Yeast | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yes (N = 117) | no (N = 48) | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value | p Value, OR (95% CI) | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 76.7 | 10.26 | 78.3 | 9.61 | 72.8 | 10.84 | 0.002 | |
BMI | 22.6 | 3.66 | 22.6 | 3.71 | 22.8 | 3.56 | 0.702 | |
Number of missing teeth | 16.0 | 10.03 | 17.2 | 9.99 | 13.1 | 9.62 | 0.018 | 0.638, 1.01 (0.969–1.053) |
Number of dentures | 10.9 | 11.32 | 13.0 | 11.86 | 5.8 | 7.93 | <0.001 | 0.008, 1.06 (1.015–1.107) |
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | p value | ||
Female | 87 | 52.7 | 65 | 55.6 | 22 | 45.8 | 0.256 | |
Age >70 years | 119 | 72.1 | 91 | 77.8 | 28 | 58.3 | 0.011 | 0.305, 1.514 (0.686–3.341) |
Education | 0.153 | |||||||
None | 25 | 15.2 | 20 | 17.1 | 5 | 10.4 | ||
Elementary school | 81 | 49.1 | 54 | 46.2 | 27 | 56.3 | ||
Junior high school | 25 | 15.2 | 22 | 18.8 | 3 | 6.3 | ||
High school | 20 | 12.1 | 12 | 10.3 | 8 | 16.7 | ||
College or above | 14 | 8.5 | 9 | 7.7 | 5 | 10.4 | ||
Wheelchair use | 50 | 30.3 | 32 | 27.4 | 18 | 37.5 | 0.198 | |
Smoking | 15 | 9.1 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.053 | |
Betel nut chewing | 6 | 3.6 | 3 | 2.6 | 3 | 6.3 | 0.147 | |
Frequency of brushing teeth > once a day | 96 | 58.2 | 72 | 61.5 | 24 | 50 | 0.172 | |
Mouthwash | 84 | 50.9 | 63 | 53.8 | 21 | 43.8 | 0.239 | |
Dry mouth | 54 | 32.7 | 44 | 37.6 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.037 | 0.608, 1.218 (0.573–2.589) |
Periodontal disease and/or tartar | 102 | 61.8 | 66 | 56.4 | 36 | 75 | 0.026 | 0.188, 0.58 (0.258–1.304) |
Chronic disease | 131 | 79.4 | 97 | 82.9 | 34 | 70.8 | 0.118 | |
Hypertension | 73 | 44.2 | 55 | 47 | 18 | 37.5 | 0.264 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 37 | 22.4 | 31 | 26.5 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.05 | |
Heart disease | 30 | 18.2 | 23 | 19.7 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.443 | |
Osteoporosis | 8 | 4.8 | 8 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.106 | |
Stroke | 11 | 6.7 | 10 | 8.5 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.179 | |
Gout | 9 | 5.5 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 4.2 | 1 | |
Arthritis | 8 | 4.8 | 8 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.106 | |
Kidney disease | 2 | 1.2 | 2 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Taking medicine | 114 | 69.1 | 84 | 71.8 | 30 | 62.5 | 0.358 |
Characteristics | Total (N = 117) | More Than One Species (N = 67) | One Species (N = 50) | Univariate | Multivariate | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value | p Value, OR (95% CI) | |
Age | 78.3 | 9.61 | 79.2 | 8.74 | 76.9 | 10.59 | 0.165 | |
BMI | 22.6 | 3.71 | 22.5 | 3.55 | 22.7 | 3.96 | 0.757 | |
Number of missing teeth | 17.2 | 9.99 | 17.4 | 10.20 | 16.9 | 9.79 | 0.807 | |
Number of dentures | 13.0 | 11.86 | 14.0 | 11.99 | 11.6 | 11.67 | 0.29 | |
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | p value | ||
Yeast CFU >10 | 90 | 76.9 | 61 | 91 | 29 | 58 | <0.001 | <0.001, 8.897 (2.972–26.634) |
Female | 65 | 55.6 | 38 | 56.7 | 27 | 54 | 0.77 | |
Age >70 | 91 | 77.8 | 55 | 82.1 | 36 | 72 | 0.194 | |
Education | 0.323 | |||||||
None | 20 | 17.1 | 9 | 13.4 | 11 | 22 | ||
Elementary school | 54 | 46.2 | 32 | 47.8 | 22 | 44 | ||
Junior high school | 22 | 18.8 | 16 | 23.9 | 6 | 12 | ||
High school | 12 | 10.3 | 5 | 7.5 | 7 | 14 | ||
College or above | 9 | 7.7 | 5 | 7.5 | 4 | 8 | ||
Wheelchair use | 32 | 27.4 | 25 | 37.3 | 7 | 14 | 0.005 | 0.005, 4.682 (1.599–13.705) |
Smoking | 14 | 12 | 9 | 13.4 | 5 | 10 | 0.871 | |
Betel nut chewing | 3 | 2.6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Frequency of brushing teeth > once a day | 72 | 61.5 | 40 | 59.7 | 32 | 64 | 0.636 | |
Mouthwash | 63 | 53.8 | 37 | 55.2 | 26 | 52 | 0.729 | |
Dry mouth | 44 | 37.6 | 28 | 41.8 | 16 | 32 | 0.279 | |
Periodontal disease and/or tartar | 66 | 56.4 | 35 | 52.2 | 31 | 62 | 0.292 | |
Chronic disease | 97 | 82.9 | 55 | 82.1 | 42 | 84 | 1 | |
Hypertension | 55 | 47 | 33 | 49.3 | 22 | 44 | 0.573 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 31 | 26.5 | 18 | 26.9 | 13 | 26 | 0.916 | |
Heart disease | 23 | 19.7 | 14 | 20.9 | 9 | 18 | 0.697 | |
Osteoporosis | 8 | 6.8 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 0.464 | |
Arthritis | 8 | 6.8 | 5 | 7.5 | 3 | 6 | 1 | |
Stroke | 10 | 8.5 | 5 | 7.5 | 5 | 10 | 0.742 | |
Gout | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 1 | |
Kidney disease | 2 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.181 | |
Taking medicine | 84 | 71.8 | 51 | 76.1 | 33 | 66 | 0.209 |
Total (N = 165) | More CFU (N = 34) | Less/Same CFU (N = 131) | Univariate | Multivariate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | N/Mean | %/SD | p Value | p Value, OR (95% CI) | |
Age | 76.7 | 10.26 | 75.06 | 9.313 | 77.12 | 10.48 | 0.297 | |
BMI | 22.63 | 3.66 | 22.34 | 3.191 | 22.7 | 3.78 | 0.607 | |
Number of missing teeth | 15.98 | 10.03 | 14.15 | 9.372 | 16.46 | 10.17 | 0.232 | |
Number of dentures | 10.87 | 11.32 | 11.97 | 11.04 | 10.59 | 11.41 | 0.527 | |
Female | 87 | 52.7 | 18 | 52.9 | 69 | 52.7 | 0.978 | |
Age >70 | 119 | 72.1 | 26 | 76.5 | 93 | 71 | 0.526 | |
Education | 0.173 | |||||||
None | 25 | 15.2 | 8 | 23.5 | 17 | 13 | ||
Elementary | 81 | 49.1 | 13 | 38.2 | 68 | 51.9 | ||
Junior high | 25 | 15.2 | 8 | 23.5 | 17 | 13 | ||
High school | 20 | 12.1 | 2 | 5.9 | 18 | 13.7 | ||
College or above | 14 | 8.5 | 3 | 8.8 | 11 | 8.4 | ||
Wheelchair use | 50 | 30.3 | 12 | 35.3 | 38 | 29 | 0.477 | |
Smoking | 15 | 9.1 | 4 | 11.8 | 11 | 8.4 | 0.761 | |
Betel nut chewing | 6 | 3.6 | 2 | 5.9 | 4 | 3.1 | 0.686 | |
1st frequency of brushing teeth >1/day | 88 | 53.3 | 15 | 44.1 | 73 | 55.7 | 0.227 | |
1st mouthwash | 41 | 24.8 | 6 | 17.6 | 35 | 26.7 | 0.275 | |
1st dry mouth | 61 | 37 | 10 | 29.4 | 51 | 38.9 | 0.306 | |
2nd frequency of brushing teeth >1/day | 95 | 57.6 | 18 | 52.9 | 77 | 58.8 | 0.798 | |
2nd frequency of using floss >1/day | 30 | 18.2 | 8 | 23.5 | 22 | 16.8 | 0.657 | |
2nd mouthwash | 84 | 50.9 | 19 | 55.9 | 65 | 49.6 | 0.515 | |
2nd mouth spread >1/day | 25 | 15.2 | 8 | 23.5 | 17 | 13 | 0.267 | |
2nd dry mouth | 54 | 32.7 | 19 | 55.9 | 35 | 26.7 | 0.003 | 0.011, 2.816 (1.265–6.268) |
1st periodontal disease and/or tartar | 102 | 61.8 | 21 | 61.8 | 81 | 61.8 | 0.994 | |
Seeing dentist after 1st survey | 33 | 20 | 6 | 17.6 | 27 | 20.6 | 0.924 | |
Chronic disease | 131 | 79.4 | 29 | 85.3 | 102 | 77.9 | 0.584 | |
Hypertension | 73 | 44.2 | 16 | 47.1 | 57 | 43.5 | 0.711 | |
Diabetes mellitus | 37 | 22.4 | 10 | 29.4 | 27 | 20.6 | 0.273 | |
Heart disease | 30 | 18.2 | 11 | 32.4 | 19 | 14.5 | 0.016 | 0.036, 2.681 (1.068–6.732) |
Osteoporosis | 9 | 5.5 | 1 | 2.9 | 8 | 6.1 | 0.687 | |
Stroke | 11 | 6.7 | 4 | 11.8 | 7 | 5.3 | 0.24 | |
Gout | 8 | 4.8 | 3 | 8.8 | 5 | 3.8 | 0.363 | |
Arthritis | 8 | 4.8 | 2 | 5.9 | 6 | 4.6 | 0.669 | |
Kidney disease | 2 | 1.2 | 1 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.371 | |
Taking medicine | 114 | 69.1 | 25 | 73.5 | 89 | 67.9 | 0.798 |
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Tu, M.-G.; Lin, C.-C.; Chiang, Y.-T.; Zhou, Z.-L.; Hsieh, L.-Y.; Chen, K.-T.; Chen, Y.-Z.; Cheng, W.-C.; Lo, H.-J. Distribution of Yeast Species and Risk Factors of Oral Colonization after Oral-Care Education among the Residents of Nursing Homes. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030310
Tu M-G, Lin C-C, Chiang Y-T, Zhou Z-L, Hsieh L-Y, Chen K-T, Chen Y-Z, Cheng W-C, Lo H-J. Distribution of Yeast Species and Risk Factors of Oral Colonization after Oral-Care Education among the Residents of Nursing Homes. Journal of Fungi. 2022; 8(3):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030310
Chicago/Turabian StyleTu, Ming-Gene, Chih-Chao Lin, Ya-Ting Chiang, Zi-Li Zhou, Li-Yun Hsieh, Kai-Ting Chen, Yin-Zhi Chen, Wen-Chi Cheng, and Hsiu-Jung Lo. 2022. "Distribution of Yeast Species and Risk Factors of Oral Colonization after Oral-Care Education among the Residents of Nursing Homes" Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030310