Music 2.0 (Gerd Leonhard)

CO- AUT HOR OF T HE F UT URE OF MUS I C
Creative Commons License

Tis work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivate Works 3.0 license
Gerd Leonhard, 2008
edit: David Battino, www.batmosphere.com
design & layout: Pihka Media, www.pihka.net
printed at: Hmeen Ofset-Tiimi Oy,
Hmeenlinna, Finland
contents
Introduction 10
Credits and Infuences 12
Eight predictions for the future of music 14
As music products become music services,
access will replace ownership, and the
consumers will truly drive the business
but will it all mean a bigger pie for everyone? 17
Niches are golden 34
Music like water 37
Closed system = closed opportunities 45
More on renting versus owning music 47
A bigger pizza makes more slices and why
the music industry is heading towards lower
prices and higher values 49
Even in music, the power is moving to
the edges of the network 52
Te rise of the culture of participation 55
Te music industry: once the pain gets big
enough we may have some real change 63
Flat fee music and the music like water
(MLW) manifesto 65
Why the major record companies will
ofer MP3s in less than 18 months 81
Vive la France: Apple, iPods, state-sponsored
piracy and the truth. 84
Users converging with creators 88
Te record company of the future 101
Te Wall Street Journal: a critical voice
on Chris Andersons long tail theory and book 106
Forget controlling distribution just get my attention! 110
Music industry threatens ISPs over piracy
the madness continues 115
France and Germany join scandinavian
groups in efort against Apple iTunes 119
Music sales 2.0: Its not about getting people to buy,
frst, but about getting interest attention is cash! 121
Drop DRM or become irrelevant 124
Te dam is breaking: DRM is over 134
Music CD sales fall 13% through 2006 in U.S.
(does anyone still wonder why?) 137
Pandora to shut out non-U.S. users 140
Warner Music cuts staf 15% in U.K. 143
Te plunge of the major music labels:
is the end of music 1.0 near? 146
A hot and cold report from the CISAC
copyright summit in Brussels 149
Gerd Leonhards open letter to
the independent music industry 154
Music syndication embrace the inevitable:
project Playlist, Seeqpod and Sonifc. 172
Illegal music downloads hit record high 175
Te attention economy and the music industry. 178
Radio 2.0 is like google reader 186
On-demand streaming of music on social
networks and blogs 189
TV 2.0 192
What would Negropontes $100 laptop initiative
do for the future of music and media? 196
Outlining the logic of the fat rate for music 199
A record price for a Radiohead album: $0 208
Te economics of content:
all the news thats ft to click. 211
Defecting from music 1.0 214
Te fat rate for digital music 218
10
introduction
Welcome to Music 2.0! Tis book is an edited collection of
my best essays on the future of the music industry, and contin-
ues the work I presented in my frst book, Te Future of Music,
co-written with Dave Kusek. It further describes what I think
the next generation of music companies will actually look like
hence the term Music 2.0, a description derived from the
now increasingly popular Web 2.0.
I have been writing and blogging about digital music and
the next generation of the music industry for almost four years
now in airplanes, taxis, trains, busses, hotel lobbies, confer-
ence halls, and at home. In Internet time (and it certainly feels
that way to me), this is almost forever!
In many ways my message and my opinions may have
evolved a bit but the bottom lines and visions have not changed
a whole lot. I am also excited to see that some of my predictions
have indeed come true, such as the major record labels drop-
ping DRM my crystal ball did okay on many occasions!
Looking back at some 1,000 blog posts and over 20 essays it
is evident that by far the most often covered subject is indeed
what I (and many other people I make no claim to having
invented this moniker!) have come to call Music 2.0, the new
principles that defne the next iteration of the music business.
All of this is also closely connected with a few other terms that
I have co-coined and have come to be associated with: Music
Like Water (MLW), the Flat Rate for Music, Feels Like Free
(FLF), the Usator, Friction is Fiction, and the People Formerly
Known As Consumers.
In this book, I aim to just fne-tune the best of my writings
from the past four years, while not altering the content too
much, in order to preserve the timeliness and context of when
it was actually written. As the reader moves from 2003 to 2007,
the evolution of my ideas and expressions can clearly be ob-
served, and this should provide for a good and engaging read-
ing experience, as well even if jumping back and forth. Te
11
original content has therefore not been substantially altered;
only grammar and spelling details have been cleaned up. All
entries are presented chronologically (i.e., the oldest ones come
frst); the idea is just to make it a lot easier for my readers to
dive into the Music 2.0 topics without having to click on and
jump around hundreds of webpages and links.
Tat, to me, is clearly one of the benefts of printed books
if its good, it can keep my attention all the way through, and
does not give much room to distractions as much as the web
does. Yet, I can skip around and still make sense of it when I
am done.
I hope that you enjoy this collection of essays, and would be
delighted to get your feedback via my blog at www.mediafutur-
ist.com or via email at gleonhard@pobox.com
A fnal word on the Creative Commons license that I use
for this book: My readers are free and certainly encouraged to
re-use the content of this book, quote it, remix it, publish parts
of it on blogs, etc., provided that its for non-commercial use,
and that attribution is always given.
Music 2.0 here we go!
Gerd Leonhard
Basel, Switzerland
January 2008
12
credits and influences
First, thanks to my editor, David Battino, Maria Keklinen
(design & layout) and my business manager, Kimmo Pekari. A
big Tanks also to Lynette Webb and her great Flickr photos
(fickr.com/lynetter), and to the other fickr people that have
generously allowed me to use their original photos (see each
photo for details).
A lot of great people have infuenced me over the past ten
years of digital music and media explorations. Without them,
and without what they have shared with me (in person or oth-
erwise), I wouldnt be writing anything, at all. Tey include:
David Bowie and his mention of my favorite tagline,
Music will be like water. I believe it was in this New
York Times feature back in 2002: http://tinyurl.com/
yt6gm7. (Tankfully, they have now opened up their
archives so you can actually read this!)
Jim Pool of Money Grifn a great mind
and good friend
Richard Branson (and his autobiography)
Larry Lessig and the Creative Commons people
Don Tapscott and his books (especially Wikinomics)
Chris Anderson and his Long Tail book
Glen Hiemstra at Futurist.com
John Perry Barlow (you would have guessed ;-),
and the EFF
Te combined creative chaos and wisdom of the
masses that comes via the Pho List

And then there are those people and sites on my blogroll that
I read all the time:
Chris Anderson Long Tail
Fred Wilson: A VC in NY
David Galbraith
13
David Hornik
David Porter
Dennis Harsager
Digital Lifestyles
Doc Searls
Eliots Listening Post at Wired
Futurist.com
Guy Kawasaki
JD Lassica
Jef Jarvis Buzz Machine
Jeremy Silver
John Perry Barlow
Joi Ito
Larry Lessig
Marc Schillers Blog
Mark Cuban Blogmaverick
Martin Tobias
Paid Content
Paul Safo
Robert Scoble
Scott Karp/Publishing 2.0
Seth Godin
Seth Goldsteins Social Media
Techcrunch
Techmeme
William Patry Blog
14
october 2003:
eight predictions for
the future of music
this is from an essay originally published
for the club of amsterdam (and it still
holds true amazingly enough!)
15 eight predictions for the future of music
1. music like water: Music is no longer a product but a service.
Music became a product with the advent of recording (records,
tapes, CDs) and the formation of an industry that quickly fg-
ured out that selling the bottle can make a lot more money
than only selling the wine. For the future, think of a record
label as a music utility company.
2. a bigger pie, but cheaper slices: Todays music pricing
schemes will be completely eroded by digital music services
(legal and, mostly, otherwise) and by stif competition from
other entertainment products. A liquid pricing system will
emerge, involving subscriptions, bundles of various content
types, multi-channel/multi-access charges, and countless add-
ed-value services. CD prices will end up at around 57 per
unit. But most important, the overall music consumption and
use will steadily increase, and if the industry can manage the
transition to a service-based model can eventually bring in
5090 per person per year, with 75% of the population in
the leading markets as active consumers the pie will be three
times as large.
3. diverse and ubiquitous: A wide range of music will be eve-
rywhere, and music will be part of everything that used to be
images only: from rich media advertising to interactive slide-
shows to car software to MMS and digital cameras, to advertis-
ing in magazines (!), the audiovisual use of music will soar, and
the licensing revenues will explode along with it.
4. access to music will replace ownership: Soon, consumers
will have access to their music anytime, anywhere, and the
physical possession of it will in fact be more of a handicap, or a
knack of collectors. Music will feel (and act) like water.
5. multi-point access to music will be the default environ-
ment, allowing consumers to fll up their music devices at air-
16 eight predictions for the future of music
ports, train stations, and in cofee shops and bars, using all
kinds of wireless connections as well as other on-demand and
ad-hoc networking technologies.
6. go direct: Major artists will increasingly rely on their own
brandability and via their managers go direct to the con-
sumers, using their own in-house marketing, branding, and
promotion teams.
7. the software pro: Te (performing) rights organizations
(PROs) as we know them will likely fade away. Complete tech-
nology solutions comprised of watermarking and fngerprint-
ing, so-called DRM and (better) CRM components, monitor-
ing, admin/accounting, and instant payment solutions will do
the job quicker, cheaper, and, of course, with complete trans-
parency.
8. mobile mania: Cell phones and other wireless devices will
eventually utilize and suck up more content than any Inter-
net service or P2P client ever has. Real-music ringtone ofer-
ings, Multi-Media SMS (MMS), Java-based games, wireless
streaming audio and video, i-Mode type applications, and
other cell-phone based oferings will proliferate very quickly, at
frst in Europe and Asia, followed by the U.S.
17
june 2004:
as music products become
music services, access will replace
ownership, and the consumers will
truly drive the business but will it
all mean a bigger pie for everyone?
originally published for the conference catalog
of m4music 2004 (zurich, switzerland); slightly
edited in november 2007.
18
T
he music industry is in a very exciting if somewhat stress-
ful transition phase and one that the other so-called
content industries (flm, television, publishing, etc.) will also
have to master. Seven years after the frst digital music revolu-
tion and the painful burst of the dot-com bubble, the Crea-
tives (i.e., the musicians, producers, writers, composers, etc.)
and their representatives are fnally starting to get a glimpse of
what a second-generation music business may ultimately have
in store for them: going direct to the audience, less control but
more ways to make money.
At the same time, forced by the incessant decline in CD
sales, the industrys leaders are fnally starting to follow where
the consumer has been leading all along: that inevitable transi-
tion to content as a service, rather than a product. Te win-
ners: the Creators, and you and me the users, the People
Formerly Known As Consumers.
The people formerly
known as consumers
The future of media is
increasingly USER-driven
User Generated / Programmed Content
User Rating / Filtering Mechanism
Mobile back-channels
User tagging and social search
Wisdom of the masses
Viral word of mouse changes marketing
Remixing and mashing
as music products become music services
19
An interesting side-efect: An industry that was once
(in)famous for its top-down style must now learn how to em-
brace a bottom-up paradigm. Digital technologies though
still cumbersome and not quite user-friendly enough have
become an unobtrusive and omnipresent part of our lives.
Te manner in which the entertainment, media, and con-
tent industries must conduct their business has therefore
changed forever. Te digital tide cannot be reversed; digital
technologies have simply become part of our lifestyle. Our
habits have changed, and our own inventions are starting to
challenge our old, tried-and-tested assumptions.
A lot of changes are coming, bringing with them much un-
certainty, but also an ocean of opportunities.
In 2004, we may already see a second, more mature coming
of digital media ventures, and thankfully, the rising tide will
foat all boats. Savvy independent players will have a major
role in this new digital music era, simply because they can be
more agile, often have a much shorter decision-making proc-
ess, and can quickly embrace change.
Te music business has made the transition from wax
records to vinyl, from the Walkman to the CD and the DVD,
sometimes in a very short time, and has only recently arrived
at the broad acceptance of disembodied digital downloading.
Broadband Internet access is quickly becoming a standard, and
as greater connectivity heightens the desire for more content
(and vice versa!) we are now fnally getting ready for some seri-
ous changes in how we do business.
We already have more wireless phones than landlines world-
wide, and it seems very likely indeed that mobile music will
become bigger, in an even shorter time, than online music
has ever been. All of this is a boon for the consumer, promis-
ing more value, fewer restrictions, total transparency, endless
choices, and lower prices to boot!
20
from service to product and back again
Interestingly, music has already been transformed from a service
to a product and back to a service: from the pre-electricity era of
the agricultural society to the industrial society (the gramophone
and the CD) to the information society, and digital music.
Before there were any music products that could be pur-
chased just like a box of soap or a can of beans, music was
controlled by foot (as my friend and fellow museratus Jim
Grifn likes to say). In other words, the artists had to be physi-
cally present to perform, and equally, the listener had to be
present at the same place and time of the performance. Music
was simply a service (as it still is in many developing coun-
tries, which is why they will head into Music 2.0 even quicker,
skipping the entire product-centric period), and artists enjoyed
great infuence and appreciation.
Te productizing and, to use one of those good old Silicon
Valley buzzwords, monetizing of music brought us the mu-
sic industry, the few and seemingly almighty gate-keepers, the
arduous and self-serving legal frameworks, and the often criti-
cized content oligopolies that many cutting-edge music fans
and P2P (peer-to-peer) fle-sharers loath so vehemently (and
for good reason).
those special moments
Now, just above the horizon looms the experience society in
which not just the steady and abundant fow of information,
data, communications, and content reigns supreme, but also
the actual, embodied entertainment experience of each indi-
vidual.
Remember that special moment when you frst heard a song
that would stay with you for the rest of your life, what it felt
like, and all the things that it stood for? Creating these experi-
ences will become the music industrys most important value
proposition; and purveying those special moments for people
21
suddenly becomes a lot more tangible in an interactive, per-
sonalized multimedia format rather than with a static media
product the tremendous power of digital media is all in those
special moments.
So, lets take a look at what the future of music holds in store
for us the fan and user, the artist, and the industry profes-
sionals.
forget the internet
think digital content networks
Clearly, its no longer about online or ofine, and its cer-
tainly no longer about the Internet. Te Net is no longer a big
deal in its own right, just like having a cell phone is really no
longer worth mentioning, just like having a fax machine does
not make you a fax-business.
New technologies that utilize the Internet (and almost all
of them do, one way or the other) are now being seen as regu-
lar work tools. Tis is happening in the travel industry and in
banking, and it is now severely impacting the music business. A
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22
message to all those dot-com fat-years digital music pioneers
that have been hunkering down for the past two to three years:
You werent wrong you were just way too early!
Technology has always created larger, more vibrant markets
and the consumer has always ended up benefting from it. Al-
ready, the World Wide Web is merely one step in the digital
food chain, just one pipeline for the stream of zeros and ones.
Very soon, we will fnd mobile phone networks, Wi-Fi, Blue-
tooth, E-Home networks, satellite radio, and the good-old Net
seamlessly interconnected, giving us access to massive deposi-
tories of data and audio-visual content.
Tis is the ultimate challenge for the music business the
days of the lauded Internet music revolution were just a mere
testing ground, like the frst kicks of a baby during pregnancy.
getting digital attention
Tomorrows music companies (yes, lets forget about mere
record companies) must fgure out how they will get their tracks
into any and all of these new digital channels, and just how ex-
actly they will get the user to pay attention to their artists rather
than the latest Grand Teft Auto videogame, a hot Terminator
#37 preview, the latest streaming footage from the Paris-Dakar
rally, or some breaking news from the stock market.
Te question is not if the industry needs to make its catalogs
available, nor how much a track should cost, but just how the
worlds consumers will even fnd them, and how artists and
their modern-day representatives can get and retain the atten-
tion of that perfectly matched customer. Once this all-impor-
tant attention is secured, the way into the wallet is cleared. Tis
leads us to the next point.
23
exposure and discovery always lead to revenues
Exposure and discovery are the main mileposts on the digital
highway of the future: If an artist can score and retain good
exposure, then 90% of the battle is won. After all, the Net (and
any other digital network) is really just a giant funnel for data,
information, and communication. And what is its purpose if
not to bring exposure to that information?
Te issue is not how much the user should pay before he
gets to discover an artist but how much it will cost the music
company to efect that exposure in the frst place and then, of
course, how to convert it into real dollars!
Simply put, once pretty much all music ever released is
available on all digital networks (and that development is 100%
certain, legal or not), multiple value-and-payment models will
doubtlessly become available to ft a given users needs, whether
it be an la carte deal, a custom-made, on-demand product,
streams, samples, or bulk deals.
Simply because there will be boatloads of new money on the
table, these issues will be solved across the board with the new
the future of music:
exposure
+
discovery
+
community
=
revenue
24
money being used to break the log-jam. Tis development will
inadvertently be catalyzed by the presence of even more simple
yet powerful P2P and torrent-style content networks, soon be
available to pretty much any computer user in any territory,
regardless of the recent RIAA witch-hunts.
At that point the question will simply be if the industry ac-
cepts this new money that is on the table, and gets on with it,
or whether it forgoes yet another opportunity in order to spend
yet more money fghting the digital villains that rocked its
boat on behalf of the consumer.
the war on filesharing
Somewhat like the war on drugs, the war on downloaders is
only skimming the most blatant (but not the smartest) ofend-
ers of the top, while the savvy (and therefore most important)
ones take refuge in the twilight zones of society in this case,
in private, members-only darknets.
because in digital music
it works like this:
revenues
community
discovery
exposure
25
Te recent criminalization tactics by the RIAA, IFPI, and
BPI have brought us no reprieve they have just led to more
disgust and rejection from the consumers, the artists, and the
ISPs and CE companies.
In contrast, just imagine the enormous power of exposure
and discovery that legalized and UI-optimized peer-to-peer
services could conjure. Music marketing costs would shrink to
a mere increment of what they are today, niche markets could
explode and prosper, the consumer would feel like hes struck a
goldmine, and the music would be paid-for (or better yet, the
artists would actually receive the payment!).
Music will be everywhere, and music will be contained in
just about everything that used to be images only, from on-
line advertising to interactive slideshows and video clips, from
automobile software to digital photography and personal rich-
media presentations. Audiovisual use of music will soar and
business-to-business licensing income will become a major
cash cow.
Te industrys entire revenue pyramid will gradually fip:
Instead of 90% of the cash being earned by selling products
(CDs) to consumers, as much as 50% of the revenues may ulti-
mately stem from content licensing and revenue-sharing deals
with digital content networks (both business-to-business and
business-to-consumer).
new pricing schemes
Todays music pricing schemes will be made obsolete by sig-
nifcant habit changes across most market segments, as well as
by the ever-increasing competition from other entertainment
products. Te hundreds of millions of people who have fgured
out how to get free music from those seemingly bottomless
digital wells legal or not will unlikely be persuaded to come
back into the old world of unit-based payments; rather, they
must be empowered to pay for access frst.
26
Until just a few years ago, the music industry has had the
amazing windfall of earning tens of billions of euros every year
despite the fact that consumers have had to constantly sacrifce
their own agenda simply to get anything from the industry at
all. Let me name a few of those quietly accepted sacrifces: the
impossibility of getting only a single track by your favorite art-
ist without having to buy the entire album; the impossibility of
getting any product from lesser-known artists if you do not live
in the territory it is being distributed in; and the impossibility
to get a copy of any recording that is out of print.
Until the Net came along, music consumers were simply
forced to sacrifce their real needs just to get anything at all
from the industry: no product (CD) purchase, no music.
But digital technologies are now putting a quick end to many
customer sacrifces in just about every industry. Often some
entrepreneurial outsiders who spot those unnecessary sacrifces
are the ones who can exploit this opportunity better than the
incumbents, who usually rely on those tacit sacrifces in the
frst place. And while much of this is already apparent today,
tomorrow it will be the norm. Any information about any art-
ist and their work will be available instantly, while downloads
and streams become accessible anywhere, anytime.
One need only look at the popularity of eBay, Etrade, Ama-
zon, Mapquest, Google, Expedia, and Easyjet to realize how
much of a boon this new approach will be for us the users
and consumers. Tis trend is becoming so all-encompassing
that, in the music business, we will see many more consum-
ers categorically refusing to accept the old limitations, and no
longer sacrifcing their needs on the altar of ancient industry
rules and traditions. A huge challenge is certain but a huge
opportunity awaits as well witness the tremendous success
of companies such as eBay that are built entirely on customer
empowerment rather than sacrifce.
27
music like water
Te digitization of music has released music from its physi-
cal product shackles, forever it has no more plastic it must
stick to in order to reach the listeners. Music may already move
freely from an artist to the desktop of a manager or agent to
the editing suite of a flm production company, but once this
fow is truly organized and becomes much more user-friendly,
watch the use of music go up another notch. When the gates
are fnally opened, and Liquidity is the ofcial mantra, music
will become truly ubiquitous, and revenues will start to fow
from previously unimagined (and unattainable) sources.
access will replace ownership
In three to fve years, consumers will have access to their mu-
sic anytime, anywhere, and the physical possession of it will in
fact be more of a handicap, or a pastime for collectors. Music
will feel (and act) more like water, and music providers will
become utilities.
Multiplatform and mobile access to music will be the de-
fault setting, allowing consumers to fll-up their music de-
vices at gas stations, train stations and in cofee shops, using
wireless as well as fxed-media applications. Mobile phones as
we know them today will be replaced by much more powerful
mobile communication and entertainment solutions that will
network seamlessly. Mobile music players will connect to open
digital music services using GPRS, UMTS, Bluetooth, and Wi-
Fi connections, and will be able to stream or download music
content, in addition to serving as mobile phones, PDAs, mo-
bile gaming stations, social software and interactive network-
ing platforms such as Match.com, Friendster, and Linkedln.
Mobile music will support all kinds of interactivity between
users, such as playlist sharing and collaborative fltering, and
storage power will be virtually unlimited, with devices sporting
up to one terabyte of storage within the next fve years.
28
Flat-fee access deals, cheap international roaming, and con-
tent and connectivity bundles will make mobile music ofers
virtually irresistible. Tie that in with new, web-based music of-
ferings and you have the model for the future Music Like
Water. Everyone uses, everyone pays but it feels like free.
Cell phones and other wireless devices will utilize and suck
up more content than any other small consumer device. Poly-
phonic ringtone oferings, Multi-Media SMS (MMS), Java-
based games, wireless streaming of audio and video, i-Mode
type applications (such as location-based multiplayer gaming),
and other cell-phone based oferings will proliferate, at frst in
Europe and Asia, and only then followed by the U.S.
What else can the wireless carriers sell to their existing cus-
tomers? Calls will continue to get cheaper while content serv-
ices will always use more and more data.
the real thing becomes even more crucial
Making music is taking on a new meaning. For quite some
time now, people have been creating new music by using hard-
and software tools that allow them to freely snag and reuse exist-
ing snippets of music and create entirely new versions. Tis cut
and paste culture will surge, and eventually a lot of new music
will no longer be defned by melody and/or harmony, but by
the overall aural image or print that is being created.
At the same time, more people will be encouraged to learn
real instruments precisely because they have experimented
with software and hardware tools that have captivated their in-
terest. Virtual experiences will always want to be completed in
real-life scenarios as we can see in the concert business.
pricing
Te current music pricing model will be replaced by a very
potent liquid pricing system that incorporates subscriptions,
29
bundles of various media types, multi-access deals, and added-
value services. And yes, it will uphold the Fair Use provisions
that the consumer is already used to, such as the right to share
and the right to resell. After all, it has proven impossible to
make signifcant technological leaps and yet take backward
steps as far as user rights are concerned.
We will likely see additional built-in/no-choice payment
schemes, i.e., relatively small payments that all consumers must
make in order to get some basic service. Tis can be compared
to the obligatory license fees for public television and radio
that most European residents already pay every year. Similar
levies, taxes, or bundled fees are likely to be established for ba-
sic content services that will be available on digital networks,
such as for wireless carriers, Wi-Fi providers, and ISPs that may
yet end up paying a fat fee for some basic content services for
their customers (see the UKs PlayLouder MSP), with the un-
derstanding that they are likely to be very incremental and thus
not an obvious burden to the individual user.
Imagine if all of the 1.4 billion cell phone users around the
world would pay only one euro (or the local equivalent in real
value) each, per month, to get access to a basic music service.
Tis would already amount to half the value of annual world-
wide CD sales. Not realistic today, perhaps, but very likely to
happen tomorrow.
Beyond this, we will have what I like to call little choice
payments, where the consumer can choose from a variety
of good-value deals but cannot alter or customize them; and
choice payments such as premium subscriptions, member-
ships, donations, and pay-per-view oferings.
All in all, once the pricing models have changed and music
can fow freely, we may see up to 95% of the population in the
leading markets revert to active music consumers. Compare
this with the todays average 1025% that actually buys music
on physical media, and you can sense the potential of this fun-
damental shift.
30
radio must be personal
Terrestrial radio as we know it will become largely irrelevant
because people will have access to carefully programmed and
custom-cataloged music anywhere, anytime digital music in
its perfection is as good as the best radio ever was. Terefore,
radio will have to compete head-to-head with digital music
services that deliver music via satellite or via wireless networks,
just as terrestrial television broadcasters are competing with
pay-per-view services and digital TV providers.
A single powerful attraction that will remain in radios fa-
vor is the people component, though a good presenter will
always make a great diference. However, if radio is to survive
it must embrace digital technologies, but retain the personal
approach to presenting music and news, while adapting to the
certain role of being just one of the options for people who are
mobile and connected. Here are some simple Music 2.0 guide-
lines to sink your teeth into:
1. first, focus on viral dissemination of music and on
reaching the highest possible rate of exposure. Liquidity is the
name of the game! Tis includes providing streaming previews;
downloadable fles; correct meta-tags and detailed content in-
formation; history of uses; music-specifc data such as genre,
mood, lyrics, etc.; restrictions; permissions everything. Tedi-
ous, yes, but without correct and up-to-date data you will have
no business in a digital-content world.
2. transparency wins. Do all your business online. Start by
powering A&R with digital tools (and by that I dont mean
creating musical landflls like MP3.com). Move to using on-
line contract and royalty-administration tools; integrate online
payment systems for licensees and licensors; create online in-
terfaces for your business partners (such as other record labels,
publishers, flm and TV companies, ad agencies, etc.); ofer
deep information archives for media and marketing purposes;
31
put online syndication tools to good use; apply instant mes-
saging and wireless communication technologies to speed up
internal communication; and so on.
Yes, these may be expensive investments, but they will save
you up to 50% of your staf, administration, marketing, and
accounting budgets in the long run. And transparency is the
name of the game, today and in the future: Te more transpar-
ent your business activities, the more loyal your customers and
business partners will be, too.

3. lower the prices and unplug the pirates. Drastically lower
the prices for music products and you will see piracy disap-
pear quickly because pirates cannot compete any longer. Can
you make a proft on a lower sales price? Here is my math:
Reduce your productions costs by 25%; sell the product for 30%
less; cut in the artist for 2540%, but most important look to
get 95% of your catalog exposed to their perfect target groups,
via the Internet; save 50% on your marketing budgets; and take
advantage of a much larger market altogether, because now
people will be paying attention to music again.
And now, lets look at new ways to release music. Why is it
that every new product must be released on CD, and join the
other 3,500 new releases per month in the battle of shelf space
and media attention? And why is it, in the age of almost limit-
less data storage, that almost 90% of all catalogs is no longer
available to anyone? How about reviving the singles format,
but in a digital form (releasing new singles on the web, as well
as on bundled media products), and packaging new tracks into
games, phone subscriptions, and ad campaigns. And how about
providing complete back-catalog series on new audio sound car-
riers? Abort the old way of thinking product think service.
4. hired to work, not work for hire. Work-for-hire turns
into hired to work as the tables turn on the music industry
oligopoly. While in the old days, artists sold their rights to
32
the record companies, and in the U.S. their performances and
recordings were often deemed work for hire, the next gen-
eration of up-and-coming artists will hire their managers and
agents to do the work for them.
What a seismic shift, and what a great opportunity for smart
entrepreneurs who know how to address these markets: artist
marketing services, agenting and recommendation technolo-
gies, business networking tools, small enterprise solutions, and
agile application service providers.
5. use technology to re-ignite your music business. Tech-
nology has always driven the music business, and it will drive it
this time too. Tink back to the advent of amplifcation, the rise
of radio, the invention of the player piano, the gramophone,
the Walkman, the CD, etc. Every time a signifcant technology
invention came along and impacted the music business, legal
struggles ensued and lawyers had their feld days.
Ultimately, though, once a disruptive technology was actu-
ally widely adopted by consumers, everyone moved on to ex-
ploit it, and the overall market became bigger and bigger and
bigger. Te music publishers sued the piano-roll manufactur-
ers, music companies and artists sued radio broadcasters, the
TV networks sued the frst cable operators, the flm companies
sued the VCR manufacturers, and now the RIAA sues consum-
ers that contribute to the fle sharing networks.
Despite the current uproar, this seems to be just part of the
natural chain of events, always with the same result: If a tech-
nology indeed makes a real diference to a vast number of people
it will always prevail, regardless of the hurdles erected and the
objections of the powers-that-be. And laws get changed, too.
So, rights holders and creators, stand back for a minute. Al-
low this deep music web to be created, and agree to let that
ominous celestial jukebox become a reality. Put your entire
catalogs and all related information online both for B2B as well
as B2C purposes. In the future, content assets will only be
33
truly meaningful if they are available as zeros and ones. Look
for feels like free distribution models that get some serious
and free exposure for your content, because exposure is always
frst before you sell, you must be found!
6. lets unchain the music we already have. Allow your back
catalog to emerge from obscurity by placing it into the digital
networks, under the lowest possible set of restrictions that you
can get away with. Tis means a solid yes to free music serv-
ices, feels-like-free online radio, and even free media products
make it free if and when it has to be, and charge for it
when, where, and how you can. Te new game here is up-sell-
ing (i.e., selling more and more stuf to your ever-loyal custom-
ers), cross-selling (i.e., selling more stuf to someone elses loyal
customers who were referred to you), and re-selling (i.e., selling
the same stuf in a diferent package or bundle) already com-
mon practice in the software and videogaming world.
Today, hugely valuable back catalogs remain unused, unap-
preciated, and untouched, and are not generating revenues.
How about custom DVDs of entire genre collections and back
catalogs, interactive online radio stations featuring back cata-
log, and P2P back-catalog subscription services? $19.99 for 500
MP3s of classic Americana Id buy it! Put your back catalogs
back into the food chain and watch the new monies roll in.
7. license compulsively. Preclude the formulation of compul-
sory digital music licensing laws by compulsively licensing to
everyone who knocks on your door. Establish some basic, sim-
ple, afordable, transparent, yet industry-wide standards that
can be met by just about everyone, and let it fow. Stop using
the size and weight of your catalogs as leverage to get a better
deal than the next content provider, stop pushing for high ad-
vances, favored nations, and other corporate favors, and youll
see compulsory licensing initiatives evaporate (incidentally, so
will piracy!). Here, again, transparency will win the day.
34
january 8, 2005:
niches are golden
35
L
ook at the high-yield niche markets that are now, fnally,
reachable using digital technologies. Promote and pursue
diversity, not one-sound-fts-all. Take the emphasis of the
good old three artists selling 15 million tracks each model,
and look at the idea of 100 artists selling 250,000 tracks each
and flling large concert halls.
How about custom CDs and DVDs for niche-music mar-
kets, dedicated online (and cable) radio services, customizable
music subscriptions?
Without a doubt, the future of music is rooted in giving the
consumer what (s)he wants, in utter transparency and open
collaboration, and with a deep understanding of the need to
provide services that are user-friendly and accessible every-
where.
For music fans, consumers and users, the future is bright,
no ifs or buts. We will fnally get the choices we want, at the
price we want, when and where we want and our needs will
drive the business rather than be subjugated to corporate agen-
das.
For the Creatives, the artists and writers, the immediate fu-
ture may initially bring some real headaches due to the un-
certainty and insecurity that will remain for the next two to
three years. But once the transition to digital music is in full
swing, the creators will have easier access to their precise target
markets, more transparency in business matters, more avenues
of exploitation (and at very low cost), and a bigger pie to split
forget about hits.
build successes.
exploit the niches.
niches are golden
36
up. Endure the transition phase and they will enjoy some new
windfalls!
For the industry, we will witness a complete change of the
guard during the next three years, with a new boom in digital
music that will ultimately compensate for the recent misery
caused by the slump in CD sales if we let it happen! Te roles
and rules will change drastically, however. Few of those revered
traditions will stay intact, and many of the existing players
wont enjoy the music business anymore. Still, if you can adapt
to the new business models, the future will be exciting as well
as fnancially rewarding.
Te future is already here its just unevenly distributed. -
William Gibson
niches are golden
37
january 25 2005 music like water:
the inevitable
music ecosystem
38
I
strongly believe we are heading into a music like water
future, based on this very simple fact: Today, there are more
people in more places around the globe tuning into music with
more enthusiasm and sheer determination than ever before,
and depending on their cultural backgrounds, they are using a
myriad of diferent ways to get what they want. Whats more,
to a large degree the traditional record industry is simply no
longer invited to the party. Te bottom line is that consumer
empowerment has fnally reached the music business, and
many consumers have now taken charge of their own enter-
tainment. Its now My Media, not yours that you are simply
broadcasting to me.
Music fans (or, in Silicon Valley lingo, users) tune into on-
line radio; buy satellite radio receivers; record terrestrial radio
broadcasts onto their PCs; rip (copy) CDs checked out from
libraries; swap tapes, vinyl records, and CDs via the Internet;
trade fles on instant messenger services; exchange entire hard-
drives or fash-memory sticks with music; FireWire playlists
to each other; trade loaded iPods; buy or create their own
ringtones; transcode music streams provided by online radio
stations; distribute or trade fles on a multitude of P2P net-
works, topsites, and darknets; edit samples and loops with free
audio software tools; buy games and videos that feature their
favorite music; tune into music shows on television and record
it with their TiVo or other DVR; and stream music to their cell
phones. And all of this is just the tip of the iceberg we could
probably continue this list for the next couple of pages. Music
is BIG. Major. Crucial. Full stop!
Te trouble for the recorded music industry (yet not for the
music publishers) is that these are mostly non-traditional ways
of using and getting music (assuming theres still a diference)
and that the industry cant control them nearly as well as CD
sales could be controlled and monitored in that glorious top-
down, ber-control past. Terefore, the entire system and its
underlying logic is starting to crumble.
the inevitable music ecosystem
39
Tis was a system that was all based on total and relentless
control, monopolies and cartels, obscenely high proft margins
for sometimes very little work, and an amount of customer
passivity and sacrifces that is probably still unparalleled in any
other industry.
And things are getting worse, yet: Technologists and entre-
preneurs all over the world will continue to invent new ways to
fnd, discover, share, acquire, and consume music every other
day. Te cat, or rather, the music, is quite literally out of the
bag, and as my colleague and Pho-Group ringmaster Jim
Grifn likes to say nobody is going to succeed at putting
friction back in a frictionless world, much less grow a strong
business based on providing it.
Te only thing left to do is to monetize the existing, actual
behavior of the users, a.k.a. consumers, a.k.a. music fans, and
there are many new ways to do that (read on!). In any case the
industry will now have no choice but to accept the fact that this
ecosystem has morphed into a customer-driven, bottom-up
world that renders many widely accepted analog paradigms
and traditions instantly useless.
Now, once we go down that inevitable path we will quickly
realize that actually metering the use of music on a per-unit
basis, as if we were still in the days of Colonel Parker and Elvis
Presley, is simply becoming a mission impossible that most
players will not be willing to accept.
If we, for now, ignore the distinct possibility of a fat fee-
based system that could precisely track what music is actu-
ally used, and that could distribute exact royalties accordingly,
there is still no way we can continue to ask for fxed fees on a
per-track basis. After all, its no longer even clear what consti-
tutes a copy, a download, a digital phonographic delivery, or a
performance versus a mechanical reproduction. On digital net-
works, just about any performance creates copies somewhere
along the way, and every so-called copy is also being publicly
40
performed somewhere (witness the latest discussions about
time-shifting music).
Tis may sound a bit Orwellian, but it sure creates a signif-
cant transactional dilemma: A performance may be considered
a copy that might also be downloaded and that could be trans-
ferred to some people under certain rules? Tats an unwork-
able trafc jam of outmoded defnitions, IMHO.
Te argument reverberates in the latest defnition of music
purchasing on the Napster To Go (U.S.) download service:
Te user can download as many tracks as desired, as long as the
subscription is valid. Te Napster tracks cannot be used out-
side of the Napster application (which runs only on Microsoft
Windows) and the computer it is installed on.
Amazingly, and quite conclusively pointing towards the
Music-Like-Water model, these downloads are actually not
considered purchases at least not until I want to burn a CD
with them, and therefore own them free and clear. Clearly,
we have already reached and crossed that border between per-
formance and copy, between access and ownership, and pushed
it further out to a more economically feasible and much more
palatable place.
But the bottom line remains: the only way to monetize peo-
ples actual behavior and underlying desires on digital networks
is to give them a simple, no-brainer, all-you-can-eat blanket
deal, an all-in ofer or a fat-fee bundle. Without wanting to
sound like EasyGroups Stelios: we must make it easy, frst and
foremost.
Call it what you want, but the conclusion is that this is a
fat-rate and/or subscription model not a pay per down-
load model: One payment has me covered, but beyond this
I have many other options to spend my cash on many other,
related things. Call it levies, taxes, bundles, fat fees thats all
just a variation of the same subject. Music-Like-Water is where
we are going, and up-selling additional services is the name of
the game.
41
Teres plenty of precedent here: We make automatic, ha-
bitual, seemingly thoughtless yet fully accepted and even ex-
pected payments for water, gas, and electricity bills; we pay for
cable television, Internet access, and wireless services; and here
in Europe, we are paying a fat yearly fee for the use of any de-
vice (radios, TVs) that can receive public broadcasts. And most
of us pay quite happily for those utilities and subscriptions we
have accepted as must-haves.
Imagine if you were asked for your ID and password every
time you fushed the toilet at a public bathroom, or if your TV
would count and bill the numbers of hours that you spend
in front of it, or charge you more if ten people watched the
hockey game rather than just you alone. Economically speak-
ing, 99% of us already make these kinds of payments, all the
time, and the pool of cash thats being generated is vast.
In Germany alone, approximately 80 million people pay ap-
proximately 70 per year for public radio and television and
this is compulsory, i.e., decreed by law, not an optional pay-
ment so thats over half a billion euros per year thats available
to support the activities of the public broadcasters.
But this is an extreme example, and one that would certainly
not go over too well in the U.S., where such public levies would
be resoundingly despised (only to then face the constant bar-
rage of mind-numbing ads that scream at you from every TV
in every bar and airport lounge in America).
But I am digressing. Consider this: a much lower monthly
payment, say $3, something akin to a content fee imposed
on some hardware or devices, and some services or transac-
tions would get us there, just as well, and we would fnally have
a feels-like-free pass to do what many of us seem to already
be doing, albeit with the ofcial blessings of the rights-hold-
ers: enjoy our music where we want, when we want, and how
we want, without having to worry about RIAA lawyers hunt-
ing us down, malware-poisoned software on our PCs, which
type of bizarre DRM scheme is used by which label or retailer,
42
which country were in, which fles in what format are actually
complete and dont have viruses in them, which operating sys-
tem we use, which devices are compatible with which PC and
which application, and on and on.
Of course, that $3 may end up being 3 in Europe, 3 in the
UK, or, more important, the equivalent buying-power amount
in other territories such as India, China, or Brazil.
If we dont go down this road, how could we possibly expect
the music industry to be successful in the future, when at this
very moment the customers have to practically kill themselves
to legally give the industry their cash for digital music, on the
exceedingly narrow terms that are being enforced today?
Once we can subscribe to music just like we subscribe to
water, the music business will explode and we will enter a new
ecosystem that will make the previous music industry look like
New York City taxicabs from the 30th foor of the BMG build-
ing. DRM will morph into CRM; copy control will become
usage-control (i.e., tracking and monitoring); record labels will
morph into 360 music companies; radio will down(load)-cast;
devices will truly plug-and-play; and yes, cell phones + music
will likely kill the iPods dominance.
Teres only one thing: we must stop asking the consumers
to fll up their bath tubs with Evian, or to use Pellegrino to boil
pasta they have already discovered the tap water! So lets just
sell them tap water, via cheap, fat-fee deals, and the Pellegrino,
as well. And this does not equal a fat-out, wholesale devalua-
tion of music quite the contrary. Ubiquity is a very powerful
thing, and will create a nice pool of money for all involved
parties, a pool that will only be the very frst starting point for
a much increased monetization of music.
Because heres another thing that will happen when the
water/music fows freely: Te up-selling opportunities will be
huge, diverse, and multichannel. We will have all the user data
we could ever dream of having: opt-in profles and lots of user
43
feedback, usage patterns, program preferences, personal pro-
fles, locations, and access modes.
Apart from the obvious and quite serious concerns over
data security and privacy (now theres another huge business
opportunity!), this data will allow the content providers and
rights holders to zero in on one person at a time (even if anony-
mous), and ofer relevant and timely upstream items to him,
and maybe to also place very unobtrusive and friendly product
messages: Advertising may even become content, itself.
Imagine listening to your digital radio station while youre
driving, and seeing a message on the display informing you of
an upcoming show of your favorite artist that just happens to
be in a location that you will travel to. Simply push a button
on the display, or send an SMS from your mobile phone, and
within ten seconds you could have purchased a ticket for the
show. Ten, when you get to the show, you take up the venue
managements ofer to zap the entire evenings concert onto
your memory stick on the way out, for less money than the cab
ride back to the hotel. One can see where this is going.
Once music is unleashed and we can stop the dinosaurial
fght for the simple privilege of having access to it, distribution
ceases to be a barrier to entry: All music, all artists, and all writ-
ers will be in those pipelines. Ten, however, artists and their
representatives will be facing the real challenge: getting anyone
to pay attention to them, and surviving in this world of digital
Darwinism, since the old marketing mantra of Exposure +
Discovery = Sales (Income) will be even more pronounced in a
Music-Like-Water world.
Ultimately, of course, people will consume, or shall we say, use
more media (music) all the time, but the real limiting factor
is peoples time. Simply put, all of the worlds music (and its
creators) will be competing for attention in this new ecosystem,
and everyone will want a piece of your precious time. Tat will
be the real challenge going forward: getting exposure and being
44
discovered. Te rest is already built into the pipeline. So, brave
new music ecosystem yes, but not a built-in goldmine.
Finally, heres a take on that crucial question of just when
this will come about: Any business that is built on this in-
terim window (i.e., the window that may remain open while
we morph from music like bottled wine to music like wa-
ter) will have to have (at least) two parallel strategies. One that
works and makes money now, and one that makes the real
money when Music-Like-Water is a reality.
darwin:
it is not the strongest or most
intelligent that survive, but the
ones most adaptive to change.
A recent UK survey by Google showed that
Internet vs. TV attention now was 164 minutes
for the internet and 148 minutes for TV.
45
march 10, 2005:
closed system =
closed opportunities
46
S
cience Fiction author, EFF activist, and Boing Boing con-
tributor Cory Doctorow hits the nail on the head in a re-
cent comment: A word of warning to DRM-crazed compa-
nies: Somewhere out there is a competitor who will steal your
customers with more open products.
I particularly like this part: Now put yourself in your cus-
tomers shoes: Are you going to buy the alarm clock where you
have to pay your alarm tone tax every time you wake up in the
morning? Or are you going to buy the alarm clock that lets you
load your own CDs into it? Somewhere out there, there is a
competitor of yours who will sell your customer a phone that
lets him listen to his own music. And that company will attract
more business at the expense of companies that treat their cus-
tomers as wallets to be held open for the music industry.
You could argue that, for example, TiVo was once that kind
of just do it company, and now that its less cutting-edge
and daring, its business is quickly evaporatingor maybe its
just a window closing?
closed system = closed opportunities
47
march 21, 2005:
more on renting versus
owning music
48
T
he debate on Napster To Go versus iTunes goes on and
on, with many people loudly wondering if a renting mu-
sic model ( la Netfix for movies) will prevail, or a by-the-track
model such as iTunes ofers. Tese debates are useful are but
not quite getting down to the bottom of things yet. A quick
two points on this:
1. its not either or (never is). Rather, I think that some us-
ers will rent access to music for a cheap monthly fee that has
them covered, plus they will download individual tracks, and
some will still buy CDs and DVDs. However, the diference
is that with a no-frills and easy-to-use subscription model I
can convert a lot more people to buying music to begin with.
Rather than accepting that 40% of consumers leave the music
stores without buying anything, how about engaging 80% of
all consumers with a cheap, fat-rate music subscription. Tis is
where Napster wants to go, Id say, but being hobbled by DRM
is certainly going to make that mission much harder.
2. consumers, guess what: you dont really own your
tracks on itunes, either. Tere is DRM on these tracks you
purchased for those precious dollars, and your rights to own
them can be revoked. It just feels like you own it since most
people wont get near the limits that Apples DRM (Fairplay)
imposes on them. Te fact is, though, we are just renting here,
as well. Why else would people try to crack it?
more on renting versus owning music
49
april 21, 2005:
a bigger pizza makes more slices
and why the music industry is
heading towards lower prices
and higher values
50
H
eres another bottom line: Te real problem in the music
industry is not fle-sharing, piracy, or lack of consumer
interest in actually paying for music. Rather, its that the in-
dustry is way too slow in baking a bigger pizza. Rather, many
incumbents are still obsessed with snapping up the same, small
slices from under each others noses as quickly as possible.
Te bottom line is that we need to spur a new wave of music
consumption and create a larger market altogether a market
that could have 9 out of 10 consumers buying music, not 2.5
out of 10 as is the case in the U.S. today.
And how could we do that? Te answer is not rocket sci-
ence: We need lower prices, higher value-for-money, and a
much higher percentage of active buyers. But of course imple-
menting these ideas is a big challenge given the serious lack of
openness to change in this industry. Look at the airline or the
travel industries, or at banking: Te customer is truly becoming
Godzilla, and demands constant value-upgrades for less cash.
As Ive said many times before (even though I am not the
inventor of this catchy phrase ;-), content is king, customer
is Godzilla, and service is King-Kong! If the music industry
leaders would fnally get on with this basic mantra we would
see a signifcant lowering of CD and download prices (i.e., li-
cense fees!), and a food of additional content that the users
would get for free. As to added values, SonyBMG has started
doing that with the dual CD/DVD idea lately, but hey where
it goes wrong is that they now want a higher price!
Just imagine this scenario, for a moment: If a CD would cost
$9 or 7.50, and downloads would cost between 10 cents and
$1 (yes, sorry liquid pricing is a must), who would still bother
with the miserable user experience on Limewire, Grokster, and
Kazaa?
Better yet, if we could get 98% of all consumers to buy into a
basic music subscription on any and all digital channels (TV/
cable, satellite, radio, Net, mobile, Wi-Fi) for something like
$3 a month we would all of a sudden have a huge and very
51
tasty pizza that would have more than enough slices for even
the hungriest record label, music publisher, producer, agent, or
artist. Music Like Water, once again.
Do I hear you mumbling, Pie in the sky, dream on? Well,
think again: Consumer electronics companies, Internet service
providers, telcos, advertisers, and wireless companies will make
this happen sooner than you may think their combined mar-
ket power is 150 times that of the music industry. And all of this
will be great news to the artists, writers, producers, and com-
posers since merit + exposure always leads to discovery which
always leads to revenues period.
And fnally we could junk the idea that making-money-
making music simply means selling copies of songs (whether
physical or digital). Tere is a lot more to this business than
that. Tink branding, sponsorship, licensing, advertising, mer-
chandising, and digital performance royalties.
John Cage has a good line that fts here: I cant understand
why people are frightened of new ideas. Im frightened of the
old ones.
the business of just
selling copies
is over.
52
july 11, 2005:
even in music, the power is moving
to the edges of the network
53
I
n music, it seems like the power is just now starting to
move to the edges of the network, rather than continuing
to come from the middle, i.e., from central points or the heart
of the industry. Network centers can be equated with the huge
content hubs such as MTV/ VH1, Clear Channel, Infnity, the
BBC, etc., or of course the major record labels and large retail-
ers, as well as iTunes and maybe even Rhapsody and MSN.
Network edge-dwellers are companies like Garageband.
com, MySpace Music, XM, Sirius (soon to move into the cent-
er?), KPFA, Hearts of Space Radio, Last.fm and many others.
Podcasting, blogging, and online networking are activities that
are largely happening on the edges of the network. Tus, they
are still mostly unregulated and represent a new kind of bot-
tom-up phenomenon.
Te bottom line is that digital technologies are quickly do-
ing away with the traditional hit-paradigm of it must be huge
to be successful (and merit my attention) that was a default
principle until just fve years ago. Now you can publish your
music and provided you can get peoples attention you can
sell direct from your bedroom or parents garage.
Granted, the numbers are not large yet, and it wont merit
a Fortune 500 company CFOs attention, but more and more
bands are starting to get it and are focking to places on the
edge of the network rather than trying to be in the center. Re-
member, thats what it all used to be about: Get onto MTV,
play at Glastonbury, get on the cover of Rolling Stone. In other
words: be in the center, be famous, be huge or be toast. Rolls-
Royce or bicycles.
Now, a whole new possibility opens up for artists and small
labels: Life on the edge of the network is, indeed, economi-
cally doable. And in a few years, it may be lucrative, too. Niche
markets can work. Te much-lauded Long Tail in digital media
makes it possible.
MySpace.com has opened a huge can of worms here (now
here is one company to watch hope they dont go the way of
even in music, the power is moving to the edges of the network
54
Friendster ;-) years after MP3.com, some of the very same
thoughts are coming back in a new incarnation. Is the VC
money indeed coming back, too, or is it just that we all have
to come around a second time to prove that it can be done and
that all those whacko dot-com music ideas were not entirely
foolish?
from the network to networked:
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september 08, 2005:
the rise of the culture
of participation
why the music industry should pay very close
attention to blogs, photo-sharing,
ringtone-mixers, and social networking
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itness: blogs, mashups, online collaboration sites and
services, social networking, online photo-and video
sharing, Google-Map-Archives, the tremendous growth of
Wikipedia, Ourmedia.org and the Internet Archives, P2P web-
casting, collaborative playlist sharing, and the countless new
ringtone-creation toolsthe list of participation-fueled sites
and booming personal media services gets longer and longer,
while tens of millions of people are signing up just to be a part
of something.
Fan-built playlists and mixes are taking over the way people
get their music, says Wireds Katie Dean in a recent feature.
Mix tapes and playlists are really the new container for mu-
sic, adds Lucas Gonze, creator of Webjay, in the same feature.
Is this kind of music-sharing and communing the next big
thing?
In a drastic departure from the good old one-way, top-
down, TV-obsessed culture of the past, we are now witness-
ing a seemingly ubiquitous trend to media forms that allow, or
better yet, promote participation, self-expression, and user en-
gagement and the music and media and so-called content
industries are the frst to feel it.
For the average yet somewhat web-savvy consumer, though, it
seems that now that we do have access to pretty much any con-
tent anytime (whether legal or not), many of us are no longer
satisfed with simply taking advantage of that fact and blissfully
consuming the content. Rather, now we actually want to be
part of it, infuence it, change it, and somehow play a more
engagement is the new marketing
the users are the new content
the rise of the culture of participation
57
active part in it or ouch! maybe even create some content
ourselves.
Does this take us to some sort of California tech-geek digital
hippie-ism where every consumer is also a potential creator or
(worse) publisher? Is that where its going?
Well, personally, I have some doubts that just giving people
good, cheap, and powerful production tools plus access to al-
most-zero-cost publishing and distribution mechanisms actu-
ally produces good content (however you want defne that).
Rather, I think it frst and foremost creates a lot of content.
Still, even if this empowerment trend does not (yet) truly
boost the creation of mind-boggling new art, the mere pos-
sibility of playing a more active role in content (re)creation is
certainly an exciting idea to many people, and probably will
unlock some potential that may otherwise have gone unno-
ticed.
However, music may yet prove to be a diferent animal here:
While the grassroots journalism that takes shape in blogging
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has already made a real tangible impact, and is very much on its
way of changing the way magazine and newspaper publishing
works and the journalism business operates, I am not sure that
the same thing will happen with music anytime soon.
While, conceptually, I like and support the everybody can
be a publisher, composer, or writer idea, deep down I have a
hunch that so few people are actually gifted in these felds, and,
personally, those are the ones I would want to hear and see,
not the countless others who are just maybe of interest in their
brightest moments. Who has the time?
Often, the desired result is best achieved with some sort of
smart, benign, and intelligent flter in place, i.e., friends or oth-
er trusted third parties who select the best new music for me, or
maybe some sort of human + machine +database intelligent
engine that can emulate it. (See Pandora, Soundfavor, Trans-
pose/Goompah, Last.fm, etc.) But this remains a big maybe.
As to participation, lets remember that back in the early
days of the National Science Foundation, the ARPANet and
the pre-Netscape WWW, almost every user was most likely
also a contributor to its exploding vastness and ever-increasing
depth. Early epicenters of participation like Te Well (now
for sale) thrived on people participating rather than just be-
ing information freeloaders, which pretty much became the
default scenario in the 90s.
However, we are now at the point where many things that
were invented in the late 90s, and that didnt quite make it
then, are becoming actual reality. (Witness the long and wind-
ing road of eMusic IMHO, a vastly underrated success story
in digital music.) And this phenomenon also brings us to the
second wave of the the culture of participation a phenom-
enon that is changing entire industries practically overnight,
with the media/music/entertainment industries right on top
of the s(hit)-list.
Te importance of this new participation factor is even
further amplifed by that other crucial new paradigm of me-
59
dia consumption: Empower your customers or watch them
move on. Add that to enable user participation or become
irrelevant and you have a nice stew of opportunities and
signifcant challenges.
So, take a short tour with me. Even if you dont quite sub-
scribe to the possibly naive notion that everyone can be a
writer, actor, musician, artist, entrepreneur, or inventor, you
still wont be able to avoid noticing how the thresholds for at
least trying to be a content creator are being drastically lowered
everywhere around us. Everyone can now make music using
computers and various software programs (like it or not), and
publish the results on a website, or set up his/her own online
radio stations, right from the bedroom PC.
Almost everyone can now be a writer and publish endless
pontifcations on their blogs (I should know ;-) or even make
you listen to them via podcasting (an even scarier thought, as
in my own case :-).
No longer are we just content in shooting cool photos or
bleedingedge videos and showing it to our family or friends;
we now actually want to show them to the world, and post
them on Flickr, Webshots, Ofoto, or Shutterfy for everyone to
see! And its not just because its so easy (its not, really ;-), its
also because we all want to be heard and seen, make a contri-
bution, and show ourselves, even without anyones approval or
ofcial authorization.
No longer do we take the ofcial and sanctifed sources
of traditional news for granted. Instead, we look to fnd and
subscribe to our own news-channels by connecting to other
people who focus on the exact same subjects or verticals that
were interested in, and that seem credible or are otherwise rec-
ommended. (Witness the booming popularity of Boing Boing,
InstaPundit, etc.) Out goes CNN, and in comes RSS. Never
mind MTV, Clear Channel, and American Idol now people
tune into podcasting! Or both?
No longer do we just listen to TUGOR (the uniform, good
60
old radio), and take its remote-controlled programming choic-
es for granted, instead we build our own radio stations on the
Internet and swap playlists, like-it links, URLs, and profles.
Enter Mercora, MySpace, Grouper, Last.fm, Launchcast
No longer do we just accept one opinion or one point of
view as real just because thats all we can get right now; in-
stead, we now Google everyone and everything, and fnd others
who may have something to add that sparks our interest.
No longer do we only read the classifed ads to fnd stuf,
meet new people, make business connections or personal con-
tacts, or fnd out whats happening. Instead we become an ac-
tive piece of the puzzle, and contribute to the formation of
virtual metaconventions where people meet each other for
kinds of purposes. Witness MySpace, Friendster, aSmallWorld,
Match.com, HotOrNot, Ryze, LinkedIn
No longer do we just listen to music; we now are starting to
remix it the minute we have downloaded it. We morph, change,
tweak, and edit with great enthusiasm the very minute it has
turned up in its original version. We use samples and snippets
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of anything to make a personal and/or a fashion statement.
Mass-customizing our cellular ringtones is a good example:
Already ringtones are an estimated $4 billion global boon for
music publishers and record labels.
Look at GarageBand, Minimixa, Digimpro, Hyperscore,
and many others watch for those kinds of tools and services
to go through the roof in the next fve to ten years. Tune in,
engage, participate, contribute, share, publish!
Good-bye, one-way-content funnel and good old linear
copyright, and welcome to the chaos of participation a chaos
that will ultimately make the music business three times as
big.
Digital trust, virtual reputation, and credibility are now
starting to be real factors; something that was once reserved
to MIT geeks, hackers, and assorted get a life-ers. Now, ones
reputation on eBay may be just as valuable to people as his
real-life reputation at his favorite bar.
Tis, to me, is a sure sign that the distinction between on-
line and ofine realities is starting to blur. In fact, I would
venture to say that within fve to seven years most digital na-
tives in most rich countries wont even comprehend what of-
fine even means (except for, hopefully, for describing a certain
frame of mind).
In music as a direct side efect of the exploding culture of
participation and the drive to self-determination that fuels it
we, the users, now determine what, when, how and where we
listen to music and we egg others on to do the same.
Tere goes Radio 1.0 (at least in its old form) and in comes
Radio 2.0: time-, space-, and device-shifted. It is becoming
clear that the more people are connected to digital networks
more often and at ever decreasing costs, the more people want
to participate and be involved.
We are therefore leaving something behind that in a way was
the Holy Grail, the very foundation of media for the past 50-
plus years: the one-way communication-mode that made them
62
(the media companies) the producers, creators and rights-hold-
ers, and us into the consumers, buyers, users, and couch po-
tatoes.
Entertainment devices used to be receiving devices, now they
are trans-ceiving and trans-sharing devices we no longer
just get stuf, we also change it, forward it, and share it, and
that is where the growth of those industries will be found.
Te advent of user empowerment is a huge shift the mu-
sic industry is just starting to embrace, and as we can see in
other industries (Amazon, eBay, SouthWest Airlines, EasyJet,
ETrade), giving the power to the user is what makes real
money, today!
My humble success-recipe for music and media companies:
Empower the user and promote participation, and youll do
well.
Please note: Naturally, I often draw inspiration from others
as they may freely draw from me (hopefully)! Tis particular
essay is inspired by a feature I recently received via email from
Business 2.0; I believe it was Eric Schonfeld using the term
culture of participation that egged me on to look at this a
bit closer.
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october 01, 2005:
the music industry: once the pain
gets big enough we may have
some real change
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I
often get this question from people: How come if things
are this obvious and the opportunities are so clearly there,
as I like to argue the incumbents in the music industry dont
just do it: adopt all those new ways of using technology to grow
the marketplace, and just get on with it. Why would anyone
continue selling music by the unit, sue their own customers,
and chill the marketplace in just about every possible way?
Well, in my opinion, the answer is unfortunately that the
pain is not big enough yet. It seems that often, people make
really big, tough changes only when they are left with very few
other options, when the old way of doing things is toast for
sure, when theres nothing to lose and anything else would be
better than what we have now. Another 18 months and were
there, I think. In the meantimeprep the runway.
the music industry: once the pain
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january 15, 2006:
flat fee music and the music
like water (mlw) manifesto
written while at midem 2006, cannes,
france, january 23, 2006
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I
ts the 40th MIDEM (the music industrys oldest annual
gathering in chic Cannes, France) and the frst few days of
2006, and so I fgured its a good time to throw these ideas into
the mix and present this paper for public discussion.
Te debate over the licensing of digital music is raging and
growing exponentially every day. Around the world, calls for
fat-fee, open, and public music access systems have been get-
ting louder and louder (see the French Parliament, the Ger-
man Indie Label Organization VUT, Martin Mills/Chairman
of the Beggars Group in a recent Music Tank essay, Gilberto
Gil in Brazil, etc.). And, despite the huge and indeed very
respectable growth of online music sales legal/paid digital
music services are far from beating the ever-popular fle-sharing
networks, darknets, and countless other digital music-trading
methods. Will it be a cold day in Hell before the legitimate
ofers are good enough to at least have a real chance of beating
the shoddy experiences of the unlicensed P2P services?
In fact, rather than the universally desirable and much
discussed monetization of conduct and the fat fee licens-
ing of P2P networks (yep, this could have been done back in
1999!), the biggest thing to really happen in music, in 2005, was
podcasting for which most music is, once again, not made
available or licensed at this time, with the exception of some
recent and very laudable frst steps by AIM in the UK). What
does that tell you? IMHO, it confrms that indeed very few
initiatives for signifcant change are coming from within the
industry; almost every major change seems to be coming from
the outside.
Now, despite the overall quite impressive number of ap-
proximately 830 million downloads that Steve Jobs just an-
nounced at Macworld, I think iTunes (but not iPod!) sales will
be fattening severely as everyone who has any economically
realistic view of life is now realizing that they cannot continue
to spend $//1 per track for yet another version of the same
track, again.
flat fee music and the music like water (mlw) manifesto
67
On the other side of the digital music sphere the Janus-DRMed
Windows Media-powered music services such as Napster and
Reals Rhapsody are struggling with the heavy handicaps that
their technology neither really protects anything nor is really
easy to use for anyone. In fact, all the ones I have tried have
plenty of most likely does not play when you really need it
problems. No such troubles with eMusic, which I like a lot,
butvery little, if any, music from the major labels there.
Te bottom line is that the system, the very operating para-
digm, is broken at the core, and thousands of band-aids will
not make it well again. Tese attempts at reviving an almost
comatose record (but not music) industry will just keep us go-
ing until we can get a full set of organ (and brain) transplants.
But naturally, huge changes like these must simply play
themselves out, and so for 2006, I predict that the pain of sell-
ing music the good old way (i.e., by the unit, whether online
or ofine) will become so severe that most incumbents will
simply waive most currently mandatory must-haves and fnally
throw their holy cows (such as not licensing anything in MP3
format, or maintaining territorial restrictions) into the digital
meat-grinder, and will start heading for greener pastures, in
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droves. Good.
Along with this, in 2006, we will see various embodiments
of MLW and the Flat Fee Music Fee and I certainly hope
to be able to contribute.
everybody uses, everybody pays!
Simply put, and as previously introduced in my 2005 book Te
Future of Music, Music Like Water is the concept of music that
is as freely (but not for free!) available and as omnipresent as
water or electricity, with everyone paying and everyone using,
and with ubiquitous coverage, accessed via an infnite number
of entry points (Net, cable, wireless, satellite), on many dif-
ferent devices, and in many diferent shapes.
It is a system where all users, and/or their service providers
(!) would happily make small, feels-like free payments to be
able to access a large pool of music, without restraints: all-you-
can-eat, anytime, anywhere. A system where the works of any
creator could easily be found and made available for discovery,
where music could be used and compensated for, simply by
virtue of being in the pool and in the essence, proportionally
to the actual use of their works. Sounds an awful lot like Cable
TV or radio!
So why do we need MLW and Flat Fee Music?
Tere are many good reasons here are just a few.
1. because music (and of course, art in general) is as essen-
tial to our lives as water and electricity almost as much
as air and in a digital/networked society it shouldnt be, and
neednt be, locked up and forcibly Pellegrino-ed, only because
doing so used to create outrageous benefts of friction for the
top four players in this system, while the end-user must sacri-
fce at every turn, rather than getting to participate and holy
cow! even be an active part of the music experience.
Te current situation the Orwellian lawsuits, the hideously
69
unclear and convoluted licensing situation, the DRM-booby-
trapped CDs and online services, the raging tides of incompat-
ibility, and the never-ending user frustration is simply un-
sustainable and is strangling the market. Instead of technology
giving us Music 2.0 it appears that the music-rights situation is
pushing us back to a pre-Jurassic Music 0.5.
2. because everyone should, and will (or does already ;-),
have access to music, in the connected, digital-natives-ruled
world that is quickly coming upon us. Dont believe it? Well,
what about Yahoo Music Unlimited, Napster To Go, Mo-
torolas iRadio, XM-to-Go and the new iMesh? Call it a fat
fee-based music renting model but really its the frst precur-
sors of fat fee music and if some of this reminds you of the
pontifcations of the ill-faded John Marie Messier, ex-CEO of
Vivendi-Universal (the former utility company!), I guess that
would be no accident.
3. because the user clearly has won, hands down, in the
ten-year old battle of us (as in the consumer) versus
them (as in the record industry). Te system as we know
it is imploding, the dam is broken, and everyone is looking
elsewhere. Brazil is turning Creative Commons, newly devel-
oping nations are pondering alternative compensation systems
for music, Frances parliament wants a fat-fee P2P license, and
meanwhile Apple is quietly (or ratherloudly) basically taking
over the digital music business!
4. because its time and weve all been waiting long
enough. Twelve-plus years since the birth of MP3, ten years
since IUMA, six years since Napster 1.0and 1.4 million fre-
quent fyer miles on my account :-) isnt it time to fnally give
the user what they actually want, when and how they want it,
rather than trying to tell them what they should want? Time
to take a page from Southwest Airlines, EasyJet, eBay, Google,
70
and Apple. How much pain does it take before you make seri-
ous changes?
5. because it is technically, socially, and economically
efficient and effective. Even though it is likely that most
music would initially come of central server banks in each ter-
ritory, almost ubiquitous user acceptance would quickly cre-
ate the perfect user case for authenticated and monitored P2P
content-delivery systems such as BitTorrent or something like
RawFlow, allowing large numbers of large music fles to be sent
around for a fraction of the bandwidth. Tis will eventually be
a boon for broadcasters, of course frst music, then flms!
6. because convergence is now for real, and convergence
demands that we solve this problem now. Yes, sure, this talk
of convergence in media is 15 years old but this time its real,
and if we dont ofer a real solution not a fg-leaf, a token, or a
band-aid to how music will fow in convergent and bundled
media networks, it simply wont have music, or at leastnot
our music. Witness the developments in podcasting, social me-
dia, and P2P networks.
the TOTAL web & tv convergence is here
tv
web
pull
push
71
7. because every music fan is now time-shifting, space-
shifting, and device shifting, anyway, and looking for a
better deal for his dollars. Te record industry wants more
money per track, while the users keep exploring the cheaper, or
free, options. But this time, just playing hardball is not going
to bring in the bacon!
8. because mlw and flat fee music gives everyone the imme-
diate and substantial benefit of having constant and more
or less limitless access to music, anywhere, anytime, while
at the same time it will gently and elegantly manage to get the
necessary payments from each and every user.
Te bottom line is that MLW and Flat Fee Music seems like
the only approach that will really work, going forward. Just im-
agine a world where you need to insert your credit card into a
reader to be able to fush the toilet at a restaurant, where a user
ID and password is required to fll your bathtub, and where
you secretly trade water jugs of rainwater with your neighbors.
Tis is basically what we have in the music business, now!
the flat rate basics
Unrestricted legalized access to music
Everybody uses everybody pays
but feels like free
Payments are bundled and/or opt-in
Based on a voluntary collective license
Rates vary by country
Te fat rate is only the beginning of $ fow
Creates a very powerful Music2.0 ecosystem
72
Almost all of us indeed would be bona-fde criminals in such
a scenario because it would be next to impossible not to be.
Unfortunately the fact is that almost all of us already are crimi-
nals: we have engaged in downloading unauthorized content
one way or the other (wellyes, for research purposes only ;-),
and if its not you, its your kids! MLW is the only way to pro-
vide digital music amnesty, to ofer insurance, to aford compli-
ance, to build a safe and stable system of music consumption
and creation.
so how would it work?
Te MLW idea would, of course, require a large pool of music
that will be made available, to everyone, on any and all digital
networks, in return for universally accepted payments that will
very likely be bundled into other services such as general online
access, wireless communications, club memberships, all kinds
of online services, cable and radio, or other content-subscrip-
tion services, and that may well be included in some existing or
new levies for hardware and devices.
Tis available catalog is likely to cover the basic music needs
of most music users in most countries, and will of course need
to refect local preferences in terms of language, genres, and the
like. In my opinion, somewhere in the neighborhood of 1.5 to 2
million songs should be sufcient for most territories.
Tis catalog must be available in a format that will be uni-
versally supported, without exception (OK, I do have a hunch
what format this would be ;-), and that will always play on
100% of devices, without fail, and in practical terms, we will
ultimately no longer really need to distinguish between per-
formance/listen or digital download since the actual use of
each piece of music will be measured each and every time, and
as it happens.
Every single track will have a unique ID, a unique fnger-
print, watermark, DNA, with a central registry maintaining
73
the data. Every use of every track on any and all digital net-
works is therefore likely to be tracked and documented, and
much like the stock market rights holders and creators
will be able to track these actual usage details pretty much as
they happen. Payments for each use will be instantly trackable,
transparent, and more or less instantaneously transmitted, han-
dled by software solutions that have already been available for
quite some time now.
So-called copy protection and DRM (as we currently defne
it) will simply become superfuous, since there is no real reason
to snag content from somebody else that would also be tapping
into the very same pool of content that I have access to but
user authentication, tracking, monitoring, scanning, playlist-
ing, programming, and recommendation will be.
A quick side-note to VCs: Consider investing in companies
that aggregate content and rights, and put your $$$ in media
searching/playlisting/recommendation, advertising insertion
technologies, and digital marketing tools that is where the ac-
tion is. DRM will become CRM (i.e., Customer Rights Man-
agement) and root-kits will become marketing kits ;-).
In a ubiquitous system of MLW nobody would bother to
steal music from anyone, since everyone already has his or
her own access. And even if you could not aford to pay for
that access (as little as it would actually cost you), somebody
else would be very likely to pay it for you either to be able to
market to you in return, or to simply make sure you are taken
care of, much like the social service agencies in many countries
make sure that everyone has power and water. Tis is simply
because it would create too much friction in the system if you
did not have it.
Te real danger of stealing, in a MLW world, is people
stealing your data and infringing on your privacy! Indeed, the
MLW system really means that the users, themselves, are the
content and create the real value for companies that ofer serv-
ices in this turf.
74
How would music be licensed into this system?
Te fat fee, music utility license needs to be as binding (or
compulsory) as the radio license and the good old public per-
formance license following the release of your musical work,
you simply cant refuse to make your music publicly available,
at least to some minimal degree; its all part of, quite literally,
releasing it.
I picture this compulsory license as the result of ongoing ne-
gotiations over tarifs (and yes, lets be real this will probably
require government participation in some form or the other),
but ideally this license would mean that all new releases are
automatically included in the available catalog, and a certain
amount of catalog repertoire (say, the last two to three years)
would be, as well.
Everything else could be handled on an opt-in scenario; but
of course, ultimately, who would not want to have their en-
tire catalogs on this system, since being part of it would pretty
much be the starting point and prerequisite for everything else,
and it therefore would be foolish not to opt in with all of ones
assets. Tarifs would initially be set by country, or better yet,
by regions (such as EU-wide), and maybe the current rights
the failure to license the online
networks has not at all reduced
the use of music on those networks
it has just
REDUCED THE CREATORS INCOME
ACROSS THE BOARD
75
societies (PROs and MROs) could administer the fow of the
payments.
why would music like water benefit the crea-
tors, and their agents and representatives?
Te answer is obvious: a bigger pizza makes for more slices.
More money to spread around, a much fairer way of splitting it
up, and a more leveled playing feld of distribution that would
create very powerful smarter-marketing-wins opportunities.
In its essence, this system would imply that artists and rights-
holders would have nobody to blame but themselves and their
service providers if they could not attract the attention of con-
sumers transparency and accountability would be king.
Having said that, this may also create some extreme exam-
ples of what I like to call digital Darwinism, in that the efects
of the only-a-mouse-click away -fueled competition would
likely be extremely palpable: millions of tracks in a fat-fee,
open-format, ubiquitous, and universal-access system would
create huge competitive pressures as far as the consumers selec-
tion process is concerned, i.e., on what the users would actu-
ally pay attention to, given that all of them will have less time
but exponentially more media and entertainment options than
ever before. ButI suspect that there are clever entrepreneurs
out there who are already working to alleviate this very prob-
lem (time for a de-Darwiniser).
who would get what?
Te MLW payment logic could encompass something like
this: non-interactive radio would be free or almost free; inter-
active/on-demand radio would be subject to a small license fee;
tethered downloads (i.e., downloads that could not be moved
from a given system that receives them, but that would play
ofine) would cost a bit more; and free/play-for-absolutely-
76
sure downloads that can be moved anywhere anytime would
cost the most.
And of course, physical media orders would all be extra.
(Tese include CDs, DVDs, pre-loaded storage mediums,
and other yet-to-be-invented fxed media formats and there
will be quite a few!) Te most important thing would be, of
course, the user/fan/consumer would not even know the dif-
ference, since any form of consumption of any song in the
system would be covered with his/her music fat fee, anyway.
Te diference in mode of consumption would only matter for
splitting up the pool of money (to quote my fellow visionary
Jim Grifns favorite term) and making the payments to the
rights holders.
doing the math
Assuming that almost all users in most countries would pay
this MLW music fee (or, more correctly, that someone would
pay it for them, or bundle it into another product so they
wouldnt even know they were paying for it), this is a frst take
of how I would envision these fees to be split up.
After deducting the operating costs such as the registry op-
eration, fle analysis/fngerprinting and/or watermarking, host-
ing, bandwidth, accounting, and general administration (all of
these could very likely be reduced drastically, so in my view
they should not make up more than 810% of the total), the
remaining income from the total pool of Music Fees in each
country or territory would be considered Distributable Music
License Fees that would be paid to the content creators and/or
their representatives.
Whats more and this is where it gets really interesting I
think that other revenue streams that would be derived by any
of the music services that would tap into this Music Pool,
such as income from advertising, should also be subject to pay-
ing a small commission fee to the content owners.
77
From the 100% of the remaining license fees, my frst
thoughts are that something like 60% could be paid for all
downloads (in the aggregate), 25% could be paid for all so-
called tethered downloads (if that will even continue to be a
viable ofering, given the nature of the MLW system), 12%
could be paid for interactive/on-demand radio, and 3% for
regular, non-interactive, digital radio.
I am aware that this is a very contentious issue, but a 50-
50 split between the artist/performer (master recording rights
holder) and the songwriter (composition rights holder) seems
like a good approach, in principle. Beyond this, every track
used on the system would simply be tracked according to its
actual use (beyond a 30-second trial or preview, maybe), and
would receive the exact amount of royalties on a prorated basis
to all actually used tracks on the network.
For example, if during a single day of accounting, a single
track accounted for 5% of all downloads in a given territory, it
would receive the 5% of the 60% allotted for download-license
fees for that day (i.e., pro-rata from the per-month or per year
music fees paid into the system.
mlw/flat fee music is only the tip of the iceberg!
It is very important to realize that the Flat Fee Music concept
described here would only be the very tip of the iceberg of what
would happen in digital music commerce if we truly embraced
this new ecosystem, In fact, I would venture to say that while
MLW-derived fees would be quite substantial (and of course,
recurring!) they would still represent less than 3040% of the
total revenue potential that this new approach would unlock.
Some of the other revenue streams could be things such as
on-demand live show recordings, interactive webcasts, exclu-
sive pre-releases, catalog re-issues, special products, and many
diferent kinds of new audiovisual products the list of options
is getting longer every day.
78
How much would this cost the consumer?
Te answer is that it would of course vary widely depending
on territory and size of population, but overall the price to the
end users is very likely to fall quickly (no, not the resulting li-
cense fees!!) once the system is truly liquid, and once it starts
generating huge amounts of potential opt-in, targeted and cus-
tomized advertising opportunities, which IMHO will be the
major source of entertainment monetization going forward.
Personally, for the rich nations, I am thinking that a 35
$// price range for the end user would be a good range, since
I believe that kind of fgure would result in almost ubiquitous
buy-in from the consumers. I will get into detailed examples on
the math behind this in my book, but do consider this quick
preview: If 85 million Germans paid a monthly music fee of
4, we would yield a whopping 340 million per months, or
4.08 billion per year not bad for monetizing what people
already do. ;-)
the flat rate
UPSTREAM
REVENUES
79
And this would be just a starting point, I would think, since
there would still be CD sales and all the new revenue oppor-
tunities listed above. At this rate, I think that we would very
quickly have ISPs, telcos and mobile operators absorbing the
users fees for the privilege of selling other services to him/her.
Te result: Te price goes down, and the service level goes up
the digital content paradox.
And then: enter up-selling, and enter Advertising 2.0, which
I think will yield a multiple of the Music Fees described above.
Keep in mind that, as evidenced by Googles latest move, tar-
geted, customized advertising-in-media is an explosive growth
market that some analysts have described as 100 times as pow-
erful as the current advertising market this would dwarf any
money that the music industry could make just selling copies
of songs.
the role of government
Unless the rights holders and the music services (i.e., retail-
ers) can agree on a fat-fee music rate that also makes sense to
the user, soon, and start to provide a level of service that actu-
ally works for anyone without an engineering degree, it looks
like the government and other public policy organizations will
need to step in and catalyze (or force?) a deal.
Right now, I think it looks like that is likely to happen with-
in the next 1218 months, starting in Europe (your guess where,
exactement). I dont think the government should actually run
or even regulate a Flat Fee/MLW system, and I dont think it
should be a tax or a levy, but still, this idea is of course nothing
new to most Europeans, who already pay approximately $150
per year per resident to have the right to use their TVs and
radios, so lets see how things do play out in that context.
Rather, I think the government (in particular, the European
Commission) should be involved with setting the rates, and
80
then get out of the way and let commercial services blossom
that are based on that rate (see radio, and cable TV).
Please note: I am neither the proprietor nor sole originator
of these concepts and ideas; I have simply been very busy learn-
ing from many others (see Credits and Infuences), collect-
ing, incubating on and remixing ideas, and collating thoughts
from thousands of webpages, RSS-feeds, books, and conversa-
tions. All those before me and next to me deserve the credit I
am just the remixer.
81
february 24, 2006:
why the major record
companies will offer mp
3
s in
less than 18 months
originally written for musically uk
82
T
oday, I will go on the record and predict that fnally, the
pain will be big enough and at least one of the major
record companies will cave in, during the next 918 months,
and ofer paid downloads in the MP3 format. In other words,
the holy cow of copy protection will end up in the meat grind-
er. Why? Here are some of the reasons:
1. because drm is nothing but snake oil and fig leaves, and
everyone knows it. Its pretending that total control over dis-
tribution remains actually possible. Do you know any company
that has made any real money with selling DRM solutions,
do you know any consumer that sees a beneft in DRM, and
are there any halfway smart kids out there that do not yet know
how to sidestep it? Is there other reason for Napster, Rhapsody,
and YahooMusic to use DRM apart from needing to placate
the (major) record companies and get those content contracts
signed to begin with?
Look around you: All DRM companies that have any real
sense of reality are either exiting the business or becoming
CRM (Customer Rights Management) companies, or they will
cease to exist. DRM in its current form is the embodiment
of fear of change, plain and simple. What we really need is
smart software that empowers the consumer, and paves the dig-
ital highway for the age of super-distribution.
2. because emusic will kick their butts. eMusic is becom-
ing the major force in the marketplace for some very simple
reasons: Te music plays everywhere, the price is right, and the
site is very easy to use in other words: it just works! Imagine
that.
3. pretty soon, either mp3 or apples itunes will own the
marketplace. Tats simply because right now, nothing gets of
the ground that does not work with iPods (e.g., Napster et. al.).
Te Windows-DRMed fles dont work with many players. So
why the major record companies will offer mp3s
83
which option is the least troublesome for the labels going
MP3 or playing second fddle to Steve Jobs?
4. digital radio (satellite, hd, and online) will soon supply
huge amounts of music, at a very low cost. So many people
who have still been buying CDs will start to accept and toler-
ate the lack of on-demand options on these services again,
because they are so convenient and they simply work.
LETS FACE IT
75,000 different devices
that play mp3 files
approximately ;, devices that play
drmed files
why the major record companies will offer mp3s
84
march 23, 2006:
vive la france: apple, ipods,
state-sponsored piracy and
the truth.
85
F
inally, someone is speaking up about the madness that is
digital music today: Te only thing that really works for
the user (Apples iTunes/iPod, at least, technically speaking) has
given rise to yet another hardware-based, proprietary, walled-
garden, non-music-centric, de-facto monopoly, while the other
thing that we all know really works (MP3s) has been blacklisted
for what I sometimes call holy-cow violations (i.e., giving the
users what they want).
Now, the new bill thats in the oven in the land of (h)ealthy
snobbism, a.k.a. France, still needs to be approved by the
French senate (in May or June I think), but its passage seems
quite likely. As I understand it, this bill would basically stipu-
late that all music purchased from any legal music service must
play on all devices, regardless of which DRM and/or other pro-
prietary software is used.
I quote todays International Herald Tribune (IHT): Te
French bill does not say, Dont respect copyrights or Dont
pay for creative works. While technically and legally it may be
impossibly vague, the legislation essentially calls for any com-
panys copy-protection technology to be made available widely,
with the goal of allowing digital works to be universally play-
able, without respect to the hardware involved
Now, this does not apply only to Apple, of course, but also
Sonys ghastly Sony Connect service and Microsofts Janus
DRM, but so far Apples Fairplay is the only DRM that is
guarded more closely by big Steve than the jewels of Queen
Elizabeth, and has not been licensed to anyone.
Another quote from the IHT (which always has some of
the best coverage, by the way): If this happens, legal music
sales will plummet just when legitimate alternatives to piracy
are winning over customers, the Apple statement said. Wow!
Now this is self-serving with a very large S. I mean, come on
guys, I love my iPod, I love my Mac G4, and I may eventually
even learn to love iTunes (and that antiquated one-euro-per-
vive la france: apple, ipods, state-sponsored piracy andthe truth
86
song model), but to say that you guys represent, or even are the
entire universe of legal music, is far-fetched at least.
Butin the same IHT feature, Apples PR machine goes
even further: iPod sales will likely increase as users freely load
their iPods with interoperable music which cannot be ade-
quately protected.
So, if you are forced to open up your walled garden, change
your lock-up-the-ecosystem attitude, and make your fg-leaf al-
beit label-mandated DRM available, then the world will lapse
into a funk of illegal downloading? Nobody to guard against
the evil server farms in Vanatu? All that great music will go
out there without your protection schemes that you set up to
please the major record labels? Ouch, I shudder even thinking
about it.
Yes, Steve, lets just give the whole thing to you instead: frst
music, then videos, then flms, and thenwell, how about
search? Tivo? Google? Te Universe? UniApple?
Lets do some math: 50 million or so iPods and approximately
one billion music tracks sold to date makes 20 songs sold per
iPod, during the entire lifespan of iTunes, i.e., since April 28,
2003 (thanks, Wikipedia). So approximately 20 songs in three
years, i.e., 6.66 songs purchased per iPod user per year.
Now, pardon the question, where are all the other songs on
those 3,000-plus-track-carrying iPods coming from? No, of
course notfrom ripped CDs, from fle-sharing sites, from
IM transfers, from USB thumb drives, from stream-rippers,
etc., etc.
Face it: Your iPod is not popular because it sells music it
is popular because its fashion, and its cool, and it works well.
Congrats on your marketing, Apple, but please let us have our
music the way we want (and yes, that goes for the record labels,
too).
For $1 a song (and I mean every song), nobody is going to
win over the consumers and you know it. Simply because
such a system that asks me to pay $1 per song every time I get
87
another one creates no liquidity, defes exploration, stops dis-
covery, and this is the worst mirrors the outmoded, fxed-
media pricing logic of $1/track that we should have gotten rid
of years ago. Music needs fexible pricing now, and exposure
and discovery are crucial!
Yes, Apple iTunes jump-started the digital music business,
and it created a new ecosystem, and the rising tide foats all
boats, and those Mac PowerBooks are so cool but: its time to
move on, guys. Time to get out of the way and let other people
in on the party.
Te IHT has it right (as usual): Te iPod-iTunes link is like
BMWs running only on BMW-branded gasoline, or like Sony
CD players taking only Sony CDs or even like Microsofts
Media Player being the only jukebox software to work smooth-
ly with the companys Windows operating system. Tanks to
the IHT for nailing this down like this.
As a side note, there is another marvel in here: Much of
Western Europe relies on a single currency, the euro. All of
Europe has one cell phone standard. Both were government
initiatives. Tis relates nicely to the debate on Flat Fee Music
and Compulsory Licensing: If and when this will happen, the
governments must be involved, without a doubt the Apple
Fairplay DRM story aptly illustrates this. Bottom line: No,
Steve (or Bill), you cant own this. Sorry.
88
may 15, 2006:
users converging with creators
the rise of the usator, the advent of distrib-
uted selection, and the attention economys
impact on music and media commerce
89
F
aced with the seemingly endless number of issues on my
Future of Media talks, I recently wrote this short essay in
an attempt to summarize the really important stuf, to focus on
what really matters and to describe which trends and develop-
ments I think will have real impact.
1. the advent of the usators
Usators is a portmanteau I made up; it describes the concept
of users becoming creators, users who are not just receivers but
also senders, of one-way monologs becoming conversations.
During the past 912 months, some of those People Formerly
Known As Users or Consumers are now becoming (co)-crea-
tors, too. Whats more, the context they are creating is itself
becoming content.
As evidenced in the recent developments at YouTube, Flickr,
MySpace, Delicious, Pandora, Last.fm, LinkedIn and a good
many of the latest so-called Web 2.0 ventures, many consum-
ers of digital media are no longer just receivers they may also
become senders or re-senders of content.
90
Tis phenomenon, of course, has vast consequences for broad-
cast media. Radio and TV will never be the same. (Te BBC
makes a great case study on this, for example). Consequently,
the very defnition of content and yes, the underlying copy-
right mantra is changing, too; being creative seems to be no
longer reserved for expert producers, a.k.a. professionals.
Some users are now becoming usators (again, this is a term
I coined, solely for lack of better words), themselves producing
content, remixing and mashing up content in fact, by doing
this, they kind of become content themselves, since they create
their own values in this system simply by the very nature of
their participation (think eBay, Skype, MySpace et al).
In a way, it feels like the emergent art of tagging, book-
marking, collaborative fltering, and online profling is becom-
ing just another type of content, one that would obviously not
even exist without the users being part of the system to begin
with. Suddenly, media that engages and involves the users i.e.,
media that broadcasts not just for, but with or even through
them has gained a lot more momentum over one-way, top-
down, or centrally served media. MySpace compared to MTV,
U
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91
YouTube compared to CBS, Boing Boing compared to Rolling
Stone, Wikipedia compared to the Encyclopedia Britannica
Media is now also turning two-way, interactive, and non-
linear, with many new gradients that surface between being a
producer and being a consumer and also is crucial word
here since these developments are not really replacing Media
1.0 as we know it; rather, these are shaping up to be additional
options for the user, making for a larger menu to feast on.
However, they do severely cut into the advertising revenues of
old media, something that is certainly a major concern and
source of headaches for many media companies.
Te result: Content is king, but since content now also in-
cludes the user as content in other words, the usators added-
value creations we are facing a circular debate here, so this is
really a moot argument.
Te bottom line is: You must engage your users the best you
can, and turn them into yet another tier of content, and you
will do well. Tink professional media > prosumer media >
amateur media, all next to each other, and interwoven in many
new oferings such as DVDs, TV, and on-demand.
U
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92
My prediction: I think that the BBC will swiftly emerge as
global media powerhouse by integrating those digital natives
and usators into their programming, across the board and not
just in the UK. As a uniquely credible, trusted, and truly global
brand, the BBC will continue to blur the line between public
and commercial broadcasting, and will be the frst broadcaster
to also be a one-stop digital media reseller.
2. distributed selection is around the corner
User empowerment is here, beyond Marshall McLuhans wild-
est dreams. Now, in parallel and as virtual adjuncts to the
professionals, the users and usators can also be the ones who
decide on whats hot or not: slick new user rating tools, digital
reputation schemes, tagging, bookmark sharing, and blogging
in general all drive this new trend higher and higher.
And again, its not like the role or importance of profes-
sional programmers or editors is seriously diminished, either:
It is just being supplemented (and therefore admittedly pres-
sured) by another type of amateur editor the mass of people
who may spend fve seconds leaving a quick comment or tag,
for whatever thats worth in the long run. While I may not
entirely subscribe to the wisdom of masses theory (in music,
in particular), I do see solid value in averaging user ratings and
tags after all, this is how companies such as Gracenote have
created a huge pool of very powerful data.
93
Many of the what I call next-generation music companies
will be based on the belief that giving the users more power
means that they will give it right back to you, in form of loy-
alty, support, and attention (i.e., cash). In the very near future,
these newcos will use public rating and tagging tools, and con-
versation-metering, to fnd out whats out there, where, and
why, rather than trying to tell the listeners what they think they
should pay attention to.
A&R people will once again truly listen to the network
buzz, and the art of metering the buzz will be just as important
as having an ear for the music. We will see a whole new genera-
tion of music companies sourcing their acts from and on the
Net, period and this will, of course, be in close interaction to
what happens in real life, because the Net will very soon simply
become all-pervasive reality, like water or electricity.
My prediction: New artists and bands will be born and
raised on digital networks and on the corresponding streets,
stages, and venues around the world. Many fans and eager on-
P
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94
line talent scouts will do the work of thousands of part-time
A&R (*artist & repertoire) managers. And Google will charge
new bands to be found and heard by the right people.
3. getting attention, not distribution, is what
matters
Having Distribution (or, in radio, a frequency slot, or owning
a cable or a wireless network) is no longer a big deal. But being
good at getting, retaining, and converting attention is. If you
still think that simply having a network of retailers and outlets,
or a popular radio frequency, or a high-powered cable network,
or a highly priced wireless license is going to make you king of
the hill by default, then think again, because today, everyone
has or can have distribution and many of them are using your
expensive networks for free.
Today, its neither only owning the network nor only own-
ing the content that would make you king; its what actually
happens within, on, through, and via your network, or with
your content. Read: Te conversations, the interactions, the re-
lationships in other words, getting and retaining attention.
We are fnding ourselves being catapulted into a world that
is no longer based on content or on distribution, but on an
ecosystem built around content that is already distributed by
default. In a way, we may have come full circle, back to what it
used to be before there was any way to record and mass-distrib-
ute media: Te experience is what really matters, the meaning,
95
the context, the relevance, not just the pure ofering in and of
itself. What music is remembered without its context, its time
and place?
My prediction: Marketing is therefore evolving into atten-
tioneering. New companies will pop up that will have their
ears to the ground, and that will help the creatives, the media
producers and owners, to reach their users/usators by snagging
their attention at the right time and in the right place. I predict
that media companies and creators will actually pay people to
pay attention to them, i.e., users will get paid to download a
track, watch a movie, and play a game. Tis will be a rather bi-
zarre but inevitable reversal of the ludicrous RIAA witch-hunt-
ing we are still witnessing today: Download our music, talk to
us, and we will give you a lot of good stuf for free.
4. copyright condenses
In a much faster, more eclectic, and infnitely more diverse
world where previously separated forms of media increasingly
converge, a much shorter term of copyright is inevitable (and
needed).
Look around you: Our world is becoming a very mad place
of seemingly contradictory trends that are all happening at the
same time. For example, nation-states or purely national con-
cerns are starting to matter less and less, but at the same time,
quasi-national, tribal or shall we say communal concerns
such as energy, health, and the environment are becoming
equally important to people no matter where they live.
Life keeps speeding up at a dizzying rate, and the media
companies of the future simply wont need copyright terms
of 75 years beyond the life of the author. We will have 815
generations of media users behind us by then, and plenty of
money can be made from 2530 years of exclusive ownership
protection, I reckon. As content creators, writers, composers,
96
and artists, we just need to get used to very fast moving me-
dia phenomena that will only exist in a moment (in overall
terms), ride those waves while we can, and then move on to be
part of, or create, the next one.
In this context, improved opportunity recognition will be a
vastly desirable skill. Much like Clive Davis and Ahmed Erte-
gun had a good ear for great songs and artists, the new trend-
spotters and producer moguls will have a nose for creating in-
stant media explosions that are not just music, or just flm/TV,
or just games, but will constantly cross over from one sector
to the other. Trend spotters and opportunity recognizers will
be (behind) the new Trumps, Gateses, Murdochs, Turners and
Mottolas. Look for new leaders to emerge who simply get it
and can smell a hit 18 months before its actually here.
My prediction: Designated futurists will become part of the
strategy team within every major media company within 1218
months. (I do certainly like that idea!)
5. mass markets morph into a mass of niche
markets
If youre American and over 50 years old, you may still recall
the days when 63% of your fellow Americans faithfully watched
Gunsmoke on the tube the peak of the united-by-TV feeling
and the tube-driven national identity.
In music, when looking at Neil Young, Santana, Elvis, the
Rolling Stones, the Beatles, and other major music brands that
sport this kind of global mass-market appeal, I would dare to
conclude that in addition to their obvious genius their vast suc-
cess was also due to a severe distribution bottleneck that simply
did not allow ubiquitous and economic access to many other
artists as well. In other words, not all music by all artists was
equally available (as it is today!). And while these artists were
(are) truly fantastic, the lack of strong, niche-market driven
competition or using a Chris Anderson-inspired term, vi-
97
able long-tail alternatives that people could also listen to,
is part of what really created the mass markets that the record
labels loved so much and grew fat on.
Today, everyones taste is becoming more eclectic: Many dif-
ferent kinds of food, new music from all over the world in an
ever increasing melting pot of styles, and the increasing global
cross-pollenization of cultures is evident everywhere. Te range
of interest in media content now is as diverse as the crowd in a
New York City subway car!
In the future, while we will likely still have mega-stars of
some sort, the days of ubiquitous, global, and long-lasting me-
dia dominators such as the Beatles, Elton John, and the Roll-
ing Stones are long gone. Te world has simply become more
complex than that, and more options means fewer mass-mar-
ket hits.
In my opinion, this development is defnitely not due to a
lack of good artists, as is often alleged; its simply a cultural trend
driven by technology having more choices has unchained di-
versity, and therefore the dollars are spent more evenly. Not a
bad thing for the 98% that never made it to the top!
My prediction: In 2006, the next hot music style is not An-
glo-made (i.e., from the U.S. or the UK) in fact, this may
already be herein the shape of Reggaeton. In 2007, the frst
Chinese music star breaks globally. And in 2008, so-called
world music makes up more than 7% of the total industry
turnover.
6. media is a two-way conversation
Te media of the future is not the monolog passed down by
the ber-wardens of Hollywood; its not a sermon delivered
from above; rather, its a conversation. Its no longer all top-
down, centrally served, dispensed-on-a-schedule, wrapped in
remote-access-control-as-we-see-ft software. It may not even
be A&Red, either. Its simply grown.
98
Media of the future is not just from me the producer to
you the consumer. Its also an interactive process, an ongoing,
two-way conversation, not a stale and linear product. And who
can pirate (as in steal) a process? Who could steal conversa-
tions? Going forward, media companies are not just creators of
content but also conversation curators, ofering platforms for
exchanges. Tis may mean that soon the term broadcasting
becomes as meaningless as the term record company.
7. marketing 2.0
Te burden is now on the media itself, i.e., what we create must
be found worthy, and what we ofer must have real merit. Its
no longer the consumer who is subjected to artifcial scarcity
mechanisms such as record distribution, or some default ad-
vertising programs that he or she has to sufer through. Users
and usators are no longer targeted with weapons of mass ad-
vertising; rather, they now decide and tell us what they want to
receive, whom they may allow to fnd them.
In fact, as evident in much of the old-style, quasi-military
advertising lingo (targeting, penetration rate, launching a
campaign), we must now no longer assume that we need
99
to conquer the customer, to nail him while we can, to get his
attention and squash him into submission i.e., get him to buy
something he probably doesnt need. Tis old view of media
has all too often been the idea of the customer as some kind of
elusive enemy who needs to be pounced on the very moment
we can see him.
In the future of media, efective advertising simply consists
of boosting the enablement factor that the user enjoys, maybe
even giving him the tools to switch you of handing control
over, fair and square. Mass advertising will diminish greatly as
mass media shrinks and shrivels and as media is both becoming
unbundled (i.e., songs rather than CDs, and clips rather than
shows) and re-bundled (i.e., included in access subscriptions
and other services).
To fnish this of, here are fve more predictions:
1. Google will launch an application that allows you
to program your digital radios, TVs, and mobile
services via epg.google.com: Search, fnd,
program, get all in one go.
2. Skype will launch a service that will see bands
and artists paying consumers to download and
taste their music and provide ratings and feedback
to them some music fans will make a living as
professional music raters.
3. CNN will ofer ad-hoc, live video and image feeds
from camera-phone equipped stringers from all
over the world.
4. A consortium of Asian telcos and wireless operators
led by SK Telecom will ofer $10 billion-plus per year
to get a fat-fee, all-you-can-eat license for music on
digital networks.
5. Within 24 months, a compulsory digital music
license will be tested in some European countries,
followed by a pan-European scheme.
100 users converging with creators
101
june 11, 2006:
the record company of the future
102
I
n my work as a music and media futurist I often get this
question: So what should a next generation record com-
pany look like? How would all these ideas be realized?
Well, frst of all, the so-called Record Company of the Fu-
ture (RCOF) is not actually a record company at all; rather, its
a music company. Tis may sound like a trivial peculiarity but
it is actually a very important distinction. While the Record
Label of the Past often served as a bank, or a venture capitalist,
or simply the underwriter (and, of course, as the essential gate-
keeper to distribution), the RCOF fnds, grooms, develops, ac-
companies, and takes care of promising artists and writers. Te
RCOF guides but not autocratically controls their careers,
and is in charge of many facets of an artists branding, market-
ing, and revenue-generating activities.
If this sounds a lot like what a manager or an agent usually
does, well, it is; and therefore managers will either be part of
RCOFs (or indeed, start them) or work in close conjunction
with them. And we are not talking about prolonging the dys-
functional family mode of operation that has unfortunately
become somewhat of a standard in the music industry, as far
as the relations between artists, managers, record labels, and
publishers are concerned.
RCOFs will source music through a vast network of real-
life and virtual stringers and A&R scouts who simply listen
to and gauge a bands buzz around the world, whether online
or ofine. (Tis very diferentiation will of course cease to be
meaningful in less than 18 years as all of us will always be on-
line.)
New artists will, quite literally, surface in online and mo-
bile forums and communities where the so-called distributed
selection by the users (i.e., rating, tagging, and viral market-
ing by the fans) reigns supreme, and these new acts will cut
their teeth in clubs and venues around the world, just like they
always have and always will. But instead of only one venue
they now have hundreds at their disposal. Window-shopping
103
for new bands may have never been easier. (But be forewarned:
Real talent will still be just as scarce.)
RCOFs will not usually own the artists recordings or
compositions outright. Rather, the RCOF is appointed, and
continuously re-appointed, to be the warden of the artists in-
terests, for a certain time period that can be very long or very
short, depending on both parties performance. But clearly,
longtime alliances will be most fruitful and will probably be
more common, overall.
Simply put, the RCOF makes money not of but along with
the artist, and I would put the percentage somewhere between
15% and 30% of the artists her total revenues. Te often la-
mented plantation deals that the major record labels pursued
are now truly a thing of the past.
Because the RCOF needs to be able to do any and all deals
that involve the artists activities and this is very likely to
include placements in motion pictures and shorts, mobile
campaigns, ads, games, video/TV, and the like the RCOF
needs to represent both the artists compositions and his or her
master recordings. As a result, RCOFs are likely to only sign up
artists that either write and perform their own music, or that
can provide both rights via solid and cooperative third-party
relationships.
Te RCOFs revenue streams will consist of many diferent
components, with smart B2B software solutions handling the
bulk of the transactions as well as their administration. Te ac-
tual sales of what used to be considered music products (i.e.,
downloads, CDs, vinyl, etc.) will likely only contribute around
30%40% of the total, on average. RCOFs will thrive by pro-
viding music (and the artist!) as a service, and will be very keen
to pursue revenue-sharing deals rather than fxed-fee deals.
Tink Google Adwords + music; think PSP + XM + Urge.
Since signifcant revenues will be derived from a myriad of
traditional and new types of public performances (i.e., terres-
trial and digital radio oferings, webcasting, the use of music in
104
audiovisual works, music services for retail locations, rich me-
dia advertising, etc.), RCOFs will shoot for always getting the
maximum exposure for an artist so that his music can easily be
discovered anywhere in the world, as quickly and efortlessly as
possible, and will focus on driving netplay as well as airplay.
Once either voluntary collective or compulsory licensing
fnds its way to digital music (which it will, without a shadow
of a doubt just like it did in radio), the RCOF will be 100%
ready because it has already left behind the distribution econ-
omy and embraced the attention economy.
Other very important revenue streams will include deals that
provide for revenue sharing from advertising that is connected
to the artists work or appearances (and by this I mean new,
smart, opted-in, user-endorsed advertising!), product tie-ins
and sponsorships, live concerts and concert recordings, com-
missioned works, special products, and much more.
Te RCOF will, of course, use advanced B2B e-commerce
and fast asset management tools to license direct, and in a
(semi-)automated way, wherever possible. All royalty account-
ing will be completely transparent and available online, 24/7.
Click, look, count, cash in. Rights markets will boom.
New artists will be sent out on the road and the Net, to cut
their teeth and prove themselves. Te artists own responsibil-
ity (and by extension, their managers) will be increased by a
considerable order of magnitude because the Rolls-Royce or
bicycle attitude of the past is gone for sure. Now, until an
artist/writer has achieved a certain level of exposure and can
therefore drive meaningful revenues, most RCOFs will tend to
invest a lot less money into an artists career than they used to.
Marketing will be 750% smarter and 75% cheaper, and there-
fore the pressure will be on the artists to get attention for them-
selves, as well. More responsibility, more cash.
Te concept of a label, though, will still be alive and well,
and is likely to have a resurgence, since having signed with a re-
spected RCOF brand will still guarantee the markets attention,
105
at least to some degree (see ECM Records, Putomayo World
Music, Nettwerk Records, Blue Note, Domino, K7, etc.).
All in all, RCOFs will make a lot more money and be
a lot more proftable than the current editions of record
companies, but they will be based on much less obsession with
control and on an equal footing with the artists/writers and
their managers. And they will have to prove themselves, again
and again, just like the artists have to, every time they get on
the stage.
I reckon that many RCOFs will reach a certain size and will
then fnd it hard to get bigger without losing their individual
approach to their artists, thereby following the overall trend to-
wards the creation of dozens of niche-market operators rather
than a handful of mass-market dominators.
Soon, the music industry may go back to its roots: provid-
ing a service, fnding and managing good artists that share the
revenues, and giving the power back to the People Formerly
Known As Consumers.
106
july 27, 2006:
the wall street journal:
a critical voice on chris ander-
sons long tail theory and book
107
T
oday, the WSJ is covering Chris Andersons book, Te
LongTail. Quote: By Mr. Andersons calculation, 25% of
Amazons sales are from its tail, as they involve books you cant
fnd at a traditional retailer. But using another analysis of those
numbers an analysis that Mr. Anderson argues isnt mean-
ingful you can show that 2.7% of Amazons titles produce a
whopping 75% of its revenues. Not quite as impressive.
My comment on this: I think the Long Tail idea is real, in-
deed, but maybe overly emphasized in the process of explana-
tion i.e., maybe it comes across a bit too idealized in Chris
book, which otherwise I really enjoyed. In other words, for me,
its not really a question of whether the concept is wrong or
right; rather, it is a question of whether we are looking at hit-
centric content businesses versus catalog/non-hit/niche-driven
businesses.
I believe that now, with the advent of a more connected,
Net-centric content economy, both can work out great and
make some serious money. However, hits within niches will
emerge, as well, which eventually will bring us back to a new
head within the tail itself. Sooner or later, we will have some
a definition of the long tail
in a digital entertainment ecosystem
it becomes feasible that the total,
combined number of sales of the
LESS-POPULAR PRODUCTS actually sur-
passes the total number of sales
of the top-level products.
the wall street journal: a critical voice on the long tail
108
ten million songs online, and yes, we will have bona-fde hits
within all those niches, too.
In any case, keep in mind that we may not even know who
those new hit artists are unless we are in that same niche, too,
and maybe those niche-hits will indeed make up 80% of that
niches revenues (not just sales!) as well. Does that kill the idea?
I would think not.
As mass media collides with personal media, it wont mean
that mass media will cease to exist. Underline this with your
magic markers: Mass media wont end; it just wont grow as
much as it used to. Te real opportunity for serious growth is
in the niches. Mass media will take a bit of a paradigm-change-
induced beating, temporarily, but then quickly incorporate
MASS MEDIA to PERSONAL MEDIA
no significant
substitution!
media = a product you buy
tv as dominant force
anglo-american
hits dominate
on schedule
one-way broadcasts
consume
media = a service you
subscribe to
web as dominant force
diverse/niche content
works thrives
anytime
receiver also sends
participate/usate
109
personal and social media aspects, and many incumbents will
use these new concepts in addition to what they already have
i.e., market share, trust, expertisewell, at least for the most
part. ;-)
Traditional radio, for example, will not just evaporate or even
diminish signifcantly; rather, it simply wont grow enough on
its own. And that means that broadcasters will look elsewhere
for growth, e.g., podcasting, digital radio, interactive/conver-
gent radio, music commerce, community, and so on. To me,
this is the true message behind Chris Long Tail pontifcations:
Its about unlocking the not-hits stuf, about going deeper
and going direct.
110
july 18, 2006:
forget controlling distribution
just get my attention!
111
M
uch has been said about the so-called Attention Econo-
my, the new buzzword and catch-all phrase for a dawn-
ing, digitally networked ecosystem where attention is worth
as much or even more than distribution, where having the
time is the fnal frontier and the great democratizer, where the
long tail rules and where the businesses that have and keep
peoples attention stand to prosper dramatically.
Ten years after the birth of MP3, the music industry is now
in the throngs of this powerful shift from having distribution
as a gatekeeper to having peoples attention, which looks like
the next Holy Grail. It may boggle the mind of record retail-
ers, distributors, and labels, but it is now no longer relevant
(or shall we say sufcient) to have distribution, i.e., to have
a replication facility, a retail network, reserved shelf space at
the point-of-sale, frequency slots (if you are radio company), a
satellite in orbit, or a cable network. What really matters is how
many people care about whats in your network!
Whats more, soon it will matter less and less that you can
store ten thousand hours of video, or that you can pipe it
through your network to hungry users around the world, as it
will get dramatically cheaper and easier to do this, for anyone.
If you look at the projections for future bandwidth and storage
costs it looks like within seven years pretty much anyone can
be a broadcaster or media service provider at least in techni-
cal terms.
I reckon that eBay and Skype are going to illustrate this
point very soon, when they role out their legal, fully licensed
P2P entertainment network (and they will!), putting them into
the drivers seat of what some people have come to call media
2.0. And just how much attention do eBay and Skype already
have? Hundreds of millions of visitors probably a lot more
than all of the record companies combined.
Google is now worth more than Disney and Viacom com-
bined, and though they still insist on not being a media com-
pany (well, give that another month or so), search is media,
forget controlling distribution just get my attention!
112
plain and simple, and search is the web generations ubiquitous
attention funnel.
Apart from all the attention that people pay to Google, eBay,
and Skype, they also have one thing that truly sets them apart
from the record and publishing companies, and that is trust.
Deep distrust (to put it mildly) of the record companies has
swept across the world as a direct consequence of the past ten
years of misguided eforts of putting the genie back into the
bottle, of taking your own customers to court, and that is
what must change frst in the record industry.
In order for people to pay attention to these guys and their
artists, once again, a new trust must be established; a new ap-
preciation nurtured; and a new, mutually acceptable basis for
commercial relations must be established. Because today, atten-
tion is the currency, not control. Its as simple as that.
Take the hints from the airline business, from travel and the
gaming business: Give the users total control, transparency,
and clarity in other words, the power and you will thrive.
Keep tight control, loose peoples attention, and perish.
media2.0 paradigm shifts
linear interactive
copyright usage right
monopolies meritocracies
owning copies having access
mass markets masses of niches
hit culture niche successes
113
For the music industry this means the return to uncon-
trolled i.e., unprotected, formats (yes, just like the CD), the
creation of fexible and competitive pricing schemes, all-you-
can eat subscription services, bundled oferings, and ubiqui-
tous, music-like-water oferings.
Here is my recipe: First provide access and get attention,
then sell a service, then sell products, and then sell more serv-
ices. Going forward, we will see the next generation music
companies focus on two things:
1. Discovering, producing, and taking care of great
artists that create great music in other words, talent!
2. Getting attention for those artists and their music, in
any which way they can.
And the big record companies will continue to provide access
to attention in a way that few others will be able to (at least,
as quickly), because once they are done with their control-fts
and smarten up and start to employ some of the same concepts
that are already widely used in the DIY scene as well as the in-
dependent industry, they may indeed harvest some exponential
benefts of the powerful economy of scale efects.
Stop worrying about controlling distribution, controlling
the value chain, or maintaining price points, and instead
worry about getting some of the attention that Skype, Google,
Yahoo, MySpace, YouTube, eBay, Amazon, Nokia, the BBC,
Samsung, and Apple have it is brands like these that have the
potential to be the dominant media companies of the future.
Te people who literally pay attention to these companies
provide them with a new currency that converts into much
more than a dollar per track of music downloaded at iTunes.
Rather, this kind of attention will convert into very lucrative
direct marketing and advertising possibilities, into mountains
of user-generated data, peer-generated content, and remixed
114
media that will in turn attract an exponential number of other
users. All of this will translate into trust-based opt-ins and the
collection of deep marketing information that many third par-
ties will gladly pay for, into longer site visits and deeper use of
media, and into creating zero-cost viral marketing efects that
could result in your products and services fying of the virtual
shelves even faster.
Te bottom line: Getting attention, retaining it, grooming
it, and earning it every day creates trust, and only trusted enti-
ties can make money in this new world.
Lets take the music business back to what it was to begin
with: Attention + Exposure = Discovery followed by Revenue.
And whats so futuristic about that?
115
january 18, 2007:
music industry threatens
isps over piracy
the madness continues
116
T
he UK Independent reports: Te International Federation
of the Phonographic Industry, or IFPI, said it would take ac-
tion against Internet companies that carry vast amounts of illegally
shared fles over their networks. It stressed that it would prefer not
to pursue such a strategy and is keen to work in partnership with
Internet providers.
John Kennedy, the chairman of the IFPI, said he had been
frustrated by Internet companies that have not acted against
customers involved in illegal activity. He warned that litiga-
tion against ISPs would be instigated in weeks rather than
months.
Barney Wragg, the head of EMIs digital music division, said
the industry had been left with no other option but to pursue
ISPs in the courts.
Te IFPI wants ISPs to disconnect users who refuse to stop
exchanging music fles illegally. Mr. Kennedy said such activity
is in breach of a customers contract with the ISP and discon-
necting ofenders the IFPI had identifed would signifcantly
reduce illegal fle sharing.
Let me see if I get this straight: Te record labels still have
not gotten around to working out a realistic model that can
actually monetize the tremendous and surging interest in mu-
sic. Tey still prefer control and denial over access to new rev-
enues. Tey still bang their heads against the wall, and try to
ofer only crippled and DRMed fles via iTunes, Napster, and
Rhapsody.
Well, if you havent noticed, next to no one is buying. Just
look at the increasing number of Windows DRM-based serv-
ices that are slowly shutting down, such as AOL Music, My-
CokeMusic, and Virgin Digital.
While not a bad concept, the various new ad-supported
services will also fail miserably as long as they are forced to
sell crippled fles. All of this bizarrely illustrates that the major
labels still dont get that they are killing the market by not ofer-
ing something that people will actually want to buy.
music industry threatens isps over piracy
117
Tey still market music like its 1982 (i.e., push-push-push);
they still want digital radio and TV to be crippled or go
away. Just look at the debate on the new so-called Perform Bill
in the U.S. (imagine DRMed radio!) and the Broadcast Flag
discussions, as well as the certifably ridiculous lawsuits against
XM Radio, the U.S. satellite radio service.
So now they want the ISPs to patrol their users and the en-
tire web, and see if someone downloads something in a manner
they have not sanctioned. In other words, they want to enforce
their failed and antiquated business models via a web police
squad that they wont even pay for. Now, if thats not Orwelli-
an, I dont know what is! Te absurdity is unfathomable.
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118
Here is my message to John Kennedy: Its time you under-
stood that the world has moved on since total control of music
was feasible, back when a bunch of guys determined what the
artists, the distributors, the retailers, the radio stations, and ul-
timately the consumers could or could not do.
Its now the user formerly known as the consumer who has
the power, and they arent buying that crippled and locked stuf
you want to sell them. Period. Not because they are evil and not
willing to pay, or because they are all looking to steal as much
as possible, but because the value proposition isnt working.
Because you are trying to sell them less value, fewer options,
and fewer usage rights for more money! Tose ISPs you want
to sue into oblivion or make into your content police need to
get a new kind of blanket license so that anyone can use the
music, under a fat-fee and revenue-sharing agreement such
as Playlouder in the UK is suggesting. And the record labels
would make a lot more money, too!
To me, it is utterly disturbing that the industry and supposed
leaders like John Kennedy are still pushing this disconnected,
ill-informed, and bizarre agenda, while at the same time it is
perfectly clear that digital music is not selling as its currently
ofered, that sales are slowing down, that the consumers are
rejecting the current oferings, and that $2 billion in sales in
2006 could have been $20 billion if the industry fnally gave the
users what they really want: open and fully compatible formats,
fexible pricing and bundles, easy and instant access, and fully
interactive and sharing-enabled online and mobile platforms.
What has to happen before you guys get it? EMI sold to pri-
vate investors? MySpace signing major artists for direct deals?
Google ofering direct distribution to millions of bands? 50%
of the staf fred at major labels around the world?
119
january 26, 2007:
france and germany join
scandinavian groups in effort
against apple itunes
120
D
igital Media Wire reports: In June of 2006 consumer
agencies in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden charged that
Apple was violating contract and copyright laws in those coun-
tries by not enabling customers to purchase, download, and
play tracks from iTunes on their non-Apple portable players.
A Norwegian ofcial today revealed that French and German
consumer groups have joined the Scandinavian countries in
their eforts to pressure Apple.
Here is my take on this: Apple couldnt have cared less (and
probably didnt) about having any DRM on their iTunes store
after all, they dont sell DRM, they sell cool hardware (and
only then some music). Its the major record labels that asked
for it, and its those same labels that should solve the problem
by dropping the stifing DRM requirements.
If Apple went for an open MP3 format (which they must do,
ASAP, anyway), iTunes would just be one of many online stores
and destinations that could sell music, but of course iPods and
Macs and iPhones would still sell just as much as today (in
fact, probably even more). In my view, going after Apple for
not having an open standard is understandable (and obvious),
but its really the labels that should be forced to open up their
licensing policies. DRM is killing the market for digital music;
its as simple as that.
Open formats, fexible pricing, open licensing standards
and we would have another huge growth spurt in digital
music.
france and germany join scandinavian groups
121
february 01, 2007:
music sales 2.0: its not about
getting people to buy, first,
but about getting interest
attention is cash!
122
O
ne of the things that seems really paradoxical and bi-
zarrely retro in the music industry (well, yes, there are
a few others, too) is the industrys utter obsession with a
unit-based, sales-centric, and productized value system and its
related economics. Buy this record. Download this song. Get
a copy.
Tis ancient yet persistent paradigm and mindset results
in a constant repetition of the seemingly most urgent ques-
tion: With all this digital stuf, how can I get people to actually
shell out some cash and pay for my music? In other words, the
thinking is that the buying is a diferent story than the discov-
ery. Well it is not, and heres why.
Te reality is and some of you may fnd this refreshing,
others may think its glorifed Silicon Valley New Age geekdom
that its not at all about selling something at every turn and
putting a Buy button everywhere.
In reality, I think its all about this question: How can I in-
terest you in my music/band/artist? Its the process of getting
interest from the right people, getting them to pay attention
(literally, I believe, attention is money), engaging an audience,
creating value for and with and through the users.
Only then, after and if all of this happens, is where the Buy
button comes in, where you can put some sort of tollbooth,
where the wallet comes out. Lets not confuse the issues, there-
fore: Before telling people that hooray now they can buy
my music, they must be interested, engaged, open, and ready.
And that, in my mind, is where most of the new and exciting
Music 2.0 applications and services come in. Create demand,
capture interest, collect attention, and drive exposure that is
the mission.
Selling is just a consequence. Focus on getting interest, and
then enjoy the results.
Tis requires, of course, that so-called record companies do
not just make $$$ from the sale of a copy. After all, if that
were the case, the companies would not participate in 90% of
music sales 2.0: its not about getting people to buy
123
the monetization that occurs after a band fnds its audience
and gathers interest, and after it builds trust with its audience.
Its about providing access, not selling copies. (Repeat, repeat,
repeat.)
Dinosaurs of the record business: Take note. Switch to be-
coming a full-service, 360 music company now. Be bold, or
see your importance dwindle faster than you could possibly
imagine. You have 12 months to get on this train, never mind
driving it.
And do keep in mind that in the very near future, getting
attention (i.e., views/listens/ impressions/clicks) literally and
actually will translate into real $$$, since the presence of a fat
rate for music (which is absolutely inevitable if we will still
want anyone in the world to actually pay for music) will mean
that anyone who has interest in my music can just click the
add or get button, and, voila, Ive made a sale. Exposure
and discovery lead to income. Simple. Right?
attention is the new way
of paying for content
music sales 2.0: its not about getting people to buy
124
march 01, 2007:
drop drm or become irrelevant
why the music industry needs
to drop drm, and sell unprotected
digital music, now.
125
I
s DRM a question of belief systems? After countless conver-
sations and debates over the past eight years, I have come to
think that the DRM issue is largely a question of which reality
one believes to be true and we must address the solution
as such, too. No research, no statistics, no hard facts, and no
futurists will tell us conclusively whether the record companies
should or should not use DRM when selling digital music. To
make this decision will not be science but an art!
Do you believe that the sharing of music and therefore its
consumption in general needs to be controlled; that a cer-
tain amount of friction is required to extract any meaningful
payments for music in a digital environment; that the average
consumer will always try to avoid paying anything if given any
opportunity to do so; that it is impossible to sell something
that is, to a large degree, also obtainable for free; and that the
monetary value of music really is in the copy of a song?
Ten you would indeed need to be a strong advocate of
technical protection measures and digital rights management
software. In your mind the control of those 0s and 1s would
be a defnitive prerequisite for any monetization. No control
equals zero income; a free for all is the result of having too
little control.
Or do you believe that a consumer will always be willing to
pay for something that is easy, enjoyable, and trouble-free to
acquire and that has demonstrated, tangible, and trusted value;
that its not just the copy of a fle or a piece of plastic that rep-
resents the real and inherent value of music; that friction can
not be successfully re-inserted into our increasingly frictionless
commerce environments; that our business problems cannot
be solved with technological measures?
Ten you would be against DRM or other technical protec-
tion measures (TPMs), unless they could be 100% device-com-
patible, unobtrusive and behind-the-scenes, and indeed ofer
actual benefts to the end user. Tis certainly looks an exceed-
126
ingly tall order that is, in my humble opinion, beyond reach as
far as digital music commerce is concerned.
Do you believe that music can be sold like water i.e., as a
ubiquitous asset that can both feel-like-free (like tap water), as
well as be paid-for (like premium priced bottled water, a $100
billion business), or should music commerce remain strictly in
the realm of units, copies, and their various controlled physical
or digital embodiments?
the drm issue cannot be examined
as an isolated question
Clearly the DRM question cannot be truly considered if kept
separately from the drastic changes that are impacting all ad-
jacent sectors of the record industry, such as music produc-
tion, contracts, pricing, licensing, promotion, and marketing,
without investigating how exactly the record industrys entire
business model must evolve in those areas as well.
After having done so, my own conclusion is that eight years
of badly implemented DRM have forced the major record la-
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127
bels into a detrimental fxed-pricing model for digital music,
creating even more walled gardens and virtual monopolies such
as iTunes, further perpetuating a myriad of unresolved licens-
ing issues, and single-handedly stopping many promising mar-
keting opportunities that could have worked if the music could
only be provided in an open i.e., MP3 format.
If you work for a major label, just take a good look at the
deals that have crossed your desk during the past 12 months.
How many of them could you have done if it werent for those
business rules related to strategic principles such as DRM?
How much revenue could you have generated? How much in-
novation could have been brought into this business if it werent
for this bizarre stumbling block caused by the belief that the
customer cannot be trusted and therefore needs a clever piece
of software to restrain him?
Te bottom line is that the record industry is literally starv-
ing itself to death by basing its digital business strategies on
outmoded assumptions by way-out-of-touch leaders who have
gone unquestioned for far too long. Its not about how much
money the record industry has already made with digital mu-
sic, but how much the record industry is leaving on the table
90%, in my estimation.
Some good cases for DRM may exist just not in music!
It is feasible that some use cases for using DRM/TPMs exist,
such as with libraries, closed-content- systems such as the PSP,
banking transactions, classifed documents, etc. anywhere the
results of DRM are indeed benefts to everyone in the food
chain, and where it is not apparent to the average user that such
safeguards even exist.
Te problem is that, as far as music is concerned, DRM is
simply an impossible mission:
Te CD is and must remain an open and universally
readable and convertible format, and this has set the
standard for the digital music marketplace. In a digital
128
ecosystem, consumers will under no circumstances ac-
cept less than what they are used to; rather, we need to
expect and support an attitude that will be based on
expecting more value. Charging more $$$ for less value,
in an exponentially more competitive market with om-
nipresent and innovative competition, is a suicide mis-
sion.
Too many diferent music formats have already been
in the marketplace for too long; no single, universally
agreed-upon and proprietary standard can and will
emerge, and no SDMI take 2 (a.k.a. CORAL) ini-
tiatives will achieve this goal. It is a technologists pipe-
dream that keeps the record industry locked out of real-
ity while its losing the market to new competitors
Te music consumers (i.e., the publics) fair-use ex-
pectations, ethics, and traditions are totally incompat-
ible with efective DRM measures, and ten years of se-
cure digital music has utterly destroyed the trust in the
market space. Te un-beautifed result (a.k.a. the non-
IFPI version) is that the public is increasingly turning
of to legally purchased music altogether, and that wont
change until this policy changes
challenging your assumptions
Soif you are a believer in control, and therefore in DRM, let
me challenge your assumptions and convince you to reach for
the Reset button, as I frmly believe the record industry (in par-
ticular the major record labels) is destined for certain demise
within 18 months if it stays on the course of trying to protect
and control digital music.
Assumption #1: If all of our music were available in an un-
protected format, nobody would bother to buy CDs anymore,
and 90% of our current revenues would quickly evaporate. We
need to keep on selling CDs as long as we can!
129
My response: Your music is already available in open for-
mats, for free, and the consumers who still like CDs are still
buying CDs. But it has now become a choice, not a must;
paying for music has de-facto become voluntary (as my fellow
pontifcator Jim pool of money Grifn likes to say).
If the record industry made it easy, afordable, and enjoyable
to buy MP3s legally, a much larger percentage of the total tar-
get population would consider getting engaged. Tis would, in
turn, generate more, and renewed, interest in buying all kinds
of new physical media products after a consumer has had his
fll online. Te sole downloading of music as MP3 fles will,
IMHO, never be the fnal stop for any real music fan. It is only
the beginning of a new business, not the end the new busi-
ness is selling music as a 360 service and as a product.
However, clearly the price of CDs would have to be much
more competitive and fexible, both in the way of ofering low-
priced CDs as well as with high-priced/higher value products
(such as high-defnition audio, video, and mixed media). By
selling MP3s online, and by ofering a lot more CDs in the
$7$12 range, as well as positioning premium products in the
changes in the content industries
CONTENT 1.o
distribution
shelf space
mass marketing monolog
control
control
CONTENT 2.o
attention
mind-share
niche marketing dialog
influence & reputation
attention & trust
130
$25$40 range, the record industry would still generate more
revenues than before, and put smart retailers back into busi-
ness, as well.
Assumption #2: If there is no friction in the process of get-
ting music (as a result of having a ubiquitous, open format for
music that can be shared by anyone), our entire business model
will collapse. No control means no cash!
My response: It is not about absolute control versus zero
control its about a new kind of relative, smart, opt-in, trans-
parent, fair, and timely control. Its happening everywhere else
why not in music? Te traditional record industrys unit-
based business case has already collapsed: Tere is simply no
future in only selling copies, so lets stop pretending there is.
Te record industry must frst sell access to music and artists
(and then sell units), in an all-encompassing portfolio of prod-
ucts and services and there is absolutely no way you can do
that by enforcing proprietary, locked music formats.
Tere are many other ways to maintain and enforce value
in an open format system; i.e., the record industry can insert
something that is equally efective to friction: stickiness, loy-
alty, trust, community, and appreciation. Te record industry
will get the same, and even better results but must use a difer-
ent path think eBay, Amazon, and Google.
Assumption #3: If we ofer unprotected music, everybody
would just share their music with everyone else, and nobody
would ever make any payments, and that would be the end
of it!
My response: Flexible pricing (lower and higher amounts),
bundles, fat rate services, free and ad-supported models, and
a host of new premium oferings would take care of this prob-
lem of rampant sharing. Share all you wish because we will
have a way of getting your dollars, regardless! If its just a copy
of the fle I want, yes, I may be able to circumvent payment, but
if want the whole thing, the experience, the complete access, I
will have to remain with the provider that can dish up all of it.
131
Why would I bother with circumventing a payment if the
value, the service, and the convenience I get is beyond reproach
and makes irrefutable economic sense a legal, open-format
music service just has to be better, faster, and more compelling.
And it can be!
Te bottom line: if the price is right, and the service value is
high, and the trust is there, consumers will pay without fail: See
cable TV and cell phone subscriptions and again, the $100
billion bottled water business.
Assumption #4: Switching to open formats will make the
record industry (in particular the major record companies) ut-
terly vulnerable, and it will lose any remaining market advan-
tages it still enjoys.
My response: Open formats will certainly create a more
equal marketplace; however, the major record labels will still be
able to extract a lot of value out of the existing assets, i.e., the
catalogs, the relationships, and the global business network. It
will indeed be a diferent business, but a lot more fruitful!
Many traditional advantages (such as controlling distribu-
tion) are quickly and inevitably eroding in todays marketplace.
By making a proactive decision to embrace these changes, now,
the record industry will be able to be in charge of them, rather
than solely react to them.
so what will happen if the major record labels
stick with drm?
CD sales will continue to tank exponentially as even the most
faithful customers in the most traditional territories tap into
the ever more powerful online networks, while the growth of
digital music will stall in all territories, paid-for ringtones will
decline, and all those fancy new mobile devices will play MP3
fles but not those crippled and DRMed fles, on a ratio of
50,000 to 70.
132
Te wireless broadband explosion will take the sharing of
music to an unprecedented level: Every single user becomes
a moving super-node of content, and 99% of them will exist in
a legal and economic gray zone of non-compliance because
there is no other option! In other words, unless the record in-
dustrys content is available in open formats, its music will be
consumed outside of any system of monetization. Avoidance is
not an option, participation is!
New companies will show the way and quickly propagate
entirely new ways of acquiring and presenting music. Tel-
ecoms, handset manufacturers, networks, portals, and ISPs
will target the record industrys core business (i.e., talent); and
within 1824 months the traditional record labels overall rel-
evance will be greatly reduced.
Te markets will fnd a way around the protected digital
music that the ofcial record industry is ofering, and the ris-
ing digital music tides will foat every boat except for theirs!
Very few outside investors will invest in any music-related
ventures, not only because there will be no growth (and no
demonstrable ROI) but also because the industry is, and will
be, universally disrespected for its lack of leadership and deci-
siveness. Tis lack of outside investments will create a vacuum
that new players will aggressively use to build their own ven-
tures, based on new talent that the traditional record industry
will no longer be able to attract. Major music companies will
become isolated in the capital markets, becoming sitting ducks
for takeovers (is that good or bad?)
Just take a look who has defned success in the past few
years: eBay, Amazon, Apple, Google, Skypethey all give con-
trol to the user, provide open and transparent services, earn and
keep trust, pull not push, have conversations not monologs,
promote enablement not prevention that is where things are
going.
Te time for a change is now: If you are still a believer in
control, protection, and enforcement, I urge you to reconsider
133
your position and make a leap into the only future I believe
there is for the record industry: open formats, ubiquitous ac-
cess for music, new models of partnerships with artists and
retailers, fexible pricing, and open and transparent licensing
standards.
Come gather round people
Wherever you roam
And admit that the waters
Around you have grown
And accept it that soon
Youll be drenched to the bone.
If your time to you
Is worth savin
Ten you better start swimmin
Or youll sink like a stone
For the times they are a-changin
- Bob Dylan
134
april 17, 2007:
the dam is breaking: drm is over
amazon to launch mp3 download store
in may; universal on board
.
135
I
ts a new game now. I have always thought that Jef Bezos is
one of the smartest guys around, but this latest development
will probably send Amazons stock through the roof. Amazon
has a huge amount of trust and user loyalty, tens of millions of
faithful users, and over a million online afliates once they
go out with an MP3-based digital music ofering everyone else
will have to run for cover (but hey, Apple still wont care they
just make the coolest devices!).
I predict that Amazon will become the biggest seller of dig-
ital music within 1218 months once all the labels go with this
new tidal shift (away from DRM). Well, of course, they really
dont have a choice, do they?
I also predict that within three months of launching com-
plete MP3-based services, all retailers will start bundling digital
music with other products, therefore drastically reducing the
efective, user-paid price for music, and leading to explosive
purchase behavior that will ring in a whole new era for the
music industry.
As I have always said: Stop chasing total control, and start
receiving more $$$ instead.
From Digital Media Wire:
Report: Amazon to Launch MP3 Download Store in
May; Universal on Board Submitted by Mark Hefinger
on April 16, 2007 11:03am.
New York Online retail giant Amazon.com is poised
to launch its own digital music download store in May
that will sell songs in the unprotected MP3 format, Bill-
board reported. Amazon declined to comment for the
story on its entry into a market currently dominated by
Apples iTunes Store.
Label sources told Billboard that some are waiting un-
til after it launches, or until a major label signs on before
they decide whether to support the service; others are
negotiating with Amazon over a premium price to be
charged for higher-fdelity 256K MP3 downloads.
136
Billboard also reports that major label Universal Mu-
sic Group plans to test the sale of unprotected songs at
the Amazon store and other retailers, including some of
its classical catalog and music from other genres. Te
news follows fellow major label EMIs recent announce-
ment that it would sell songs as unprotected MP3s on
iTunes and other services.
Amazon ditched plans last year to launch a subscrip-
tion-based service utilizing Microsofts Windows Media
Audio format, after Microsoft closed of its Zune player
to competing services.
137
april 19, 2007:
music cd sales fall 13% through
2006 in u.s. (does anyone
still wonder why?)
.
138
Y
ahoo! News reports: Tough sales of music in digital for-
mats such as downloads and mobile ringtones more than dou-
bled in some cases during the year, digital sales did not grow fast
enough to cover the revenue gap caused by the downturn in CD
sales. Consequently, overall music sales were down by 6.2 percent
to $11.51 billion.
Tis is not really news for anyone, I would say: CD sales
are in free fall. It took much longer but is hitting much harder
now. Except for EMI, which recently announced a bold move
towards selling MP3s (even though there is plenty to complain
on how exactly they plan to do it), and maybe UMG, who is
rumored to ofer MP3s via Amazons new service, the major
record labels still prefer control over money.
In other words, they would rather not sell MP3s or other
non-DRM formats than make money with their music. Te
reason? Because without DRM, they cant control what we
(a.k.a. the evil users the People Formerly Known As Con-
sumers) would eventually do with their tunes. (Imagine: We
may actually share them without permission!)
As long as the major labels keep pounding on their right to
have the cake and eat it, too, people will buy fewer and fewer
CDs and continue to download for free, simply because there
are so few other, worthy, easy, attractive options.
Get it? Its not the evil intent that creates the free-loaders;
its your intent to control the consumer that is being rejected.
And please dont tell me iTunes is such a perfect option and
everyone who wants to be legal can just use iTunes. Yes, its
easy and works great but the economic model as far as music
sales in concerned (as opposed to hardware!) is fatally fawed:
an ever diminishing fraction of consumers will continue buy
songs for $1 per track. In the long run everybody just stops
spending at a certain point, and will look for options that dont
punish interest in new music.
music cd sales fall
139
Here is my simplifed recipe for you guys:
1. Ofer all music in open, 100% compatible formats.
2. Ofer back-catalog deals, bundles, subscriptions, and
sooner rather than later, fat rates.
3. Start providing added values that only you can pro-
vide (such as bonus tracks, video, chats, blog/backstage
access, concert downloads)
4. Start treating the users/listeners/fans with the love
they deserve instead of with the disgust that your law-
yers have for them.
Wake up and smell the roses of Music 2.0 or continue to
duck and cover.
music cd sales fall
140
may 03, 2007:
pandora to shut out
non-u.s. users
another example of ancient music laws killing
a good service (or how to discourage
startups to care about music rights)
141
P
andora, my absolute favorite user-generated-programs
web radio service, today announced that it will cut of all
of its non-U.S. listeners because of licensing restrictions. You
may guess who is behind this: Yes, the music rights-licensing
organizations that would be my guess, too.
Tis is really lame. Here we have yet another example of
how outmoded licensing traditions and 50-year old laws kill
something that really has value, that has been painstakingly
built over the past few years, and that is helping everyone to
discover and buy more music online.
I think that if the music industry does not start solving these
tired licensing problems ASAP it shouldnt be surprised why
everyone is now starting to fll their music needs via totally
unlicensed sources that never even go nearly as far as Pandora
has to become legal. I mean, come on, how many years has the
music industry had to give a license to Pandora?
Maybe the European Commission should start thinking
about some penalties for PROs (Performing Rights Organiza-
tions), some fnes for not making reasonable licensing deals
available? How about a penalty for tardiness-of-business, for
hampering the growth of new business or for sitting on your
rear doing nothing while smart entrepreneurs and their inves-
tors are busting their butts trying to reinvent the music busi-
ness?
It almost seems that a company that tries to do the right
thing from the start gets punished at every turn while those
that dont even bother with getting any of the rights are the
ones that A) get funded with tens of millions of dollars, and B)
sell their company for hundreds of millions of dollars and get
to do as they please while the music industry is acting all shell-
shocked and standing by. (Since they never bother to check
out the new stuf until someone alerts them, not asking for a
license would be the safe way to start, right?)
With these outdated licensing structures and seriously
handicapping business processes most of the music industry
pandora to shut out non-u.s. users
142
is actually encouraging people to completely ignore the rules
if they want to get anywhere, anytime soon. For example, just
like DRM is actually producing piracy behavior by punish-
ing legally minded users and giving them less value for their
money (similar to DVD region coding) the new webcasting
regulations are forcing companies into noncompliance due to
the lack of reasonable options.
If this isnt bizarre, I dont know what is! Here is my call
to action for the music rights organizations around the world,
the PPL/GVL, BUMA, GEMA, STIM, SESAC, and SOCAN:
Get moving to license Pandora within 30 days youve already
had years to contemplate it!
pandora to shut out non-u.s. users
143
may 21, 2007:
warner music cuts
staff 15% in u.k.
time to face the truth
unlock the music!
.
144
F
rom the Telegraph UK: As part of WMGs ongoing trans-
formation to a music-based content company, we are realign-
ing WMUK to most efectively organize our resources, the com-
pany said Friday. Te music industry is undergoing fundamental
changes, and we are adapting our business accordingly, channeling
our resources into growth areas, managing costs, and investing in
new business initiatives.
One has to wonder why Warner Music (WMG) just does
not seem to have the guts to do what needs to be done to rem-
edy their shrinking pie problems.
Well, let me summarize this for you, again:
1. Sell music in an open format that works on all de-
vices, with fexible pricing (meaning both more $$$
and less $$$!), and in bundles/subscriptions/packages.
Make music ubiquitous, sell it everywhere, anytime, to
anyone, bundle, package, re-package take a page from
Amazon. Te key is to make your music available widely,
and without all the ifs and buts, and with open and fair
licensing standards.
2. Ofer fair agency-like deals to new artists, make them
(and their managers!) more responsible for their own
success, and take a nice percentage of all revenues that
fow from the artists brand. Move beyond music as the
single moneymaker its a multimedia world now, right?
and please get of the selling copies paradigm and
into selling access and services. Make a larger pie instead
of quarreling over who gets what of the quickly shrink-
ing pie you think you still have.
3. Reduce marketing costs by 60% by diving head-frst
into viral syndication of your content let the users, the
fans, the listeners do your marketing for now. Give up
warner music cuts staff 15% in u.k.
145
the pipedream of total control over distribution and get
new revenues fowing again.
First of all, its time to admit that you were dead-wrong about
DRM, about taking your customers to court, about trying to
force the music fans and your own users into submission and
then get ready for a new food of revenues.
And yes you may need to slim down to 3050% of your
current size, and get people onboard who know whats real and
whats not.
Engage, not enrage.
warner music cuts staff 15% in u.k.
146
may 28, 2007:
the plunge of the major
music labels: is the end
of music 1.0 near?
.
147
H
ere is some good reporting from the New York Times,
as usual: Despite costly eforts to build buzz around new
talent and thwart piracy, CD sales have plunged more than 20
percent this year, far outweighing any gains made by digital sales
at iTunes and similar services. Aram Sinnreich, a media industry
consultant at Radar Research in Los Angeles, said the CD format,
introduced in the United States 24 years ago, is in its death throes.
Everyone in the industry thinks of this Christmas as the last big
holiday season for CD sales, Mr. Sinnreich said, and then eve-
rything goes kaput.
My comment: I guess there is hope, after all: Once the pain
is big enough, changing seems like a real option, all of a sudden
that is what we are seeing now. Maybe this ship really has to
be steered into the clifs frst, after all? Call me an optimist, but
I used to think there were other options.
My two cents: If you have the guts to change now, you can
still own a good chunk of the market, and prosper. But: band-
aids are over its time for real, hard-core changes. Drop copy-
protection (at least for now until something can be used that
is of super value to the user!); tell the users, fans and artists
that you screwed up; go for fexible pricing and bundles; pack-
age music into other media; ofer agency-type deals to artists;
become completely transparent and drop the secret sauce
antics; and start using syndication as the prime vehicle of pro-
motion, marketing and distribution. Its not the copy its the
access. Its not prevention its participation.
Te New York Times continues: For the companies that
choose to plow ahead, the question is how to weather the worsen-
ing storm. One answer: diversify into businesses that do not rely
directly on CD sales or downloads. Te biggest one is music pub-
lishing, which represents songwriters (who may or may not also
be performers) and earns money when their songs are used in TV
commercials, video games, or other media.
My comment: I have talked about this until the cows came
home, but here is again: Switch to music as a service. Again:
the plunge of the major music labels:
148
Never mind the copies the next big thing is ofering access.
Brands. Experiences. Added Values. Stuf that only you can
provide together with the artists. Values and experiences cant
just be downloaded.
More from the NYT: But very few albums have gained trac-
tion. And that is compounded by the industrys core structural
problem: Its main product is widely available free. More than half
of all music acquired by fans last year came from unpaid sources
including Internet fle sharing and CD burning, according to the
market research company NPD Group.
Te social ripping and burning of CDs among friends which
takes place ofine and almost entirely out of reach of industry po-
licing eforts accounted for 37 percent of all music consumption,
more than fle-sharing, NPD said.
My comment: Sounds like an obvious problem its all out
there for free so they stopped buying. But the thing is that this
is not the real problem. Free distribution is a blessing, not
a curse, and P2P/super-distribution will emerge as the main
mechanism for digital distribution in the next three years (and
not just for music).
Rather, it is still seriously counter-assumptive, and beyond
grasp of most of the incumbents of Music 1.0 the unfailing
desire to, at any cost (including self-destruction), want to con-
trol the ecosystem that the large music companies must keep in
check. And then we can understand and monetize what people
actually do with technology.
Tey are doing this because they like the music and the art-
ists, not because they want to do as much damage as they can
you simply have not given them good enough options to act
diferently.
If the model of ber-control of music distribution isnt
working any longer, wouldnt it make sense to try to come up
with a new model? Lesser control does not mean zero revenues.
Tere is life after selling expensive copies of plastic, or indeed
copies of 0s and 1s. Trust me ;-)
the plunge of the major music labels:
149
june 18, 2007:
a hot and cold report from
the cisac copyright summit
in brussels
150
O
n May 30, I was invited to attend the inaugural Copy-
right Summit in Brussels, Belgium, organized by some
friends of mine on behalf of CISAC (the RIAA equivalent of
the copyright societies/PROs/MROs). I moderated a panel,
too, and quite enjoyed it.
Te funny thing about this event was that it provided a con-
stant succession of hot and cold showers (although most of
them were on the chilling side). On the one hand, copyright
societies, composers, and various intellectual property lobby-
ists (and boy, did that label apply even Charles Aznavour
was turned into a shining example of righteousness!) constantly
lamenting how badly things were going because the Internet
really is just a giant rip-of machine. (Tis, of course, was al-
ways and without fail linked to the instant quests for more
protection by the governments.)
On the other hand, some lonely but outspoken and keen-
to-help technologists, visionaries, consultants, entrepreneurs,
and Music 2.0 advocates (I guess I did ft in there somehow ;-)
who tried to insert some sort of reality check into the proceed-
ings.
At one point I felt that one might as well summarize this
entire conference like this: Please just try to get it the utter
control paradigm of this ecosystem is over. Finished. Te Past.
You need to move forward and adjust to making money in a
new way. Go and do it. Now.
Tis thought, I felt, was somewhat echoed by Andre LeBel,
CEO of the Canadian Society SOCAN and without a doubt
one of the most forward-thinking people as far as rights or-
ganizations (MROs and PROs). Andre was one of the few PRO
speakers who did not just dwell on We need more protec-
tion but instead urged his peers to change, and to change fast.
Somehow it seems that Canadians are always ahead in these
things
Unnervingly, at times the event felt like most people on the
stage were shooting to incite a mutual love-fest with their peers
a hot and cold report from the cisac
151
in the audience, and other times it felt like a stoning incident
was immanent particularly when Larry Lessig entered the
stage. I really thought he did a great job defending the Crea-
tive Commons initiative considering that the audience basi-
cally told him to stuf it and stop talking about it in public: It
makes life so much harder for us to have you out there saying
these ludicrous things. Still, Larry did a great job, as usual.
I just wished he had more time to explain things, and a better
moderator would have been nice, too.
British Telecom CEO Ben Verwaayen delivered a good key-
note speech that I thought was very much spot-on and quite
daring given that the audience consisted mostly of fairly up-
front and ready-to-blast-you copyrightists and people who
want to see their IP rights defended. Here is one of my fa-
vorite quotes from his speech: Because the consumer of today
is no longer the consumer youre used tothe question is not
where the value was yesterday but where it is today.
Te Hollywood Reporter commented: Verwaayen fatly rejected
suggestions that operators like BT need to compensate rights own-
ers because they provided the infrastructure for online piracy. Its
nonsense, he said. Its the same issue in many industries: Is one
responsible for the problems of another? If you think someone else
will solve your problems for you, forget it it wont happen.
I think Bens speech was great mostly because he really
cranked up the opposition in the audience, most of which ap-
parently believed that the telecom companies should just shut
up and pay for the music their users get on the network, and
thereby solve everyones problem. (No, we are not talking about
a fat rate here; we are talking fltering and paying penalties.)
A really great contribution was made by musician Billy
Bragg recently (in)famous for his run-ins with MySpace
who highlighted some of the great advantages that the Internet
has brought us, and successfully bridged the gap between the
somewhat technophobic crowd and the rest of the audience.
As artists we have to fnd a way to get togethertechnology
152
and the audience are well ahead of us, he said. Well done,
Billy!
John LoFrumento, CEO of ASCAP, delivered a good exam-
ple of playing to the crowd but was otherwise unfortunately
not adding much value: Tis is stealingand hurting a lot
of people. Tese kinds of tired observations could be heard
from many panelists and speakers, over and over again, there-
by, I guess, enhancing the opportunities for some good mutual
back-patting: You cry for me I cry for you.
I think it would have been much better to have some honest
conversations about real change, why its needed, and why its
urgent (which is something I dare I say I tried during my panel;
I hope I achieved it at least some of the time).
Unfortunately, the second day at the conference was some-
what ruined by a ber-ludicrous fyer that some ASCAP people
passed out at the entrance a bizarre cartoon one-pager called
Donny the Downloader that depicted a freaked-out musi-
cian who is working in a fast food joint because the very people
who order food from him have been freeloading his music in-
stead of paying for it.
Sorry, ASCAP and everyone within ASCAP who is still do-
ing a great job to bring real change into the organization, but
this kind of thing is just so utterly simplifed and makes you
look deeply ridiculous. Its hard to believe that you would even
consider publishing something like this.
Its not the free downloading thats hurting the composers
and publishers, its the industrys (and that means labels and
publishers) ongoing and irresponsible refusal and/or inability
to license music on diferent terms than its used to. Get with
the program and enforce participation, not punishment you
cant outlaw 90% of the population. I and many people next to
me were amazed at the idiocy behind this fyer it reads like
something from 1999! Where have you guys been?
All in all, though, it was still a very interesting conference
mainly because I learned a lot (even though I had to have my
153
fame shield on most of the time), and got to talk to a lot of peo-
ple who were very sure of what they do, and that always makes
for interesting conversations. Te organization was fawless,
even though I wished there had been fewer yes-sayers and more
speakers who pushed the envelope and questioned the comfort-
able We just need more protection attitude that prevailed
throughout. But then again, it was a CISAC showright?
154
july 01, 2007:
gerd leonhards open letter to
the independent music industry
music 2.0 and the future of music is yours
if you can resist the temptation of
becoming just another music cartel!
155
O
n June 29, 2007, while at London Calling, I was invited
to speak to a small group of indie record label leaders at
the annual AIM/WIN gathering in London. I took this op-
portunity to take a good look at what I think needs to happen
in order for the independent music companies to actually take
advantage of the new music economy that is rapidly unfolding
right now.
Here are my views on what I like to call Music 2.0 the
next generation of the music industry that is being created as
we speak. Te Music 2.0 model is dramatically diferent from
the traditional music business; many old ways of doing things,
many old relationships, and many outmoded traditions cannot
and will not survive.
I want to seduce you, the leaders of the independent music
industry, to fearlessly go down this new road, to take a leap, to
leave some of your assumptions and your religions aside, and
gerd leonhards open letter
156
to make bold moves because that is what is required to turn
this ship around.
F. Scott Fitzgerald, the famous novelist, once said, Te test
of a frst-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed
ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability
to function. Tis will clearly be the music industrys task go-
ing forward!
Technical and economic innovations have, for the past ten
years, stripped away many traditions, social and economic hi-
erarchies, and monopolies in the music industry, and if there
is one thing we can say for sure I guess that would be that its
now showtime: Te music industry is fnally reaching a ma-
jor infection point, ten years after the frst dot-com ventures
shook the ground.
It took a lot longer than we all thought, but its hitting us
much harder now: CD sales are down between 2040% YTD,
and digital sales are not going to make up the diference any
time soon and the one-horse race with the omnipresent
iTunes clearly is a dead-end, too.
We are very quickly nearing a point where we will be forced
to dive into what I like to call Music 2.0 a new ecosystem
that is not based on music as a product, but music as a service:
frst selling access, and only then selling copies. An ecosystem
based on ubiquity of music, not scarcity. An ecosystem based
on mutual trust, not fear. A sales model based on merit, not
control.
As Don Tapscott points out in his great book Wikinomics,
we may want to think of Web 1.0 the old web as some
sort of digital newspaper, whereas Web 2.0 is a canvas that al-
lows syndicated content and information to be put up, shared,
changed, and remixed. Its now all about the interaction, the
send-and-receive options that make it useful and special.
And of course, in music, its always been about interaction,
about sharing, about engaging not just about sell-sell-sell
right from the start.
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Stop the sharing and you kill the music business its that
simple. When the fan, a.k.a. user, a.k.a. listener, stops engaging
with the music, its all over. Today, you urgently need a canvas
for music, not a one-way product (such as the CD).
Lets face it: Most leaders of the major record companies
as well as a good many independents are, by and large, still in
solid denial about the fact that their unit-sales-based model is
utterly broken and crashing quicker than they can fathom, and
many still hope for some magical technology solution such as
DRM or TPMs to solve a serious business problem. Just take
a trip to the annual MIDEM convention to see how discon-
nected most people in this industry still are!
Billions of dollars have already been lost due to misguided
strategies, outdated policies, and lack of true leadership. For-
give me, but I think its time to get your act together and do
whatever it takes, not just what fts comfortably into your cur-
rent mindscape this is a make-it or break-it moment.
How come most music rights societies (PROs & MROs) are
still at a total loss when its about licensing the un-licensable
(as my dear friend and colleague Jim Grifn puts it), when its
about making new models legal?
Tousands of companies with innovative business models
are left unlicensed by default (or shall we say by tacit consen-
sus?), and most of them have given up on even trying. Major
money is left on the table due to the industrys tardiness and
internal squabbling.
Many of the traditional music licensing organizations have
utterly failed in their mission of making music available in
fact, they have, by non-action, succeeded in making it unavail-
able. What you need now is action, not continued excuses.
Today, we have arrived at the paradoxical state that any star-
tup that wants to use music will not even try to be legal right
from the beginning, since there is no reasonable way of doing
so, and since it will eat up a lot of resources without any tan-
gible results.
158
Look at the biggest exits in this turf, during the past two
years: MySpace, YouTube, and to a lesser degree, Last.fm ei-
ther they did not even bother with the proper music licenses,
or it was unclear if and where and when they would even need
one. Non-compliance with existing copyright regimes, and ex-
tensive loophole-exploitation succeeded and was handsomely
rewarded; while complying with the existing laws and regula-
tions was punished by becoming irrelevant in the market place
(see Napster).
Te music industry must now admit that it has failed to act.
Its leaders cluelessness, incomprehension, and general lack of
willingness to embrace true change allowed paying for music to
become voluntary. Congratulations.
As an example, Don Tapscott points at the year 2006: Te
losers built digital music stores, and the winners built vibrant
communities based on music. Te losers built walled gardens
while the winners built public squares. Te losers were busy
guarding their intellectual property while the winners were
busy getting everyones attention. Warner Music Groups stock
nose-dived from $30 to $14 in less than one year; Google rose
from $323 to $526; Apple went from $50 to $127.
For the independent music industry, the question is: Which
side do you want to be on? Do you want to become another
major player and stay stuck in the muck of Music 1.0, or do
you want to lead the way into Music 2.0?
159
In this context, please allow me give you a glimpse of the
future, so that you can make some decisions based on what
is coming.
1. ubiquitous sharing
Within 18 months, in many key music territories around the
globe, wireless broadband networks and device-to-device ad-
hoc networks will connect every conceivable device with each
other, as well as with gigantic online content depositories or
shall I say media switchboards that will contain every imagi-
nable song, flm, or TV show.
If you think sharing is a big deal now, just give it another
two years music sharing will be a hundred times as easy, 500
times as fast, and enabled on every single device, from music
players to car radios to wrist watches (i.e., not just computers).
And over three billion cell phones and over one billion wireless
music players will connect seamlessly to each other.
Wireless broadband access and devices will become so cheap,
fast, and ubiquitous that sharing content will become the de-
fault setting, at very high speeds and with anyone who is close
by. Search Find Select Exchange. Click and get!
So how can the content industries monetize this? Te only
sensible approach is by licensing participation via a blanket
license, i.e., to legally enable the networks and the devices
through which the content fows. Te music industry in partic-
ular must license the use of pretty much all existing and newly
released music on these networks, and it must make irresistible,
irrefutable, and utterly compelling blanket ofers to those who
run the networks. Tese license deals must be conversations,
not monologues, so that they are not perceived as yet another
stick to the ISPs and telcos but welcomed as a mutual beneft.
160
2. audiovisual synergies
Tousands of new TV, online video, and gaming channels will
get underway in the next 23 years, and all of them will need
music to go with the visuals. Millions of songs will be synched
to video, and this market opportunity will surely explode. If
you are 360 music company (i.e., if you own can represent
both the master rights and the publishing rights, and if you
serve as a trusted agent to your artists), it may well be that those
burgeoning B2B licensing revenues end up being more than
50% of your future income.
However, exploiting these opportunities will only be possi-
ble if an efcient and frictionless system for those myriad B2B
transactions is available, and widely used everywhere, and this
is where I believe the huge opportunity for AIM, WIN, and the
independents new Merlin initiative lies. Tink eBay + Alibaba
+ Chemdex + Getty Images. Every euro invested in better B2B
processes will make tens of thousands of euros for music rights
holders while they sleep, or better yet, make more music.
161
3. using the flow
Streaming music, on demand, will be everywhere. On every
website, every widget, every mobile, every device; supported
by a new generation of ads, sponsorships, and commissions
on transactions. Performance-based income will surge beyond
your wildest imagination. But again, only if the industrys li-
censing organizations and their members fnally chose to play
ball, to participate, to provide irresistible license and fat rate
oferings, create reliable standards, and go fat-out for liquidity,
not try to maintain artifcial scarcity. U.S. public performance
rights organization BMIs revenues have grown from $630 mil-
lion in 2003 to $779 million in 2006 not bad considering the
overall demise of the recorded music market at the same time!
Read my mouse: Its not the copy of the recording that will
make all those new dollars or euros or yen or shekels or rupees
its the use. In fact, the use of your music may just be the next
big format you have been looking for.
4. multimedia riches
Rich media (i.e., multimedia ads with music, video, anima-
tions, audio, etc.) will become the default advertising format
for online advertising, representing yet another huge growth
opportunity for music. Researchers predict that soon, over 10%
of all ad spending will be on the Internet and 16% of all Inter-
162
net ads in 2009 will be rich media. With an estimated $700
billion of global ad spending by 2009, that means $70 billion
for online ads, and over $10 billion spent for rich media ads.
Hundreds of millions of $$$ for music licenses!
5. radio digitized
Digital radio will deliver 100% time- and place-shifted music
experiences, stopping only a tiny bit short of becoming a feels
like free version of iTunes. Te reality is that Net radio is really
just another TiVo but for music.
Radio will indeed become the feels-like-free, on-demand
music box once again: Te only remaining Radio 1.0 factor
will be that it will continue to be curated and expert-produced,
as well as taking in social recommendation and smart tech-
nology agents. Te best radio stations will become very strong
brands (BBC Radio 1, KCRW, WYNC, etc.), outdoing what
used to be record labels. So how will the rights holders license
Radio 2.0 if they insist on staying with a per-copy model? Talk
about a clash of paradigms.
6. watch and learn
All music companies will become video companies, by default
music will be multimedia, from the get-go. Tink: music +
video + audio + text + games. If you arent already diversifying
into video and TV, you really should.
7. foreign intrigue
China, India, South America, and Africa will explode with new
models for usage-based rights bundles and fat rates based on
access. In other words, content will be monetized by account-
ing for usage, not by counting copies.
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But again, you will not have truly liquid (i.e., efcient, low-
friction, and vastly scalable) markets until you allow, support,
enable, and trust them. Te music industry must swing this
ship around, because right now, they are failing miserably: fail-
ing on technical and on licensing standards, on fexible pric-
ing oferings, on competitiveness, on compatibility, on being
trusted, on transparency.
Lets take a step back for a minute. Te music industrys past
was based on:
Control
Exclusivity
Monopoly
Closed-ness
Guarding/Protection
Secrecy/Non-Transparency
Territoriality
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Te challenge is that the industrys future if it chooses to go
there is based on:
Openness
Transparency
Peering
Sharing
Trust
Un-Control
A truly global outlook
Liquidity
To quote Jim Grifn again: Monetize anarchy, and license the
unlicensable.
I predict that as much as 6070% of this new music business
and with that I mean a newly revived, $100 billion music
business will be independent within 35 years but only if its
leaders dont follow the major labels into liking control more
than income.
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165
In this context, here are a few of my favorite bottom lines:
1. the media ecosystem of the future is, and must be, fric-
tionless. Frictionless means music anytime, anyhow, and
anywhere, ranging from free and feels like free to bundled,
up-sold, and premiumed. Your job as a music company is to
do away with the friction, not to add to it, much less to re-
insert it. On the Internet, every hurdle is treated as damage,
and the trafc is simply routed around it. Create friction and
be sidelined.
2. its now all about participation, not prevention. Because
of the utter impossibility of maintaining any real hurdles to
access, it is absolutely crucial that you fnd ways to participate
in any and all forms of commerce that use music in one way
or another. Charge smartly and efciently for access but make
music available the same way that cell phone operators make
cell phones available: at a very low cost, in an irresistible way
that engages people and sell upstream from there. Whether
its streaming-on-demand, remixes and mashups, playlisting
and social network music applications, adding music to video,
or digital radio, being part of it is what it all starts.
3. lets face it: the web is like a giant tivo, a huge recorder,
or a DVR all performances are or can be recorded, all broad-
casts really are deliveries. You need to stop distinguishing be-
tween music to keep/own and music to listen to your
users and those pesky digital natives already did this a long
time ago! License the use. Share revenues. And then up-sell to
ownership.
4. copyright is the idea, the principle, the backdrop, but
usage right is where you will actually monetize. Licensing
usage and collecting for usage is where you need to focus your
energies, not the protection of intellectual property. Tis is
166
a tough spot but again, do you want total control, or do you
want revenues?
5. end the fear-inducing endism: Very few things end com-
pletely when new inventions are taking hold. Usually, the mar-
ket simply changes, and most of the time it becomes larger.
And it will be no diferent this time. Yes, the fax machine and
the Internet killed the telex and the telegraph, but we still have
books even though we have Xerox machines. And we still have
theatres even though we have DVDs. CDs will decline, and
may eventually fade out completely, but nothing you do in
digital music will completely wipe out physical media in fact,
there is likely to be a new physical media format emerging from
the total digital access paradigm (think HD!). In reality, the
web is just another format, and its called access.
6. we must remember that the only real limit to growth, in
music and in media, is the consumers and the users time.
Media consumption will continue to rise as the oferings be-
come cheaper and more ubiquitous, and as more of the Digit-
al Natives consume multiple media at the same time. Content
creators and media companies are now engaged in a battle for
the wallet and the clock but the clock comes frst. Mindshare
means time-spend means money spend!
Again, this is where attention translates into money, and this
is why the frst objective is to get attention, and only then to
get money. Te biggest problem for most artists (and their la-
bels) is obscurity, not piracy.
7. engage, not enrage. Stop anything that enrages the users.
And do it now.
8. yes, you can compete with free, because what only you
can ofer must never just be free. Yes, a copy of a fle is free.
A CD burned from another CD is free; a USB sticks content
167
copied to my computer is free. But the real-life connection to
the artist, the experience that is happening around the music,
the added values such as videos, flms, games, chats, books,
concerts and merchandising, the context (!!!) all of that must
not be given away for free.
In fact, the more unique and valuable the experience is, the
more expensive it will be look at the global rise in live con-
certs!
Te music companies formerly known as record companies
must quickly stop the obsession with trying to make money
merely from selling copies, and instead provide 360 access,
because only the legitimate and authorized source (i.e., agent-
label-manager) can provide these comprehensive bundles of
values that the users, fans, the People Formerly Known As
Consumers, will feel compelled to open their wallets for.
Music 2.0 is an unprecedented opportunity, very much like
when music went from acoustic to electric. Everyone wants mu-
sic. More music is used on more platforms, all the time. Teres
an unprecedented hunger for music that you need to fulfll!
Lastly, here are some challenges that I believe a music indus-
try led by independents must embrace.
1. licensing
Once released, a recording becomes, in reality, available by de-
fault and must be made usable under a default license all
else equals tacitly conceding that its free to use without permis-
sion. As a result of such a new default license, some rights
principles that we have gotten used to may not translate into
this environment, such as the moral right of deciding where
your music is being performed or maybe even otherwise used.
However, I dont think this will apply to commercial use in
flms or ads unlike the private or semi-private use in UGC
and web-generated content and of course, to public perform-
ance.
168
2. copyright
Te traditional defnition of copyright and intellectual property
cannot, for the time being, be the sole key to monetizing your
creations. Because it is no longer about copies, its no longer
about the right to copy, its no longer about reproduction its
about how music is being used and how to participate in those
much larger revenues.
Call it ephemeral copies, tethered downloads, rented media,
streaming, bufering, caching, storing, time-shifting, down-
loading, ripping, or whatever the fact is that digital technol-
ogy has already done away with the distinction of a so-called
performance being diferent from a so-called DPD (digital
phonographic delivery). All computers and that now means
all cell phones, too are by defnition copying machines.
As scary as this may sound, you must therefore discard the
idea of charging more to keep music, as opposed to just lis-
tening to it as in radio. Instead, you must focus on charging
for added values (such as a better way to keep the music ;-), and
on collecting revenue at every point of access, and then go from
there. Charge for music like utility companies charge for basic
169
water and electricity service, and then charge more for all the
other options. Did you know that the bottled water business is
a $100 billion industry?
3. finding new streams
Your revenues from selling copies of songs will soon dwindle
down to maybe 30% of your total income. Te rest will be rev-
enues from licensing, sync, performance, bundling, fat rates,
revenue sharing, and the many other streams that are yet in
their embryonic stages. Get busy creating and supporting those
new revenue streams!
4. resisting exclusivity
You cant aford exclusive rights representation at high rates any
longer, unless these traditional institutions and licensing bodies
really give you 100% coverage and a fawless solution.
5. going global
Forget territorial rights clearance except for when serving local
repertoire (which is on the rise, too). Most talent is global, and
your audience is global, or at least virtually local. International-
ize right from the start and build systems that will support that.
Build a worldwide licensing and B2B-transactions system that
makes all repertoires available for all types of use, and build it
quickly.
6. charging fairly
If you are independent music company, you must resist the
temptation to do as the now quickly defating major labels have
done (e.g., extract huge one-of payments, extort equity shares,
license at unreasonable rates, refuse access for no reason but
170
market-control concerns, sue their own customers, etc.) that
is a certain death wish. In fact, now you can force them to
follow you!
7. resisting lockdown
Resist all attempts at locked/protected formats, and go for
open systems.
8. packaging
Bundle and package music in new ways: with other services,
with other products. And prepare for the Flat Rate because its
coming, without a doubt.
9. removing roadblocks
Remove any and all hurdles to complete market liquidity: pric-
ing infexibility, lack of standards (technology), lack of licens-
ing transparency, territorial diferences, rights monopolies.
171
10. looking outside
Embrace outsiders that can jumpstart the music business.
Niklas Zennstrom disrupted the telecom business, Hotmail
changed email, Stanford dropouts started Google the inno-
vation often comes from the outside.
Call me a utopian, call me a dreamer, call me a ruthless op-
timist, but I think this is the future of music.
172
july 27, 2007:
music syndication
embrace the inevitable:
project playlist, seeqpod
and sonific
173
J
ust as Sonifc, my own company that is plying the Music
Widgets turf, is about to release its new Playlist feature, this
whole widget turf seems to explode with announcements.
(Which is good for us, I think. ;-) Witness Fairtilizer, Sound-
Pedia, Jamendo, Project Playlist, and now, with the iPhone,
Seeqpod.
Apart from the rather odd name (hello, branding guys
what are you thinking?) it is quite an interesting app, essentially
searching MP3 fles from whatever MP3 blogs are out there,
sucking the MP3s of them, and creating playlists that can be
widgetized anywhere. Not exactly a new idea (see Project Play-
list) but nicely ajax-ed and well-done.
So, I cant resist. Here are two thoughts on this stuf:
1. Tis is essentially a concept based on meta-distribu-
tion of MP3 fles that have been embedded in tens of
thousands of MP3 blogs around the world, i.e., its feed-
ing of third-party blog posts and their media servers,
added on top of their already gray-zone legal status.
(And I say this with great appreciation I love what
these blogs are doing!)
Currently, most of these MP3 blogs are basically ig-
nored or tacitly tolerated by the actual rights-holders and
the record labels that own the master recording rights.
However, this kind of super-redistribution of those tol-
erated free MP3s will rattle their cages fairly quickly,
because, lets face it, this is essentially on-demand, inter-
active play of single tracks, which the labels have always
maintained is subject to a license fee.
Yes, of course that idea is decidedly Music 1.0 and wishful think-
ing, too, but still: Look at the recent Imeem-Warner Music law-
suit. And this is also, of course, the very reason Sonifc does not
yet have a lot of current hit artists available the license deals
that are currently being ofered are beyond ridiculous.
music syndication embrace the inevitable
174
So, what do you think will happen if these newcos that are
pushing the envelope (such as Project Playlist, Seeqpod, et. al.)
gain a real audience, i.e., millions of users and embeds in most
social networks?
Well, its simple: Te MP3 blogs that feed them willingly
or not will get take-down orders; or rather, the top three
blogging platforms and services (Blogger/Google (!), Typepad/
Livejournal/Vox/Six Apart, WordPress) that actually host most
of these blogs will get take-down orders for all MP3s that are
hosted on their millions of blogs, and that will be the end of
us enjoying things like Fluxblog, Elbows, or HypeMachine as
well. I am not so sure these MP3 blogs should be, or are, so
happy about stuf like Project Playlist or SeeqPod.
2. As to the major labels: Talk about facing a new reality!
Super-distribution of music is here, now. No matter how
much you scream, sue, and lobby, you will not be able to
plug these holes, and insist on up-front license fees for
on-demand streaming or interactive radio applications
like these. In reality, you can only chose to participate
and share revenues you need to fuel the fre, not look
for a frehose.
I am willing to bet you 100 copies of this book that if you
were to actually license all those social-network-Music-2.0
companies that want to use on-demand, interactive, stream-
ing-only widgets for their music-driven social networks, you
could start to generate some serious money from advertising
revenue shares and e-commerce click-throughs. Plus you could
use them to market your music extremely efciently (well
for free, really!).
And no, this would not replace your CD sales (ahemif
you still have some, within the next 12 months) or your dig-
ital sales (provided youll be smart enough to fnally get out of
DRM before your tankers hit the clifs).
music syndication embrace the inevitable
175
july 31, 2007:
illegal music downloads
hit record high
176
I
ran across a good read from the UK Telegraph today, en-
titled Illegal Music Downloads Hit Record High: Four
out of every ten social network users have music embedded in their
personal profles, rising to 65% among teenagers. Russell Hart, chief
executive of Olswang Entertainment Media Research, described
this phenomenon as the democratisation of the music industry.
Social networks are fundamentally changing the way we discover,
purchase, and use music, he said. Te dynamics of democratisa-
tion, word of mouth recommendation, and instant purchase chal-
lenge the established order and ofer huge opportunities to forward-
thinking businesses.
My comment: Tis guy is hitting the nail on the head, for
sure. Yet, I still dont see a concerted move from the labels to
simply ofer a new, default license for the use of streamed tracks
on these networks (radio, anyone?) in exchange for a nice
share of revenues and zero-cost access to hundreds of millions
of music buyers.
Tis sounds like a great job for the PROs (performing rights
organizations) that represent the master recording rights such
as the PPL (UK), or SoundExchange (U.S.). But once again,
the only thing you hear from them is that they dont have the
mandate for this, yet, and on and on.
Now, whose fault is it if there is no license to be gotten? My
prediction: On-demand streaming of each and every song will
be ofered, licensed or not (not is more likely since there are
already hundreds of apps available that do this perfectly, and
without a license), on all of these networks and there are
already approximately 750 of them, serving approximately 700
million people, and their number is estimated to grow to over
5,000 within 12 months.
If the record labels (and to a lesser degree, the music pub-
lishers) think they can just deny this license in their usual go
away permission not granted style, simply in order to be
able to extract larger sums out of the market, they will just put
illegal music downloads hit record high
177
another nail in their cofn. Because today, non-participation
means that everyone just routes around you!
Te biggest trend here is access replacing ownership. Hun-
dreds of millions of people go to those networks and listen
before they will consider buying anything (provided that the
buying of digital music may even be attractive, which it is
clearly not, right now).
illegal music downloads hit record high
178
august 17, 2007:
the attention economy
and the music industry
179
A
few months ago, the UK law frm and research company
Olswang released a new report called Te Impact of Social
Networks on Music Commerce. I have had the PDF on my
desktop, marked in red, for a long time, and I fnally got to
dig into it today.
the attention economy and the music industry
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data from olswang.com
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Tis is an absolutely brilliant piece of research (albeit with
a fairly small number of UK-only participants, about 1,700 I
think) that very clearly spells out where the future of music will
take us: licensing access, sharing new revenues, ad-supported
monetization, diversifed revenue streams, complete music
and video convergence, user-generated playlists and viral syn-
dication, and so on youve heard all that from me before I
reckon.
Here are some excerpts and comments:
Social networks are changing the accessibility of music,
helping it to become more democratic and utilitarian
and this is having a profound impact upon the discovery
and purchase of music, with far-reaching implications
for the music business.
181
My comment: You can say that again. Streaming full-length
music tracks, fully selectable by the users without any restric-
tions whatsoever, is now becoming the default on social net-
works and blogs. Basically and I said this two years ago this
is the new radio, and it should be licensed like radio (albeit for
a higher share of revenues).
Te Impact of Social Networks on Music Discovery &
Purchase: Te Digital Music Survey is currently in its
fourth year and is an independent survey of 1,700 UK
consumers. Te research indicates massive increases over
the last 12 months in usage of sites containing music
such as YouTube (up 310% to 53%) and MySpace (up
57% to 55%).
Amongst teenagers the incidence is huge 77% have
used MySpace and 69%, YouTube. For users of these
social networks, music is playing an increasingly impor-
tant role. For example, 39% of social network users have
embedded music in their personal profles (65% of teen-
agers). Approximately 70% do so to show of their taste
and half do so to refect their personality. Whats more, it
seems to work as almost 60% agreed that they could tell
a lot about a person from the music in their profle.
My comment: Embedded music and media players will indeed
be the #1 driver of content syndication, and will play a huge
role in how music is being found and purchased. Give it just
another 1218 months and every web user will know what a
widget is and probably use them, too.
Imagine Amazon.com ofering MP3-only downloads that
are based on a weekly or monthly fat rate, and/or bundling
deals that feel like free to the consumers that are on the re-
ceiving end of click-throughs from 500 million social net users.
(Tey already did this with Premium Shipping and are now
182
doing it with Kindle, their new book-device that has the con-
nectivity already included.)
It will no longer matter where and how the purchase hap-
pens, and whether any new friction can be interjected to shore
up that good old scarcity paradigm. All that matters will be
who gets the clicks and who does not getting and retaining
attention is the new mission; distribution is simply the default.
Friction is Fiction.
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Olswang continues:
Te survey fndings strongly suggest that social networks
are also impacting music discovery. 53% of people re-
vealed they actively surf social network sites to discover
new music and artists and two-thirds of all users regular-
ly or occasionally discover music that they love on their
preferred social network site. Te incidence is higher still
on MySpace (75%), Bebo (72%), and YouTube (66%).
My comment: Tis is indeed a huge marketing nirvana for the
record labels, and one they need to embrace a lot deeper than
they have been doing until now. Just like the New York Times
dumped its Times Select ofering in favor of an open, ad-sup-
ported approach (and the WSJ is sure to follow), record labels
need to shelf the idea of fxed per-stream fees. It just sets up
hurdles that wont be meaningful, anyway, and it will dampen
everything. Being in the pipeline is what matters, and getting
more people to pay attention is what will drive future music
commerce. Dont abolish the tollbooth just move it down a
bit further, and be smarter about it. Pull before you push!
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Crucially, the discovery is translating into changing pur-
chase behavior. 17% of social network users claimed it
has a big/massive impact on the way they purchase
music and 30% state that they regularly/occasionally
buy CDs or downloads of music that they discovered on
a social network site. Tis rises to 36% of MySpace users.
However, more needs to be done to make purchasing
this music easier, with 46% of respondents agreeing with
the statement I wish it was easier to purchase music
that I fnd on these sites.
My comment: I think it is shockingly pathetic how little the
record industry has done so far to harvest the fruits of this
enormous interest in music. People are totally interested in
music, but until now the industry has only done its utmost
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to deter the interest, with impossible commercial terms, copy-
protection obsession, format wars, territorial restrictions, and
licensing turf wars. Ouch! Talk about a dysfunctional ecosys-
tem this is winning the grand prize, in my humble opinion.
Russell Hart, Chief Executive of Entertainment Me-
dia Research commented: Social networks are funda-
mentally changing the way we discover, purchase, and
use music. Te dynamics of democratisation, word of
mouth recommendation, and instant purchase chal-
lenge the established order and ofer huge opportunities
to forward-thinking businesses.
John Enser, partner and head of music at Olswang,
says: Te music industry needs to embrace new oppor-
tunities being generated by the increasing popularity of
music on social networking sites. Surfng these sites and
discovering new music is widespread with the latest gen-
eration of online consumers but the process of actually
purchasing the music needs to be made easier to encour-
age sales and develop this new market.
My comment: Record labels: Are you really listening?
I am going to stop here as you can read the rest on the
Olswang site, but here is one more morsel that must be
shared:
Enser says, As illegal downloading hits an all-time high
and consumers fear of prosecution falls, the music in-
dustry must look for more ways to encourage the public
to download music legally. Variable pricing models and
DRM-free music, which would allow consumers legally
to transfer music to other devices, were popular among
respondents and represent new ways of enticing people
away from breaking the law.
186
august 03, 2007:
radio 2.0 is like google reader
waiting for the universal
music feed reader
187
I
t just occurred to me that I already see the future of radio
every single day: my Google Reader. I add new feeds to my
reader every day (or remove dead ones), I share my feeds and
OPML fles with others, I freely export and import, I browse
online, I browse ofine. I am now in complete control of my
news and I pay with my attention, not with cash yet. (And
guess what: I think I would even do that, too, if there were a
few more added values thrown in!)
Now, replace the text feeds and news chunks with music and
you have an interesting future scenario for radio. Imagine be-
ing able to add a radio program to your selection of feeds, with
a click of the mouse, and it would instantly be available online
or ofine (yes, in the car, too!). Imagine every radio station hav-
ing an output feed, every listener having a music-feed reader,
200 clever FeedBurner-like apps serving 1.1 billion people on-
line and over 3 billion people on cell phones.
On this imagined radio-feed-reader you could bookmark
what you like, tag it, star it, rate it, forward it, as you see ft.
Select from any content provider, or have them select for you,
or have others share your selections. Select from any grades of
narrowcasting (i.e., one-to-one playlist sharing) to any shade
of broadcasting. Aggregate it all in a reader formerly known
as a receiver that would work on any platform: mobile, phone,
TV, digital radio, the computer, your music wristwatch or your
MP3 sunglasses. (Maybe this is what those guys at Slacker.com
are shooting for?).
As far as I recall Google has been reproached many times
over its use of third-party news feeds in the Google Reader.
Google has been sued over Google Print, of course, and Google
has been sued over YouTube. Google always gets sued because
it continues to push into those gray zones between technology
and copyright, and whenever it does this there is a good chance
that it is once again on its way to transforming the future.
Google wont touch this idea (it has much larger plans ;-),
but someone out there will launch Te Universal Music Feed
188
Reader (TUMFR) and free music from the slavery of the copy-
and-unit-sales paradigm. (Read: not copyright just copy!)
So what about the content owners? Brutally put (and many
of large record labels seem to like it presented that way), just
like with the Google Reader and text-based content, a refusal
to participate is futile. All audio and music content is already
being made available by millions of networked and super-
noding users, and any refusal to not-permit just leads to a
re-routing-around-the-damage, i.e., the network always heals
itself of you wound it by putting up the walls.
Its time to realize that the surest way to have your brand
diminished, and for your relevance to dissolve, is to not par-
ticipate. You will not only lose some or most of your audience
(since you are forcing them to comply with your paradigms),
but you will also be forced to police how much of your content
ends up on those TUMFRs anyway.
Te bottom line: Participate or be participated.
189
august 30, 2007:
on-demand streaming of music on
social networks and blogs
this is the next radio!
190
P
artly because of my general work as a futurist, and partly
because of my role as Co-Founder and CEO of MusicAPI
provider Sonifc, I have been very busy analyzing social net-
works, blogs, and other self-publishing platforms, and their
importance to the music (and media) business. I will be pub-
lishing the results as part of my new book (Te End of Control)
soon, but my early conclusion is that this is the birth of the
next iteration of radio that we are witnessing here.
If you recall, radio was frst based on pirated unlicensed
content, too unwanted and ubiquitously hated by the mu-
sic companies since they considered it a replacement and can-
nibalization of solid revenue streams (performances and sheet
music, mostly) that they were counting on and did not want
threatened. (Much like CD and download sales, today!)
But then hundreds of stations were launched around the
globe, radio became something that everyone loved and used
(yeslargely also because it feels like free), they all used
whatever music that wanted without a defnitive license (if
any), and guess what: After ten years of just standing by and
not giving their blessings, the music companies fnally had to
agree that radio was, indeed, driving sales of music and that it
should therefore be allowed to exist.
Te irony, of course, was that the U.S. labels did not even
manage to get any revenue share from the radio operators;
only the publishers did (in the U.S., that is). Would they have
gotten substantially more if they had agreed on a revenue share
right from the start, before those radio networks became the
driving force behind music sales? You bet!
on-demand streaming of music on social networks and blogs
191
So here is my urgent appeal to the record labels: License the
social networks with a blanket, full-length-track (streaming)
revenue-share-based license now, and get your foot in the door
before it jams up, and before they can successfully argue that
you need them more than they need you.
Mark my words: Streaming music on-demand, fully inter-
active, fully share-enabled, full-length-tracks, will become a
default setting on the social networks, regardless of the record
industrys permission-denied attitude. And we are already
talking over 220 million people, 700-plus sites and services,
growing something like 250% every year. Tats potentially bil-
lions of $$$ in revenue shares from ads, up-selling, bundles
on-demand streaming of music on social networks and blogs
192
september 01, 2007:
tv 2.0
retaining the excellence
of tvs past while adding
the best of the web
193
T
oday, incumbent TV networks are facing a two-fold mis-
sion: On the one hand, current viewers (a.k.a. users)
must remain engaged and receive their steady supply of push-
media; even on fxed schedules and in fxed locations, and in
the traditional ways that have worked well for those that are
not part of the Net Generation (i.e., those web-savvy 1227
year olds). On the other hand and this is something we must
totally embrace the only signifcant and sustainable growth
in revenues, in the future, will fow from this generation of the
echo boomers, the Digital Natives.
Tese are the people who will consume VOD services, IPTV,
mobile TV, and online video oferings. And, lets face it, these
are also the people formerly known as consumers (i.e., view-
ers) they no longer just sit, wait, and watch. Rather, they
program their own media (that means locations, schedules, and
delivery platforms), they comment, they question, they share,
they communicate and many of them want to interact as
well, and even contribute to this new TV 2.0 medium.
Te Net Generation will be able to select from, and switch
back and forth between, many diferent delivery platforms and
hundreds of thousands of sources of TV/video. Tis has already
started with YouTube, DailyMotion, Metacafe, Joost, Ba-
belgum, and Facebook. In addition, the rapid growth of cheap,
wireless broadband may yet turn every person into a walking
DVR, video vault, and peer-to-peer broadcaster, as well.
Terefore, the most important mission for the incumbent,
large, and international TV companies must be to really em-
brace these changes and to build (or buy) new business models
based on these new paradigms, while efciently retaining what
is still working but with the understanding that this will,
beyond a doubt, no longer generate enough revenues in only
35 years. Embrace user engagement, interactivity, user-gener-
ated content (or shall we say user-generated context?), social
media, and communities built around TV and video content,
tv 2.0
194
and go for the Web approach. Its not all good but its going
to get there.
Sometimes, it may work best to start an in-house, rival TV
2.0 company, a new, quasi-subversive entity that seeks to over-
throw and out-do the existing company and that is free to do
things the new way without having to worry about the day-to-
day business.
For TV producers and distributors, it is now also crucial to
seriously question ones own operating assumptions. Te worst
thing that can happen is to take your own, current media con-
sumption habits as guidelines for the development of future
scenarios, because it is not us (i.e., the 30 to 60-year-olds) who
generate the future growth, its the 1030 year olds who will
and they dont think at all like we do!
Once one realizes that there is no longer such a thing as
ofine, that TV is about to fully converge with the Internet,
that all of us will very soon be truly always-on and connected
at very high speeds (and with small devices formerly known as
computers), that the Internet is now all about content rather
than just communication, that in many western countries the
Internet has moved to the #1 position as the favorite medium
of choice for the digital natives, and that Internet advertising
stands to overtake TV advertising in 2009then one cannot
overstress the importance of getting involved with TV 2.0, with
jumping in head-frst, with becoming the driving force behind
change. Dont wait another day.
As Victor Havel once said: Consciousness precedes reality, and
not the other way around.
tv 2.0
195 tv 2.0
196
september 11, 2007:
what would negropontes
$100 laptop initiative do for
the future of music and media?
197
I
t looks like Nicholas Negroponte and his One Laptop per
Child (OLPC) initiative will indeed succeed in giving eve-
rybody in Brazil, India, and Africa a fully functional, wirelessly
connected $100 (or less!) computer. You may have not thought
about it this way before, but just imagine another 250 million
or more networked computers (a.k.a. digital copy machines)
being given to people who have had no previous access to those
large media vaults-in-the-sky that we Bit Torrenters have been
taking for granted, and who may have never even heard of our
traditional western copyright concepts before.
What is likely to happen here, and how will the media sector
sufer or beneft from this? But frst and foremost how will
the creators of all that media content beneft from this? No
matter how you look at this, we can clearly forget the unit-
base pay-per-copy paradigm here nobody in India or China
will buy into this and few will be able to aford it even if they
wanted to, meaning those illicit libraries of all-media-anytime
will continue to grow even faster. More users, more bandwidth,
more storage, and increasingly less control over devices and
networks!
what would negropontes $100
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I personally believe that the only practical way we can remu-
nerate the creators (never mind the middlemen, i.e., the pub-
lishers or the people formerly known as distributors) is indeed
to ofer all-in, fat-rate access to media content starting with
music. Tose fat-fee-access libraries would need to be quite
substantial, but lots of opportunities for smart up-selling could
be built in as well if you have a good reason to charge a pre-
mium, you will still get it since the user is already just a click
away from it.
And he knows you and you know him (remember that trust-
based economy!) so despite the fact that, yes, your premium
content will also be available for free somewhere out there in
cyberspace, you can still make a sale here provided the real
and perceived value is there, and the value-benefts ratio is
clean.
what would negropontes $100
199
september 27, 2007:
outlining the logic of the flat
rate for music
plus more details on
music like water, part 1
200
L
ately, a lot of people have been asking me why I am so sure
that a fat rate for music would be a good thing, how it can
be brought about, and how it may actually work.
Since I have just started preparing for my keynote speech
at the Flat Rate Music Event in Iceland (on Oct 17, 2007),
I am getting pretty well tuned up on this, so here is a bit of
a FAQ on the fat rate and what I have come to call Music
Like Water.
Some statistics gathered by eMarketer clearly illustrate the
current conundrum albeit from a U.S. centric point of view,
so some of this may or may not apply to Europe in exactly the
same way. Basically, whats happening is that a much higher
percentage of the total population is actually buying music to-
day (32% of the U.S. population in 2006, versus 20% in 1980),
but (and this is a very big but) the amount spent per capita has
almost halved and that does not even account for infation
since $100 is obviously worth a lot less now than it was in 1980.
In fact, what cost $100 in 1980 would cost $267.76 in 2006 so
$198 back in 1980 would be $530 today. I guess one could safely
summarize that if we adjust for infation it has actually shrunk
by 75%!
Why is this happening? First, the music buyers behavior has
changed and they have broken down the control mechanisms,
and bypassed the pricing rules of the record industry. For one
thing, people can now buy individual songs (i.e., just pick the
cherries rather than buy the whole album), they can download
music for free pretty much anywhere (and most of it cannot be
tracked no matter what they tell us), they can swap music on
IM, Skype, and via Bluetooth, and they have myriad other op-
tions to get free music (satellite radio, Pandora, etc.).
Plus, and I think most important, the competition from
other entertainment categories such as gaming is huge. Te
entertainment share of the consumers wallet is under serious
siege, no matter how you look at it, and music has not kept the
top spot here (to put it mildly).
outlining the logic of the flat rate for music
201
In any case, this development refects that, as far as music is
concerned, more and more people seem to want higher value
at ever lower prices, and that they are tired of being forced into
buying an entire album only to get the one or two good songs
that they really wanted. Digital music has buried the concept
of a must-have-the-album, fnally at least as far as its physi-
cal possession goes. A quick note on that: I do think this will
be revived once complete and unfettered access to digital music
becomes the norm for all users.
Te downward price pressures and value perception shifts
that go with these stats are rock-solid trends that we can only
accept as the defnitive reality, and ultimately we must now
counterattack with a radically new model: Lets lower the price
of on-demand access to music (since that is what its all about
i.e., not copies); get 98% of the population to automatically
pay a very low minimum, every month; suck them into the
music vortex (so to speak); and then take them upstream to sell
them lots of other stuf. Not rocket science, really see cable
TV, cell phone services, software, games, etc. but certainly
a huge shift for those record company cartels that are used to
telling the users what to do, when, and how.
Te bottom line, however, is this: We urgently need eve-
ryone to have feels like free access to music, access that will
generate solid, recurring, and expandable revenues that are
built into the ecosystem rather than remaining an option that
every user must select (and thereby pay for) every single time
he clicks on get this song.
Tat model simply wont scale the Net Generation and
those ADD-prone 1227 year olds who have grown up as dig-
ital natives just wont buy the old way anymore that model
is asking too much, too early, too rudely, too disconnectedly,
and it will be the industrys noose around the neck if it does
not change.
202
you meanlike a tax?
It kind of sounds like it and that may be one way of looking
at it but I would much rather see this as a voluntary collective
license. (Again, just like radio!)
Having said that, the thought of a universally accepted and
agreed-upon, common-good payment may seem somewhat
un-American, and therefore my hunch would be that Asia and
Europe will be frst to implement such a concept. After all,
most Europeans already pay for a public TV and radio license,
and for levies for devices and recordable CDs and most Eu-
ropeans love their public libraries, too.
Here is a simple appeal to the labels and publishers (and of
course to the artists they represent, and their managers): Li-
cense music on the Internet just like you licensed radio but
at better rates of course.
In fact, the Internet, and social networks in particular, are
already like Radio, and the likes of Facebook will in the very
near future be as crucial to music promotion and marketing as
radio was the past 50 years.
Today, just as during the humble beginnings of radio, online
social networks and services are by and large not yet licensed
203
for their use of music because no workable, realistic, and prac-
tical license model exists. Te rights holders and industry bod-
ies have failed miserably to come up with a workable model
because they have no idea what those hundreds of millions of
people out there actually want. Te result: Permission denied.
End of story.
As a consequence again, just like radio large percentages
of Internet users are now basically forced to blatantly engage
in unlicensed behaviors of some kind (such as streaming tracks
on-demand on their blogs, ripping webcast streamsnever
mind P2P flesharing), a fact that is also increasingly attracting
the attention of the European Commission, which wants this
paradoxical situation resolved ASAP. Tere is a market, there
is demand, there are revenues how come there is no license?
Hello?
So, to begin with, what is a fat rate for music?
Basically, its the simple concept that literally everyone, in
some way or the other, should be able to legally attain basic
access to music, and that everyones open-access consumption
of music should fnally be sanctioned and legitimized. But pay-
ment for this must be ofered in a way that does not feel like
a major decision or impending credit card transaction every
single time you do it. It is the idea of a built-in, universally
accepted payment for a service that one cannot and would not
want to live without, akin to water, electricity, and of course
TV and radio.
Similar to how cell phones and wireless services such as
BlackBerry email only took of when device prices came down
drastically, and fat-fee (or prepaid) oferings came about, and
to how cable TV took of only after it was ofered at a very
low price point, the idea is to engage 95% of the population
in a payment-already-included and bundled consumption of
music so that they can become satisfed and engaged users, and
then be converted to even more active market participants who
are likely to buy something upstream.
204
Again, just like the cell phone or cable TV, the mission is
to get everyone into the system, at a very low price point, and
then crank up the business with all kinds of extra oferings.
Engage, not enrage!
Music simply cannot be reduced to a luxury ofering for an
exclusive group of buyers, and we must stop pushing expensive
one-of deals (i.e., CDs and la carte downloads) to a very
exclusive group of buyers such as 45-year olds who want to
do the right thing, who are not online all the time, who have
more money than time and who like stylish devices. Rather,
the industry must urgently launch ofers that can bring every-
one aboard at a very low entry point, and with an irrefutable
value proposition a value proposition that can feel like free
yet in the aggregate generate large amounts of cash.
Lets do the math: Get 90% of the Western population (i.e.,
everyone who is connected in some way or the other, be it on
the TV, the computer, or the cell phone) engaged at 1 per
week, and you instantly have a very sizable pool of money that
would rival or even surpass the still-existing revenue streams
derived from CDs and downloads. And that would just be the
beginning: Tose who still buy CDs now would not stop pay-
ing them then, either!
205
Tis is how I am envisioning the Music Flat Rate structure:
for unrestricted streaming use: A revenue-share (and/or
a share of expenses, such as in the case of non-revenue earn-
ing entities that ofer music) in the neighborhood of 10%, for
both the use of the master and the compositions, exact split
TBD. Tis would not include downloads (formerly known
as digital phonographic delivery); however, it would need to
cover any and all types of listening uses including full-length
tracks, on-demand, and interactive and unrestricted uses. Plus
it would include all platforms including mobile. (Remember,
there is no such thing as the mobile web, so why should this
be any diferent?
for downloads (formerly known as copies): A fat rate
per registered user on a given site/ISP/platform/network; Id
propose 1/1/$1 per user per week, with the exact fee to be
adjusted in each country, of course. Tis would give every user
unfettered access to use, i.e., download unprotected music
fles on/via any network of their choice (e.g., ISPs, telcos, op-
erators, search engines, portals, or social networks).
Te catalog would need to be very substantial but quite a bit
of it could also be subject to premium charges such as live con-
cert recordings, etc. It is not unthinkable to have some sort of
ceiling here (say, 500 downloads), but that probably wouldnt
really do anything for anyone, sowhy bother?
Most important, do keep in mind that most users will not
actually pay the fat-rate charges themselves. Rather, their serv-
ice providers will wrap the payments into other payments (sim-
ilar to how XM satellite radio is bundled for free into new
cars, or how 911/emergency calling access charges are bundled
into all U.S. phone bills).
And they will fnd many new ways to subsidize the legal mu-
sic consumption via advertising, sponsorships, or upstream-sell-
ing schemes. Why would they do that? Because if these licenses
are provided, they now can build a business around music and
count on the content being part of it (againlike radio!).
206
how would the artists and creators of music
get paid?
Any and all use of music on the networks can be monitored
and tracked, i.e., any user who streams or downloads music
will create a data trail that could be used to determine which
music by which artist was used in a given month/week/day/
hour and in which territory.
Leaving aside the complex and possibly daunting privacy and
data security issues (which I believe can and will be solved) this
means that an artists income will be totally and actually pro-
portional to the level of attention he or she is actually getting on
the networks. For example, if your music amounts to 3.1% of all
streaming and 2.5% of all downloads in any given month in any
given territory, you would receive the exact prorated amount of
the available pool of money in that month as well.
Of course, both rights (master and composition) would
need to be covered and paid for, so the total payment would be
split up in a yet-to-be-determined ratio my proposal would
be a 50-50 split but this will obviously be subject to the authors
agreeing with the performers (or rather, their representatives).
Tats probably another arbitration panel heading our way.
Te total aggregate of all user payments, i.e., the pool of
money as my fellow fat-rate evangelist and music industry
catalyst Jim Grifn likes to say, could be collected by an ap-
pointed agency. For now, it would be by territory, but sooner or
later on a per-continent or even global basis. Tis is a potential
job for the existing societies but I personally dont quite see this
happening for them since the commission for doing this IT job
will probably be no more than 2% of the revenue.
As a practical example, if a German ISP wanted to provide
free music to all of its users it would pay, or rather, generate,
1 per week via advertising, bundling, or simply by using its
marketing budgets. Te ISP would then pay that money into
the German pool of all providers that are licensed under the
fat rate.
207
Note that this pool would probably increase over time, as
well, since more services would take advantage of the fat rate
as it becomes apparent how they can generate new revenues
with or on top of it.
Also, an interesting side efect could be that any single given
user may well end up having several access points such as their
ISP, their wireless operator, and their favorite social network, all
of which would be likely to pay the 1 for the very same user,
thereby increasing the total size of the pool over time.
would the flat rate completely kill cd sales
and other physical products?
Defnitely not. Keep in mind that buying CDs is already de-
facto voluntary since anyone who has a computer and a Net
connection can already search for and instantly fnd a myriad
of ways of getting those digital copies for free. Of course, the
music industry can no longer aford to, literally, bank on those
voluntary actions and random acts of kindness, and its be-
coming painfully obvious in almost all territories that the per-
centage of people who continue do this will rapidly decline
over the next few years.
Te advent of the Music Flat Rate will without a doubt cre-
ate a very powerful environment that will spur the discovery of
new music. Tat may in some cases result in foregone CD sales
but in many more cases it will actually revive them provided
of course that CDs (or whatever comes after them) can deliver
real value and come down in price. Better sound quality, nice
artwork, bonus material, and a very competitive price should
do the trick here.
208
october 02, 2007:
a record price for a
radiohead album: $0
distribution control is toast
209
J
ust yesterday I released my new book Te End of Control
online, for free. Incidentally, the band Radiohead came out
with its latest record yesterday as well (admittedly, its music is
probably more popular than my books ;-) for any price you
want to pay as a download, and for a very steep price for the
box set.
I have talked about this many times before and the Radio-
head development is another great example of whats happen-
ing right here, right now:
Distribution as a control factor is toast. Everyone has
distribution via the web now.
Major artists going direct is becoming a fact of life
in the music industry. Its their managers who are
driving the undoing of the major record system
(along with technology, of course).
Its attention that matters frst, and only then
is it sales exposure comes before the selling.
Te web is the next radio and thats where the music
is playing, frst and foremost.
Give the user the control and theyll reward you
handsomely with their attention and their dollars.
Te fact that this is happening just as EMI and UMG are going
DRM-free and WMGs EBJ is furiously back-peddling from
his past We will not relent because we need control no matter
what pitches should raise a huge warning signal for the major
labels: You are about to become squashed between hundreds
of managers and artists who want to go direct, large retailers
like Amazon that are re-writing the rules of online music-selling
(think bundlesthink fat-rate), telcos and operators that are
getting fed up with the tedious and outmoded licensing prac-
tices, search engines that are powering or even becoming music
communities, and the burgeoning next generation of radio. If
you keep up the strategy of You need us badly and therefore we
a record price for a radiohead album: $0
210
make the rules, you will lose the artists, their managersand
the audience. Get engaged or get outmoded. And do it soon.
a record price for a radiohead album: $0
211
october 07, 2007:
the economics of content: all the
news thats fit to click
212
T
he New York Times (NYT) makes a great case study for
how one can turn reputation and top-level content into
new cash. It recently launched a new PR campaign entitled All
the News Tats Fit to Click.
Now imagine a major record company launching a cam-
paign called all the music thats ft to play and making free
streaming available, supported by ads and upstream selling.
Tat would go in the right direction. Pull, not push. Stay rel-
evant. Stay engaged. Sell access.
My favorite quote from the NYT:
We have developed this campaign to make readers
aware of the wealth of content and tools available on
NYTimes.com, said Murray Gaylord, vice president of
marketing, NYTimes.com. Our core audience afu-
ent, educated, and curious demands their news and
information in a variety of formats, and we are commit-
ted to meeting, and exceeding, their expectations. Tis
campaign illustrates all the diferent ways we do that.
Wouldnt it be great to have a similar quote from the heads of
WMG, UMG, or whateverMG: Our core audience demands
their music in a wide variety of ways, anytime, anywhere, and
we are committed to actually giving it to them.
Remember: Te NYT tried charging for access, limited RSS
feeds leading to subscribed content, and closing of its archives
and it did not work if compared to what could have come out
of a diferent approach.
CBS Market Watch has another good quote:
Te whole marketing campaign stems from how people
dont think of us only as an online newspaper, Schiller
said. You dont know whats going to stick. Slide shows
have taken of like a rocket, accounting for 10% of our
page views in August. Our strategy is to unleash the
the economics of content: all the news thats fit to click
213
creativity of our journalists to tell their stories and build
communities around areas of interest. To fourish on-
line, Schiller stressed, the Times doesnt intend merely
to fall back on its world-class reputation. You cant
just say, Come and get it any more, she said, leaning
forward for emphasis. Youve got to push your content
out. Youve got to skate where the puck is going.
Music guys: When will you get it?
the economics of content: all the news thats fit to click
214
october 17, 2007:
defecting from music 1.0
what radiohead, madonna, prince,
the charlatans, korn, jane sibery, ani de
franco, and the eagles have in common
215
I
dont buy a lot of printed newspapers. (Why? Well, you
should see the inbox of my Google Reader. ;-) But some-
thing made me pick up a copy of the International Herald
Tribune (IHT) today. Te IHT is one of my favorite interna-
tional newspapers, ofering consistently great writing and sharp
opinions.
I was delighted to fnd at least two major stories on the mu-
sic industry in this edition: one on Radiohead and one on Ma-
donna. I was happy to see that at least one of them is already
available online in its entirety.
So what is happening here?
Basically, faster, nimbler, less control-obsessed and less-con-
ficted players are doing what the major record labels should
have done fve years ago: ofering partnerships to artists and
their managers, real proft (and responsibility) sharing, engag-
ing with artists on all levels, not just on selling copies of plastic
(or zeros and ones, for that matter). As the IHT puts it when
talking about the Madonna-Live Nation deal: Tis is a wide-
ranging partnership, not a midterm plantation agreement
(the latter expression is mine, not theirs).
And by and large, major record labels are just too-little-too-
late and will not be welcome in this game, because:
Tey have little expertise in it.
Tey have none or few people who could run some-
thing like this.
By and large, they have a monopolists mindset (which
is not going to work here).
Tey have aptly and with great dedication eradicated
trust across the board with the artists, the managers,
the producers, and the users.
Tey dont like deals that create a level playing feld.
216
Here are some favorite quotes from the IHT feature:
Radiohead couldnt be in a better position to market it-
self online, without middlemen. It has a huge and loyal,
if contentious, fan base that has sold out arena concerts
for more than a decade. Unlike Prince, who chose to go
independent at a much earlier, slower stage of the In-
ternet, Radiohead can count on broadband access from
much of the world.
My comment: indeed. If Todd Rundgren and Prince had had
broadband-enabled fans instead of a dial-up crowd it would
been all over for the major labels a few years ago.
Radiohead records and tours on its own budget and
timetable, plays new songs before theyre recorded, lets
listeners hear its music with a click or two and sustains
itself primarily through performing and direct sales.
My comment: I like that thought, too, yet I think they will in-
deed need very strong managers, smart advisers, hot branding
teams, and cutting-edge service providers to make this work
because large fnancial success is still always a question of scale.
Tat is, of course, what the major labels have indeed provided
and maybe that is what they can provide in the future?
But now, guess what, there are hundreds of companies gear-
ing up to provide scale, and access to very large audiences. An-
other tough reality check for the majors: As far access to large
numbers of people goes, they will be competing with the likes
of MySpace, YouTube, Google, Facebook, AOL, Yahoo, and a
gazillion startups such as Kyte, Blip.tv, iLike, Jamendo, Reverb-
nationand other Music 2.0 companies.
Historically, middlemen are expensive. Under typical
major-label contracts, musicians have paid handsomely
217
for market access. Te luckiest ones receive perhaps 15%
of what their albums earn after a labels expenses are re-
couped as opposed to the 100% of revenues that Ra-
diohead is getting from In Rainbows online.
Below are some driving factors behind all of this:
218
october 22, 2007:
the flat rate for digital music
from controlling distribution
to deserving attention.
219
T
he music industry makes a great case study as far as relent-
less obsession with control is concerned: Despite a long,
hard struggle to retain (or even increase!) control over what
people do with music, the music industry has in the most spec-
tacular fashion irretrievably lost control over the distribution
of its product.
Te only thing left for the music industry to do is to admit it, as
is now happening with EMIs new Terrafrmaed management
team. (Tey have a long way to go but what a relief to have
someone wake up and actually do what needs to be done!)
Not that the impending loss of distribution control wasnt
obvious more than ten years ago, which is why the steadfast
refusal of the music industrys leaders to acknowledge and act
on the fact that the user is now the one in control of distribu-
tion is utterly astounding. Many music executives still think
they are entitled to run their content-is-king-doms as they see
ft (imposing copy protection and other restrictions) while the
consumers should remain relegated to the good old take-it-or-
leave-it role.
Tus, the end of control over distribution is hitting major-
label music executives particularly hard, and the longer they
wait to accept this basic fact of control-loss, the less likely they
are to survive this shift to a new ecosystem, much less prosper
in the Music 2.0 world. Long-term denial does have its side
efects.
220
access replaces ownership
Te reality is that it has never been easier to share songs and get
free music via P2P flesharing (still a popular pastime but con-
trary to popular myths, far from being the most popular way
of sharing music), Bluetooth, USB-stick swapping, hard-drive
trading, instant messaging, Skype, Gmail, social networks, MP3
blogs, stream-ripping, and hundreds of music widgets that of-
fer the worlds music catalogs on demand, for free. Even in
free sharing environments, access now replaces ownership, and
a vast cornucopia of music-sharing tools has recently opened,
making Napster 1.0 look like a soda straw.
Lets face it: Music sharing is alive, well, and growing expo-
nentially. Just wait until we have 100 million iPhones and 200
million Wi-Fi-enabled iPods, with Apples new iPhone SDK
luring thousands of enterprising young developers into creat-
ing the coolest new music-sharing applications, which those
pesky digital natives will gobble up at the speed of sound!
Add another two billion second-generation, interconnected
Nokia, Samsung, LG, and Motorola mobile communication
computers (a.k.a. cell phones), and you have a mobile shar-
ing nirvana. Still dreaming of controlling distribution? Still not
interested in putting a metering device into this digital music-
like-water stream?
Anyone who still argues that music distribution is not totally
out of control must either be a highly paid and reality-numb
lawyer for the RIAA or drinking some really serious DRM-
laced Kool-Aid.
embrace the end of control
If it wants to stay alive, there is now only one option for the
music industry: Embrace the end of distribution control, and
move forward to share access-based revenues that are already
generated by all those pirates that have free access to music,
regardless of lack of permission.
221
Te very use of the term pirate is, of course, indicative of
the music industrys dilemma: Its (mis)leaders still cant fathom
that the People Formerly Known as Consumers (PFKACs)
have fnally had enough and actually dared to search and fnd
their own sources of music, outside of the controlled domains
of major music labels. Te industrys response: criminalize its
own customers, equating them with those hard-core piracy op-
erations that produce billions of counterfeit CDs and DVDs
in some Mongolian pressing plant. Talk about warping public
perception!
In any case, history has already shown a pretty good path
out of this dilemma, in the shape of the blanket licenses that
public performance societies such as SACEM or BMI and AS-
CAP (which were formed precisely for this reason) have been
providing for over 100 years now Frances SACEM launched
in 1851. Rather than asking each and every user (or each serv-
ice provider) to get individual permissions for each individual
musical work, the industry often aided by some not-so-gen-
tle government pressure instituted a negotiated, default, and
standardized license that is available to everyone who cares to
be licensed.
Even though they can be improved upon, these existing
public performance blanket licenses, granted by copyright col-
lectives, are generally easy to get as well as economically realis-
222
tic, and they can cover just about every usage scenario. At least,
they used to, until the advent of the Internet.
Tis sometimes clumsy but legally straightforward system,
administered via national performing rights organizations such
as ASCAP, BUMA, and SACEM, has allowed listeners to en-
joy the benefts of public performances in clubs, restaurants,
concert venues, and radio for quite some time now. Collective
blanket licenses, although often contested and sometimes rene-
gotiated by the involved parties, provide all-inclusive access for
the users and to a very large degree solve the problem at hand:
enabling every user and the companies that serve them to
be legal while flling up a nice pool of money on a recurring
basis. A win-win-win, really, until now.
a new blanket license for the use of music on
the net
It is becoming more obvious by the minute: What we need is
a new blanket license for the use of music on digital networks,
voluntarily agreed upon and provided by the creators and their
representatives, and a fair way to split it up: Music Like Wa-
ter. And I believe that this new license is very likely to be the
music industrys only realistic option to create a new basis for
re-monetizing music in the age of uncontrolled distribution.
But take note: Te fat rate is just the beginning of a new music
ecosystem in which many new revenue streams will become
available.
Te end of control of distribution is here now, just like the
end of control of public performance (a.k.a. broadcasting) ar-
rived 100 years ago, forcing the music industry to adjust.
Te fact is that a blanket-license scenario works just fne for
the use of music on cable TV and for radio (and yes, eventually
for Internet radio as well). And a fat fee-based model for basic
water, power, and wireless services works well, too: Pretty much
everyone can become a legalized user, and those who dont (for
223
whatever reason) can easily be absorbed without breaking the
system.
Depending whether were discussing unique, tangible atoms
or losslessly reproduced bits and bytes, a fat fee either ensures
my basic connection (as with water) or includes unlimited use
(as with TV). And this is indeed a fundamental diference we
should note: Water is not freely reproduced; unlike copies of
music fles, a liter of water used in one location can no longer
be used somewhere else. Te reproduction cost of digital music
is, however, essentially zero, and we must therefore not pro-
vide just fat-rate access but also fat-rate consumption unlike
water where the access is fat-rated but the use is not. Bits and
bytes require licensed ubiquity.
With many fat rates, the payments are woven into other
service oferings and therefore become less obtrusive, mor-
phing into an accepted and even expected mode of getting
what you want without having to make a new decision every
single time (such as iTunes still requires). No excessive granu-
larity can be employed (e.g., counting how many hours of TV
you watch, or how many people are actually sitting in front
of the tube), few restrictions on usage are imposed (e.g., there
are no extra charges if you get more than the usual number of
emails on your BlackBerry), and no substantial harm is done if
some determined users really do circumvent the system (such
as freeloading on cable TV).
attention is the new distribution
In the immediate future of music we need to get our heads
around the fact that the less control we impose on the users
of content the better. In music, our goal will always have be to
attract and retain large and engaged audiences to enthrall the
highest possible number of interested people, and by exten-
sion to have everyone share their music discoveries with others,
thereby driving exposure through the roof. Again, since all au-
224
dio fles are now freely available anyway, the more we control,
limit, or otherwise inhibit the sharing process, the less attention
we will get to take advantage of: Attention is indeed the new
distribution. And real money will be paid for real attention.
Based on the realization that it is no longer just the copies of
sound fles (or pieces of plastic) that we want to monetize, but
the entire range of assets that the artists brand represents, we
simply can no longer ignore the powerful solution that the fat
rate for music represents.
Granted, a sharp-minded reader may retort that we are now
simply moving from controlling distribution to controlling
attention. Tat isnt entirely wrong but its probably wishful
thinking. While the large music and media companies were
indeed able to control distribution with iron fsts that clung to
their exclusive copyright ownership, attention must be earned,
kept, and maintained again and again. And only the most
daring wordsmith would still call that control.
Instead, I believe the users are now controlling whether a
media provider still qualifes to get their attention, every time
they click. Teyre dealing in trust, in other words. Tats tough
luck for large companies that look for large margins at low
costs, and I think they are not very likely to engage in music
ventures, going forward, for that very reason.
music that feels free but generates real
revenues
So, the key question remains (and I will investigate this more
extensively in my next book Te End of Control): How will
content creators actually monetize this attention and turn it
into real dollars, euros, kroners, rupees, or yen?
clicking is the new buying
225
Lets start by giving everyone feels like free access to music
(and later, other media). Access that in itself already generates
real money, be it through subscriptions, advertising, bundling,
sponsorship, product tie-ins, or by simply generating trafc in
the context of another service or product (see Gmail or Google
Adwords).
Radio now generates billions of dollars in ad revenues based on
music licensed via the now-compulsory music license. In fact,
radio churns out more cash than the recorded music industry
itself! In 2006 Kagan Research projected that U.S. radio rev-
enues would grow to as much as $25 billion in 2011. Bizarrely,
though, by the time the rights holders got around to actually
licensing radio (in the U.S.), they were no longer able to argue
that the use of the recording should be paid for (just like the
use of the composition). And so, in the U.S., the overall fow
of money from radio remains less than it would have been if a
license had been made available much earlier. Take note, law-
makers.
Te fat-rate-licensed usage of music on digital networks, be
it for streaming or downloading, would quickly generate bil-
lions of dollars of revenue that could efciently be distributed
to the creators. Tese creators are now ill-served by the way
their representatives refuse such licenses and deny the use of
music more often than allowing it.
Te music industry must move toward allowing the use of
226
music on a blanket basis rather than asking for individual ad-
mission deals. In other words: Give up control of those entry
gates.
gerd leonhard on the web
personal web-site and blog: www.mediafuturist.com
newsletter sign up: www.gerdsnews.com
Future talk videos: www.futuretalks.com
or http://mc.conversationsnetwork.org
youtube channel: www.gerdtube.com
contact information:
gleonhard@pobox.com or gerd@gerdleonhard.com
227
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