I

COMPENDIUM OF
SEASHELLS
A FULL-COLOR GUIDE TO MORE THAN
4,200 OF THE WORLD'S MARINE SHELLS

R. TUCKER ABBOTT
S. PETER DANCE
COMPENDIUM OF
SEASHELLS
R. Tucker Abbott (left) and S, Peter Dance.

Books by R. Tucker Abbott Books by S. Peter Dance

Compendium of iandshells Seashells. Bivalves of the British and Northern
(American Malacologists, Inc., 1989} European Seas (with J. Moller Christensen)
(Penguin Books, 1980)
Standard Catalog of Shells (with R.J .L. Wagner)
(American Malacologists, Inc,, 1978) Art of Natural History
(Overlook Press, 1978)
Caribbean Seashells (with G.L. Warmke)
(Dover Pub., 1976) The Shell Collector's Guide

Kingdom of the Seasbell (David 8i Charles, Newton Abbott, 1976}

(Crown PubkCo., 1972) The Collector's Encyclopedia of Shells

(McGraw-Hill, 1974)
The Shell (with Hugh and Margarite Stix)

(Harry Abrams, Co., 1968) Shells and Shell Collecting

(Hamtyn, 1972)
Seashells of North America
(Golden Press, 1968) Seashells
(Hamlyn, 1971)
Seashells of the World
(Golden Guide, 1962) Rare Shells

How to Know the American Marine Shells (Faber & Faber, 1 969)

(New World Library, 1961) Shell Co//ecf/ng: An Illustrated History

American Seashells
(Faber & Faber, 1966)

(Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1954 and 1976)

COMPENDIUM OF
SEASHELLS
A FULL-COLOR GUIDE TO MORE THAN
4,200 OF THE WORLD'S MARINE SHELLS

R. TUCKER ABBOTT
S. PETER DANCE

ODYSSEY
PUBLISHING
Published by Odyssey Publishing

Copyright © 1982, 1983 and 1986, bv R. Tucker Abbott and 5. Peter Dance;

copyright © 1998 and 2000 by Cecilia Abbott and S, Peter Dance.

EIGHTH PRINTING

All rights reser\^ed under international and Ran-American Copyright Conventions,

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or fay any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy recording or any information
storage and retrieval svstem now known or to be Invented, without permission in
writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in
connection with a review written for inclusion in a magajjtne, newspaper or broadcast.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81 -67757

ISBN 0^9661720-0-0

Additional changes are listed on p, 41 1 . Changes and corrections in captions are

marked with an asterisk t'K

Printed in China

Publisher
Odyssev Publishing
c/o John D. jackson
11558 Rolling Hills Drive
Ei Cajon CEilif. 92020 USA
Teh t619) 579 8405
Fax: 1619] 579 7901
Email: Ddvssev@adnc.com

Cover photography
Martv Beals
Peter Clarkson
Scolt Crain
lohn lacksori
Mark Scott

Cover shells provided by

Marty Beals
Larry Buck
Peter C larkson
lohn lackson

Cover design
Robyn Mundy Design
Perth. WA. Australia
 This book is

dedicated to our wives

Cecelia Abbott and Una Dance
Annandale's Murex Naquetia annandafei (Preston, 1910), from
Southeast Asia.
CONTENTS
PREFACE ix

INTRODUCTION 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
UNIVALVES (Limpets, Conchs, Whelks and Other Snails) 18
DENTALIUMS AND OTHER TUSK SHELLS 282
CHITONS OR COAT-OF-MAIL SHELLS 284
BIVALVES (Mussels, Scallops and Clams) 289
NAUTILUS AND SQUIDS 376
STRANGE FORMS OF SHELLS AND NON-MOLLUSKS 378
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF MOLLUSCA
WITH MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES 379

INDEX TO POPULAR NAMES 391

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 393
A Gastropod: Clory-of-th e-Atlantic Cone {Conus gr^nuiatus Linnaeus,
1758J/ from the Caribbean Sea.
PREFACE

Shell collecting as a hobby has had a remarkable resurgence in the last

few years. To aconsiderable extent this has been brought about by an
increasing interest in ocean life and a deep concern for anything to do
with our fragile natural environment. More particularly, however, it is
due to the availability of a host of remarkable, long-lost or newly discov-
ered species of mollusks now being obtained by various methods, such
as netting and diving, from exotic parts of the globe.
Although science has not kept pace with these recent discoveries,
amateur collectors are well aware that a new Golden Age of conchology
has dawned. This situation underlines the need forgood shell identifica-
tion guides. Some excellent regional shell books compiled by profes-
sional conchologists are available for some areas, such as New Zealand,
Hawaii, and North America, but no book has given a useful and reliable
overview of most of the world's better known marine shells.
About 30,000 species of marine mollusks are known. Thousands are
less than half an inch in size, even in the adult stage; many hundreds are
confined to the great depths of the oceans. Our book concentrates on all
the others. Their inclusion here is based on several factors: attractive-
ness, desirability, rarity, and availability. Included are most species be-
longing to popular groups, such as the cones, volutes, cowries,
murexes, scallops, and thorny oysters. At the same time we have not
overlooked periwinkles, oysters, limpets, and other less attractive
groups. We have attempted to strike a balance between the popular and
the less popular.
Intended primarily for the amateur shell collector, our book also
serves the scientific community. It contains photographs of several hun-
dreds of type specimens from museums and private collections, those
unique specimens to which scientists must refer when the exact identity
of a species must be established. As such specimens are seldom allowed
to leave the institutions in which they are housed, the publication of
their portraits herein may save someone considerable time and traveling
expense.
The photographs and the brief accompanying texts provide a quick
guide to those marine species the amateur conchologist is most likely to
encounter while doing heldwork, exchanging, or purchasing from com-
mercial sources. The combined classification and bibliography, ar-
ranged by families and by geographical regions, will guide him to more
sophisticated monographs and textbooks.

R. TUCKER ABBOTT
S. PETER DANCE
 INTRODUCTION

SEASHELLS
Hard external coverings are typical of several very different kinds of marine animals,
including barnacles, crabs, sea urchins, and mollusks. The coverings of all these
animals may be described as shelly, but only those associated with mollusks are
correctly known as seashells. Essentially, a seashell is the solid and usually inflexible
outer covering of a soft-bodied, fleshy animal. It is to a mollusk what the skeleton is to a
mammal: a means of support and protection for the otherwise unsupported and
vulnerable soft body parts. Some mollusks, such as land slugs and sea slugs, do not
have a shell, but it is the most characteristic feature of the great majority of them.
Shell-bearing or not, all mollusks belong to one of the major groups of the animal
kingdom: the Mollusca. Second in size only to the Arthropoda (which includes insects,
crustaceans, etc.), the phylum Mollusca includes cockles, mussels, oysters, conchs,
land snails, sea slugs, nautiluses, and many more. There may be as many as 60,000 living
species, many of them found in land or freshwater habitats, but most of them living in
the world's seas.

Kinds of Shells
In order to understand and organize such a large number of species,
it has been

necessary to follow the age-old system of classifying the phylum into various catego-
ries, or groups. Our book is arranged in the standard systematic
order. The more
primitive, or more simply constructed, families are dealt with first, and the
more
advanced or more highly evolved ones follow in a regular, widely accepted sequence. It
is worth remembering that without good classification,
good biological or economic
work in zoology is scarcely possible. The taxonomy, or classification,
of a group,
however, depends on the concept of a species. After all, shells are not like stamps and
coins; they are living organisms subject to the laws of nature.

Species
Ever since Charles Darwin challenged the notion that a species is something specially
created and not subject to change or evolution, specialists have been arguing about the
nature and definition of a species. The argument is far from being resolved. At present
it is widely accepted that there is more than one kind of "species," each kind requiring
itsown definition. The only one that need concern us here is the biological species, or
"biospecies." A biospecies consists of individuals
that look alike and are potentially
capable of interbreeding to produce further examples of their own kind. Should a
 population become geographically isolated from the main stock of individuals com-
prising the biospecies it may, in time, evolve its own distinct morphological features.
Eventually members of that isolated population may differ so markedly from the parent
stock that they are no longer capable of interbreeding with it. At this point the isolated
population has become a different species. Before that stage is reached, however, the
observable differences in the external appearance of its members, if sufficiently strik-
ing, may warrant its being accorded subspecific rank and its own scientific name. A
number of subspecies, indicated by a three-part scientific name, are to be found in this
book.
As in garden flowers, domestic breeds of animals, and even in human beings, there
are numerous color and shape variations. Some are caused by simple genetic differ-
ences (red, white, or yellow fidwers); others are caused by lack of adequate food,
overcrowding, or adverse environmental conditions. These differences are not perma-
nent, but are sometimes so distinctive that it is practical to give forms displaying them a
scientific name. Form names (e.g., rubra for a red shell; imbricata for a scaly shell) are
used in conchology as "handles" for odd specimens that do not represent different
species or subspecies.

CLASSIFICATION
To comprehend such a varied assemblage of life forms, the phylum Mollusca is
divided and subdivided into manageable groups. Most authorities now place living
mollusks in seven classes: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora (the chitons), Monopla-
cophora. Gastropoda (the univalve Scaphopoda (the tusk
snails), Bivalvia (the clams),
shells), and Cephalopoda (the squids). Of these the Gastropoda and the Bivalvia
account for the great majority of living mollusks. Some of the salient features of each
class are outlined below.

Gastropoda whelks, slugs, limpets, cowries, etc.): mollusks usually with

(snails,
tentacles and eyes, broad foot, and a visceral hump, the latter being commonly
a
contained within a shell that may be colled. Within the mouth of these univalves there
may be many or few teeth, arranged in rows on a ribbonlike structure (the radula). A
characteristic feature of many gastropods is the operculum, a horny or calcareous
structure attached to the foot. The operculum seals, or partially seals, the aperture
when the animal withdraws into its shell, or is used to helptheanimal obtain a purchase
during locomotion. It is estimated that there are about 20,000 living species of marine
gastropods.
Bivalvia (cockles, mussels, oysters, razor shells, etc.}: laterally compressed mollusks
contained within a two-piece (or bivalved) shell, the valves being hinged, and joined, as
a rule, by an elastic ligament. One or two adductor muscles open and dose the valves.
Most bivalves have a large foot, a pair of siphons, and a fleshy, shell-forming mantle
lining each valve. There may be 10,000 living species of bivalves in the world's seas.
Scaphopoda (tusk shells, or tooth shells): bilaterally symmetrical mollusks with a
tusklike shell, open at each end, the anterior end being the larger. The posterior end
commonly protrudes above the sand in which tusk shells live. There is a large foot and a
radula, but head, eyes, and gills are lacking. About 350 living species, all marine, are
known.

2
A Bivalvia: Living Bay Scallop {Argopecten concentricus Say, 1822),
from the Eastern United States. (Photo: D. M. Opreska)

Aplacophora (solenogasters): wormlike, mostly very small mollusks covered with

calcareous spicules. Exclusively marine, they feed on bottom-dwelling animals, such as
coelenterates, or on organic debris, and have been recorded from great depths. About
250 species have been described.
Polyplacophora (chitons, or coat-of-mail shells): elongate-oval mollusks with a broad
or narrow foot and a flattened visceral hump over which is situated an articulated,
eight-piece shell, the outside edges of which are embedded in and surrounded by a
flexible "girdle."About 650 species are known, mostly found clinging to in-shore rocks,
though a few deep-water species have been recorded.
Monoplacophora (segmented limpets, or gastroverms): limpet! ike mollusks with
internal segmentation and a thin, almost circular, caplike shell. About 10 species of
these "living fossils" areknown, all from deep water. Of abiding interest to zoologists,
the shells of these primitive creatures are not featured in this book because they are so
small and rare.
Cephalopoda (nautiluses, cuttlefish, octopuses, squids): equipped with large eyes, a
powerful beak, and sucker-studded tentacles, a cephalopod seems to have little in
common with other mollusks, although the possession of a radula and, occasionally, a
shell indicates that it may be more closely related to them than outward appearances
and habits suggest. There may be as many as 1,000 different species of cephalopods
living in the world's seas.

Each of these classes is further subdivided into progressively smaller categories, the
ultimate category being the species (or subspecies). To show the relationship of these

3
A Cephatopod: A cut section of the Chambered Nautilus {Nautilus
pompitius Linnaeus, 1758), from the Philippines.

categories, the classification of the Great Scallop is below. The authorities for
set out
the names and the dates those names were first proposed in print have been added.
In the Systema Linnaeus described a majority of the animal species then known to
Europeans and gave each animal a two-part name. It was then that the Great Scallop
received the scientific name Ostrea maximus. The first part of the name, Osfrea, is the
genus {or generic) name. The second part, maximus, is the specific (or trivial name),
rooted in Latin and intended to be universally understood and accepted (for reasons
that made more sense in 1758 than they do now).
All the species Linnaeus placed in his genus Ostrea he considered to be closely
related. As his knowledge of mollusks was superficial and was based almost entirely on
shell characters (often only on crude pictures of shells in old books), later workers have
been compelled to make many alterations and additions to his treatment of the
Mollusca. It was obvious to the Danish naturalist O. F. Muller, for instance, that the
Linnaean genus Osfrea contained species totally unrelated to each other. He removed
Ostrea maximus and some other scallop species from the genus Osfrea (which genus is
now used exclusively for oysters) and placed them in a new genus of his own invention.

4
Peclen. Switching species from one genus to another goes on all of the time because
our knowledge of mollusks, indeed of all animals, is changing constantly. When a
change from the original genus occurs, the author's name and date are put into
parentheses: for example, Pecten maximus (L., 1758).

The classification of the Great Scallop {Pecfen maximus)

Phylum Mollusca Cuvier, 1797

Class Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758
Subclass Pteriomorpha Beurlen, 1944
Order Pterioida Newell, 1965
Suborder Pteriina Newell, 1965
Superfamily Pectin acea Rafinesque, 1815
family Pectin idae Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamily Pectin inae Rafinesque, 1815
Genus Pecten Muller, 1776
Subgenus Pecten Muller, 1776
Species maximus Linnaeus, 1758

The genus name is always capitalized (for example, Pecten), while the species, or
Irivialname, and any subspecies name, is not (for example, maximus). The name of the
describer, or author, follows (for example, Linnaeus —
abbreviated in this book in the
interest of space to L.). Then follows the year in which the species was described. Thus,
"L., 1758" or "Reeve, 1847," gives us a bibliographic indication to the describer and the
date of the description. It is customary to print the name of the genus and species in
italics (for example, Pecten maximus), but not the higher categories.

Zoological Taxonomy

From the discussion on classification it is evident that the naming of animals is a

science in itself. Ever since the birth of language animals have been given common (or
vernacular) names, but it was not until the eighteenth century that a logical system of
zoological nomenclature was proposed. The official starting point for the scientific
naming of animals is 1758, the year in which the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus
published the tenth edition of his Sysfema Naturae.
Because several scientific (Latinized) names may have been applied to the same
species by different research workers, the international rules require that the earliest
name be used. The later names are known as synonyms and should not be used. Rarely,
an earlier name is discovered in an obscure and overlooked publication. If that over-
looked name has not been used for the last fifty years, the International Commission
can officially reject the earlier name, thus saving a well-known name from being
discarded.
Sometimes the same name is proposed for two different species. For example, in
1819 Lamarck might have described aConus albus as a European fossil. Later, in 1910,
and not knowing about Lamarck's use of the name, Mr. Smith may have described a

5
 ?

author rThifmeatTheTheNtete'^^^^^^ <"S- Coous ™gu. of

a bcoVtl^wi" - --l^ble, in
tiortal Trust for Zoolosica^
Cromwell Road, London SWZAfull^r^f
N™ ^ntrsh Museum
'h« 'oterrta.
(Natural History),
R. E. Biacwelder's Ta^o^cru, n967,,
)oh:«LTrstf;Tj’!Te3rN;“'’''^

Type Specimens

illu°7at°J IpecTer to
Ar!h3ore«ton° tj:*'" " Ti^ningless to some
'®^®ES,afewwordsofexplanatiortareTalledf3'’

mens o" '° 'b^'

''"“'
thl foiro^mg- '^P>= *be most important being

or"nlm3Iring "?^e3n'" h “
automatically the holotype. ^ ° ° on'a single
sTnl" specimen, it is

Wpe^ofalTes Ir •'P" °'b<=E than the hoiotype.

tion was based and in which aTote^p^fnTs'e'lLtod" ‘''‘""'P'

gina^Siptfo^nTIhTp^lryt^r^r^ earing specimen,

to the holotype. it is equivalent in status

HABITATS OF MOLLUSKS

.ootis“nom«i«er macrestb^'^T -here

long siphons and bodies ""bh
adapte^loi ^
gastropods, and most tusk shells.
urro^ ''such L^L'a^ritv
majority of bivalves, many
re of sand and mud will provide an even better habitat
hahifT,tf^rk
for borrowers because
It IS more food-laden Here is thp iHp^i ^>r,c
^ t

6
 found limpets, top-shells, and chitons in abundance. Many less sturdy mollusks
find
homes in crevices or under rocks. Some bivalves, such as the
piddocks (Pholas), bore
holes in solid rock, imprisoning themselves for life, secure against any
predator,
except, of course, a shell collector with rock-breaking equipment.
Where coral flourishes mollusks may flourish too. Soft corals and seafans provide
homes for a wide assortment of species including many of the most colorful. As many
species again may be found among dead coral rubble, under coral blocks,
and In coral
sand.
Manymollusks, including larval forms of sedentary shells, spend part of their lives
drifting about
in the upper levels of the sea. Some are pelagic all
their lives. Here, for
instance, is the entire world of those butterflies of the ocean, the pteropods.
Here, too,
the purple snails (janthina), drift about attached to their egg rafts. If
they do not drift
onto a beach, they will spend their entire lives out at sea.
At the other extreme many mollusks eke out a precarious existence
on the ocean
floor at great depths. The quiet, cold, lightless environment
usually ensures that
mollusks will produce thin, white shells. Recent explorations near
the Galapagos
Islands, however, have revealed populations of large, robust
bivalves thriving about
one and a half miles below the surface. Warm, bacteria-laden water gushing up from
fissures in the ocean floor has created unusually favorable conditions
for marine life in
what would have been an otherwise sterile environment. Evidently mollusks are capa-
ble of exploiting almost any ecological niche as long as there is an
adequate food supply
and not too high a level of predation.

SHELL FEATURES AND IDENTIFICATION

A shell is composed of one, two or eight pieces. It may be thick or thin, opaque or
translucent, colorful or colorless, smooth or variouslyornamented with spines, scales,
ridges, furrows, pits, and other relief or incised features. Its overall shape is what makes
it so obviously a shell and gives us our first clue to its identity.
For many of us a typical shell is formed of one piece and is coiled. Essentially that
describes most gastropod shells, their normal form being an elongated cone spirally
twisted around an imaginary axis, the spiral usually following a clockwise course from
apex to aperture. The illustrations in this book show that every conceivable variation on
the spiral has been exploited by gastropods. Fundamentally, however, a gastropod
shell is an expanding tube having an anterior and a posterior end (the direction of the
contained animal's forward locomotion dictates which end is the anterior—almost
invariably the apertural end).
The successive turns of the shell are called whorls, the largest being the last formed.
The largest whorl contains the bulk of the animal and is called the body whorl. The
aperture is the hole or space at the anterior end of the body whorl, the edge of the
aperture being called the lip (or peristome). When the lip is thickened it usually
indicates that the shell has reached maturity. In some families, such as Muricidae and
Cassidae, the lip is thickened at fairly regular intervals, the successive thickenings
being known as varices (singular varix).
The outer tip is away from the shell's imaginary axis. On the
that part of the lip farthest
opposite side is the inner lip (or, in place of it, the parietal wall). Winding around the
imaginary axis is the columella, which may be encircled by folds or plicae. The colu-

7
 apex
spiral

lines

sulure

spire ,

axial
lines
body whorl

operculum
outer
lip
umbilicus

columellar columella
aperture
teeth

Drawing of parts of gastropod

mella may be greatly extended forward to form i siphonal canal, as can be easily seen in
the genus Murex. The hole bounded by the columella is known as the umbilicus. It
varies in width and apparent depth from species to species and genus to genus, but
many gastropods do not have one at all. It is still a constant enough feature within a
single species, however, to be important in identification.
In some genera, such as Bursa, there is a small poster/or cana/ at the upper end of the
aperture. In the slit shells (Pleurotomaria) there is a broad band encircling the whorls
and confluent with the prominent slit in the outer lip characteristic of members of this
genus. The band, resulting from shelly matter being deposited on the site of the slit as
the mollusk grows, has been christened the selenizone, an allusion to the crescent-
moon shape of the successive depositions.
Shells belonging to the family Turridae have a slit or groove in the upper half of the
outer lip that is filled in as the shell enlarges. Its track, clearly visible on earlier whorls, is
known as the anal fasciole. The lower part of the outer lip in Strombus shells has a
shallow embayment resembling the depression left when a potter's finger is pressed
into the lip of a moist clay pot. This is the stromboid notch.
The meeting place of the whorls is the suture, which may be scarcely perceptible or
marked by a fine line, a thickened crest, or a deep channel. Like the groove in a
phonograph record the suture is continuous. A gastropod shell has only a single
suture.
Among mollusks whose shells are not coiled the family Fissurellidae is noteworthy
for the apical hole found in most of its members. A vertical slit at the edge of the shell is
the hallmark of most species of Emarginula, while the expansive shell perforated with a
row of holes is characteristic of the Haliotidae.
These shell features correspond to features in the mollusks' soft anatomy or have a
function related to certain needs of the animals. The siphonal canal of a Murex, for
instance, is for the reception of a siphon. The stromboid notch, strange though it may

8
 cardinal
liiterdi tooth teeth

j,V)Sterior
umbo
lunule
adductor
scar

anterior
adducKir
scar
[igament

pallial ^inus

line

ventral ed|y?

posterior end

Drawing of parts of bivalve

seem, is to make it possible for the animal's right eyestalk to protrude (that part of the

shell being adjacent to the right eyestalk when the animal is active).
Various superficial, but often very conspicuous, features ornament the surface of a
gastropod shell. Always it has axial growth lines (these being parallel to the apertural
lip). Sometimes it will have thick or thin axial ribs, small or large nodes or nodules,

scales or spines, their arrangement being axial or spiral (in line with the direction of
growth). Occasionally axial and spiral features combine to form a reticulate ornament.
A cancellate or decussate ornament is similar, but the spiral and axial features cross at
right angles to form a pattern of tiny squares.
The shell may
be ornamented with incised features, known variously as lines,
also
striae or furrows, depending on their depth and width. Close examination may reveal
(hat these incised features are actually rows of minute pits. Shells so ornamented are
said to be punctate.
Because successive whorls largely overlap one another, the gastropod animal even-
tually resorbs or obliterates some of the ornamental features it has laid down previ-
ously. The bivalve animal, following a different growth pattern, rarely interferes with
any part of its shell once it has been formed.
With few exceptions bivalves have two-piece shells, each piece being called a valve.
The two valves, equal or unequal in shape and size, are joined together by a flexible,
Ihitinous ligament and they close effectively because the upper, inner edge of each has
a hinge embellished with interlocking teeth and pits. The small teeth immediately
below the umbones (embryonic valves) are the cardinals, the longer ones on each side
of them, the laterals.
Also visible on the inside of each valve are marks left by certain muscles. The
adductor muscles (those that are used to pull the two valves together) leave prominent
adductor scars in the valves. In some bivalves, such as oysters and scallops, there is only
one adductor scar in each valve, but many more have two in each valve. Those with two

9
in each valve usually have a clearly visible pallial line connecting them, the muscular
edge of the animal's mantle having been attached along it. In most bivalves the pallial
line has a distinct embayment, known as the pallial sinus, indicating the former
presence of siphons. The characteristics and disposition of all these internal features
provide vital clues to the identification of bivalves and sometimes they have signifi-
cance for their classification as well.
Often it is possible to identify a bivalve by
its external characteristics alone, for these

are many and often necessary to distinguish one valve from the other,
varied. It is

however, to be sure of an identification. With very few exceptions bivalves have an

upper or dorsal margin (where the hinge is located) and a lower or ventral margin
(usually where the valves open widest).The umbones (singular umbo) are situated on
the dorsal margin and usually incline toward the anterior end of the shell.
Many bivalve shells have a lunule (a heart-shaped impression anterior to the um-
bones) visible in its entirety only when the closed valves are viewed end on. Sometimes
the ligament is set in an elongate depression. This is the escutcheon, usually differing
from the rest of the shell in ornament and color.
Peculiar to some bivalves are the so-called ears, lateral extensions on each side of the
umbo, or on one side only, of each valve. A prominent feature of scallop shells is the
anterior ear, which may be markedly longer than the posterior one. The anterior ear of
the right valve may also be indented by a byssal notch. It is through this feature that a
kind of all-purpose anchor made of fine threads protrudes. Known as a byssus, it
enables the bivalve to secure itself to other objects. Sometimes the byssus takes the
form of a byssal plug and this is fixed to other objects through a byssal hole, easily
visible in jingle shells (Anomia) and always perforating the right (lower) valve.
Clearly, the correct identification of a species may depend on characteristics present
in one valve, either the right or the left. It is necessary, therefore, to be able to
distinguish one from the other. There are two simple ways of orienting the valves of
most bivalves correctly. If the closed valves are placed so that the umbones are
uppermost and the external ligament is between them and you, then the valve on your
right is a right valve. The inside of the valves may also provide a clue. With the umbones
uppermost, locate the pallial sinus, assuming one is present. If the indentation opens
to the right, then it is a right valve.
As with gastropod shells, bivalve ornament may be raised above the shell surface or
engraved into it. Both kinds of ornament are laid down either concentrically or radially.
Concentric ornament always lies parallel to the margins of the valves and is frequently
identical with a growth stage. It varies from exceedingly fine to conspicuous and may
take the form of raised lines, threads, ribs and folds, or incised striae, grooves and
punctations. Radial ornament (which tends to be similar to but stronger than concen-
tric ornament) radiates outward toward the margins from the umbones.

Radial and concentric ornament are frequently present on the same shell, but one is
usually stronger than the other and overrides it. If of equal strength the concentric
ornament often takes the form of beads, pustules, tubercles, or scales. In a few species
the ornament on the right valve differs from that on the left, as may be seen clearly in
various scallops.
The shells of gastropods and bivalves may have a horny covering over the outer
surface. Known correctly as the periostracum (and incorrectly as the epidermis), it may
be thin and translucent, thick and fibrous, or may even appear to be hairy. It is seldom
colorful, but in the gastropod genus Latirus it is iridescent. Occasionally the periostra-
cum is helpful in identification but more often it is a hindrance.

10
 Chitons have eight-piece shells, each piece being called a valve. The end valves are
known as the head valve and tail valve, respectively, the other six being the median or
intermediate valves. Encircling them and keeping them in place is a band of muscular
tissue, the girdle, which is smooth or variously ornamented with scales, spicules, or
spines.
The valves themselves may be ornamented but seldom in high relief and are never
spiny. Specialists use several technical terms to denote parts of chiton valves, but they
need not concern us here.
Tusk shells are altogether simpler in their construction than most other molluscan
shells. The large opening is the anterior orifice, the smaller is the posterior orifice. Some
species have a small terminal pipe projecting beyond the edge of the posterior orifice,
which may or may not have a slot, a notch, or a slit in its edge.
The concave side of the shell is the dorsal face, the convex side is the ventral face. The
ornament of tusk shells is of the simplest, longitudinal ribs being the most obvious and
most important surface features. The identification of all but the best known tusk shells
is a job for experts.
Most shells have at least a trace of color and some have a great deal of it. Often the
(olor forms a distinctive pattern and is laid down by the mantle independently of the
ornamental surface features. The colors laid down on a shell and the patterns they
make undoubtedly provide important diagnostic features, and most of the descriptions
books give as much prominence to color and pattern as to ornament.
of shells given in
At the same time we can be easily led to believe that color and pattern are reliable
features for identification purposes. Sometimes they are, but sometimes they are not.
Certainly they are difficult to describe and just as certainly they are impossible to
ignore, as the pictures in this book amply demonstrate.

SHELL CONDITION
In recent times, collectors and shell dealers have agreed on international shell-
grading standards. In most instances specimens in "gem" condition are more desir-
able. Other factors, such as the accuracy and details of the collecting information
(locality, habitat, date, etc.), are also important.

Gem. A perfect specimen, fully adult, normally colored, and without any visible
breaks or flaws. Gastropods must have a perfect spire, with intact nuclear whorls, no
broken spines, an outer lip without chips. Bivalves must have matching valves. Gastro-
pods that are accompanied by their proper operculum and have the periostracum
properly preserved intact are sometimes referred to as super-gem. No excessive oiling.
Well cleaned inside and out.
Fine. An adult shell with only minor flaws or with not more than one shallow growth
mark. Must have original color and gloss. A cone or volute lip may have one small chip
or some roughness; a Murex or Spondylus, for instance, may have one or two minor
spine breaks. No repairs, such as filed lips, mended knobs, or filled sponge holes. Well
cleaned inside and out.
Good. A reasonably acceptable shell with few defects, such as growth marks, broken
spines, a worn spire, or lip chips. Specimen may be subadult, but must display all the
characteristics of the species. Well cleaned inside and quite well cleaned outside.

11
 Poor. Worn or faded, with obvious breaks, loss of spines, eroded spire, or other loss
of characters because of weathering or rough handling under adverse conditions.
Referred to as "commercial grade" or "beach specimen" by some specimen dealers.
Juv, Juvenile or immature specimen. May be gem in the case of a half-grown speci-
men in a species that does not form a curled or flaring lip in the adult, such as Cypraea
or Strombus.
W/O. With operculum (in gem quality the operculum must have come from the very
specimen at hand).
Full Data. Detailed geographical origin, habitat, exact date of collecting, and original
collector.
Basic Data. Localized geographical data as supplied by field dealers (Zamboanga,
Philippines; or off Anping, Taiwan; Tampa Bay, Florida), year of collecting; original
collector or dealer.

CONSERVATION
Studies have shown that no real menace to molluscan populations is caused by the
needs
collecting of specimens to satisfy the of museums, students and shell collectors.
Pollution and massive disturbance of the habitats are the main causes of the decline of
some shell beds, although commercial dredging for scallops and clams is known to
reduce the numbers of shells temporarily.
Nonetheless, informed shell collectors are well aware of the need for restraint in
collecting specimens. The influential national society, the American Malacological
Union (A.M.U.), has endorsed the following guidelines for its members' field studies
and collecting activities:

1. Observation and photography of mollusks in their natural habitats can yield

important biological information and is often a more rewarding activity than the
collecting of living animats. The A.M.U. encourages such observational research by
both amateur and professional malacologists.
2. Living specimens should be collected only in those minimal numbers necessary to
satisfy the requirements of the study. Dead shells often make valuable specimens, and
their collection does not further endangerthe population. The A.M.U. encourages the
collection of dead shells, especially in cases where soft parts are not required for
anatomical or physiological research.
3. Because detailed, properly documented material is needed to establish the ranges

and habitats of all molluscan species and to ensure the success of efforts to conserve
these animals, the A.M.U. urges all collectors to carefully label all specimens, photo-
graphs, and field notes with the precise locality, the exact date, and the full name of the
observer and collector. It further recommends that arrangements be made for the
deposition of such documentation and specimens in permanent museum reference
collections. These may then be studied by other malacologists when the original
studies are completed.
4. The results of field studies should be shared as widely as possible by means of
educational exhibits, published papers, letters, seminars, and lectures.
5. The laws concerning collecting and trespass are to be known and obeyed by all.

12
Fieldworkers will obtain all necessary licenses and permits from official agencies and
landowners before engaging in collecting or other activities.

The Hawaiian Malacological Society has issued a sheller's creed to be followed by

collectors in tropical waters:

1 . Leave the heads alone! That's not where the shells live. Look in rubble,
live coral
under the slabs, in the sand, and among the loose chunks.
2. Put rock and coral back in place, the way you found them, even in deep water.
Things live under them. Continued exposure will kill them.
3. Be alert for shell eggs and protect them. They have a slim chance of survival, at
best. Don't take the shell that is guarding them. Avoid disturbing breeding groups.
4. Collect only what you really need. Take time to examine your finds. Imperfect and
immature shells are of no use to you. Leave them to grow and to breed.

GEOGRAPHICAL RANGES
In our brief treatment of each species we have given the areas where various species
live. Space does not permit a detailed outline of the geographical range of each
species. That information may be obtained in specialized faunal books or scientific
monographs. The term Indo-Pacific, frequently used in this book, refers to the tropical
marine province of the Indian and Western Pacific oceans. Many species have a range
from the eastern shores of Africa and the Red Sea to the Central Pacific and northward
to southern Japan.
On the other hand many species have limited ranges. As an example, Aulica impe-
rialis is known only from the Sulu Sea in the southern Philippines. The Dragon Head

Cowrie (Cypraea caputdraconis) has only been found on Easter Island in eastern
Polynesia. It should also be remembered that some widespread species may have a
specialized habitat, and, if the type of habitat occurs only rarely throughout the species
range, the distribution of that shell will be scattered and sporadic.
Some marine species have been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world.
Their present distribution may not conform to their normal range. The Atlantic Slipper
Shell (Crepidula fornicata), originally an eastern United States species, is now abun-
dant in northwest Europe, A few Japanese gastropods have established themselves in
British Columbia and Washington.

MEASUREMENTS
Our measurements are given in English inches and in centimeters (with approximate
Our sizes represent the maximum length or diameter of an average adult
equivalents).
specimen. Naturally, younger or immature specimens will be smaller than our stated
size. Similarly, occasional specimens will exceed our stated dimensions. The known
maximum sizes of many hundreds of species are recorded in Wagner and Abbott's
Standard Catalog of Shells.

13
 OBTAINING SHELLS
There are three major ways of acquiring shells for your collection: personal collect-
ing, tradingand purchasing. Some people prefer to limit their collections to what they
have personally collected. Field notes and labels giving the exact date and place of
collection add to the value of the specimens, for some day they may be added to the
scientific collections of a research museum.
A detailed account of collecting and cleaning shells may be found in How to Know
and Study Shells, a symposium of the American Malacological Union, as well as in
dozens of shell books for beginners. In simplest terms, live mollusks may be cleaned of
the soft parts by boiling them in water for about ten minutes, and then pulling the meat
out with a bent pin or probe. Save the operculum of the gastropods. If you wish to
preserve the animal, use seventy percent alcohol, not formaldehyde, as the latter is
acidic and affects the calcareous shell.
A great deal of satisfaction may be obtained by corresponding and exchanging shells
with collectors overseas. Their names may be obtained from shell magazines and shell
club newsletters. A list of shell clubs appears in Tom Rice's A Sheller's Directory of
Clubs, Books, Periodicals and Dealers (P.O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Washington 98364
USA). When exchanging, always try to send the very best specimens and supply good
locality data.
Although a few shell shops carry specimen shells, most of today's sales of rare and
unusual shells are through the mail-order business. Prices vary from one dealer to
another, but in general perfect specimens bring higher prices than imperfect ones. A
list of mail-order dealers may be found in Tom Rice's directory.

CARE OF SHELLS
Although durable and have a great advantage over some other natural
shells are quite
objects favored by collectors, they do require protection from dirt, excessive moisture,
and direct sunlight.
Depending on the pocketbook and the nature of his specimens a collector
size of his
may arrange ways. A few large specimens may be decoratively
his collection in various
placed about a room or placed on shelving in a glass-fronted cabinet. A large collection

containing several hundred species and bearing data labels is best housed in cabinets
with sliding drawers. Many collectors place choice specimens in plastic boxes with a
felt or cloth bottom. Plastic foam padding should be avoided because it will eventually
break down and stick to the specimens. Cabinets made of oak should also be avoided
because an acid fume will affect the surface of shells.
A certain amount of "face-lifting" of freshly collected specimens may be accom-
plished by soaking them in a fifty percent solution of bleach, later rinsing in warm
water, and applying a very light touch of mineral oil. Do not treat shells with muriatic
acid. This gives the shell surface an unnatural greasy appearance, and under a micro-
scope one can see the resulting myriads of tiny pits.
In some countries where cool, humid conditions prevail, a bacterial blight {some-
times known as "Byne's disease") may attack glossy shells. The surface becomes chalky
white and has a faint odor of vinegar. Badly damaged shells should be thrown away.
Lightly affected shells should be soaked for a day in strong alcohol, then dried. Keep
your collection in as dry and airy a place as possible.

14
 CATALOGING YOUR COLLECTION
A well-organized and fully documented collection of shells serves as a useful refer-
ence and identification tool. Its growth, permanency and value are enhanced by proper
arrangement and curatorial care. Furthermore, such a collection adds to our scientific
knowledge and may someday be a major contribution to a natural history museum or
teaching institution. A catalog is most essential, and its most important purpose is to
prevent the loss or mixing of locality data. If every specimen of each species from one
locality (called a lot) bears the same number on the label and in the catalog entry, it can
be returned to its propertray in case of accidental spilling or mishandling. For example,
if you collect several specimens of a periwinkle from a tide pool in Rockport, Maine, on

May 13, 1977, this information should be entered in the catalog, and each shell should
be given the same catalog number.
It is not necessary to have an identification of the species in order to catalog your

specimens, for the real purpose is to associate a number with the more important
information, such as locality data, date of collecting, nanae of collector and habitat. If
the species name is written in pencil, it may be corrected or changed at a later date,
although such updating is usually done only on the label.
Specimens should be numbered with black India ink with a fine-tipped pen. Shells
too small to number may be placed in plastic boxes or in small glass or plastic vials, the
latter either sealed with a snap lid or a plug of cotton. In each container place a small
slip of heavy paper bearing the same number as that on the label and in the catalog
entry.

Ringed Top-shell, CalUostoma annulatum {Lightfoot, 1786), from kelp

beds off the Californian coast.

16
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our debt to others for allowing us to photograph their shells and for Information of various kinds is a large one. In
particular we should like to express our gratitude to members of the staff of the Division of Mollusks at the U.S. Natural
History Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., including )oseph Rosewater, Harald Rehder, Richard
''Joe" Houbrick (Cerithiidae), and Clyde Roper (Cephalopoda); Kenneth ). Boss, Curator of Mollusks, and Ruth D.
Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University; George M. Davis and Robert Robertson of the
Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; William K. Emerson and William E. Old, Jr., of
The American Museum of Natural History, New York; staff members of the British Museum (Natural History); Graham
Oliver and Peter Morgan of the Zoology Department, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, Wales; David Heppell of the
Natural History Department, Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, Scotland. The unstinting help given us by these
professionals and the generous way they allowed us access to the collections in their care has made this book possible.
Without the help of numerous private collectors, however, we should have been unable to illustrate many shells
which have come on to the market only in recent years. Undoubtedly, too, the better quality specimens of many species
are only to be found in private hands and we have been privileged to photograph many of these. We are especially
thankful for the help and encouragement given to us by the owners of some of the finest shell collections In the United
States and the United Kingdom.
We have received help from the following people and wish to thank them.
From the United States: Cecelia W. Abbott, of Melbourne, Florida (editing, typing manuscript); Mr. and Mrs. Stewart
F. Armington, Jr., of Sarasota, Florida (rare shells); Helene Avellanet of Venice, Florida (Latiaxis); Alice Barlow of Tenafly,

New Jersey (photographs); John Bernard of Brooksville, Florida (Cypraea); Jerome M. Bijur of Naples, Florida (Carib-
bean shells); William Bledsoe of Los Angeles, California (rare shells); Walter and Peggy Carpenter of Burke, Virginia
(cones and rare shells); Phillip W. Clover of Glen Ellen, California (Marginellidae) Jim and BobbI Cordy of Merritt Island,
;

Florida; Roberta Cranmer of Louisville, Kentucky (Conidae); Lowell and Dorothy DeVasure of Tekamah, Nebraska
(Conidae); Albert E. and Beverly Deynzer of Sanibel, Florida (Mitridae); Joseph A. Ellul of Palm Bay, Florida (photo-
graphs); Betty Witt Evans (typing manuscript); Gene D. Everson of Ft. Lauderdale, Florida; Rachel N. Germon of
Gaithersburg, Maryland (Muricidae and typing manuscript); Richard Goldberg of Flushing, New York (photographs of
Murex and Conus); Jerry M. Harasewych of Wilmington, Delaware (photographs); Charles and Violet Hertweck of
Venice, Florida (Pectinidae); Bob and Dottle Janowsky of Brooklyn, New York (rare shells); Johnnie Johnson of the
Brevard County (Florida) Museum; Mrs. Jo Kotaro of St. Petersburg, Florida (Haliotis); Dr. Harry Lee of Jacksonville,
Florida (photographs of Strombus and Volutidae); Hal Lewis of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (photographs of Cymatiidae);
Robert and Betty Lipe of St. Petersburg, Florida (Marginellidae and photographs); Joe Little of Melbourne Beach,
Florida; Cary Magnote of Pompano Beach, Florida; Sandi McGhee of Coral Springs, Florida (photographs); Richard E.
Petit of North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina (Cancellariidae); Bernard and Phyllis Pipher of Tekamah, Nebraska
(Conidae); George and Dorothy Raeihle of Babylon, New York (photographs); Tom Rice of Port Gamble, Washington
(chitons); Cheryl T. Richardson of Marathon, Florida (Conus); Graham Saunders of England and McLean, Virginia (rare
shells); Gloria Scarboro of Indian Harbor Beach, Florida (Florida shells); Robert J. L. and Fran Wagner of Marathon,
Florida (rare shells); Jerry Walls of Hightstown, New Jersey (photographs); Carl C. Withrow of St. Petersburg, Florida
(Galapagos shells).
From the United Kingdom, we have been helped by Michael Dixon of Kent (Naticidae); Walter Karo of London
(Volutidae); Tom and Celia Pain of London (Muricidae and Buccinidae). From japan we have benefited from the services
of Dr. TakashI Okutani (photographs of types).

17
18 SLIT SHELLS — PLEUROTOMARUDAE

THE UNIVALVES
CLASS GASTROPODA

ORDER ARCHAEOCASTROPODA
SUPERFAMILV PLEU ROTO MAR ACE A I

SLIT SHELLS
FAMILY PLEUROTOMARUDAE

The large, primitive slit shells are limited to African Slit Shell (5"J 12 cm Hi rasa's Slit Shell (4") 10 cm
deepwater, and most are quite rare in col- Pleurotomarm africana To m n , 1 948 .South I i Pfetirotomaria hirasei Pilsbry, 1903. Off Ja-
lections, There are 1 6 living species all hav* Africa. Deep water; dredged. Moderately
, pan; deep water. Uncommon. Rarely has
ing a homy, circular operculum. The slit in rare, P. (eramachts Kuroda, 1955, is a Japa- albino shell. Best known species.
thelast whorl allows waste water to escape nese subspecies, resembling it closely.
from the mantle chamber.

Beyrich's Slit Shell (4") tO cm Rumphius's Slit Shell (S'*) 20 cm Salmiana Slit Shell (4") 10 cm
Pleurotomaria beyrichii Hilgendorff, 1877. Pfeurotomam rumphti Schepman, 1879. Phurotomaria saimtarta Rolle, 1899, Off
Off China and japan; deep water; rare. Slit Off Taiwan and Japan; Indonesia. Deepwa- central Japan; deep water. Rare. P, schmaf-
short; surface rough. ter; uncommon. Umbilicus large and zi Shikama is a more pointed form.
deep; slit very long.

AtlanticSlit Shell (3") 7 cm Pyramus Slit Shell (2") 5 cm Dawn Slit Shell (3,5'’) 8.5 cm
Pleurotomaria atiantica Rios and Matthews, Pleurotomaria pyramijs {F, M, Bayer,^ 1%7), P/eurofomaria diluculum (Okutani, 1979),
1968. Off Brazil; deep water^ 200 meters; Off Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles; 648 me- Off central Japan; deepwater; rare. Umbil-
rare. Slit narrow and short. ters; rare. Spire low; slit short; fragile. icus narrow; slit short. Holotype specimen
Holotype illustrated. illustrated.

Quoy's Slit Shell (2") 5 cm Jewel Slit Shell (1 .71 4 cm Lovely Slit Shell (3") 7 cm
Pleurotomaria quoyaria Fischer & Ber nardi, P/euro fomar/a gemrm (F. M, Bayer, 1965). Pleurotomaria arrjabilis (F. M, Bayer, 1963),
1856. Gulf of Mexico—West Indies; deep Off Barbados, Lesser \ntilles; 300 meters; Off West Florida and Lower Florida Keys;
water; rare. Slit short. rare. Finely beaded. Slit short. deep water; uncommon. Slit narrow and
short.
 — .

ABALONES — HALIOTIDAE

Ada n son 's SI t Shel

i (7") 17cm King Midas's Siil Shell 3,5'') 9 cm Lucayan Slit Shell cm
I
(11 2.5
Phurotomaria adansoniana Crosse & Fi- Ffeurotom^ria midas M. Bayer, 7965),
(F. Fhurotomaria lucaya M. Bayer, 1%5).
(F.
scher, 1861. Bermuda; West Indies— Brazil. Off central Bahama Islands; deep water; Off Grand Bahama Island; deep water;
Deepwater; uncommon. Umbilicus deep; rare, Holotype ill list rated. rare. Holotype illustrated*
slit very long*

ABALONES or ORMERS
FAMILY HALIOTIDAE

The abaJones, sea ears or ormers have low

Ratfish, spiral shells
with an iridescent inte*
rior and with small holes for exhaling wa-
ler. Adults lack an operculum. There are

about 70 living species, most living on

rocks in shallow water. The foot is edible Threaded Abalone {5*') 15 cm Threaded Abalone {5") 13 cm
and marketed in many countries* Haliotis assimilis Dali, 1678, S. Calif, — Baja Haliotis assimilis Dali, 1878. interior view.
Calif* Shallow water; common, 4orS holes Some consider this a southern subspecies
open, Syn.: avlaea Bartsch. of H. kamtschatkana^ Exterior weakly
threaded.

Green Abalone (S'*) 20 cm Black Abalone (6") 15 cm Japanese Abalone (4"J 10 cm

Haiiotis fulg^ns Philippi, 1645. S, Calif. Haliotis cracherodti Leach, 1814* Oregon— Haliotis kamfschatkana Jonas, 1845* N, Ca-
Baja Calif Offshore to 1 0 meters;
. com mon Baja CaJif, Intertidal; abundant* 5-8 holes lif,— Alaska; Japan, Intertidal to 5 meters;
5orb holes open. Syn*: splendens Reeve; open. Freaks lack holes. Surface smooth* common* 4 or 5 holes open.
wvea Bartsch*

Pciurlales^s Abalone (T') 2.5 cm Red Abalone (12") 30 cm Red Abalone 32") 30 cm
Haliotis pourtaleslf Dali, 1881. S* E. United Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822. Exterior Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 7822* Ore-
On rocks, offshore, 130 to
States to Brazil. view of polished shell. Meat of foot is mar- gon — Baja Calif, Intertidal to 150 meters on
too meters. Rare, Interior pearly white. keted in Calif* Shell is used in jewelry. rocks; common* Exterior surface rough. 3
or 4 holes open.
20 ABALONES — H ALIOTIDAE

12 cm Pink Abalone * (6") 15 cm Pink Abalone (6') 15 cm

Northern Green Abalone (5"}

HBliotis wa/a//ens/s Stearns, 1699. Brit. Co- Hal lot is corrugata Wood, 1826, S. Calif*— HaHotis corrugata Wood, 1826. S. Calif*—

lumbia — S. CalH* Uncommon; 1*20 meters, Baja Calif. Intertidal to 30 meters; abun- Baja Calif. Intertidal to 30 meters; abun-

open. Exterior with spiral dant. 3 or 4 tubular holes open. Interior dant. 3 or 4 tubular botes open. Interior
5 or 6 holes
brilliant iridescent. brilliant iridescent.
threads. Holotype illustrated*

(2'^) 5 cm Lamellose Ormer (3") 8 cm Tube rcu late Ormer (3") 8 cm

Rosy Abalone
Haliotis tuberculata subspecies lameHosa Haliotis tuberculata L., 1758. Channel Is. to
Ha/;ot/s rosacea Reeve, 1646. West Africa,
Lamarck^ 1822. Mediterranean and Adriatic Canaries; Mediterranean. Intertidal to 5
Intertidal to 2 meters; common. Exterior
vvilh fine decussated sculpture* Columella common*
Seas. Subtidal; Exterior rough. meters; common* About 6-8 holes open.
Many synonyms. Spirally threaded.
flat. Wide. Syn*; cfecussafa Philippi.

7 cm Rainbow Abalone or Paua (5*5") 14 cm Austral Abalone (3") 8 cm

Virgin Abalone (2*5")
New Haliotis australis 1791* New
CmeMn,
Ha//otis vtrginea Gmelin, 1791. New Haliotis iris Martyn, 1784. Zealand.
on rocks; common. Exterior dull, Zealand* Subtidal on rocks; moderately
Zealand. Subtidal on rocks; uncommon. Subtidal
Animal black with white foot. rough. Animal black. H. Iris Gmelin is the common. Strongly corrugated* Foot is or-
same* ange.

cm Emma's Abalone (4") 10 cm Staircase Abalone (2*5") 7 cm

Sraaier's Abalone (1 .2") 3
emmae Reeve, 1846. South Austra- Haliotis scalaris Leach, 1814. South and
Haliotis brazfed An gas, 1869. S. E. Australia. Haliotis
Subtidal on rocks; uncommon. Sometimes lia — Tasmania, Subtidal on rocks; moder- West Australia. Subtidal on rocks; uncom-
blood-red or with green xigzags. ately common, b open holes. mon. Syn.; tricostalis Menke; robicundus
Gray*
 ABALONES — HALIOTIDAE 21

Ruber Abalone (6'") 16 cm Roe's Abalone (4,5'") 12 cm Reddish-rayed Abalone (2") 5 cm

Hafiotis ruber Leachi 1814. Southern Aus- Halhtis roei Cray, 1826. Western Austra- Hafiotis coccoradiata Reeve, 1846. S. E, Aus-
tralia — Tasmania. Subtidal; abundant, lia— Victoria. Offshore; commercially tralia, Intertidal; common, 6 or 7 holes
Syn.: naevosa Martyn; ftriprobufum Ire- abundant. About 7 holes open. open.
dale.

Scaly Australian Abalone (2.5") 6 cm Canaliculate Abalone (1 *5") 4 cm Q ueket I's Abalone (1 , 5") 3,5 cm
Haliotis squamaia Reeve, 1846, Western Haliotis parva L. . 1758, South Africa, Interti- Haliotis queketti E. A, Smith, 1910. Natal,
Australia. Subtidal on rocks; common. 7 or dal, uncommon. 6 holes open. Syn,: cana- South Africa. Subtidal on rocks; rare. 7
8 holes open. liculata Lamarck; carinata Swainson. holes open, with high rims.

Midas's Abalone or Perlemoen (7") 17 cm Blood -spotted Abalone (3”) 7 cm japanese Abalone (2.5") 6 cm
Haliotis midae L., 1758. Table Bay — Natal, Haliotis spadicea Donovan. 1808, Table Bay Ha//of/s aquatilis Reeve, 1846. Japan— Ko-
South Africa. Subtidal on rocks; moder- to Natal, South Africa, Intertidal on rocks; rea. Intertidal to 20 m. on rocks; common.
atelycommon. Commercially fished. common. Syn,: sanguinea Hanley, Alias japonica Reeve; supertexta Lischke;
exigua Dunker,

Ciianl Abalone tS") 20 cm Disk Abalone f6") 15 cm Donkey's Ear Abalone (2.5") 6 cm
Hdliotis gigantea Gmelin, 1791. Japan Ko- — Haliotis discus Reeve, 1846. Japan, Korea, Haliotis asinina L., 1758. S. W. Pacific. Sub-
rea. Subtidal on rocks to 20 m.; common. N. China. On rock, subtidal to 20 m. Very tidal, shallow water; abundant. Color varia-
( i>mmercially fished. common; commercial seafood. ble. Foot large.
22 ABALONES — H AL10TIDAE

Close-sculptured Abalone (2.5'’) 6 cm Variously Colored Abalone (3") 8 cm Glistening Abalone (2") 5 cm
Haftotis crehrisculpta Sower by 1914. Ja* Hatiotis drvers/co /or Reeve, 1846. S.W. Paci- Ha/foOs g/abra Gmeiin, 1791. Philippines—
pan— N. Australia. Intertidal on rocks; fic. Subtidal on rocks; common. Color vari- N. Australia. Intertidal on rocks; common.
mo d e ra tely co m rn o n S y n type u st rated
. i 1 1 able. Syn.: gruneri Philippi; tayloriana Syn.: picta Roding, 1798.
Reeve.

Jacna Abalone (0,5"") 1 ,2 cm Oval Abalone (1.5") 4 cm Planate Abalone (1 .7") 4 cm

Ha//of/s /acnens/s Reeve, 1846. Philippines. Haliotis ovina Gmelin, 1791. Southern ja- Haliotis planata Sowerby, 1883. S. W. Paci-
Subtidal on rocks; uncommon. Coarse spi- —
pan N. Australia. Intertidal on rocks; fic. Intertidal on rocks; uncommon. Spire

ral ribs. H. jacnaensfs h a misspelling. common. Interior silvery. Syn.: latilabns usually flat, eroded. 5 holes open.
Phiiippi.

Most Beautiful Abalone (1") 2,5 cm Variable Abalone (3") 7 cm Elegant Abalone (3") 7 cm
Haliotis pukherrima Gmelin, 1791. Eastern Haliotis varia L., 1758. Jndo- Pacific. Subtidal Haliotis e/egam Philippi, 1874. Western
Polynesia. Offshore, shallow water. Locally on rocks. Widespread and common. Varia- Australia. Offshore, on rocks. Uncommon
common. ble coloration. Syn.: setoistnaia Reeve. to rare.

Smooth Australian Abalone (61 15 cm Whirling Abalone (2.5") 6 cm Conical Pore Abalone {8 ’) 20 cm
Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1608. South Haliotis cyclobates P^ron, 1816. South Aus- Haliotisconicopora Peron, 1816. Southern
Australia. Offshore shallow water. Com- tralia and Victoria. On rocks and shells, Australian rocky coasts. Subtidal; com-

mon, Syn,: albicans Q. & G,; excisa Cray. subtidal to 30 m; common. Syn,: excavata mon. Top flat. Syn.: cunn/ngbami Gray and
Lamarck. granti Pritchard and Catliff.
 ABALONES — H ALIOTIDAE 23

5 cm Dohrn's Abalone (2") 5 cm SemipUcate Abalone (2.5") 6 cm

Dali's Abalone (2")

Ha//of/sdohmiarta Dunker, 1863, New Hafiotis semiplfcata Menke, 1843, Western

Henderson, 1915. Galapagos;
Hafiotls dalli
Hebrides to Indonesia. Rocks in shallow Australia. Shallow water; uncommon. 6 or
West Colombia, 20 to BO m; uncommon to
water; uncommon. 7 holes open.
rare.

5 cm Lord Howe Abalone (1,5") 3.5 cm Mimic Abalone (1 .5") 3.5 cm

Squamose Abalone (2")

howensis redale, 1929. Eastern Haiiotis ethotogus redale, 1927. N. E. Aus-

HaHotis squamosa Gray^ 1626. Western
I
HalfOtis I

Australia, Subtidal rocks; common. Australia; Lord Howe Island; uncommon tralia. Subtidai; uncommon.
to rare.

3,5 cm Shield Abalone (1 ,5") 3.5 cm Splendid Abalone (3") 5 cm

Honey Abalone (1 .5")

Ha/;of/s artdie Reeve, 1846. Gulf of Suez, Haiiotis speciosa Reeve, 1846. South Africa.
Haiiotis meicuius Iredate, 1927, Queens-
N.W, Indian Ocean. Subtidal; uncommon. Subtidal rocks; common.
land, Australia. Offshore; uncommon.

7 cm Lovely Abalone (2.5") 6 cm Hargraves 's Abalone (3") 7 cm

Many-holed Abalone (2.5")
venusta Adams & Reeve, 1850. Haiiotis hargravesi Cox, 1869. Eastern Aus-
Ha/fot/s /TUi/f/pedb/ata Reeve, 1846, Indian Haiiotis
uncommon. South China Sea, Intertidal rocks; locally tralia. Subtidal rocks; uncommon.
Ocean. Intertidal rocks;
uncommon.
 24 KEYHOLE LIMPETS — FISSURELLIDAE
KEYHOLE LIMPETS
SUPERFAMILY
FJSSURELLACEA

These pnmJtive limpets have two feathery

gills. They live on rocks below the low-tide

mark in most parts of the world, A few are

deep-sea dwellers. Most have a natural
hole at the top (Fissurellidae), but some

have only a slit or weak indentation at the

front end. In some, the mantle covers the Striated Emarginula (0.5”) 1 .2 cm Crass Emarginula (1'T 2.5 cm
shell. All are vegetarians, and they shed Emarginuiastnatoia Quoy &Caimard, 1034, Emarginula crassa J. Sowerby, 1812, N. W.
their floating eggs in the water. None has New Zealand. Subtidal on stones. Moder* Europe, West Indies, Offshore, on rocky
an operculum. ately common. Sculpture delicate. bottom: uncommon. Edges thickened. In-
terior glossy white.

Dagger Emarginula (0,5") 1 .2 cm Compressed Emarginula (0.5”) 1.2 cm Emarginula

Slit (0.7") 1,8 cm

Emarginula sicuis Gray, 1825, W, Europe- Emargtnub lubercuh^a Libassi, 1859, Off Emarginula fissurata Hoi ten, 1802. Philip-
Mediterranean; Florida—West Indies, Off- Azores; Georgia— Brazil, Offshore to 225 pines. Intertidal, under rocks; uncommon,
shore, 4-150 meters, uncommon. meters; uncommon. Syn,: compressa lef* Syn.: rubra Lamarck.
freys; guemei Dautzenberg & Fischer.

Elegant Tugalia (0.7”) 1 .8 cm Short Shield Limpet (2”) 5 cm Hoof Shield Limpet (2”) 5 cm
Tugalia elegans Cray, 1843. New Zealand- Scufus antipodes Montfort. 1810. New ScLrfusungu/s(L,^1756). Indo-Pacific, Inter-
eastern Australia. Intertidal, on rocks; Zealand, Intertidal, rocks; common. Front tidal; common. Surface partially corru-
common. Animal orange. Syn*: par- truncated. Syn.: ambiguus Dillwyn; brevh gated. Syn.; corrugatus Reeve,
mophoidea Q. & G. cutus Blainvifle,

Duck Shield Limpet (2") 5 cm Eight-rayed Emarginula (1'9 2.5 cm Emarginate Emarginula (1”) 2.5 cm
Do n ova n 1 820) .Australia.
Scu fiis ana tinus i ,
Hemitoma ocloradiata (C mel in, 1791 ), Flor- Hemitoma emarginata (Blainville, 1825),

Intertidal on rocks; common. Animal —

ida Brazil, Subtidal on rocks; common. Florida — Caribbean. Subtidal on rocks; un-
black, Syn,: efongatus Blainville; austrafis Notch weak in front. Animal blue and red. common, Form ostheimerae Abbott, 1958,

Lamarck. is illustrated here.

 » —

KEYHOLE LIMPETS — FISSURELUDAE 25

Remarkable Limpet C0.7") 1 ,8 cm Hooded Puncturella (1") 2,5 cm

tricarmata (Born, 1778). In do- Pa- Ctypidina notata (L., 1758). Indian Ocean. PLmcfLrfe//a cucuUata (Gould, 1846).
cific, Subtidal on rocks; locally common Intertidal; Tocally common. Exterior Alaska — off Mexico. Subtidal to 35 meters;
Interior green. eroded. common. Interior glossy white.

Hfoad Puncturella (1 .5") 4 cm Hawk Puncturella (V) 2.5 cm Rough Keyhole Limpet (2") 5 cm

Punctureifa expansa (Dali, 18%). Baja Ca* Puncture fia asturtana (Fischer, 1882). No. Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833). Alaska W. —
Id. — Panama;Galapagos. Offshore, deep —
Carolina West Indies; off Spain. Off- Mexico, Intertidal to 9 meters, on stones
water. Rare. Holotype illustrated. shore, deep water; rare. and kelp weed; common. Syn.: murina
Arnold.

Greek Keyhole Limpet (1”) 2.5 cm Cayenne Keyhole Limpet (1.5") 3.5 cm Keyhole Limpet
Lister's (1 .5*^ 3.5 cm
i)todora graeca (L., 1758). W, Europe; Med- Dhdora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822), Mary- Diodora listen (Orbigny, 1842). Florida
iterranean. intertidal; on rocks; common. land—Brazil; Bermuda. Intertidal to 5 me- Brazil; Bermuda. Intertidal on rocks, com-
Syn.: apertura Montagu. ters, on rocks; common. Syn.: ahernata mon.
Say.

Dwarf Keyhole Limpet {0.6'') 1.5 cm Say's Keyhole Limpet (0.7") 1 .8 cm Dyson's Keyhole Limpet (0.7") 1.8 cm
Diodora minuta (Lamarck, 1822). S.E. Flor- Diodora sayi (Dali, 1899). S.E. Florida—Bra- Diodora dysoni (Reeve, 1850). Florida—
ida— Brazil. Subtidal on rocks, 1-25 meters; zil. Offshore from 6-110 meters. Ribs equal Brazil; Bermuda. Subtidal on rocks; mod-
uncommon. in size. erately common. Orifice black inside.
 .

26 KEYHOLE LIMPETS — FISSURELLIDAE

Green Keyhole Limpet H*') 2.5 cm Tanner's Keyhole Limpet (2") 5 cm Patagonian Keyhole Limpet (1,2") 3 cm
Diodora viridula (Lamarck, 1822). Lower Dfodora tannen Verriil, 1883. Eastern Diodora patagonica Orbigny, 1847. Trini-

Florida Keys —
Caribbean. Intertidal on —
U.S* West Indies. Offshore in deep wa- dad —Argentina. Subtidal on rocks; com-
rocks; common in Lesser Antilles. Interior ter; uncommon. mon.
bluish gray.

Unequal Keyhole Limpet d'O 2.5 cm Jukes's Keyhole Limpet (1.5") 4 cm RuppePs Keyhold Limpet 4i (1") 2.S cm

Diodora inaequalfs (Sowerby, 1835). Baja Diodora jukesH (Reeve, 1849). Southern Diodora ruppotii (Sower by, 1834), Red
Calif,—Panama; Galapagos. Subttdal on Australia. Subtidal on rocks; common. 19- —
Sea Cape of Good Hope, Interidal on
rocks; uncommon. 23 riblets. rocks; common, Syn,; e/evata Dunker;
austraiis Krauss.

Cup Keyhole Limpet d”) 2 cm Eliiabeth's Keyhole Limpet {1 .8") 4.5 cm Cancellate Fleshy Limpet d") 2.5 cm
Diodora oaiycuiaia (Sowerby, 1823). Knys- Diodora efizabethae (E. A. Smith, 1901L iucapina suffusa (Reeve, 1850). So. Flor-
—
na Natal, South Africa. Intertidab rocks; Still Bay —
Natal, South Africa, Subtidal on ida— Brazil; Bermuda. Subtidal on rocks;
common. Septum behind inside of hole. rocks Mod e rate! y c om m o n
. common. Hole blackish, Syn,: canceliata
Sowerby.

Limpet
File Fleshy (03") 7 mm Hard-edged Fleshy Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Great Keyhole Limpet (4") 10 cm
iucapineUa limalula (Reeve, 1850). No. Lucapineiia caUomargmata (Dali, 1871) Ca- Megafhora crenulata (Sowerby, 1825). Cen-
Carolina — BraziL Subtidal to 30 meters; lif. — Nicaragua. Under intertidal rocks; un- tral Calif, — Baja Calif. Subtidal on rocks;
common. Mantle covers shell. common. Feeds on sponges. common. Black- brown mantle covers
shell.
 —
KEYHOLE LIMPETS — FISSURELLIDAE 27

Double-edge Keyhole Limpet • (1.5") 4 cm South African Keyhole Limpet (0,6") 1 .5 cm TwQ-sfK>tted Keyhole Limpet
• (0.7") 1 *8 cm
Ffusureflidea aperta (Sowerby, 1825)* Table Megatebennm africanus Tomlin, 1926. Still Megatebennus bimacufatus (Dali, 1871).
Bay — Natal, South Africa. Intertidal under Bay— Natal, South Africa. Intertidal on Alaska— Baja Calif. Under stones at low
rocks; common. Edge of shell is double. rocks; common. Surface pitted. tide; common. Yellow or red animal covers
shell.

Usmanian Slot Limpet (I'O 2.5 cm Oblong Slot Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Shield Slot Limpet (0.7'’) 1.8 cm
ioraiepas tasmaniae (Sowerby, 1866), Amblychdepas obionga (Menke, 1843). Ambiychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791).
Southern Australia; Tasmania. Subtidal Southern Australia. Subtidal to 12 meters; South Africa. Intertidal on rocks; common.
reefs to 30 meters; common. Syn.: fas- common. Ends turned up.
tmnica and roseoradiata T. -Woods.

Narrow-end Keyhole Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Barbados Keyhole Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Dilated Slot Limpet (O.S'") 1.2 cm
hssurefta angusta (Gmelin, 1791). Florida f/ssure//a barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791). So. Macroschisma diiatatum (A. Adams, 1851).
Keys—West Indies. Intertidal rocks; com- Florida— Brazil; Bermuda. Intertidal, oce- South japan, Subtidal to 150 meters; com-
mtm. End narrowing. anic rocks; abundant in West Indies. mon.

VVohbly Keyhole Limpet (T9 2.5 cm Rayed Keyhole Limpet {1.5") 3.5 cm Rosy Keyhole Limpet (1") 2.5 cm
tnsuretfa fa^dcufaris Lamarck, 1822. S. E. fissurelia nimbOBB (L., 1758). Puerto Rico Fissu fella rosea (Cmelin, 1791). S, E. Flor-
I —West
lofida Indies. In potholes in interti- Brazil. Intertidal rocks; common. Keyhole —
ida Brazil. On rocks; uncommon. Callus
flal/one. Locally common. Ends turned up. not black-lined. around hole has pinkish line. Syn.: radiata
Lamarck.
 28 KEYHOLE LIMPETS — FISSURELLIDAE

Knobby Keyhole Limpet (1 *2") 3 cm Cloudy Keyhole limpet (1") 2.5 cm Volcano Keyhole Limpet (V) 2,5 cm
Fissurelia nodosa (Born, 1778). West Indies. FissureUa nubecula (L., 1758J* W. Europe- fissurella volcano Reeve, 1549. Calif. — Baja
Intertidal shore rocks; abundant. Interior Mediterranean; Cape Verde Is. Subtidal on Calif. Intertidal rocks; common. Foot yel-

pure-white. Syn.: rudis Roding. rocks; common. low; mantle with red stripes.

Green Panama Keyhole Limpet (2") 5 cm Natal Keyhole Limpet (1 .5") 3 cm Black Keyhole Limpet (4") 10 cm
Fissurella virescens Sowerby^ 1835. Gulf of fissurella nalalensis Krauss, 1548. South Af- Fissurella nigra Lesson, 1530. Peru — Chile.
Calif, — Peru; Galapagos Is. Intertidal rica— Mozambique. Intertidal rocks; com* Intertidal rocks; common. Interior white.

rocks; common. mon. 5yn.: latemarginata Sowerby, grandis Sow*

erby.

Rising Sun Keyhole Limpet (2,5'') 6 cm Grand Keyhole Limpet (4 '} 10 cm Thick Keyhole Limpet (3") 8 cm
Fissurella oriens Sowerby# 1835. Chile to Fissurella maxima Sower by, 1835, Peru Fissurella crassa Lamarck, 1622, Peru
Magellan Straits. Subtidal rocks to 15 me- Chile. Subtidal rocky reefs; common, inte- Chile. On intertidal rocks; common, Syn.:

ters; common. rior white, with purple margin. dupeiformis Sowerby.

Costate Keyhole Limpet (2.61 7 cm Painted Keyhole Limpet (41 10 cm Peruvian Keyhole Limpet (11 2.5 cm
Fissurella costataLesson, 1630, Peru Fissurella picta (Cmelin, 1791), Ecuador— Fissurella peruviana Lamarck. 1822. Peru
Chile. On intertidal rocks among red algae. Magellan Straits. Intertidal rocks; com- Chile, On intertidal rocks; common. Inte-

Common. Syn.: rudis Deshayes; chilertsis mon. Interior white, Syn.: danvfn^ Reeve, rior white with red margin.
Sow erby. 1845.
 PATELLA LIMPETS — PATELLIDAE 29

SUPERFAMILY PATELLACEA
TRUE LIMPETS
FAMILY PATELLIDAE

Limpetlike, flat to conical snails, without a

hole at the apex of the shell. The family

Patellidae contains shore-rock dwellers,
such as Patella, Cellana and Nacella. Gill
cordon encircles inner mantle edge. Family
Acmaeidae has one gill plume at front end. Common European Limpet (2.5") 6 cm Common European Limpet (2.5") 6 cm
All are vegetarians. Many wander about the Patella vulgata L., 1758. Norway to Spain. Patella vulgata L., 1758. Side views of a low-
rocks at night, but return to their original Intertidal on rocks; abundant. Very varia- spired form and
(left) a high-spired form
site at dawn. Many species. ble. Many synonyms. (right). Edible.

t iiropean China Limpet (2") 5 cm Rayed Mediterranean Limpet (2") 5 cm Ribbed Mediterranean Limpet (2.5") 6 cm
Patella aspera Roding, 1798. British Isles Patella caerulea L., 1758. Mediterranean to Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791. Mediterra-
on rocks; common.
4ind F ranee. Intertidal Azores. Intertidal; abundant. Interior with nean. Intertidal rocks; common. Margin
Ribs sharper than vulgata. Syn.: aspera La- 7-9 bluish rays. Syn.: tarentina Lamarck. corrugated. Syn.: lamarckii Payraudeau.
in.irck.

s.ilian Limpet (3") 7 cm Giant Mexican Limpet (14") 35 cm Giant Mexican Limpet (14") 35 cm
Patella safiana Lamarck, 1819. Algeria to Patella mexicana Broderip & Sowerby, Patella mexicana Broderip & Sowerby. In-
West Africa. Intertidal on rocks, common. 1829. Gulf of Calif, to Peru. Subtidal on ternal view. Usual length about (6") 15 cm.
Internal scar elongate. Syn.; kraussii common.
rocks; Syn.: gigantea Lesson; Largest known limpet.
I Mjnker. maxima Orbigny.

Krrmadec Limpet (6") 15 cm Neglected Limpet (4") 10 cm Chapman's Limpet (0.7") 1.8 cm
Patella kermadecensis Pilsbry, 1894. Ker- Patella laticostata Blainville, 1825. S. W. Patella chapmani Tenison-Woods, 1876.
mi.mIih Is., off New Zealand. Subtidal; lo- Australia. Intertidal rocks; common. Syn.: Southern Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal
• .illy < ommon. Syn.: pilsbryi Brazier. neglecta Gray. rocks; common. Syn.: octoradiata Flutton;
alba T. -Woods.
 30 PATELLA LIMPETS — PATELLI DAE

2*5 cm SpooT] Limpet (2.5'') 6 cm South African Variable Limpet (1 *5") 4 cm

Star-shaped Limpet (1")

Patel ta fhxuosa Quoy Gaimard, 1634. Pale//a coc/i/ear Born, 1776- Port NoHoth Patella concolor Krauss, 1646. Port Eliza-
Malaya to Polynesia. Intenidal on coral Natal, South Africa. Intertidal rocks; abun- beth — Natal, South Africa. Intertidal
stones; common. Syn.: stellaeformis dant. shore; common. Syn*; variabUi^ Kraus?

Reeve, paumo^ensrs Could* {not Roding).

South African Variable Limpet (1 *51 4 cm Granular Limpet (2.51 6 cm Long-ribbed Limpet (2*5") 6 cm
Pafe//a conco/or Krauss, 1846. South Africa. South Africa,
Fafe//a granularh L*, 1758. All Patella longkosta Lamarck, 1619* Cape to
Color form pofygramma TomI in 1931 , , ill us- Shore rocks; abundant. Syn.; morbida Natal, South Africa. Shore rocks; common*

trated here* Reeve; natalensis Krauss* Syn*: t/ecemccsfata E. A. Smith.

Cinnabar Limpet (2") 5 cm South African Eye Limpet (4") 10 cm Tabular Limpet {51 13 cm
Fafe//a mlniata Born, 1778. Port Nolloth Pafe//a oculus Born, 1778. West South Af- Patella tabu laris Krauss, 1848. South Africa.
Natai, South Africa. Intertidal shore; com- rica* Flattlsh; 5 prongs at back end Interior
. Shore rocks; common. Largest limpet in
mon . Bleaches to bright pink. Syn .
:
pulchra brown. Syn*; Bcutellarls Lamarck. Com- Af ri ca Sy n pa Iriarcha P s b ry
. ,
:
i I

Lightfoot* mon.

Sandpaper Limpet (3") 7 cm Barbara Limpet (3") 6 cm Blue-rayed Limpet (1'’) 2.5 cm
Pafe//a granatina L,, 1758. Port Nolloth Patella barbara L*, 1758, All South Africa. Heldon pellucidus (L,, Norway
1758).

False Bay, South Africa. Shore rocks; cold Intertidal rocks; common. Variable in Portugal. Offshore to 6 meters on brown
water; common. Thin-shelled, height and color. Syn.* spinifera Lamarck* seaweeds; common, Syn.: laevis Pennant.
 LIMPETS — PATELLIDAE 31

Common Turtle Limpet (3") 7 cm Indo-Pacific Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Denticulate Limpet (2.5") 6 cm
Cellana testudinaria (L., 1758). Malaya — S. Cellana radiata (Born, 1778). East Africa- Cellana denticulata (Martyn, 1784). No.
W. Pacific. Subtidai on blackish rocks; —
eastern Polynesia japan. Variable in New Zealand. Rocky shores; abundant.
abundant. Syn.: insignis Dunker; rumphii color. Margin finely toothed. Syn.: rota Syn.: imbricata Reeve; reevei Hutton.
Blainville. Gmelin.

Striped Limpet (2.5") 6 cm Common New Zealand Limpet (1.5") 4cm Bonin Island Limpet (3") 7 cm
Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, Cellana radians (Gmelin, 1791). No. New Cellana mazatlandica (Sowerby, 1839). In-
1841). So. New Zealand. Rocky shores; Zealand. Intertidal rocks. Common. tertidal rocks; abundant. Syn.: boninensis
abundant. Several subspecies; redimicu- Pilsbry; nigrisquamata Reeve.
lum Reeve illus. here.

lapanese Grata Limpet (1 .5") 4 cm Hawaiian Limpet; Opihi (1.5") 3 cm Ariel Limpet (2") 5 cm
Cellana grata (Gould, 1859). japan and Ko- Cellana exarata (Reeve, 1854). Hawaiian Is- Cellana tramoserica (Hoi ten, 1802). South-
rea. Rocky shores; abundant. Syn.: stearn- lands. Intertidal rocks; locally common. ern and east Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal
sii Pilsbry;eucosmius Pilsbry, 1895, not Eaten in Hawaii. rock shores; abundant. Syn.: arte! Iredale;
1891. sontica Iredale.

Patagonian Copper Limpet (2") 5 cm Chilean Copper Limpet (2") 5 cm Magellanic Copper Limpet (2") 5 cm
Niic(*lla deaurata (Gmelin, 1791). Patago- Nacella clypeater (Lesson, 1831). Chile. Nacella magellanica (Gmelin, 1791). Straits
nia; lalkland Is. Intertidal to offshore on Subtidai on seaweeds; common. Thin- of Magellan; Falkland Is. Intertidal to off-
seaweed; common. Syn.: aenea Martyn. In shelled. shore on seaweeds; abundant. Syn.: me-
subgenus Patinigera. tallica Roch. & Mab.
 32 LIMPETS — ACMAEIDAE

TRUE LIMPETS
FAMILY ACMAEIDAE

Many dozens of species occur In great

numbers on rocks throughout the world,
especially on the Pacific coast of North
America. The muscle scar on the inner side
is horseshoe-shaped and open in front.

One gill present. The shape of the shell will

South Polar Limpci (2'") 5 cm Trerra del Fuego Limpet (2") S cm sometimes vary depending upon the type
Nacella concinm (Strebel, 1908). Islands Naceda fuegiensrs (Reeve, 1855). Tierra del of habitat. Most live on intertidal rocks, but
around Antarctica. Intertidal to 100 meters; Fuego; Falkland Is., So. Georgia Is. Subti- often are fou nd on other snai shells and on
I

on large seaweeds; common. Syn.i po/ar/s dal, common. Tbin-sheMed. seaweeds. The foot is edible. There is no
Homb* & jacq. (not Roding)- operculum.

Half-white Limpet H") 2.5 cm Zebra Limpet (2") 5 cm Green Chilean Limpet (2. S'") 6 cm

mesoieuca (Menke, 1851). West

Scurria Scurria zebrina (Lesson, 1831). Chile. Inter- Scuma viridufa (Lamarck, 1819). Peru and

Mexico—Ecuador. Intertidal on rocks; tidal rocks; common. 12 radiating ribs. Chile. On chitons and subtidal rocks; com-
common. Syn,; diaphana Reeve; vesper- Syn.: concepcionens/s Lesson. mon. Syn.: petrei Orbigny.
dm Reeve.

Schrenck's Limpet (D 2.5 cm Felt-cap Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Atlantic Plate Limpet (T') 2.5 cm
Notoacmea schrenckii (Lischke, 1868)^ ja- Notoacmea (Quoy & Gaimard,
pileopsis Co///se//a testudinafis (Muller, 1776). Arctic

pan, Korea, north China, Intertidal on 18.34). New Zealand. Intertidal on rocks; Seas —New York; Alaska—Oregon. Interti-

rocks; abundant. common. Syn.: ceifanoides Oliver; dal rock pools; common. Rarely elongate
slurnus Homb, & Jacquinot. (on eelgrass).

Black-ribbed Limpet (0.8'') 1 .5 cm Spotted Atlantic Limpet * (0.6'") T5 cm Abrolhos Island Limpet (0.8") 2 cm
Co//fse/fa teucopleura (Cmelin, 1791). Flor- Paieifoida pusiulata [Helbling, 1779). Flor- Co/ffse//a abrothosens'fs (Petuch, 1979). Off

ida Keys — West Indies. Subtidal on rocks or ida Keys (rare) & West Indies (common). east coast of Brazil. On subtidal rocks; lo-
underside of whelks; common. Syn.: /a- Intertidal shore rocks. Elongate pink form cally common. Paratypes illustrated.
maicensis Gmelin. (on turtle grass).
 —
LIMPETS— ACMAEIDAE 33

California File Limpet (1*') 2.5 cm California Shield Limpe* HI 2.5 cm California Finger Limpet (1 .S'") 3 cm
Co///se//a Hmatuk (Carpenter, 1864). Puget Coifiselia pdta ( Rath ke, 1833). Alaska — Baja Alaska-
Cotlisdia digitaiis (Rathke, 1633).

Sound, Wash. — Baja Calif. Intertidai rocks; Calif. Intertidal rocks; abundant. 25 weak West Me?(ico. Wave-dashed rocks; abun-
Could.
common. Radial rows of minute beads. In- riblets. Interior edge checkered in black & dant. 15-25 coarse ribs. Syn.: texfx/fs

terior edge solid brown band. cream.

3 cm
.5'') California Rough Limpet (1 ,5") 4 cm Antillean Limpet (1") 2,5 cm
Dali's Limpet (1

Gulf of Co///sef/a scabra (Gould, 1846).Southern ColliseHa arjtitfarum (Sowerby, 1831). West
Co//Jse//a daUiana (Pilsbry, 1091).
Oregon—Baja Calif. Upper tide level on flat Indies (rarely Florida Keys). Intertidal
California. On rocks at mid-tide zone. Un-
common. rocks; abundant. Interior center coarse rocks; common. Syn.: candeana Orbigny.

and dull.

Striate Limpet (1 .5'^) 4 cm White-cap Limpet d'') 2.5 cm Giant Owl Limpet (3,5'’) 9 cm
Acmaea mitra Rathke, 1033. Alaska— Baja iottia giganiea (Sowerby, 1834), Calif.
Co/fise//a striata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834).
Last Indies; Philippines. Intertidal on Calif, Subtidal on rocks; common. Some- Baja Calif. On rocks near high-tide line;
times covered with knobby growths. very common. Usually solid brown-gray,
rocks, Syn.j borneensis Reeve.
rarely maculated (as shown here).

4 cm Blue-ringed Limpet (0.8' 2 cm

ttigh-ribbed Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Pacific Sugar Limpet (1 .5”) )

l*atdioida alticostata (Angas, 1865), South- Pateitofda saccharina (L., 1758). South Atalacmea fragUis (Sowerby, 1823). New
ern Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal rocks; Western Pacific— Melanesia. Intertidal Zealand. Under smooth rocks, intertidal;
abundant. Feeds on sea lettuce, U/va. rocks; abundant. Syn,: stdiaris Quoy & moderately common. Used in shellcraft.
Gaimard.
 . —
34 TOP-SHEILS — TROCHIDAE

TOP-SHELLS
FAMILY TROCHIDAE

This is a very large worldwide family with

ruimerous genera and hundreds of spa-

des. Most are top- shaped, have an irides-
cent interior and a round, many-whorled,
horny operculum. They occur from tidal
rock pools to the deepest portions of the
oceans. Most feed on seaweeds but many Puppet Margarite {03") 7 mm Tower of Babel Top (2*9 5 cm
eat bryozoans and sponges. Margahtes pupillus (Gould, 1849), Alaska Ba&ilissa babeiica Dali* 1907, Off eastern
Calif, Subtidal rocks to 30 m; common. coast of Japan; deep water. Rare, Shell on
Umbilicus minute. left is the holotype.

Glistening Margarite 10.6'") 1 ,5 cm Four-keeled Margarite (0.5") 1 ,2 cm Roughened Margarite (0,7”) 1.8 cm
Bathymophita nstens (Dali, 1S81K Off Baja Euchelus quadnearinatu^ (Holten, 1602). Euchelus aspersus (Philippi* 1846). So. Aus-
Calif.^ deep water, 900 m. Rare. Holotype Indo-Pacific. Under subtidal rocks; com- tralia—Tasmania. Reefs below low tide to
specimen. mon, Syn,: fr/carmatus Lamarck. 300 m; common. Syn.: foaccafus Menke.

Blackish Margarite {0,6'") 1 ,5 cm Imbricate Margarite • (1 ,2") 3 cm Mysticus Margarite * {0.3") 7 mm

Buchefus atratus (Cmelin, 1791), Indo-Paci- Cranata imbricata (Lamarck* 1816), So. Aus- Hybochelus mysticus (Pilsbry* 1889). S. W,
fic. Intertidal, under rocks; common. Syn. : on rocky reefs* subtidal.
tralia; Common. Pacific. Subtidal* under rocks. Moderately

cans lieu la f us La ma rck In family StomatelUdae, common, In family Stomatellidae,

Subangular Margarite (0.5") 1.2 cm Pa rado x To p {0, 5") 1,2cm West Indian Top (3") 7 cm

Minolta subangulata Kuroda and Habe, Chrysofitoma paradoxvm (Born, 1778), OYfar/um pfea (L., 1758). Caribbean, Subti-
Sandy bottom, 50-2(X) m; com-
1952. japan. Indo-Pacific. Intertidal rocks; abundant. dal rocks near open ocean; common.
mon. Syn.: angulata Yokoyama, Shelf thick* surface smooth. Horny operculum greenish black. Livona is
a synonym. Used in soups.
 TOP-SHELLS — TROCHIDAE 35

Changing Margarite (1 .S'*) 4 cm Baird's Margarite (1 .5") 4 cm Humboldt's Margarite Silvery Margarite (1 .5") 4 cm
Batbybembix aeola (Watson, Batbybembix bairdii (Dali, (1.5") 4 cm Batbybembix argenteonitens
1879). Japan and off east China. 1889). Alaska— Chile. Deep wa- Batbybembix bumboldti Re- (Lischke, 1872). japan and east

Deep water; uncommon. ter; 10 to 1200 m. Uncommon. hder, 1971 Off Chile.
. Deep wa- China. Sandy bottom, 50-400
ter. Rare. m; common.

C rump's Margarite (1 .2") 3 cm Korean Margarite (1 .2") 3 cm Giant Imperial Margarite (2") Smooth Silver Margarite

Batbybembix crumpii (Pilsbry, Turcica coreensis Pease, 1860. 5 cm Liscbkeia imperialis (Dali, (2") 5 cm
1893). South half of japan. japan; Korea, east China. and Carib-
1881). Off Florida Batbybembix convexiusculus
Sandy bottom, 50-400 m. Un- Sandy bottom; 50-300 m. Un- bean. Deep water, 60-360 m. (Yokoyama, 1920). japan. Deep
common. common. Rare. Syn.: deicbmannae water; uncommon.
Bayer.

iu./)i.Bcm Rambur's jewel Top (0.3") 7 mm Dusky Jewel Top (0.3") 7 mm

Shinagawen Top (1 .5*9 4 cm
I

( altiostoma sbinagawensis To- Cantbaridus japonicus (A. Ad- Protbalotia ramburi (Crosse, Cantbaridus infuscatus (Gould,
kunaga, 1902. japan; east ams, 1853). Southern japan. 1864). South Australia. Interti- 1861). japan; offshore on
China. Deepwater. Moderately Subtidal to 20 m; on seaweeds; dal on weeds. Common. gravel; 5-30 m. Common.

common. common. Syn,: bilaris Lischke.

 36 CALLIOSTOMA TOP-SHELLS — TROCH DAE I

Beautiful Jewel Top (0,6") 1 .5 cm Otto's Spiny Mar^arite (0,6") 1 S cm Albatross Margarite (0.7") 1*8 cm
Prothalotia puicherrima (Wood, 1828)* Ca///ofrop/s otto/ ( Phi ippi , 1844)
I Nova Sco-
. Ca///otrop/s diomediae (Verrill, 1880). Off
South Australra. Intertidal weeds; com- tia to No* Carolina* Offshore; 100-200 m; Massachusetts. Deep water, 3,000 m. Rare,
mon* Syn.:pre/ss//Menke; puePa Philippi; common* Syn*: regalls Verrill, holotype il-

mariae Teni son -Woods, lustrated.

CALLIOSTOMA TOPS
Genus Calfiostoma

These beautiful top-shells are common

around the world, and because of their cu-
rious shapes have been placed in various
subgenera or related genera, such as
Maurea, Tristichokochus and Ziziphinus^
There are several hundred species. Oper- European Painted Top (1") 2.5 cm Gualteri's Top (0.6"') 1,5 cm
culum horny and circular. Calliostoma zizyphinas (L,, 1758)* West Eu-* Calliostoma gualtenanum (Philippi, 1848).
—
rope Azores. Intertidal; on rocks; com- Med 1 1 er ran ea n . I n te rtid a o n
I weeds among
mon. Syn.: convforde Lamarck. rocks; common.

European Granular Top (1.2") 3 cm Ringed Top (1,2") 3 cm Variable Top (1 ") 2 5 cm .

Calliostoma granulatam (Born, 1778). Med- Calliostoma aofrulatum {Light foot. 1786). Ca///ostoma variegatum Carpenter, 1864.
iterranean to Canary Is. Offshore, 26-240 Alaska to So* California* Offshore, 1-20 m. Alaska to So. California* Offshore, 30-800
m. Common, Syn.; papillosum da Costa; Common. Nucleus pink. m; Uncommon.
fragilis Pulteney*

Palmer's Top (I'') 2.5 cm Glorious Top (1") 2*5 cm Channeled Top • (1.5") 3.5 cm
Calliostoma palmeri Dali, 1871 Gulf of Cali-
. Calliostoma glonosum Dali, 1871. So. Cali- Calliostoma canaliculata (Lightfoot, 1786),
fornia. Intertidal to 45 m; uncommon. fornia. Subtida) to 50 m, in kelp weeds. Offshore on floating kelp weeds; com-
Common. Nucleus white. mon* Syn,: doliarium Hoiten. California,
 CALLIOSTOMA TOP-SHELLS — T ROC HI DAE 37

Three-colored Top (0.7") T.8 cm Western Ribbed Top (1") 23 cm Western Gem Top {0,7") 1 .0 cm

CaliiostomA tricolor Gi^bb, 186S* So* Calif, Calliostoma Ugatum (Could, 1049}* Alaska Calliostoma gemmulaWm Carpenter, 1864.
to Baja California. Offshore, 16-70 m; com- to So. California, Intertidal to subtidal on California and Gulf of Calif. Intertidal, on
mon. Sometimes axially streaked. rocks; common. Syn.: costatum Martyo. rocks and wharf pilings; common. Syn.r
formosum Carpenter*

Ringed Top * (1.2") 3 cm Australian Necklace Top (0,5") 1 ,2 cm Subcarinata Top * (1") 2.S cm
Calliostoma annulatum (Lightfoot, 1786)* CalTfOStoma mon;7e (Reeve, 1863). West Calliostoma subcarmata (Swain son, 1855)*
Alaska to So. California* Offshore, 1-20 m* Australia. Subtidal to 20 m; moderately Southern Australia; Tasmania. Subtidal to
Common. Nucleus pink. common. Usually on blue sponges* 14 m. Moderately common.

Keeled Australian Top {1 .5") 4 cm jujube Top (1") 2*5 cm Adele's Top (0.7'^) 1 .8 cm
Calliostoma dliare (Menke, 1043). West Calliostoma jujubmum (Cmelin, 1791). No. Ca//iosfoma adelae Schwengel, 1951,
Australia. Offshore; uncommon. Carolina to Brazil. Under rocks, offshore Southeast Florida* In shallow water grass
from 1 to 30 m; common locally. Syn*i lam- beds, 2 to 7 m* Locally common.
paense Conrad.

Si ulptured Top {O.r') 1 .8 cm Baird's Top (1 *3"} 3 cm Psyche Top (0*8") 2 cm

i alliostoma euglyptum (A. Adams, 1854). Calliostoma bairdii Verrill and Smith, 1880. Calliostoma bairdii psyche Dali, 1889, No.
No. Carolina to east Mexico. Subtidal to 64 Massachusetts to Florida. Offshore 80 to Carolina to Key West, Florida. Offshore, 60
m, among rocks; moderately common. 500 m.Uncommon. Holotype illustrated* to 260 m. Moderately common.
 38 CALLIOSTOMA TOP-SHELLS — TROCHIDAE

Rosewater's Top f1 .3") 3 cm Henderson's Top (1") 2,5 cm Dawn Top (2") 5 cm

Calfiosloma bairdii rosewateri Clench and Calliostofna 6a/rd// hendersoni Dali, 1927. Ca///osfoma aurora Dali, 1808. Off the
Turner, 1960. Lesser An lilies to Colombia. Florida Keys, 3 to 20 m. Among rubble. Lesser Antilles from 280 to 1,140 m. Rare.
Deep water, 300 to 400 m. Rare, Paratypes Uncommon. Holotype illustrated. Holotype illustrated.
illustrated.

Bolirs's Top ni 2.5 cm Hassler's Top f1 .2") 3 cm Panama Rainbow Top (0.2") 5 mm

Ca///osforoa Clench and Turner,

bullisi CaUfostoma hassfer Clench and Aguayo, Ca///osfoma indium Dali, 1896. Gulf of Pan-
1%0. Oft eastern Brazil in 70 m. Rare. Para- 1939. East coast of Brazil. Offshore in 70 m; ama in 360 to 460 m; uncommon. Paratype
type illustrated. uncommon to rare, Holotype illustrated. illustrated.

Von Ihering's Top (1,5") 3,5 cm Spotted Brazilian Top (0.8") 2 cm C a rce I ies's Top (0 . 7" J 1 . 8 c m
Caliiostoma mifitare von Ihering, 1907. Ar- Caffiostoma adspersum (Philippi, 1851). So. Calliostoma carcelhsi Clench and Aguayo,
gentina.Dredged just offshore. Rare. Syn.: Brazil. Subtidal; uncommon. Syn.; depic- 1940. Argentina. Offshore in 60 m. Rare.
amazon ica F infay; iheringi Da If, holotype Wm Dali. Holotype illustrated.
illus.

Bigelow's Top t (1") 2,5 cm Olsson'sTop (0,7") 1.8 cm Atlantis Top (1,5") 3.5 cm
Calliostoma bigehwi Clench and Aguayo, Ca//)osfDma olssoni Bayer, 1971 Off St. Vin-
. Calliostoma atlantis Clench and Aguayo,
1938. Cuba, offshore from 300 to 460 m. cent, West Indies, 230 m. Very rare. Holo- 1940. Off Pinar del Rio, Cuba, in 660 m.
Rare collector's item. Holotype illus. [This type illustrated. Known only from this holotype specimen.
photo accidentally reversed].
 CALLIOSTOMA TOP-SHELLS — TROCHIDAE 39

( hncolate-iined Top (1") 2.5 cm Springer's Top (1.4") i cm Say's Top (1.5") 3.5 cm
i alliostoma favanicum (Cmelin, 1791). So. Calliostoma spnngeri Clench and Turner, Calliostoma sayanum No. Caro-
Dali, 1889.
I lorida Keys and Wesi Indies. On reefs, 1 to 1960. Gulf of Mexico, off Mississippi in 520 lina to So. Florida. Offshore, 130 to 400 m.
15 m. Uncommon. Syn.: i^onamestum A. m. Rare. Wide umbilicus. Holotype illustra- Uncommon. HcTlotype illustrated.
•\dams. ted.

Oregon Atlantic Top (0.8") 2 cm Marion's Top (1 .2") 3 cm Tejedor Top (T) 2.5 cm
Calliostoma orvgon Clench and Turner, Calliostoma marionae Dali, 1906. Off Flor- Calliostoma tejedori Aguayo, 1949. Oft
1960. Gulf of Mexico in 232 to 380 m. Un- ida to Mexico. Offshore from 46 to 180 m. north Cuba. Known only from this holo-
tommon. Holotype illustrated. Uncommon. Holotype illustrated. type. Nuclear whorls reticulated.

Sc hroeder's Top ( 1 .3") 3 cm Chilean Top (1.5") 3.5 cm Formosa Top (2.4") 5.5 cm
Calliostoma schroederi Clench and Calliostoma chilena Rehder, 1971. Off Calliostoma formosense E. A. Smith, 1907.
Aguayo, 1938. Bahamas and Cuba, in 320 to Valparaiso, Chile, in 200 m. Rare. Holotype lapan to Taiwan. Deep water to 300 m.
460 m. Paratype illustrated. illustrated. Common.

Nephelo Top (D 2.5 cm Sea Monarch Top (1.6") 4 cm Dali's Unicum Top (0.9") 2.2 c m
Calliostoma nepheloide Dali, 1913. West Calliostoma haliarchus (Melvill, 1889). la- Calliostoma unicum (Dunker, 1860). japan,
Mexico to Panama. Offshore from 146 to pan. Sandy bottom, 50 to 200 m. Fairly com- Korea, China. Intertidal gravels to 150 m.
256 m. Uncommon. mon. This is form affinis Dali (holotype illus.).

Uncommon.
 40 MAUREAS — TROCHIDAE

Soyo's Top iD.5 ') 1 .2 cm Panama Spiny Margarite (13' ) 3 cm Prickly japanese Top (03'9 2.2 cm
Caffiostoma soyoae kebe* 1942- So Japan;
I Tardea panamends OSsson, 1971. Cult or Ca//)ostoma acaieatum (Sowerhy, 1912).
sandy bottom, K)-80 m; uncommon. Panama. Offshore, 55 to 84 m. Rare. So. Japan; sandy bottom, 20-200 m; com^
mon. Syn.: sptnigera Yokoyama.

Maurea
llger (2.4'') b cm Pynctate Maurea (13") 4 cm Mult ibeaded Maurea ( 1
3") 4 cm
Maurea trgris (Marty n. 1784). New Zealand. Maurea punvtulata (Martyn, 1784). New Maurea rnultigemmata (Powell, 1952),

Subtidal among boulders. Uncommon. Zealand. Intertidal to offshore among boul- Southern Nevv Zealand. Offshore; rare.

Syn.: tigris Cmelin. ders. Uncommon.

Maurea
Black's (2.5") 6 cm Maurea
Pellucid (2") 5 cm SelectMaurea (2") 5 cm

Maurea blacki (Powell, 1950). Southern Maurea pe//uc/da (Valenciennes, 1B48), Maurea selecta (Dillwyn, 1817). Northern
New' Zealand. Shallow' water; uncommon, Northern New Zealand, Subtidal, rocky and Central New Zealand, Sandy ocean
bottom. Not uncommon. Has several beaches. Moderately common.
^iT>i»nri5

Superb Gaj;a (1 3 cm Ralhbun's Gaza (1.2") 3 cm Fischer's Gaza (1 ") 2,5 cm

Cazasuperba (Dali, 1881), Northern Cuff of Ca/a rafhbun) Dalt, 1890,Galapagos Is- Gaza fischeri Dali, 1 889. Off Cuba and the
Mexico and West Indies. Deep W'ater, over lands. 717 to 915 m. Rare. Holotype illustra- Lesser Antilles. Deep w'ater to 84b m. Rare.
100 m. Locally common. Rare in collec- ted. Holotype Illustrated.

tions.
 MONODONTS — TROCHIDAE 41

Handed Bankivia (0.6") 1.5 cm Whitish Gibbula (0.8") 2 cm Monodont

Turbinate (1.2") 3 cm
Hankivia fasaata (Menke, 1830). Western to Cibbula albida (Cmelin, 1791). Mediterra- Monodonta turbinata (Born, 1778). Portu-
S. E. Australia; Tasmania. Abundant on nean. Subtidal among rocks; common. gal and Mediterranean. Intertidal among
weeds in shallow waters. Smooth; variable Base with 6 to 8 threads. Syn.: bornii Can- rocks; common. Syn.: tessellata Born, not
colors. traine. Cmelin.

Iined Monodont (1") 2.5 cm Punctate Monodont (0.8") 2 cm Dama Monodont (0.8") 2 cm
Monodonta lineata (da Costa, 1778). Ct. Monodonta punctulata (Lamarck, 1822). Monodonta dama (Philippi, 1848). Red Sea;
Britain to Portugal. Intertidal among rocks; West Africa. Intertidal among rocks and Arabia. Subtidal on rocks; common.
*ommon. Syn.: crassa Montagu. weeds; common. No umbilicus. Syn.: os/- Curved groove on lower inner lip.

lin Deshayes.

()htuse Monodont (1.2") 3 cm Constricted Monodont (1.2") 3 cm Green-mouth Monodont (1") 2.5 cm

\ustmcochlea obtusa (Dillwyn, 1817). Austrocochlea constricta (Lamarck, 1822). Thalotia chtorostoma (Menke, 1843). South
Northern half of Australia. Intertidal rocks; South Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal and Western Australia. Subtidal to 39 m;
• ommon. rocks; common. 5 or 6 spiral ribs. common. Some forms have rounded
whorls.

striate )ujubine (0.5") 1.2 cm Black Monodont (1") 2.5 cm Wavy Australian Monodont * (1") 2.5 cm
tufubinus striatus (L., 1758). Azores to Med- Diloma nigerrima (Cmelin, 1791). New Clanculus undatus (Lamarck, 1816). South-
•irrranean. Intertidal among rocks; com- Zealand, cold water. Intertidal on black ern Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal algae
mon. rocks; common. Syn.: digna Finlay. and rocks; common.
 42 TEGULAS — TROCHIDAE

Speckled Monodont (1") 2.5 cm Scorched Monodont {V) 2.5 cm Smooth Atlantic Tegula (0.7") 1 .8 cm
Oifoma concamerata (Wood, 1828}. Soutii- Melagraphia aethiops (Cmelm, 1791), New Teguia fasdata (Born, 1778). South Florida
ern Australia; Tasmania. Abundant on in- Zealand. Intertidal rocks; abundant. to Brazil. Subtidal under rocks; common.
tertidal reefs, Syn,: stnohtus Q. & C. Umbilicate, Syn.: macu/osfr/afa C. B. Ad-
ams.

Silver-mouthed Monodont (2.5") 6 cm Green-based Teguia (0.5") 1 .2 cm California Black Teguia (1 .2") 3 cm
Chtorostoma argyrosiomum (Gmelin, Teguia excavata (Lamarck, 1822), Florida Teguia funebraiis (A. Adams, West
1855).
1791). Japan, Intertidal among rocks; abun- Keys and West Indies. Subtidal under Canada to Baja California. Intertidal on
dant. Green callus over base. rocks; abundant locally. rocks; common.

Gilded Teguia d") 2,5 cm Se rpe n t-tongue Teguia (1 . 6") 4 cm Rugose Monodont (1 .5**) 3.5 cm
Teguia aureotincia Forbes, 1850. Southern Teguia pellisserpentfs (Wood, 1828), Ef Sal- Chhrostoma rugosum (A. Adams. 1853).
California to W. Mexico. Intertidal on vador to W, Colombia. Intertidal on boul- Throughout Gulf of California. On rocks,
rocks; moderately common. ders; moderately common. upper mtertidal zone; common.

Umbilical Gibbula (0.6") 1.5 cm Sloping Gibbula (11 2.4 cm Divaricate Cibbula (11 2.4 cm
Cibbula umbiilcalis {da Costa, 1778). N. W. Cibbula dedsvis (Forskal, 1775). Red Sea Cibbula dfvaricata (L., 1758). Mediterra-
Europe and Mediterranean. Intertidal on and Arabia. Subtidal under rocks, com- nean and Adriatic. Intertidal rocks, moder-
rocks; moderately common. mon. Syn.: aegyptiaca Lamarck. ately common. Shell thick.
 CLANCULUS — TROCHIDAE

Korschy's Gibbula (1.2") 3 cm Beauty Gibbula (0,S") 2 cm Norris Shell (1 ,5") 4 cm

Gibbula kotschyi (Philippi, 1S47)* N. W, In- Mon flea calUfera (Lamarck, 1822). In do -Pa- Nomsia iSowerby, 1838). Central
norrisi
dian Ocean. Subtidal to 2 m among small cific, Intertidal, under rocks; common, California to W, Mexico. Among kelp weed
boulders; uncommon. Syn.: ca//osus Wood. beds; moderately common.

Purplish Clanculus • (0,7') 1 .8 cm Mantle Clanculus • (0,8") 1 cm Rare Clanculus {0,5") 1 .2 cm

Clanculus puniceus (Philippi, 1846). East Cfancvlus pharaonius (L,, 1758), Indian Clanculus tarus (Dufo, 1840), Indian
Africa, intertidai to 2 m, under rocks; lo- Ocean. Intertidal under rocks; locally com- Ocean. Subtidal, under rocks; uncom-
cally common. mon. mon. Syn,: flosculus Fischer.

Beautiful Clanculus f0,6") 1,5 cm Secret Clanculus (0,6") 1 ,5 cm Rosy-base Top (1,5") 4 cm
C/an cu /us margaritarius (Philippi, 1847). Clanculus danguioides (Wood, 1626). S, W, Oxystele sinensis (Gmelin, 1791), South Af-
Indo-Padfic. SubtidaJ, under rocks; un- Pacific and northern Australia. Subtidal rica, Intertidal pools along rocky shores;
common. among weeds and rocks; moderatefy com- common. Syn.: merula Lamarck,
mon.

Ciuam Button Top (0.5") 1*2 cm Common Button Top (0,4") 1 cm Zealandic Button Top (0,6") 1,5 cm
ifmbonium guamensi^ (Quoy & Carmard, Umbontum vestiafum (L,, 1758). In do- West Umbontum zelandicum A. Adams, 1054.
IBM). S. W, Pacific, Subtidal to 2 m in sand; Pacific, Sandy mud bottoms, subtidal to 4 New Zealand, Subtidal to 6 m on sandy
moderately common, Syn,: monfrouz/ed m; locally abundant. mud; common. Syn.: anguMerus Philippi,
Souverbie.
 .

44 TOP-SH ELLS — T ROC H DAE I

Giant Button Top fl") 2,5 cm Red Stomatella {0.6'') 1 .5 cm Papery Stomatella (1 .2“) 3 cm
Umbonium gigsnteum (Lesson, 1831). ja- Stomatofina rubra (Lamarck, 1622), japan to Pseudostomatelta papyracea (Gmelin,
pan. Fine sand bottom, 5 to 30 m; common. S, W. Pacific. Gravel bottoms, subtidal to 20 1791), S, W. Pacific, Subtidal to 6 m on
m; common. Syn.: angulata A, Adams, tn gravel bottoms; moderately common. In
family Stomatellidae. family Stomatellidae,

Colored Stomatella (0.8'1 2 cm Elegant Stoniatella (1") 2,5 cm Variable Stomatella (0,4'') 1cm
Pseudostomatefla decoioraia (Gould, Fseodosfomafef/a efegans (Cray, 1847), S, Stomafe//a (Gena) varia (A. Adams, 1550).
1548). Central Pacific to Philippines. Sand W, Pacific. Subtidal among boulders and japan to S, W, Pacific, Subtidal to 20 m;
and rock bottoms, 1 to 10 m; uncommon. weeds; uncomnr^on. common, Syn.; dUecta Could; iutea A, Ad-
ams. Gena is a subgenus.

Flattened StomafeJIa (0,6") 1 .5 cm Strigose Stomatella (D 2,5 cm Swollen Stomatella (1 .5") 3 cm

Stomatella {Gena) pfariulata Lamarck, 1816. Sfomafe//a (Cena) impertusa (Burrows, Stomatia phymotis Helbling, 1779. japan to
Southwest Pacific. Intertidal to 10 m. 1815), S. W. Pacific; Australia. Subtidal on S, W, Pacific, Subtidal on rocky bottoms;
among rocks; common. gravel; uncommon. Syn,: strigosa A. Ad- moderately common, Syn,; ausfra//sA. Ad-
ams. ams.

Radiate Top (1.5") 4 cm Actor Top (1 .2") 3 cm Yellow- mouth Top (1,5") 3,5 cm
Trochus radfafus {Cmelin, 1791). Indo-Paci* Trochus histrio Reeve, 1848, Central Pacific Trochus ochroieucas Gmelin, 1791, Indian
fic. Subtidal on coral reefs; common. Syn,: to S, E. Asia, Subtidal on rocks; common, Ocean, Subtidal on reefs; common.
fultoni Me I vi 1
1
( f ro m Pa k stan
i ) Syn. : cakaratus Souverbie.
 STOMATELLAS — TROCHIDAE 45

Commercial Trochus (5") 13 cm Cone-shaped Top (3") 7 cm Striped Top (2.5") 6 cm Fenestrate Top (1 .5") 4 cm
Trochus niloticus L., 1767. Indo- Trochus conus (Gmelin, 1791). Trochus virgatus Gmelln, 1791. Tectus fenestratus (Gmelin,
Pacjfic. Reefs to 20 m; abun- Indo-Pacific. Near reefs to 5 m; Indo-Pacific. Reef flats; moder- 1791). Central and S. W. Pacific.
dant. Syn.: maximus Philippi. common. Base rounded. ately common. Reef flats, intertidal; moder-
Used for making buttons. ately common.

Lined Top (2.2") 6 cm Maculated Top (2") 5 cm Pyramid Top (3") 7 cm Noded Pyramid Top (3") 7 cm
irochus hanleyanus Reeve, Trochus maculatus L., 1758. Tectus pyramis (Born, 1778). Tectus pyramis form noduli-
1842. Warm reef waters of Aus- Indo-Pacific. Reef flats, shallow Indo-Pacific. Shallow reefs; lo- ferus Lamarck, 1822. S. W. Paci-
tralia; uncommon. Syn.: //- water; common. Variable. abundant. Syn.: oheliscus
cally fic and Indian Ocean; uncom-
neatus Lamarck (not da Costa, Syn.: verrucosus Gmelin; Gmelin; acutus Lamarck. mon.
1778). granosus Lamarck.

TURBAN SHELLS
FAMILY TURBINIDAE

This is a large family of top-

shaped snails, usually with
thick shells, an iridescent inte-
rior, and usually with a shelly

operculum that seals the aper-

ture. Several hundred species
are known, most from tropical
seas. Angaria belongs to the
Trochidae. Most species are
vegetarians, feeding on marine
Red Sea Top (2") 5 cm Green |ewel Top (1 .5") 4 cm algae. jourdan's Turban (8”) 21 cm
Trochus erythraeus Brocchi, Phasianotrochus eximius Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839.
1821. Red Sea; N. W. Indian (Perry, 1811). South coasts of Southern Australia. Just off-
Ocean. Subtidal to 3 m, on Australia. Subtidal to 3 m, shore along rocky coast; not
rocks and weeds; common lo- among weeds; common. uncommon. Syn.: verconis Ire-
cally. dale.
 46 TOP-SHELLS AND TURBANS — TURBINIDAE

Magnificent Turban (31 7 cm Tapestry Turban (2.51 6 cm Reeve's Turban (2.51 6 cm

Turbo magnificus lonas, 1844. South Ecua- Turbo pethoklus L., 1758. Central and Turbo reeve/ Philippi, 1847. Philippines; In*
dor to Chile. Offshore to 25 m; uncom- Western Shallow reefs: common.
Pacific. donesra. Shallow reefs; common. Opercu*
mon. Operculum green, called "cat's eye." lum white to brown-stained.

Miniature Turban (1 .51 3.5 cm Great Green Turban (8") 20 cm Horned Turban (3") 7 cm
Turbo parvuhs Philippi, 1848. Western Pa- Turbo marmoratus L., 1758. Indo-Pacific, Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786. japan; East
cific. Shallow water reefs; uncommon. west of Fiji. Rubble bottom 4 to 20 m, locally China. Offshore on sand, 2 to 10 m; abun-
abundant. Syn.r regenfussit Deshayes. dant. Used as food. Syn. comufus Gmelin.
:

mouth Turban
Si Ivor- (3'0 7 cm Silver-mouth Turban (31 7 cm Lajonkarre's Turban O'*) 7 cm
Turbo argyrosfoma L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Turbo argyrostoma L., 1758. One of the Turbo lajonkairii Deshayes, 1839. Indian
Reefs, ir^tertidal to 3 m.; common. Syn.: long-spined variations of this common Ocean, especially Cocos-Keeltng Atoll. Ex-
carduus Fischer. Indo-Pacific turban. treme variation of argyrosfoma.

Rough Turban (2.51 6 cm Brown Pacific Turban (21 5 cm Gold-mouth Turban (2.41 6 cm
Turbo sefosus Cmelin, 1791. Central and S. Turbo bruneus ( Ro d n g
i 798 nd o- Pact f c.
,
1 ) , I i Turbo chrysostomus L., 1758. Indo-Pacific.
W, Pacific. Edge of outer reefs; abundant. Shallow reefs; abundant. Syn.: ticaonicus Subtidal near reefs; common.
Operculum finely granulate in the center. Reeve.
 TURBAN — TURBINIDAE 47

Corded Turban (3") 7.5 cm Crass Turban (3") 8 cm Beautiful Turban (3") 8 cm
Turbo sparvehus Gmelin, 1791. S. W. Paci- Turbo crassus Wood, 1829. Central to S. W. Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1843. West and
fic. Near reefs in 1 to 5 m; uncommon. Pacific. Near reefs in 1 to 5 m; common. S. W. Australia. Subtidal, shallow reefs;

Operculum purple-brown in center. Operculum pustulose, brown In center. common. Operculum with coarse pus-
tules. Syn.: pulcher Reeve (not Dlllwyn).

Cruner's Turban (1.5'9 3.5cm Channeled Turban (3") 7 cm Chestnut Turban (1.5'") 3.5 cm
Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846. Southern Aus- Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781. S. E. Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791. S. E. United
tralia; Tasmania. Offshore to 160 m; com- Florida to Brazil. Offshore near reefs to 10 States to Brazil. Subtidal to 30 m on sand;
mon. Syn.: circutaris Reeve. m; uncommon. Operculum smooth, common. Rarely red, white, lavender.
white.

Pilose Turban (0.7") 1.8 cm South African Turban (3") 7 cm South African Turban (3") 7 cm
Turbo cailletii Fischer and Bernard!, 1856. S. Turbo sarmaticus L., South Africa.
1758. Turbo sarmaticus L., 1758. Specimen In nat-
E. Florida and Caribbean. Near coral reefs, Subtidal on rocky shores; abundant. Pol- ural condition' with periostracal covering.
4 to 40 m; rare. Syn.: filosus Klener. Rarely ished specimen. Operculum crudely pustulose.
yellow.

Natal Turban (1.5") 4 cm Crown Turban (2.4") 6 cm Crown Turban (2.4") 6 cm

Turbo natalensis Krauss, 1848. South Africa. Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791. False Bay to Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791. South Africa.
Subtidal to 4 m on rocks; moderately com- Port Alfred, South Africa. Shore rocks; Mottled form. Operculum granulate, with
mon. common. Banded form. a central pit.
 48 TURBANS AND LIOTIAS — TURBJNIDAE

stony Torban (2") 4.5 cm Wavy Turban (2S') 6 cm Smooth Moon Turban (1^2") 3.5 cm
Turbo saxosus Wood, 1828. Nicaragua to Turbo fluctuosus Wood, 1828. W. Mexico to Lunetk cinerea (Born, 1778). Indo-Padfic.
Peru. Subtidal to 5 m among rocks; com- Peru. Intertidal among rocks; common. Intertidal among shore rocks; abundant.
mon. Syn.^ vem/sfos Philippi. Syn. : ffuctuatus Reeve. Syn.: porphyrttes Gmeltn; picta Rodrng.

Granulated Moon Turban (1 .2") 3.5 cm Coronate Moon Turban (1 .2") 3.5 cm Emerald Moon Turban (2.7') 7cm
Lunelia granu/afa (Gmelin, 1791). Indian iunetla coronata (Cmelin, 1791). japan and Lunelfa smaragdus {Gmelin, 1791). New
Ocean. Intertidal on shore rocks to 3 m; Korea, Intertidal among rocks and gravel. Zealand. Intertidal rocky shores; common.
locally common. Syn.: coreens/s R^duz .
Operculum green.

Lightning Moon Turban (2.4") 6 cm Snare Tu rba n ") 2 .5 cm

1
f Peron''s Uotia (0.6”) 1.5 cm
Su6n/ne//a undufata (Lightfool, 1786), Homahpoma transenna (Watson, 1879). 1/ofma peronri (Kiener, 1839). Indo-Padfic.
South Australia. On reefs, low-tide mark to Off japan, in 840 m; rare. Surface cut into Subtidai under dead coral; uncommon.
30 m; common. little diamonds. Operculum whitish. Operculum with shelly granules. Syn.: her-
manni Pilsbry.

Miss Cooke's Liotia (0.7") 1 .8 cm Californian Liotia (0.6") 1 .5 cm Captain Cookes Turban (3.5") 9 cm
Macrarene cookeana (Dali, 1918). Baja Cali- Macrarene californka (Dali, 1908). Off Ce- Cookia sulcata (Gmelin, 1 791). New
fornia. Offshore, 10 to 183 m; on gravel dros Is. to Gulf of California; uncommon. Zealand, Intertidal among rocks; common.
bottom; uncommon. Syn.: coronadensis Holotype illus. Syn.: pacts Dali. Shelly operculum with 2 ribs.
Stohler.
 STAR-SHELLS — ASTRAEINAE 49

Yoka Star Turban (3") 7.5 cm Triumphant Star Turban (2") 5 cm Kurz's Star Turban (1.5") 3.5 cm
Guildfordia yoka lousseaume, 1888. Off Ja- Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi, 1841). Off Guildfordia kurzi Petuch, 1980. Philippines.
pan in 100 to 500 m; moderately common. japan in 50 to 100 m; common. Syn.: guiid- Deep water, 50 to 100 m. Probably a dwarf
fordiae Reeve. form of triumphans. Uncommon.

Aculeate Star Turban (1 .6") 4 cm Sunburst Star Turban (3. S'") 9cm Sunburst Star Turban (3.5") 9 cm
Guildfordia aculeata Kosuge, 1979. Central Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784). New Astraea heliotropium (Martyn, 1784). Un-
Philippines. Deep water in about 200 m; Zealand. Offshore in deep water; uncom- derside view. Species discovered during
uncommon. mon. Syn.: imperialis Cmelin. Captain Cook's voyages to New Zealand.

Bartsch's Bolma (2") 5 cm Modest Bolma (2.2") 5.5 cm Jacqueline Bolma (1") 2.5 cm
Bolma bartschi Dali, 1913. Off Moluccas, Bolma modesta (Reeve, 1843). japan; Bolma jacquelineae (Marche-Marchad,
Indonesia. 410 m; rare. Holotype specimen China; Taiwan. In gravel, 20 to 100 m; com- 1957). Off Sierra Leone, West Africa; un-
illustrated. mon. In subgenus Harisazaea Habe. common.

Bridled Bolma (3") 7 cm Sandpaper Bolma (1.5") 3.5 cm Abyssal Bolma (1.5") 3.5 cm
Bolma aureola (Medley, 1907). N. E. Austra- Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863), subspecies Pseudastralium abyssorum (Schepman,
lia. Offshore in 40 m; uncommon. millegranosa (Kuroda & Habe, 1958). japan. 1908). Indonesia. Deep water in 500 m; un-
Offshore in 20 to 50 m; uncommon. In sub- common.
genus Galeoastraea K. & H.
 :

STAR-SHFUS — ASTRAEIN AE

Peach Bolma d") 2.5 cm Little Star Bolma (0,5'*) 1 .2 cm Busch's Star-shell (2") 5 cm
Pseudastratium persica (Dal), 7907), Off Ka- Bolma asteriofa (Dal), 1925), Sea of Japan, In Astraea buschtt (Philippi, 1844), Nicaragua
gashima, japan. In deepwater; rare, Holo- deepwater; rare, Holotype iflustrated. to Peru, Intertidal rocky zone; common.
type illustrated.

Half-ribbed Star-shell 2,5 cm Long-spined Star-shell

(1") (2") 5 cm Carved Star-shell (2.5") 6 cm
Asfraea sem/cosfafa (P. Fischer, 1875), Asfraea phoebia Rdding, T798. Florida to Asfraea cae/afa (Gmelin, 1791). Florida and
Southeast Asia. Intertidal under rocks; lo- Bermuda, Shallow grassy flats; com-
Brazil; the West Indies, Subtidal on rocks to 10 m;
cally common. mon. Syn.: longispina Lamarck. common. Operculum finely pustulose.

Green Star-shell (2") 5 cm American Star-shell (1.5") 3,5 cm Imbricate Star-shell (2") 5 cm
Astraea tuber (L,* 1767). Florida and the Astraea tecta subspecies americarra (Gme- Astraea tecta (Lightfoot, 1786), Lesser Anti*
West Indies. Subtidal on rocks to 10 m; lin, 1791), Southeast Florida, Grassy flats lies. On rocks, 1 to 20
m u ncommon Syn
; . .

common. Operculum with curved ridge. and rocks; locally abundant. /mbhcafa Gmelin. Rare in Florida,

Turban Star-shell » (6") 15 cm Bed Western Turban {3") 7 cm Wavy Turban (3") 7 cm
Astraea turhantca (DaU, 1910), Baja Califor* Astraea gibberosa (Dillwyn, 1817). Western Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828), California to
nia. Kelp beds; uncommon, Syn.: petro- Canada to Baja California. Subtidal rocks; W. Mexico, Subtidal rocks; common.
thauma Berry; rupfcoBina Stohler. common. Operculum white, smooth. Operculum with 3 prickly ridges.
 STAR-SHELLS — ASTRAEIN AE 51

Blood-spotted Turban (2.5") 6 cm lapanese Star-shell (3") 8 cm Taylor's Star-shell • (3") 7.5 cm
Astraea olivacea (Wood, 1828). West Mex- Astraea japonica (Dunker, 1844). japan and Bolma tayloriana (E. A. Smith, 1880). Japan.
ico. Subtidal on rocks; common. Umbili- Korea. Subtidal to 20 m; common. In sub- Deep water between 200 and 300 m; un-
cus red. genus Pomaulax Cray. common to rare. South Africa.

Girgyllus Star-shell (2") 5 cm Rotary Star-shell (1 .5") 4 cm Kesteven's Star-shell (1") 2.5 cm
Bolma girgyllus (Reeve, 1861) Philippines; Astraea rotularia (Lamarck, 1822). West and Astraea kesteveni (Iredale, 1924). S. E. Aus-
Taiwan. Deep water; rare. N. W. Australia. Subtidal rocks; common. tralia. Subtidal on rocks; common. Syn.:
Operculum brownish green. fimbriatus Lamarck, not Borson.

Pacific Star-shell (1") 2.5 cm Common Delphinula (3") 7 cm Imperial Delphinula (3") 7 cm

Astraea haematraga (Menke, 1829). S. W. Angaria delphinus (L., 1758). Indo-Pacific. Angaria delphinus form melanacantha
Pacific to japan. Intertidal rocks to 20 m; Sublittoral rocks; abundant. Has many (Reeve, 1842). Philippines. Offshore. Un-
common. forms. This genus belongs In Trochidae. common. Spines grow longer in quiet wa-
ters. Syn.: imperialis Reeve.

Tyria Delphinula (3") 7 cm Kiener's Delphinula (2") 5 cm Victor Dan's Delphinula (2") 5 cm
Angaria delphinus form tyria (Reeve, 1842). Angaria sphaerula (Kiener, 1839). Philip- Angaria vicdani Kosuge, 1980. Southern
S. W. Pacific and Australia. Operculum is pines. Offshore in quiet waters; moder- Philippines. Offshore In deep water. Un-
chitinous. ately common. Variable in spine growth. common.
 52 PHEASANT SHELLS — PHASiANELLIDAE

PHEASANT SHELLS
FAMILY PHASIANELLIDAE

The pheasdiit shells are very colorful exter-

nal ly^ but the interiors are porcelaneouSj.
not pearly as in the turbans. The operculum
is chalky white and glossy. PhasianeHa spe-
cies from Australia are large. The genera
Hiloa, Tftcoiia and Cabne/ona are less than
Variegated Pheasant (0.6") 1 .5 cm Australian Pheasant f2"3 5 cm
PhasianePa variegata Lamarck, 1822. West- Phasianella australis (Cmelm, 1791). South-
a quarter-inch in size.
ern Pacific and Indian Ocean. Subtidal ern Australia and Tasmania: common.
among seaweeds; locally common. Many Color extremely variable. Operculum
synonyms. white.

Tesselfate Pheasant (0.2"3 5 mm Mediterranean Pheasant (0.4") t cm Swollen Pheasant (1 .5") 4 cm

Tricoiia tesseflata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838). spedosa (Muhlfeld, 1824). Adriatic
Tricoiia Phasianeita ventncosa Swain son, 1822,
Southern half of Caribbean. Shallow water and Mediterranean Seas. Subtidal; on Southern Australia and Tasmania; com-
grass beds; common. weeds; common. mon. Variable in color. Syn.: zebra Reeve;
perdfx Wood.

THE NERITES
FAMILY NERITIDAE

The nerites are mainly shore dwellers and

live either on rocks or mangrove trees, A
few, like Septaria, live in freshwater. The
shelly operculum has a short projection.
There are about 50 species, mostly found in
The related family Neritopsidae
the tropics.
Radula Nerite H'") 1 .5 cm Bleeding Tooth (1 .2'") 3 cm
Neritopsis radula (L., 1758). Indo-Pacifk. Nerita peforonta (L., South Florida,
1758).
has only one living genus, Neritopsis.
Shallow water near reefs; uncommon. Col- West Indies and Bermuda. Shore rocks;
umella has square U-shaped notch. Oper* abundant. Operculum dark red.
culum white, very thick.

Tessellate Nerite (0.7') 1.8 cm Four-toothed Nerite (0.79 1 -8 cm Antillean Nerite (1") 2.5 cm
Nerita tesseiiata Gmelin, 1791. Florida to Nenta versko/or Gmelin, 1791. South Flor- Nerita fufgurans Cmenn, 1791. Southeast
Bermuda. Shore rocks; abundant.
Brazil; ida and West Indies; Bermuda. Shore U.S. to Brazil; Bermuda. Rocks and sand
Operculum bluish or yellowish gray. rocks; abundant. Operculum gray, pim- near freshwater seepage; uncommon.
pled.
 NERITES — NERITIDAE 53

Polished Nerite d") 2.5 cm Rumpf's Nerite (0.7'") 1.8 cm Ancient Nerite (1'") 2.5 cm
Nerita polita L,, 1758. Indo-Pacific. Interti- Nerita politaform rumphii Recluz, 1841. Nerita polita subspecies antiquata R^cluz,
dal on rocks near sand; abundant. Smooth. Spirally striate; smaller, frequently 1841. Northern half of Australia. Intertidal;
Variable colors. banded. common. Syn.: australis Wood, not Gme-
lin.

Maximum Nerite (1.3") 3 cm Waved Nerite (0.7") 1 .8 cm Black African Nerite « (0.7") 1.8 cm
Nerita maxima Gmelln, 1791. Central Paci- Nerita undata L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Interti- Nerita senegalensis Gmelln, 1791. Western
fic; uncommon. Teeth squarish, yellow. dal rocks; abundant. Variable in color. Africa. Intertidal rocks abundant. Black
Surface finely incised. Syn.; striata Burrow; undulata Gmelin. Australian Nerite, N. atramentosa Reeve,
1855, of Australia —New Zealand is similar.

lineate Nerite * (1") 2.5 cm Chameleon Nerite (1") 2.5 cm Snake-skin Nerite (1") 2.5 cm
Nerita balteata Reeve, 1855. S. W. Pacific; Nerita chamaeleon L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Nerita exuvia L., 1758. Southwest Pacific.
Indian Ocean. Intertidal rocks; common. Intertidal rocks; common. Operculum Intertidal rocks; common. Near man-
Syn.: lineata Gmelin, non Muller. dark-green, pustulose. groves.

C ostate Nerite (1.2") 3 cm Ascension Nerite (1 .2") 3 cm Reticulate Nerite (0.7") 1 .8 cm

Nerita costata Gmelin, 1791. Indo-Pacific. Nerita ascens/on/s Gmelin, 1791. Ascension Nerita signata Macleay in Lamarck, 1822.
Intertidal rocks; common. Island; Eastern Brazil. Syn.: deturpensis Indo-Pacific. Intertidal reefs; common.
and trinidadensis Vermeij. Syn.: reticulata Karsten (non-binomial).
 .

NERITES — NERITIDAE

Plicate Nerite (1") 2.5 cm Ox-patate Nerite (1") 2.5 cm Ftat-spired Nerite (1.2"') 3 cm
Nerita plicata L., 1758. In do- Pacific, Interti- Ner/fa a/i>/c///a L., 1758. Indo-Padfic. Inter- Neritapfsnospira Anton, 1839, Indo-Pacifk,
dal rocks; abundant. Rarely speckled. tidal inshore rocks; abundant* Syn.: ustu- Intertidal, near mangroves; locally com-
fata Sowerby. mon in Southwest Pacific

Te xti le Neri te (1 . 5" ) 4 cm Ornate Nerite {1 *5") 4 cm Funiculate Nerite (V') 2.5 cm
Nerita fexf//fs Cmelin, 1791. Indian Ocean. Nedfa scabricosta la marc k, 1822. W. Mex- Nerita funiculata Menke, 1851, W. Mexico
Higher shore rocks; iocally common. Syn.; ico to Ecuador, intertidal rocks; common* to Peru; Galapagos. Intertidal rocks; com-
plexa Dillwyn. Syn.: ornata Sowerby; fuscata Menke. mon. Syn.: bemhardi R^cluz,

Zigzag Nerite {0*5") 1,2 cm Turreted Nerite (0.7”) 1.8 cm Violet Nerite (1'") 2.5 cm
Neritina communis (Quoy & Caimard, Neritina turrita (Gmelin, 1791). S. W* Paci- Neritina violacea (Gmelin^179l). S. W. Pad-
1832). S. W* Pacific. Among mangroves; fic* Intertidal, near mangroves; common. fic. Intertidal, near mangroves; common*
abundant* Syn.: ziczacoi authors.

Dusky Nerite (1 .2") 3 cm Olive Nerite {0.5") 1.2 cm Virgin Nerite [0.4") 1 cm
Neritina pulligera L*, 1767. S. W. Pacific. Neritina redivata (Say, 1822). S. E. United Neritina virginea (L*, 1758). Florida to Bra-
Intertidal, near mangroves; common* States and West Indies. Intertidal, brackish zil; Bermuda. Intertidal, brackish mud and
mud flats; abundant. Syn*; sphaera Pilsbry. grass flats; abundant.
 NERITES — NERITIDAE 55

Dotted Nerite (0.7") 1.8 cm Dubious Nerite (1”) 2.5 cm Weakly cut Nerite (1") 2.5 cm
Neritina puncticulata Lamarck, 1822. West Neritodryas dubia (Gmelin, 1791). S. W. Pa- Neritodryas subsulcata (Sowerby, 1836). S.

Indies. Rocky bottoms near rivers; locally cific. Intertidal, brackish; common. W. Pacific; Philippines. Intertidal in man-
common. groves; common.

Horny Nerite (1") 2.5 cm Panama Nerite

Painted (0.5") 1 .2 cm Guamanian Nerite (0.4") 1 cm

Neritodryas cornea (L,, 1758). S. W. Pacific. Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879). Theodoxus oualaniensis (Lesson, 1831).
Intertidal, on mangroves; abundant. Gulf of California to Peru. Mangrove mud Indo-Pacific. Intertidal grass flats; very
flats; abundant. Syn.: picta Reeve (not common. Syn.: guamensis Lesson.
Eichwald).

Coronate Nerite (0.4") 1 cm Crown Nerite (0.4") 1 cm Zebra Nerite (0.7") 1.8 cm
Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815). S. W. Theodoxus corona (L., 1758). S. W. Pacific. Puperita pupa (L., 1758). S. E. Florida, West
Pacific. On weeds, entrance to small rivers; On weeds in brackish ditches; abundant. Indies and Bermuda. Rocky tide pools;
abundant. Syn.: tongispina Recluz. Syn.: brevispina Lam.; spinosa Wood. abundant. Syn.: tristis Orbigny.

Dark Zebra Nerite (0.7") 1 .8 cm Emerald Nerite (0.3") 7 mm Pitchy Nerite (1") 2.5 cm
Puperita pupa form tristis (Orbigny, 1842.) Smaragdia viridis (L., 1758). S. E. Florida, W. Pacific (un-
Nerita picea Recluz, 1841 . S.

Mostly In West Indies. Rocky pools. Com- West Indies, Bermuda. On eelgrass; com- common); Hawaii (common). Intertidal
mon. mon. Similar S. rangiana (Recluz, 1841) Is rocks.
from Indo-Pacific.
 NERITES— NERITIDAE

Widest Nerite {1 .2") 3 cm Eared Nerite El *2'^) 3 cm Granose Nerite (1 ,2") 3 cm

Clypeolum iatissitnum (Broder*p< 1833). W. Ciypeofum auficufatum {Lamarck, 1816). S. Clypeoium grartosum (Sowerby, 1825). En-
Mexico to Ecuador. Mouths of small rivers; W* Pacific; S* E* Asia* Freshwater; mouths demic to Hawaii. Freshwater; rocks at
common, Syn.; cassicufum Sowerby. of small rivers on rocks; common. Syn.: mouths of small rivers and upstream; com-
subulata Recluz. mon.

ORDER
CAENOCA5TROPODA

This is the largest division of the gastro-

pods, differing from the previous primitive
group in having lost, through evolution,
the fight gill, right auricle of the heart and
right iddney. The radula is reduced to only
seven or fewer rows of teeth. None pro-
Bourbon Nerile (1"') 2,5 cm lanella Nerite (T') 2*5 cm duces pearly shells. The order contains
Septaria borbonica {Bory, 1803). S. W. Paci- Septaria /ane/// (Recluz, 1841). S.W* Pacific; such snails as the periwinkles, conchs,
fic (large islands); S- E. on
Asia. Freshwater; Indonesia* Freshwater, on stones in small cowries and cones*
smooth rocks in rivers; common. Opercu- rivers; uncommon.
lum internal.

DEEPSEA AUGERS
FAMILY ABYSSOCHRVSIDAE

This is a rare, relict family of strange little

shells seldom treated in popular books*

The animal is blind and has its copulatory
organ on the mantle edge. The operculum
is soft and horny. The two known species of cm cm
Me I vi IPs Abyssal Snail (1 .S") 3*6 Melanioides Abyssal Snail {1 *6") 4
this family live on mud at very great depths Abyssochrysos me/vi/b (Schepman, 1909). Abyssochrysos mefanioides Tomlin, 1927.
in the ocean. S. W. Pacific and S. E* Africa* Deep water, Off South Africa, 1,456 to 2,712 m; rare*
491 to 1,479 m; rare, Syn.: tom//n/ Barnard*

THE PERIWINKLES
FAMILY LITTORINIDAE

The true periwinkles are a well-known fam-

ily living in the littoral region of most parts

of the world. There are about 30 species,

some living on rocky coasts, others prefer-
ring mangroves* The sexes are separate*
Females either give birth to live young,
shed eggs into the water, or lay jelly Peruvian Periwinkle (0,5") 1 .2 cm Com mon Peri w inkle {1 ”) 2 .5 cm
masses. The operculum has few whorls and Uttorina Httorea Western Eu-
1758).
Littonna peruviana (Lamarck, 1622). Ecua- (L*,
is horny* common* rope; N. E, North America. Intertidal on
dor to Chile. Intertidal on rocks;
rocks; abundant. Used as food*
 PERIWINKLES — LITTORINIDAE 57

Marsh Periwinkle (1**) 2.5 cm Ziczac Periwinkle (0.7") 1.8 cm Angulate Periwinkle (1") 2.5 cm Scabra Periwinkle (1") 2.5 cm
Littorina irrorata (Say, 1822). Littorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791). Littorina scabra angulifera (La- Littorina scabra scabra (L.,

New York to central Florida to S. E. Florida; West Indies; Ber- marck, 1822). S. E. United 1758). Indo-Pacific. Among
Texas. Shell heavy. On marsh muda. Intertidal rocks; abun- States to Brazil; Bermuda. mangroves; abundant.
sedges; abundant. dant. Mangrove areas; common.

Cloudy Periwinkle (O.T') 1.8 cm Undulate Periwinkle Banded Periwinkle (1 .2") 3 cm Eroded Periwinkle (0.7") 1 .8 cm
Littorina nebulosa (Lamarck, (0.7") 1.8 cm Littorina fasciata Gray, 1839. W. Littorina keenae Rosewater,
United States to Bra- Littorina undulata Gray, 1839. Mexico to Ecuador. Intertidal 1978. Pacific Canada to W. Mex-
1822). S. E.
zil. Intertidal; common. Colu- Indo-Pacific. Intertidal rocks; rocks; common. ico. Intertidal rocks; abundant.
mella mauve. abundant. Syn.: planaxis Philippi.

Zebra Periwinkle (1.3") 3.2 cm Modest Periwinkle (0.6") 1 .5 cm Scarlet Periwinkle (1") 2.5 cm Dotted Periwinkle (0.7") 1.8 cm
zebra Donovan, 1825. Littorina modesta Philippi, Littorina coccinea (Gmelin, pintado (Wood, 1828).
Littorina
littorina
Costa Rica to W. Colombia, In- 1846. W. Mexico to Ecuador. In- 1791). Central and S. W. Pacific. Indo-Pacific. Intertidal rocks;

tertidal rocks; common. Syn.: tertidal rocks; common. Syn.: Intertidal rocks; abundant. abundant.
pulchra Sowerby. conspersa Philippi. Syn.: obesa Sowerby.
 58 PERrWINKLES — LITTORINIDAE

Common PricMy-ivinkle (0.5'^J Periwinkle (I") 2.4 cm

1 .2 cm Nodiiittonna tuberculala
T^ctauus muricatus 1758), pagodus (L,, 1758). S.
(Menke, 1S28). Southern Ftor-
(L., TecXarius 4 cm Tectarius coronatm Valen-
Southern Florida, West indies, W. Pacific. High intertidal ciennes, 1832* Philippines and
ida; Bermuda. Ir»terlidal rocks; Bermuda. Upper intertidal rocks; common* Syn.: major Celebes, intertidal rocks; lo-
common. Syn.: Irochiformis rocks; abundant. Swain son.
DiMwyn.
cally common. Syn.: rugosus
Wood.

RISSO SNAILS and

VITRINELLIDAE

5UPERFAMJLY
RISSOACEA

This largegroup of several fam-

of tiny snails includes the
ilies

Caecrdae, Rissoinidae, and Vj-

trinellidae. Most species are
less than 5 mm and require a
hand lens or microscope for
proper identification* Many are
PapNIale Prickly winkfe (1 .2'')
Hailstorm Prickly^winkle (1.51 Rustic Prickly-winkle freshwater, a few parasitic*
3 cm Tectarim tectump^rsicum 4 cmTecfarius grandinatus (1.514 cm Operculum is always horny.
(L„ 1756), S. W. Pacific. Interti^ (Cmelin, 1791). S. E. Polynesia, Tecfanus rusticus (Philippi,
dal rocks; common, Syn.: pa- intertidal rocks; common* 1646), N. W. Australia* Rocks at
piliosus Lamarck. Syn.: butlatm Martyn* high-tide line; uncommon.

TURRITELLAS
FAMILY TURRITELUDAE

A worldwide, abundant group

of sandy mud snails found off-
shore. Operculum chitinous,
many whorls, sometimes with
on the edge* Several
bristles
hundred species known,
mostly tropical No srphonal ca-
-

nal. Also see the Augers, Tereb-

ridae.

Spiral Risso (0.61 1.5 cm California Caecum mm

(0*2"') 5 Beau's Vitrinella (0*31 7 mm
/?/sso/na spima (Sowerby, Caecum catiformcum Dali, Cyc/ostrem/sc(/s beau/ (Fischer,
1824), Central Pacific. Shallow 1885. California to W. Mexico. E. United Stales to Bra-
1857). S*
water in sand; uncommon. Sand, shallow water; common. Sand, shallow water; un-
zil.
3040 rings. common. 6 spiral threads on
top.
 TURRITELLAS — TURRITELLIDAE 59

Mesal Turritella (2") 5 cm Opal Turritella (1") 2.5 cm Variegate TurritePla (3”) 8 cm Eastern American Turritelfa (2")

Mesalia brevialis (Lamarck, Mesafia opalina (Adams & Turrtlefia vaiieg^ta iU, 1758)* 5 cm rumfe//a exoleta (L*, 1758)*
1822). W. and N. Africa. Shallow Reeve, T85()). West Africa* Off- V^est Indies* Subtidal, sandy S. E. United States to Brazil.
water, in sand; common. Syn.: shore In sand; uncommon* Mi- mud bays; locally common* Offshore, 1 to 99 m, sand; com*
mesa/ Deshayes* nutely striate. mon> Rarely purplish*

( ommon European TurriteMa(2") Three-ridged Turritella (I"') 5 cm Screw Turritella (6") 16 cm Pointed Turritella {2'") 5 cm

S cm Turriteita communis Risso, Archimedielia triplicaia (B roc- rurrffe//a terebra (L., 1758)* S* Tufriteita fastigiata Adams &
1826. Western Europe. In sand, chi, 1814)* Mediterranean; Ca- W* Pacific. Subtidal, sandy Reeve, 1850. East Indies. Subti*
h la 200 m; common* Syn.: tin- nary Is*; W* Africa. Offshore* 18 mud; abundant* dal mud flats; common.
naet Deshayes. to 36 m; common*

Strong-ribbed Turritella (1") Rosy Turritella (2*3") 6 cm Striped Turritella (1 .5") 4 cm Banded Turritella (3") 7 cm
J.5 cm Turriteita fortilirata So* Maoficolpus rosea (Quoy & Zeacofpus vittatus (Hutton^ Turnteffa dnguiata Sowerby,
w<*rhy, 1914* fapan,cool water* Caimard, 1834). New Zealand. 1873)* New Zealand* Offshore, 1825* Chile, Subtidal; com-
OHshore, sand; moderately Intertidal, mud; common* sand; uncommon. mon. Syn.t trscarinata King,
common. Syn*: manukauensis Powell*
 60 TURRITELLAS — TURRITELLIDAE

Angle-mouth Turritella (4'") While-mouthed Turritella f4'') D u pi icate Tu rrite 1 1 a (5" J 1 2 cm Master Turritella (5'') 12 cm
10 cm gonostoma Va-
Turritelfa 10 cm Turriteila feucostoma Va- Turritella dupiicata (L., 1758). S. 7bmfe//a anactor Berry, 1957.
lenciennes, 1832. W. Mexico to lenciennes, 1832. Baja Califor- E. Asia; Indian Ocean, Subti- W. Mexico. Offshore; uncom-
Ecuador. Subtidal; common. nia to Panama. 1 to 40 m, mud; dal, sand: common. Syn,; act/- mon, Paratype specimen iltys-
Sy n i '"goniostoma"
. common. Syn.: Ugrina Kiener. tangula L. (rated.

Ligar Tu rrjte 1 a
1 (4") 1 0 cm Carinate Turritella {31 7 cm Bloody Turritella {41 10 cm Sloping Turritella {3.51 9 cm
Deshayes, 1843.
rorr;fe//a ligar Turriteila carinifera Lamarck, 7urr/fe/fa sanguinea Reeve, Turriteila dedivis Adams &
W. Africa. Offshore to 20 m; un- 1822, South Africa. Offshore to 1849, South Africa. Offshore to Reeve, 1850. South Africa. Off-
common, Syn.; flammuiata 240 m; common* 110 m; common. shore to 178 meters; uncom-
Kiener. mon. Syn.: excavata Sower by.

Gunn's Turritella {2") 5 cm Kowie Turritella (2") 5 cm Knocker's Turritella cm

(2.51 6 Projecting Turritella (3") 7.5 cm
Tumtefla gurmii Reeve, 1849. Turn tel fa kowiensis Sowerby, Profoma knockeri Baird, 1870. 7ufr/fe//a torulosa Ktener, 1843.
Tasmania; South Australia, 1900, South Africa. Subtidaf to West Africa. Intertidal to off- West Africa. Shallow water,
Subtidal; uncommon. 51 m; uncommon. shore; moderately common. sandy mud; common.
 WORM-SHELLS — VERMETIDAE 61

WORM-SHELLS
FAMILY VERMETIDAE

Long, slender, usually coiling shells resem-

bling "worm tubes" and growing in clumps
or attached singly to rocks and shells.
Operculum, when present, many-whorled
10 cm and horny. Contains Verm ef us, Dendro- Variable Worm-shell (6") 15 cm
West Indian Worm-shell (4"}

Vermicuiaria spirata (Philippi, 1836), S. E, poma {Spiroglyphas} and Setpulordes, Petaloconchus varians {Orbtgny, 1841),
West Indies; Bermuda, In Florida to Brazil; Bermuda, Forms reefs in
Florida;
shallow water. Types of nigricans Dali illus-
sponges, shallow water. Family Turritelli-
trated.
dae.

cm Worm-shell (1,5") 4 cm Ponderous Worm -shell (8"^) 19 cm

Irregular Worm-shell (2") 5 Slit

Siliquaria squamata Blatnville, 1827. S, E. Siliquaria ponderosa (Morch, 1860), S, W.

Dendroporria irregularis (Orbtgny, 1842). S.
United States to Brazil; Bermuda; com- Pacific, Shallow water; uncommon.
E, Florida to Brazil. Bermuda, Attached to

rocks; common. mon, In family SiliquarUdae.

SUNDIALS
FAMILY ARCHITECTONICIDAE

The sundial shells are flat and with a large

umbilicus. The operculum is horny, some-

times button -shaped. Most species are
tropical in shallow to deep water. A few, 6 cm
Giant Sundial (2.5") 6 cm Giant Sundial (2.5")
like Pseudomalam, are microscopic.
Architectonica maxima (Philippi, 1849), Architectonicamaxima (Philippi, 1849). Un-
Indo-Pacific. Sandy bottom, 10 to 50 m; derside view. The wide, deep umbilicus
common. accommodates the bee hive- shaped oper-
culum-

m cm Clear Sundial (2'T 5 cm Smoot h Sund iai (1 , 5") 4 cm

Amerkan Sundial (2") 5
Architectonica perspectiva (L., 1758), Indo- Architectonica laevigata (Lamarck, 1816).
Architectonica nobilts Rbding, 1798. S. E.
Shallow water, sand; common to Indian Ocean, Shallow water, sand; un-
United States to Brazil; W, Mexico to Peru. Pacific.

Shallow water; locally common, Syn.: abundant. common.

granulata Lamarck.
 62 SUNDIALS AND PLANAXIS — ARCHITECTONICIDAE AND PLANAXIDAE

Sharp-edged Sundial (i 2 "} 3 cm Straw Sundial (i 4 ") 3.5 cm

.
Noble Sundial (0,31 7 mm
,

Acutitectonfca acutissima (Sowerby, T914), Heliacus stramineus fCmelin, 1791), Indo- Pseudomalaxis nobilis VerrilL 1885. S. E.
lapan to northern Australia in 50 to 200 m; Paciftc, Shallow water; uncommon.
United States; West indies. Deep water to
uncommon.
140 m; rare.

PLANAXIS SNAILS
FAMILY PLANAXIDAE

Resembling LiUorma periwinkles. Shell

very thick, often spirally grooved. Siphonal
notch present. Operculum corneous.
Some species bear living young In the ovi-
duct. All are tropical and live near shore. Sulcate Planaxis (O^D 1 .8 cm Black Allantic Planaxis (0.5") 1,2 cm
Planaxis suicatus (Born, 1778). Indo-Pacific, Planaxis nucleus (Brugui^re, 1789). S. E.
Subtidal among rocks; abundant. Florida; West Indies; Bermuda, Littoral on
rocks; abundant.

Dwarf Atlantrc Planaxis ( 0 3 ") 7

. mm Dwarf Pacific Planaxis (03") 7 mm Hinea Planaxis (Q.7") 1,8 cm
Planaxis lineatus ida Costa, 1778J. S, £, Flor-
Planaxis fabiosa A. Adams, 1853, Central Hinea brasiliana Lamarck, 1822). S. W. Pa-
f
ida to Brazil. Littoral, coral gravel; abun-
and S. W. Pacific. Midtidal line among coral cific; New Zealand, Intertidal, rocks;
dant. lo-
gravel; abundant, Syn.; fasdatus Pease, cally common. Syn.: mollis Sowerby.

MODULUS SHELLS
FAMILY MODULIDAE

Small, tropical snails living in shallow wa*

ter. The top-shaped shell has a small looth
at the base of the columella. Operculum

corneous, many-whorled. About 8 species

Black-brown Planaxis (0,6") 1.5 cm Decollate Planaxis (1.2") 3 cm known.
Planaxis nigra Quoy &Caimard, 1834. Jndo- Quoyia decollata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834, S,
Padfic. Intertidal rocks; common, Syn, W. Pacific, Intertidal rocks; locally com-
hanleyi £. A. Smith; abbreviaius Pease. mon. Syn.: micbaudi Crosse & Fischer,
 MODULUS AND HORN SNAILS — MODULIDAE AND POTAMIDIDAE 63

Atlantic Modulus (0.5") 1.2 cm Angled Modulus (0.5") 1.2 cm Little Chain Modulus (0.5") 1.2 cm
Modulus modulus (L., 1758). S. E. United Modulus carchedonius (Lamarck, 1822). Modulus catenulatus (Philippi, 1849). Gulf
States to Brazil; Bermuda. Shallow water Caribbean. Shallow water; uncommon. of California to Ecuador. Intertidal grassy
among sea grass; abundant. Syn.: angulata C. B. Adams. flats; common.

Waxy Modulus (0.6") 1 .5 cm Tectum Modulus (1.2") 3 cm Glowing Modulus (0.7") 1.8 cm
Modulus cerodes (A. Adams, 1851). Gulf of Modulus tectum (Gmelin, 1791). Indo-Paci- Modulus candidus Petit, 1853, Central and
California to Panama. Mud flats; common. fic. Among weeds in shallow water; locally S. W. Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon.
common. No black line on columella.

HORN SNAILS
FAMILY POTAMIDIDAE

Slender, dull-colored shells usually living

in tropical muddy or brackish water areas.
Occur in large colonies. Operculum horny,
thin, circular and many-whorled.
Little Disk Modulus (0.6") 1.5 cm False Caribbean Cerith (0.3") 5 mm
Modulus disculus (Philippi, 1846). Gulf of Batillaria minima (Gmelin, 1791). Southern
California to Panama. Intertidal grassy mud Florida to Brazil; Bermuda. Mud flats;
flats; common. abundant. Variable striping.

/oni*d Cerith (1 .2") 3 cm Many-formed Cerith (1") 2.5 cm Rhino Cerith (1 .4") 3.5 cm
Hattllaria zonalis (Brugui^re, 1792). Japan; Batillaria multiformis (Lischke, 1869). ja- Rhinocoryne humboldti (Valenciennes,
S. W. Pacific. Mud flats; abundant. Intro- pan. Intertidal, gravel and mud bottoms; 1832). W. Mexico to Chile. Estuaries to 27
duced to western United States. abundant. m; abundant. Syn.: pacificum Sowerby.
 64 CERITHS — CERITHNDAE

Ebony Swamp Cerith (4”} 10 cm Sulcate Swamp Cerith (21 5 cm Mud Creeper cm
Pyrazus ebeninus fBruguf^re, (41 10 Australian Mud Creeper (4")
J^rebrafia su/cafa (Bruguiere, 7ere6ra//a pa!u$tns
1792}* Eastern Austratia* Mud
(L., 1767)* 10 cm Terebratta pa/usfns sub-
1792). Indo-West Pacific. Inter- Indo-Pacific. Mangrove mud
ffats,
species ceramica (Link, 1807).
intertrdal. Locally abun- tidal, estuary mud flats; abun- flats; abundant. Western
dant. dant.
Australia. Mangrove
mud flats; common.

THE CERITHS
1 FAMILY CERITHNDAE

'

The ceriths are a major family of

"I i
mainly shallow-water dwellers,
most distributed in the tropics*
They live in large colonies feed-
ing on mud detritus and de-

€ f
cayed algae. Some genera are
very small, such as Bittium, but
most Cerkhium are about an
inch in size* Operculum horny
and with only a few whorls
Telescope Snail (4'') 10 cm Black Faunus (21 5 cm (paucispiral)* Giant Knobbed Cerith
T^lescopium teie&copium (L*, faunusater {Born, 1778). Philip-
1758). Indo-Pacrfic. Mangrove pines; East Indies. Freshwater
(51 13 cm
mud flats; abundant.
CehthiufY) noduiosum (Bru-
snail in family Thiaridae. Abun- guiere, 1792). Indo-Pacific.
dant.
Reef flats, shallow water; abun-^
dant.

Red Sea Cerith (41 10 cm European Cerith (31 7.5 cm Lifu Cerith (1.51 4 cm Strong Cerith
Cerithium erythraeorteme La- (21 5 cm
Cerithium vuigaium Brugur^re, Cer/fh/um Hfu^nsis Melvill ^
marck, 1822. Red Sea. Shallow Cerffh/um munitum Sower by,
1792. Mediterranean; West Af- Standen, 1895. Central Pacific*
water; locally common*
1855. S. W* Pacific* Subtidal!
rica. Subtidal rock areas; abun- Subtidal grass flats; locally grass and sand flats; uncom-
dant. common, nton
 CERITHS — CERITHNDAE 65

Zoned Cerifh (1 .2") 3 cm Sutured Cerith (1 .5") 3.5 cm Thln-Mned Cerifh (1") 2,5 cm White -studded Cerith
ClypGomorus zonatus (Wood, Ceritbium suturaie Philippi, Cerilhium tenuifilosurr^ Sow- (11 2.5 cm
1828). S. W. Pacific. Subtrdal, 1849. S. W. Pacific. Subtidal, erby, 1866. Indo-Pacific. Shal- Ceritbium dialeucum Philippu
sand; uncommon, Syn.r /em- grass and sand; uncommon. tow water near coral reefs; 1849. Indian Ocean. Shallow
niscatum Q. & G.; problema common. water; locally common.
Iredafe,

YeJIow Cerith (2") 5 cm Uneven Cerith (11 2.5 cm Column Cerith (1 .51 4 cm

Ceritbium citrinum Sowerby, Ceritbium novaeboUartdiae Ceritbium saiebrosum Sow* Ceritbium cofumna Sowerby,
I8S5. N. E, Australia; Melane- Sowerby, 1855. Northern Aus- erby, 1855. Polynesia, Shallow 1834, Tropical Pacific, Subtidal,
sia, Subtidal; uncommon. tral ia. Shallow water; local ly sand and grass flats; common. sand; common. Syn.; fusf-
common. forme Sowerby; proditum
Bayle.

Kup|M?IPs Cerith (1 .S'") 4 cm Channeled Cerith (0,7") 1 .8 cm Stocky Cerith (1") 2.5 cm
Cvritbrum ruppe/f/7 Philippi, Cefithium alveohs Hombron & Ceritbium fitteralum (Born, Ceritbium eburneum Bru*
1M9. Red Sea. Shallow water; faquinot, 1834. Indo-Pacific, 1778). S, E, Florida Eo Brazil. gui&re, 1792, S, E, Florida and
totally common. Weedy sand shaNows; com- Subtidal; common, Syn.: semb West Indies. Subtidal, sand;
mon, Syn, piperiium Sowerby.
:
ferrugineum Lamarck. common. Syn.: aigicoia C. B.
Adams (pointed beads).
66 CERITHS — CERITHIIDAE

Dwarf AUantic Ceritti Florida Cerith {1 .31 3 cm Fly-specked Cerith (1") 2*5 cm Guinea Cerith (1 .21 3 cm
cm {0.4") 1 Cerithium afrafum (Born, 1776). Cerith fum muscarum Say, 1832. Cehthsum guinaicum Philippi,
Cerithium futosum Menke, S. E. United States to Brazil. Southern Florida; West Indies. 1849. Florida; Caribbean; West
1826. S, E, United States; West Subtidal, in weeds; common. Shallow semi-brackish waters; Africa. Subtidal; uncommon*
Indies; Bermuda. Intertidal; Syn . : ftoridan urn M d rc h abundant. Syn,: auhcoma SchwengeL
abundant.

Common Vertagus (2") 5 cm Sanded Vertagus (3") 8 cm Rough Vertagus (2") 5 cm Obelisk Vertagus (2") 5 cm
Rhmodavis vertagus {L., 1758)* Rhinoclavis fasciata (Bruguifere, Rhinociavis aspera {L*, 1758). Rhinocfavis sinensis (Gmelin,
Indo-Pacific. Intertidal to 13 m 1792)* Indo-Padfic. Subtidal to Indo-Padfic. Subtidal to 28 m; 1791). Indo-Padfic. Intertidal to
on sand; abundant. Yellow or 16 m; abundant. Syn*: pro- common. White or banded. 23 m; abundant. Syn.; obetis-
white* cerum Kiener; pharos Hinds. cus Bruguiere.

Articulate Vertagus Koch's Vertagus (1 .51 3.5 cm Brettingham's Vertagus (2") 5 cm Bituberculate Vertagus (21 5 cm
(1.8") 4.5 cm Rhinociavis kochi (Philippi, Rhinocfavis brettinghami Rhinocfavis bitubercufata (Sow-
Rhmocfavis articutata (Adams & 1648), Indo-Pacific. Sand bot- Cernohorsky, 1974. N.W. Aus- erby, 1855)* N* Australia; New
Reeve, 1850). ndo- Pacific, Sub-
I tom, 2-62 m; uncommon. Syn.; tralia* Intertidal; common. Guinea. Intertidal; common.
tidal to 91 m; somewhat com- recurvum Sowerby. Syn.: puichrum Sowerby. Syn.: semigranosum Lamarck.
mon*
 CERITHS — CERITHIIDAE 67

Noble WrtaEus (5") 12 cm

Pseudovertagus aluco (L., Pseudovedagus nohilis (Reeve,

Rhinodavis gewmata Hinds,i Rhinodavis hngicaudata (Ad-
1758). S. W, Pacific. Intertidal to 1855). Central East Africa and S-
1844), Culi of California lo Ec- ams & Reeve, 1850), S. E. Asia;
9 m, sand; common. Smooth- W. Pacific, 18 to 88 m; sand;
m; com-
uador. Subtidal to 130 Fiji. Uncommon, Syn.: afte-

mon. Syn,; tenuiscutptum rtuatam Philippi, ish to knobbed. rare.

Sowerby.

(0.5") 1,2 cm (0.5") 1 .2 cm

Necklace Cerith
7.5 cm Club Vertagus (5") 13 cm Morus Cerith
Amulet Vertagus (3'')

Pseudoverfagus c/ava (Gmelin, Ciypeomorus cortdsus (Hom- Clypeomorus monififerus

Psaudovertagus phyiarchus
bron & lacquinot, 1854)- Indo- (Kiener, 1841). Indo-Pacific.
{iredaie, 1929). PhrMppines to 179U. Lower Polynesia to Aus-
Pacific. Shallow water; abun- Shallow water; common.
Australia. Offshore, 5-30 m un- :
tralia; S. E. Africa. Subtidal to 40

m; common. dant, Syn.: morus Lamarck.

common.

Swarthy Cerith (1 ,6") 4 cm

cm
(0.6") 1 .5 ChemniU Cerith (1 ,S") 3.5 cm
5hort Cerlth
Oypeomorus petrosas (Wood, Cerithium adustum Kiener,
Ciypeomorus brews (Quoy & C/ypeomofus c/iemnifz/ana
1826), S. W. Pacific, Shallow wa- 1841. W. Mexico to Ecuador. In
Gaimard, 1834). Indo-Pacific. (Pilsbry, 1901), S, W, Pacific.
un- ter reefs; common. sandamong intertidal rocks;
Shallow water; common. Syn.: Shallow water reef flats;

common.
common.
pattens Bayle.
 68 WENTLETRAPS — EPITONriDAE

Bent Cerith (0.5") 1.2 cm Gourmya Cerith (2") 5 cm Ribbon Cerith (2") S cm Pagoda Cerith (1") 2.5 cm
Oypeomorus aduncus (Gould, Courmya gourmyi (Crosse, Clavocefiihium faen/afom Trochocenthtum tecti forme
1S49). Philippines. Shallow wa- 1861). New Caledonia and New (Quoy & Gaimard. 1834). New (Watson, 1884). Japan. Deep
ter; rare. Hebrides. Offshore, shallow Guinea. Offshore, 2*20 m; lo- water; uncommon.
water; locally common. cally common.

WENTLETRAPS
FAMILY EPITONIIDAE

The wentletraps are popular

collector's hems because of
their intricate ribbing. The 200
or so known species live in all
seas from shallow to very deep
water. The operculum is corne-
ous, thin, and with a few
whorls. Some feed on sea
anemones. The Epitoniidae,
lanthinidae and Arch tec ton ici-
i

dae belong to a recently ac-

Bell Clapper (8") 20 cm Carinate False Cerith cepted order, Heterogastro- Precious Wentlelrap (2.5") 6 cm
Campanile symbolicum Ire- n.5")3,5 err poda. Epitonfum sca/are (L., 1758). Ja-
dale, 1917, Western Australia. fastigiella carinata Reeve, 1848 pan to 5, W. Pacific. Subtidal to
Offshore to 10 m. Locally un- Bahamas and northern Cuba 29 m; locally common. Syn.:
common. Shallow water; rare. pretiosum Lamarck.

La me lose Wentletrap Western Atlantic Wentletrap

I
Imperial Wentletrap (1"} 2.5 cm Guinea Wentletrap (2") 5 cm
(11 2.5 cm (112.5 Cl Epftooium imperiafe (Sowerby, Amaea guineensis (Bouchet &
Epitonium lamellosum (La- Epi ton turn occidentale (Nys 1844). S. W. Pacific. Subtidal, TelMer, 1978.) West Africa. Off-
marck, 1822). Southern Flor- 1871). S. E. Florida to Brazil. 1 sand; uncommon. shore; uncommon.
ida; Caribbean; Europe. Subti- 120 m; fairly common.
dal to 66 m; common.
 WENTLETRAPS — EPITONIIDAE 69

Greenland Wentletrap (2") 5 cm Mitchell's Wentletrap (2") 5 cm Blaine's Wentletrap Dali's Wentletrap (1 .5") 4 cm

Epitonium greenlandicum Amaea mitchelli (Dali, 1896). (1.5") 3.5 cm Cirsotrema Rehder, 1945.
dalli

(Perry, 1811). Circumpolar in Texas to eastern Panama. Off- Epitonium blainei Clench & S. E. United States to Brazil. 36

north. 30 to 260 m; common. shore, shallow water; uncom- Turner, 1953. Southern Florida. to 150 m; uncommon. Holo-
Syn.: loveni A. Adams. mon. Offshore to 44 m; rare. Holo- type specimen.
type specimen.

Ferminia Wentletrap (1.5") 4 cm Few-ribbed Wentletrap Abbreviated Wentletrap Acuminate Wentletrap

Amaea ferminiana (Dali, 1908). (1") 2.5 cm d") 2.5 cm (1.5") 4 cm
W. Mexico to W. Colombia. Cirsotrema rari forme (Lamarck, Cirsotrema abbreviatum (Sow- Epitonium acuminatum (Sow-
Offshore; rare. Similar retifera 1822). IndianOcean. Subtidal erby, 1874). East Indies. Shallow erby, 1844). Japan to Australia.
(Dali, 1889) is from Caribbean. under rocks; uncommon. water; uncommon. Slender Shallow water; uncommon.
form of varicosumf

Annulate Wentletrap(1.5") 4 cm Gaze Wentletrap (1 .5") 3.5 cm Varicose Wentletrap (2") 5 cm Decussate Wentletrap
Epitonium annulatum Kuroda & Amaea gazeoides (Kuroda & Cirsotrema varicosum (La- (1") 2.5 cm

Ito, 1961. lapan; deep water; Habe, 1950). Southern Japan. marck, 1822). Japan; S. W. Paci- Amaea decussata (Lamarck,
uncommon. Offshore; rare. fic. Offshore; uncommon. 1804). Indo-Pacific. Offshore to
30 m; uncommon.
70 lANTHINAS — JANTHINIDAE

Common Wentletrap Zelebor Wentletrap Ml 2*5 cm Magellanic Wentletrap Spiral Wentletrap (1.51 4 cm
(1*21 3 cm Cirsotrema lelebori (Dunker, (1.213 cm Eglisia spirata (Sowerby, 1825),
Epi Ionium dathrum (L,, 1758). 1866). New Zealand. Ohshore Epitonium mageHanicum (Phi- Western Africa; West Indies.
Western Europe; Mediterra- to 30 m; uncommon, lippi, 1645)* Argentina and Offshore to 200 m ; u ncom mon
nean. intertidal; common* Chile, 55 to 100 m; common.

PURPLE SEA SNAILS

FAMILY lANTHiNiDAE

The fragile, purple sea snails

live pelagic lives afloat on the
open, tropical seas, buoyed up
by mucus-covered bubbles.
Often cast ashore after storms.
They feed on other floating sea
creatures* Some species are
worldwide* Ail Janthina are
purple; Reduz/a with a yellow
float and a brown shell. They
Gould's Wentletrap f 11 2*5 cm Noble Wentletrap (1*5”) 4 cm are blind, Common | a nt hi na (1 .5”) 4 cm
Aiora gouldi (A. Adams, 18S7)* Sthenoryds pernobil/s (Fischer /anrbina /anchina (L., 1758).
W* Mexico to Panama. Off* Bernardi, 1857)* S. E* United Worldwide, tropical seas* Com-
shore; rare. Slates; Caribbean, 100 to 1,600 mon.
m; rare*

Elongate lanthina HI 2.5 cm Dwarf lanthina (0*2”) 5 mm Pallid Janthma (11 2*5 cm Recluzra Snail (11 2*5 cm
lanthins gfobosa Swain son, /anthina exigua Lamarck* 1816, Janthma pa/lida (Thompson, Reduzla /utea (Bennett^ 1840).
1822. Caribbean; western Paci* Worldwide, warm seas* Pe- 1640), Worldwide, warm seas* Caribbean; Indo-Padfic. Pe-
fic. Pelagic; common, Syn.: lagic; uncommon. Pelagic; uncommon. Globular lagic; rare. Syn.: pa/med Dali
prolongats Blainville. shape. (holotype illustrated)*
 HAIRY-SHELLS — TRICHOTROPIDAE 71

2.5 cm Ligate Vanikoro (1 .2") 3 cm

d") 2.5 cm Cancellate Vanikoro (1")
Helicoid Vanikoro
Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck, 1822). Cen- Vanikoro ligata (Recluz, 1844). S. W. Pacific.
Vanikoro helicoidea (Cuillou, 1842). Indo-
tral and S. W. Pacific. Subtidal; moderately Subtidal on rocks; moderately common.
Pacific. Shallow water; common. Syn.:
semiplicata Pease. In family Vanikoroidae. common.

(0.5'^ 1 .2 cm Helicoid Separatista (0.5") 1.2 cm Horn Separatista (0.5*^ 1.2 cm

True Separatista
W. Lippistes helicoides (Gmelin, 1791). S. W. Lippistes cornu (Gmelin, 1791). South Af-
Si*paratista hlainvilliana Petit, 1851. S.
Pacific. Subtidal; rare. rica. Offshore to 60 m; rare.
Pacific. Subtidal; rare.

4 cm Cancellate Hairy-shell (1") 2.5 cm Cray Hairy-shell d'*) 2.5 cm

fwo-keeled Hairy-shell (1 .5")

Trichotropis cancellata (Hinds, 1843). Trichotropis Middendorff, 1849.

insignis
Tnchotropis bicarinata (Sowerby, 1825).
Bering Sea to Oregon. Offshore to 20 m; Alaska to northern japan. Offshore to 50
Arctic Seas. Offshore to 10 m; locally com-
mon. In family Trichotropidae. common. m; uncommon.

HOOF-SHELLS
FAMILIES HIPPONICIDAE
and CAPULIDAE

The shells of hoof (Hipponicidae) and cap

(Capulidae) shells resemble limpets, but
the animals are prosobranchs with one set
of gills and 7 rows of teeth. The shells usu-

ally have an outer rough '"skin'' or perios-

(0.6") .5 cm Miraculous Torellia (1.5") 3.6 cm tracum. Eggs are brooded under the fe-
( )ne*ribhed Hairy-shell 1

Torellia mirabilis E. A. Smith, 1907. Antarctic male's shell.

Iphinoe unicarinata (Broderip & Sowerby,
18291. japan and Korea. 85 to 250 m; un- Seas. Offshore; locally uncommon.
common.
 72 CAP AND SLIPPER SHELLS — CAPULIDAE AND CREPIDULIDAE

Trigonal Hoof-shell (0.7") 1.8 cm Orange Hoof-shell (0.5") 1 .2 cm Fool's Cap (2") 5 cm
PUosabia trigona (Cmelin. 1791). S. W. Paci- PUosabia subrufa (Lamarck, 1819). Carib- Capulus ungaricus (L., 1767), Iceland to
fic; Japan. SubtidaL on rocks and shells;
bean; Eastern Pacific; Indo-Pacific. Syn.: Mediterranean. Offshore; on rocks; lo-
common. Syn.: barbatus Sowerby, tumens Carpenter. cally common.

SLIPPER SHELLS
FAMILY CREPIDULIDAE

The slipper shells and cup-and-saucer

shells have either an internal shelf or a
small cup to protect the soft organs of the
snail. Crepidula usually live one on top of
California Cap (i .5' 3.3 cm Deepsea Cap
)
(i") 2.5 cm the other. There is no operculum.
Capulus cahfornicus Dali, 1900. California Malluvium lissus (E. A. Smith, 1894). S. W.
toW. Mexico. Offshore, usually attached to Pacific. Deepwater; on sea urchin spines;
Pecten shells; rare. rare.

Atlantic Slipper (1.5") 3.5 cm Spotted Slipper (1.2") 3 cm Costate Slipper

Crepidula fornicata (L., 1758). Eastern (2") 5 cm
Crepidula maculosa Conrad, 1846. S. E. Crepidula costata Sowerby, 1824. New
United States; northwestern Europe. Sub- United States; Bahamas. Subtidal; on other Zealand. Subtidal on mussels and rocks;
tidal on rocks and shells; abundant. shells; common. abundant.

Dilated Slipper (2.5") 6 cm False Cup-and-saucer (l") 2.5 cm Conic Cup-and-saucer (1") 2.5 cm
Crepidula dilatata Lamarck, 1822. Chile, Cheilea equestris (L., 1758). Florida to Bra- Calyptraea cor)ica Broderip, 1834. W. Mex-
Peru and Argentina. Subtidal on rocks; zil; W. Mexico to Chile; Indo-PacIfic. Off- ico to Ecuador. Offshore to 37 m; common.
common. shore on rocks; uncommon.
 CARRIER-SHELLS — XENOPHORIDAE 73

Cjpe Cup>and-saucer (1 ,3'") 3 cm Chinese Cup-and -saucer cm

(0.6^) 1 .5 West Indian Cup-and-saucer {V) 2.5 cm
Oilyptraea capensis Tomlin, 1931 South Af* Caiyptraea chinensh
.
{L, 1756). Europe. Crudbulum aurkvk (Gmelin, 1791). S. E.
rica* Offshore on rocks; uncommon. Form Subtidal on rocks: common. United States to Brazil. Subtrdal to 60 m;
of chtnensis?
uncommon.

Spiny Cup-and-saucer (1") 2.5 cm Shield Cup-and-$aucer cm

(2*") 5 Trochila Shell (3") 7 cm
Crudbuiufn spinosum (Sowerby, 1624). Crudbutum scutetiaWm (Wood. 1826). W. Trochita trochiformis (Born, 1778). Ecuador
Southern California to Chile. Subtidal to 60 Mexico to Ecuador. Subtidal on shells and to Peru. Offshore; moderately common.
m; common on rocks and sheds. rocks; common. Syn.: imhncata Sowerby.

CARRIER-SHELLS
FAMILY XENOPHORIDAE

Most carrier-shells cement sea*fioor debris

to their shells, often obliterating surface
features. Basically trochoidal in shape they
are usually dull* coarsely ornamented and
fragile.Corneous operculum assists animal Atlantic Carrier-shell cm
(2") 5 Longley's Carrier-shell (51 13 cm
in movements. Found In
Stra/nbos-like Xenophora cortcbyliophora (Born, 1780}. Tugurium hnghyi (Bartsch, 1931). North
tropical and warm seas. North Carolina to West Indies, Brazd; Ber- Carolina to Barbados. Dredged. 70-450
muda. Shadow water; moderately com- fms; uncommon. Strong, curved growth
mon. Syn.: onustus Reeve. lines on base.

C arihbean Carrier-shell (2.51 6 cm Great Carrier-shell (4.51 t1 cm Great Carrier-shell (4.5") 11 cm

lugunum caribaeum (Petit, 1856). Brazil, Tugurium giganteum (Schepman, 1909). ja- Tugurium giganleum (Schepman, 1909),
South Carolina to West Indies. Dredged, pan; Indonesia; South Africa. On mud, Top view; few attachments at periphery of
75-300 fms; moderately common. Small deepwater; uncommon. Ventral view. whorls.
umbilicus.
 74 CARRIER-SHELLS — XENOPHORIDAE

Mediterranean Carrier-shell (1.5") 4 cm Digitate Carrier-shell (3") 7.5 cm Torrida Carrier-shell (1.4") 3.5 cm
Xenophora crispa (Koenig, 1831). Mediter- Xenophora von Marten, 1878. West
digitata Xenophora torrida Kuroda & Ito, 1961. ja-
ranean and adjacent eastern Atlantic. Deep Africa. Offshore, mud, 5 to 30 m; locally pan and Ryukyu Islands. 20 to 80 m; un-
water; rare. Syn.: mediterranea Tiberi. common. common. X. turrida Is a misspelling.

Indian Carrier-shell (3") 7.5 cm Barren Carrier-shell (3") 7.5 cm Fragment Carrier-shell (3") 7.5 cm
Tugurium indicum (Cmelin, 1791). Indo-W. Tugurium exutum (Reeve, 1843). Indo-W. Xenophora calculi fera (Reeve, 1843). Indo-
Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. Attach- Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. Rarely W. Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon.
ments only on early whorls. Syn. helvacea
: attaches more than sand grains at apex. Syn.: sinensis Philippi.
Philippi; wagnen Philippi.

Solar Carrier-shell (1") 2.5 cm Australian Carrier-shell (2.5") 6 cm japan Carrier-shell (2") 5 cm
Xenophora solarioides (Reeve, 1845). Indo- Xenophora neozelanica form peroniana Xenophora japonica Kuroda & Habe, 1971.
Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. Iredale, 1929. Southern Australia. Off- japan, Taiwan, Philippines. Shelly and
Among smallest in genus. shore, to 150 m; uncommon. X. tatei Coss- gravelly places, 50 to 300 m; uncommon.
mann is a fossil.

Thin Carrier-shell (2") 5 cm Rough Carrier-shell (2") 5 cm Sunburst Carrier-shell (3.5") 7.5 cm
Xenophora tenuis Fulton, 1934. South of Xenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1843). Indo- Stellaria Solaris (L., 1767), Indo-Pacific. Off-
Honshu, japan. Dredged, 50 to 80 fms; un- W. Pacific. Moderately deep water; moder- shore to considerable depths; common.
common. ately common. Umbilicus sometimes No attachments at any stage of growth.
present.
 PELICAN'S-FOOT— APORRHAIDAE 75

OSTRICH-FOOT SHELLS
FAMILY STRUTHIOLARIIDAE

Small family of medium-size gastropods

noted for the thickened outer lip of their
shells,supposedly resembling an ostrich
foot. The large aperture has a short
siphonal canal. Elongate foot has small cor-
Pallid Carrier-shell (2.5") 6.5 cm neous operculum used in locomotion. Large Ostrich-foot (2.5") 6.5 cm
Xcnophora palliduta (Reeve, 1842). Indo- Species, mostly from New Zealand, are Struthiolaria papulosa (Martyn, 1784). New
W. Pacific; South Africa. Offshore to deep sand dwellers. Zealand. In sand, littoral and shallow water
water; common. Wide variety of attached offshore; common.
objects.

PELICAN'S-FOOT SHELLS
FAMILY APORRHAIDAE

Small to medium-size gastropods with

shells distinguished by pointed processes
on outer lip from which they get their pop-
ular name. Animal has flattened footsole
and a small operculum and makes lunging
Remarkable Ostrich-foot (1 .5") 3.5 cm movements like Strombus. The minute egg American Pelican's-foot (2") 5 cm
Pvnssodonta mirabitis E. A. Smith, 1907. cases are soft walled and are deposited in Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, 1836. Arctic
South Georgia and Kerguelen Islands. sand. Canada to North Carolina. Offshore to 350
Deep water; rare. fms; common. Syn.: mainensis johnson
(holotype on right); labradorensis |ohn-
son.

( ommon Pelican Vfoot (2") 5 cm MacAndrew's Pelican's-foot (1 .3") 3.5 cm Senegal Pelican's-foot (1") 2.5 cm
Aporrhais pespelecani (L., 1758). From Lo- Aporrhais serresianus macandreae leffreys, Aporrhais senegalensis Gray, 1838. West Af-
foten Islands to Mediterranean. Offshore 1867. Norway to Mediterranean. Deep wa- rica. Offshore, 60 to 80 fms; uncommon.

to 140m; common. Syn.: m/chaud/ Locard; ter; uncommon. Syn.: pescarbonis Forbes Smallest member of genus.
sarsi Kobelt. & Hanley.

TRUE CONCHS
FAMILY STROMBIDAE

Includes several genera differing widely

among themselves in shell features, but
closely allied anatomically. Most shells
have a "stromboid notch" near anterior
end. Animals herbivorous and make leap-
African Pelican's-foot (2") 5 cm ing movements using strong, horny, Pink Conch (8") 20 cm

Aporrhais pesgaltinae Barnard, 1963. curved operculum. Eggs laid in long gelati- Strombus gigas L., 1758. Southeast Florida;
Southwest Africa, Angola. In sand, moder- nous strands. Bermuda; West Indies. On sand, littoral
ately deep water; uncommon. and offshore; common. Syn.: verritli
McGinty. At left is young shell.
 76 CONCHS — STROMBIDAE

Three -knobbed Conch Thersite Stromb (5.5") 14 cm Widest Pacific Conch Bull Conch (3.5") 9 cm
(4"1 10 cm Strombus thersites Swain son, (6") 16 cm Strombus taurus Reeve, 1857.
Strombus tncornis Ughtfoot, 1823. S.W. Pacific. Offshore, 5 Strombus latissimus L., 1758. S, Marshall and Marianas Islands,
1 786. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden to 10 fms; rare. Syn.: pondero- W. Pacific. 4 to 20 m; uncom- Pacific. Coral rubble or rock, to
Shallow water; common. sus Philippi. mon. Syn.: picta Rdding. 15 fms; rare.

Lac rn rate Conch (4") 10 cm Ha wk-wi ng Conch (3 S'") 9 cm Milk Conch

. (5.5") 14 cm Rooster-tail Conch (S'") 12.5 cm
Strombus sinuatus Lightfoot* Strombus ran in us Cmelln, Strombus costatus Gmeirn, Strombus gallus L., 1758. S. E.
1786. S. W. Pacific. Coral sand, 1791. S. Florida to Brazil,
E. 1791. Southern Florida; West Florida; West Indies; Brazil;
to 1 0 fms ; uncommon . Syn . : ta- Shallow water; common. Syn.: Indies; Brazil; Bermuda. Shah Bermuda. Offshore to 10 m;
ct niat us DMIwyn. bitubercutatus Lamarck. low water; common. uncommon.

1 *-

Giant Eastern Pacific Conch (7') Goliath Conch (13") 33 cm Kieck ham's Conch (2") 5 cm Kleckham's Conch (2") 5 cm
18 cm Sfrombus galeatus Strombus goliath Schrdter, Strombus kfeckhamae Cerno* Strombus kleckhamae Cerno-
Swainson, 1823. Gulf of Califor- 1605. Brazil (endemic). On sand horsky, 1971. New Britain and horsky, 1971. Dorsal view. Spi-
nia to Ecuador. Shallow water; offshore; uncommon. Largest New Guinea. 1 to 20 m; rare. ral bands often present.
uncommon. of all Strombus.
 CONCHS — STROMBIDAE 77

Conch
Peruvian (5") 13 cm Conch (3") 8 cm
Florida Fighting West Indian Fighting Conch Eastern Pacific Fighting Conch
Strombus peruvianus Swain- Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791. O'") 8 cm <3") 8 cm
son, 1823. West Mexico to North Carolina to Florida and Strombus pugilis L., 1758. Strombus gracilior Sowerby,
northern Peru. Tide pools at Texas. On sand and gravely Southeast Florida; West Indies; 1825. Gulf of California to Peru.
about low-tide mark; common. shallowwater; common. Brazil. On sand and grass, to 5 On sand and mud, to 45 m;
fms; common. common.

Dog Conch (2.5") 6.5 cm Little Bear Conch (1 .7') 4.5 cm Plicate Conch (1 .5") 4 cm Micro Conch (1") 2.5 cm

Strombus canarium L., 1758. S. Strombus urceus L., 1758. West- Strombus labiatus (Roding, Strombus microurceus (Kira,
W. Pacific. Shallowwater; com- ern Pacific. Sand and mud, to 1798). East Indian Ocean; west- 1959). Indonesia to southern Ja-
mon. Syn.: Isabella Lamarck. 20 fms; common. Syn.: incisus ern Pacific. Shallow water; pan and Samoa. On sand and
Wood; anatellus Duclos. common. Syn.: plicatus Lam. coral to 12 fms; uncommon.

Miilahle Conch (1") 2.5 cm Maculated Conch (1") 2.5 cm Elegant Conch (1.3") 3.2 cm Rugose Conch (1.2") 3 cm

Strombus mutabilis Swainson, Strombus maculatus Sowerby, Strombus erythrinus erythrinus Strombus rugosus Sowerby,
1821. Tropical Indo-Pacific. 1842. Central Pacific. Shallow Dillwyn, 1817. Indo-Pacific. In 1825. Fiji, Ellice, Samoan and
( oral sand, to 10 fms; com- water; common. Syn.; de- sand offshore, to 30 fms; un- Tonga Islands. Shallow water;
mon. Syn.: floridus Lamarck. pauperata Dautz. & Bouge. common. Syn.: elegans Sow- uncommon. Columella white.
erby.
78 CONCHS — STROMBI DAE

Fusrforni Conch n.51 3.8 cm La vender -mouth Conch (0.8'*) Helps Conch (0,81 2 cm Samar Conch (1 ,51 4 cm
Strombus fusiformis Sowerby, 2 cm Strombus haemastoma Strombus helfi Kiener, 1843. Strombus derjtatus L., 1758.
1842. Red Sea; western Indian Sowerby, 1842. Western Indian Hawaiian Islands. On coral East Africa, tropical Pacific. On
Ocean. On coral sand to 35 Ocean, tropical Pacific. Un- sand and rubble, 6 to 240 fms; coral sand, to SO fms; uncom-
fms; ^ocaNy common. common. More slender than S. uncommon. mon, Syn,r samarensis Reeve.
he///.

Fragile Conch (T*5"> 4 cm Little Auger Conch (1,5") 4 cm African Auger Conch Plicate Conch (2.3") 6 cm
Strombus fragtiis {Rdding, Strombus terebeilatus lerebd- n.ri3cm Strombus p//cafus p//cafus
1798). Western and Central Pa- iatus Sowerby, 1842. S. W. Paci- Strorrjbus fere6e//atus afrobel- (Roding, 1798), Red Sea, Un-
cific, On sand, 2 to 50 fms; un- fic. Uncommon. latuB Abbott, 1960. East Africa. common, Has 4 subspecies.
common. Shallow water; uncommon.

Pigeon Conch (1 .5") 4 cm Conch

Sibbald's (1,2") 3 cm PrettyConch (1,2") 3 cm Dilate Conch (2") 5 cm

Strombus piicatus cofumba La- Strombus p//cafus sibbatdi Strombus piicatus paichellus Strombus dilatatus Swainson,
marck, 1822. Western Indian Sowerby, 1842. Gulf of Aden to Reeve, 1851 Southern Japan to
. 1821 S. W. Pacific. On sand and
.

Ocean. On corai sand, to 45 Sri Lanka, Uncommon. Charac* Micronesia and Melanesia, 8 to mud, 4 to 40 fms; uncommon.
fms; common. teristically stunted. 50 fms; uncommon. Syn.: orosminus Duclos.
 CONCHS — STROMBIDAE 79

(1 .8") 4.5 cm Conch (1 .8") 4.5 cm

MiirKinate Conch (2") 5 cm Septimus Conch (1.5") 4 cm TunicConch Solid

Strombus marginatus sub- Strombus marginatus succinc- Strombus marginatus robustus

Strombus marginatus L., 1758.
species Septimus Duclos, 1844. tus L., 1767. Madras to Sri Sowerby, 1874. lapan to South
Southern India. Shallow water;
Philippines. Common. Lanka. Muddy sand, shallow China Sea. On sand and mud,
common.
water; uncommon. to 25 fms; common.

(1") 2.5 cm Swan Conch (3”) 7.5 cm

(2") 5 cm Lip Conch
Minute Conch (D 2.5 cm VariableConch
Strombus variabilis Swainson, Strombus labiosus Wood, 1828. Strombus epidromis L., 1758.
Strombus minimus L., 1771.
1820. Northwest Pacific. Sandy Indo-Pacific. Offshore to 50 m; Philippines; Indonesia to New
South China Sea to Fiji. Sand or
mud, to 25 fms; moderately uncommon. With or without Caledonia. Mud and sand, to 16
mud, to 12 fms; common,
common. apertural purple blotch. fms; uncommon.
t hrome-yellow aperture.

(2.2") 5.5 cm Campbell's Conch (2") 5 cm Conch

Lister's (5") 13 cm
VitiateConch (3") 7.5 cm lapanese Conch
Strombus campbelli
vittatus Strombus listen T. Gray, 1852.
Strombus vittatus vittatus L., Strombus vittatus japonicus
Reeve, 1851. lapan. Offshore, 5 Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834. North Bay of Bengal; N. W. Indian
1758. South China Sea, south-
to 20 fms; common. Australia. Offshore to 12 fms; Ocean. Moderately deep wa-
east to Fiji. Offshore; uncom-
common. Syn.: sulcata Wat- ter; uncommon.
mon. Syn.: turritus Lamarck.
son.
 80 CONCHS — STROMBIDAE

Old's Conch (4") 10 cm Silver Conch (3") 7.5 cm Butterfly Conch (2.3") 6 cm Granulated Conch (3") 7.5 cm
Strombus oldi Emerson, 1%5. Strombus lentiginosus L., 1758. Strombus pipus (Roding, 1798). Strombus granulatus Swainson,
Somali coast. East Africa. Off- Tropical Indo-Pacific. On coral Tropical Indo-Pacific. On coral 1822. Gulf of California to Ecua-
shore; rare. Has dark-brown sand, to 2 fms; common. Or- sand, 8 to 40 fms; uncommon.
stain in the aperture. ange and cream aperture.
dor. On rocks and sand off-
Syn.: papitio Dillwyn. shore; common.

Bubonian Conch (4.5") 11 cm Lineated Conch (1.5") 4 cm Diana Conch (2.3") 6 cm

Strombus latus Cmelin, 1791. Bubble Conch (2.3") 6 cm
Strombus fasciatus Born, 1778. Strombus aurisdianae L., 1758.
Western Africa, Cape Verde Is- Strombus bulla (Roding,1798).
Red Sea. In sand, shallow wa- Indo-W.
lands. Shallow water; com-
Pacific. In weedy sand, Indonesia to Samoa. On sand
ter; common. Syn. /meatus La-
: shallow water; moderately
mon. Syn.; bubonius Lamarck. marck.
to 10 fms; uncommon. Syn.:
common. Syn.; chrysostomus guttata Kiener.
Kuroda.

Vomer Conch (3") 7.5 cm Iredale's Conch (2.5") 6.5 cm Strawberry Conch (2") 5 cm Mauritian Conch
Strombus vomer vomer (Rod- Strombus vomer ireda/ei Ab-
(2.2") 5.5 cm
Strombus tuhuanus L., 1758. Strombus decorus decorus
ing, 1798). S. W. Pacific. On bott, 1960. Northern Australia. Western Pacific; east Australia;
sand, shallow water; (Roding, 1798). Indian Ocean.
uncom- Shallow water; uncommon. japan. On
mon. Syn.: pad ficus Swainson.
sand, to 5 fms; com- On sand, to 18 fms; common.
Syn.: australis Cray. mon. Black columella. Columella whitish. Syn.:
mauritianus Lamarck.
 SCORPION CONCHS — STROMBIDAE 81

Persian Conch (1.8") 4.5 cm Hump-back Conch (2.2") 5.5 cm Gibbose Conch (1.8") 4.5 cm While Hump-back Conch (1.8")
Strombus decorus persicus Strombus gibberutus gibberu- Strombus gibberutus gibbosus 4.5cm Strombus gibberutus at-
Swainson, 1821. Arabian Sea ius L., 1758. Indian Ocean. In- (Roding, 1798). Tropical Pacific, bus Mdrch, 1850. Red Sea and
and Persian Gulf. In sand, to 10 tertidal to 10 fms; common. excluding Hawaii, intertidal to Gulf of Aden. Intertidal to 10
fms; common. Largest of 3 subspecies. 10 fms; common. fms; moderately common.

C ommon Spider Conch (T) Orange Spider Conch (4.5") Pilsbry's Spider Conch Scorpio Conch (5") 13 cm
18 cm Lambis lambis (L., 1758). 11 cm Lambis crocata crocata (8") 20 cm Lambis scorpius scorpius (L.,
Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; (Link, 1807). Indo-W. Pacific. Lambis crocata pilsbryi Abbott, 1758). Western Pacific. Coral
common. Females have longer On reefs; moderately com- 1961. Marquesas Islands (en- reef areas, shallow water; mod-
"fingers'* than males. mon. Syn.: aurantia Lamarck. demic). Uncommon. erately common.

lesser Scorpio Conch (5") 13 cm False Scorpio Conch (5") 13 cm Conch (3.5") 9 cm
Violet Spider Milleped Spider Conch (4")

/ambis scorpius indomaris Ab- Lambis robusta (Swainson, Lambis violacea (Swainson, 10 cm Lambis mittepeda (L.,
bott, 1961. Indian Ocean. Shal- 1821). Southeastern Polynesia. 1821). Western Indian Ocean. 1758). S. W. Pacific, Shallow wa-
low water; uncommon. Syn.: Rare. Syn.: pseudoscorpio La- Moderately deep water; rare. ter; moderately common. Nor-
s/nuarus Perry. marck. Syn.: multipes Deshayes. mally has 9 "fingers".
82 TIBIAS — STROMBIDAE

Elongate Spider Conch Seba's SpiderConch (11") 28 cm Chiragra Spider Conch (6' Arthritic Spider Conch f61
t4.7") 12 cm £am6/s truncata subspecies se- 15 cm Lambfs chiragra ( L, ,
1 758) 15 cm Lambis chiragra sub-
iambis digits ta (Perry, 1811). 6ae (Kiener, 1843). Pacific; Red Eastern Indian Ocean to Po- species arfhritica Rod ing, 1798,
Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; Sea. Shallow water; common. lynesia,Shallow water; com- Eastern Africa. Coral reef areas.
uncommon. Syn.: eiongata Spire of true truncata is flat. mon, Syn,: rugosa Sowerby. Shallow water; common.
Swain son.

Cancellate Beak-shell Network Beak-shell (D 2.5 cm Shin-bone Tibia (9") 23 cm

(1.21 3 cm Varicospira crispata (Sowerby, Tibia insuiaechorab Roding, Tibia fusus fusus (L,, 1758).
Varicospira cance//afa (La- 1842). Philippines. Deepwater; 1798, Indian Ocean. Intertidal Southwest Pacific, mainly Phil-
marck, 1822). Indo-Pacific. Off- moderately rare. Posterior ca- to moderate depths; common. ippines, Moderately deep wa-
shore; uncommon. Posterior nal short and recurved. Syn,: corv//osfris Lamarck. ter; moderately common.
canal covers 2 spire whorls.

Dark-mouthed Tibia (6") 15 cm Marlin's Tibia (5,51 14 cm Delicate Tibia C3”) 8 cm Powis's Tibia (2.21 5.5 cm
Tibia fusus me/anoche/7us (A. Tibia martinii (Marrat, 1877). T/6/a de//cafti/a (Nevill, 1881). Tibia powisi (Petit, 1842),
Adams, 1854). Philippines; In- Philippines; Taiwan; Indone- Arabian Sea. Deepwater; mod- Southwest Padfrc; Australia.
donesia. Shallow water; un- sia. Deep water; moderately erately rare. Syn,; narta Ro- Dredged in moderately deep
common. Syntypes illustrated. rare. magna-Manoja, water; uncommon.
 LAMELLARIAS AND TRIVIAS — LAMELLARIIDAE AND TRIVIIDAE 83

FAMILIES LAMELLARIIDAE
AND TRIVIIDAE

The Lamellariidae have a very thin shell

covered by the mantle. No operculum. The
Eratoidae and Triviidae contain the Erato
and cowrielike Trivia, respectively. Most
live in the tropics and feed upon sponge-
Terebellum Conch (2.4") 6 cm like, ascidian "sea potatoes." All live below Black Lamellaria (1.2") 3 cm
Terebellum terebellum (L., 1758). Indo-Pa- the tidal level under rocks. No operculum. Lamellaria niger (Blainville, 1825). Indo-Pa-
cific. Subtidal in sand; locally common. cific. Subtidal, under rocks; uncommon.
Patterns often zebralike or spotted. Shell internal in black soft parts.

Smooth Velutina (0.7") 1.8 cm Columbelle Erato (0.3") 7 mm Four-spotted Trivia (0.2") 5 mm
Velutina velutina (Muller, 1776). Arctic Erato columbella Menke, 1847. California Trivia quadripunctata (Gray, 1827). S. E.

Seas. Offshore to 100 m; locally common In toPanama. Subtidal to 100 m; near kelp United States and West Indies. Subtidal un-
gravel. weeds; common. der rocks; common.

Radians Trivia (0.7") 1 .8 cm Solander's Trivia (0.6") 1 .5 cm Coffee Bean Trivia (0.5") 1 .2 cm
Trivia radians (Lamarck, 1811). W. Mexico to Trivia solandri (Sowerby, 1832). Southern Trivia pedicula (L., 1758). S. E. United States
tcuador. Intertidal, under rocks; common. California to Peru. Intertidal, under rocks; to Brazil. Bermuda. Subtidal, under rocks;
More ribs than solandri. common. common.

COWRIES
FAMILY CYPRAEIDAE

(wiping Trivia (0.8") 2 cm

Among
cowries

are from
the most popular of
number about 200
The aperture

lay circular
warm
is restricted
all

They are omnivorous,

seas.
egg masses and sit on them.
Their mantles are often as colorful as their
seashells,
living species.

toothed, the surface glossy and smooth.

and usually
All ••
Marie's Cowrie (0.5") 1.2 cm
Utviaaperta (Swalnson, 1822). South Africa. shells. Cypraea mariae Schilder, 1927. Central Pa-
Offshore; common, especially in beach cific; Philippines. On soft coral, shallow

drift. and deeper water; rare. Syn.: annulata

Cray.
 84 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

Chick-pea Cowrie [0.8") 2 cm Cowrie

Lienard's Chtck-pea (0.5") 1 .2 cm Margarite Chick-pea Cowrie (0,5") 1.2 cm
Cypraea ocercu/a L.# 1758. (ndo-Padfic. On Cypraea dcerca/a subspecies iienardi |ous- Cypraea dcercuia form mar^arifa Dillwyn,
live coral, shallow and deeper water; un- seaume, 1674. S. W. Pacific. Granulated, 1617. S. W. Pacific, Shallow water; uncom-

common. unspotted. mon. Top smooth.

^ A

cm cm Checkerboard Cowrie (1 .4") 3.5 cm

Ma uj C h ic k-pea Co wr ie (0 , 7") 1 . 8 Globular Cowrie (0.8") 2

Cypraca mauiensis Burgess, 1967. Hawaiian Cypraea ghb utus L 1 758 n do* Pa c f c O n
. ,
. 1 i i . Cypraea tesseUata Swain son, 1822. Hawai-
Islands. Offshore; uncommon. live coral, shallow water; uncommon. Dor- ian Islands, Under coral and in reef crev-

sum quite smooth. Syn.: affmis Gmelin. ices, to 20 fms; uncommon.

lit
Children's Cowrie (0.8'') 2 cm Surinam Cowrie (1 .4") 3,5 cm DUlwyn's Cowrie (0.5") 1.2 cm
Cypraea chtfdreni Gray, IflZ.'j. Indo-Padfic. Cypraea surma/rrens/s Perry, 1811. South* Cypraea dUfwyni Schilder, 1922. Polynesia
Shallow water; rare. ern Florida to Brazil, Offshore to 140 m; and Fiji Islands. On coral reefs, shallow and
rare, Syn.; bicaltosa Cray: ingioria Crosse. deeper water; uncommon.

Beck's Cowrie (0,5*') 1 .2 cm Mac Andrew's Cowrie (1') 2.3 cm Dew-drop Cowrie (0.5") 1 .2 cm
Cypraea beckii Gaskoin, 1836. Philippines; Cypraea macandrewi Sowerby, 1870. Cypraea Gray, 1826, Central Pacific.
irrorata

Japan; Hawaii. Coral reefs, shallow and Northwest Indian Ocean: Red Sea. Subti- Coral reefs, shallow and deeper water; un-
deeper water; rare. dai, uncommon. common. Seldom collected living.
 COWRIES — CYPRAEI DAE 85

Grape Cowrie (0.8") 2 cm Limacina Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm Semiplota Cowrie (0.6") 1.5 cm
Cypraea staphylaea L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Cypraea limacina Lamarck, 1810. Indo-W. Cypraea semiplota Mighels, 1845. Hawaiian
In and under coral blocks, shallow water; Pacific. Under stones; moderately com- Islands. Offshore; uncommon (rare alive).
uncommon. Orange teeth across entire mon. Nodules on dorsum. Syn.: polita Roberts.
base.

Nucleus Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm Granulated Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm Cowrie

Lined-lip (0.8") 2 cm

Cypraea nucleus L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Cypraea gran u lata Pease, 1862. Hawaiian Is- Cypraea labrolineata Gaskoin, 1849. Cen-
( oral reefs, shallow water; uncommon. lands; Marquesas. Coral reefs; moderately tral to Western Pacific. Coral reefs; uncom-
I orm gemmosa Perry illustrated. rare. Syn.: honoluluensis Melvill. mon. Syn.: helenae Roberts; maccullochi
Iredale.

Cernica Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm Contaminated Cowrie (0.5") 1.2 cm Gangrenous Cowrie (0.8") 2 cm

( ypraea cernica Sowerby, 1870. Indo-Paci- Cypraea contaminata Sowerby, 1832. Indo- Cypraea gangranosa Dillwyn, 1817. Indian
lif On coral and sand, moderately deep W. Pacific. Shallow water; moderately rare. Ocean to New Guinea (mostly from Sri
water; uncommon. Syn.: (om//n/ Schilder. Lanka or Andaman Islands); uncommon.

Iloivin's Cowrie (1 .2") 3 cm Atlantic YellowCowrie (1") 2.5 cm Albugine Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm
( ypraea boivinii Kiener, 1843. japan; Phil- Cypraea spurca acicularis Gmelin, 1791. S. Cypraea albuginosa Gray, 1825. Gulf of Cal-
ippines; Indonesia. Under rocks and coral Florida; West Indies. Moderately common. ifornia; W. Mexico; Panama to Ecuador.
slabs; moderately common. Has white base. True spurca from Eastern Under stones, shallow water; common.
Atlantic is yellow.
 86 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

; ^ y

Honey Cowne iV) 2S cm Cowrie

King's (0.7") 1 .8 cm Thomas's Cowrie tO.6") 1.5 cm
Cypraea helvota L, 1758. Indo-Pacific. Cypraea kmgae Rehder & Wilson, 1975. Off Cypraea thomasi Crosse, 1865. Hawaii;
Coral areas; common. Syn»: /jawavVens/s Pitcairn Island. Dredged, 25 to 70 fms; rare. Central Pacific. Offshore, rare. Syn.: osier-
Melvin ; dtrinicohr redale. f Holotype illustrated at left. gaardi Dali.

# -
F /
1
£=

"• '/
'it ./

f V
SerpenPs-head Cowrie (11 2.5 cm Father Englert's Cowrie (1 ") 2 .5 cm Dragon'S'head Cowrie (1") 2.S cm
Cypraea capwfserpenf/s L,, 1753. Indo-Paci* Cypraea engierti Summers & Burgess, 1965. Cyp ra ea cap v tdraconis Me I vi 1
1
, 1 888 Ea sf e r
,

fic. Coral reefs, shallow water; common. Easter Island. Intertidal; rare. Island (endemic). Locally common. Holo-
Syn.: capofangty/s Philippi; caputcolubri type illustrated.
Kenyon.

Erosa Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm Lamarck's Cowrie • (1 .3") 4 cm Porous Cowrie (0.8") 2 cm

Cypraea erosa L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Coral Cypraea famarckii Gray, 1825. Indian Cypraea poraria L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Coral
reefs, in shallow water; common. Syn.r Ocean. Shallow, muddy water; moderately reefs, shallow water; common. Syn,:
simWs C m el n cMoriza ns el v N
t ; M i
common. Syn.: redfmf fa Mel vi II; /ncurvafa, kauaiensis MelvNI; v/bex Kenyon.
be ten ^ sharorti, oA;ufan/7, all Wall es, 1980.

Ocellate Cowrre (1"') 2.5 cm Margin Cowrie (1 .2") 3 cm MifiarisCowrie (1 .2") 3 cm

Cypraea ocelfata L., 1758, India; Sri Lanka, Cypraea marglnaiis DMIwyn, 1817. South Af- Cypraea mUiaris Gmeirn, 1791 Western Pa- .

Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf. Among muddy rica; western Indian Ocean; Gulf of cific; northern Australia, Shallow water;
stones at low tide; moderately common. Oman; uncommon. common. Syn.; magistra Melvill.
 .

COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE 87

i *imarck's Cowrie (1 *5") 4 cm Thrush Cowrie (1 *2") 3 cm Great Spotted Cowrie (2.3") 6 cm
Cyptaea lamarckU Cray, 1825. Indian Cypraea turdus Lamarck, 1810. Western In- Cypraeagoftata Cmelin, 1791 S. W. Pacific;
.

Ocean. Shallow, muddy water; moderately dian Ocean; Red Sea* On dead coral or Japan. Coral reefs to moderate depths;
common. Syn.: red;m/faMelvill; incurvata^ among muddy stones, to 10 fms; common* rare* Syn*: azuma/ Schilder*
tmen, ^haroni, okutanti^ a\\ Walles, 1%0.

t»«ld-ringer Cowrie (1") 2*5 cm Walled Cowrie (0*8") 2 cm Money Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm

i'ypraea annulus L*, 1750, Indo-Pacific. Cypraea otveiata Lamarck, 1810. Eastern Cypraea moneta L*, 1758, Indo-Pacific. One
Coral reefs, shallow water; common. Syn.: Polynesia. Coral reefs, in tide pools; com- of the most variable cowries. Syn. icterina :

tUHisneensis Marie; cameforum Roche- mon* Probably subspecies of annulus. Lamarck; barthelemyi Bernardi.
hrune.

Agate Cowrie (1.4") 3*5 cm Zoned Cowrie (1 .21 3 cm Orr>ateCowrie (1") 2*5 cm

Vypraea achatidea Sowerby, 1837. Eastern Cypraea zonada Gmelin, 1791 West Africa;
* Cypraea picta Cray, 1824. Cape Verde Is-
MiHiiterranean and West Africa. From 30 m Cape Verde Islands. On reefs, to 10 m; lands* Among coral slabs, shallow water;
to deepwater; rare. Syn.: oranica Crosse. common. Syn.: zonata Lamarck* u ncom m o n Syn
, , : a ta va Roc heb r u n e

l\Ui k^^potted Cowrie (1 *2") 3 cm Annette's Cowrie (1 *5") 4 cm Equinox Cowrie (1 *6") 4 cm
( vpraea mgropunctata Gray, 1828. Galapa- Cypraea anneffae Dali, 1909* Gulf of Cali- Cypraea aequmoctiails Schilder, 1933. West
gos: (ittiador; northern Peru* Shallow wa- fornia, Saja California* Under stones, low Panama to Peru. Shallow water; uncom*
U»f; common* Syn.: Irina Kiener. tide; common, Syn*: sowerby/ Kiener. mon to rare*
 88 COWRIES — CYPRAEI DAE

Chestnut Cowrie (2.2") 5.5 cm Arabian Cowrie

Little (1 ,2") 3 cm Wonder Cowrie (3.5") 9 cm
Cypraea spadicea Swainson, 1823. Cafifor- Cypraea arabicufa Lamarck, 1811. Baja Cali- Cypraea armeniaca form howeUi I redale,
nia to central Baja California. Under rock fornia to Peru; Galapagos, Under rocks at 1931 (left);form hesitata redale, 1916
I

ledges to 20 m; common* low tide; common. (right). Southeast Australia, offshore; un-
common.

Armenian Cowrfe (3.5") 9 cm VerheoPs Cowrie # (1 .5") 4 cm Dark-toothed Cowrie (1 .2") 3 cm

C)/praea armen/aca Verco, 1912. South and Cypraea verheofi Burgess, 1982. South Af- Cjpraea fuscodentata Cray, 1825. South Af-
Southeast Australia. Deep-water form. rica, Offshore, This is a beach-worn speci- rica. Moderately deep water; uncommon
Rare. Occasionally albino. men. Syn.: casfanea Higgins. (but rare live collected)*

ToothlessCape Cowrie d") 2.3 cm Yellow- toothed Cowrie (1 .2'9 3 cm PallidCowrie (11 2.5 cm
Cypraea edentuia Gray, 1825. South Africa, Cypraea xar^thodon Sowerby, 1832, North- Cypraea paitida Gray, 1824. N. Indian
Probably from deep water; common (as a eastern Australia, Coral reefs, shallow wa- Ocean to Borneo. Under muddy rocks, low
beached shell). ter; uncommon. Teeth and base yellowish. tide; uncommon. Syn.: msuHcofa Schilder
& Schilder.

Greenish Cowrie (1.2") 3 cm Onyx Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm Dark Onyx Cowrie (1 .51 4 cm

Cypraea subvirtdts Reeve, 1835, N, Australia Cypraea onyx L., 1758, Indo-W. Pacific, Cypraea onyx form adusta Lamarck, 1810.
to Fiji. Coral areas, under rocks; uncom- Coral reefs and muddy areas; uncommon, Indo-Pacific. Moderately common color
mon. Syn* ancey/: Vayssi^re. {right: white form,nymphae jay, 1850) form.
 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE 89

Cowrie
Prill's (I'O 2.5 cm Cowrie
Hirase's (2.3") 6 cm Langford's Cowrie (2") 5 cm
Cypraea petitiana Crosse, 1872. Off Dakar Cypraea hirasei Roberts, 1913. East China Cypraea langfordi Kuroda, 1938. japan to
and Gambia. Trawled down to 40 m; mod- Sea; Japan; Queensland. Trawled, to 1(X) northern Australia. Dredged, 40 to 100 fms;
fms; rare. Syn.: queenslandica Schilder. rare. The form moretonensis Schilder is
erately rare.
doubtfully distinct.

Irramachi's Cowrie (2.7") 7 cm Porter's Cowrie (2") 5 cm Pear-shaped Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm
( ypraca teramachii Kuroda, 1938. Japan; Cypraea porteri C. Cate, 1%6. Philippines. Cypraea pyriform is Gray, 1824. Malaysia;
Smith China Sea. Trawled in moderately Deep water; rare. C. joycae Clover is Tai- Philippines; western Australia. Shallow wa-
wan subspecies. ter; uncommon. Syn.: smithi Sowerby.
deep water; rare.

Ileaiil if ul Cowrie (1.5") 4 cm Barclay's Cowrie d") 2.5 cm Walker's Cowrie d") 2.5 cm
( ypraea pulchella Swainson, 1823. Indo- Cypraea barclayi Reeve, 1857. Indian Cypraea walked Sowerby, 1832. Indian
Pac die. Dredged 15 to 70 fms; uncommon. Ocean. Deep water. Known only from Ocean; S. W. Pacific. Coral reefs; uncom-
Syn.: pericalles Melvill & Standen. about a dozen specimens. 21 outer lip mon. Syn.: amabilis Jousseaume; merista
teeth, strong, orange. Syn.: weaveri I redale.
Walles, 1980.

Cowrie d") 2.5 cm Golden-mouth Cowrie (1.2") 3 cm Wandering Cowrie d") 2.5 cm
lirrger's

ypraea bregeriana Crosse, 1868. Solo- Cypraea ovum Gmelin, 1791. S. W. Pacific. Cypraea errones L., 1758. Western Pacific
(

mons to New Caledonia and Fiji. Coral Coral reefs; common. Yellowish teeth dis- and eastern Indian Ocean. Coral reef ar-
irels, shallow water; uncommon. Tiny tinctive. Syn.: cruenta Gmelin; olivacea La- eas; common. Syn.: bimaculata Cray; cox/

marck. Brazier.
while spots Imbedded in the nacre.
 90 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

Of) I ©f)
Sowerby's Cowrie (D 2,5 cm Cylindrical Cowrie H") 2.5 cm Four- spotted Cowrie
Cypraea cytindrica form stawerbyana (t^') 2,5 cm
Cypraea cylindrica Born, 1778, S, W. Paci- Cypraea quadnmacuiata Gray, 1624. S. W.
Schilder, 1932, Southwest Pacific, Shallow fic; Philippines. Shallow water;
common, Pacific. Under stones and coral slabs; un-
water; uncommon. Teeth much shorter. Syn.: subcylindrica Sowerby.
common. Syn,: nimbosa Dillwyn.

Caurica Cowrie n 3") 4 cm Compton's Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm Cowrie

Flea-bitten (0*7") 1 .6 cm
Cypraea cat/r/ca L, t75S. fndo-Padlic. An Cypra^a complonis Gray, 1647, South Aus- Cypra^a pulicaria Reeve, 1846. Southwest
extremely variable shallow-water species;
tralia; Tasmania, Intertidal; common. Syn.:
common, Syn.: obscura Rossi ter.
Australia, Intertidal to 10 m; common.
witkims Cri^fiths; trenbenhae Tren berth.

Peppered Cowrie f1.3") 2 cm Martin's Cowrie i .8 cm

Cypraea piperita Cray. 1025, Southern Cypraea an^usfafaCmelrn, 1791. Southeast Cypraea martini Schepman, 1907, Philip-
coast of Australia. SubtidaJ to 5 m: com-
Australia; Tasmania. Under rocks, to10 m;
pines to New Caledonia. Coral and rock
mon. Syn.: bfco/or Gaskoin, moderately common. Syn*: emb/ema Ire* seabeds; rare. Syn.: supersfes Schilder,
dale; moUen t redale.

Asellos Cowrie (0.8^') 2 cm Saul's Cowrie

Cypraea punctata L., 1771. Indo-Pacific. {V) 2S cm
Cypraea asetlu% L, 1758. lndo*Padfic, Coral Cypraea sauiae Caskoin, 1843* Western Pa-
Coral reefs, shallow and deeper water; un-
reefs, under stones and coral blocks; mod-
cific, Coral reefs; moderately rare. Syn*:
common, Syn*: perislicta IredaJe. erately common. nugata redale; s/asvensis C. Cate,
I
 COWRIES — CYPRAEI DAE 91

< I.mdcstine Cowrie (0*8”) 2 cm Cowrie

Sakurai's (2") 5 cm Musume's Cowrfe (T*) 2.5 cm
< ypraea cf^ndestina L*, 1767. Indo-W. Paci- Cypraea sakuraif {Habe, 1970). Taiwan to Cypraea musumea (Kuroda & Habe, 1961),
((L, Coral reefs, shallow water; moderately Phifippines. Deep water; uncommon. Japan. Offshore; uncommon.
lommon* Syn*: Candida Pease.

MhlWiiy Cowrie (0,7") 1 .8 cm Katsua's Cowrie {0.7") 1.8 cm Chinese Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm
( ypraca midwayensis fAzuma & Kuroda, Cypraea katsuae Kuroda, 1950. Southern Cypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791. Central
Midway Island. Deep water; rare, japan to Philippines. Offshore in deep wa- and western Pacific; Eastern Africa. Coral
like C. hungerfordi buf smaller and teeth ter; rare. reefs, to 20 tms; uncommon.
Oner.

f ifliiba Cowrie (1 ,5") 4 cm Lufea Cowrie {0.7") 1 .8 cm Humphrey's Cowrie (0,7") 1 .8 cm

C ypraea chinensis subspecies cofoba Cypraea futea Gmelin, 1791. S. W. Pacific; Cypraea humphreysi Gray 1825. Fiji; Solo-
MHvill, 1888. Northern Indian Ocean. In- N. Australia. Shallow reefs; uncommon. mons; Coral Sea. Under coral and among
ii'Mldal; locally common. weed; uncommon. Syn.r yafoAra Steadman
& Cotton.

Cowrie (0.8") 2 cm Undulating Cowrie (0.8") 2 cm Roberts's Cowrie {1") 2.5 cm

< and
VpM(?.jzi€zacL», 1758, IndoPacific In Cypraea ziczac form undata Lamarck, 1810. Cypraea robertsi Hidalgo, 1906. Gulf of Ca-
imdor coral heads, shallow and deep wa- A variation *n which the base is reddish. lif. to Peru, Galapagos. Under rocks at low

uncommon. Syn.r mlsella Perry; Uncommon. tide; common. Syn.: punctulata Cray.
\fgnatn I redale.
 92 COWRIES — CVPRAEl DAE

Freckfed Cowrie (l-Z") 3 cm Fimbriate Cowrie cm Cat Cowrie (0.71 t.8cm

Cypraea lentiginosa Gray, T825. Persian Cypraea fimbriata GmeWn, 1791. tndo-Paci- Cypraea feltna Gmelin, 1791, Indo-W. Paci-
Gulf; northern Arabian Sea- Among coral
South Africa. Shallow water; uncom- Coral reefs, under stones;
and stones, to about TO fms; uncommon.
fic. common.
mon Syn waik/kien s;s S c h d e r.
. . r
i I
Syn.: //sfen Gray; me/w7// Hidalgo.

Hammond's Cowrie (0.6") 1 ,5 cm Graceful Cowrie fi") 2,5 cm Small- toothed Cowrie (03") cm
Cypraea hammondae I redale, 1939, Phil ip- Cypraea gradiis Caskoin, 1849, Jndo-Pad-
1

pines to N, Australia, Subtidaf; uncom-

Cypraea minoridens Melviil, 1901.
fic. Coral reefs; moderately common.
mon. This is form raysummers/ Schilder Southwest Pacific; Japan to Samoa. Near
Syn.: notata Gill; /rescens Sowerby,
1960.
coral, subtidal; uncommon.

Coxen's Cowrie (r) 2.5 cm Summers's Cowrie (0.7") 1 ,8 cm Rhinoceros Cowrie

Cypraea coxent Cox, 1873. New Guinea to {i") 2.5 cm
Cypraea summers/ Schilder, 1958, Fiji, Sa- Cypraea pafbduia Gaskoin, 1549. Northern
Solomons. Shallow water; locally com- moa and Tonga. Coral reefs in shallow wa- Australia to Japan and Samoa, Corai reef
mon. Syn.: hesperina Schilder & Summers. ter; uncommon. Brown smudges on ante- areas; uncommon. Syn.: rhinoceros
rior tip.
Souverbie,

A
V

Kiene r's Cowrie (0, 7") 1.8cm Swallow Cowrie (0.7'') 1.8 cm Little Bear Cowrie
Cypraea kieneri Hidalgo, 1906. Indo-Paci- (0,5") 1 .2 cm
Cypraea htrundo L,, T758, Indo-Pacific. Un- Cypraea urse//usGmelin, 1791. Western Pa-
fic. Shallow water; common.
Syn. rrtarcia
: der coral slabs; moderately common. Syn.: cific, Under coral, shallow water; uncom-
Iredale. Central teeth short.
negfecta Sowerby. Central teeth long. mon. Syn,: coffea Sowerby; amoeba
Schilder & Schilder.
 COWRtES — CYPRAEIDAE 93

Ki‘dSea Cowrie (1'") 2,5 cm Cowrie

Rashleigh's (D 2,5 cm TeresCowrie 0 .5") 4 cm
Cypraea erythraeertsis Sowerby, 1837, Red Cypraea mshleighanB MelvfIL 1688, Hawai- Cypraea teres Gmelin, 1791, Indo-Pacific,
Sra. Subtidal, under rocks; locally com- ian Islands to S. E, Asia, in branched coral Coral reef areas mainly; common. Syn,:
mon. offshore; uncommon, Syn*: eunofa Taylor, tabescens Dillwyn,

Stolid Cowrie (1") 2,5 cm Roslrate Stolid Cowrie [T1 2.5 cm Subteres Cowrie (V) 2,5 cm
YPfaea stofida L,, 1758. Indo-W, Pacific,
< Cypraea stofida L, 1758. Several kinds of Cypraea subteres Weinkauff, 1881. Polyne-
tinder stones and in coral headSj, shallow cowries in New Caledonia have ecologic sia, Coral reefs; live-collected specimens
water; uncommon, Syn.: crossed Marie. black and rostrate forms. rare. Large brown spots on right margin.

C Cowrie
lOfMt.ilPs (0.8") 2 cm Sieve Cowrie cm
n") 2,5 Cowrie
Fi ne-sie ve 0 7') 1 ,8 cm
( ,

( ypraea goodaiHi Sowerby, 1832. Marianas Cypraea cribrana L., 1758, Indo-Pacific, Cypraea cribeilum Gaskoin, 1849, Mauri-
hi Society Is,, central Pacific. Coral areas; Shallow reefs; uncommon, Syn,: comma tius and Reunion, Subtidal; rare.
mmierately rare. Syn,: fuscomaeutata Perry; faltax Smith; melwardi redale
I

IVmso.

I Mintnrpta Cowrie (1'*) 2.5 cm Catholic Cowrie (0.8'') 2 cm Gaskoin's Cowrie (1") 2.5 cm
< ypraea esootropia Dudos, 1833, Mauri- Cypraea catholicarum Schilder Schilder, Cypraea gaskotni Reeve, 1846. Hawaiian Is-
Under coral blocks; moderately com-
tius. 1938, New Britain to New Caledonia, Coral lands to Fiji. In coral, to 20 fms; uncom-
mmi. Has larger dorsal spots than C, reefs, usually beach collected; rare. mon, Syn,: peasei Sowerby.
gasktmi.
 94 COWRIES — CYPRAEl DAE

Cuming's Cowrie (0,S") 1 ,2 cm Cowrie

Teulere's (2") 5 cm Fulton'sCowrie
Cypraea cumingii Sowerby, 1032. Eastern (2.5") b.4 cm
Cypraea feu/ere/ Cazanavelle, 1045. Red Cypraea fuHoni Sowerby, 1903, South Af-
Polynesia. Coral reefs, shallow water; rare.
Sea to Gulf of Oman. Offshore; locally rica. From fish stomachs; rare.
Syn.: compta Pease; deopatra Schrlder & Possibly a
common. Syn.; leucostoma Caskoin; hi- deep-water species.
Schilder.
dafgoi Shaw.

Mouse Cowrie (2") 5 cm Don Moore's Cowrie (2.2“) 5.5 cm Venusta Cowrie
Cypraea mus L., Northern coast of
1758.
(3-^) 7^5 cm
Cypraea mus form donmooret Petuch, Cypraea venusta Sowerby, 1846. South-
Colombia to Gulf of Venezuela. On and 1979. Northern Venezuela. Offshore to 50
western Australia. On sponges, 2 to 700
under rocks offshore; uncommon.
m; locally common. fms; moderately rare. Syn.: fhafcher/ Cox;
catei Schilder.

Thatcher's Cowrie 7^5

fj') t^rn Deceptive Cowrie (2.3") 6 cm
Cypraea venusta form Ihatchori Cox, 1869.
PerlaCowrie (2.3^) 6 cm
Cypraea dec/pfensE. A. Smith, 7080. North- Cypraea dedpiens form periae Lopez &
Southwestern Australia. This is merely a western Australia. On sponges, 10 to 40
blond color form. Chiang, 1975. Northwestern Australia.
fms; locally common. Remarkably humped Deep-water form; uncommon.
shell.

friend's Cowrie (y) 7,5

Cypraea friendit frhndit Cray, 1831. West- Cypraea friendii form thersites Gaskoin, Cypraea friendti form jear}iana Cate, 7968.
ern Australia. On sponges, to 100 fms; un- 1849. Southern Australia. On sponges, to Southwestern Australia. Uncommon.
common. Syn.: scattu B rode rip; vercoi 40 fms; uncommon.
Schilder.
 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE 95

Marginate Cowrie (2.4'') 6 cm Rosselks Cowrie (2") 5 cm A 1 ani ic G ray Cow rie
1 ( 1 .2”) 3 cm
Cypraea rossefti (Cotton, 1948), Western Cypraea cmerea Cmelin, 1791, S. E. United
Cypraea marginata Gaskoin, 1549. Western
and southern Australia. In coral with Australia, On sponges, 3 to 40 fms, but States to Brazil, Under rocks on reefs;

sponges, 12 to 250 m; rare. Syn,: ketyana occasionally beach collected; rare. Last 9 moderately common.
Kaybaudi. cowries in subgenus Zoita.

Pear Cowrie (I.S'') 4,5 cm Lurid Cowrie (1 ,8'') 4.5 cm Cowrie

Isabelle M ,51 4 cm
Cypraea pyrum Grnelin^ 1791, Mediterra- Cypraea iurida L,, 1758. Mediterranean; Cypraea isabeHa L., 1758, Indo-Pacilic,

nean; Western Africa. Offshore to about 50 West Africa; Ascension Island. Shallow wa- Coral reefs; common. Animal has jet black

m: common. Syn.: macuiosa Cmeiin; rufa ter; common, Syn,: minima Dunker, mantle, Syn.: controversa Cray.
I amarck.

cm Broderip'sCowrie (3") 7.5 cm

Mexican Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm Lovely Cowrie (2'") 5

< subspecies tsabeltamex-

ypraea rsabelta Cypraea pu/chra Gray, 1824, Red Sea to Gulf Cypraea broderipi Sowerby, 1832. Mada-
icana Stearns, 1893, Gulf of California to of Oman and Persian Gulf, In branched gascar So south of Durban. Usually from
i^lnama; Galapagos. Under stones; un- corat, to about 7 fms; uncommon. fish stomachs; rare.

< ommon.

(3.21 6.2 cm Cape Cowrie (1 -21 3 cm

white-toothed Cowrie (3,2") 8.2 cm White-toothed Cowrie
< ypraea leucodon Broderip, 1828. Philip- Cypraea hucodon Broderip, 1828. Deep- Cypraea capensis Cray, 1828. S. Africa.
pines (and ? Maidive Islands). Moderately water tangle nets set in the Philippines are Deep water; moderately common. Ridges
deepwater; Ray baudi.
rare. Syn.: ar7g/oyna now obtaining specimens frequently. extend around shelf .
 96 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

-
W

Golden Cowrie (3*5") 9 cm Cowrie

Turtle (4") 10 cm Rat Cowrie (3") 7.5 cm
Cypraea aurantium Gmelin, 1791. Phrlip- Cypraea t€$tudinana L*, 1758, Indo-Pacific. Cypraea stercoraria L., 1753* Western Af-
pines to Polynesia. In crevices and caves in Subtidal shores; uncommon. Syn.: ingens rica; Cape Verde islands. Under rocks in
coral reefs, 8 to 20 m; moderately rare. Schilder & Schilder. shallow water; common. Varies greatly in
size.

Measled Cowrie {3.3") 3.5 cm AtlanticDeer Cowrie (4.5") 11.5 cm Panamanian Deer Cowrie (3") 7,5 cm
Cypraea ^ebra L*, 1758. North Carolina to Cypraea cervus L., 1771. North Carolina to Cypraea cervinetta Ktener, 1843. Gulf of
Yucatan; West Indies; Brazil* Intertidal to Cuba; Bermuda. Low tide to about 10 fms; California to Peru. At low tide; common.
140 m; moderately common. Syn*: exan- moderately common. The largest cowrie, Darker base than cervus. Syn.r cervina La-
thema L* reaching (7") 17 cm. marck.

Eyed Cowrie (3") 7.5 cm Mole Cowrie (2.5") 6*5 cm Exusta Cowrie (2.5") 6.5 cm
Cypraea argus L., 1758* Indian Ocean; Cypraea tafpa L., 1758, Indo-Padfic* Coral Cypraea exusta Sowerby, 1832. Red Sea and
Southwest Pacific. Coral reefs; uncom- reefs; common. Syn.: saturata Dautzen- Gulf of Aden. A rare species resembling
mon, Syn.: confras;r/a^a Perry. berg; imperiahs Schilder & Schilder. fa/pa but teeth finer and aperture more
curved*

Prince Cowrie (3.5") 9 cm Map Cowrie (3") 7,5 cm JesterCowrie (1 *7') 4.5 cm

Cypraea vafenlia Perry, 1811. Northern Cypraea mappa L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Coral Cypraea scurra Cmelin, 1791. Indo-Pacific.
Australia; New Britain; Philippines. Mod- under slabs, shallow w^ater; uncom-
reefs, In coral heads, shallow and moderately
erately deep water; rare. Syn*: princeps mon. Base may be pink. Syn.: aiga Perry. deep water; uncommon, Syn,: retifera
Gray (type illustrated)* Menke; anteita redale.
I
 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

I ^Linline Cowrie (2.S") 6.5 cm Cray's Cowrie 12") 5 cm Arabian Cowrie (2.5") 6.5 cm
( ypraea egiantina Dudos, t833. Central Pa- Cypraea gmyana Schilder, 1930. Northwest Cypraea arabica L., 1758. Indo-Padfic.
(itic; Philippines; northern Australia, Indian Ocean, Offshore, in 1 to 20 m; rarely Coral reefs, shallow water; common. No
C oral areas; common. Brown spot at apex, on reefs; locally common. brown spot at apex. Syn, intermedia Gray;
:

Syn,: niger Roberts (black form). brvnnescens C. Cate.

cm Cowrie (2.5") 6,5 cm Depressed Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm

Ki'litulated Cowrie {2.51 6.5 Histrio

{ ypraea macoUfera SchUder, 1932. Central Cypraea histrio Gmelin. 1791, Indian Cypraea depressa Gray, 1624. Indo-Paciftc.
r.idfic. Coral reefs, shallow water; com- Ocean. Understones and coral slabs in tide Coral reefs; locally common. Syn.: mfer-
mun. Dark blotch on base. Syn,: rettculata pools; moderately common. Base all media Red field; gUlei Jousseaume.
Martyn, white.

Humpback Cowrie (3") 7,5 cm Tiger Cowrie (3.5'^) 9 cm Panther Cowrie {2.5") 6.5 cm
t Yptaea mauritiana L., 1758. ndo- Pacific. I Cypraea tigris L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. Under Cypraea panthenna Lightfoot, 1786. Red
Ul.u k rock shores, under rocks; common, coral rocks; common. Many color varia- Sea and Gulf of Aden. Offshore, below 3
Syn, : regina Gmelin; a da ns on n Blainville. lions. Syn.: schUderiana C, Cate (large Ha- m; uncommon. Syn,: woosa Gmelin; ti-
waiian form). grina Lamarck.

Cow ri e cm Cowrie
Giraffe (2.3") 6 cm
lynx Cowrie (1,5") 4 cm Pac if rc Deer (2 5")
. 6 ,5
1758. Indo-Pacific, Coral Cypraea vitetius L,, 1758. lndo*PacHic; New Cypraea camelopardatis Perry, 1811. Red
t
Yfmws lynx L,,

reefs, shallow water; common. Syn,: Zealand. Under coral slabs and stones; Sea and Gulf of Aden, Offshore; uncom-
L-; caiedonica Crosse; michaeii^ common, Syn.: sa/codes Melvill. mon, Columellar teeth stained black. Syn.:
MHvilL me/anosfoma Sowerby.
 j

98 COWRIES — CYPRAEIDAE

»
|l
( 1 *
IfJr ^ jl
It 4h
Ventral Cowrie f2") 5 cm Carnelian Cowrie (2.5") 6.5 cm Schilders' Cowrie {1 .7'') 4.5 cm
Cypraea ventricufus Lamarck, 1810* Cent rat Cypraea carneo/aL., 1758. ndo- Pacific. Un-
1 Cypraea schUderorum redale, 1939. Cen-
I

Pacific* Coral reefs shallow water; uncom-

^ der coral slabs; common. Form ieviathan tral Pacific; Hawaiian Islands. Coral reefs,
mon. Heavier and broader than Schilder & Schilder similar but larger* down to 10 fms; uncommon* Syn.: arenosa
schitderorum. Gray.

Kurohara's Cowrie f1 .5") 4 cm Square- toothed Cowrie (1 .5") 4 cm CitrineCowrie (1") 2*5 cm

Cypraea schUderorum subspecies kuroha- Cypraea sulcidentata Gray, 1824. Hawaiian Cypraea citrina Gray, 1825. South Africa.
rai Kuroda & Habe, 1961. Japan and China. Islands (endemic). Associated with corah Shallow water; common (but rare living).
Deepwater; uncommon* to 20 fms; uncommon. Syn.r ;fanthochrysa Like hefvoia but lacks dark dorsal spots.
Melvill.

% t ^
-V

Reeve's Cowrie (1 .4") 3.5 cm Cowrie

Cruikshanit's (1") 2*5 cm Pure White Cowrie (1 ,5") 4 cm
Cypraea reevei Sowerby, 1832. S. W. and Cypraea crutkshanki Kilburn, 1972. South Cypraea ebumea Barnes, 1824. Southern
southern Australia. Intertidal rocky reefs Africa, Deep water; rare. A very thin and Pacific from New Guinea to Fiji* On coral
uncommon* Always looks immature. light shell* reefs under stones; uncommon. A
uniquely all-white cowrie.

yr

/
T
# % ,\
1

-
_

Cloudy Cowrie (2*3") 6 cm Hungerford's Cowrie (1*5") 4 cm Jenner^s Cowrie (1") 2*5 cm
Cypraea fj/vosa Broderip, 1837. Northwest- Cypraea hungedbrd/ Sowerby, 1888* Japan. fenrteria pustufata (Light foot, 1786). Gulf of
ern Indian Ocean. Shallow water; uncom- Trawled, 20 to 100 fms; uncommon* Form California to Ecuador* Near masses of stony
mon now, but formerly rare* Syn.: dama coueomi Schilder is from Queensland. coral; moderately common*
Gray. Holotype hangerfordi illustrated*
 OVULAS — OVULIDAE 99

ECC SHELLS
FAMILY OVULtDAE

rht? false, or allied, cowries are

tropical in distribution and live
m dose association with colo-
nial animals, such as soft corals,
'.iMfans and sponges* The soft

trMOtle usually covers the egg-

nr Spindle-shaped shell. There
is no operculum* Most spedes cm
Common Egg Cowrie (3"} 7.5 cm Pink-mouth Ovula (1 .51 4 cm Tinted Ovula (112.5
fit cur in the Indo-Padfic.
Ovu/a ovum (L,, 1758). Indo-Pa- Ovtf/a cos(e//afa (Lamarck, Margovaia tmctilis C. Cate,
1810)> Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa- 1973. East Asia. Offshore; un-
dfic. Shallow water reefs on
black sponges; common. Syn.: ter;uncommon. Syn*: forf///s common*
ovtformis Lamarck, Reeve; angvhss Lamarck.

Chinese Ovula cm Ovula (0,r)1*5cm

I Ovula
iinliitkal (1 3") 3 cm Ishibashi's Ovula (0*7') 1 .0 cm {0.7') 1 *8 Fruit

Dimtnovala sinensis (Sowerby, Priorrovu/a fruticum (Reeve,

( irtpurnus verrucosus (L*, Pr/onovo/va ishibashii (Kuroda,
1874), Western Pacific; |apan* 1B65)* Western Pacific; lapan*
1 758). Indo-Pacific* Shallow 1928)* Southern lapan to Tai-
Offshore; uncommon. Offshore 10 to 40 m; uncom-
locally common. wan, Offshore; ur^common.
mon*

JIJ'

I
/

cm Cold- banded Cyphoma Intermediate Cyphoma

ITwarf Rt^ Ovula (0.71 1-8 cm Adriatic Ovula d") 2*4
cm
Aper;ovu/a adriatica (Sowerby, (112.5 cm (1 ,21 3
ISf*iK/os/mnia carnea {Poiret,
Pseudocyphofna aureocinctum Pseudocyphoma intermedium
triPh. Mediterranean; N.W, Af- 1828), Mediterranean. Among
uncommon. Syn,: vtrgi- Dali, 1899, Off Florida in 1,200 (Sowerby, 1826)* Florida to Bra-
Hta, West Indies* Uncommon. corals;
m; rare. zil. Coral reefs; rare*
May be yellow or violet* nea Cantraine.
 100 ALLIED COWRIES — OVULIDAE

West Indian Srmnla (0.5") 1 .2 cm RosyOvula (0.61 1.5 cm Smith's Simnia (0.7") 1.8 cm Ff a mi ngo Ton gue {
1
") 2 5
. cm
Simnia acicularia (Lamarck, Pamovula rhodia [A. Adams, Subsimnia smlihi (Bartsch, Cyphoma gibbosum (1., 1758).
1810}. S.E. United States; West 1855). japan to Taiwan. Subiidal 1915), South Africa. Offshore S.E. United States to Brazil;
Indies; Bermuda. On seafans; to 30 m on gorgontans; uncom- on gorgonians; uncommon. Bermuda. On seawhip and
locally common. mon. seafan gorgonians; common.

V,, ^
-a[

Flamingo Tongue (1"*) 2.5 cm Emarginate Cyphoma Cyphoma

Fingerprint (1.2") 3 cm Macumba Cyphoma
Cyphoma gibbosum (L,, 1758). (0.n 1.8 cm Cyphoma signaium Pilsbry & (0.61 2.1 cm
The mantle, spotted like a gi- Cyphoma emarginalum (So- McGinty, 1939. S.E. United Cyphoma macumba Petuch,
raffe, stretches over outer werby, 1830). W. Mexico. On States; West Indies. Rare. Man- 1979. Brazil. Near coral reefs;
shell. gorgonians; uncommon. tle with black stripes. rare.

long-snouted Voiva Dance's Voiva (1.513.6cm Double-snouted Vulva (1") 2 cm

Voiva voiva (1., 1758). Indo-Pa- (2.51 6.5 cm PhenacQvolva dancer Cate, Phenacovo/va birostris (L.,
cific. Near coral reefs; locally Phenacovotva longnostrata 1973. Western Pacific. Off- 1767). japan to Philippines. On
common. (Sowerby, 1828). japan. Off- shore; rare. Right specimen is seafans; common. Syn.: phiiip-
shore; uncommon, Holotype holotype. pinarum So werby.
 HETEROPODS AND MOON SHELLS — HETEROPODA AND NATICIDAE 101

HETEROPODS
SUPERFAMILY
ATLANTACEA

Small, pelagic gastropods usu-

1 allywith soft parts too large to
be contained in the shell. Ani-
mals have large eyes and are
active swimmers. Shells thin,
translucent and variously
shaped, disklike in the Atlanti-
dae, cap-shaped in Carina-
riidae. Widely distributed in

Rehder's Volva (1 .5") 4 cm Angas^s Volva (1 .21 3 cm warm seas,

lokio'sVolva n.7")4.Scm
Phenacovofva rehderi Cate, Phenacovo/va angasi (Reeve,
Phenacovofva tokioi Cate,
Dredged 1865). lapan to Northern Aus-
1973. Southwestern Pacific. On 1973. Kii, japan. in

deepwater; uncommon. Holo- tralia. Offshore, probably on

jargon tans offshore; uncom-
type illus. gorgonians; uncommon.
mon.

MOON SHELLS
FAMILY NATICIDAE

Large worldwide fam ily of smal I

or moderate-size shells, globu-

lar or flattened in shape,
smooth and glossy. Umbilicus
open or closed, sometimes
with an internal rib. Opercu-

lum thick and calcareous or

thin and corneous. Carnivo-
rous sand dwellers which lay
eggs in a "collar'' of sand and

cm Classy Nautilus {3.2") 8 cm Lamarck's Nautilus (3l 7.5 cm mucus.

IVrnn's Sea Butterfly (0,4") 1

peront Lesueur, 1817, Cannaria cristata (L., 1767). Pe- Car/nana iamarcki P^ron & Le-
Atliinta
lagic in warm S.W. Pacific. sueur, 1810. Worldwide warm
Pelagic in warnri areas of Jndo-
Rare. Syn.: v/trea Gmetin; /a- seas. Syn,: fragtlis E. A. Smith;
I'arific and Atlantic waters;
ponica Okutani. challengeri Bonnevie, 1920.
I ommon.

cm Powell's Moon (T') 2.5 cm Stone- wall Moon (0.75") 2 cm

Wavy Moon (2") 5 cm Hackett^s Moon (1") 2.S
Polinices tawhitlrahia Powell, Polinices putealis Garrard,
tMihisfana fluctuate {Sowerby, Polinices hacketti Marincovich,
New Zealand; Norfolk Is- 1 %1 New South Wales, Austra-
1975. Galapagos Islands (en- 1964. ,

IfiiSJ, Phitippines; North Bor-

land. Offshore, 30 to40 m* rare. lia. Deep water; moderately
neo, Offshore; uncommon, demic). In sand, offshore, 50 to
rare.
syn,t nnperforata lay. 60 m; rare.
 102
MOON SHELLS — NATtCIDAE

Pear-shaped Moon (1,51 4 cm Conical Moon (112.5 cm Common Australian Moon

Polmices tumldus (Swainson, 1840). Indo- (1 S") 4 cm
Poiinfces con/cus (Lamarck, 1822),
Pacific, Shallow offshore waters; Austra- Potinices sordidus (Swainson,
common. lia; New Zealand 1821 J, Aus-
(rare). Intertidal to off- tralia. In sand, intertidal
Syn.: pyr/formis R^cluz. to shallow off*
shore; moderately common. Syn.: pyram/s shore waters; common. Syn*; ptumbea
Reeve, La-
marck; strangei Reeve.

Ince^sMoon (1") 2.5 cm

Neventa duplicata (Say, 1822K Massachu-
In clean sand to 70 Never/fa incei (Philippi, 1853). Australia,
m; uncommon. Very setts to S.E. United States. in
flattened shell. Sand flats, shal- sand, shallow water; uncommon, Syn.:
low water; common. Syn.: fh
campeachiensis bufa Reeve; baconi Reeve.
Reeve,

Josephine's Moon .25") 3 cm Elephant's- foot Moon (1 .s'*) 4

Never/fa /oseph/n/a RIsso, 1626.
Mediterra- Neventa peselephanti [Link, 1807). Indo-
nean; W, Europe. Offshore to 15 m; Nevervfa sagamiensis (Pilsbry, 1904),
com- Pacific. In sand to 10 m; Japan.
mon. Syn,: o//a Serres; ph///pp/ana Reeve, moderately com- In sand, offshore, 10 to 40 m;
mon. Syn.: powisiana R^cluz; caiumnaris uncommon.
R^cluz.

Adorned Moon f-1 .25") 3 cm Bladder Moon qSI ^ Drake's Moon

Neverita vestita Kuroda, 1961, (251 6 cm
Japan (en- Pabnices didyma (Roding, 1798). Western
demic). in Sand, offshore, to 50 m; Neverita draconts {Dali, 1903), Alaska
uncom- Pacific; Indian to
Ocean. Intertidal to 100 m; nofthern Mexico, Offshore, 20 to 50 m;
mon.
common, Syn.: bkolor Philippi; veskafis
uncommon.
Philippi,
 MOON AND EAR SHELLS — NATICIDAE 103

fwo-banded Moon (t .6") 4 cm Cuillemin's Moon (1") 2.5 cm Common Northern Moon (3*5") 9 cm
Euspira guillemini (Payraudeau, 1826), Lunatia heras (Say, 1822.) Gulf of St. Law-
Polinices bff^&d^tus (Griffith & Pidgeon,
Mediterranean and north to Brittany* Off- rence to North Carolina. In sand, intertidal
1B34). Gulf of California to Panama. Interti-

dal mud flats; common* shore in shallow water; uncommon. to offshore: common.

cm PolPs Necklace Shell (0.5") 1.2 cm Yokoyama's Moon (0.5'^) 1 .2 cm

I ewis's Moon (4") 10
iunatta lewisi (Gould, 1847). British Colum- iuspira poiiana (Chiaje, 1826). N.W. Eu- Euspira yo^coyarnar Kuroda & Habe, 1961,

Ina to Baja California. In sand, intertidal rope; Mediterranean. In sand, intertidal Japan (endemic). Offshore, 70 to 100 m;

and offshore; common. Largest living and offshore; common, Syn.: a/den uncommon. Syn.: palHda Yokoyama.
nalicid. Forbes; pufchdla Forbes.

Moon (1") 2.5 cm Concave Ear Moon (1 .3^^) 3 cm Boat Ear Moon (2") 5 cm
l rmhilicate
5/num concavum West Af- Sinum cymba (Menke, Ecuador to
1828),
Stgaretolrema t/mf>/7fcafa (Quoy & (Lamarck, 1822).
Trawled offshore in fairly deep water; Chile; Galapagos Islands, Shallow water;
tiaimard, 1833). South half of Australia. In rica.

uncommon. uncommon. moderately common. Brown aperture.

sand, intertidal and offshore;
Syn.: ptcta Reeve.

i
'
i! r

cm Moon
Javanese Ear (1 .7") 4.5 cm
\Uhy\ Ear Moon (1.5") 4 cm Spotted Ear Moon (1 .2") 3

\tntim perspect/vum (Say, 1831). S.E. S/nom macutatum (Say, 1831). North Caro- Sinum javanicum (Griffith & Pidgeon,
Caribbean. In shallow wa- 1834). Japan south to Indonesia. Offshore
United States and West Indies; Bermuda, lina to Florida;
uncommon. Syn.: martintanuni Phi- m; uncommon. Protoconch
to 60 Is purple-
shallow water, sand flats; common. ter;
lippi probably. brown.
 T04 MOON SHELLS — NATICIDAE

Nentelike Ear Shell (0.7") 1 .8 cm Oldroyd's Fragile Moon (3") 7 cm Black-mouth Moon
Smum neritoideum (L., Bay of
1758). Cafinatidna oldroydii {Dali, 1897).
[2") 5 cm
Oregon Potinices melanostomus (Cmelin, 1791).
Bengal; Malaysia; Indonesia. Intertidal and
to southern Calffornia. Sand bottom; 60 to indo-Pacific.
offshore; moderately common. Shallow water; common.
140 m; common. Syn.: opaca Reduz: soccrneo/des Reeve.

Seba^s Moon ('1 .5") 3

Mikawa Moon (2^) 5 cm Maurus Moon
Po/m/ces sedae IReduz, 1844). Indo-Paci-
Poiinices mikawaensts
(2^^) 5 cm
Azuma, 1961 . West* Poiinices maurus (Lamarck, 1616). Indo-Pa-
fic. Shallow water; common.
May be form ern Pacrfic. Shallow water; uncommon.
of mammata. cific. Shallow sand flats; common. Syn.:
ni/.)fcasfanea Medley.

Breast-shaped Moon (1 .si 3 cm Brown Moon (1 .5'3 4 cm Swainson's Moon cm

Poiinices mammaws (Rodmg, 1798). West- Poiinices hepaticus (Roding, 1796). Florida
(i .2") 3
Poiinices meiastomus ISwalnson,
ern Pacific; Japan. In sand^ offshore, 10 to 1821).
to Brazil. Shallow water, sand; uncommon.
SO m; moderately common. Southwestern Shallow water, sand.
Pacific.
Syn.; hrunneus Link. Uncommon. Syn.: sanguinofenta
Desha yes.

Senegal Moon (r) 2.5 cm Plidspira Moon

Poiinices grossularius
(t'^) 2.5 cm Papilla Moon n") 2.5 cm
Marche-Marchad, Po//n/ces p//c/sp/>ys Kuroda, 1%1. Japan. Eunatidna papiiia (Cmelin, 179^1). Melane-
1957. N.W. Africa to Angola; Mediterra- Offshore; uncommon. sia to Indian Ocean. Shallow water in
nean. In sand offshore, 30 to 130 m; moder- sand;
ately rare.
uncommon.
 MOON SHELLS — NATICIDAE 105

( lolden Moon (1*7') 4.5 cm Fleming's Moon (1 .5'') 4 cm R4duz's Moon (2.5") 6 cm
Minices a uran tius Rod n g ( i
,
T 7%) Wes tern
. Po//n/ces ffemingianus (R^cluz^ 1844). la- Polinices redustana (Deshayes, 1039).
.ind central Pacific. Clean sand to 20 m; pan to Australia and Fiji. Clean sand, inter- Northern California to W. Mexico. Interti-
moderately common. Syn.: me//osum tidaland shallow water; moderately com- dal and offshore; common. Syn.: imper-
Medley; sfram/nea Reduz. mon. Syn.: jukesii Reeve. fGrata Dali.

Spiral Moon (2") 5 cm Caribbean Milk Moon (1") 2,5 cm Panama Milk Moon (1.8") 4 cm
Nvveata hd'tcoides (Cray, 1825). Baja Calt- Pofinkes tacteus (Cuilding, 1834). S.E. Po//n)ces panamaensis (R#duz, 1844). Pan-
liirnia to Peru. Intertidal and offshore; United States to SrazN; Bermuda. Shallow ama to northern Peru. Offshore to 45 m;
moderately common. Syn. : gtauca Lesson. water; common. uncommon.

Purplish Alaskan Moon (0.7") 1 .0 cm Iceland Moon (1") 2.5 cm European Gray Moon (0.7") 1 .0 cm

tmjurops/s purpureus Dali, 1871. Alaska, Balbtjs istandicus (Gmelin, 1791). Arctic PayraudGautia sntricata (Donovan, 1804).
niishore; common. Holotype illustrated. seas south to Virginia; northern Europe. Mediterranean; Europe; Azores. In sand in
Offshore; moderately common. Syn.: he/f- shallow water; moderately common. Syn.
coides lohnston. vahncknne^i Payraudeau.

( arolina Moon (0.5") 1 .2 cm European Necklace Shell (1.5”) 4 cm Dark-brown Necklace Shell (1”) 2.5 cm
Sff{af/ra carol inensh (Dali, 1889). North Polmtces catena (da Costa, 1770). N. W. Polinices fuscus (Blainvi lie, 1825). N. W. Eu-
l arolina south to Caribbean. In sand off- Europe; Mediterranean, In sand, shallow rope; Mediterranean. Offshore to 30 m;
shore to 180 m uncommon.
;
water; common. Syn.: monitifera Lamarck; uncommon. Syn.; sordida Philippi.
ampullifera Lamarck.
 .

106 MOON SHELLS — NATICIDAE

SolidMoon {V) 2,5cm CalfMoon n .5^) 4 cm Lined Moon (i .5") 4 cm

Natfca fascia ta (Roding, 1798). Southwest Natfca viteflus (L^ 1758J, Western Pacific; Nattca tineata (Roding, 1798). japan to
Pacific. Shallow water in sand. Syn. soiida Indian Ocean. Shallow water; common,
:
Queensland; northern Indian Ocean,
Blatnville. Syn.: n/fa Born; spadicea Gmelin; hetva- Sand or mud to SO m; common. Red lines
cea Lamarck, straight. Syn,: fineata Lamarck,

Starry Moon (1.5'^) 4 cm Trail Ps Moon iOJS**} 2 cm African Berry Moon (1") 2,5 cm
Nattca s^e//afa Che no, Western Paci-
1845. Natica Reeve, 1655. Indian Ocean;
iraillii Natica adnonyx Marche- Marc bad, 1957.
fic, possibly Indian Ocean, In sand to20 m; Malaysia, Shallow water; uncommon. Senegal and Gambia. Offshore, 20 to 220
moderately common. The ‘'vitefius" of Syn,: poss b y 6 uriasiemrs R4 c u 2
i I
I m; rare.
authors.

Adanson's Moon (1") 2,5 cm Col h red Moon 2,5cm The Panel Moon
(1
d") 2.5 cm
Nattca adansoni Blainville, 1825. Western Nadca Lamarck, 1622. Western Af-
collaria Nattca fane/ (Roding, 1798), Western Africa.
Africa. Fairly shallow water; uncommon. rica, In sand, shallow water; moderately In sand, shallow water; moderately com-
Syn.: variabilis Reeve, common, Syn.: hbreila Lamarck; gambiae mon. Syn.: rocquignyi Fiscber-Piette,
Recluz.

Lightning Moon (1.2") 3 cm Ribboned Moon {0,5") 1 .2 cm Brown-lined Moon (1 ,5") 4 cm

Natica fuiminea {Gmelin, 1791). Western Natica femrtiscata Phitippi, 1851, japan and Natica brunneolinea McLean, 1970. Galapa-
Africa. Shallow water; moderately com- Okinawa. Fairly deep water; moderately gos Islands (endemic). Deepwater; rare.
mon. Syn.: cruentata Gmelin; punctata rare.
Swain son.
 MOON SHELLS— NATICIDAE 107

Viciroccafi Moon (0.7”) 1 ,8 cm Cualtreri's Moon (0.75") 2 cm Lavender Moon (3*8") 1 cm

Njtica marochiensis (Gmelin, T791). Flor- Natica gualteriana Recluz, 1844* Indo-Paci- Natica tavenduh Woolacott, 1956. North-
West Indies to Brazil; eastern Africa* fic. Intertidal to fairly deep water; com- ern Australia to Fiji, Clean sand, shallow
Intertidal; moderately common. Syn.; mon. Syn*: fesse//afa Philippi; antonii Phi- water; uncommon. Syn*: possibly
itifocca na Di pseustes Watson.
t } 1 1
wy n lippi.

Vi cilel - mout h ed Moon ( t . 5") 4 cm Nebulose Moon (0.6") 1 *5 cm Broad-striped Moon (1 ') 2.3 cm
Natica /a/Tfhosfomo/des Kuroda & Habe, Natica nebuhsa Sc hep man, 1910* Indone- Natica inexpectans Olsson, 1971. Gulf of
l*M9. lapan (endemic)* Muddy sand, 20 to sia* Offshore; rare. Holotype illustrated. Panama. Offshore, 120 m; rare. Has
•U)m; uncommon* One or two ribs on b roade r St ri pe s Ho oty pe
* I u st rated
1 31 *

nperculum.

Sifihra Moon (0.6") 1.5 cm Single-handed Moon (1 *2") 3 cm Colorful Atlantic Moon (2”) 5 cm
Natica sce(hra Dali, 1908. Mexico to north- Natica unifasciata Lamarck, 1822* Costa Nafica canrena (L*, United
1758). S. E.

ern Peru; Baja California* Deep water; Rica to northern Peru. Intertidal and shal- States; Caribbean; Bermuda* Offshore to
mr>derately rare. low offshore waters; common* 60 m: common* Syn*; verae Rehder.

0%
( Kina Moon (1”) 2*5 cm Hebrew Moon (2") 5 cm Seychelles Moon (0.7") 1 .8 cm
NaUcaonca (Roding, 1798)* Indo-Pacific. In Natica macuiata fvon Salis, 1793)* Mediter- Natica sertata Menke, 1843. Northern half
s.ind, intertidal to shallow offshore waters; ranean; W. Europe. Sand and gravel to 100 of Australia; Indian Ocean. Intertidal to
(ummon. Syn,: pavimeatum Roding; m; moderately common. Syn.: adspersa deep water; uncommon* Syn,: co//fei R^-
ihtnensis Lamarck. Menke, cluz*
 108 MOON SHELLS — NATICIDAE

I f

Fbrida Moon (1") 2 cm Cayenne Moon (1^) 2.5 cm Tut ton's Moon (1 . 5") 4 cm
Natica floridana (Rehder, 1943). Southeast- Natica cayennensts R^cluz, 1650. West In- Nalfca turtoni E. A. Smith, 1890. Western
ern Florida to Brazil. Offshore to 20 m; dies to Brazil. In sand in shallow water; Africa; St. Helena- In sand to50 m; moder-
uncommon. Operculum with 4 ribs. moderately common. Syn.: haysae No- ately common.
well-Usticke,

Four-banded Moon (0.75") 2 cm N e w Zea land Moon f1 "') 2 5

. cm Beautifully-banded Moon (0.8") 2 cm
Natica idiopofna Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. Natica zeiandica Quoy & Gatmard, 1832. Natica Guzona (Recluz, 1844). Indo-Pacific.
Western Mexico to Panama; Galapagos Is- New Zealand (endemic). Intertidal and In sand, offshore to 60 m; uncommon.
lands. Offshore to moderate depths; un- shallow water offshore; moderately com- Syn.: decora Philippi; cothurnata redale.I

common. mon.

Zebra Moon {1") 2.5 cm Tabulated Moon (0.75") 2 cm Arctic Moon (1 .2") 3 cm
Na tica un dulata ( Ro d n g 1 798) japa n Ph I-
i . . ; i Natica tabaiaris Kuroda, 1961. Japan (en- Natica dausa B rode rip & Sower by, 1829.
ippines and possibly Indian Ocean. In sand demic). in fine sand, 50 to 100 m; rare. Arctic seas of North America. Common.
to40 m; uncommon. Syn.: zebra Lamarck. Syn.: aieatica Dali (holotype illustrated)
and others.

Flamed Moon (5.8") 14 cm Occluded Moon (1") 2.5 cm Mexican Moon (1”) 2.5 cm
Natka fiiosa Philippi, 1845, Mediterranean; Natka tecta Anton, 1839. South Africa. Natka Sonora to Na-
iunaris Berry, 1964.
W, Europe; N. W. Africa, Offshore, 10 to 20 Sand or mud, intertidal to 20 m; moder* yarit, western Mexico. Offshore, 7 to 45 m;
m; uncommon. Syn.: ftammuhta Requien. ately common. Syn.: imperforata Cray; ge- rare.
nuanus Reeve.
 MOON SHELLS — NATICIDAE 109

cm Broderip'sMoon H") 2.5 cm Spider Moon H") 2.5 cm

Silicate Moon (0.8") 2

SUgmaufax sukatus (Born^ 1778), South* Stigmauiax broder/p/aoa Recluz, 1844. W. Natka arachnoidea (Gmelin, 1791). Indo-
Mexico to Peru. Offshore to 55 m; com- Pacific. Shallow water to 3 m; moderately
‘astern Florida to Brazil. Shallow water;
uncommon. Syn.: cance/Zafus Gmelin. mon. Syn . : iosloma Me n k e common. Syn.: raynoidiana R^cluz.

cm Moon (O.T'1 1 .8 cm Canelo Moon (1") 2,5 cm

vvUite-bottom Moon tO.7") 1 .8 Violet
japan. Natica violacea Sowerby, 1825. In do- Paci- Natica canehensis Hertlein & Strong, 1955.
Natica lacteobasis Kuroda. 1961,
( Jjfshore; uncommon. fic. Shallow water to 20 m; uncommon. W. Mexico to Ecuador. Shallow water,
Syn.: rhodostoma Philippi. sand; uncommon.

cm Bordered Moon (0*7") 1 .8 cm

Miitlerfly Moon (1 *2") 3 cm Fly-specked Moon (1 .5'3 4
Nafica stercusmuscarum (Gmelin, 1791). Natica limbata Orbigny, 1840, Southern
Natica alapapilionis (Roding, 1798). Indo*
Mediterranean; N, W. Africa. Offshore to Brazil to Argentina, Muddy sand, 18 to 72
Padfrc. Shallow water, sand. Uncommon,
10 m; common, Syn.: miUepunctata La- m; common. Syn.: isabelfeana Orbigny.
Syn.: zonaria Lamarck; piidfera Philippi;
Urntata Menke, marck,

Moon cm TigerMoon H") 2,5 cm

i hi'erful Moon (1") 2.5 cm Tosa (11 2.S
Natica losaensis Kuroda, 1961 Off Tosa, ja- Natica tignna (Rdding, 1790), Eastern Asia.
Natsca hilaris Sowerby, 1914. japan to South ,

m; pan. Dredged in deep water; uncommon. Offshore, 10 to 30 m; common, Syn.: mac-

Atfica. Fine sandy bottom, 20 to 200
ufosa Lamarck; pe/Zisf/grma Desha yes.
lotally common, Syn,: iucufenta Iredale.
 no HELMETS — CASSIDAE
HELMET SHELLS
FAMLLY CASSJDAE

Helmet shells live mostly in warm waters

around the world- Shells of males may dif*
fer from those of females. Interspecific hy-

bridization may take place and deep-water

forms are particularly puzzling. Some spe*
ctesspawn towerlike egg masses and free-
swimming larval stages. Food consists pri-
marily of sea urchins. Operculum
Horned Helmet (8,51 22 cm Horned Helmet
chitinous. small, elongate in Cass/s, fan- (fi.si 22 cm
Cassis comuta{L, 1758). Indo-Pactfic, As- Cassis cornuta (L., 1758). Like several other
shaped in Phaiium.
sociated with coral reefs; common. 1 to 20 helmet shells, the male of the species (left)
m. is smaller than the female.

Horned Helmet (3' 7.5 cm King Helmet

)
(61 15 cm Emperor Helmet (631 16.5 cm
Cass/s cornuta (L,, 1758). luvenile shells Cassis tubemsa IL., 1758). Brazil; Bermuda; Cassis madagascariensis Lamarck, 1822.
lack the 7 or 8 varices of adults. Shoulder North Carolina to Caribbean. Shallow wa- Florida to Lesser Antilles; Bahamas- In
knobs small, numerous. common.
ter; 7 or 8 brown spots on each sand, moderately shallow water; common.
varix.

Emperor Helmet (6.51 16.5 cm Clenches Helmet (121 30 cm Flame Helmet (4.31 11 cm
Cassis madagascariensis Lamarck, 1822. Cassrs madagascariensis form spine! fa Cassis flammea (L., 1758). Bermuda; Flor-
West Indian specimens were used to make Clench, 1944. S. E. United States. 5 to 30 m; ida to Lesser Antilles. Shallow water; com-
large cameos.
locally common. Largest Cassis. mon. No brown between teeth.

Fimbriate Helmet {31 7.5 cm Dwarf Helmet (i .5"} 4 cm West African Helmet (8'^) 20 cm
Cassis finthriata Quoy & Caimard, 1833, Cassis nana Tenison-Woods, 1879. Eastern Cassis fesse//ata (Cmelin, 1791). Southern
Western Australia to western Victoria. In- Australia, On sand, 60 to 240 m; moderately
West Africa. On sand to 60 m; uncommon.
tertidal to 200 m; common. common. Smallest living Cassis. Syn.: spinosa Cronovius.
 .

HELMETS — CASSI DAE 111

Rfiiculated Cowrie- he I met (2.5'') 6.5 cm Senegal Cowrie -he melI

(2.5"') 6.5 cm Bui mouth Helmet
I
(6'") 15 cm
( ^praecass/s tcsticulu5 testicuhjs (L., 175S). Cypraecass/s testfcvius senega//ca (Cme- Qpraecass/s rufa (L*, 1758)* Indo-Pacific
StHiiheastem Florida lo Brazil. Shallow wa^ lin, 1791), Western Africa and offshore is- (not India or Hawaii). Near coral reefs;
ter: common. Form cramona Bruguiere at lands. Shallow water; common* common (rarer rn center of range).

Hiillmoulh Helmet (6") 15 cm Galapagos Cowrie-helmet (4*5*') 11.5 cm Contracted Cowrie-helmet (2*5") 6*5 cm
C vpraecass/s rufa iL, 1758). Shipped annu- Cypraecassis tenuis (Wood, 1828). Baja Cai- Cypraecassis coarctats (Sowerby, 1825).
.illy from eastern Africa to Italy for use in ifornia to Ecuador; Galapagos. Offshore, Gulf of California to Peru. Intertidal and
the manufacture of cameos. so m eti me s beach e d ;
u n com mon offshore; uncommon.

( ifay Bonnet (3.5") 9 cm Banded Bonnet (3*5") 9 cm Furrowed Bonnet (3.5") 9 cm

iimhum gfaucum (L, 1758). tndo-Pacific. Phaiium bandatum bandatum (Perry, 1811). Phaiium bandatum exaratum (Reeve, 1848)*
Intertidal and offshore, on sand; common. Western Pacific, especially northern Aus- Mascarene islands, Indian Ocean. Off-
1 or 4 strong spines at base of outer lip* tralia. Shallow to deep water; common. shore; rare. Deep spiral grooves*

< liei kerboard Bonnet (2.5") 6.5 cm Striped Bonnet (3*5") 9 cm Decussate Bonnet (2.5") 6.5 cm
Ptuilium areola (L., 1758). Eastern Africa to Phaiium flammiferum (Roding, 1798). ja- Phaiium dec ussa turn ( L 1 758) S ou t h eas t-
* , .

Melanesia and Samoa, Intertidal and off- pan; Taiwan; eastern China* Offshore to ern Asia; southern japan* Offshore; com-
shore on sandy mud; common* Spots vary. 100 m; common. Syn.: strigatum Gmeltn. mon, Rarely striped*
Not singatum Muller, 1776*
 112 BONNETS — CASSI DAE

Frmbriate Bonnet (3") 7.S cm Bonnet cm

Pilsbry^s (2.51 6-5 Wy V i Ik 's B o n net (4'') 10 cm
Phalium fimbria (Cmelin, 1791). Indian Phafium p/7sbry/ (Wood ring & Olsson, Phalium coronadoi wyvillei (Watson, 1886),
Ocean and Indonesia- Offshore, occasion- 1957), Galapagos. Shallow water; rare. Re- Japan to Australia. Deep water; rare. Holo-
ally beached; rare. Syn*: plicaria Lamafck. sembles P. wyvfitei. type illustrated.

(left)Chalky Bonnet (2,51 6-5 cm japanese Bonnet (2,31 6 cm Sophia's Bonne! (3") 7,5 cm
Phaifum carnosum (Kuroda & Habe, 1961), Phafium bisukatum (Schubert & Wagner, Phalium bisukatum sophia (Brazier, 1872),
(right) Kuroda's Bonnet (Z.S'') 6.5 cm 1829J- Indo-Pacific. Offshore to deep wa- Eastern Australia; Kermadec Islands, Off-
Phaiium kurodai Abbott, 1968. Both japan- ter; common. Syntypes tllustrafed. shore, 80 to 160 m; uncommon.
Deep water; rare.

Japanese Bonnet (2,3") 6 cm Fay rot's Bonnet (2") 5 cm Channeled Bonnet (1 ,81 4,5 cm
Phalium bisukatum (Schubert & Wagner, Phaiium faurotis (Jousseaume, 1886). West- Phafium canaf/cti/afom (Brugui^re, 1792).
1829). One of the many synonyms rs ja- ern Indian Ocean. Offshore to deep water; Bay of Bengal. Offshore; common. Has a
ponica Reeve (holotype illustrated). uncommon. Apex purple. subsutural channel.

Hawaiian Bonnet (2.2") 5.5 cm Narrow-mouthed Bonnet (2.2") 5.5 cm Smooth Bonnet (2") 5 cm
Phalium umbilkatum (Pease, 1860), Hawai- Phalium microstoma (von Martens, 1903). Phalium glabratum glabratum (Dunker,
ian Islands. Offshore to deep water; rare. Off Tanganyika to Somalia. Deep water; 1852). Philippines; Indonesia; New
Syn.: fortisukata E, A. Smith. Paratype il- rare- Guinea. Offshore to deep water; rare.
lustrated.
 BONNETS— CASSIDAE 113

ubble Bonnet
it {1.6''i4.Scnn Half-grained Bonnet (2") 5 cm Adcock's Bonnet H .2*9 3 cm
Phafium glabratam bulh (Habe, 1%1). Phaliam semlgranosam (Lamarck, 1822). Phalium adcocki (Sower by, 1896). South-
Southern Japan; southeast China; Hawaii. Southern Australia; Tasmania. On sand off- ern Australia. Offshore to 200 m; rare. Few
SO to 200 m; mode rate ly common. shore to deep water; common. specimens in private hands.

cm South African Bonnet (2.'^"' ^ '

Bonnet
Valdivia (2") 5 cm
saburon Bonnet (2") 5
Phaiium saburon (BruguierCf 1792). Medi- Phalium craticufatum (Euthyme Phalium b/fubercu/ostim (von Martens,
lerranean; Bay of Biscay to Ghana. Off- zambiqueto South Africa. Deepwater; un- 1901). Eastern Africa. 100 to 1,079 m; rare.

shore; common Syn.: pomum Schubert &

- common. Syn.: africana Fulton. "Valdivia'' dredged first known specimen.
Wagner.

cm Mediterranean Bonnet (3.5") 9 cm Fanamrc Bonnet (2.3") 6 cm

St ntch Bonnet (3") 7.5
t*hatium granulatum granu latum (Born, Phalium granulatum subspecies undula- Phalium granulatum subspecies cenf/qua-
r?7fl}. S.E. United States to Brazil. Off- turn (Gmetin, 1791). Mediterranean. Off- dratum (Valenciennes, 1832), W, Mexico to
shore; common. Some are smoothish. shore; common. Syn.: su/cosa Bruguiere. Peru; Galapagos. Offshore; common.

Pear Bonnet (2 .5") 6.5 cm Roy BelLs Bonnet (4.5") 11.5 cm Few-wrinkled Bonnet (2") 5 cm
PhAhum pyram pyrum (Lamarck, 1822). Phalium pyrum royanum (I redale, 1914). Phalium paudruge (Menke, 1843). South-
Southern Australia; Tasmania; New New South Wales; New Zealand; Kermad- western Australia. 1 to 20 m; moderately
/r-aland; South Africa. Offshore to deep ec Islands, Offshore, craypots; uncom- common. Solid and heavy-
water; common. mon, Named after Roy Bell.
 114 BONNETS — CASSI DAE

Thomson's Bonnet (2.5"J 6.5 cm Whitworth's Bonnet (2-5") 6.5 cm Unadorned Bonnet (2.2") 5.5 cm
Phafium thomsoni (Brazier, 1875). South- Phaliom whitworthi Abbott, 1%6. Western Phalfum inomatum (Pilsbry, 1895), Central
eastern Australia; northern New Zealand. Australia. Offshore, c ray pots; moderately Japan to southern China Sea. Offshore to
Deepwater; uncommon. rare. Spiral cords strong. 30 m; moderately common.

Lipped Bonnet (2.5") 6,4 cm reda le's Bon net (2 5") 6 5 cm

I . . Ihering's Bonnet (2.5") 6.5 cm
Fhaisum fabiatum iabiatum (Perry, 1811), PhaUuFT} iabiatum subspecies ireda/e/ Phalium Iabiatum subspecies iheringi (Car*
Victoria; southern Queensland; northern (Bayer^ 1935). South Africa. Offshore, often ceNes, 1953). Northern Argentina; south*
New Zealand. Offshore to about 100 m; beached; common. Remarkably variable. ern Brazil. Moderately deep water; uncom-
common. mon.

Heavy Bonnet (1.S"J 4 cm At lanti c 6 on net 1

") 2 .5 cm[ Vibex Bonnet (2") 5 cm
Casmaria ponderosa ponderosa (CmeOn, Casmaria ponderosa atlantka Clench, 1944. Casmaria erinaceus (L., 1758), indo-Pacifrc.
1791). Indo-Padfic. In sand, shallow water; Southeasterrt Florida; Caribbean. Offshore Shallow wafer; locally common. Syn.: vh
common. Several named forms. to 50 m; rare. hex L,

Spiny Bonnet (2.5") 6,5 cm Rugose Bonnet cm

(2-5") 6.5 Royal Bonnet (2") 5 cm
Cafeodea echinophora (1., 1758), Mediter- Cahodea rugosa (L., 1758J. Med I terra* Sco/is/a sfna fa (Lamarck. 1816). S.E. Florida
ranean. Offshore to deep water; uncom* nean; western Europe, Offshore to deep to off Texas to Brazil. Deep water; uncom-
mon. Syn.; lubercuhsa Schumacher water;common. Syn.: tyrrhena Gmeltn. mon. Syn,: grayi A. Adams; barbudensis
Higgins & Mar rat.
 MORUM — CASSIDAE 115

Nephele Bonnet n»5”)3-78cm Atcock^s False Tun |2'1 5 cm Alabaster False Tun (23") 6cm Atlantic Morum (0.8") 2 cm
Sconsia nepheie Bayer^, 1971. Oocorys atcocki (£* A* Smith, Ca/eoocofys ieucodoma (Dali, Morum oniscus (L., 1767). S.E.

Off Grenada, Lesser Antilles, IS T906) . Bay of Bengal and Indo- 1907). Japan. Deepwater; rare. Florida to Brazil; Bermuda. Un-
m; rare. Holotype illustrated. nesia. Deep water; rare. der coral slabs, low tide; com-
mon. 5yn.; purpurGum Roding.

HeavyMorum H 3") 4 cm Dennison’s Morum {2") 5 cm Velero Morum (1 4 cm Morum (11 2.5 cm
Matthews's
Mofum ponderosum {Hanley, Morum der^nisoni (Reeve, Morum veieroae Emerson, Morum maf thews/ Emerson,
IS58). Southwestern Pacific to 1642). Caribbean. Deep water, 1968. Off Cocos Island (Costa 1967. Off Ceara, Brazil. From
Pitcairn Island. On reefs; un- 150 to 260 m; rare. Rica); Galapagos, Dredged, 50 fish stomachs, 30 m; rare.
cnmmon. Lectotype illustrated. to 100 m; rare.

Kurz’s Morum f1") 2,5 cm Noble Morum (1.5") 4 cm MacAndrew's Morum (1 .5") Lumpy Morum (0.6"| 1 .5 cm
Morum kurzt Petuch, 1979. Morum praecfarum Melvill, 4 cm Morum macandrewi (So- Morum tubercu/osi/m (Reeve,
{ entral Philippines. 250 m; 1919, Western Indian Ocean. werby, 1889). East Asia. Off- 1642). Baja California to Peru.

rare. Type illustrated. Dredged, deep water; rare. shore, to 100 m; uncommon. Intertidal; uncommon. Type il-

Holotype illustrated. Holotype illus. lustrated.

116 FtG SHELLS — FICIDAE

Giant Morum (2,5") 6,5 cm Cancellate Morum (1.8") 4.5 cm Watson's Morum 4 cm
f1 .5") Bartsch's False Tun (4") 10 cm
Morum grande (A. Adams, Morum canceilatum (Sowerby, Morum watsoni Dance & Emer- Oocorys bartschi Rehder, 1943,
1655), Japan to Queensland, 1824). China Sea. Dredged, 50 son, 1967, Western Pacific. Gulf of Mexico; southeast Flor-
Austfalia, Trawled, deep water; to 150 m; uncommon. Rare. Syn.: cfthara Watson, ida. Deep water; uncommon.
moderately rare. (Holotype illus,) Holotype illus.

Lineated False Tun (2") 4 cm Barbour's False Tun {2") 5 cm Sulcate False Tun (2") 5 cm Caribbean False Tun (1 ,.5"^) 4 cm
Oocorys /meafa (Schepman, Oocorys barbouri Clench Oocorys su/cata Fischer, 1663. Oocorys caribbaea Clench &
1909). Ceram Sea, Indonesia; Aguayo, 1939, OH northern Caribbean; N,W, Africa; Indian Aguayo, 1939, North coast of
eastern Asia, Deepwater; rare. Cuba. Deep water; rare, Holo- Ocean. Deep water; uncom- Cuba. Deep water; rare* Holo-
type illus. mon, Syn.: indica E. A, Smith, type illus.

FIG SHELLS
FAMILY FIODAE

Small family of moderately

large to small shells, character-
istically fig- or pear-shaped and
light in structure. Sand dwell-
ers in warm-water areas, they
lack an operculum. Animal's
large foot has two flaps, one on
each side of the anterior
(siphonal) end. Shells of males
may differ from those of fe-
Solid Dalium (2") 5 cm Pyriform False Tun (2"') 5 cm males. Swollen Fig Shell (3.51 9 cm
Da/ium solidum Dali, 1869. Eudoiium pyri forme (Sower by, Ficus ventricosa (Sowerby,
Southern Caribbean; Surinam, 1914). japan to S.E. Asia. On- 1825). Western Mexico to Peru,
600 to 2,000 m; rare. Considera- shore: common* Offshore, sometimes beached;
ble size variation. common.
 TUN SHELLS — TONNIDAE 117

13 cm Underlined Fig Shell (4"') 10 cm True Fig Shell (3") 7*5 cm Carol's Fig Shell (2.5"} 6 cm
Graceful Fig Shell (S")
Ficus subinfermedfa (Orbigny, Ficus Roding, 1798.
variegata f/cuscaro/aeOench, 1945. Gulf
ficus gmdfis (Sower by, 1825).
Indo-Padfic. Offshore, Eastern Asia; |apan. 1 to 20 m; of Mexico from southeastern
tastern Asia* Offshore to 100 m. 1852).
common* uncommon* Linne's f(cus is un- Florida to Mexico. Deepwater;
Locally common. Syn.: dussu- in sandy mud;
identifiable. rare, Holotype illus.
mieri Chenu*

9 cm Threaded Fig Shell (3") 7*5 cm Spotted Fig Shell (2") 5 cm Howell's Fig Shell (1 *5'9 4 cm
Cdnimofi Fig Shell (3.5'')

(Sowerby, 1892)* Ficus cospifa tPeron*Lesueur, Ficus howelfi Clench & Far-
fiojs communis Roding, 17%. ficus filosa Ja-

pan; China Sea, eastern Austra* 1607). Western Australia. Off- fante, 1940. Cuba to Trinidad.
North Carolina to Gulf of Mex-
Deep water; uncommon* shore; common. Syn.: fessef Deepwater; rare.
ico. Offshore, often beached; lia*

t iimmon* Syn.: papyraffa Say. Holotype ill us. fata Kobelt.

TUN SHELLS
FAMILY TONNIDAE

Tun shells are thinner and usu-

allyroomier than helmet shells.
They are almost exclusively
tropical, prefer deeper water,
and feed mainly on fish, sea ur-
chins and crustaceans. Their
free-swimming larval life is
lengthy and has helped some
species to spread great dis-
tances. The identification of
4 cm Bengal Fig Shell (3") 7.5 cm some tun shells is not easy and Grinning Tun (7") 18 cm
A hint c Fig Shell
I I {1 ,5'')

ati^nticus Clench & ficus investigatons E* A* Smith, synonyms abound* Malea nngens (Swainson,
fictis
Ocean. Deep wa- 1822)* W. Mexico to Peru. Un-
Aguayo, 1940* Off Bahia, Brazil, 1906* Indian
howeili, ter; rare* Syn*: sewelii Prashad*
der rock ledges and on sand
tieep water; rare. F.
bars; common.
may be male form.
 118 TUN SHELLS — TONNIDAE

Pacific Grinning Tun Pacific Partridge Tun Atlantic Partridge Tun Spotted Tun (4”) TO cm
(2.5”) 6.5 cm (4.5") 11.5 cm {3.5") 9 cm Tonna doff any (L., 1758). Indo-
Malea pomum (L., 1758). Indo- Tonna perdix (L., 1758). Indo- Tonna macuiosa (Dillwyn, Pacific; New Zealand. Off-
Pacific. Offshore; moderately Pacific. Offshore, rn sand. 1817). S. E. Florida to Brazil. Off- shore; uncommon. Ribs vary in
common. Syn,: fabmsa Gray. Moderately common. shore; moderately common. number.

Costate Tun (3.5") 9 cm Banded Tun (4") 10 cm Channeled Tun (4") 10 cm Giant Tun (6') 15 cm
aUium (Diliwyn, 1817).
Tofifra Tonna sukosa {Born, T778). Tbnrra cepa (Roding, 1798). Tonna galea {L, 1758). Carib-
lndo*W. Pacific. Offshore; Indo-Padfrc. Offshore; uncom- indo-Padffc» Intertidal; com- bean; Atlantic; Mediterra-
moderately common. Syn.: mon. Syn,: fasciatum Bru- mon, T. canalicuiata L. may be nean; Indo-Padfic. Offshore to
costatum Menke. guiere. this species. 40 m ; uncommon.

Black-mouthed Tun (8") 20 cm Gold -mouthed Tun (6.5") 16 cm Marginate Tun (4") 10 cm China Tun (4,3") 11 cm
Tanna melanostoma (Jay, 1839). Tonna futeostoma (Kuster, Tonna marginata {Philippi, Tonna chinensis (Diliwyn,
Central Pacific (Tonga) to New 1857). Western Pacific; New 1845). Japan to Indonesia. Off- 1817), S. W. Pacific. Offshore;
Zealand. Offshore; rare. uncommon.
Zealand. Offshore to 200 m; shore; Syn.: u n CO mm on Syn. magn ficus
. : i

uncommon. reevei Hanley (holotype ilJus.). Sowerby (holotype ill us.).

 TR TO N S
I — C YM ATI D AE I 119

TRITONS
FAMILY CYMATllDAE

Predominantly dwellers of
and warm waters, tri-
tropical
tons include some of the
world's largest living gastro-
pods. Shells mostly thick and
solid, often covered by a bristly
periostracum . Operculum
thick, chitinous. Egg capsules
attached to rocks. As veliger
larvae may be free swimming
for up to 3 months, the wide
distribution of some species is

Noronha Tun (2*5"') 6 cm Thompson''s False Tun (2") 5 cm at least parnally explained. Trumpet Triton (IB") 33 cm
Mafea pomum noronhensiB Eudofium thompsoni McGinty, Charonia tfitonis {L., 1758).
Kempf and Matthews, 1%9. Is- 1955. Florida Keys and Gulf of Indo-Pacific. Coral reefs in
lands off N.E. Brazil. Sand bot- Mexico. Moderately deep wa- shallow water; moderately
toms; uncommon. ter; uncommon. common.

Allanlic Trumpet Triton (10") AtlanticTrumpet Triton Knobbed Triton (D 18 cm Red Triton (6") 15 cm
25 cm Charortia variegata (La- Charonia variegata (Lamarck, Charonia iampas (L., 1758}. Charonia rubicunda (Perry,
marck, 1816), S,E. Florida; West 1816), Some specimens have Mediterranean and adjacent 1811), S. half of Australia; Ker-
Indies; Mediterranean. Moder- heavy shoulder. May be or- coasts. Shallow water; moder- madec Islands; New Zealand.
ately common, 1 to 15 meters. ange. Syn.: nabiUs Conrad. ately common. Shallow water; uncommon.

tNiwell's Triton (6") IS cm Wrde-mouth Triton (8") 20 cm SauPs Triton (6'') 15 cm Girdled Triton (2") 5 cm

i fhuonsa ruhkunda form pow- Charonia lampas capax Fin lay, Charonia sauliae (Reeve, 1844). Linateifa dnguiala (Lamarck,
i'iit Cotton^ 1957. South Austra- 1926. New Zealand, Rocky Southern japan. Offshore, 10 18221. Western Atlantic; Indo-
1m. On intertidal reefs; uncom- ground; uncommon. May be to 20 m; common. Pacific; South Africa. Offshore;
miin. same as C L njbict/nda Perry. uncommon.
 i

120 HAIRY TRITONS — CYMATIIDAE

13 cm Angular Triton (5") 13 cm Tiger Triton (5'") 13 cm Black-spotted Triton (3. S'! 9 cm
Angular Triton (S'*)

Cymatium femorafe iL, 1758). Cymatium femorale (L., 1750). Cymatmm tigrinum (Broderip, Cymatium foformm (L., 1758).

and to a 1833). Gulf of California to Pan- Tropical Indo-Pacific. Coral

Southern Florida to Brazil. With Varies greatly in size
Without ama, Offshore to 20 m; moder- reefs, shallow water; uncom-
periostracum. Shallow water, lesser extent in color.
moderately common. periostracum. ately rare. mon.

Ranzant's Triton 15 cm Perry's Triton (4") 10 cm Common Hairy Triton (3") Common Hairy Triton (3")

Cymat/um perry Emerson & 7.5 cm Cymatium pileare (L., 7.5 cm Cymatium pileare (L.,
Cymatium rartzami (Bianconi,
Old, 1%3. Sri Lanka; southern 1758). Indo-Padfic; western 1758). Specimen with periostra-
1051). Mozambique; northern
India, Offshore; uncommon. Atlantic. Shallow water; com* cum. In Atlantic, species ranges
Arabian Sea. Offshore; moder-
No brown spots on columeila. mon. Many synonyms. from Bermuda to Brazil.
ately rare.

(1.2") 3 cm Nicobar Hairy Triton (2") 5 cm

Aquatile Hairy Triton Intermediate Hairy Triton Jeweled Triton
(2.5") 6 cm (2.5") 6 cm Cymatium gemmatum (Reeve, Cymatfum nicobaricum (Bod-
1844). Indo-Pacific; West In- ing, 1798). Indo-Pacific; West
Cymatium pthare form aqua- Cymaf/um pileare form inter-
dies. Under coral, on sand, Indies.Shallow water; com-
tile (Reeve, 1544). Under coral medium (Pease, 1869). This Pa-
form moderately com- shallow water; uncommon. mon. Syn.: L chlorostomum.
slabs in the Indo-Pacific region. cific is

mon in Hawaii.
 HAIRY TRITONS — CYMATIIDAE 121

cm Hairy Triton (2.5") 6 cm

Thersites Hairy Triton Dwarf Hairy Triton (T') 2.5 cm Dwarf Hairy Triton (1") 2.5 Krebs^'s

Cymatium vespaceum (La- Cymatium krebsii (Mdrch,

ri-5") 3.5 cm Cymatium vespaceum (La-
marck, 1822). A variable spe- 1877). North Carolina to Flor-
Cymatium (Reeve,
thersites marck, 1622). North Carolina;
form illustrated C. ida; Caribbean. Offshore to 160
UW4). Indian Ocean. Shallow Bermuda to Brazil. Shallow wa- cies, the is

uncommon. pharadum (DafI, 1889). m: uncommon.

water; uncommon. ter;

4 cm Swollen Hairy Triton (1.5") 4 cm Adair Hairy Triton (1") 2.5 cm

< dated Triton (2") 5 cm Swollen Hairy Triton (1.5"^)

Cymatium gibbosum (Brod- C, gibbosum adairense (Dali,

I ymatium amictum Reeve, Cymaf/um gibbosum (Brod-
erip, 1833). Without periostra- 1910). W. Mexico (lower).
subspecies amictoideum
1IVI4, erip, 1033). W. Mexico to Peru;
cum. Subsp. klenei Sby., 1889, from
Keen, 1971. W. Mexico to Pan- Galapagos. Intertidal; moder-
common. S. Africa (upper). Common.
.ima. 30 to 100 m; uncommon. ately

Wide-lipped Triton f1 .2") 3 cm Wide-lipped Triton (1,2") 3 cm

slimildered Triton (2.5") 6.5 cm West African Hairy Triton
(2") 5 cm Cymatium labiosum (Wood, Cymatium iabiosum (Wood,
< tabufatum (Menke,
1828), lndo*Pacific; West In- 1828), Indo-Pacific;West In-
1041), ndo^Pacific; New
1
Cymatium tranquGbaricum (La-
dies. Shallow water; uncom- dies. Syn.: rutihm Menke; to-
/eatand. Shore rocks; com- marck, 1816). Western Africa;
mon. Siphon long or short. roisi Petit.
tiuin. Syn.: examtam Reeve. Cape Verde Is. Uncommon.
122 HAJRY TRITONS — CYMATJLDAE

Tinted Triton (2.5") 6 cm Blunted Triton (2") 5 cm Tripus Triton (2.5") 6-5 cm Bent-neck Triton (2.4") 6 cm
Cymatium mofitinctum (Reeve, Cymatiutn retusum Lamarck, Cymatium (Gmelin,
tripus Cymatium caudatum (Gmelin,
1844), Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa* 1 822 nd ian O cean so u ih e as t-
. 1
; 1791). Indian Ocean; south- 1791). Indo-Pacific. On sand
ter; uncommon. ern Asia. Shallow water; un- eastern Asia. Shallow coral wa- and coral, shallow water; un-
common. ters; uncommon. common.

Kii Triton (2") 5 cm (1 .T’) AS cm

Parkinson's Triton Distorted Rock Triton (2") 5 cm War ted Sand Triton (0.8'T 2 cm
Cymatium (Sowerby,
kiiensis Cymatium parkinsonianum Cymatium subdistortum (La- Cymatium verrucosum (Reeve,
1915). japan. SheKy bottoms, 50 (Perry, 1811), Victoria; Tasma- marck. 1822). Southern Austra- 1844). Southern Australia; Tas-
to ISO m; common. nia: New Zealand. Offshore; lia; Tasmania. Offshore, often mania. Shallow water; com*
common. beached; common. mon.

Lesueur's Sand Triton (0.8"3 2 cm Trigonal Hairy Triton (2") S cm Pfeiffer's Hairy Triton (3") Lined Hairy Triton (2") 5 cm
Cymatmm /esueun I redale, Cymatium trigonum (Gmelin, 7,5 cm Cymatium pfeifferianum Cymatium Imeatum (Broderip,
1929. Southern Australia, Tas- 1791}.Western Africa; lower (Reeve, 1844). Jndo-Pacific. On 1833). Galapagos Islands. Off-
mania. Shallow water; com- Caribbean. Shallow water; sand and mud, shallow water; shore; uncommon. Resembles
mon. Has pink apest. rare. uncommon. C. krebs/f superficially.
 HAIRY TRITONS — CYMATIIDAE 123

4.5 cm Short-neck Triton (2”) 5 cm Long-neck Triton O'") 7.5 cm Chinese Triton (3") 7.5 cm
I hifi-lined Triton (1

« ywaf/tvm tenutHralum (Lisch* Cymadum murid num (Roding, CymBtium gutturnium {Roding, Cymafmm sinense (Reeve,
United
1798). tndo-Paciftc; S.E. 1798). Pacific. Offshore; un- 1844). Western Pacific;
ke, 1973). Southern lapan. Off-
States: West Indies. Shallow common. Syn.: formosos Queensland. Moderately deep
.hore,50to100m; uncommon.
water; common. Perry; davator Dillwyn. water; uncommon.

7.5 cm Dog-head Triton (2") 5 cm Yellow-lip Triton {2,51 h.5 cm Pear Triton (3"') 7.5 cm
Krhder's Triton (3")

reh- Cymatium montinctum sub- Cymatium sarcostomum Cymatium pyrum (L., 1758).
i
vmaf/wm te&tudinarivm
«fi»ri Verrill, 1950. Cuba to species carthhaeum Clench & (Reeve, 1844). Indo-W. Pacific. Indo-Pacific. On coral and
Turner, 1957. S. Ca retina to Bra- Subtidal; uncommon. sand; uncommon. Syn.: murh
I osser Antilles. Offshore to 400
in* rare. zil. Shallow water; uncommon.
catum Rbding,

Black-striped Triton (2") 5 cm Tall Triton n.5”)4cm Hal Lewis's Triton H^) 2.5 cm
Mtdnn Redbreast Triton
Sass/a sem/forfa (Kuroda & Sassia iewfsi Harasewych & Pe-
(1 .5") 4 cm Cymatium hepaticum (Rdding,
Indo-Pacific, Habe, 1961), Japan. Dredged, tuch, 1980. Yucatan, Mexico, to
• rubecufum (L., 1798). Tropical
Under coral slabs; uncommon. 50 to 2tX) m; common. Barbados. Rare. Holotype illus.
* i9}. Tropical Indo-Pacific, In-
lerlidal reefs; uncommon. Black stripes diagnostic.
 124 HAIRY TRITONS — CYMATIIDAE

Gaimard's Sand Triton Wandering Triton * f5") 12.5 cm Beaded Triton (4,5") 11.5 cm Austral Triton (3, S'") 9 cm
(0.8") 2 cm Ranelfa of barium (L., 1758). Mayena gemmifera (Euthyme, Mayena austrafasia (Perry,
Sassia ga imardi ( I reda eI
, 1 929) Mediterranean; Africa; 1889). South Africa; Mozam- 1811), S, half of Australia; Tas-
Southern Australia* Shallow Australasia; Bermuda, Deep bique. Offshore; uncommon. mania; New Zealand. Rocky
water; uncommon. water; uncommon. Syn,; g/- ground; common. Several sub-
gantea Lamarck. species.

Neapolitan Triton (4") 10 cm Scabrous Triton (3”) 7.5 cm Peruvian Triton (3") 7.5 cm Spined Maple Leaf (1,7") 4.5 cm
Cymatfum parthenopeum (von Priene scabram (King, 1832). Pnene rude (Broderip, 1833) Biplex aculeatum (Schepman,
Sails, 1793). In nearly all tropical Peru to central Chile. 10 to 30 Peru to central Chile. 10 to 18 1SK)9.) Japan to W. Australia.
and warm seas. Offshore to 70 m; common. m; common. Dredged, 200 m; uncommon.
m; uncommon. Many syno- Syn.: mkrostoma Fulton.
nyms.

Kookaburra Triton f1") 2.5 cm Maple Leaf Triton (2”) 5 cm Maple Leaf Triton (2") 5 cm Tadpole Triton (1") 2.5 cm
Biplex jacundum (A* Adams, Bipfex perca (Perry, 1811). Biplex perca (Perry^ 1811). Simi* Cynneum gyrinum (L., 1758).
1853). Indo-W. Pacific. In sand Western Pacific. Deep water; lar to B. aculeatum but has rela- Tropical Pacific. Under coral
offshore; uncommon. Syn.; moderately common. Syn.: tively larger aperture. Often slabs in shallow water; com-
pulchella Forbes. pufchelfa Sowerby. very beaded. mon. Syn,: ranina Lamarck.
 .

HAIRY TRITONS — CYMATIIDAE 125

Purple Gyre Trilof! (D 2.5 cm Corded Gyre Triton (1 3 cm Tuberculate Gyre Triton
Gyrineum pusHlum (Broderip, Gyrineum cuspidatum (Reeve, Cynneum roseam (Reeve, (1.r)3cm
1832). Tropical Pacific. On coral 1S44). Indo-Pacific. Subtidal; 1844). Tropical Pacific. Under Gyrineum naiator (Roding,
rubble or sandy mud; uncom- uncommon. C. b/fubercu/are coral below low-tide level; un- 1798). Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa-
mon. Sy n . : face turn re dal e
I (Lamarck, 1816) similar but common. ter Syn.: tubercuiala Broderip.
siphonal canal longer.

Argus Triton {3”) 7.5 cm Mediterranean Bark Triton Spengler's Triton (6'9 15 cm Ridged African Triton
Argobucdnam pustufosum (D 7.5 cm Cabesfana spenghri (Perry, (2.5") 6.5 cm
(Ughtfoot, 17B6). South Africa. Cabesfana cutacea (L., 1767). 1811), Southern Australia; Tas- Cabesfana dalarium (L.. 1767).
Offshore, sometimes beached; Eastern Atlantic; Mediterra- mania. Rock pools; common. South Africa. Offshore to 460 m
common. Syn.: argus Gmelin. nean; Cape Verde Islands. and beached; common.
Moderate depths; uncommon.

Fdippone'^s Triton (2") 5 cm South African Triton (4'") 10 cm Lesser Girdled Triton (1.51 4 cm Swollen Triton £4") 10 cm
Cades ran a fetipponei (von Cabesfana afncana (A. Adams, Getagna svcdncta (L., 1771). Afgobucdnum tamidum
Ihering, 1907). Espirito Santo 1855L South Africa. Offshore to Indo-Pacific. Offshore; uncom- (Dunker, 1862). New Zealand,
{Brazil) to Uruguay. On muddy deep water; moderately com- mon. Syn.: cfandeUina La- Rocky bottom; common.
sand off share; rare. mon. marck.
126 DISTORSIOS — CYMATIIDAE

Magellanic Triton •{2.5") 6.5 cm Oregon Triton (4.5") 11 .5 cm Common Distorsio (2,71 7 cm Checkerboard Distorsio
magetfanicum (Rod-
Fusitri ton Fusitriton oregonense (Red- Distorsio anus (L,, 1758). Indo- (1.214 cm
ing, 1798). Southern South field, 1848), Bering Sea to Cali- Padfic. Under coral, shallow Distorsio burgessi Lewis, 1972.
America; New Zealand; S. Aus- fornia. Offshore; common. water; uncommon, Syn.: ro- Hawaiian Islands (endemic).
tralia. Offshore; uncommon, tunda Perry, Offshore to 30 m; rare.
Svn.: cancettatus L.

Decussate Dtstorsio 5 cm Kurz's Distorsio f1 ,51 3,5 cm Reticulate Distorsio (2.4") 6 cm Smith Distorsio (2.5") 6 cm
Distorsio decussata (Valenci- Distorsfo kurzf Petuch &c Hara- Distorsio reticutata Roding, Distorsio smithi (von Maltzan,
ennes, 1832), W. Mexico to Ec- sewych, 1980. Central Philip- 1798. Indo-Pacific, Offshore to 1884). Western Africa, Off-
uador» Offshore to 85 m; un- pines. Deep water; uncom- moderate depths; uncommon. shore, 20 to 25 m; uncommon.
common. Syn,: simitiima mon, Holotype illustrated. Syn.: canceUinus Lamarck.
Sowerby.

Constricted DIslorsio Me Gi nt v's Disto rsio ( 1 .5") 4 cm Atlantic Distorsio (2.51 6.5 cm Bristly Distorsio (2.5'’) 6.5 cm
(1,514 cm Distorsio constricia maegintyi Distorsio dathrata (Lamarck, Dtstorsio perdistorta Fulton,
0/sfors/o cortstricta conatricta Emerson & Puffer, 1953. North 1616). North Carolina to Texas; 1938. Caribbean; Japan ;Mada-
(Broderip, 1833). Gulf of Cali- Carolina to Florida; Brazil. Caribbean; Brazil, Offshore to gascar. Deep water; uncom-
fornia to Ecuador. Offshore; Dredged, 50 m; common. 130 m; common. mon. Syn,: horrida K. & Habe.
uncommon.
 . i .

FROG SHELLS — BURSIDAE 127

FROG SHELLS
FAMILY BURSIDAE

Small family living in tropical or

warm seas* Shells usually thick
and heavy and have a deep ca-
nal at posterior end of aper-
ture, the anterior canal being
short. Operculum chitinous,
ovaL brown. Females may be
larger than males. Most species
live in or under coral and some
eat marine worms. Egg cap-
sules attached to rock or coral cm
Giant Frog Shell (79 IB cm Ruddy Frog Shell (6'9 15 cm Red- mouth Frog Shell (0") 15

Bursa rubeta (Rdding, 1798). Bursa lissostoma (E. A. Smith,

Bursa bubo (L., 1758). Indo-Pa*
Indo-Pacific. Intertidal and off- 1914). Indo-Pacific. Intertidal
cific* intertidal and offshore;
common. Syn.: gfganlea E* A* shore; moderately common. and offshore m; moder-
to 50

Smith; iampas of authors* Syn * : f uberos urn Rod n g

i ately common. Syn.: bufoRod.

(2.7 *9 7 cm. Dwarf Frog Shell 11 .5'') 4 cm Fernandes's Frog Shell (3.51
lall Frog Shell (3.5'") 9 cm Awati Frog Shell
(Cmelin, 1791)*
ikif&a cortdita Bursa awati Ray, 1949, India to Bursa nana (Broderip & Sow- 9 cm Bursa fernandesi [Beu,

Southwestern Pacific. Off- Philippines. 180 to 550 m; rare. erby, 1829). W, Mexico to Ecua- 1977). Mozambique. Trawled
shore; uncommon. Syn.: can- Syn,: rehderi Beu, 1978 (holo- dor. Offshore to 40 m; com- 110 to 175 m; rare. Holotype il-
type mon. lustrated*
i/rsata Dillwyn {and Lamarck). illus.).

(2’') 5 cm Chestnut Frog Shell 5 cm Pitted Frog Shell (2 ,5") 6.5 cm

kened Frog Shell (3") 7.5 cm
(2*')
itLii Granulate Frog Shell
Bursa bufo (Brugui^re, 1792). Bursa scrobilator (L., 1758)*
Hursa nigrita Mulhaus & Bursa grar^uiaris {Roding, 1798).
IndO'Padfic: Caribbean. Shal- Southeastern Florida to Brazil, Mediterranean; N*W. Africa.
Blocker, 1979. Madagascar. Off-
low and deeper water; com- Dredged 50 to 100 m. Syn. spa- Offshore 15 to 40 m. B. scrobi-
shore; uncommon. :

mon. Syn. cubaniana Orbigny*

:
dicea Montfort. cufafor is misspeUing.
128 FROG SHELLS — BURSIDAE

Common Frog Shell (3") 7.S cm Elegant Frog Shell (3") 7.5 cm
Noble Frog Shell l2"} 5 cm Frilled Frog Shell (3") 7.5 cm
Bursa rana (L., 1758). Indo-Pact- Bursa e/egans (Sowerby, 1835).
Bursa margaritula (Deshayes, Bursa crumena form fofiata
Offshore and beached; un- Indian Ocean. Shallow water;
1832). lndo-Paci(ic. Under (Broderip, 1825). Indian Ocean, fic*

common. common.
coral, subtidal; uncommon. a c. crumena (Lamarck, 1816)

Syn,: nobHis Reeve. lacks red in aperture.

(2") 5 cm California Frog Shell (41 10 cm Pacamon Frog Shell (1 *.5") 4 cm

{2") 5 cm Swollen Bursa
Spiny Frog Shell
Bursa caiifornica (Hinds, 1843). Bursa pacamoni Matthews &
Bur^a echfoata (Link, 1807). Bursa ventficosa (Broderip,
W. Mexico. Among Coelho, 1971. S.E. Florida to
1833). Peru and Ecuador. Below
California;
Indo-Pacific. Offshore; moder- Brazil. Offshore; rare.
moderately com- rocks offshore and beached;
ately uncommon. Syn.: tide level;
mon* common.
$pinosa Lamarck.

cm Wine-mouth Frog Shell (1") 2 cm St Thomas Frog Shell (.61 2 cm

(2") 5 cm Warty Frog Shell (2.51 6-5
Gaudy Frog Shell
Bursa thomae (Orbigny, 1642),
Bursa bufortia (Gmelin, 1791), Bursa rhodostoma iSowerby,
Bursa corrugBta (Perry, 1811). On South Carolina to Brazil; Cape
Tropical Indo-Padftc. Under 1635). Tropical Indo-Pacific.
5.E. Florida to Brazil; W. Mex- Verde Islands. Under rocks to
coral offshore; rare. Syn.: leo sand and coral offshore; un-
Offshore; uncom-
ico to Peru*
common. 80 m; moderately common.
mon. Syn.; caefafa Broderip. Shikama.
 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE
129

(2.5") 6 cm Lamarck's Frog Shell (2") 5 cm

Hnlay's Frog Shell (3") 7.5 cm Udder Frog Shell
(1.5") 4 cm
Bursa mammata Roding, 1798. Bursa lamarcki (Deshayes,
liursa finlay iMcG'mly, 1962. S.E, Bursa cruentata (Sowerby,
Southwestern Pacific. Near 1853). S.W. Pacific. Shallow
Florida and West Indies. Un- 1841). Indo-Pacific. Near coral;
coral reefs; uncommon. Syn.: reefs; uncommon.
common. moderately common.
rosa Perry.

MUREX SHELLS
FAMILY MURICIDAE

This is and very diverse

a large
family, rangingfrom the beauti-
ful, spiny Venus Comb Murex

to the small, insignificant

drupes and purpura rock
shells. The genera in this family

are very arbitrary and no two

experts agree. The subfamily
Thaidinae comprises the com-
mon rock-shells. Operculum
corneous and brown. cm
cm Baker's Snipe's Bill (4") 10
Snipe's Bill Murex (5") 12.5
(harming Frog Shell (1") 2.5 cm 1758. Murex longicaudus F. C. Baker,
Murex haustellum L.,
Hursa venustula (Reeve, 1844). m; locally 1891. Red Sea to Philippines.
Indo-Pacific. 3 to 20
Indo-Pacific. Coral reefs; mod- Syn.: vicdani Kosuge. Com-
common. Typical form from
erately common. mon.
southwestern Pacific.

Woodcock Murex (4") 10 cm

Comb Murex (4") 10 cm Troschel's Murex (6") 15 cm
Venus
Multiplicate Snipe's Bill
Murex troscheli Lischke, 1868. Murex scolopax Dillwyn, 1817.
(2.5") 6 cm Murex pecten Lightfoot, 1786. Common. Lecto-
Indo-Pacific. Common. Syn.: Western Pacific. Common in ja- Indo-Pacific.
Murex multiplicatus Sowerby, type (Wales Museum).
illus.
ternispina Lamarck; triremis pan, 1 to 15 m.
1895. Western Australia. Off- Syn.: acanf/iosfephes Watson.
shore; uncommon. Perry.
 130 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE

Rare-spined Murex (4") 10 cm Caltrop Murex {T) 7 cm Black -spined Murex {3") 7 cm B e n t-5 pi ned M u rex cm
O'O 7
Mu rex trapa Roding, 1798. Murex tribuius L., 17S8. fndo- Murex nigrispinosus Reeve, Murex aduncospinosus Sow-
Southwestern Pacific. Com- Pacific. Common. 1545. Southwestern Pacific. 3 to erby, 1841. Southeastern Asia;
mon . Sy n . : ra risp ina La m a rc k 20 m; common. Philippines. Uncommon.

Murex E2.5") 6 cm
Carbonnier's Erect-spined Murex 7.5 cm
{3'') Brevispined Murex (3"J 7.5 cm MacCillivray's Murex
Murex carbonnieri Jous- Murex rectirostris Sower by, Murex brevispma Lamarck,
seaume^ 1581. Red Sea. Un-
(3") 7.5 cm
1541. East Asia. Offshore; com- Common.
1822. Indo-Pacific. Murex macgflhvrayi Dohrn,
common. mon, Syn.- sobnnus A. Adams. 1563. Northern Australia. Com-
mon. Form of brevmpifia?

Heros Murex (3") 7,5 cm Murex

Striking (3") 7.5 cm Malabar Murex * (3.5") 9 cm Harrowed Murex (3") 7.5 cm
Murex heros Fulton, 1936. New Murex condnnus Reeve, 1545. Murex mmdanoens/s Sowerby, Murex occa Sowerby, 1834.
Guinea and Solomon Islands. Indo-Pactfic. Shallow water; 1841, subsp, makbaricus E. A. Southeastern Asia. Uncom-
Offshore; uncommon. uncommon. Smith, 1895. Philippines. 20 to mon. May be form of scoiopax.
100 m; uncommon.
 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 131

Hirase's MureK {2.5") 6 cm Ki( Murex G.5") 9 cm Tweed Murex (2.5") 6 cm Cabrit's Murex (2,5") 6 cm
Murex hirasei Htrase, 19T5. |a- Mt/rox /cuensfs Kira, 1959. Indo- Murex tweedianus Macpher- Murex eabritii Bernard^ 1859.
[ian to Taiwan. Offshore; un- Pacific. Deep water; uncom- son, 1962. Eastern Australia. S.E. United Stales. Offshore;
< ommon. mon. Common. Syn.: esp/nosa Mac- uncommon.
pherson.

fryofi''B Mtirex (2") 5 cm Rose Mu rex (1-5") 4 cm Sallas's Murex (1 .5") 4 cm Belleglade Murex (1 .51 4 cm

iVfarex Hidalgo, 1880.

tryorti Murex rubidus F. C. Baker, Murex Rehder 8c Abbott,
saHasi Murex beffegtadensis E. Yokes,
(iult of Mexico; Caribbean, 10O 1897. S.E. United Slates; Baha- 1951. Gulf of Mexico. 50 to 100 1%3. Gulf of Mexico. Uncom-
[o 150 m; uncommon. mas, Locally common. Shallow m. Rare, Holotype illustrated. mon. Deepwater.
water.

Moore's Murex
t><in (2'9 5 cm Gold mouth Murex (2") 5 cm BelleMurex (21 5 cm Thompson's Murex (21 5 cm
Minex cabritii subspecies don- Murex chrysostoma Sowerby, Murex cbrysosloma form bell us Siratus ar//cu/afus form fbomp-
moarei Bullis, 1964. Southern 1834. Southern Caribbean to Reeve, 1845. A bright form of son> Bullis, 1964. Southern Car-
i aribbean. Deep water; locally Brazil. Offshore; locally com- the Goldmouth Murex. Un- ibbean; deep water; uncom-
( ommon. mon. common. mon. Holotype illustrated.
132 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE

Bent-beak Murex (2.5") 6 cm ElenaMurex (2.5'’) 6 cm Messorius Murex (2,5") 6 cm Murex

Tricorn (2.5") 6 cm

Murex recurvifostris B rode rip, Murex ehnensis Dali, 1909. W. Murex messorius Sowerby, Murex etenensis form tricomis
1633. W. Mexico to Ecuador Mexico to Ecuador. Shallow wa- 1S41.Lower Caribbean. Shal- S.S. Berry, 1960. Gulf of Califor-

Shallow water; common. ter; uncommon. low water; common, Syn,: nia, Uncommon.
woodringi Clench,

Near-elegant Murex (3") 73 cm Cailtel’s Murex (3") 7,5 cm Beauty Murex (3") 7.5 cm Finlay's Murex (31 7.5 cm
Stratus peretegans Vokes,E. West
Stratus cailleti Petit, 1856. Stratus formosus Sowerby, Stratus formosus Sowerby,
1%5, West Indies. Offshore to Indies. Offshore to 50 m; un- 1841, Caribbean. 20 to 100 m; form finiayi Clench, 1955, Car-
50 m; uncommon. Syn.; e/e- common. Syn.: kugferi Clench uncommon. Siphon not ibbean. 100 to 300 m; uncom-
gans Sowerby. & Farfante. crooked. Syn.: aguayo^ C. & F. mon.

Antillean Murex O”) 7.5 cm Springer's Murex (3") 7,5 cm Ciboney Murex (3") 7,5 cm Wagtail Murex (3") 7.5 cm
Stratus articuiatus Reeve, 1S45. Stratus springer! (BulliSi 1965). Stratus ciboney (Clench ik Far- Stratus mofac///a (Gmelin,
Caribbean. TOO to 300 m; un- Lower Caribbean to Brazil. fante, 1945). Caribbean; deep 1791). Lesser Antilles; West In-

common. Murex antiHarum Dee p wat er ; unco mm o n water; uncommon. Hololype dies. Moderately common.
Hinds rs unidentifiable. illus.
 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 133

cm Consuela's Murex 6 cm Senegal Murex (3") 7.5 cm Hen Murex (2.5") 6 cm

Beau's Mu rex (4'') 10 (2.5")
sertegahnsis ECmelin, Siratus gailinago (Sowerby,
Siratus beauii (Fischer & Siratus con.soe/a A. H. VerrilL Sira f us

1950. Eastern Caribbean. Un- 1791). Brazil. Shallow water. Lo- 1903). lapan. Offshore; uncom-
Bernardi* 1857). Florida to Bra-
common. Syn.: pufcher A. Ad- common. mon.
m; locally uncom-
ziL 200 to 400 cally

mon. Syn.; branchi Dench. ams.

cm Murex (2") 5 cm Superb Murex (2.5") 6 cm Lac in rate Murex (2.5") hem
fllis Cross's Murex (T) 7 Lovely
venustuius {Rehder & Siratus superbus (Sowerby, Siratus iadniatus (Sowerby,
Siratus e///scros5/ Fair, 1974. Ja- 5/rat us
Wilson, 1975). Marquesas Is- 1889). Eastern Asia. Offshore; 1841), ndo-Pacfhc. Shallow wa-
pan; uncommon. I

lands, East Polynesia. 18 to 125 common. ter; uncommon.

m; rare. Holotype illus.

Annandale's Murex cm TrigonulaMurex (2") 5 cm Triquetra Murex (2") 5 cm

Barclay's Murex iZ'} 5 cm (2.5") h
Naquetia anrtandalei (Preston, NaquGtia irigonutus (Lamarck, Naquefia triquetra (Born, 1778).
Nnquetia barc^ayi (Reeve,
1910), India to Philippines. Off- 1816). Southwestern Pacific. Indian Ocean to Indonesia.
J858). Indian Ocean. Offshore;
shore; uncommon. Uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon.
rare.
 134 MUREX SHELLS — MURtCIDAE

Murex
Thifi-bJaded (4") 10 cm fapanese Spike Murex Alabaster Murex (5") 12 cm Stainforth's Murex (2.51 fe cm
Stratus
tenoivancosus (Daut- (41 10 cm Stratus alabaster (Reeve 1845).
^ Chicoreus stamforthi (Reeve.
zenberg, 1927). Brazil- Off- 5/rat us p/;a7efOfdes (Kuroda, japan to the Philippines. Deep 1843). Northern Australia. Litto-
shore; uncommon. Syn.: can- 1942). japan; offshore to 200 m; wate r loca com mo n
; I ly ral to 3 m; locally common.
oca E. Vokes. common.

Apple Myrex (3"J 7.5 cm Globular Apple Murex (2.5") Margarita Murex (4") 10 cm Oculate Apple Murex (3")
Phylfonotus pomum ICmelin. 6 cm PhyHonotos gfobosus (Em- Phylionotus margarkensis (Ab- 7.5 cm
Phylionotus pomum
1791). S.E. United Stales to Bra- mons, 1S5S), S. Caribbean. bott, 1958), Lower Caribbean. form oculatus Reeve, 1845,
zil-1 to 20 m; common. May be subspecies of pomum. Uncommon. Rarely yellow- Deep water Florida; West In-
Common, moutiied. dies. Locally uncommon.
r :

E nd i ve My rex {4") 10cm Trunculus Murex (3") 7.5 cm Rosy-mouth Murex (3^*) 7.5 cm Duplex Murex (3.5") 9 cm
Chicoreus dchoreum (Gmefin^ Hexapfex truncutus (L., 1758). Hexaplex rosarium (Rdding, Hexaplex duplex (Rdding,
1791).Southwestern Pacific. Mediterranean, Shallow water; 1798). Cape Verde Islands; 1798),Western Africa. Com-
Abundant. Syn.r endivta La- common. West Africa; common, Syn,; mon. Also once called saxatiiis
marck.
saxatiiis of authors. L.
 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 135

Murex
Pink-nnouth (4'') 10 cm Regal Murex (5") 12 cm Cabbage Murex {9'') 20 cm Prince Murex (5") 13 cm
Phyilonotus erythrostomus Phyllonotus regius {Swainson, Phyilonotus brass/ca {Lamarck, Hexapiex prmceps (Broderip,
Swaifisoii, 1B31. W. Mexico to 1B21), W. Mexico to Peru. Mod- 1822K W. Mexico to Peru. Fairly 1833). W. Mexico to Peru. Mod*
Peru. Abundant. Syn.: bicofor erately common. common. erately common.
Vaiendennes.

Kuster'sMurex (D 7.5 cm Angular Murex {2'') 5 cm Varius Murex (2'") 5 cm Tbick-spined Murex (31 7.5 cm
Hexapiex kuestenanus (Tap- Hexapiex angufaris (Lamarck, Hexapiex varius (Sowerby, Cbfcoreus megacerus (So-
(jarone-Canefri, 1875). Western 1822), Western Africa. Fairly 1634), Western Africa. Fairly werby, 1834). Western Africa,
Atrica. Uncommon. common in shallow water common locally. Shallow water; uncommon.

virgin Murex (4^) 10 cm Diver Murex {21 5 cm West Indian Murex (51 12 cm Giant Eastern Murex (61 15 cm
C bicore us virgineus (Roding, Chicoreus mergus E. Vokes, Chicoreus brevifrons (Lamarck. Hexapiex fulvescens fSowerby,
17%). Red Sea. Shallow water, 1974. Caribbean (Barbados). 91 1822). West Indies to Brazil. 1834). North Carolina to Texas.
locally common, Syn.: anguH- m; rare. Holotype illustrated. Fairly common; shallow water. Common offshore to intertidal.
trms Lamarck.
136 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE

Astan Mtirex (4"1 10 cm Martin's Murex (1") 2.5 cm Smelly Murex (3") 7.5 cm Spectral Murex (4'') 10 cm

Chicoreus as/amys Kuroda^ Murexfeila martini Shikama, Chicoreus cnissodus (Euthyme, Chicoreus spectrum (Reeve,
1942. Japan and northern 1977, Central Philippines. Deep 1889). Japan to New Caledonia, 1846), West Indies to Brazil. Un-
China, Common offshore. water; uncommon. Shallow reefs; uncommon, common. Holotype illustrated.
Syn,: elongalus Lamarck. Syn,T ohgocanthus Euthyme.

Saul'sMurex f4'') TO cm Rose*b ranch Murex (4'3 10 cm Maurus Murex (3") 7.5 cm Mangrove Murex (2") 5 cm
Chicoreus saufit (Sowerby^ Chicoreus pafmarosae (La- Chicoreus maurus (Broderip, Chicoreus capacious (Lamarck,
1841}. Southwestern Pacific. marck, 1822). Sri Lanka to S.W. 1833). Central Pacific, Uncom- 1816).Southwestern Pacific.
Offshore; uncommon. Cofu- Pacific. Uncommon. Syn.: fo- mon, Syrt.r steeriae Reeve Mangrove roots; common.
mellar edge while. fiatas Perry. (from Marquesas).

Murex
Firebrand {3”) 7.5 cm Curly Murex (3") 7.5 cm Murex
Banks'^s (3") 7.5 cm Denuded Murex (2") 5 cm

Chicoreus torre facias (Sow* Chicoreus mtcrophylius (La- Chicoreus banksii (Sowerby^ Chicoreus denudatus (Perry,
erby, 1841 L Indo-Pacific. Shai* marck, 1016). Indo-Pacific, 1841), Indo-Pacific, Uncom- 1811), Eastern Australia. Com-
low water; common, Syn.r af- Shallow water; common. Syn,: mon. mon, Syn,: pafmiferus Sow-
finis Reeve. p oifieri Jo u sseau me er by.
 .

MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 137

(2"") 5 cm
Murex cm Murex
Rossiter's (1 .5") 4 cm Pendant Murex
Reddish Murex (4") 10 cm Penchinat's {1 *5") 4
Chicoreus penchinaU (Crosse, Chicoreus rossiteri (Crosse, Chicoreus acuieatus (Lamarck,
Chicofeus rubsginosus (Reeve,
1872). Southwestern Pacific. 1822)* lapan to Philippines. Off-
IMS)* Southwestern Pacific* 1861)* japan to Taiwan. Off-
Locally common. shore; uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon. C shore; uncommon. Syn*: ar-

saftatrix Kuroda, 1964, is subsp* femis Rad win & D'Attilio.

4 cm Adusta Murex (2.5") 6 cm

t .osman's Mu rex (2^^) 5 cm Trivial Murex (2") 5 cm Rubescent Murex (1*5")

Chicoreus trivtaUs (A. Adams, Chicoreus rubescens (Brod- Chicoreus hrur^rteus (Link,
Chfcoreus cosmant Abbott and
erip, 1833). Southwestern Pad* 1807}* S.W* Pacific. Abundant;
Tinlay, 1979* Central Carib* 1854). japan to Australia. Un-
f ic* S h a low water. U n co mm o n sublittoral. Syn*; adustus La-
bean. Subtidal to 20 m; rare. common* I

marck*
Paratype tl lust rated*

(1 .7") 4 cm Gubb's Murex (2.5") 6 cm

Lace Murex O'l 7*5 cm Murex
Saffron (2") 5 cm Bojador Murex
Chicoreus crocatus (Reeve, Murexieha bojadorensis Lo- Chicoreus gubti (Reeve, 1849)*
I hicoreus dtleclus (A. Adams,
1845). Philippines. 5 to 30 m: card, 1897. West Africa. Off* Western Africa. Shallow water;
t855). S.E* United States. Subti-*
uncommon. shore; uncommon* uncommon*
common. Syn.:
flal; arenarius locally

Clench & Farfante*

138 MUREX SHELLS — MURtClDAE

Thomas''s Murex (2”) 5 cm Ramose Mu rex (S'") 20 cm Radish Murex (S'*) 12 cm Murex
Nigrite (6") 15 cm
Chicoreus thomasi (Crosse & Chicoreus rafrtosus (L,# 1758). Hexaplex radix (Cmelin, 1791). Hexapfex nigritus (Philippi^
Hscher, 1372). Marquesas Is- Indo-Pacific. Shallow reefs; Panama to Ecuador. Shallow 1845). Gulf of California. Inter-
lands. Rare. Paratype illus. very common. water; common. tidal; common.

%4

Deer Antler Murex (2-S'') 6 cm

I

Monodon Murex (4 ^)
d
10 cm Axtcomis Murex {T) 7.5 cm Damicornis Murex (2”) 5 cm

Chicoreus cervtcornis (La- Chicoreus cornucervf (Roding, Chicoreus axicornis (Lamarck, Chicoreus damicornis (Medley,
marck, 1822). Northern Austra- 1798}. Northwestern Australia. 1822). japan to the Philippines. 1903). Northern Australia.
lia. Shallow water Fairly com- Littoral. Uncommon. Syn,: Offshore; uncommon. Syn.: Common. Lower specimen is

mon. moriodon Sowerby, kawamurai Shikama. rare sinistra! form.

Dye Murex cm Horned Murex cm West African Murex (2"0 5 cm

Orchid Murex * (1.5'^) 4 cm Purple (3.5") 9 (6") 15
Pterynotus orchidifiorus (Shi- Bolinus hrandaris (L.^ 1758). Bohnus cornuWs (L., 1758). Homatocanlha me/a na math os
kama, 1973). Off Taiwan. Un- Mediterranean and N.W. Af- Western Africa; Cape Verde Is- (Cmelin^ 1791), West Africa.
common. P. cerinamarumai rica. Locally abundant. lands. Offshore; common. Offshore; uncommon.
Kosuge, 1980, is variant.
 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 139

Zambo's Murex {2") 5 cm Scorpion Mu rex (2'") 5 cm Mu rex

Anatomical (Z'*) 5 cm FauroLs Murex (Z*") 5 cm
Homalocantha zamboi Burcb & Homa/ocarT^6a scorpio (L,, Homalocantha anatomica Homalocantha fauroti (Jous-

Bufch, I960. Central Phifip- T758). Southwestern Pacific. {Perry, 1811). Indo-Pacific. seaume, 1888). Red Sea, Shal-
ptnes. 1 to 5 m; locally com- Common; shallow water. Shallow reef waters; uncom- low water; uncommon.
mon. Rarely albino. mon, Syn.: rota Mawe.

Murex (2'') 5 cm
Anomalous Murex (1 .5") 4 cm Fenestrate Mu rex (1 .5'} 4 cm Favored Murex (2") 5 cm Digitate

Homa/ocanf/ia anomaliae Ko- Marchia mart/nefana fRoding, Homalocantha secundus (La- Homalocantha dlgitata tSow-
1798). S.W. Pacific. Shadow marck, 1822). Southwestern Pa- erby, 1841). Red Sea. Shallow
suge, 1979. Central Philippines.
100 m; rare. Stunted scorpiof reefs; uncommon. Syn.: fenes- cific; Australia. Uncommon. water. Uncommon.
frafa Dillwyn.

Sharp'Spined Murex 6 cm Ca peto wn M u rex (1 1 2.5 cm Hooked Murex (1'1 2.5 cm Bibbey's Murex {1 S) 3,5 cm
Homa/ocanf/ja oxyacantha Poropferon capensis fSowerby, f^oropteron uncinarius {La- Marchia bibbeyi Radwin & D'At-
marck, 1822). South Africa. Off- tiiio, 1976. fapan. Offshore in
(Broderrp^ 1833). Mexico to Ec- 1841). South Africa, Offshore to
iiador. Shallow water; uncom- 30 m; common. shore to 30 m; common. 3(X) m; rare.

mon.
 140 WINGED MUREX SHELLS — MURIODAE

Loebbecke's Mu rex (2”) 5 cm Miyoko Murex (2.5") 6 cm Leafy- winged Murex (3^9 7.5 cm Pellucid Murex (2") 5 cm
Pterynotus /oeb6ec^e/ (Kobelt, Pterynotus loebbeckei sub- Pterynotus phytfopterus (La- Pterynotus peiluddus (Reeve,
1879), Southeast Asia; south- species mfyokoae Kosuge, marck, 1822). Lesser Antilles, 1845). Indo-Pacific. Offshore to
ern Japan. Deepwater; rare. 1979. Philippines. Deep water; West Indies. 10 to 30 m; un- 30 m; uncommon.
rare. common.

Bedjiaths Murex {3") 7.5 cm PinnateMurex (7.3'') 16 cm Three-winged Murex (2") 5 cm Thorny-winged Murex (4") 9 cm
Pterynotus bednafli (Brazier, Pterynotus alatus (Rdding, Pterynotus trtpterus (Born, Pferynofus acanthopterus
1078).Northern Australia. Shal- 1798)* Southeastern Asia; East 1778). Indo-Pacific. Subtidal; (Lam., 1816). W. Australia, Shal-
low water; locally uncommon Indies. Subtidal; uncommon. uncommon. low water; fairly common.
to rare. Syn,: pinnatus Swainson, Syn.: philtipsi E. Vokes.

Triple Murex (2*5'^ 6 cm Vekes's False Murex 6 cm Gambia Murex (2.5"') 6 cm

(2.5") Phaneus Murex (1 .5") 3.5 cm
Pterynotus triform is (Reeve, Pteropurpura vokesae Emer- Purpurelius gambiensis (Reeve, Pterynotus phaneus (Dali,
1845). Australia* Shallow sandy son, 1964. California. Off- 1845). Western Uncom-
Africa. 1609), Caribbean. Deep water;
and grassy areas; common. shore; rare. Syn.: M. rbyssus mon. rare. Syn.: tristichus Dali;
Dail (holotype ill us.), not Tate. havanensis E. Vokes.
 .

WINGED MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 141

Ughlbourn's Murex (1*') 2.5 cm Guesf s Murex (11 2.5 cm Radw in's Murex (1,213 cm Butterfly Murex (1.41 3.5 cm
Pterynotus lightboumi Harase- Pterynotus guesU Harasevnrych Pterynotus radwini Harasewych Fterynolus vespertilio (Kira,
wych & jenserii 1979. Off Ber- & jensen, 1979. Off Key West, & Jensen, 1979. Off Belize, 1959), japan. Offshore to 100
muda; 27 to 60 m; rare. Holo- Florida, in 275 m; rare. Holo- Honduras, In 300m; rare, Holo- m; moderately common.
lype illustrated. type illustrated. type illustrated

P n n iger
i Mu rex (2 ,5") 6 cm Fluted Murex (2") 5 cm Club Murex (31 7.5 cm Pinnacle Murex (2") 5 cm

Purpurelius pinniger (B rode rip, Pterynotus taqueatus (Sow* Pferyno(us efongaWs (light- MarcbJa bipinnatus (Reeve,
1833). W. Mexico to Ecuador. erby, 1841). Western Pacific, foot, 1786). Indo-Pacific. Shal- 1845). Indo-Pacific. Rare.
Deepwater; rare, Syn.: osseus Offshore; rare. low reefs; uncommon. Rarely Sometimes placed in Pferyno-
Reeve; mezana Durham, 1950, pink. Syn . : davus Kre n e r. tus. Aperture violet.

BelterMurex (11 2.5 cm Exquisite Murex (11 2,5 cm BequaerPs Murex (1 .41 3.5 cm Decussate Murex (1 .5") 4 cm

Ptcrochetus ariomus (Clench & Subpterynolus exquisttus Fteropurpura bequaerti laton dect/ssatus (Cmelin,^
farfante^ 1945). Off southeast- (Sowerby, 1904), Western Af- (Oench & Farfante, 1945). S,E, 1791), Western Africa. Shallow
ern Florida in 100 m; rare. rica, Rare. United States. Offshore; rare. water; uncommon.
142 WINGED MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE

Frill'Wing Murex 6 cm Esychus Murex (1 .5“') 3.S cm Adunca Murex {1 .51 3.5 cm Expansive Murex [1.51 3.5 cm
Pteropurpura macroptera Pteropurpura esycha (Dali, Pteropurpura adunca (Sow- Pferopt/rpura adunca form ex-
(Deshayes, 1839). Northern 1925). Off Japan in 210 m; very erby, 1834). Central japan. Shal- pa nsa Sower by, 1860. Japan.
California, Offshore; common. rare. Holotype illustrated. low water; common. Syn.: Offshore; uncommon*
eurypferon Reeve.

Weeping Murex (2") 5 cm Centrifuge Murex (23") 6 cm Three -winged Murex (2.5") 6 cm Festive Murex (2") 5 cm
Pteropurpura phrator (Adams Pteropurpura cenlrifuga Pteropurpura triafata (Sowerby, Pteropurpura fealiva (Hinds,
& Reeve, 1849), Southeastern (Hinds, 1844). Gulf of Califor* 1834). Cairfornta and W. Mex- 1844), California and W. Mex-
Japan. Shallow water; com- nia; Galapagos. Offshore. Un- ico. Intertidal rocks; common. ico. Intertidal to3 m; common.
mon. common. Syn.i deroyana
Berry.

Burn ett's Mu re % (4") 10 cm Fournier's Purpura (2.2") 6 cm Purpura

Nuttall's (21 5 cm Dingy Purpura (21 5 cm
Ceratofoma bumetti (Adams & Cerafosfoma fouroieri {Crosse, Cerafosfcuna nuttaPi (Conrad, Ceiatostoma tugubre (Bro-
Reeve, 1849). Japan Sea; Korea; 1861), North China; east Japan. 1837). California and W. Mex- derip, 1833). Costa Rica to Peru.
north China. 0%hore to 10 m; Shallow water; common. ico. Littoral; common. Littoral; common. Syn.: fort-

locally common. ta/ne/Tryon.

 MUREX SHELLS — MURICIDAE 143

New Zeafand Murex 6 cm Paa's Murex (2") 5 cm Orr'sMuricop (11 2.5 cm Nutting's Murex (1 .51 4 cm
Poirierm zelandicus (Qyoy & Poirieria pan (Crosse, 1889). Muricopms orri Cernohorsky, Poirieria nutimgi 18%).
(Dali,

Gafmard, 1833). New Zealand. Florida and Caribbean. 200 to 1976. Thailand. Offshore; un- Off Florida. 1(X) to 400 m; un-
Offshore; moderately com- 400 m; uncommon. common. common. Syn.: oregonia Bui-
mon. Ms. Holotype ill us.

1
Octagon Murex (2") 5 cm H i dalgo's Murex H 51
. 4 cm Me G inty^s Mu rex { ") 2 .5 cm HumiMs Murex (1 ,51 3.5 cm
Murexsuf ocfogonos (Quoy ^ Murexieila hidalgoi (Crosse, Murexietta maegintyi (M> Murexiefta humitis (Broderip,
Ciaimardi 1833), New Zealand. 1869). S.E. United States and Smith, 1938). Caribbean to Bra- 1833). Gulf of California to Ec-

Subtidal rocks; fairly common. Caribbean. Deep water; un- zil. Shallow water; locally un- uador. Shallow water; uncom-
common. common. mon. Syn.: taurae E, Vokes.

Cfirdled Dwarf Murex Burr Murex {1 3") 3 cm Gem Murex (11 2.5 cm Coronate Typhis # (1.51 4 cm
(0,8") 2 cm Murexietia tap pa (Broderip, Maxwettia gemma fSowerby, Typhis coronatus Broderip,
Murexiella balteatus (Sowerby, 1833), Gulf of Mexico to Ecua- 1879). Central California to Baja 1833 W. Mexico to Ecuador.
18413. lndo*Pacific. Shallowwa* dor. Shallow water; uncom- California. Intertidal rubble to Sublittoral. Locally common;
rer rocks; uncommon. mon. 60 m; common. under rocks.
144 DRILLS AND MURICOPS — MURICIDAE

Hexagonal Muricop (l.S") 4 cm Muricop (1 .2**) 3 cm

Blainville's Mactan Dwarf Murex Pitted Dwarf Murex (1") 2.5 cm
Muricopsis oxytatus (M* Smith, Muricopsis bfainvillei (Pay- (0.r)1.8cm Favartia ceUulosa (Conrad,
193S). Florida and the West In- raudeau, 1826). Mediterra- favartia mactanensfs Emerson 1846). S.E* United States to Bra-

dies. Syn.i hexagonus La- nean. Intertidal; common. Var- & D'Attilio, 1979. Central Philip- zil. Syn*: nucea Mdrch. Very

marck, not Gmelin. Common* iable. pines* 30 m; uncommon. common; intertidal.

Dorothy's Dwarf Murex Pelepili Dwarf Murex Sainton Dwarf Murex Rugged Vitularia (3") 7.5 cm
Ibl 1.5 cm tn 2.5 cm t*7") 1 -8 cm Viiuiaria satebrosa (King & Bro-

Favartia dorothyae Emerson & Favartia pe/ep//i D'Attilio & Favartia salmonea (Melvill & W. Mexico to Pan-
derip, 1832).
D'Attilio, 1979. Central Philip- Bertsch, 1980. Central Philip- Standen, 1899). Indo-Pacific* ama; Galapagos. Rather com-
pines. Offshore; 10 m; uncom- pines, Offshore; uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon. mon.
mon.

Thick-lipped Drill H") 2.5 cm Atlanlic Oyster Drill H") 2.5 cm Spindle Dwarf Triton (0.8") 2 cm Spotted Vitularia (21 5 cm
Eupleura caudata (Say, 1822)* Urosaipinx cinerea (Say, 1822). Urosalpinx fusutus (Brocchi, Vitularia miiiaris (Gmelin, 1791).
New England to Florida. Shal- Eastern Canada to N*E, Florida; 1814). Mediterranean; western S*W. Pacific. Coral reefs; locally
low water on oyster banks; Washington to California. On Europe. Offshore; uncommon. common.
abundant* oyster banks; abundant.
 ROCK-SHELLS — MURICJDAE 145

Dwarf Triton (2") S cm Sting Winkle {1,2") 3 cm Dwarf Triton d") 2.5 cm
Paiva's
Potilson's Dwa^^ Triton Spineless
OcGtiebra inermicosta Ocenebra erinacea il., 1758), Bedeva paivae (Crosse, 1864).
(1.5") 3,5 cm E,
Northwestern Europe to north- Southern Australia; Tasmania.
Ocenebrapoukoni (Carpenter, Vokes, 19M. Western Africa, In-
western Africa. Littoral; com- Shallow water; common. Syn.:
1864). California to Baja Califor- tertidal; common. Syn,: fas-
mon. hanleyi Angas.
nia, Littoral rocks; common. data Sowerby, not Gmelin,

Dog winkle Frilled Dogwinkle {2,5") 6 cm Atlantic Dogwinkle (2") 5 cm

f lie Dogwinkle {1,5") 3.5 cm Emarginate
Nucelia /ame/fosa {Gmelin, Nuce//a lapillus (L,, 1756). East-
Nucelia iima (Cmelin, 1791). (1") 2,5 cm
Nucdla emarginata (Deshayes, 1791). Bering Sea to California. ern Canada to New York; Nor-
Alaska to northern Canfornia,
Littoral; common. Very varia- way to Portugal, Rocky coasts;
Littoral; common. 1639). Bering Sea to W. Mexico,
Littoral rocks; abundant. ble. common. Very variable.

cm Biconk Rock-shell (1") 2,5 cm

( orded Rock-shell (1 31 3 cm Orb Rock -shell (3.5*') 9 cm Carinate Rock*shell (2") 5
Cuma lacera (Born, 1776). In- Cronia b'tconica (Blainville,
Tmchia dnguiata (L., 1758). Neothais orbita (Gmelin, 1791),
1832). Indo-Pacific. Intertidal;
Sooth Africa, Lower littoral New Zealand; eastern Austra- dian Ocean to S,£, Asia, Litto-
common. Syn.: carintfera moderately common.
fockzone; common. lia, Rocky shores; common. ral;

Lamarck; mutabilis Link,

 -

146 PURPURAS — MURICIDAE

Whdk Purpura iV) 2.5 cm Barnacle Rock-shell (2,7") 7 cm Wide- mouthed Purpura Columella Purpura (2") 5 cm
Conchofepas conchotepas O”) 7.5 cm Purpura colume Ifarts Lamarck,
Thais buccirt€a (Deshayes,
W. Intertidal (Brugui^re, 1792). Peru and Purpura patuia (L., 17581- S.E, 1822. Southwestern Mexico to
1844h S. Pacific.

rocks; locally common. Chile. Littoral; common. Syn.: Florida and the West Indies. In- Chile, Locally uncommon.
peruvianus Lamarck. tertidal rock cliffs; common.

Persian Purpura (2,5") 6 cm Rudolph's Purpura (2.5") 6 cm Muricate Purpura (2.5") 6 cm

Drinking Cup Purpura
{3") 7,5 cm Purpura persica (L., 1758). Purpura panama IRoding, Neorapar^a murkata (Broderip^
Southwestern Pacific to Japan- 1798). East Indies. Littoral 1832). W. Mexico to Ecuador,
Purpura haustorium (Cmelin^
common. rocks; common. Syn.: ru- Intertidal; fairly common.
1791), New Zealand. Intertidal Intertidal rocks;

rocks; common. dofphi Lamarck.

tye<of-)udas Purpura Nodose Purpura (3") 7.5 cm Tube rcu late Purpura (2’1 5 cm load Purpura (2.5") 6 cm
(2.5") 6 cm Purpura nodosa (I., 1758). Bra- Neorapana ft/6ercc//afa (Sow- Thais bufo (Lamarck, 1822).

W. Mexico. Interti- Indo-Pacific- Intertidal rocks;

Purpura pfanospira Lamarck, zil; western Africa. Littoral erby, 1835).
1822. W. Mexico to Peru; Gala- rocks; locally common dal rocks; common. common.
pagos. Uncommon. 5yn,; picta
Perry (a suppressed name).
 ROCK-SHELLS — MURICIDAE 147

(2") 5 cm Hays's Rock-shell {3") 7.5cm Florida Rock-shell (2") 5 cm

Gourd Rock -she 1 1 {2"J 5 cm Chocolata Rock-shell
haemastoma subspecies
Thais chocofata (Duclos, 1832). Thais haemastoma form Thais
Thais mehnes (Duclos, 1032).
(Conrad, 1837). S.E.
canalicolata (Gray, 1839). N.W* floridar^a
W* Mexico to Peru; Galapagos. Ecuador to Peru, Rocky shores;
Gulf of Mexico. Oyster banks: United States to Brazil* IntertU
Rocky shores; common. common*
common. Syn** haysae Clench. dal muddy rocks; common*

cm Tuberose Rock^shell (2") 5 cm Kiener's Rock-shell (1.5") 3.5 cm Chestnut Rock-shelf

Two-row Rock-shell {2*5") 6 cm
(1 .5") 3.5
Thais tuberosa Roding, 1798. Thais kieneri (Deshayes, 1844).
Thais haemastoma subspecies 1758).
lapan to Australia. Littoral Thais hippacastanum (L*,
bisenalis (Blainville, 1832). W* 5.W. and central Pacific* Coral
common* Southwestern Pacific* Rocky
Mexico to Chile* Littoral; com- shores; common. Syn*; pica rocks;
shores; common.
mon. Blainville.

Bituberculate Rock-shell Tissot's Rock-shell (0.6") 1,5 cm

Aculeate Rock-stiell {2") 5 cm Intermediate Rock-shell
(1.5") 3*5 cm (1.5") 4 cm Thais tissoti (Petit, 1852). Indian
Thais acaieata Deshayes, 1844*
Thais bitubercularis (Lamarck, Ocean: Andaman Sea, Interti-
Southeastern Asia. Rocky Thais intermedia (Kiener, 1836)*
1822). Philippines to eastern Af- dal; common.
shores; common* Polynesia; southwestern Paci-
fic* Reef edges; common* rica, Intertidal rocks; common*
148 ROCK-SHELLS AND DRUPES — MURICIDAE

Bicosta! Rock-shell i2A"*) 6 cm Speclosa Rock-shell (1 .5"') 4 cm Kiosque Rock-shell (2") 5 cm Blanford's Rock-shell

Thais bicoslalis Lamarcki 1B16, Thais spedosa (Valenciennes, Thais kiosquiformis(Dudos, (0*6") 2 cm
1632). W. Mexico to Peru. Inter* 1832)* W* Mexico to Peru. Man- Thais btanfordi (Melvill, 1893)*
South Africa. Intertidal rocks;
common* Syn*: capensis Petit* tidal rocks; common. Syn*: tri- grove and oyster areas; com- Northern Indian Ocean; Per-
serialis Biainville* mon. sian Gulf. Intertidal; common.

Belligerent Rock-shell Prickly Rock-shell (1 .5") 4 cm Mancinella Rock-shell (2'*) S cm Coronate Rock-shell (1 .S'") 4 cm
O'")

7.5 cm Thais armigera (Link, Thais echinata EBIainviller Thais mancinella EL., 1756). Thais coronafa (Lamarck, 1816).

1807)* Southwestern Pacific* 1832). Southwestern Pacific. Southwestern Pacific; Austra- Senegal to Congo; Trinidad to
Rock shores; common. Syn.: Littoral; common. Rare umbili* lia. Intertidal rocks; common. Brazil. Mangroves and rocks;
armigera Lamarck* cate. common*

H") 2,5 cm Grape Drupe (0.5") 1.2 cm

Rustic Rock-shell El *5”) 4 cm Rugose Rock-shell (1") 2*5 cm Basket Drupe

Thais rustica (Lamarck, 1822). Thais Rugosa (Born, 1778). Morula funiculus (Wood, 1626). Morula t/va (Roding, 1796)*
Littoral; Southeastern Asia; India. Rock Southwestern Pacific* Littoral Tropical W. Pacific. Intertidal
S.E. Florida to Brazil.
and mud common. rocks; common* Syn* tfiangu- rocks; common. Syn.; nodus
common. Syn.: andata of areas; Alias :

sacellum (GmeMn, 1791)* lata Pease; decussata Reeve* Lamarck,

authors.
 DRUPES AND FALSE TRITONS — MURICIDAE 149

Monodon Thom Drupe {1 .5") Rough Thorn Drupe (1 ,5") 4 cm Grand Purpura (2,5") 6 cm Gloomy Thorn Drupe {1")

4cm Acanthina monodon (Pal- Acanthina monodon form im- Neorapana grandis {Sowerby, 2.5 cm
Acanthina fugubris (So-
las, ^774). Peru to Argentina. bricata Umarck, 1616, Chile; 1835). Galapagos Islands. Lo- werby, 1821), Southern Califor-
Rocky shores; common. Syn.: Falkland Islands. Common. cally common. nia and western Mexico. Litto-
ca/car Martyn; unicornis Bru- ral rocks; abundant.
Suiere.

Spotted Thorn Drupe fV') 2.5 cm Short-toothed Thorn Drupe Checkered Thorn Drupe (1")

Acanthina punctuiata (Sow- (1") 2.5 cm 2.5 cm Acanthina pauc/7/rafa

erby, 1825), Monterey, Califor- Acanthina brevidentata {Wood, (Stearns, 1871), San Pedro, Cah
nia, to Baja California. Upper 1628). W, Mexico to Peru. Litto- ifornia, to Baja California. Litto-
intertidal zone; common. ral; common. ral; common.

Scaled False Triton f1 .2") 3 cm Bezoar Rapa Whelk (3") 7.5 cm Turnip-shaped Rapa (3,5") 9 cm Thomas's Rapa Whelk (4") 10 cm
RhyVocoma scaiariformis Rapana bezoar (1,, 1756). Japan Rapana rapiformis (Born, 1778). Rapana venosa (Valenciennes,
iBroderip, 1633). W. Mexico to to southeastern Asia. Off- Southeastern Asia and East In- 1846). japan; China; intro-
Panama; Galapagos. Intertidal; shore; moderately common. dies. Common. Syn.: batbosa duced to Black Sea. Common.
uncommon. Ughtfoot. Syn. thomasiana Crosse.
I
 . )

150 DRUPES— MURICIDAE

Wreath Jopas [2'"} 3 cm cm o w 1 opas

Francolina |opas (2") 5 Yel I (1 ") 2 *5 cm Ribboned |opas (1") 2.5 cm
Nassa serta (Bruguiere, 1789), Nassa francolina tBrugui^re, Pinaxia coronata A. Adams, Vexilla faenfafa iPowis, 1835).
Southwestern Pacific to Ha- 1789). Indian Ocean. Common. 1851. Philippines to Japan. Shal- Central Pacific* Uncommon.
waii* intertidal rocks; com- Smoothish. low water, fapan form without
mon. stripes icitrina Kuroda),

Vexillate |opas (1'") 2*5 cm Lined Jopas fl'') 2*5 cm Priddy Pacific Drupe Elegant Pacific Drupe (1")
VexiUa vexiifum ( Gm e I i n , 1 791) Vexilla iineaia (A* Adams, 1853)* (D 2*5 cm 2.5 cm Drupa elegans (Broderip
Indo-Padfic, Shore rocks; un- Southwestern Pacific to Ha- Drupa ricinus (L., 1758)* Indo- 8t Sowerby, 1829). Central Po-
common. Syn,; picta Swain- waii. Littoral; common* Syn.: Pacific. Intertidal rocks; abun- lynesia* Intertidal rocks; un-
son* stnatella Garrett* dant. common.

Purple Pacific Drupe (1") 2.5 cm (1 *2") 3 cm

lodrne-moulh Drupe Digitate Pacific Drupe (V Lobate Drupe (1") 2.5 cm
Orupa momm Rddingn 1798. Drupa morum subspecies 2.5 cm Drupa grossularia {Rod- Drupa iobata (Blainville, 1832).
Indo-Pacific. Intertidal reefs; iodostoma {Lesson, 1840). Mar- ing, 1798). S*W* Pacific to east- Red Sea to western Australia*
common* Syn*r hornda La- quesas Islands; eastern Polyne- ern Polynesia. Shallow water; Shallow water; locally com-
marck. sia* Uncommon. common. Syn.: digitata La- mon.
marck.
 TROPHONS — MURICl DAE 151

cm 13 cm Lee's Murex (3.5") 9 cm

strawberry Drupe (1 .5"! 4 cm Clathrate Drupe (1 .5") 4 Giant Forrena (5")

Drupa rubusidaeus Rdding, Drupa dathrata (Lamarck, Forreria bdcberi (Hinds, 1843). Caldtrapessa feeana (Dali,
1816), S.W. California to Baja California, tn* 1890). W. Mexico. 50 to 100 m;
1793. IndO'Pacific. Lower inter- Pacific. Intertidal.

tidal reefs; uncommon. Syn,; Widespread but uncommon. te rtidal oy ste r ba rs common.
;
uncommon. Holotype illustra-
Syn.; rubuscaestus of authors. ted.
fragum Rdding.

Cerros Trophon {3") 7.5 cm Catalina Trophon (3") 7.5 cm Gorgon Trophon (1 .3") 3 cm Thistle Trophon (1 .3") 3 cm
Austrotrophofi cerrosensts Austrotrophon cerrosensts sub- Boreotrophon gorgon (Dali, Enixotrophor] carduelis (Wat-
species cafa//nens;s Oldroyd, 1913). Off Hondo, Japan. 300 son, 1886). Off eastern Austra-
form pinnatus (Dali, 1902). W.
Mexico. 50 to 150 m; rare. 1927. South third of California. m; rare. Holotype illustrated. lia. 800 m; rare.

Holotype. Offshore; rare.

Prickly Trophon (1 3") 3 cm Clavate Trophon (1 .3^*) 3 cm Carinate Trophon (1 .3**) 3 cm Watson's Trophon (2.2") 6 cm
Ntpponotrophon echinus Trophonopsis davatus (G, O. Trophonopsis vaginatus (Cris- Trophonopsis acanthodes
iDafl,1913). Saga mi, japan. Sars, 1879). N.W. Europe; east lofori 8t Jan, 1832). Mediterra- (Watson, 1882). Off southeast-
Deepwater; uncommon. Canada to off North Carolina. nean. Deep water. Syn.: car/na- ern South America. Deep wa-
Deepwater; uncommon. fus Bivona. ter; rare.
 152 TROPHONS — MURICIDAE

Alaska Trophon (1.31 3 cm Dali's Trophon (2") 5 cm Laciniate Trophon (2") 5 cm Candelabrum Trophon
Boreotrophon ataskanus (Dali, Noduhtrophon datti (Kobelt, Stramonitfophon p//ca(us n.5") 3*5 cm
1902). Japan and Alaska. Deep 1878). Northern Deep
Pacific. (Lightfoot, Southern
1786). Boreotrophon candetabrum
water; uncommon. water; rare. South America. Offshore; com- (Reeve, 1848). japan. Deep wa-
mon. Syn. fadniatus Martyn*
:
ter; uncommon.

Ge ve rs's Tro pho n (A*") 10 cm Cevers's Trophon (41 10 cm Norlhwest Pacific Trophon (VO Stuarfs Trophon (1 .5") 4 cm
Trophon geverstanus (Pallas, Trophon geverstanus (Pallas, 2.S cm Boreotrophon pad ficus Boreotrophon A.
stuarti (E.
1774). Southern South Amer- 1774). A very variable species Bering Sea to Cali-
(Dali, 1902). Smith, 1880). Alaska to Callfor*
ica. Offshore; common. Syn.: with many intergrades. fornia. Offshore in south; in- nia* Subt^dal to 50 m; common.
mage//arj(cus Lamarck. tertidal in north. Common. Hoiotype illustrated.

Truncate Trophon (0,6") 1 .5 cm Triangular Trophon {1 .2") 3 cm C la th rate Tropho n (0 6") 1 .5

. cm Sandpaper Trophon (21 5 cm
Boreotrophon truncatus Boreotrophon (riangulatus Boreotrophon dathratus (L., Jrophonopsis fast us (Dali,
(Strom, 1766). Northwestern (Carpenter, 1864). California. 1758). Arctic seas to W. Europe. 1919). Bering Sea to off Baja Cal-
Europe; Greenland. Offshore Offshore; moderately com- Offshore; common. Syn,; gun- ifornia. 50 to 1,000 m; com*
in 4 to 140 m; common. mon. neri Loven, mon.
 .

LATI AXIS — CORALUOPH I LI D AE 153

Elongate Trophon H .5") 4 cm Hoyle's Trophon El .2”) 3 cm Ambiguous Trophon (1 .5") 4 cm B rode rip's Thistle Trophon
Trophon clongatus Strebel, Trophon hoyfei Strebel> 1904. Zeatfophon ambiguus (Phi- m 2.5 cm
1904. Magellan Straits; Falkland Falkland Islands. Offshore; un- lippi, 1S44). New Zealand. Shal- Acanlhotrophon carduus
Islands. Offshore; uncommon. common. low water; common. (Broderip, 1833). W. Mexico to
Peru. Subtidal; uncommon.

.5"')
Panama Thistle Trophon (1 Beebe's Trophon (1 .5") 3 .5 cm Yellow-mouth Trophon (2,5") Fimbriate false Latiaxis (1

4 cm Austrolrophon panamen- Trophon beebei Herlleln & 6 cm Xanthochonjs xanthos- 4 cm lataxiena fimhriata
sis Olsson, 1971. Gulf of Pan- Strong, 1948. Gulf of California. toma (Broderip, 1833). Panama (Hinds, 1544). N.W. Pacific; Ja-
ama. Deep water; rare. Holo- 60 to 120 m; moderately com- to Chile. Offshore; common. pan. Shallow water; common.
type iltustrated. mon. Syn.: borridus Brod. Syn.: imbnca t us S m it h

Mawe's Latiaxis (2") S cm Winding Latiaxis (2") 5 cm Gyrate Latiaxis E2'^) 5 cm Eugenia's Latiaxis (Z"") 5 cm
Latiaxis mawao (Griffith & Pid- lafvaxfs tortilis H. & A. Adams, Labaxfs gyratus (Hinds, 1544). idoieum Jonas, 1847. ja-
Latiaxis

geon, 1834). Japan, Offshore; 1863. South Africa. Offshore; Southwestern Pacific. Off- pan. Offshore; uncommon.
locally common. Family Coral- uncommon. shore; uncommon. Also Japan. Syn.: eugeniae Bernardi.

liophilidae.
 154 LATIAXIS — CORALLIOPH[UDAE

Japanese Utiaacis (1") 2.5 cm Armored Latiaxis (1") 2.5 cm Purpie-mouth Latiaxis Carinate Latiaxis (1.5”) 4 cm
Latiaxis japonlcus (Dunker, Latiaxis armatus Sowerby, 1912. (1.5")4cm Latiaxis purpuratus form carini-
1862). Japan. Offshore, 30 to japan. Offshore; common. Latiaxis purpuratus Chenu, feroides Shikama, I960, japan.
200 m; common. 1859. Eastern Asia; Japan. Off- Offshore, 100 m; uncommon.
shore; uncommon.

DeBurgh's Latiaxis (1.5") 4 cm Lischke'sLatiaxis n.5")4cm Dunker's Latiaxis (1 .5") 4 cm Kira's Latiaxis (1") 2.5 cm
Latiaxis debarghiae (Reeve, Latiaxis liscbkeana fDunker^ Latiaxis dunkeri Kuroda & Latiaxis kiranus Kuroda, 1959.
1857). Eastern Asia; southern 1882). Japan to off New Habe, 1%1. Japan. Deepwater; Japa n Deep wate r
. m od e rate y I
;

Japan; 20 to 150 m; uncom- Zealand. Deep water; com- moderately common. common.
mon. mon. Syn.: ausUatis Laseron.

TakahasKi's latiaxis Cristate Latiaxis cm Bushy Lafiaxis (1 .2") 3 cm

f1") 2.5 Prickly Latiaxis (D 2.5 cm
(1.5") 3.5 cm Latiaxis cristatus Kosuge, 1979. Latiaxis fruticosus Kosuge, ech/nafus Azuma, 1960.
£.afiax/s
Latiaxis takahashii Kosuge, Cebu Island, Philippines. 100 1979. Off Cebu Island, Philip- Off Tosa, japan. 200 m; uncom*
1979. Cebu island, Philippines. m; uncommon. pines. 80 to 100 m; uncommon. mon.
100 m; uncommon.
 LATIAXIS AND CORAL-SHELLS — CORALLIOPHILIDAE 155

Santa Cruz Latiaxts

^1
lulia's Latiaxis (0.81 2 cm
^ 11^
Hinds's Latiaxis (1 .51 3.5 cm Costate Latiaxis (11 2.5
costaius (Blainville,
cm
n.5") 3S cm Lafxax/s /u//ae Clench & Latiaxis hiadsi (Carpenter, Latiaxis

Latiaxis santacruzensfs Emer- Aguayo, 1939. Off Barbados, 1857). W. Mexico to Panama; 1832). W.MexicotoPanamaJn-
son & D'AttiliOx 1970. Galapa- West Indies. 150 to 300 m; very Galapagos. Offshore; uncom- common,
lertidal rocks; fairly

gos Islands. 150 rare. rare. mon.

Pitsbry's Latiaxis (1.5'') 3.5 cm Wine k worth's Latiaxis LamelJose Coral -shell Pyriform Coral-shell
iaiiaxts pilsbryi 1900. Ja- (1.51 3.5 cm (11 2.5 cm n. 51 3.5 cm
pan. Offshore; rare. latiaxiswinckworthi Fulton, CoraUfophiia meyendorffi Cora//foph/7a pyriformis Kira,

1930. Japan. Shallow water; (Calcara, 1 845) . Mediterranean. 1959. Japan. Offshore; uncom-
moderately common. Common. Form /ame//osa mon.
Phil., 1836.

VioletCora (-shell (1 .51 3.5 cm Isshrkt Coral-shell (1") 2.5 cm Fearn ley's Coral -shell (2"') 5 cm Sou th Seas Cora l-sh el I (1 ")

C£>ra///opf)iVa neritoidea (La- Coralfiophiia isshikiertsis Shi- CoraiUophfia fearnieyi (Emer- 2.5 cm Coraiiiophiia erosa (Rod-
marck, 1816J. Indo-Pacific. kama, 1971. Japan. Offshore; son & D'Attilio, 1965). japan to ing, 1798). Indo-Padfic. Sub-
Shallow reefs; common. Syn.: uncommon. Australia. species buibiformis Conrad,
violacea Kiener. 1837, from Hawaii.
 156 LATlAXtS AND CORAL-SHELLS — CORALLIOPHILIDAE

Spinose Lafiaxis (i'^) 2,5 cm Pagoda Latiaxis (r) 2.5 cm DaiPs latiaxis
Latiaxispagodus form spinosa Hi rase, 1908.
Latiaxis pagodas
(1*5") 3,5 cm
{A. Adams, 1852)* Japan. Latiaxis daiH Emerson &
Japan; common* At right: form ftiukh D'Attifio, 1963. Car*
Offshore, Common. Very varfabJe, ibbean. Deep water;
sptnosa Shikama, 1966. rare.

Mactan Latiaxis n .5^) 3^5 cm Rose Latiaxis

i^tiaxis macutanica Kosuge, 1979. Off Mac-
(1*5") ") 3*5 cm Short Coral-sheN (1 .5") 3 5 cm
Latiaxis sentix (F* M. Bayer, 1971). Carib-
tan Island, PhiMppines, 100 Corailiophiia abbreviata (Lamarck, 1816).
m; uncommon. bean. Deepwater; rare.
S.E. Florida to Brazil, Bases of
sea fans and
on corals. Common.

Wide*spined Latiaxis f1*2"). 3 cm Caribbean Coral-shefI cm

Latiaxis fatipinnatus Azuma,
(i^') 2.5 A be rra nt Cora I -shel I
1
") 2 *5 cm
1961, japan to Coratfioph/ia caribaea Abbott. 1958* S.E.
{

central Philippines* 150 to 225 Coraltiophita aberrans (C* B* Adams, 1850).

m; uncom* United States to Brazil. In holdfasts of
mon. Umbilicate. Eastern United States to Brazil. Deep wa*
seafans; common. Syn.i piicata of authors. ter; uncommon*

Small Corabshell
2.5 cm Quoy's Coral-shell
Corailiophiia parva
(I") 2.5 cm B arrowing Co ra I -she N (6") 1 5 cm
A. Smith, 7877)* Ca*
(E.
Quay Ufa madreporarum (Sowerby,
iapagos Islands; Gulf of Cafifornia. Shalfow 1832). Magifus antiquatas Montfort, 1810. Indo*
lndo*Padfic* On corals; common.
water; uncommon. Pacific. Bores into brain coral* Early
whorls
filled in. Uncommon.
 TYPHIS — MURICIDAE 157

Rapa Snail (2.5'') 6 cm Genka cm

Snail (1 .5") 4 Pavlova Typhis (1 .5") 4 cm Sowerby's Typhis # (0.8") 2 cm
Raparapa (L*, 1758). Southwest- Genkaknurex varicosus Trubatsa pavlova (Iredale, Typhis sowerbif B rode rip, 1833
ern Pacific. Buried inside soft, (Kuroda, 1953), Genkai Sea, ja- 1936), Southeastern Australia. Carribbean and Mediterra-
yellow coral. Locally common. pan. Offshore; uncommon. 100 to 220 m; uncommon. nean. Offshore; Uncommon.

Pinnate Typhis (0.8") 2 cm Tria ngu la r T y ph rs (1 .5") 4 cm Clery's Typhis (0.8") 2 cm Bullts's Typhis (1") 2,5 cm
Pterotyphis pinnatus (Broderip, 7>/pferofyph/s triangufaris {A, Typhtnaderyt (Petit, 1840), Bra* Siphonocheius buUisi Cert*
1833). Bahamas and Caribbean. Adams, 1855). Bahamas and zil and Western Africa. Moder- man, 1%9. Lower Caribbean.
Shallow water; uncommon. Caribbean. Shallow reefs; rare. atelydeep water; uncommon. Deep water; rare. Holotype il-

lustrated.

Cuming's Typhis (1.2") 3 cm Angas's Typhis (0.8") 2 cm Fay's Typhis H .2") 3 cm Coronate Typhis (1 .2") 3 cm
Hausleitotyphis cumingii Prototyphis angasi (Crosse, Tripterotyphis fayae (Keen & Typhisopsis coronatus (Brod-
(Broderip, 1833). W, Mexico to 1863). S.E, Australia; New Campbell, 1964). Western Mex* ertp, 1833). W. Mexico to Ecua*
Ecuador, Shallow water; fairly Zealand, Intertidal; iocally ico. Shallow water; uncom- dor.Shallow water; uncom-
common. common. Syn,: eos Hutton, mon. mon; worn specimen here.
 .

158 PAGODA SHELLS — COLUMBARIIDAE

PAGODA SHELLS
FAMILY COLUMBARIIDAE

A small group of rare, deep-

water species found through-
out the world. The small shells
have a very long siphonal canal
Spines occur on the shoulders
of the whorls. The nuclear
whorls are bulbous. Opercu-
lum chitinous. One genus. Coi-
uzea, is limited to the region of
New Zealand. The family has
fewer than 30 living species.
Philippine Typhis 2 cm Yates's Typhis (0.8”) 2 cm Grand T y phis (1 . B'') 3.S cm
Typhina phHippensis (Watson, Typhina yatesi (Crosse & Fi- 7yph/sa/a grandis (A. Adams,
1883). Southwestern Pacific; scher, 1865), Southern Austra- 1855). W. Mexico to Panama.
Australia. Offshore; uncom- lia; Victoria. Offshore; uncom* Offshore; uncommon.
mon. Syn.: interpres I redale. mon.

/
/
f
First Pagoda Shell (2.5”) 6 cm Pagoda Shell
False (T'") 7.5 cm Spiny Pagoda Shell {21 5 cm Most Graceful Pagoda (I"") 5 cm
Cotumbarium pagoda (Lesson, Cotumbarium pagodoides Cotumbarium spinidnctum Columbarium formosissimum
1831). japan. Offshore; com- (Watson, 1882). Southeastern (von Martens, 1881). Eastern Tomlin, 1928. Off South Africa
mon. Syn.: costafum Shikama; Australia. 1,200 m; rare. Para- Australia. Offshore, 50 to 130 in 200 m; uncommon.
sfe//afum Habe. type illustrated. m; uncommon.

Bray's Pagoda Shell (2.5”) 6 cm Atlantic Pagoda SheHd’') 2.5 cm Bartlett's Pagoda Shell Bernnudez's Pagoda Shell iV)
Cotumbarium hrayi Clench, Cotumbarium atlanti^ Clench & n.5”) 4 cm 2.5 cm Co/umbarjum bermu-
1959. Southern Caribbean. 300 Aguayo, 1938. Off northern Cotumbarium barlhtti Clench dezi Clench & Aguayo, 1938.
m; rare. Cuba. 500 to 700 m; rare. Holo- & Aguayo, 1940. Caribbean. 300 Off Florida; Cuba. Deepwater;
type illus. to 600 m; rare. Holotype itius. rare. Holotype.
 STROMBINAS — COLUMBELLIDAE 159

DOVE-SHELLS
FAMILY COLUMBELLIDAE

numerous gen-
Large family of
era andmany species living in
warm and tropical waters.
Some dove*shells are tiny, few
exceed an inch. Scavenging
carnivores, they are especially
active at night when they may
be seen in sandy and muddy
places at low tide. The family
(which is also called Pyrenidae)
is well represented in tropical
waters.
Lance Strombina (1 .2") 3 cm Recurved Strombina (1 .2") 3 cm
Strombina recurva {Sowerby, {2") 5 cm
StrombinB fanceofata (Sow-
erby, 1832L Ecuador, Galapa- 1832). Baja California to Peru. Strombina deroyae Emerson &
uncommon. Offshore to 37 m; common. D'Attilio, 1969, Galapagos Is-
gos. Offshore;
Syn.; Hmonetta Li. lands. 150 m; uncommon.

5 cm Slender Strombina (2") 5 cm Turret Strombina f1 .4") 3,5 cm

Blotchy Strombina (1") 2.5 cm Slender Strombina (2")

Strombina fusinoidea Dali, Sfrombma turrita (Sowerby,

Strombina maculosa (Sowerby, Strombina fusir}oidea Dali,
Baja California to Pan- 1916. Resembles S. recurva but 1832). Guatemaia to Ecuador.
1832). Gulf of California to Pan- 1916.
has more rounded shoulder Offshore at about 25 m; un-
ama. On offshore mud flats to ama. Offshore; uncommon.
Syn.: fust form is Hinds. and lacks shoulder tubercles. common.
37 m; common.

cm Shouldered Strombina Caribbean Strombina

Humped Strombina (1") 2.5 cm Peacock Strombina (0.8'1 2
(1.r) 3 cm tT) 1.8 cm
Strombina dorsata fSowerby, Strombina pavonina (Hinds,
1844). W. Mexico to Panama. Strombina angularis (Sowerby, Strombina pumilio (Reeve,
1832). Gulf of California to Ec*
W. Mexico to Panama. 1859), Venezuela and Isla Mar-
uador. Offshore at 37 m; un* Offshore to about 37 m; un- 1832).
Offshore to 37 m; uncommon. garita. Offshore; moderately
common. common.
Syn.: ^ubangularis Lowe. common.
 160 DOVE-SHELLS — COLUMBELLIDAE

Stromboid Dove-shell (1 .2'^) 3 cm Blood-stained Dove-shell {1"") 2,5 cm Fat Dove-shell (1") 2.7 cm
Coiumbells stromtiformis Lamarck, 1822. Co/um6e//a haemastoma Sowerby, 1832. Columbelia major Sowerby, 1832. Cuif of
Gyif of California to Peru. Under intertidal Gulf of California to Ecuador, Galapagos. California to Peru. Under intertidal rocks;
rocks; common. Syn,: bndgesH Reeve. Under intertidal rocks; moderately com- moderately common.
mon.

Big-lip Dove-shell {0.9") 2.2 cm Rough Dove-shell (0.8") 2 cm Payta Dove-shell (1") 2.5 cm
Columbella labiosa Sowerby, 1822. Nicara- Anachis rugosa {Sowerby, 1632), Nicaragua Columbefla paytemis Lesson, 1830. Ecua-
gua to Ecuador. On exposed rocks; com- to Ecuador. Exposed rocks, mud flats; com* dor to Peru, Galapagos. Intertidal; moder-
mon. Syn.: venilia Dudos. mon. Syn.: 6/cofor Kiener* ately common.

Burnt Dove-shell (0.8") 2 cm Varia Dove- shell (0,8") 2 cm Zigzag Dove-shell (O.D 1.8 cm
Co/um6e//a fuscata Sowerby, 1832. Baja Anachis var/a (Sowerby, 1832). W. Mexico Anach/s fiuctuata (Sowerby, 1832). Nicara-
California to Peru. Intertidal; moderately to Panama. Intertidal; common. Syn.: gua to Ecuador. Intertidal; common. Syn.:
common. veleda Dudos. costata Dudos.

Cone-shaped Dove-shell (1") 2.5 cm Dupont's Dove-shell (1") 2.7 cm Comimon Dove-shell (0.8") 2 cm
Farametaria philippinarum (Reeve, 1843), Parametar/a dupontii (Klener, 1849). Gulf of Coiumbella mercatoria (L., 1758), Florida to
Philippines, Indonesia. Intertidal; uncom- California, W. Mexico, Shallow water; Brazil, Bermuda. Under rocks, shallow wa-
mon. Syn.: coniformis Sowerby. moderately common. ter; common. Many synonyms.
 DOVE-SHELLS — COLUMBELLIDAE 161

(0.4") 1 cm
(0.8") 2 cm Rustic Dove-shell (T 3 cm Rusty Dove-shell
Smooth Dove-shell Cohmbeifa rusticoides Heilprin, 1387. S.
Co/umbe//a rustica 1750). Mediterra-
Nitidella laevigata (L., 1756). Florida Keys, N.W.Cuba. Sublidal to 10m; com-
W. Indies, Bermuda. Shallow water- com- nean to W. Africa. Shallow water; com- Florida;

mon. Many synonyms. mon.

mon. Outer lip smooth.

(1") 2*5 cm Music Dove-shell (0^3 ) 1 ‘5 cm

Cone Dove-shell {1") 2.5 cm Yellow Dove-shell
Indo-Paci- Mitrdia scripta (L*, 1758). Mediterranean*
Pyrene ftava (Brugui^re, 1739).
Param^taria epame//a fDuclos^ 1646)* Phil- common, Syn*:
variable color Offshore and beached;
uncommon. fic. Subtidal; common. Very
ippines. Intertidal;
ffaminea Risso,
and pattern.

(I") 2.5 cm Bound Dove-shell (0*5") 1.2 cm

Lightning Dove-shell (8.8 ) 2 cm Telescoped Dove-shell
DentimitrePa vincta (Tate, 1393). Southern
Pyrene oceliata (Link, 18D7), Indo-Pacific. Pyrene punctata (Bruguiere, 1789). Indo-
Offshore and beached; moderately Australia, Tasmania. Offshore; common*
Shallow water; common. Syn.: fatgurans Pacific.
common* Syn.: forva Dillwyn.
Lamarck.

(0*3") 7 mm Dotted Dove^shell {0 JITS cm

Harp Dove-shell (0.5") 1 .2 cm San Felipe Dove-shell
Anachis sanfelipensis Lowe, 1935* North Pyrene vefs/co/of (S owe rby, 1832). ndo- Pa- I

Microdthara harpiformis (Sowerby, 1332). Subtidal; common.

W. Central America. Intertidal; uncom- end of Gulf of California. Intertidal; un- cific.

mon. common.
162 BUCCINUM WHELKS— BUCCINIDAE

NEPTUNES, WHELKS AND

ALLIES
FAMILY BUCCINIDAE

This is a very large and diverse

family having many genera rep-
resented both in polar seas as
well as the tropics. The fusi-
form shells may be drab in the
cold seas and colorful in the
tropics. Most have a large,
horny, oval operculum. Hun-
Norwegian Volute Whelk Norwegian Volute Whelk Chestnut Volute Whelk
dreds of species are known.
(5") 12 cm {5T) 12 cm (3.5") 9 cm
Vo/ufopsius norvegicu^ (Gme- Volutopsius nofvegicus (Cme- Volutopsius castaneus (Mdrch,
targfUierti Petit is 1858). N. japan to Alaska. Off-
lin, 1791). North Atlantic, North lin, 1791). V.

Sea. 90 to 250 m; common. also a synonym. shore; common.

Syn.: norvegicuE Chemnitz.

Whelk (3") Bering's Neptune (3") 7.5 cm Kenn icon's Neptune (3.5") 9 cm
MiddendorfTs Volute Whelk Sinistra I Arctic
7.5 cm Fyrolofusus deform f Beringion behringii (Midden- Beringion kennicoffii (Dali,
(3.5") 9 cm
dorff, 1848). Bering Sea. Un- 1907). Alaska, japan. Offshore;
Vofutopsius midderrdorffi Dali, (Reeve, 1847). Bering Sea, Ja-
pan and Alaska. Offshore; common. {beringii is misspell- uncommon.
1891^ Arctic Seas, Bering Sea.
common. Syn.: harpa Morch, ing.) Formerly in Beringius^
Offshore; common.

Neptune (3") 7.S cm Spitzbergen Colus (3") 7.5 cm Herendeen Colus (2.5") 6.5 cm
Marshall's Neptune (4") 10 cm Turton's
Neoberingius turtoryi (Sean, Cofus spitzbergeni (Reeve, Coins herendeeni (Dali, 1902).
Beringion marsha/ff (Dali, 1919).
1855). Northern Norway, Sibe- Alaska, Offshore, 80 to 600 m;
japan; Bering Sea. Offshore; 1834), Circum-arctic Seas, Off-
shore; uncommon. ria. Offshore; uncommon. rare.
rare.
 COLUS WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE 163

9 cm jeffreys's Colus (2*5") 6 cm Stimpson's Colus (4") 10 cm

(1 .5") 3.S cm Iceland Colus (3*5")
Near Cotys Colus stimpsoni (Morch, 1867)*
Colus Islandicus (Cmelin, Colus jeffreysianus (Fischer,
Colus howsei (Marshall, 1911). Labrador to off North Carolina.
1791), Labrador to Norway* Off- 1668)* W* Europe. Offshore to
Western Europe. 35 to 170 m;
shore, 2 to 100 m; common. 300 m; uncommon. Common. Syn.: brevis Verrill*
common. Syn.: propinquus
Adler, not Muenster.

Slender Colus (2.5") 6.5 cm Turgid Colus (2.4") 6 cm

Twisted Colus (2*5") 6 cm Venlricose Colus (2") 5 cm
Colus gracilis (da Costa, 1778). Colus turgidulus (Friele, 1877)*
Colus tortuosus (Reeve, 1855). Colus ventricosus (Gray, 1839).
W. Europe. Offshore to BOO m; W. Europe. Deep water; rare.
m; un-
Arctic Europe* 27 to 500 Nova Scotia to off Maine* 10 to
100 m; uncommon* common.
common.

(1 .8") 4.5 cm Plicate Colus (1.5") 4 cm

Fusiform Colus {1 -6“) 4*5 cm Ivory Colus (3") 7.5 cm Destiny Colus
Turrisipho lachests (Morch, Plicifusus plicatus (A. Adams,
Siphonorbis fenestratus (Tur- Siphonorbis ebur (Mdrch,
1869). Northern Norway. Off* 1863)* Japan. Cold water* Off-
ton, 1834). North Atlantic* 72 to 1869). N.W* Europe. Cold seas,
shore; uncommon. shore; common*
262 mr uncommon* Syn*: fusi- deepwater; uncommon.
formis B rode rip, not Borson.
164 NEPTUNE WHELKS— BUCCINIDAE

Kroyer's Colus (3") 7,5 cm Crammatus Whelk {T) 10 cm Unicum Whelk {3") 7,5 cm Magna Whelk (3") 7,5 cm
Pficifusus kroyeri (Moller, Andstrolepts grammatus ( Da 1 1, Oinopegnia unkum (Pilsbry, Cfinopegma magnum (Dali,
1S42)- Cjrcumpolar seas; 1907), Off Yesso, japan. Rare. 1905). Japan, Form po/ygramma 1895). japan, cojd water. 90 to
Greenland; Bering Sea. Com- Holotype illustrated. Dalb 1907, has spiral cords. 140 m. Uncommon.
mon.

Broad lapeHon {3,5") 9 cm Peri lapelion {4") 10 cm Adetphrc Japelion (3") 6 cm JHirase's JapeHon (41 10 cm
iapelfon latus {Dali, 1918), Ko- fapelion pericochtion {Schrenck, fapelion adelphicus (Dali, fapelion htrasei (Pijsbry, 1901),
rean Straits; East China Sea. 1862). Off Hokkaido, japan. 1 907) Tosa Bay, Shikoku Japan,
.
, Hokkaido, japan. Offshore;
Uncommon, Deepwater Common, Common, common.

Ovum Arctic WheJk (1 .5") 4 cm Ancient Neptune (6") IS cm FatNeptune (41 10 cm Rejected Neptune (61 IS cm
iiomesus dafei (Sowerby, Nepfunea antiqua <L,, 17S8), Nepfunea ventncosa form deh- Neptunea despecta (L,, 1758),
1825). N,W. Europe. Offshore, Western Europe to Scotland, rlngiana{Middendorff, 1848), Arctic Seas, Offshore; com-
72 to 180 m; common, Syn.: Offshore to 1,000 m; common. Bering Sea. Offshore; com- mon.
ovum Turton, mon.
 NEPTUNE WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE 165

Brother Neptune 10 cm Pribiloff Neptune (4") 10 cm Clench's Neptune (4") 10 cm

Double Sculptured Neptune (4")

(4") 10 cm Neptunea infers cu/pfa form (ra- Neptunea mferscu/pfa form Neptunea despecta subspecies
NGptunea interscufpta (Sow- ter Pilsbry, 1901. japan. Off- pribiloffensis (Dali, 1919). One denchi Clarke, 1956. N. Can-
shore. One of several forms. of several variations. ada. Hololype itlus.
erby, 1899). Arctic Seas: lapan.
Offshore; uncommon.

(4" 1 0 cm Smirna Neptune (3"') 7.5 cm A rthrit ic N eptu ne (4") 1 0 cm Arthritic Neptune (4") 10 cm
11 h ia Neptune )

Neptunea arthrit'tca (Bernardi, Neptunea arthritica (Bernardi,

Neptunea ithia (Dali, 1891). W. Neptunea smirnia (Dali, 1919).

Canada to California. Offshore Alaska to Washington. 100 to 1857). N.E. China; Korea. 4 to 50 1657). A very variable species.
300 m; common. Syn.: fukuae m; locally common. Syn.: cumingii Crosse.
to 800 m; uncommon.
Kira.

(4"") 10 cm Nevr England Neptune (3")

FalNeptune (4") TO cm Tabled Neptune (3'^) 7,5 cm Heros Neptune
Neptunea venfricosa (Cmelin, Neptunea tabulata (Baird, Nep funea heros (Cray, 1850). 7.5 cm Nepfurrea iyrata (Cme-
Bering Sea. 1863). W. Canada to California. Arctic Seas; japan. Uncom- Mn, 1791). Subspecies decern-
1791). Arctic Seas;
Offshore, 40 to 400 m; mon. Syn. bafbacea {Bernard!, costata {Say, 1826). New En-
Common. Syn.: saftvra Marty n. fairly :

common. 1308)* gland. Offshore; common.

 166 COLD WATER WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE

LeH'handed Neptune Phoenician Whelk (41 11 cm Kinoshi'ta's Whelk (2") 5 cm Fusiform Whelk (23") 6 cm
(3*5") 9 cm Neptunea form phoenf-
iyrata Parancistroiepis kinoshilai Siphonaiia fusoides (Reeve,
Neptunea contraria L*, 1771* Oh W. Canada.
cea (DaJL 1891). (Kuroda, 1931). Japan, Offshore 1846), Japan. Moderately deep
Mediterranean; Eastern Atlan- Deep water; common. to too m; uncommon. water; common. Sometimes
tic. Offshore to deep water; has pale brown spots.
moderatelyun common.

Knobbed Whelk (2") 5 cm Whelk

Waller's (31 7.5 cm Hooped Whelk (1,8") 4.5 cm 8onnet Whelk (1,5") 4 cm
Aus^rofosi/s gians (RPding, Siphonofusus waHeri (Ladd, Siphonaiia trochuius (Reeve, Siphonaiia cass/dar/ae/ormis
17%). New Zealand* On sand at 1976), Philippines; S.W. Pacific. 1843), japan* Common. May (Reeve, 1843), Japan, Offshore;
low-tide level and below; com- Offshore to 100 m; rare. have tubercles on shoulders. common. Ext re mely va rta b e n
I i

mon* Syn.: tokatensis Kira, 1959, form and color.

Funereal Whelk (1*5'") 4 cm Whelk cm cm

Pfeffer's (2") 5 Pretty-zoned Whelk (2") 5 Kellefs Whelk (5") 12 cm
Siphonaiia cassidariaGformts Siphonaiia pfelferi Sowerby, Siphonaiia callizona Kuroda & Kelletia kelleti (Forbes, 1850)*
form funerea Prlsbry, 1895. Ja- 19(X), Southern Japan. Dredged Habe, l%t, Japan, Offshore; California to Baja California; Ja-
pan. Offshore; common. Color 10 - 60 m; common. S. pfeiffeh 100 to 200 m; uncommon. pan, 2 to 80 m; common.
variation only. is misspeJIing,
 PHOS WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE 167

DeMghttuI Phos 2*5 cm Craleloup's Phos (1") 2.5 cm Blue-mouth Phos (0,8") 2 cm Articulate Phos (1,51 4 cm
Phos grate!oupianus Petit, Phos cyanostoora A* Adams, Phos articufatus Hinds, 1844.
Fhosgaudens Hinds, 1644. Gulf
West Africa; moderately 1850. Indian Ocean; S.E, Asia. Gulf of California to Peru. Off-
of California to Ecuador, Off- 1853.
m; uncommon. common. Syn,: figatus A. Ad- Locally uncommon. shore to 100 m; moderately
shore to 50
ams, common.

cm Indian Phos HI 2.5 cm Acuminate Phos (11 2.5 cm

Magnificent Phos (21 5 cm Solid Phos (1 ,5") 4
Nassaria solida Kuroda & Habe, Nassaria corowandetica E, A. Nassaria acuminata (Reeve,
Nassa/ia magnifica (Lischke,
Smith, 1894. Bay of Bengal, 1844), Tropical Indo-W, Pacific,
1871). Southern |apan. 1%1, japan to N,E. Australia.
Dredged 20 - 255 m; uncom- Dredged 100 to 600 m; rare. Deepwater; rare. Subtidal; uncommon. Syn,: hi-

Paratype illustrated. tubercuiaris A. Adams.

mon.

(1") 2.5 cm Round -mouth Trajana Beau's Phos (1 .5") 4 cm

White Phos (1") 2,5 cm Acapulco Trajana
Trajana acapuicana PMsbry & t1") 2,5 cm Anttiiophos beaui (Fischer &
Nassa na p usHIa Rd d n g 1 798)
( i ,

Lowe, 1932, Gulf of Tehuante- Trajana perideris (Dali , 91 0) W. Bernardi, 1860), Yucatan;
Southern and S.E. Asia, 1 to 20 1 .

pec; W, Mexico. Taken by Mexico. 37 to 55 m; uncom- Cuba; Lesser Antilles, Dredged

m; uncommon. Syn,: nivea
shrimpers; uncommon. mon. 10 - 185 m; moderately rare.
Gmetin.
 168 PENIONS AND PHOS — BUCCINIDAE

Flaring Penion (5") 13 cm Waite's Penion (6") 15 cm Mandarin Penion (5") 13 cm Ormes's Penion (7") 18 cm
Pen ion cuvierianus (Powell, Beryfsma waitei (Medley, 1903). Penion mandarina (Dodos* Penion ormesi Powell* 1927.
1927). New Zealand. Deep wa- Southeastern Australia; Tasma- 1831). Southern Australia; Tas- Central New Zealand. Dredged
ter; common, formerly dilata- nia. Trawled in moderate mania. Trawled or tn crayfish in deep water; uncommon.
tus of authors. Syn. dispar Po- depths; uncommon.
:
pots; moderately common.
well; rex Finlay.

Ornamented Penion (2.5") 6 cm Common Pacific Phos Woven

(1.5") Pacific Phos (1 .2") 3 cm Sharp- ribbed Phos (1 .5") 3.5 cm
Aer}eator compfus (Finlay* 4 cm Phos senf/cosus 1758), Phos textum (Gmelin*
(L.* 1791). Phos muricuJatus ''Gould''
1924J. Northern New Zealand. Indo-Pacific. Tidal sand and Indo-W. Shallow water
Pacific. Sowerby* 1859. Indo-W. Paci-
Offshore; uncommon. mud flats to 10 m; moderately in weedy coral-sand; moder- uncommon.
fic; Less sculp-
common. ately common. tured than P. senticosus.

Basket Phos (1.4") 3. S cm Veragua Phos (1") 2.5 cm Rosy Phos n.5")4cm
Phos virgatus Hinds* 1844. In-
Hirase's Phos (F) 2.5 cm
Phos veragaensis Hinds, 1843. Phos rosealus Hinds* 1844. Phos hirasei Sowerby* 1904.
dian Ocean; Sri Lanka; shallow Gulf of California to Colombia. Indo-W. Pacific. Moderately Southern Japan. Shallow water,
water In sand; rare. Offshore to considerable deep water in mud and coral subtidal in sand. Uncommon.
depths; moderately common. debris; uncommon.
 ENGINAS AND WHELKS — BUCCINtDAE 169

Checkerboard Engina Curious Engina (1") 2.5 cm Striped Engina (O.S'O 2 cm Mauritian Engina (0.6"') 1 .5 cm
(0.81 2 cm ingina ep'idromld^a Melvill, ingina mendicana (L., 1758). Engina bonasia von Martens,
Ingirta alveoiala (Kiener, 1836). 1894. Bombay. Shallow water; Indo-Padfic. Under rocks in 1880. Indian Ocean. Shallow

Indo-Paciflc. Shallow water; uncommon. shallow water; common. water; uncommon.

common. Syn*: /a Ufa Reeve.

Lovely Engina (0*8") 2 cm Crested Engina H") 2.5 cm Banded Engina (0.6") 1 .5 cm North's Long Whelk (21 5 cm
Engina jugosa (C, B. Adams, Engina zonaHs (Lamarck, 1822). Aforfh/apr/sfis (Oeshayes, in La*
Lngina pukhra (Reeve, 1846).
Panama to Ecuador. Under in* 1852), Gulf of California to Ec- Tropical Indo-Pacific. Shallow marck, 1844). West Mexico to
lertidal stones; uncommon. uador; Galapagos. Offshore to water; common. Syn.: zortata Ecuador. Shallow water; mod-
37 m; uncommon. Reeve. erately common.

Dire Whelk (1 .5") 3.5 cm Clarke's False Cominella (0.8") Whelk

Speckled (21 5 cm Quoy's Whelk (0.81 2 cm

Sear/esra d/ra (Reeve, 1846). 2 cm Tasmcuthna dmkei (Teni- Com/ne/Za adspersa (Bru- Comineita quoyana (A. Adams,
Alaska to Monterey, California. son- Woods, 1875). Australia; guiere, 1789). New Zealand. 1854). New Zealand. Rocky or

On rocks at low tide; common. Tasmania. Shallow water; mod- Sand flats and rocky ground. sandy ground offshore; un-
erately common. Solid shell. common.
 170 BURNUPENA WHELKS AND PISANIAS— BUCCINIDAE

BasketWhelk (1 ,5"'} 4 cm Striped Burnupena (1 .5") 4 cm Girdled Burnupena (2") 5 cm Spindle Euthria (2,3") 6 cm
Cominelfa virgata H, & A. Ad- Bumupena papyracea form fr- Bumupena papyracea form Buccinulum corneum JL.,
ams, 1B53. Northern New gfirta (Kiener, 1834), Cape cincta {Rdding, 1796), South Ah 1758). Mediterranean. Off-
Zealand- On rocks in sheltered Agulhas to East London, S. Af- rica; Angola. Intertidal pools in shore to 30 m; uncommon. A
places; common. rica. Rocky shores: common. crevices; common. thick solid shell.

Large Lined Whelk {1 .5") 4 cm PowelPs Lined Whelk (2'*J 5 cm Truncate Pisania (0.6'") 2 cm flame Pisania (I.S'’) 4 cm
Bucdnutum imcum (Martyn, Buccinutum pafBdum Finlay, Pfsanta trancata (Hinds, 1844). Pisania ignea (Gmelin, 1791).
17B4). Northern New Zealand. 1926, form powe^ii Ponder, Japan; tropical Pacific. Shallow Tropical Indo-Pacific. Shallow
Intertidal stones; common. 1971. New Zealand, Intertidal water; moderately common. water;common, Syn,: flammu-
Variable, rocks; uncommon. Usually lacks early whorls. iatum Quoy & Caimard.

Tinted Pisania (1") 2.S cm Miniature Triton Trumpet (1 ,2") Striate Pisania f1 .2") 3 cm Brown-lined Truncaria
Pisania tincta (Conrad, 1846), 3 cm Pisama pusio (L,, 1758). Pisania striata (Gmelin, 17^1). n.2")3cm
S.E. United States and West In- S.E, Florida, W. Indies; Brazil; Mediterranean; Azores. Inter- Truncaria brunneocincta (Dali,
dies, Intertidal and offshore; Bermuda, Shallow water; mod- tidal rocks; common. Syrt,: 18%). Panama. Dredged at 100
moderately common. erately common. maculosa Lamarck, m; rare, Holotype illustrated.
 GOBLET WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE 171

Cuming's Metula 3.7 cm PinkMet u la 1 ,5") 3.8cm

f Banded Pisania (Ul 3 cm Hazel-brown Nassa (0.61
Mefu/a cummgfi A. Adams, Meiuia a most Vanalta, 1913. Appisania fasdculata (Reeve, l.S cm Cussonea compacta
1853. West Africa (Senegal). Panama. Offshore in moder* 1848). Philippines: S.W. Pacific. (Nordsieck, 1968). Mediterra-
Shallow water; uncommon. ately deep water; uncommon. Shallow reels; uncommon. nean. Shallow water; common,
family Nassaritdae.

\w

Tranquebar Goblel (1.S")4cm Ridged Goblet (1 .5'^) 4 cm Waved Goblet (1.41 3.5 cm Gray Coblel ill.T) 1.8 cm

Cantharus tranquebaricus Cantharus spiralis (Cray, 1839). Canfharos undos us (L, 1758). Cantharus assimitis (Reeve,
(Cmelin, 1791). Southern Asia. Indian Ocean, Among interti- Tropical Indo-Pacific. On 1845). W. Africa; Cape Verde Is.

Shallow water; common. dal rocks; common. muddy rocks and under dead Under stones in shallow water;
coral; common. common.

f legant Goblet (1 .8") 4. .5 cm Smoky Goblet (11 2.5 cm Wagne r's Goblet 1 2 (cm . Pagoda Goblet (1.814.5 cm
Cantharus eiegans (Griffith & Cantharus fumosus (Dillwyn* Cantharys wagneri (Anton. Cantharus pagodas (Reeve,
Hidgeon, 1834). Baja California 1817). Indo-Padfk. Shallow wa- 1839). Tropical Pacific. Shallow 1846), W. Mexico to Panama,

\o Peru. On intertidal rocks; ter; moderately uncommon. water; moderately uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon.
common. Syn.: proteys Reeve.
 172 GOBLET WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE

Strawberry Goblet iV) 2.5 cm Beautiful Goblet (1") 2.5 cm Measle-moirth Cantbarus Ringed Cantharus cm
Potlia fragaria (Wood, 1S2S). In-
dian Ocean. Shatlow water; un-
PoHia pokhra (Reeve, 1846).
Indo-W. Pacific. Shallow water;
m 2.5
Cantharus sarrgu/nofentus {Du-
cm
(1")

Cantharus ringens (Reeve,

2.5

common. Syn*: caroiinae uncommon.

1846). W. Mexico to Ecuador.

Kiener; belta Reeve.

clos, 1833). W. Mexico to Ecua- Intertidal; common.
dor. Subtidal; common.

Pale Goblet (1.8") 4.5 cm Fusiform Goblet (2") S cm Canete's Whelk (2.5^) 6 cm Spout Goblet
Sofenosteira paliida (Broderip
So/enosfe/ra fusiformis (Blain- n.5")4 cm
Bartschia canefae (Clench S< Triumphis subrostrata (Wood,
& Sowerby, 1829). Panama. ville, 1832). Panama to Peru. In- Aguayo, 1944). Off Cuba
Shallow water; moderately in 600 1828). West Mexico to Colom-
tertidal rocks; common. m; rare. Holotype illus.
common. bia, Mud flats; locally com-
mon.

Ethiop
Macron (2.5"3 6.5 cm Swollen Florida Whelk Bartsch Whelk (1.5") 4 cm Turnip Whelk
Macron aethhps (Reeve, 1847). little (21 5 cm
W. Me>fico; common. Syn.:
n"3 2.5 cm Bartschia significans Rehder, Tomlinia rapufum (Reeve,
Ptychosalpinx giobufus (Dali, 1943. Southern Florida. Deep
kellettii A. Adams. 1846). Malaya; Indonesia. Un-
1889). Florida Straits and Baha- water; uncommon. common.
mas. Deepwater; rare.
 FALSE TRITONS— BUCCINIDAE 173

Maculated Dwarf Tritori Twisted Dwarf Triton (2”) 5 cm Shiny Dwarf Triton (1 .7') 4.5 cm Fa ntome's D wa rf Triton (1*5")
as*) 6 cm Co / ubra ria to rt uosa (Reeve, Colubraria nitidula (Sowerby, 4 cm Colubraria fantomei Gar-
Colubraria muricata (Lightfoot. 1844). Indo-W. Pacific. Reefs; 1833). Tropical Indo-Pacific. rard, 1961. japan to Australia;
1786)* lndo-Pacif*c* Urrcorn* uncommon* Syn*: d/sfOf^a S. & Shallow water; uncommon. uncommon, Syn,: casfanea
mon, Syr>*r rrtacuhsa Gmelrn. W., not Lamarck. Kuroda & Habe.

Narrow Dwarf Triton (1") 2 cm Obscure Dwarf Triton Princely Dwarf Triton Souverbie's Dwarf Triton (1*5”)
Colubraria affreden sis Bartsch, n*2”) 3 cm (3”) 7.5 cm 3*5 cm Colubraria souverbil
1915. Port Alfred, S. Africa. Colubraria obscura (Reeve, Colubraria procera (Sowerby, (Reeve, 1844)* Philippines, 50 to
Beached; uncommon* Holo- Shallow
1844). Florida to Brazil. 1832). S*W. Mexico. Under 100 m; uncommon.
type illustrated. reefs; uncommon. rocks to 20 m; moderately rare.

Spiral Babylon (2.5”) 6.5 cm lapanese Babylon (3") 7.5 cm Areola Babylon (2.S”) 6.5 cm Indian Babylon (2.5”) 6,5 cm
Babyloriia spirata (L., 175BK In- Babylonia japonioa (Reeve, Babylonia areolata (Link, 1007}* Babylonia zeylanica (Bru-
dian Ocean. In mud to 60 m; 1642). japan; Taiwan. Offshore S.E. Asia. On sand 10-20 m; gui^re, 1789). Indian Ocean.
common. TO-20 m; common. Has a dark common. Suture deep but not Offshore; common. Siphonal
brown periostracum. channeled* canal tinged violet.
t74 BABYLONS — BUCCINIDAE

Pallid Babylon (1,5") 4 cm Borneo Babylon f1 ,5") 4 cm Liitose Babylon (2") 5 cm Spotted Babylon f1 .5") 4 cm
Babytonia pallida {Perry, 1311), Babylonia borneensis (Sow* Babylonia lutosa (Lamarck, Babylonia papillaris (Sowerby,
S.E. Asia; Indonesia, Offshore; erby, 1864), East Indies* Shallow 1822), E. Asia, In mud; com- 1825). S. Africa* Offshore to 95
common. Not B. pallida Kira. water; uncommon. mon. m; uncommon.

Bodalla Babylon (1") 2*5 cm Common Northern Buccinum Finely*striate Buccinum Silky Byccinum (2,5") 6 cm
lemira bodalla Garrard, 1966* |3") 7.5 cm (3.5") 8 cm Buccinum scalariforme Mbller,
Southern Queensland. On Buccinum undatum 1., 1758* Buccinum strtatissimum Sow- Wash, and
1542. Arctic Seas to
mud at 160 m ;
moderately com^ ArctieSeas to New jersey and to erby, 1899. Alaska to lapan. Maine. Offshore; common,
mon. In Ofividae? Portugal, 2*200 m; abundant^ Deepwater; uncommon. Syn* fenueGray, not Schrdter,
:

PolarBuccinum (2*5") 6 cm Yellow-mouth Buccinum FlakyBuccinum (3") 7*5 cm Angulate Buccinum [2.5"} 6 cm
Buccinum polare Cray, 1839. (3") 7*5 cm Buccinum hydrophanum Han- Buccinum angulosum Cray,
Arctic Seas to japan, to Alaska; Buccinum leucostoma Lischke, cock, 1846. Canadian Arctic to 1839* Bering Sea; Alaska, Off-
N, Europe, Offshore; common. m, Syn*;
1872. japan, 50 to 60 Grand Banks. Offshore; com- shore; uncommon.
chartium Dali.
 ARCTIC WHELKS — BUCCINIDAE 175

Nippon Bycciniim (2.5n 5 cm Middendorff's Buccinum

cm Isaotaki Buccinum (3") 7.5 cm
Zelotes Buccinum (2.5"') 6 (4") to cm
1907. Bucdnutrt isaotakii Kira, 1959 Buccinum nrponense Dali,
Buccmum zelotes Dali,
Offshore, southern la- fiuccrnum middendorffi
(1962), Sea of japan. Deep wa- 1907.
Sea of japan. Deep water; Lin- Verkruzen, 1882. Arctic Seas;
ter; uncommon. pan. Uncommon.
common. Holoiype illustrated. lapan: Siberia. Common.

SWAMP CDNCHS,
melon CONCHS
FAMILY MELONCENIDAt

Tropical in nature, this group of

large, operculateconchs is usu-
allyfound in brackish or muddy
water near mangroves. They
are carnivorous, feeding
mostly on oysters and clams.
There are about 30 species.

Whelk
Torres (2.5'9 6 cm Ample Fragile Buccinum
Humphrevs''s Buccinum (1,5^1 4 cm
7 cm Codfreyna torri Verco, 1909,
Votutharpa ampu//acea (Mid-
flucc/num humphreysi^num Southern Australia. Offshore;
dendorff, !848). Arctic Seas.
Bennett, 1825. Circumboreal; common.
Offshore; common.
japan: N. America. Common.

Crown Conch (6") 15 cm

Pacific
Common Crown Conch
West Indian Crown Conch (3") 7.5 cm
cm Mdongena mefongena Mefongena patufa (Broderip &
12
Mefongena corona (Cmelin, Fugilina mono IL., 1758). Trini-
West Indies. Muddy,
(L, 1758). Sowerby, 1829). W. Mexico to West Africa. Man-
1791). Florida to N.E. Mexico. dad to Brazil;
brackish water; intertidal; N. Ecuador. Intertidal mud
Mangrove areas; abundant. grove areas; common.
common. creeks; common.
Many variable forms.
176 MELONGENAS AND BUSYCON WHELKS — MELONGENIDAE

Spiral Melongena (6 ') 15 cm Nutmeg Melongena (2,5") 7 cm Pear Melongena (2") 5 cm (left) Tuba False Fusus (6") 14 cm
Pugiiin3 cochlidtum (L*^ 1758). Vo/ema myristica Roding, 1798, Votema paradisiaca Rdding, Hemifusus tuba (Gmelin, 1791).
Indian Ocean. Shallow, muddy S.W. Pacific. Shallow water, 1798. Indian Ocean. Intertidal japan, (right) Ternate False Fu-
water. Syn.: wardiana IredaJe. sandy mud; common. Syn.iga- to 2 m; common. Syn,: pyrum sus. H, ternatanus (Gmelin),
hodes Lamarck. Gmelin, not Linnaeus, S.E. Asia. Both common.

Thick-tail False Fusus (10") Colossal False Fusus (101 25 cm Australian Trumpet (30") 80 cm PerverseWhelk f7")18cm
25 cm Hemifusus cra&sicaudus Hemifusus colosseus {La- Syrinx aruanus (L., North
1758). Busycon perversum (L,^ 1758).
(Philippi, 1849). Indian Otean marck, 1816). S,E, Asia: Taiwan. Australia. Intertidal to 10 m; lo- N.E. Mexico, Offshore to 20 m;
to japan. Common. Syn.: tuba Offshore: common. cally common, Periostracum on sand bottom; uncommon.
of Kira. thick, gray. Syn.: k/ener/ Philippi.

Whelk (to 16') 40 cm

Lightning Knobbed Whelk (8") 20 cm Kiener's Whelk (DlScm Pear Conch (4'9 10 cm

Busycon contrarium (Conrad, Busycon carica (Cmelin, 1791b Busycon carica subspecies eti- Busycon spiratum (Lamarck,
1840). S.E, United States. Subti- Massachusetts to N.E. Florida, ceans (Montfort, 1810). North 1816), S.E. United States and
dal to 30 m; in sand. Large spec- Subtidaf to 10 m; common. Carolina to central east Florida, N.E. Mexico. Shallow water;
imens white. Common. Offshore; common. common. Syn.: pyrum Dill.
 NASSA MUD SNAILS — NASSARIIDAE 177

NASSA MUD SNAILS

FAMILY NASSARIIDAE

The mud snails, or basket

shells, are shallow water, usu-
ally intertidal, mud dwellers.
They occur in large colonies,
and are scavengers. A few of
the several hundred species
live in deep water. The opercu-
lum is chitinous. The genus
Nassa Lamarck is a synonym of
Nassarius.
Callused BuMia (C5") 4 cm
Whelk (5") 13 cm
Channeled Wheik (7') 18 cm Turnip
Bullia callosa (Wood, 1828),
Bosycon cana/Zcu/afL/m (L., Susycon coarctatum (Sowerby,
South Africa. Offshore to 30 m:
1758). Cape Cod* Massachu- 1825).Bay of Campeche, E.
common.
setts, 1o N.E. Florida* Common. Mexico. Offshore; uncom-
Introduced to California 1948. mon.

Mauritius BuUia (2") 5 cm

Annulate BuUia (2.5") 6 cm Smooth Bullia (2.5") 6 cm
Bulfiapura Melvill, 1885, South Bullia mauritiana (Gray, 1839).
8u///aanmj/afa(Umarck, 1816). Buflia tenuis (Reeve, 1846).
Indian Ocean* Subtidal; com-
False Bay to Natal, S* Africa, Africa. Subtidal; common,
False Bay to Port Alfred, S. At* mon. Syn*: grayt Reeve.
Offshore to 120 m; common, Syn.: ba/feafus Sowerby:
rica. Offshore to 100 m; com-
Syn.: larva Bartsch* 1915, kraussi Turton.
mon.

4 cm Karachi BuUia (2**) 5 cm

(2.5") 6 cm One-ridge BuUia (1*5")
Ribbon BuHia (1.3") 3 cm Gradated Bullia
Bullia kurrachensis Angas,
Bullia gradata (Deshayes, 1844), Bullia monififera (Kiener, 1834).
Bulfia vittata (L., 1767). Indian Pakistan. Shal-
South America, Subtidal; 1877* Karachi,
mud flats; E, South America. Subtidal; E.
Ocean. Intertidal,
low water; locally common.
common. Syn.: cochlidium common, Syn.: armata Gray.
common. Syn.: buccinoidea 8?

granulosa Lamarck. Kiener.

Globular Bullla (1.5") 4 cm Myrislic Nassa (0.5'') 1.2 cm Glossy BuJMa (V) 2.5 cm Eastern Mud Snail (1'3 2.5 cm
Bullfa globulosa (Kiener, 1834). Nassarius myrisUcatus (Hinds, Cyliene glabrata A. Adams, llyanassa obsoleta (Say, 1822) >
S. Brazil to Argentina. Subtrdal 1844). W. Central America. Off- 1851. Philippines. Offshore to Nova Scotia to N. Florida. Mud
on sand; common. shore; common, 30 m; moderately common. flats; abundant. Also Cafifor-
nia.

Pimpled Nassa (1 .5") 4 cm Gians Nassa f1 .5") 4 cm Cake Nassa (1.213 cm Cone-shaped Nassa (1^') 3 cm
Nassdrius papillosus (L., 1758). Nassarius glans{l., 1758). Indo- Nassarius arcularius (L., 1758). Nassarius conoidalis (De-
Indo-Pacific, Intertidal to 1G m; Pacific. Intertidal; common. Central and S,W. Padftc. Shal- shayes, 1832). Indian Ocean.
moderately common. Syn.: particeps Hedley; //* low sandy bays; abundant. Shallow water; common. Syn.:
neatus Rdding. Syn.: coronatas Link; pi kata dathrata Lamarck, not Born.
Rdding.

Triton Nassa (T1 2.5 cm Torben Wolf Nassa (1") 2.5 cm Clathrate Nassa (0.5"j 1 ,2 cm New Zealand Nassa (0.81 2 cm
Nassarius fWfon//orm/s {Kiener, Nassarius wolffi Knud.sen. 1956. Nassarius clathratus (Born, Nassarius aoteanus (Finlay,
1841), Senegal, West Africa. Sooth West Africa. Offshore; 1778). Mediterranean and N.W. 1927). New Zealand. Shallow
Offshore: common. uncommon. Africa. Intertidal sand; com- water; common. Syn.: corona^
mon. tus E, A, Smith.
 NASSA MUD SNAILS — NASSARIIDAE 179

cm Latticed Nassa (O.S") 1 *2 cm New England Nassa fO.7' ) 1*0 cm

Common Eastern Nassa 1.2
1822)* United Nassarfusdniscufus (Reeve, 1853)* West In- Nassarius trivittatus {Say, 1822)* East United
Nassarius vibes (Say, S*E.
abundant* Weedy shallows; common* States. Offshore to 50 m; common*
States* Intertidal sand flats; dies.

(0*7") 1 .8 cm Demoulia Nassa fO.7") 1,8 cm Mutable Nassa (1 .3") 3 cm

Lovely Nassa
Nassarius desmoulioides (Sowerby, 1903). Nassariu^ mutabitis (L., 1758)* Mediterra-
Nassarfus vent/sfus (Danker, 1847)* Indo-
West and South Africa. 40 to 90 m; locally nean; Black Sea; W. Africa, Offshore; com-
Pacific Intertidal sand; uncommon.
common. mon* Syn.; inftata Lamarck.

(0*8") 2 cm
Netted Nassa (1-4") 3 cm Swollen Nassa (0.8") 2 cm Horn Nassa
reticulatu^ (L*, 1758)* W. Europe; Nassar/us gibbosalus (L., 1758). East Medi- Nassa ft us cornicuta (Olivi, 1792). Mediter-
Na^sarius
mud and rocks; terranean. Intertidal, sand; common. ranean and West Africa. Intertidal; com-
Mediterranean. Subtidal,
Syn.; drcumdnctvs A. Adams. mon* Many synonyms; o//vacea Risso; po-
abundant.
fitum Bivona.

0
rm 1

Gloomy Nassa fO.4

i
) 1 cm Fat Nassa (0.8") 2 cm Western Mud Nassa (0,8'*)

Nassanus tiarufa (Kiener, 1841)* California

2 cm
Nassarias moestus (Hinds, 1844)* W. Mex- Nassanus corpufentus (C. B* Adams, 18,52).
W, Mexico to Ecuador* Subtidal, sand; to W. Mexico. Intertidal; common* Syn.;
ico* Intertidal; common* Syn*; hrunneos-
common* tegula Reeve; ma/or Stearns*
foma Stearns, 1893.
 180 NASSA MUD SNAILS— NASSARtIDAE

Red-handed Nassa (0.8") 2 cm Splendid Nassa cm

(1 .2") 3 Pyramid Nassa (0,0") 2 cm
Nassarius pyrrhus {Menke, 1843). South Nassarius speciosus (A. Adams, 1852). Nassarius pyramidatis (A. Adams, 1052).
Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand. Interti- South Africa, Offshore to 90 m. South Africa. Subtidal to 200 m; common.
dal sands; common. Syn.: filmerae Sower by; rufanemis So-
werby.

Distorted Nassa (1") 2.S cm Bright Nassa (0,7") 1.8 cm Cake Nassa (1.3") 3 cm
Nassarius dsstortus A. Adams, 1852. Indo- Nassarius candens (Hinds, 1844). Mar* Nassarius arcuiarius [L,, 1758), Indo-Padfic,
Padfic* Shallow water; common. Syn.: quesas Islands, Polynesia. Subtidal; locally Intertidal sand and mud flats. Abundant.
monilG Kiener (not Linnaeus). uncommon. Syn,: cofonatus Link; pUcata Rdding,

Burned Nassa (1") 2,5 cm Horrid Nassa cm cm

(0,5") 1,2 Margarite Nassa (D 2.5
Nassarius crematus (Hinds, 1844). japan Nassarius horridus (Dunker, 1847), Indo* Nassarius margaritiferus Dunker^ 1847.
S.W. Pacific, Shallow water; uncommon, common.
Pacific. Intertidal; Syn,: murica- Indo-Pacific. Intertidal; common, Syn.:
Syn.: siquijorensis A. Adams; crenulatus tus Quoy Si Caimard; curfos Gould, casteftifera A, Adams; reticulatusQuoy &
Lamarck, Caimard,

Olive Nassa (1") 2.5 cm Channeled Nassa (1.2") 3 cm Gaudy Nassa (1") 2,5 cm
Nassarius olivaceus (Brugui^re, 1789). Nassar/os dorsaf us (Roding, 1796) Jndo-Pa- Nassarius gaudiosus (Hinds, 1844), Indo-
Indo-Pacific. Subtidal mud flats; common, ciftc. Intertidal flats; common, Syn,: Cana- Pacific. Intertidal to S m; common, Syn.:
Syn. : badius A, Adams. Hcutatus Lamarck, reeveanus Dunker,
 .

NASSA MUD SNAILS AND DEMOULIAS — NASSARIIDAE 181

Rough Nassa 11.21 3 cm Whitish Nassa (07"} 1 .8 cm Distended Nassa (1") 2.5 cm
Nassarius hirtus (Kiener, 1834). Hawaii and Nassarios albescens fDunker, 1846). Indo- Nassarios sufflatus (Gould. 1860). Indian
Polynesia. Subtidal to 20 m; common. Pacific. Shallow; coral sand; common. Ocean to japan. Intertidal to 10 m; com-
Syn.: seminodosaA. Adams. Syn . : bicolor Rou s se a o mon. Syn.: balteatus Lischke; kurodai
Tomlin.

Neat Nassa (0.8"} 2 cm Gruner's Nassa (0.8") 2 cm Granulated Nassa (0.71 1.8 cm
Nassarios condnnus (Powis, 1S35). Indo- Nassarios gronen (Dunker, 1846). S.W. Pa- Nassarius graniferus (Kiener, 1834). S.W.
Pacific. Offshore; uncommon. Syn.: abys- cific. Intertidal; common. Syn.: hispidos Pacific. Intertidal to 6 m, coral sand; com-
sicola A. Adams; crebrilineata Rousseau. Reeve. mon. Syn.: verrucosus Bruguiere.

Globose Nassa (071 1 8 cm Black Nassa (11 2.5 cm Loaded Nassa (0.7") 1,8 cm
Nassarios ghbosus Quoy&Gaimard, 1833. Nassarios polios (L., 1758). tndo-Pacific. Nassarios oneratus (Deshayes, 1863), Indo-
S.W. Pacific. Intertidal flats; abundant, Mud flats; common. Syn.: thersites Bru- Pacific. Intertidal; uncommon. Syn.: obli-
Syn.: gibbosofoidea Habe & Kosuge. guiere; bimacolosos A. Adams, qua Rousseau,

Cyclops Nassa (0.31 5 mm Obtuse DemouNa (11 2.5 cm Blunted Demoulia (1") 2.5 cm

Cyclope pe//uc/da (Risso, 1826). Mediterra- Demoolia oblusata (Link, 1807). West Af- Demoufia retosa (Lamarck, 1816). South Af-
nean. Subtidal, sand; common. rica, Subtidal, sand; common. Syn.: p/n- rica. Offshore 10 to 110 m; common. Varia-

gu/s A. Adams, ble patterns.

182 HORSE CONCHS — PASCIOLARIIDAE

TULIPS AND SPINDLES

FAMILY FASCIOLARltDAF

The tulips and horse conchs are

large carnivorous snails, with-
out strong plicae or folds on the
cojumella, usually with a good
periostracum, and with a thick,
horny, claw! ike operculum.
Mainly tropical shallow water.

One-banded (0.8") 2 cm Gianl Western Nassa (2'1 5 cm Florida Horse Conch (2 T 60 cm

Nassarius cuvierii (Payraudeau, Nassarius fossatus (Gould^. Ffeuropfoca gfgantea (Kiener,
1 826) , Med e rra n ea n
i t . Inter t i* 184^). Britrsh Col umbra to W. 1840). S.£. United Stales and
dal; common. Syn.: unifas- Mexico. Intertidal, sandy mud; N.E. Mexico. Subtidal to 35 m;
datuB Kiener; and others* abundant, common. Young are orange.

: -ti:’
-

Panama Horse Conch Trapezium Horse Conch Filamentous Horse Conch Smooth Horse Conch
n.S') S5 cm m 14 cm (51 12 cm (317.5 cm
Pieuroploca princeps (Sow- Pieuroploca irapezium (L*, Pieuroploca /if/amenfosa (Rdd- Pieuroploca glabra (Dunker,
erby, 1825). W. Mexico to Ecua* 1758). Indo-Pacific, Shallow wa- ing, 1798). Indo-Pacific. Com- 1882). lapan. Intertidal rocks to
dor. Subtidal; common. Oper- ter; common. mon. 3 m; common.
culum ridged.

Persian Horse Conch IS") 12 cm South African Horse Conch Salmon Horse Conch (4") 10 cm Granose Horse Conch
Pieuroploca persica (Reeve, (61 15 cm Pieuroploca salmo (Wood, (51 12 cm
1847). Indian Ocean. Offshore Pieuroploca ocellifera (La- 1828). W. Mexico to Panama. Pieuropioca granosa (Broderip,
to 10 m; rare. Syn.r ponderosa marck, 1816). South Africa. 20 Offshore; common. Syn.: va- 1832), Gulf of California l6 N.
Philippi. to ISO m; common. Syn.: verru^ /encvennesi Kiener. Peru. Intertidal; common.
culalus Lamarck.
 HORSE CONCHS AND TULIPS — FASCIOLARIIDAE 183

cm Box-lree Conch (3,5") 9 cm

Drab Horse Conch (4 ') 10 cm Box -tree Conch {3.5") 9
Heynemann's Horse Conch
Fleufoploca buxea (Reeve, Pfeuroploca buxea {Reeve,
(6' 15 cm
)
Pleuroploca iugubris (Reeve*
1847). W. Africa; Cape Verde Is. 1847). The holotype of Latirus
Pleuroplocs heynemanni 1847). South Africa. Intertidal
Shallow water; locally com- maxifous Sowerby, illustrated
^Duoker, 1876). South Africa. and offshore to .50m: common.
mon. Syn,: fi&cheriana Petit. here, is merely an old shell.
Subtidal to 100 m; uncommon. Syn.: badia Krauss.

Svo.: alfredensis Bartsch.

cm Bullis's Tulip {5"^) 11 cm True Tulip (6") 15 cm

Banded Tulip (3.5") 9 cm Branham's Tulip (4.5") 11 .5
1758),
fasciolaria liiium buflisi Lyons, Fasciolaria tulipa (L.,
f ascioiaria ilium hunteria
I Fasciolaria tifium branhamae
1972. Off N.W. Florida. Florida to Texas; W. Indies; Bra-
(Perry, 1811). North Carolina to Rehder & Abbott* 1951 . Gulf of
Campeche,Texas. Deep water; Dredged 73 - 119 m; uncom-^ zil. On sand in shallow water;
Texas. Intertidal and down toll
mon. Holotype illustrated. common.
m; common. Neotype Mlus, uncommon. Holotype illus.

5 cm Cyrtulus Spindle {3") 7.5 cm

Precious Slone Shell (1 .5") 4 cm Thorn Latirus (1 -5") 4 cm Spear Latirus (2")

Oolicholatirus lancea (Gmelin, Cyr talus serotinus Hinds, 1844.

Latiroiagena smaragdula (L., Opeafosfoma pseudodon (Bur-
1791). Tropical Indo-Pacific, Polynesia; rare. Only living
1758). Indo-Pacific. Intertidal row, 1815). W. Mexico to Peru.
Coral reefs; uncommon. Syn,: species in the genus Cyrfu/us.
rocks; common. Syn.r rosfica Among rocks at low tide; com-
mon. Syn.: cinguiatvm La- lancGoia Reeve.
Lamarck.
marck.
 184 LATIRUS — FASCIOLARIIDAE

Barclay's Latrrus (2.3") 6 cm Many-angied Latirus (3") 7.5 cm Nodular Latirus (3") 7.5 cm Gtbbose Lalirus (2.7”) 7 cm
Utirus pofygonus (Cmelin, Lstirus polygonus (Gmefin, Latirus nodatus (Gmelin, 1791). Latirus gibbulus (Gmelin, 1791 ).
1791). Indo-Padfic. Intertidal 1791). The black zones present Tropical Indo-Pacific. Coral reef indO“W. Pacific, On reef flats in
reefs; common. Form b^rdayi in typical form. flats; uncommon. Syn.: rigidus shallow water. Usually heavily
Reeve, 1847, on right.
Wood. encrusted.

Belcher's Latirus (2"") 5 cm Ornate Latrms (2.5") 6 cm Squamose Latirus (1.4") 3.5 cm Bleeding Latirus (2") 5 cm
Latirusbelchen (Reeve, 1847). Latirus ampiustris (DiMwyn, Latirus squamosus Pease, 1863. Latirus sanguifiuus (Reeve,
W. Pacific; moderately com- 1817). Tropical Pacific. Cora/ ar- Polynesia; uncommon. Indian 1847). Polynesia. Among corals
mon. eas; uncommon. Syn.: apfustre Ocean records unconfirmed. in shallow water; uncommon.
Sower by.

Prismatic Latirus (2") 5 cm Tower Latirus (2") 5 cm Central American Latirus (2.2") Filose Latirus (2") 5 cm
Latirus iris (Light foot, 1786). Po- (Gmelin, 1791).
Latirus turritus 5.5cm mediam ericarrus
Latirus L a tiru s ft to s us (Schubert &
lynesia;uncommon, Periostra- Indo-W. Pacific. Under dead Hertlein & Strong, 1951. W. Wagner, 1829). W. Africa. Off-
cum iridescent when wet. Syn, coral or rocks in shallow water; Mexico to Ecuador; uncom- shore; uncommon,
prismaticus Marfyn. moderately common. mon. Syn.: acuminatusWood.
 ;

LATIRUS — FASCIOLARIIDAE 185

Nagasaki Latirus (2") 5 cm Kanda Latirus m (1 S”) 4cm Walker's Latirus iV) 2*5 cm Pagoda Latirus (1 .2'^) 3 cm
Latirus nagasakiensis E. A. kandaiKuro6a, 1950* ja-
Latfrus Lat/rus waJkeri Melviii, 1895. Latiruspagodaeformts Melvill,
Smith, 1580. Southern japan. pan. Shallow water; uncom- Western Australia. Among 1899. Northern Arabian Sea;
Offshore; uncommon. mon. rocks In shallow water; moder* Persian Gulf. Moderately deep
ately common. water; rare.

Nassa-like Latirus (1 .5**) 4 cm Paetel's Lattms (2^') 5 cm Strange Latirus (2*5") 6,5 cm Gold*banded Latims (l*^) 2,5 cm
Latirus r^assoides (Reeve, 1847)* Latirus paetefianas (Kobelt, Latirus abnormis (Sowerby, Latirus noumeeusis (Crosse,
Philippines* Shallow reefs; un- 1674). Indo-W. Pacific* Among 1894). Pondoland; Natal; Zulu* 1870)* Tropical lndo*Pacific. In-
common. rocks; common* Solid brown land* Dredged down to 80 m; tertidal and offshore; uncom-
or banded. uncommon. mon* Syn.: aureoc/ncfa Sby.

Armed Latirus (1 .4"^) 3*5 cm Brown-Jined Latirus O'*) 7*5 cm Trochlear Latirus (2") S cm Squat Latirus 12*5'*) 6*5 cm
armatus A. Adams, 1854.
Latirus Latirus infundibuLum (Cmelln, Latirus cariniferus (Lamarck, Latirusfumens Carpenter, 1856.
West Africa; Madeira; Canary 1791). W* Indies to 8ra2il, S. 1816)* S*E* Florida; W* Indies. West Mexico to Ecuador* On
Islands* Offshore; uncommon* Florida* Offshore to 60 m; un- Roc ky reefs uncommon. Sy n
; . rocks 10 - 20 m; uncommon*
common. macgir)tyi Piisbry.
 186 LATIRUS AND PERISTERNIAS— FASCIOLARIIDAE

Hemphiirs Latirus (2*2") 5.5 cm Frilled Latrius (1 .r) 4.5 cm Soco rro Latirus ( 1 ,5") 4cm Vara's Latirus (3”) 7 cm
Latirus hemphilli Hertlein & Latirus concentricus (Reeve, Latirus socorroensis Hertlein & Latirus varai Bullock, 1970. Off
Strong, 1951* Baja California to 1S47J. W. Mexico to Ecuador. Strong, 1951* Off W* Mexico to east Cuba in 200 m. Rare* Holo-
Panama. Dredged to27 m; un- Offshore; uncommon* Syn.: Clipperton Dredged to 42
Is. type illus.
common. spadiceus Reeve. m; uncommon.

Waxy Latirus (D 5 cm White-spotted Latirus 2 cm Three-row Latirus cm

(*8") (1 *2") 3 Fleshy Peristernia (1") 2*5 cm
Leucozonia cerata (Wood, Leucozonia oce//afa (Cmelin, Latirus triseriafis Lamarck, 1822. Peristerrria incamata (Krener,
182S), Gulf of California to Pan- 1791). S*E* Florida; W. Indies to Wes Africa Uncommon.
t , 1840). Indo-Padfic. Under in-
ama; Galapagos* On rocks at Brazil. Under intertidal rocks; tertidal rocks and coral; mod-
low tide; common* common. erately common*

Fine- net Peristernra Sloping PeHsternia (1 .2") 3 cm (1'") 3 cm

Australian Peristernia Phrlbert's Peristernia (1 *2'1 3 cm
n.4") 3*5 cm Pens fern /a fastigium (Reeve, Peristemia austraiiensis (Reeve, Peristemia philberti (Reduz,
Peri stern fa nassatufa (Lamarck, 1847). lndO“Pacific. On dead 1847). Queensland, Australia* 1644). South China Sea; un-
1822). Indo-Padfrc. Reef flats; corai in shallow water; uncom- On intertidal reefs under dead common. Aperture violet*
common. Aperture rosy* mon. coral; common.
 SPINDLES— FASCIOLARIIDAE 187

Singed Peristernia (1 -2") 1 cm Beautiful Peristernia (1 .2") 3 cm Forska I 's Perister n la (1 ') 2 5
, cm Spiny Peristernia (1.4") 3.5 cm
Peristemia ustulata < Reeve, Peristernia ptiichella (Reeve, Peristernia forskafi Tap pa rone-
( Peristemia coiumbarium (Gme-
1847K Irrdo-Pacific. Coral ar- 1847). Indian Ocean. Muddy Canefri, 1879). Indian Ocean. lin, 1791). Central Pacific to

eas; common. Syn.: cate- sand in moderately deep wa- Shallow water; uncommon. Philippines; uncommon. Syn.-

don ica Petit; marquesana Ad. ter; uncommon. spinosa Deshayes,

Harford's Spindle (T) 5 cm Distaff Spindle (6'') 15 cm Wavy-edge Spindle (6") 15 cm Salisbury's Spindle (B") 20 cm
fusinus harfordii (Stearns, Fusinus colas (L, 1758). Tropi- Fusiffus uridatus (Gmelin, Fusinus salisburyi Fulton, 1930.
1671). British Columbia to Cali- cal Indo-Pacific. Intertidal 179T). Tropical Pacific. Off- japan; Queensland, Australia.
fornia. Moderately deep water; sands and offshore; common. shore; uncommon. All-white Deep water; uncommon.
rare. Syn.: tubercutata Lamarck. shell; brown periostracum.

Giant Spindle (S”) 20 cm Rusty Spindle (3.5'') 9 cm Legrand's Spindle (2") 5 cm Granular Spindle (2.S'’) 6.5 cm
fusinus novaehottandiae Fusinus perptexus A. Adams, Fusinus undutatus (Perry, Fustnus n;pon/cus (E. A. Smith,
(Reeve, 1846). New S. Wales to 1864. Form ferrugineus Kuroda 1811). Southern Australia. 1879). japan; Taiwan. Moder-

S. Austfalia. Deep water; mod- & Habe. japan. Offshore; lo- Common. Syn.: /egrand/Teni- ately deep water; uncommon,
erately common. cally common. son -Woods.
 188
spindles — FASCrOLARNDAE

Hayashr's Spindle (2") 5 cm Brown-Jipped SpindJe (3.5") Pitcairn Spindle

Fusinus hayashii (Habe,
9cm Fusinus tuberosus (Reeve, (5") 12.5 cm Australian Spindle (41 10 cm
Southern Japan. Dredged at Fusinus galalheae bounty Reh-
1S47J. South ot Honshu, Japan. Fusinus austra/is (Quoy &
100 m; rare. f. niponicus der & Wilson, 1975. Off Pitcairn
has 20*40 m; uncommon. Syn,: Caimard, 1833). Southern and
n;- Is. Dredged 50-130 m;
longer siphonaJ canah rare, western Australia. Shallow wa-
grirostratus E. A. Smith*
HoJotype jJIus.
ter; common.

Nicobar Spindle (4.51 11 .5 cm Boetfger's Spindle

Fusinus nfcobadcus (Rdding,
(2") 5 cm Capart's Spindle (8") 20 cm
Fusinus boettgeri (von MaJt^an, White Spindle (3") 7.5 cm
179S}* indo-Pacific. Fusinus caparti Adam & Knud-
Shallow wai- 1864J. West Fusinus aibinus (A. Adams,
Africa. Offshore; sen, 1969. Off Angola. Dredged
ter; common* Synv:
iaticosta^ uncommon. 1835). Off Angola. Offshore;
at about 60 m; locally
tas Deshayes; variegaws
Perry* common. uncommon.

Kobelt's Spindle (2.51 6.5 cm Du Petirs Spindle (81 20 cm Aiiyn Smith's Spindle
Fusinus kobe/(i {Dali, 1877). Burnt Spindle
Fusinus dupef/ffhouars/ (21 5 cm
California.
Shallow water to 70 (Kiener, 1646), Baja California
(3.51 9 cm Fusinus awbustus (Could,
m; moderately common* Holo- Fusinus ai/yni McLean, 1970.
to Ecuador* Intertidal and 1853). Gulf of California. Mud
type illus.
off* Galapagos and Cocos Is. flats and on rocks
shore; moderately common. at low tide;
Dredged 126-146 m; uncom-
common.
mon.
 SPINDLES— FASCrOLARIIDAE 189

Panama Spindle (S'") 12.S cm SeaCrown Spindle (3") 7*5 cm Ornamented Spindle (3'1 7.5 Cm Ceramic Spindle 5 cm
fusinus panamensts DaM, 1908.
W. Me^cico to Ecuador. Taken by
Fusinus haftstreplus {Dali,
1889). Florida Strait; Bahamas.
Fusinus eucosmius Dal 889)( M , Fusinus ceramidus (Dali , 1 889),
Florida to Texas. Dredged 30- Off Barbados. Dredged 140-210
shrimp trawlers; common* Deep water; rare. Holotype il- 100 m; uncommon. Holotype m; rare. Holotype illustrated,
lus. illustrated.

Turnip Spindle (4") 10 cm Frenguell's Spindle (4.5") Steger's Spindle (5") 12 cm Coue's Spindle (4") 10 cm
FuBirJUs timessus {Dali, 1689). IT cm Fusinus frenguelli (Car- Fusinus stegGH Lyons, 1978. Fus/nus couei (Petit, 18S3), Gulf
rionda to Texas. Dredged 40- celles, 1953). Southern Brazil; Gulf of Mexico; off west Ffor- of Mexico; Texas. Taken by
120 m; uncommon* May be Argentina. Dredged 30-160 m Ida, 180 m. Holotype
white or orange.
if lustra- shrimp trawlers; common,
on sand; uncommon. ted.

OLIVE SHELLS
FAMILY OLIVIDAE

Small, glossy gastropods

found
and warm seas*
in all tropical

Columella with numerous fine

teeth* True olive shells (OHva)
do not have an opercutum.
Their shells are often extremely
variable in color pattern but are
consistent in shape within a
species*

Sidlian Spindle (2*3'9 6 cm Puzzling Spindle (1") 2.5 cm

fusinus syracmanus (L., 1758), Sinistraiia maroccensis (Gme-
Mediterranean; coast of N.W* lin, 1791). W. Africa; Canary Is.
Canary Is. Offshore 4 to
Africa;
Shallow water, on rocks; un-
40 m; common. common*
 .

190 OLIVES — OUVIDAE

Tent Olive (3. S'*) 9 cm Veined Olive f1 .8") 4.5 cm Angled Olive (2*2") 5*5 cm luliePs Olive (1.81 4.5 cm
O/iva porphyria (L., 1758)* Gulf OHva spicata (Roding, 1798)* Oliva invrassata (Light fool, Oliva julieta Du cl os, 1833* Nica-
of California to Panama* Interti- Gulf of California to Panama. 1786). West Mexico to Peru. ragua to Peru* Offshore; rare
dal to 20 m; in sand; moder- Shallow water; common. Many Sandspits at low tide; common. living, uncommon dead*
ately common* synonyms. Rarely golden.

Splendid Olive II *8") 4*5 cm Peruvian Olive (21 5 cm Fusiform Olive (21 5 cm Lettered Olive (2.2'") 5*5 cm
Ohva splendidula Sower by, Oliva peruviana Lamarck, 1811. Oiiva fulgurator ( Rod ing, 1798). O/iva sayana Ravenel, 1834* S.E*
182S. W. Mexico to Panama* Peru and Chile* Extremely vari- Lower Caribbean* Uncommon, United States* Common, Syn*:
Offshore; uncommon. Pattern able with several named color Syn.: fusiformi^ Lamarck. litteraia Lamarck. Yellow form
constant. forms; common. is cilrma johnson*

Netted Olive (1 .51 4 cm Red-moulh Olive (2*5") 6.5 cm Tessellate Olive {1.21 3 cm Oliva sericea (Roding, 1798)*
0//va micuiaris Lamarck, 1810. O/iva miniacea (Roding, 1798). O/iva fesse//afa Lamarck, 1811. One of the few disti nctive color
Bermuda.
S*£. Florida to Brazil; Tropica! Indo-Padfic. Com* Eastern Indian Ocean; Pacific. forms of this lovely shell in
Shallow and deeper water; mon. Orange aperture. Syn*: Moderately uncommon* Syn*: which the aperture is white,
common. Variable pattern. eryf hfos f om a La ma rck ligrlna Mar rat. not yellow.
 OLIVES — OLIVIDAE 191

Orange-mouth Olive (3") 7.5 cm Ornate Olive £2'1 5 cm Pretly Olive (0.8") 2 cm Tricolor Olive (2.2") 5.S cm
Oliva sericea (Roding, 17%). Oliva iignaria Marrat, 1868. In- Oliva sidelia Du cl os, 1835. Oliva tricolor Lamarck, 1811.
Tropical Indo-Padfic. Uncom- dian Ocean; India to West Aus- Tropical Indo-Pach'ic. Moder- Tropical tndo- Pacific. Com-
mon. Varies little in color pat- tralia. Common. Syn.: omata ately uncommon. Sometimes mon. Displays red, green and
tern. Syn.i textilina Lam. Marralp not Roding. all-white. Syn.t lepida Duclos. blue colors together.

Blood Olive (1 .3") 4.5 cm Furple-moulh Olive (2") 5 cm Inflated Olive (1 .7'} 4.5 cm Tiger Olive (2.2") 5.5 cm
Oliva reticulata (Roding* 1798). Oliva caeruica (Roding, 1798). Oliva bulbosa (Roding, 1798), Oliva tigrina Lamarck, 1811.
Indo-W. Pacific. Common. Col- Tropical Indo-Pacific. Uncom- IndianOcean to Indonesia. Tropical Indo-Pacific. Moder-
umella bright red. Syn.: san- mon. Aperture dark violet. Common. Several named color ately common. Syn.: glandifor-
guinolenta Lamarck. Syn.: episcopalis Lamarck. forms. Syn.: inflata Lamarck. mis Mar rat; fallax lohnson.

Amethyst Olive (2") 5 cm Amethyst Olive £2") 5 cm Amethyst Olive (2"") 5 cm Hirase's Olive (1.79 4.5 cm
Oliva annulata (Gmelin, 1791). Oliva annulata £Gmelin, 1791). Oliva annulata (Gmelin, 1791). Oliva hirasei Kira, 1959. South-
Tropical lndo*Padfic. Com- This common form is amethys- Form mantichora Duclos, 1835. ern Japan; Taiwan. Below low-
mon. Several striking color tina Roding, 1798. Upper part of body whorl is no- tide level; uncommon.
forms. ticeably angled.
192 OLIVES — OLIVIDAE

Pa rki n so n 's OI ve
i (0. S'") 1 .2 cm Bulow's Olive n") 2.3 cm Red-lip Olive (1.7") 4,5 cm Rufuld Olive (1 .2"} 3 cm
Oiiva parkfnsoni Prior, 1975. Oliva huloui Sowerby, 1888. Oliva rubroiabiata H. Fischer, Oliva rufula Dudos, 1835. Phil-
New Guinea. Oitshore; un* New Guinea; New Britain; Sol- 1902. New Hebrides; New ippines; Indonesia. Locally
common. omons. Uncommon. O. bulowi Caledonia. Moderately rare. common. Distinctive color pat-
is misspelling. tern consistent.

OHve
Lighlning (0.8") 2.2 cm Peg Olive (1") 2.5 cm Common Olive (1 .2") 3 cm Oliva oiiva (L., 1758). Until re-
OHva rufofuigumta Schepman^ Oliva paxillus Reeve, 1850. Oliva oiiva {L., t758). Tropical cently this was incorrectly re-
1911. New Britain; Kei island; Indo-Pacific; Hawaii. Com- Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; ferred to as ispidula Linne. Vari-
Indonesia; Philippines. Moder- mon. Syn.: thomasi Crosse; common. Syn.: ispidula of able in somber colors.
ately deep water; rare. sandwichensis Pease. authors.

Black Olive (1.5") 4 cm Flame Olive (1 .4") 5.5 cm Silk-dad Olive (0.8") 2 cm Carnelian Olive (0-9") 2.3 cm
Oliva vidua (Rdding, 1798). Oliva flam mu lata Lamarck, Oliva panniculata Dudos, 1835. Oliva cameo/a (Cmelin, 1791).
Tropical Indo-Pacific. Moder- 1810. W. Africa; Cape Verde Is- IndO’^W. Pacific. Shallow water; Tropical Indo-Pacific. Com-
ately common. Many named lands. Shallow water; com- moderately rare. Syn.: wil- mon. Varies in shape and pat-
color forms, sometimes black. mon. Syn.; marmorea Marrat. liamsi MeMII & Stan den. terns.
 OLIVES — OLIVIDAE 193

New Zealand Ancilla Graceful Dwarf Olive

Catdania Olive (0-3 ) 2 cm 2 cm
W. Oiiva zelindae Petuch, 1979, Is-
(.5") 1.2 cm (0.8")
Oiiva ca/dan/a Duclos, 1835. &
GracUispira novaezefandiae Oiivella grad//s (B rode rip
and N. Australia; Indonesia. lands off east Brazil, 2 to 10 m.
(Sowerby, 1859). Northern Sowerby, 1829). W. Mexico to
Moderately common. Syn.: Rare. Axial riblets.
New Zealand. In sand offshore; Panama. Shallow water; com-
breUinghami Bridgman.
common. Syn.: Olsson.
firthi mon.

Variable Dwarf Olive Dama Dwarf Olive (0.8") 2 cm

West Indian Dwarf Olive Arrow Dwarf Olive
(0,4") cm OHvelfa dama (Wood, 1828).
(1 .T) 3 cm (O.D1.8 cm 1

(Duclos, Ofivdia mutica {Say, 1822). Gulf of California to Acapulco.

Oiivella nivea (Gmelin, 1791). 0/;Ve/ia petiolita
North Carolina to Florida; Ba- On sandspits, low tide; com-
S.E. Florida to Brazil; Bermuda. 1835). West Indies; Caribbean.
hamas. Common. Sometimes mon. Spire apex violet.
Intertidal to 50 m; common. Uncommon. Syn.: either Dali
& Simpson.

3 cm Ureta's Olive (1.4") 3.5 cm Gibbous Olive (2") 5 cm

Purple Dwarf Olive (1") 2.5 cm Twisted- plait Olive (1.2")
0/ivanc///ar/a urefaf Klappen- Olivancifiaria gibbosa (Born,
OHveUa bipficata (Sowerby, Ofivandliaria contortupficata
bach, 1%5. Argentina to Uru- 1778). Southern India; Sri
Vancouver Island (British
1825). {Reeve, 1850). Uruguay to Bra-
guay. On muddy sand; uncom- Lanka. Common.
Columbia) to Baja California. zil. Shallow water; common.

common. mon.
On sand to 50 m;
 .

194 DWARF OLIVES AND ANCILLAS — OLIVIDAE

SparklingDwarf Olive (0.8"') 2 cm Argentine Dwarf Olive (0.5") 1 .2 cm Cinguiale Andlla (2.3") 6 cm
Oliveilanans (Lamarck, 1811). West Africa. Oiivdia tehueicha (Duclos, 1835). Argen- Anditista dnguiata (Sowerby, 1830). North-
Common. Syn,: micans Dillwyn; minor tina to Brazil. Intertidal on sand; common. ern half of Australia. Sand flats. Common.
Dunker. Syn. : tehuetchana Orbigny. Syn.: inornata E. A. Smith.

Ear Ancilta (1 .5") 4 cm Mamillate Ancilla (1.5") 3.7 cm Golden-brown Andlla (2.5") 6 cm

Olivandfiaria vesica aurkularia (Lamarck, Amalda mamillata (Hinds, 1843). S.W. Paci- Andiiista velesiana Iredale, 1936. S.
1810). Argentina; Brazil. Subtidal In sand. fic. Offshore to deep water; uncommon. Queensland and New South Wales,
Common moderately common.
Traveled;

Spear -head Andlla (2") 5 cm Arrstoc ratic And 1 1 a (2 . 2") 5 .5 cm Margined Ancilla (1 .5") 4 cm
Amaida contusa (Reeve, 1864). S. Africa. Amalda optima {Sowerby, 1897), S. Africa; Amalda marglnata (Lamarck, 1811). New
Offshore to 100 m; uncommon. Syn.: Mozambique. Offshore to deep water; South Wales; southern Australia: Tasma-
dedpiens Sower by. moderately rare. nia. Shallow water; uncommon.

I J
Mont rou r ier's And Ha (1 5") 4 c m
. Ed if h's A nci Ha ( 0 .
&*) 1 .5 cm Blunt Ancilla (1 .S'3 4 cm
Amaida montrouzieri (Souverbie, 1860). Amalda odithae (Pritchard & Gatliff, 1899), Amalda obtusa (Swainson, 1825). South Af-
New Caledonia; Fiji. Rare. Southern Australia. On submerged sand- rica. Offshore to 180 m; uncommon.

banks; uncommon.
 m

ANCILLAS — OLIVIDAE 195

Ruddy Ancilla (T) 2.5 cm Bubble Anctlla n.5") 4 cm Hinomoto Ancilla (1 ,7") 4,5 cm Urasima Ancilla (1 ,5") 4 cm

Amalda rosea (Macpherson, Amatda butiioides (Reeve, Baryspira hinomotoensis Baryspira hinomotoensis form
1951). New South Wales; Aus- 1864). South Africa. Offshore, (Yokoyama. 1922). Southern ja- urasima (Kira, 1955). japan. Off-
tralia. Uncommon. deepwater; uncommon. Syn,: pan. 50 to 200 m; uncommon. shore; uncommon. More sJen-
dimtdiaia von Martens. der.

Tindall's Ancilla (0.7") 1 .8 cm Pet lerd's Ancilla (0 9™ )

. 2 .2 c Tankerville's Ancilla (2") 5 cm Golden Ancilla (2.5") 6.5 cm
Amafda tmdaiii (Melvill, 1898). Amalda petterdi (Tate. 1893). Amalda tankerviUii (Swainson. Anci//a gfabrata (L., 1758).
Off western coast of India. Victoria (South Australia); Tas- 1825). Northern coast of South Lower Caribbean, Offshore, in

Moderately deep water; un- mania. Shallow water; uncom- America. In sand, 6 * 13 m; lo- sand; uncommon, Syn,: flavida
common. mon. cally common. Lamarck.

Acu m inate Anc la

* ( 1 .2") 3 cm
I Delightful Ancilla (1 .5' ) 4 cm Wide-mouth Ancilla {1 ,2") 3 cm Depressed Ancilla (2”) 5 cm
Anc/7/a acuminata (Sowerby, Yokoyama. 1922.
Anc/7/a st/a vis Amalda ampfa (Cmelin, 1791). Amalda depressa (Sowerby,
1859). Red Sea; North Arabian Japan. Offshore, 160 * 200 m; Indian Ocean, Offshore to 1859). New Zealand. Intertidal
Sea. Common, Syn.: Hneolata uncommon. about 20 m; uncommon. Syn,: sand flats. Moderately com-
A. Adams, oryza Reeve. Candida Lamarck, mon.
196 ANCILLAS — OLIVIDAE

Chinese Ancilla (2") 5 cm Brow n - ti pped And a (Z’ 5 cm

1 1 ) Reeve's Ancilla (0.8") 2 cm White-banded Ancilla
Swam son, Amalda muscae (Pilsbry, 1926). Ancilla reevei A. Smith, 1904. (0.8") 2.1 cm
And fla rubiginosa E,

Northern half of Australia. In- South Africa, Moderaleiy com- Ancilla fasdata (Reeve, 1864).
1823. China Sea. Shallow wa-
sand flats; common. mon. Syn.: bipartita Turton; South Africa. Offshore: com-
ter; uncommon. tertidal
Syn.: efongata Cray, ma/or Turton, mon. Syn.: ordinaria E. A.
Smith.

cm Panama cm Blotchy Ancilla (2") 5 cm

Neck lace Ancilla (1 "I 2. 5 c m Pointed Ancilla (23") 6 False Olive (2") 5

Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck, Agaronia lestacea (Lamarck, Aharon fa nebulosa (Lamarck,

Ancilla monilifera (Reeve,
1811). West Africa. Shallow wa- 1811). Gulf of California to 1811). Indian Ocean. Shallow
1864). Western Australia. Mod-
common. Syn.: lineata ter; common. Syn.: annotata Peru. Intertidal; common. water; common. Syn.: intricata
erately
Marrat. Syn.: reeve/ Mdrch. Marrat.
Kiener, not Perry.

(1 .5") 4 cm Open-mouth Ancilla (1 .5") 4 cm Travassos's Ancilla (2.5") 6.S cm Olive-gray Ancilla (1.2") 4.5 cm
Blotchy Ancilla
Agaronia propatufa (Conrad, Agaronia travassosi Morretes, Agaronia hiatula (Cmelin,
Agaronia nebulosa (Lamarck,
1938. Brazil. Offshore, 40-140 1791). West Africa; Cape Verde
1811). Indian Ocean. Moder- 1849}. S.W. Mexico to Ecuador.
Common* Syn.: hiatula of m; uncommon. Syn.: lanei Islands. Shallow water; com-
ately common. Syn.r labuanen-
Marrat (syntypes). authors. Morretes; /ange/ Zanardini. mon. Syn.: cincta Reeve.
sis
 MITERS — MITRIDAE 197

MITBRS
FAMILY MITRIDAE

This famiiy contains several

hundred species most of which
are colorful and live in warm
shallow seas. The shells are
usually elongate to fusiform,
and the columella bears several
small plicae, or teeth. Recently
the family CosteNariidae (i.e.

Vexillidae) has been separated

off to contain Vexi/fum, Pusia
and Thaia.
Episcopal Miter (T) 10 cm Papal Miter {3") 6 cm Pontifical Miter (2.51 8.5 cm
Mitra mitra (L,, 1758). Indo-Paci- Mitra papalis (L., 1756). Entire Mitra stictica {link, 1807). Indo-

fic;Galapagos. In sand, shal- Indo-Pacifk. Coral rubble, 1 to Pacific. Coral reefs, under
low water; common. Syn*; 30 m; uncommon. rocks; common. Syn.: pontifi-

episcopalis Linn^. calis Lamarck.

cm Particolored Miter (21 5 cm Ambiguous Miter (2.51 6 Cm

Bov^'s Miter {2.5'') 6 cm Cardinal Miter (3") 7
Red Mitm cardinaiis (Gmelln, 1791). Mitra nubUa nub:7a (Gmelin, Mitra ambigua Swainson, 1829.
Mifra bovef Kiener, 1336.
Indo-Pacific. In sand, shallow 1791). Indo-Padfic. Coral sand; Indo-Padfic. Coral reef flats;
Sea and Persian Gulf. Subtidah
common. mona- moderately rare. Syn.: versico/- moderately common. Syn.: II-
1 to 30 m; uncommon. Syn.: water; Syn.:
abscophora Melvill. chiaiis Roding. or Martyn; iatnarcki Deshayes. mosa Martyn.

cm Imperial Miter (21 5 cm Tessellate Miter (4") 10 cm

Coffee Miter (2'') 5 cm Coffee Miter (21 5
Mitra coffea Schubert & Mitra imperiatis Roding, 1796. Mitra incompta (Lightfoot,
Mitra coffea Schubert &
Entire Indo-Pacific. Coral ar- 1786). Indo-Pacific. Reef flats to
Wagner, 1829. Entire Indo-Pad* Wagner, 1629. Entire Indo-Paci-
uncommon. Syn.: digitaiis 40 m; rare. Syn. fesse//afa Mar-
to 28 m; moder* eas; :
fic. Syn.: thaanumiana Pilsbry fic. Reef fiats

ately common. Link; miihpora Lamarck. tyn; reeve/ Philippi.

from Hawaii. Holotype.
 198
MITERS — MITRIDAE

Adusta Miter (2.5") 6 cm Stained Miter (31 7.5 cm

Mitra eremitarum Roding, T79S. M/tra gunata Swainson, 1824. Mitra inquinata Reeve, 1844. Ja-
S.W, Pacific, Intertidal reef Mitra tripHcata von Martens,
Indian Ocean. Shallow water;
pan to Taiwan, Offshore, 20 to 1904. East Africa to Indonesia.
flats; abundant. Syn.;
adusta rare. Syn.; bosweltae |. Cate. ttOm; uncommon. Syn.; han- Deep water to
Lamarck; flavofusca Lamarck. 1 ,400 m uncom-
;

/eyana Dunker; wrighti Crosse. mon.

Scorched Miler (T) 5 cm Pyramis Miler (T) 5 cm Variable Miter 5 cm

Miira ustufata Reeve, 1844. En-
(2") Carbon Miter (2.51 6 cm
Mitra pyramis fWood, 1828J, Mitra variabifis Reeve, 1844, Mitra carbonaria Swain son,
tire Indo-Padffc. Shallow reefs; lndo*Pacific. Shallow water to Northern Australia, intertidal
uncommon. Variable, Syn,: /g- 50 m; uncommon.
1022, Australia; New Zealand,
m; common. Syn. poiy-
to TOO Shallow water; common.
nobifis Reeve. : Syn.:
morpha Tomlin, badia, nigra, rhodia Reeve.

Deynzer's Miter {1.2'’) 3 cm Bald Miter (3,51 9 cm Troubled Miter (1,21 3 « Lightning Miter
Mitra deynzeri Cemohorsky, Mitra gfabra (21 5 cm
Swalnson, T821. Mitra aerumrjosa Melvill, 18f
1900, Panglao Mitra fuigurita Reeve, 1844. East
Is,, Philippines, South Australia; Tasmania. In- South Africa, Rare, Syn.: s/j Indies, Shallow water; rare.
Offshore; rare. Paratype illus. tertidal pools to offshore; com-
p/ex Dunker, Syn. yaekoae Habe & Kosuge,
mon. Spire high.
:
 MITERS — MITRIDAE 199

Orrental Miter (2.51 6 cm Zoned Miter (31 8 cm Helen's Miter (41 10 cm Swainson's Miter (51 13 cm
Mitra orieniatis Griffith & Pid- Mitra fusifarmis subspecies Mitra helenae Rad win 8e Bibbey, Mitra swainsoni Broderip, 183b.
1834. W. Colombia to zonata Marry at, 1818. Mediter- 1972. Atlantic coast of Central West Mexico to Ecuador. Subti-
Chile. Offshore to T50 m; un- ranean to West Africa. Subtidal America. Offshore in 10 to 30 dal, 15 to 150 m; moderately
common. Syn,: maura Brod. to 130 m; uncommon. M. fush m; rare. common. Syn.: zaca Strong.
for mis Brace hi is a fossil.

Antillean Miter (S") 13 cm Rusty Miter (21 5 cm Red-painted Miter (1 .5") 3.5 cm Kettle Miter (1.51 3,5 cm
Mitra swainsoni subspecies Mifra ferfuginea Lamarck, 1811. Mitra rubritincta Reeve, 1844. Mitra cucumerina Lamarck,
antilierysis Dali, 1889. S.E. U. S. Entire fndo-Pacific. Intertidal Entire Indo-Pacific. Intertidal to 1811. Indo-Pacific. Shallow
to Caribbean. Offshore; un- reefs; common. Syn.: vituima 20 m; moderately common. coral waters; common. Syn.:
common. Holotype. Dillwyn. ferrugata Dtllwyn.

Chrysalis Miter (11 2.5 cm Colombella Miter (1 .51 4 cm Strawberry Miter (2^*) 5 cm Orange Miter (1.2'*) 3 cm
Mitra chrysalis Reeve, 1844. Mifra colomboUiformis Kiener, Mitra fraga Quoy and Gaimard, Mitra aurantia (Cmelin, 1791).
Indo^Pacific. Intertidal to 3 m: 1838. Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa- 1833. Indo-Padfic, Intertidal Indo-Pacific. Shallow water;
common. Spiral grooves are ter, Intertidal; common. coral reefs to 30 m; common. common. Syn.: aurantiaca La-
punctate. Syn.: buryi M. & S. Syn,: rubiginea A. Adams. marck; crassa Swainson,
 ^

200 MITERS — MITRIDAE

Gold*mouth Miter (1 .2") 3 on Contracted Miter (1.5'') 3*5 cm M ter

Ta wn y i ( 1 8") 4 *5 cm
. Vexillate Miter {11 2*5 cm
Mnm chry^o^toma Brodenp, Mifra con(racfa Swainson, 1820. Mitra fu/vescens B rode rip, M/fra v^xUium Reeve, 1844.

1836. Entire Indo-Pacific. Shal- Indo-Pacific. Intertidal reef 1836* Indo-Padfic. Subtidal; S.W* Pacific. Reefs; uncom*
low reefs; common. Coarse flats to 30 m; common. Apex uncommon. Syn.: o&tergaardi mon.
spiral cords* Spire blunt pointed. Pilsbry (hoiotype illus).

Coronate Miter (1 ,2") 3 cm Punctured Miter (21 5 cm Flowery Miter (1 *51 3.5 cm Sophie's Miter {1 -5") 3*5 cm
M/fra cofonata Lamarckj 1811- Mitra puncf/cu/ata Lamarck, Mitra aurora subspecies fiorh M/fra sophiae Crosse, 1862*
Entire Indo^Padfic* Intertidal to 1811* S*W* Pactlic; S. japan. In- duia Sowerby, 1874. Indo-Paci- Australia to E* Polynesia. Inter*

offshore; common. Syn. tertidal coral reefs; uncom- Shallow reefs to 24 m; com-
fic. tidal to 60 m; uncommon.
f /are/fa A. Adams. mon. Syn.: d'mdema Swainson* mon. Hoiotype illus.

Lens Miter O'") 7 cm Belcher's Miter (51 12 cm Barbados Miter [11 2.5 cm Nodulose Miter (1 .2") 3 cm
Milra /ens Wood, 1828. West M/fra be/chen Hinds, 1844. Gulf Mitra barbadensts (Cmelin, Mitra nodulosa (Cmelin, 1791),

Mexico to Ecuador. Intertidal of California to Panama. Off- 1791). S, Florida to Brazil; Ber- S* Florida to Brazil; Bermuda.
gravel to 26 m; common. Syn,: shore to 100 m; uncommon. muda. Subtidal in rubble to 10 Intertidal to 20 m; common*
duponttae Kiener. m; common* Syn*: 6ras/f/ens/s Oliveira.
 MITERS — MITRIDAE 201

2.5 cm Magpie Miter (1 -3'^) 3 cm

Toothless Miter (1 .5") 3,5 cm Florida Miter {2.51 6 cm poverty Miter (1")

Mifra paupercula (L., 1758). En- Mttra pica (Diliwyn, 1817). In-
Dibaphus edentuia (Sowerby, Mitra floridaGould, 1856. Flor-
Indo-Pacific. Intertidal flats dian Ocean and S.W. Pacific.
1823), Entire Indo-Padfic. Inter- ida and the Caribbean. Sand tire

among rubble; abun-

locally Intertidal; uncommon. Syn.: It-

tidal reef flats; uncommon. bottom, 2 to 30 m; uncommon.

dant. Syn.: zebra Lamarck. neata Swainson.
Syn.: phifippi Crosse.

(1 .3") 3 cm Acuminate Miter (1 SI 3.5 cm

Blunted Miter iV) 2.5 cm Lettered Miter iV) 2.5 cm Shortened Miter
M/tra decurtata Reeve, 1844. Mifra acuminata Swainson,
Mitra retusa Lamarck, 1811- Mttra litterata Lamarck. 1811.
1824. Indo-Pacific. Intertidal
Intertidal reefs; Entire Indo-Pacific. Intertidal S.W. Pacific. Intertidal reef
Indo-Pactfic. moderately com-
uncommon. Outer lip coral reefs;
uncommon. Aperture mauve. coral reef flats; common. Syn.: flats;

very thick. mon.

Syn.: v/rgafa Reeve. maculosa Reeve.

1 (2.51 6 cm Taiwan Miter (3.51 9 cm

Snake-tongue Miter (1 1 2.5 cm S n ake-iongy e Miter { ") 2.5 cm Render's Miter
Mitra rehderi Webb, 1958. Off Mitra morchii A. Adams sub-
M^fra pelfisserpentis Reeve, Mitra peUtsserpenlis sub-
Tosa, Japan. 180 m; rare. Holo- species taiwanica Shikama &
1844. Mauritius to E. Polynesia. species asXr/cfa Reeve, 1844. En-
type illustrated. Chiang, 1977. Philippines to Tai-
Intertidal to 2 m; common. demic to the Hawaiian Chain.
wan; uncommon.
Smooth or granulosa. Brown spiral lines.
 202 MITERS — MITRIDAE

Chaste Miler (2") 5 cm Eyed Miter (1") 2.5 cm Newcomb's Miter (1 .S'*) 4 cm Reticulate Miter (2") 5 cm
Scabrkota casta (Cmelin, 1791). Scabricoia oce//afa (Swain son* Scabricoia newcombii (Pease, Scabricoia fissurata (Lamarck*
Indo-Pacific. tn sand. Uncom- 1831). fndo-Paciftc. In sand. 1869). Hawaiian and Midway Is. 1811). Indian Ocean, in coral
mon. Cleaning removes brown Uncommon. Syn. mctsaA, Ad*
: (endemic). Subtidal, in sand. sand and coral rubble. Uncom-
band. Syn.: matronaiis Schum. ams; made/ A. Adams. Uncommon, mon. Reticulate pattern.

Dusky Miler (.75”) 2 cm Snake Miter (2") 5 cm

Scabricoia fusca (Swain son,
Desetangs's Miter fl") 2.5 cm File Miter f1”) 2.5cm
Scabncofa vadegafa (Cmelin, Scabncofa desetangsii Kiener, Candlia fHaris CL., 1771). Indo-
1824). Indo-Pacific. Uncom- 1791). Philippines to Mar- 1838. Philippine Islands, Subti- Pacific. Shallow water
mon in Indian Ocean, rare
in sand;
in quesas. In sand, shallow water. sand; uncommon.
western Pacific. Syn.: fimata
dal in common. Syn.: fiiosa Born;
Rare. Syn.: serpentina Lam.
next its Lamarck, 1811,
Reeve: formosa Reeve.

Most Superior Miter (1.2") 3 cm Horn -colored Miter (1 .3'') 3 cm Pease's Miter (1 ,S") 3.8 cm Philippine Miter (1 .5”} 3,8 cm
Canc///a praestantissima [Rbd- CanciUa carn/co/or (Reeve, Canc/7/a pease/ (Dohrn, 1860). CanciUa bad Hum (Lamarck,
ing, 1798). Indo-Pacific. Shal- 1844). Indo-Padfic. Shallow wa- S.W, Pacific. Shallow flats; un- 1811). S.W. Pacific. Shallow reef
low water in coral sand; un- ter; uncommon. Syn.: m/de- common. Syn.: langfordi flats; common. Syn.: astyagis
common. punctata Sowerby; para Ad. Pilsbry. Dohrn.
 MITERS — MITRIDAE 203

F lecked Miler (2") 5 cm Glortola Miter (1 ,5”) 4 cm Butterfly Miter (2") 5 cm Isao Taki Miter (2.5") 6 cm
N^ocancUIa granatina (La- CartcUfa gforioia Cernohorsky, Neocan c///a papilio (Link, Neocandlta takiisaoi Kuroda &
marck, 1611). Tropkal Indo-Fa- 1970. Philippines. Shallow wa- 1807). Indo-Pacific. In sand. Sakurai, 1959* japan and Pit-
cific*In sand, shallow water. ter; uncommon* Syn*: gracilis Uncommon* Syn.: sphaerulata cairn Is. Shallow water; rare.
Uncommon. Reeve, not Lea* Martyn; feucosfoma Cmel in.

Orange Miter (1 SI 4 cm Clathrus Miter (1.5'') 4 cm Senegal Miter (1 .2") 3 cm Cernohorsky's Miter (1.2") 3 cm
Neonca/ici//a arenacea Neocandfla dathrus (Cmelin, Canciila carinata Swainson, Canciila cernohorskyi (Rehder
(Dunker, 1852)* Marquesas (en- 1791). Indo-Pacific. Shallow 1624, West Africa* Shallow wa- & Wilson, 1975). Off Pitcairn Is-

demic). Coral sand and rubble flats; uncommon. Syn.: crenif^ ter; uncommon* Syn*: Senegal- land; E. Polynesia* Rare* Holo-
offshore. Rare. era Lamarck; etnersoni Pilsbry. ensis Reeve. type illustrated.

Hinds's Miter (1.2") 3*5 cm Bright-spotted MUer (D 2*5 cm Red-lellered Miter ( 1 ") 2*5 cm Isabelle's Miter (4") 10 cm
Subcanciiia hindsU (Reeve, Subcanciifa cafodiriota (S.S. Subcanc/7/a erythrogramma Canciila isabetta (Swainson,
1644). West Mexico to Ecuador. Berry, 1%0). West Mexico to (Tomlin, 1931). West Mexico to 1831). Western Pacific; japan*
Offshore to 51 m; uncommon. Costa Rica. Offshore to 46 m; Colombia. 18 to 37 m; uncom- Offshore to 50 m; uncommon*
uncommon. m on Syn Uneata B rode ri p
. * :
 204 MITERS — MITRI DAE

Bonelike Miter (D 2.5 cm Olive-shaped Imbricaria Con us Miter (1 31 3.5cm Carbon Imbricaria (0.7") 1 .6 cm
fmbricafia punctAta (Swainson, <0.31 7 mm Pterygia conus (Gmelin* 1791). imbricaria carbonacea (Hinds,
1821). I ndo- Pacific. In sand^ off* imbricaria oHvaeformis (Swain- S.W. Pacific, Subtidal, shallow^ 1844). West and S.W. Africa.
shore; uncommon, Syn.: trun- son, 1821). Tropical Pacific. In- sand; locally common, Syn.: Subtidal sands; moderately
cafa Kiener; ossea Reeve. terlidal sand; locally common. conuius Roding. common.

Finger Miter (1 ,6"') 4,5 cm Finger Miter (1 ,8") 4.5 cm Nut Miter (21 5 cm Fenest rate Miter (1 , 5") 4 cm
Pterygia dactyias fL,, 17$7), Pterygia dactyius [1., 1767). Pterygia nucea (Gmelin, 1791), Pterygia fenesfrafa (Lamarck,
indo*Pacific, In sand. Uncom- Smooth form without spiral cut Indo-Pacific, In sand. Uncom- 1811), Indo-Padfic. Shallow wa-
mon, Syn,: noce//a Roding; lines. mon. Syn.: spuria Cmelin; ter, sand; uncommon. Syn.:
obesa Reeve, otivaria Lamarck. raduia Sowerby.

Crenulate Miter (1,3'') 3 cm Crenulate Miter (1.31 3.5 cm Chinese Miter (1 .51 4 cm Modest Miter (0-75") 1 .9 cm
Pterygia crenuiata (Gmelin, Pterygia crerruiata (G me in, I Pterygia s/nens/s Reeve, 1644. Pterygia pudica (Pease, 1860).
1791). lndo*Pacific. In sand. 1791). Indo-Pacific; uncom- East Asia.Offshore to 30 m; Central Pacific. Moderately
Uncommon, Syn,: fo/eranda mon. Form undufosa Reeve* moderately common. rare, Syn.: iifouana Crosse;
f redale; fastidiosa Iredale, 1644, shown here. subtexturata Garrett.
 MITERS — COSTELLARIIDAE 205

RIBBED MITERS
FAMILY COSTELLARU DAE
4 ,

(VEXILLIDAE)

These miters have been placed

in a separate family on the basis
of major soft part, anatomical
differences. The interior of the
aperture of the shell is always
lirate. while in the Mitridae it is

smooth. The Vexillidae have

strong, sharp axial ribs, and
sometimes strong spiral
(1.5") 4 cm Rugose Miter (2") 5 cm
threads, or striae. Plaited Miter
Rfiugh Miter (2") 5 cm 1758). VexiUum rugosum (Gmelin,
Vexi/fum pficanum (L.,
Pterygia scabricula (L*, 1758). indo-Paciftc. In sand.
Indo-Pacific. In sand. Uncom- 1791).
Indo-Pacific, Shallow coral wa- Uncommon. Syn.: corrugata
mon* Syn*: p/fcatum Roding;
ters; rare» Syn*; fexiurafa La- Lamarck; hybrida Kiener.
Imdfjm Rdding.
marck.

(1 .3") 3*5 cm Queen Miter (2.3") 6 cm

5 cm Blood-striped Miter (1 .5") 4 cm Miter
]ukes''s
Ultle Fox Miter (2")
Vex/7/um jukesii (A. Adams, Vex///om regina (Sowerby,
Vexdium transpositum (Daut-
1828). West Pacific* Uncom-
Vex/ Worn vu/pecu/a (L., 1758).
1853). Western Australia. Un-
sand; com- zenberg & Bouge, 1923). Indo-
Indo-Padfic. In
common, Syn.: irrterrupta A. mon. Syn,; citrina Cmelin;
variable. Syn.: var- Pactfic. Moderately rare. Syn.:
mon. Very Melvill* compressa Sowerby*
strigosa Cmelin,
Adams; superbiens
labifis Link; ca^frum Linri4,

1 k
A
rfi

< V
y

(1 -5'T 4 cm Scarlet Miter (3 ) 7.5 cm

Ribboned Miter (2") 5 cm Formosan Miter
C olorful Queen Miter Vexilium cocc/neum (Reeve,
Vexilhm taeniatum (Lamarck. Vex///um formosense (Sow-
{231 6 cm 1844). China and Taiwan* Off-
erby, 1890). Indonesia to Ftp;
Vexillum regina form fiiiaregi- IBID* Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa-
Taiwan* Offshore to 20 m: un- shore from 3 to 30 m; locally
ter. Moderately rare. Syn*: vit-
nae ]. Cate. 1%1^ Philippines. Syn.: utravis Melvill. common.
Swainson. common.
Shallow water; uncommon. tala
 206 MITERS — COSTELLARriDAE

Costate Mrter (2.5'") 6cm CostelJate Miter (2.5"') 6 cm G rimer Miter (2.51 6 cm Stainforth's Miter (1,51 4 cm
VexiUum subdivisum (Cmelin^ Vexiilum subdivisum form cos- VexfiJum gruneri (Reeve, 1844). Vexiiium stainforthi (Reeve,
1791}, Indo-Padfk. Subtidal, in teffaris (Lamarck, 1811). West S,W. Pacific. Shallow water; 1841). S,W. Pacific, Shallow wa-
sand; common. Variable. Syn.: Pacific. Uncommon, common. Syn.: modest a ter, Uncommon,
lyratum and nigrina Lamarck.
Reeve,

Taylor^s Miter (21 5 cm Bfood-starned Mrter Dennison's Miter cm

(21 5 Granular Miter (21 5 cm
Vextifam tayfonanum (Sow- cm
(0,71 1,8 Vexiiium dennisoni (Reeve, Vexiiium granosum (Cmefin,
erby, 1874). Philippines; Mel* V&xiltum cruentatum (Gmelin, 1844). Philippines and Indone* 1791). I ndo- Pacific. Shallow wa-
anesia. Offshore; common. 1791). Red Sea to Samoa, Shal- sia. Shallow water; uncom- ter; moderately common,
low water; uncommon, Syn,: mon. Syn,: canceiiata Roding,
harpifera Lamarck.

Basket Miter {0.711,8 cm Decorated Miter (1 .51 4 cm Pinprjcked Miter (11 2,5 cm
Vex/Uum sanguisugum (L,, Vexflium iubens (Reeve, 1845), Vexiihm unifasdatum (Wood, Vexfiium acupiclum (Reeve,
1758), Indo-Pacific. Shallow Indo-Pacific, In sand. Moder- 1828). Indo-Pacific, Subtidal; 1844), Entire Indo-Pacific. Shal-
reefs; common. Syn.: stigma- ately rare, Syn* corbicuia Sow- uncommon, Syn.: dathrata and
:
low water; uncommon.
taria Lamarck. erby; diamesa Hervrer. decora Reeve,
 MITERS — COSTELLARIIDAE 207

cm Spiny Miter 2.5 cm Crowned Miter (1 2**) 3 cm

Miraculous Miter (2") 5 cm Half-banded Miter (1") 2.5 (1")

Adams, V^xiUum s em /fa s c/a fu/71 (La- Vexiflum echioatum (A. Adams, VexiHum stephanucha (Melvill,
Vexilium mirabUe (A.
marck, 1611). Red Sea to Sa- 1653). Tropical Indo-Padfic. In 1697). Persian Gulf. Offshore;
t853K S.W. Padfic. Shallow wa-
ter, sand, to 53 m; uncommon. moa. Shallow water, sand; sand. Uncommon. Syn.: mu- rare.

Syn.: angufosa Reeve. common. cronafa Broderip,

cm Beautiful Florida Miter (0.5") Half-brown Miter (0.7") 1 .6 cm Bernhard's Miter (0.77 1 .6 cm
Saffron Miter (.75") 1 .9

Vex/7/um crocatum (Lamarck, 1.2 cm Vexiflum pu/che//um Vexifitjm epiphanea Rehder, Vex///um bernhardiana (Rod-
(Reeve, 1643}. S.E, Florida and 1943. S.E. Florida; Bahamas; ing, 1798). Indo-Paciftc. Shal-
tflil), Indo-Padftc. Sand and
coral rubble. Uncommon. West Indies. Subttdal to 30 m; Bermuda. Subtidal to 3 m; un- low water reefs; uncommon.
uncommon. common. Syn.: muricuiata Lamarck.
Syn.: aumntia Broderip.

cm Ebony Miter (0.8") 2 cm

Thousand-rib Miler (T .I'") 3 cm Turban Miter (0.7") 1 .6 cm Cancellaria Miter (1") 2.5

Vexiiium turben (Reeve, 1644). V^ex///um cancelfanoides (An- Vexiiium ebenus (Lamarck,
Vexillum mi7/ecosfafurn (Brod-
Western to Polynesia. ton, 1639), Indo-Pacific. Reef 1811). Mediterranean; W. Eu-
erip, 1836). Melanesia. Shallow Pacific
m; uncommon. uncommon. Syn.: fuber- rope. Shallow water; common.
water; uncommon. Syn.: eve- Subtidal to 20 flats;

Syn.: kanaka Pilsbry. cufata Kiener; nodosa Swain. Syn.: defranceii Payraudeau.
lynae Melvill.
 208 MITERS AND CHANKS — COSTELLARIIDAE AND TURBINELLIDAE

Roughened Miter (1") 2.5 cm Pa tf la rchal M ter

i
{ 1 . 3") 3 cm Reeve^^s Bloodied Miter (0.7") 1 .6 cm
Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791). En- Vexillum patriarchalls (Cmelin, 1791). Entire Vexillum consanguineum (Reeve, 1845).
tire Indo-Pacific area. Shallow reef flats; Indo-Pacific area. Shallow reef flats to 4 m Tropical West Pacific. Coral reef sand flats;
common. Syn.: toruiosa Lamarck. uncommon. uncommon. Syn.: russa Could,

< f

Specious Miter {0,7") 1 .8 cm Fiery Miter (O.D 1.8 cm Black-handed Miter (0,6") 1 ,5 cm
Vexillum spedosum (Reeve, 1S44). Indo- Vexillum moelleri (Kuster, 1840). Hawaiian Vexillum lueuleotum (Reeve. 1845). Philip-
Pacific. Shallow water to 5 m; uncommon. Islands to Polynesia New Caledonia.
and pines to Samoa. Under coral. Uncommon.
Syn.: tr/zona/fs Dautzenberg. Moderately flammulata Pease;
rare. Syn,: Syn,: diachroa A. Adams & Reeve; graeffei
zebrina Garrett; baldwsnii MelvrII. Crosse.

Amanda Miter (0.7") 1 .8 cm Golden Miter {0.5") 1.2 cm Wo Idema r's M iter {
1
") 2 .5 cm
Vexillum amanda (Reeve, 1845). Tropical Pa- Vexillum aureolatum (Reeve, 1844). Tropi- Zierliana woldemarii (Ktener, 1838). Tropi-
cific. Shallow reef flats; uncommon. cal Indo-Paciffc. In sand under coral. Un- cal Pacific, Moderafely common. Very vari-
common. Syn,: pilsbryi Hedley; bizortalis able. Syn,: solidula Reeve; cren/p//cafa A.
Dautzenberg & Bouge. Adams.

CHANK SHELLS
FAMILY TURBINELLIDAE
(XANCIDAE)

The heavy chank and vase shells have 3 to 5

strong, squarish, spiral teeth on the colu-
mella. Most species feed on worms and
clams in the shallow waters of tropical
shores. The operculum rs chitinous and
clawlike. Eggs are laid rn horny, circular Ceramic Vase (4") 10 cm Armed Vase (2") 5 cm
capsules. There are about two dozen spe- Vasum ceramicum (L., 1758). Entire Indo- Vasum armafum (Broderip, 1833), Eastern
cies. Pacific, except Red Sea. 1 to 4 m; moder- Polynesia. Lower columella white; two
ately common, 3 columellar folds. rows of equal-size knobs. Locally common.
 VASES — TURBINELLIDAE 209

fmperidt Vase (3") 7^-5 cm Rhirroceros Vase {3'') 7.5 cm

Common Pacific Vase (2,S") Common Pacific Vase (2.5")

Vasum tubiferum (Anton, 1839). Vasum rhinoceros (Gmelin,

6 cm Vasum turbineUus (L., 6 cm tot/m Wrbinellus form
Central Philippines only. Shal- 1791), Central East Africa, Inter-
1750). Entire lndo*Pacific. Inter- cornigerum (Lamarck, 1822).
low water. Locally common. tidal; locally common. Yellow
tidal to 2 m; abundant, Syn.: Spines extra long, Philippines.
Syn.: impenahs Reeve. color form rare.
cornigera Lamarck. Common,

cm Truncate Vase (2^) 5 cm Helmet Vase (2.5'") 6 cm

Crosse^s Vase (3. 5") 9 cm Truncate Vase (3") 7
Vasum truncal um (Sowerby, Vasum cassiforme (Kiener,
Vasum crosseanum (Souverbie, Vasum UuncBtum (Sowerby,
1692). Young specimen has low 1841). Brazil. S hal low water to 2
1875). Seychelles islands. Off* 1892). South Africa. Offshore;
nodules and slightly umbili- m; locally uncommon, Syn.:
shore, shallow water; rare. rare, Periostracum is thick and is

cate. cassidiformis Kiener.

with bristles.

4
i

Latifus'Shaped Vase (3”) 7.5 cm Globe Vase iV) 2.5 cm

Caribbean Vase (3") 7,5 cm Latirus*sbaped Vase (3") 7.5 cm
Stphovasum latiri forme (Reh- Siphovasum laUrfforme (Reh- Vasum globulus subspecies
Vasum muricatvm (Born, 1778).
nuttingf (Henderson, 1919).
Subti- der & Abbott, 1951). Gulf of der & Abbott, 1951). Orange
Florida and Caribbean,
color form, very rare. Some- Lesser Antilles. Shallow water;
dal to 2 m; common. Campeche, Mexico. Offshore
times yellow. locally common-
to SO m; rare, Holotype illus.
210 TUDICULAS, AFERS AND CHANKS — TURBENELLIDAE

Spiny Caribbean Vase Armored Tudicula (2.5") 6 cm Kurtz's Tudicula (3") 7 cm Spineless Tudicula (1 .7") 4 cm
(2.5") 6 cm Tudicuta armigera (A. Adams, Tudicula armigera subspecies Tudicula inermis An gas, 1878.
Vasum capitellum (L., 1758). t8SS). Western Australia. Off- Macpherson, 1963. West-
kurtzf Western and N. Australia, Off-
Caribbean. Offshore reefs; un* shore to 30 m; locally common. ern Australia. Offshore; Un- shore TO lo 30 m; rare.
common. common.

Spiral Tudicia (3") 7 cm Zanzibar Tudicula (1 .5") 4 cm True Afer E2") 5 cm Cuming's Afer (3") 7 cm
Tudida (not Tudicaia} spirUlu^ Tudicula ranzibarica Abbott, Afer afer (Cmelin, 1791). West Afer cumingii (Reeve, 1844), ja-
a., 1767). S.E. India. Offshore 1958, Zanzibar. Offshore, sand,, Africa. Offshore, 1 to 5 m; un- pan to Taiwan. Offshore to 50
to 20 m; locally common. 6 m; rare, Holotype illustrated. common. m; common. Syn.: couderti
Petit.

Purple-mouth Afer (1") 2.5 cm Flinder's Vase (6") 15 cm West Indian Chank (8") 20 cm Indian Chank (4") 10 cm
Afer porphyrosloma (Adams & Aiti vasum flindersi (Verco, Turbinella angulata (Lightfoot, Turbinella pyrum (L, 1758) S,E,
Reeve, 1847). West Africa. Off- 1914). S. and W. Australia. Off- 1786).Bahamas. N. Cuba, E. India and Ceylon. Abundant
shore to40 m; rare. shore, deep Vk^ater; uncom- Mexico to Panama. Common. offshore. Left-handed rare (Sa-
mon. Syn.: aurantiacus Verco, cred Chank of India).
 m

CHANKS AND HARPS — TURBINELLIDAE AND HARPIDAE 211

HARP SHELLS
FAMILY HARPIDAE

There are fewer than two dozen

species in this colorful family.

The strong axial ribs and wide

aperture and smooth columella
are characteristic. Most are
tropical shallow-water dwell-
ers. There is no operculum.
Eggs are laid in soft capsules.
Australia has a few deep-water
rare species.

Andaman Chank (6") 15 cm Bra^itian Chank (5") 13 cm

Great Indian Ctiank 15 cm
Turbinelh pyrum subspecies Turbinella laevigata Anton,
Turbine! la pyrum form napus
fusus Sowerby, 1825. Andaman 1639. N.E. Brazil. Subtidal to 4
Umarck, 1822. As individual
Sea. Offshore to 15 m; locally m; locally common. Syn.:
becomes older» tbe shell be-
common. ovoidea Kiener.
comes swollen, smoother.

Harp (4”) 10 cm David Harp (3“) 8 cm

Minor Harp (2'') 5 cm Imperial Harp (3") 8 cm Ventral
Harpa ventricosa Lamarck, Harpa davidis Roding, 1798. An-
Harpa amouretta Roding, 1798^ Harpa costaia (L., 1758). Islands
1816. Red Sea to S. Africa. Sub- daman Sea; Maldives. Uncom-
Entire Indo-Pacific. Intertidal to of S.W. Ir^dian Ocean fMauri-
tidal; common. Spire low, mon. Few ribs, brown blotch
3 m on sand; common. Syn.: lius). Shallow water; rare. Syn.:
shoulder spines strong. with white triangle.
m/nor Lamarck; crassa Krauss, imperiafis Lamarck.

Harp (3.5”) 9 cm TrueHarp (2.8”) 7 cm

Po y nesian Harp (r 2 .6 c Articulate
Major Harp (3.5”) 9 cm )
I

Harpa harpa (L., 1758). Entire

Harpa grac/7/s Broderip & Sow- Harpa articularh Lamarck, 1822.
Harpa major Rbding, 1798. En- common. Shell
erby, 1829. Polynesia; Clipper- S.W. Pacific, Common. Nar- Indo-Pacific;
tire tndo-Padfic. Common. shouldered, ribs flat;
row, brown-lined ribs; large stout,
Shell heavy, oval; narrow white ton Island. Coral sand dweller;
weak brown spot. blotches of orangish between.
band between brown blotches. uncommon.
 212 HARPS AND VOLUTES — HARPIDAE AND VOLUTIDAE

Panama Harp (31 0 cm Doris Harp (2,51 6 cm Ponclate Harp (1*31 3.5 cm Exquisite Harp (1") 2.4 cm
Harpa crenala Swain son, 1822, Harpa doris Roding, 1798* Cape Ausfro/ia/pa puncfafa (Verco, Austroharpa exqvisHa (I redale,
W. Mexico to W. Colombia* Verde Islands to Angola; As- 1896)* South Australia. Off- 1931). S*E* and South Australia.
Offshore to 30 m; uncommon* cension Island. Rare* Syn.: ro- shore, 30 to 40m; very rare* Offshore from 50 to 160 m; un-
sea Lamarck* common.

VOLUTES
FAMILY VOLUTIDAE

The large colorful volutes are

among the most popular col-
lector's items. Many live in
deep water and are difficult to
obtain On ly a few genera, such
.

as Voiuia and Nepturjeopsis,

have an operculum. The colu-
mella may have strong, slanting
ridges, or plicae, or be very
weak* All are carnivorous, and
most are tropical.
Wilson^s Harp (11 2*5 cm Hebrew Volute (61 15 cm Common Music Volute (31
Austroharpa wilsoni Rehder, Vofuta ebraea L., 1758* N. and 7,5cm Voiuta musfca L., 1758.
1973. Western Australia. Off-
N.E. Brazil. On coral, rock or Caribbean. On sand to 5
shore, 120 to 240 m rare.
;
sand, 10-20 fathoms. Common* fathoms. Locally common*
Syn*: chorostna Lamarck. Syn*: fmeata Rdding; guinatca
Lamarck.

De Marco's Music Volute (3.2' Green Music Volute (2") 5 cm Deepsea Volute (3.51 9 cm
)
Boswell's Volute (2") 5 cm
8cm (lower) demarcoi Olsson,
!
Vo/ufa virescens Lightfoot, Vofutocorbis abyss/co/a (Adams Vohtocorbis bosweliae Reh-
1%5, (upper): form momsonr 1786* S.W. Caribbean* Off- & Reeve, 1850). South Africa . der, 1%9* S. Africa* Dredged,
Petuch, 1980* W. Caribbean. shore; rare. Variable. Deep water to 5S0 m; uncom- 80 to 3(}0 m* Rare* Holotype il-
Offshore; uncommon. mon. lus.
 VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE 213

Corroded Volute (1") 2.5 cm Grimy Volute (2,5"') 6 cm Kilburn's Volute (1.5") 4 cm Minute Volute (1") 2.5 cm
Volutocorbis iutosa Koch, 1948. Volutocorbis kilburrti Rehder, Vofutocorbis nana Rehder &
Volutocorbis gUchristi (Sow-
South Africa to Senegal. 40 to 1974, South Africa. Deepwater; Weaver, 1974* Off Natal, South
erby# 1902). South Africa*
Trawled, 150-200 fathoms. Rare* 100 fathoms. Locally common. 400 m; rare. Holotype illustra- Africa. 400 m; rare. Flolotype
illus.
Syn. nicklesi Rosso, 1976*
: ted.

Studer's Volute (2") 5 cm Beau's Lyria (2,5") 6.5 cm Delessert's Lyria (2") 5 cm
Mar- Lyria beauii (Fischer Lyria archeri (An gas, 1865}* Lyria delessertiana (Petit, 1842).
Teroivoluta studeri (von
tens, 1897), New
South Wales; Bernardi, 1857)* Lesser Antil- Lesser Antilles, Offshore in Madagascar to Comoro Island;
Australia* Offshore; uncom- les; W. Indies. Moderately sand; rare. Seychelles. Uncommon.
mon. deep water. Rare.

cm Miter -shaped Lyria (2") S cm

QueketCs Lyria (2'-) 5 cm Delightful Lyria (1 .2'') 3 cm Lyre-formed Lyria £4") 10
Lyria deficiosa (Montrouzier, Lyria lyraeformis (Swain son, Lyr/a miiraeformis (Lamarck,
Tyria quekettii (E.A. Smith,
1901.) South Africa; Mozam- 1859). New Caledonia. On al- Offshore, mod-
1821). E, Africa. 1811), South Australia. Off-

bique* 320 to 360 m; and from gae iri coral-sand pockets, shal- erately deep water Uncom- shore; moderately common.
low water. Rare. mon. Syn,: granger/ Sower by.
fish stomachs. Rare.
 ,

214 VOLUTES— VOLUTIDAE

Anna Lyria (2") 5 cm Kuroda's Lyria {3.5 '} 9 cm Flat-ribbed Volute (3") 7.5 cm Taiwan Lyria
Lymanns (Lesson, 1835), Indo- Lyria kurodai (Kawamura, 1964).
(3") 7.5 cm
Lyria p/an /cos fa (Sower by, Lyria taiwanica Lan, 1975. Tai-
nesia. Rare. No reliable records Taiwan. Trawled in 44 m; rare. 1903). Taiwan to Philippines. wan, central Philippines. Off*
available. Syn.: cosfafa Swam- Offshore; uncommon. Syn.: shore to 100 m. Rare. Syn.: ka-
son; harpa Swainson.
samoensis Ladd. wamurai Ha be.

Heart Lyria (1.5") 4 cm Barnes^s Lyria (i.2'T 3 cm Helmet Lyria

Lyria cordis Bayer, 1971 Greater vegai Clench
iV) 2.5 cm
,
lyria & Turner, Lyria barnesii (Gray, 1825). Lyria cassiduia (Reeve, 1849). la-
Antilles. Deep water, 174 m; 1967. Dominican Republic; W. Lower California to Peru. Sand
rare. Holotype illustrated. Indies, Otfshore. Rare, Ribbed
pan. Offshore, 20 to 40 m ; com-
and mud, 40 * 80 m; uncom- mon.
on first 2 whorls only. Holo- mon. Syn.: harpa Barnes,
type.

d") 2.S cm Ctiming^s Lyria n.2'9 3 cm Silkfike Volute {41 10 cm

foaefa cyfhniformis (Sowerby, Enaeta cumingri (B rode rip, Ericusa sericata Thornley, 1951, Ericusa fufgetra (Sowerby,
1844). S.E. Florida to Brazil. 1832). W. Mexico to Peru. Inter- New South Wales to Queens- 1825). South Australia. Sand
Shallow water, coral sand, 1 to tidal to 2 m, sandy mud; com-
land, Australia. 60 to 300 m; bars low tide to 250 m. Un-
10m; locally common. m on Syn pedersen // Verri
at
. ,
: f I
moderately common. common.
 ,

VOLUTES AND MELOS — VOLUTI DAE 215

Sowerby's Volute (5,5") 14 cm Festive Volute (4,5") 1 1 cm Porisonby's Volute (3") 7,5 cm Roadnight's Volute (8") 20 cm
Ericusa sowerbyi (Kieoer^ 1S39). festiiyria festiva (Lamarck, fesf//yna ponsonbyi (E. A. Livonia roadnightae (McCoy,
S, Australia; Tasmania. 10 - 200 1811). E. Africa; southern Ara- Smith, 1901). Natal, South Af- 1881). Southern Australia. Off-
m. Moderately common, Syn*: bia. Offshore; rare. rica. Offshore, 40 to 100 m; shore, 50 to 200m; uncommon.
fus iform is S wai n son rare. Syn,: quisqualis redale.
I

Sou lie's Volute 10 cm

(4") (5") 12.5 cm
Cucumber Volute Elephant's Snout (10") 27 cm Olla Volute (4") 10 cm
Cymbium souliesMarche- Cym6/um cucum/s Rdding, Cymbium glans (Gmelin, 1791). Cymbium o//a (L., 1758). South-

Marchadr 1974, Ghana, W, Af- 1798. Senegal, West Africa, Off- Senegal to Gulf of Guinea. Lit- ern Spain to Oran; Algeria and
rica. Offshore; uncommon. shore, 1t> to 50 m; uncommon, toral to 12 m moderately com-
;
Morocco. Dredged, 50 to 100
Syn,: rubiginosa Swainson. mon, Syn,: protiosc/da//s Lam, m; uncommon.

Dilated Baler (4") 10 cm African Neptune Volute Indian Volute (9^) 23 cm Crowned Baler (8") 20 cm
Cymbium pachyus (Pail ary, m 20 cm Mefo melo (Lightfoot, 1786),
Malaysia; South China Sea, On
MgIo aethiopica (L,, 1758), In-
uncom-
1930}.West Africa. Littoral to 10 Cymbium pepo (Lightfoot, donesia. Offshore;
m; uncommon. Similar C. o//a 1786). West Africa, Uncom- mud to 10 m; uncommon. mon, Syn.: fesse//afa Lamarck;
has lower spire. Holotype us. (I I mon. Syn.: neptuni Cmelin. Syn.: indica Cmelin, nautica Lamarck.
 216 MELOS AND VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE

Heavy Baler (12") 30 cm Milton Baler (12") 30 cm Crown Volute (2.S") 6 cm Banded Crown Volute
Me/o umbiifcatus Sowerby, Mefo miltonis (Griffith & Pid- Cymbiota cymbiofa (Cmelin, (2.51 6 cm
1S26. Australia to New Gumea, geon, 1834). S.W. Australia. 1791). Indonesia, Offshore; un- Cymbiota cymbiota (Gmelin,
Shallow water; uncommon. Shallow water; common. common* Syn.: corona 1791). Indonesia. Offshore; un-
Spines hide protoconch. Shoulder spines curve inwards* Dillvvyn; f/ammu/a Wood. common. Banded color form*

Princely Volute (4") 10 cm Cathcart's Volute (4") 10 cm Golden 'mouth Volute (21 5 cm Yellow Volute (31 7,5 cm
Cymbiota auUca (Sowerby, Cymbtoh aulka form cafbcar- Cymbiok chrysostoma (Swain- Cymbiota ftavicans (Gmelin,
1825). Southern Philippines. tiae Reeve, 1856. Variation with son, 1824). Indonesia, Rare. No 1791), Northern Australia; New
On sandn 4 to 50m; uncom* reduced spines and lacking red reliable records available. Syn.: Guinea. Shallowwater; moder-
m on. May be yellow or orange* color futeostoma Deshayes. ately common.

Imperial Volute (8") 20 cm Robinson's Volute (8") 20 cm N oble Vol u te (5 *5") 14cm Bullate Volute (2.51 6 cm
Auifca imperiatis (Light foot, Auffca imperiaiis form robin* Cymbioia nobtfis (Lightfoot, Cailipara buitatiana Weaver &
1786), Southern Philippines. Sana J. Q, Burch, 1954* South- 1786). Taiwan to Singapore* Lit- Dupont, 1967. South Africa.
On sand, shallow water; com- ern Philippines; uncommon* toral to TOO m; common. Syn,: Offshore and beached; moder-
mon. Syn.: robinsona Burch* scapha Gmelin* ately common. Syn*: buitata
Swainson,
 VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE 217

Magnificent Volute (ItT) 25 cm Rossini's Volute (fl") 18 cm Thatcher's Volute (3.5") 9 cm Wiseman's Volute (3") 7.5 cm
Cymbiola magnifies (Gebauer, Cymbiola rossinia rra ( B e r na rd i Cymbiolacca thatcheri (McCoy, Cymbiolacca wisemani (Bra-
1859), New Caledonia area 1868). Chesterfield Island, zier, 1870). Queensland. Off-
(802) East Australia. On sand to
120 m; moderately common, only. Offshore in 3 to tO m; un- north of New Caledonia. Rare. shore reefs, 1 to 30 m; uncom-
Syn.: altispira May b lorn. common. mon. Syn,: randalli Stokes.

Graceful Volute (3.2") 8 cm Deshay es's Volute (3. 5") 9 cm 8lood-red Volute (4") 10 cm Beautiful Volute (3") 7.5 cm
Cymbiotacca cracenta McMi* Cymbiola deshayesi (Reeve, Cym6/o/a rtiiila (Broderip, Cymbiolacca puichra (Sow-
chael, 1%3. Queensland, Aus- 1855). New Caledonia. Shallow 1826). N.E. Australia; New erby, 1825). North Queens-
water; moderately common. Guinea. On sand, shallow wa- land Sand down to 60 m ; com-
tralia. 20 to 50 m; uncommon.
.
,

ter; moderately common. mon, Syn.: woo/acoftae McMi-

chael.

Neilsen's Volute (3") 7.5 cm Perry's Volute (3") 7.5 cm Dotted Volute (l.T') 7 cm Norris's Vblute (3") 7.5 cm
Cymbiofacea puichra color Cym6io/a cca puichra color Cymbiolacca perislicta McMi- Cymbiola rutila norrisi (Gray,

form neZ/sen/McMichaeb l%3. form perryae Osfergaard & chael, 1%3. N. Queensland, 1838). Papua to Solomons.
Australia. Uncommon. Summers, 1957. Lacks dark Australia. On sand, shallow wa- Shallow water; moderately
spots. Holotype illustrated. ter; uncommon. common. Syn.: ruckeri Crosse.
 218 VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE

Entangled Volute [3**) 7S cm Sophia's Volute (2*5*") 6.5 cm Volute

Irvin's (4") 10 cm Snowy Volute (2.5") 6.5 cm
Cymbiol&cca perpUcata (Hed* Cymbiola sophia (Cray, 1646). Cymbioia irvinae (E. A. Smith, Cymbiofa ntvosa (Lamarck,
ley, 1902), Coral Sea; N.E, Aus- Northern Australia; Arafura 1%9). Western Australia* On 1804), Western Australia. On
tralia. Offshore; rare* Sea* On mud to 40 m; moder- sand and shells, 50 to 150 m; sand to 40 m; common. Spines
ately common. moderately rare. solid.

Erased Volute (2.5’') 6.5 cm Bat Volute (3'') 8 cm Angular Volute (6") 15 cm Maidservant Volute (6") 15 cm
Cymbiofa nivosa form oNila (E, Cymbioia vespertifio (L,, 1758)* Zidona dufresnei f Donovan, Adefomehn andfla (Lightfoot,
A. Smith, 1909). Western Aus- Philippines to N* Australia. On 1823)* Riode Janeiro to central 1786)* Uruguay and Argentina.
tralia. Spines on shoulder. Un- mud to 20 m; common* Syn.: Argentina. 40 to 60 m; com- Offshore; uncommon, Syn*:
common* mitts and serpentina Lamarck* mo n Syn a ng ulata Swai n son
. * : * batattinii Klap*& Ureta.

Beck's Volute (14") 35 cm Magellanic Volute f7")19cm Rios's Volute (8") 20 cm Brazilian Volute • (6") 15 cm
AdGlomeion beckii (8 rode rip, Odontocymbfoia mageHanka Adelomefort riosi Clench & Adefomefon brasiftana (La-
1636}* Brazil; Argentina. Sand (Cmelin, 1791)* Argentina; Turner, 1964. Argentina* marck, 1811), Southern Brazil;
and mud to 64 m; uncommon* Chile. Offshore; locally com- Dredged, 50 to 200 m; rare. Argentina. Sand or mud to 70
Syn. : fusiformis Kiener* mon. Many synonyms. Holotype illus. m; common*
 VOLUTES — VOLUTl DAE 219

5 cm Magellanic Volute (7") 19 cm Pescal Volute (41 10 cm

Cotton's Voluf€ (121 30 c:m American Volute (2")

Odontocymh/o/a americana Odonfoc/m6/o/a magdlanica Odontocymbioia pesca//a

Cottons nodiplicata (Cox,
(Reeve, 1050). Central Brazil. (Gmelin, 1791), Argentina; Clench and Turner, 1964. Ar-
1910). W. and S- Australia . Off*
80 m; uncom- Chile. Offshore; locally com- gentina. Offshore, deep water;
shore in 4 to 210 m; uncom* Offshore in 10 to

mon. Syn.: cteryana Petit. mon. Marty synonyms. rare, Holotype illustrated.
mon. Syn,: dannevigj Verco.

(31 8 cm
1
Bedna 's Vol ute (4") 10 cm Cone-shaped Volute (2.71 7 cm
Alarcon Volute (2.5") 0 cm Spartan Volute 1

Tracfo//ra sparfa Dali, 18%. Gulf Vo/ufoconos bednalH (Brazier, Vo/ufoconos coniformis (Cox,
Miomehn atarconi Stuardo Sr

of Panama to West Mexico. 1678). Northern Territory, Aus- 1871). Northwestern Australia.
Villas, 1974, Chile, Offshore in
Abyssal; rare, Holotype illus- tralia. On sand, 10 to 40 m; Littoral to 20 m; rare.
deep water; rare, Holotype il-

lustrated. trated. moderately rare.

Kreusler's Volute {3.21 8 cm H unter's Vo lute (5 .S'* ) 1 4 cm

Gross's Volute (4"*) 10 cm Hargreaves's Volute
{3.51 10 cm Notovoluta Icreos/erae (An gas, Cymbiolista h unfen Iredale,
Vo/utoconos grossi (I redale,
Vo/ufoconus hargreavesi 1865). South Australia. Sand 1931. East Australia. lOto 150 m;
I927j. New South Wales and
Queensland. 50 to 100 m; mod- (Angas, 1872). Western Austra- and rubble, 14 to 160 m^ mod- com m o n . Sy n . : marmora fa
lia. 40 to 240 m; rare. Syn.: erately rare. Swainson.
erately rare.
daisyae Weaver.
 220 VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE

Arab Volute (6'") T5 cm Swainson's Volute (8") 20 cm Calva Volute {8'') 20 cm Fusus Volute (3") 8 cm
Alcithoe ^rsbicB (Cmeltn, Aldthoe swainsoni Marwick, Afdthoe swain&oni form calva Aldthoe fusus (Quoy &
1791). NewZealaod. Offshore; 1926, New Zealand. 8 to lOO m; Powell, 1928. New Zealand. Gaimard, 1833). New Zealand.
moderately common. Syn.: ja- common. Syn.: efongata Offshore; deep water. A Offshore; 6 to 120 m; uncom*
culoides Powell, Swain son; ostenfefdi Iredale. smooth form. mon. Syn.: grac///s Swainson.

Laroche's Volute (4") 10 cm Pratds Volute (3") 7.S cm Cukri Volute 7.5 cm Knox's Volute (3") 7.5 cm
Afdthoe iarochet Marwick, Sigalata prafasens/s Rehder, SIgafuta cukri Rokop, 1972. Off Teremelon knoxt Dell, 1956.
1926. North Island; New 1967. Off Pratas Island, China Bafa California; Mexico. Deep South Island, New Zealand. 400
Zealand. 60 to 700 m; uncom- Sea. 600 m; rare. Holotype il- water, very rare. Holotype illus- to 700 m; rare.
mon. lustrated. trated.

Vexillate Volute (3") 7.5 cm Brown-lined Volute (3") 7.5 cm Astonishing Volute (4.5'') 11cm Cordero's Volute (2'') 5 cm
Harpulina arausiaca (Lightfoot, Harpulina fapponica (L., 1767). fredaiina mirabilis Finlay, 1926. Provocafor corderoi Carcelles,
1786). Ceylon and South India. Sri Lanka; southern India. Off- New Zealand. 300 to 800 m; 1947. S. Uruguay to Patagonia. 2
Offshore to 10 m; uncommon. shore; common. Syn.: infer- Powell.
rare. Syn.: aurantia to 250 m; rare.
Syn.: vexitfum Gmelin. puncta Reeve.
 VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE 221

7,5 cm Davies's Volute (5") 13 cm Kaneko Volute tS”) 13 cm Humerose Volute (4") 10 cm
Polished Volute (3"'>

Rehder, Fulgofana da Wes / (Fulton, Fulgoraria kaneko V, Hi rase, fulgorariahumerosa Rehder,

fulgoraria ieviuscula
Shikoku Island, japan, 1922, japan to Chekiang Prov* 1%9. South China Sea. 300 m;
1%9. Off Pralas Island, China 1938),
150 to 250 m; common. ince, China. 150 to 300 m; rare. rare, Holotype illus.
Sea, 310 m; rare. Holotype il-
lustrated. Syn.t hayashii Habe & (to.

Clara Volute 10 cm Kami lie's Volute {S'") 13 cm Delicate Volute (21 5 cm

(Sowerby, Fulgoraria hamiUei (Crosse, Fulgoraria deticata (Fulton,
fuigoraria canceilata Kuroda & fulgoraria c/ara
1914), Off Honshu Island, japan 1869), Taiwan; japan. Sand or 1940), japan, 150 to 400 m; com-
Habe, 1950, Off central japan in
m moderately com- sandy clay, offshore. Uncom- mon, Paratype illustrated.
200 m; moderately common v in 10 to 400 ;

mon. mon.

15 cm Asian Flame Volute (41 10 cm Stearns's Volute (5") 13 cm Gunther's Volute (1 ,5") 4 cm
Hirase's Volute (6")
Paramoria guntheri A. Smith,
Fuigoraria hiras^i (Sowerby, futg orarsa rup es tris (G m e n 1 1 Arctomelon steamsii Dal 1 872, 1 , (E.

1912), japan. Offshore. Com* 1791). Taiwan; China. Uncom- Alaska. Offshore in 50 to 200 m 1886), Southern Australia. 40-80
common. m; moderately rare. Syn,: ad-
mon. Sold in Honshu fish mon. Syn.: fulminata Lamarck; locally

aurantia Shikama & Kosuge. cock/ Tate,

markets.
 222 AMORfA VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE

Dampier's Volute (1 .2'') 3 cm Pretext Volute (2.5") 6 cm Channeled Volute (2.5") h cm Damon's Volute {4") 10 cm
Amoria dampieria Weaver, Amoria praetexta {Reeve, 1849). Amor/a canaUcuiata (McCoy, Amoria damonii Cray, 1864.
1%0. Western Australia. Off- Western Australia. Subtidal to 1869), Queensland. On coral Northern Australia. Littoral to
shore; uncommon. 50 m on sand; uncommon. and sand, to 150 m; uncom* 10 m; common. Syn,: reevei
mon. Syn.: harfordi Cox. Sowerby; keatsiana Ludbrook.

Elliot's Volute (3.5") 8.5 cm Gray's Volute (3") 7.5 cm Carol's Volute ,
(2.5") 6.5 cm Turner's Volute {2'') 5 cm
Angaria eilioti (Sowerby, T864). Amoria grayi Lud brook, 1953. Amoria macuiata (Swainson, Amoria turneri (Griffith & Pid-
Western Australia. In sand, Northern Territory to Western 1822). Queensland, Australia. geon, 1834). Northern Austra-
foW‘tide level. Moderately Australia. Offshore to 50 m; Littoral to 80 m; common. Syn,: lia. 10 to 40 m; common. Syn.:
common. moderately common. caroii I redale. normariiae Cotton,

MacAndrew's Volute (3''} 7,5 cm Desirable Volute (3,5") 9 cm s VoPute (4") 10 cm Wavy Volute (3.5") 9 cm
Amoria macandrewi (Sower by, Amoria exoptanda (Reeve, Amoria sdateri (Cox, 1869). Amoria undulata (Lamarck,
1887). Barrow Island, Australia. 1849). South Australia. On Bass Straits, Tasmania. Off- 1804), S. Australia; Tasmania.
Shallow water. Uncommon. gravel, 12 to 20 m; rare. shore, 40 to 60 m; uncommon. On sand to 50 m; common.
Holotype iflus. Syn.: kingi Cox. Syn,: angasi Sowerby.
 SCAPHELLA VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE 223

0 cm Barry Clarke's Volute (4") 10 cm

Lorois's Volute (3") 8 cm Fire-mouth Volute (3"^) 8 cm Barn ard 's Vol u te (4") 1

Fustvoluta bamardi Rehder, Fusivohta darket Rehder, 1969.

Harpulina (oroisi Valenciennes, Fust valuta pyrrhostoma (Wat-
1%9. Natal to Mozambique. Off Mozambique in 480 to 600
1863. Ceylon and southern In- son, 1882), South Africa. Off-
m; uncom- m; uncommon, Paratype illus-
dia. Offshore, Uncommon. shore from 80 to 400 m uncom-
;
Offshore, 40 to 700
mon. Paratype illus. trated.
mon.

rr i

i
f \
V
L

(4") 10 cm Butler's |unonia (4.53 11 cm

Oe la Torre's Volute (4' ) 10 cm Aguayo^s Volute {4,5") 11 3 cm The jufionia
Scaphella junonia (Lamarck, Scaphetla junonia subspecies
Vofutifusus torrei (Pilsbry, Volutlfusus aguByoi (Clench, .

1804). S.E, United States. Off- butkri Clench, 1953, Gulf of

1937}. Cuba. Offshore, 20 to 400 1940). Off east coast of Florida.
Campeche, Mexico. Locally un-
Deep water Rare. Holotype ih shore. Uncommon. Syn.:/ofm-
m: rare, Paratypes.
stoneae Clench (darker form). common offshore.
lus.

(2") 5 cm Evelyn's Volute (73 18 cm

Dohrn^s Volute cm (4") 10 Kiener's Volute (8") 20 cm Neptune Volute
Scaphetla neptunia (Clench & Scaphe//a eve/ma Bayer, 1971.
Scaphelia goufdiana form Scaphella dubia subspecies
Aguayo, 1940). South of )a- Lower Caribbean. Deep water
/f/eneri Clench, 1946. Northern
dohrni (Sowerby, 1903). S.E, to 641 m; rare. Holotype (9 cm)
areas of the Gulf of Mexico in maica. 600 m; rare. Illustrated
United States, offshore, 80 to illustrated.
100 to 200 m; locally common. holotype is immature.
1 ,000 m; uncommon.
 224 SCAPHELLA VOLUTES — VOLUTIDAE

GouM^s Volute (4") io cm Aiianlis Volute (31 7,5 cm

Scapheffa goufdiana (DaM, Cuban Volute t2.5") 6 cm
Scaphefia goufdiana form Dubious Volute « (61 %s cm
TflSZ), Off South Florida* Scaphdfa gouidiana form cuba
af/anfis Clench, 1946. Off Cuba, 5caphe//a dubsa (Broderip,
Banded form Clench, 1946. Off Cuba, deep
rare* Variable. 1827). S*£. United States.
deep water; rare. water. Holotype illustrated*
50 to
300 m; uncommon. Syn :

schmitti Bartsch*

utichrtsrs Volute (7') 18 cn Sported Flask (2.51 6.5 cm Tibia Volute (2.41 6 cm
Neptuneopsis gtlchristi (Sow Ampuita priamus (Gmeiin,
erby, 1S98J. South Africa. T^ramachia ffbiiae/ornTfs Teramachta johnsorti form wj
33 tc 1791). Portugal to N.W. Africa. Kuroda, 1931. Southern japan.
250 m; moderately common. fiamsonim Rehder, 1972. (holt
50 to 300 m; uncommon. Syn,:
Offshore to 300 m; uncommon.
type) S.W, Pacific. Deepwate
stercuspuiicum Gmelin* Genus in Turbineliidae*

Teramachia datli {Bartsch, Teramachia smithf (Bartsch,

Caiiiotectum vernkosum
1942), Central Philippines. 1942). Central Philippines.
Dali, Livonia mammida (Sowe
Deep water to 800 m; rare. 1890. Ecuador and Galapagos 1844). S.E. Australia. Dredj
Deep water in 500 to 860 m;
Holotype illus. Islands. Deepwater* Rare, to 200 m; uncommon* S
very rare. Holotype 1 1 lus*
ieucostoma Mayblom.
 .

VOLUTES AND NUTMEGS — VOLUTIDAE AND CANCELLARIIDAE 225

Slim B<?nthovolute (3”) 7.5 cm Cortez's Volute (3") 7.5 cm Alaska Mi ter -volute (2") 5 cm Erebus Miter-volute (2") 5 cm
Benihovoluta gradfior Rehder, Surculina cortezi (Dali, 1908). Volutomttra afaskana Dali, 1902. Vofutomitra erebus Bayer, 1971

1%7. Philippine Islands, Deep Off southern California. Deep Alaska to California. Offshore Off East Colombia. Deep wa-
water in 1,000 m; rare. HqIo- water in 1,900 m; rare. Holo- to 160 m; rare. Holotype illus. ter; rare. Holotype illustrated.

type illustrated. type illus. Family Turbinellidae. Family Volutomitridae.

THE NUTMEGS
FAMIIY CANCELLARIIDAE

The ca nee Marias are mainly

tropical in distribution with
many interesting variations in
shape. The columella bears
several strong, slanting plicae.
There is no operculum. Most
specimens illustrated here are
from the collection of Richard
E. Petit.

Persephone Miter-volute Common Nutmeg (1.5"') 3 cm Adele's Nutmeg (1 .5") 3 cm

(2*^) 5 cm Canceliaria reticulata (L., 1767}. Cancetiaria reticulata sub-
Vo/a?om/tra persephane Bayer, S.E. United States to Brazil. species ade/ae Pilsbry, 1940.

1 971 . Gulf of Panama Deep wa-

.
Subtidal to 30 m; common. Florida Keys. Shallow water;

ter; rare. Holotype illustrated. Rarely albino. uncommon. Paratype illus.

ScaledNutmeg {0.6") 1 .5 cm Elegant Nutmeg (1 .5") 4 cm Oblong Nutmeg (1.2") 3 cm Reeve's Nutmeg (1.51 4 cm
etegans Sowerby, Cancellaria obfonga Sowerby, Cancellaria reeveana Crosse,
ScalpUa scalata (Sowerby, Cancellaria
1821. Australia to Philippines. 1825. Indo-Pactfic. Offshore; 1861. lapan to Philippines. Off-
1833). Indian Ocean. Offshore,
shallow water; common. Shallow water; uncommon. uncommon. Syn.: bifasetata shore to 10 m; common.
Deshayes,
 5

226
NUTMEGS — CANCELLARIIDAE

Knobbed Nutmeg (1.51 4 cm

Cancetiana sinensis Reeve, Nutmeg
Spengler's (21 5 cm Sea lari form Nutmeg
Cancefiaria rtodutifera Sow- Cancetlaria spengteriana
1056. East Asta. Offshore to 30 (O.rOl.Bcm
erby, 1825. japan. Offshore,
Deshayes, 1830. Japan. Off-
m; common. shaKow water; uncommon.
Scalptia scafariformis (Lamarck,
shore to 20 m; common. 1822J Australia. Shallow water;
.

locally common.

G ranuJ ar Nutmeg (1 2 c Western Nutmeg

.
(il 2,5 cm Spiral Nutmeg
Canceltar/a granosa Sowerb (1.313 cm Amasia Nutmeg (0,71 1 .8 cm
Cancdtaria westraiis Garrard, Cancelfaria spirata Lamarck,
1832. South Austrafia and Ta Scafptia amasia (Iredale, 1930).
1975. Australia. Shadow water; 1822. Austrafia. Shallow water;
mania. Shallow water; con Australia. Offshore; locally
locally common. locally common.
mon. common.

Fearful Nutmeg {V} 2.5 cm MrJky Nutmeg (1,51 4 cm Similar Nutmeg (112.5 cm CancellateNutmeg (1 .21 3 cm
Canceifaria anxifer Iredale,
Canceflaria iactea Deshayes, Canceliaria simifis Sowerby, Cancel fart a canceitata (L.,
1925. East Australia, Offshore to 1830. South Australia: Tasma* 1833. Mediterranean and West
60 m; locally common. 1767). West Africa. Shallow wa-
rtia. Offshore: common. Africa, Common. ter to 10 m: common.
 NUTMEGS — CANCELLARIIDAE 227

Funnel Nutmeg (0.8") 2 cm Fisherman's Nutmeg tr) 2.5 cm Dim Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm White Nutmeg (112.5 cm
Oissoneik ftjnicufala (Hinds, Cancettaria piscatoria (Cmelin, CanceHaria urceoiata Hinds, Canceitaria aibida Hinds, 1843.
1843). West Mexico to Panama. 1791). West Africa. Subtidal to 5 1843. West Mexico to Ecuador, West Mexico to Ecuador. Off-
Offshore; uncommon. m; locally common. Offshore to 73 m; common. shore to 128 m; moderately
common.

Obese Nutmeg (2"^) 5 cm Helmet Nutmeg (1 .2") 4 cm Solid Nutmeg (1 ") 2.5 cm Cuming's Nutmeg (1.71 4.5 cm
Canceffaria obesa Sower by, Cancefiaria cass/diform/s Sow- Cancelfaria soUda Sowerby, Cance//ana cumingiana Petit,
1832. West Mexico to Ecuador. erby, 1832. Gulf of California to 1832. West Mexico to Peru, Off- 1844. West Mexico. Offshore;
Intertidal to 90 m; common. Peru. Intertidal to 37 m; com* shore to 37 m; common. fare.

Syn.: acuminata Sowerby. mon.

Toothed Nutmeg (1”) 2.5 cm Jewel Nutmeg (0,6") 1 .5 cm Blood*mouthed Nutmeg Balboa Nutmeg (1 ,51 4 cm
Cancefiaria indentata Sowerby, Cancettaria gemmuiata Sow* iV] 2.5 cm Canceiiaria baiboae Pilsbry,
1832. West Mexico to Ecuador. erby, 1832. West Mexico to Pan- C;ance//arfa haemastoma Sow- 1931. West Mexico to Panama.
Offshore to 110 m; common. ama; Galapagos. Offshore to 73 erby, 1832. Galapagos Islands; 18 to 53 m; uncommon.
m; uncommon. uncommon.
 228 NUTMEGS — CANCELLARIIDAE

lay'sNutmeg (0.7^'} 1.8 cm Crawford's Nutmeg (2") 5 cm Crawford's Nutmeg {2") 5 cm

CanceUarta jayana Keen, 19S8, Cancellaria cooperi Gabb, 1S65. Canceftaria ctawfordiana (Dali,
West Mexico to Panama. Off- Canceftaria crawfordiana (Dail,
California to West Mexico. Off' 1891). California. 30 to 400 m;
shore to 75 m; common. 1891). Holotype specimen from
shore to 600 m; uncommon. uncommon. off Drake's Bay, California, 48
m.

lo Nutmeg n.S") 4 cm
Habe's Nutmeg fO.7') 1 .6 cm Half-dear Nutmeg fO.S") 1.2 cm
Cancettaria to Da\[ ,189b. Gulf of Cancetiaria davatufa Sowerby, Nippanaphera habet Petit,
California. 600 m; rare. Hofo-
Nipponaphera sem/pe//uc/da
1832. West Mexico to Peru. Off* 1972. japan to Taiwan. Off-
type illustrated. (Adams and Reeve, 1850). Ja-
shore to 110 m; common Syn,:
-
shore; uncommon. pan. Offshore; uncommon.
elata Hinds, 1843.

Bayer's Nutmeg (0,8") 2 cm Campbell's Nutmeg

Admetuia bayerfFeWt, 1976. Off
(0.711.8 cm Scatptia confabu/afa (Sowerby,
Yucatan, Mexico, Deep water; 5ca/pf/a obfiquata (Lamarck
Otssonefia campbefti Shasky, 1833). Indo-West Pacific. Subti-
rare. Holotype illustrated. 1822). Indo-Pacific. Few-ribbed
1%1. West Mexico. 18 to 91 m; daf; common. Syn.: mon- variety; moderately common.
uncommon. trouzierf Souverbie.
 NUTMEGS — CANCELLARMDAE 229

cm Lameltose Nutmeg (0.5') 1,2 cm Textured Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm Crosse's Nutmeg (0.8") 2.1 cm
Two-color Nutmeg (OT') 1.8
(Hinds, Scafptia fexf/7/s (Kiener, 1841). Scaiptia crossei (Semper, 1861),
Scalptia bicotor (Hinds, 1843). Scaiptia /ame//osa
Offshore; lndo*Pacific. Shallow water; S.W. Pacific. Shallow water; lo-
Indo-Paciiic. Subtidal; com- 1843). Indo-Pacific.
uncommon. uncommon. cally common. Syn.: serrala
mon.
Reeve.

cm Disjunct Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm SI ron g's N utmeg (0 . 5") 1.2cm

Scaled Nutmeg (0.7") 1 .8 cm Hollow Nutmeg (I") 2.5
faveolata (Sowerby, fr/gonosloma semid/s/uncfa Agatfix strongi (Shasky, 1961).
Scaiptis scalarina (Lamarck, Scalptia
South Africa. Offshore; (Sowerby, 1848). South Africa. Gulf of California. Offshore,
1822). Indo-Padiic. Shallow wa- 1848).
common. Off.shore; common. deepwater; rare.
ter; common.

Nutmeg cm Laseron's Nutmeg (0.5") 1 .2 cm Philippi's Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm

Triangular Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm Antique (0,7") 1 .8

Trigonostoma antiquata (Hinds, Trigonostoma laseront (t redate, Trigonostoma tenerum (Phi-

Thgonostoma petiudda (Perry,
1936). Australia, Shallow water; lippi, 1848), S. Florida. Off-
1811). S.W. Pacific. Offshore, 1843). Australia to japan. Off-
locally common. shore, shallow water; uncom-
shallow water; rare. Syn.: tn- shore; rare.
mon. Syn.: stimpsoni Calkins.
gonostoma Lamarck.
 230
NUTMEGS — CANCELLARIIDAE

AmakuM Nulmeg (0.7”) 1 .8 cm Wiinrow s (Nutmeg fl"} 2.5 cm

Sca/ptiaamakusana (Petrt, Little Elegant Nutmeg
1974)< /apan. ShalJow water; to-
Scafptia withrowi (Petit,
7976).
West Africa. ShalJow water; lo- cm
Tfigonostoma goniostoma
m 2.5
(0.41 1 cm
cally common. Trigonostoma etegantulum M.
cally common. (Sowerby, 1632). W. Mexico to
Smith* 1947. West Mexico to Ec-
Panama. Intertidal to5 m; com- uador, Offshore; uncommon.
mon.

buuuie FNutmeg (1 ^2") 3 c hmners (Nutmeg iV) JS cn

7r/^onosfoma buUatum (So\ Miller^s Nutmeg (H 2.S cm
rr/gonosfoma my7/er/ Burch
erby, West Mexico
1632). Trigonostoma m///en Burch,
!

1949. Costa Rica; Galapagos Scafptia mercadoi (Old, 1968),

Panama, Offshore to 62 n 1949. Variation in shape
in a Philippines. Offshore;
Offshore to 30 m; uncommon.
specimen from the Galapagos.
uncom-
common. mon to rare.
Holotype rllus.

Tessellate Nutmeg
L ^
(11 2.5 cm Miter-shaped Nutmeg
Aphera tesseffata (Sowerby, Big-spired Nulmeg
ni 2.5 cm Canceltaria cor6/cu/a DaN,
(0.71 1.8 cm
1832), West Mexico to Peru! TuBiaphera macrospira (Adams
Narona mrtriformis (Sowerby,
Offshore; 1908. California. Deep
uncommon. Type of 1832)* Panama to Peru. Subtidal
water; & Reeve, 18S0). S,W, Pacific to
subgenus Aphera. rare. Holotype rllustrated. japan. Offshore; uncommon.
to 37 m; uncommon.
 .

NUTMEGS AND MARGINELLAS — CANCELLARIIDAE AND MARGINELLIDAE 231

Corrugated Nutmeg Banded Nutmeg (2") 5 cm Santa Nutmeg (1 .5") 4 cm Clark's Slim Nutmeg (112.5cm
(O.T’) 1.8 cm Cerdtella dngufata Olsson & Cerdre//a Santa Olsson & Bayer, Perp//car/a darki M, Smith,
Csncetiaria corrugata Hinds, Bayer, 1972, Caribbean. Deep 1972, Florida Straits. Deep wa- 1947. W. Mexico to Panama. In-
1843. West Mexico to Ecuador, water; rare. Holotype ill us. ter; rare, Holotype illustrated. tertidal; rare.

Offshore to 31 m: rare.

MARGINELLAS
FAMILY MARGINELLIDAE

One of the most beautiful fami-

lies of the marine gastropods.
Usually less than an inch in
size, always highly polished,
and with several strong teeth
on the columella. Most of the
650 species live in sand in the
tropics.West Africa has the
most species, Prunum^ Gla-
bella, etc,, are subgenera.
Spiny Nutmeg (1") 2.5 cm Lyrate Nutmeg (11 2.5 cm Gladiator Nutmeg {1 ,5") 4 cm
Canceitafia csntrota Dali, 1896. Canceilaria tyrala (Brocchi, Cancetlaria gladiator Petit,
W. Mexico to Panama. Off* 1814). West Africa, Subtidal; 1976. Galapagos Islands. 200 m;
shore In 120 m; rare. uncommon. rare. Paratype illustrated.

Pringle's Marginella (31 7,5 cm Desjardin's Marginella (2") 5 cm Belcher's Marginella (11 Adanson's Marginella (T')

A fr/voiuta p ringiei To m n 1 947

1 1
,
Marginella desjardini Marche- 2.5 cm Marginella belcheri 2,5 cm Marginella adansoni
South Africa. 100 to 300 m; un- Marchad, 19S7. Ivory Coast, Hinds, 1844. Mauritania: West Kiener, 1834. West Africa, Shal-
common. Originally consid- West Africa. Offshore tolOO m; Africa. Moderately deep water; low water; uncommon. Syn.:
ered a volute. uncommon. uncommon. bifasdata Sowerby,
 232 MARGINELLAS — MARGINELLIDAE

Ckry's Marginefla (0-8") 2 cm Golden Marginella (1") 2.5 cm CoodalPs Marginella d") 2,5 cm Cloudy Margi nel la
Marginella deryi Petit, t836. Marginella aurantfa Lamarck, (1 .
5") 4 cm
Marginella goodalli Sowerby, Marginella nebulosa
Mauritania lo Gambia, 1822. West fRoding,
Under rocks,
Africa. T825, West Africa. Offshore;
Dredged rn sand or mud, 20 m; 1798). South Africa. Offshore to
in sand, shallow water; moder* moderately common*
uncommon- 75 m and beached; uncom-
ately uncommon.
mon, Syn,: nubeculata Lam.

Fringed Marginella (0,S") 2 cm Spotted Marginella (O.S") 2 cm Plain Marginella (1'') 2.5 cm Girdled Marginella
Marginefta fimbata {1") 2.5 cm
Lamarck, Marginella persicula 1758),
(L,, Marginella cornea Lamarck, Marginella dngulata {Dillwyn,
1822. Canary Is,, West Africa, West Africa; Cape Verde Is- 1822. Mauritania to Dahomey.
Uncommon. 1817), West Africa. In sand or
lands, Moderately common, Shallow water; moderately mud; common. Syn.: lineata
Syn,: guttata Link. common. Lamarck,

Almond Marginella Mosaic Marginella (1") 2.5 cm Bland Marginella (1") 2,5 cm Striped Marginella (1 .5") 4 cm
(0.6") 1.5 cm Marginella mosalca Sowerby, Marginella bianda Hinds, 1844.
Marginella amygdala Kiener, Marginella strigata (Dillwyn,
1846.South Africa. Offshore, Senegal, West Africa, Off-
1841, Mauritania to Rio Murti; 1817). S,E, Asia* Shallow water;
but usually found beached;
com mo n
shore; uncommon* uncommon. Syn,: praecallosa
. Sy n .
;
gamb iensis modera te ly u n com m o n
RedOeld, Higgins.
 WEST AFRICAN MARCINELLAS — MARCINELLIDAE 233

cm Sebastian^s Marginella <1 -5") 4 cm G I isten ing Marginel la (1 *') 2 5

. cm
Petit^s Margjnella H.41 3.5
Margineila sebastiani Marche & Rosso. Margineila irrorala Menke, 1828. West Af-
Marginelh petitii Duval. 1841. West
Africa.
1979. Senegal. Offshore; moderately com- rica. Offshore; moderately common. Like a
Moderately deep water; uncommon.
mon. See also desjardini. small M. glabella.

(1") 2.5 cm Shiny Marginella f1 .T) 3 cm

Ermine Marginella (1.2") 3 cm Toothed Marginella
Marginella denticulata (Link, 1807), West Marginella glabella (L., 1758). N.W. Africa;
Marginella fata (L.. 1758). West Africa; un-
Africa. Moderately uncommon, Syn.i bl- Cape Verde Islands. Offshore to 80 m;
common. Once a great rarity among collec-
fasciata Lamarck {a banded form). moderately common.
tors, Syn.: erminea Roding.

Queen Marginella (1 .3'^) 3.5 cm

Margirjelia helmatina Rang, 1832. Gambia Marginella olivaeformis Kiener, 1834. Sene-
A4argme//a pseudofaba Sowerby, 1846.
Angola. Shallow water; uncommon. gal to Gold Coast. Moderately common.
West Africa, Moderately deep water; rare. to
Syn.: cumingiana Petit, Syn,: hindsiana Petit.
Syn. : imperatrix Sykes.

(1") 2.5 cm
Encircled Marginella (0.8") 2 cm Canary Marginella (0.8") 2 cm Harplike Marginella

Marginella canaryensis Clover, 1972. Off Marginella harpaeformis Sowerby, 1846.

Marginella dncta Kiener, 1834. West Africa.
Canary Islands and Morocco. Trawled, 60- West Africa; moderately uncommon. Simi-
Offshore at about 40 m; moderately un-
120 m; rare, tar to M. faba but smaller and spotted.
common.
 234
MARCINEUAS — MARCINELLIDAE

^«rmine Margrnella
MargindlamusicaHm6i, 1844. West Africa.
(o.s-) 7
Marginella hematita Kiener,
Moderately deep water; 1841, S.E.
diadochus but smaller.
rare. Close to M United States to Brazil.
Uncommon;
Marginella hubeni Clover, 1972.
Angola. In
off-
shore. Syn.; phUtata M.
coral rubble at 30 m and beached; uncom-
Smith. mon.

tv
Atlantic Marginella
Marginella apicina Menke,
United States and West Indies.
(o.S") 1.2

1828.
cm
S E
Obese Marginella
Marginella obesa Redfield,
(0.7")l,8cr
1846. Lowe
s margineua (0.6") 1.5 cm
Shallow wa- Marginella storeria Couthouy,
Caribbean; Brazil. Shallow water unde 1837, Gulf of
ter; common. About 1 in 5,000 slnistral. Mexico. Moderately deep
rocks; uncommon. Syn.: similis water; uncom-
Sowerby mon.

Largiiiier s Marginella
Marginella largiUieri Kiener,
Brazil. Offshore on
rare*
n"> 2.5
1841. Easte
sand, rocks or cor;
1
margmeJia
Marginella lilacma Sowerby,
eastern Brazil, Offshore
1346. North-
on sand and bro-
2.5 cm
ct
Martin's Mar^rnella
Marginella martini Petit, 1353.
(^ 2") 3 cm

Off Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. Offshore on sand, 10-55 m^
fcen shetfs; uncommon. '
uncommon.

Roosevelt's Marginella
Tviargineiia
Marginella roosei^elti Bartscb
& Rehder (0.8") 2 cm ^our Marginella
1M). Caribbean; Bahamas. Margmella curta Sowerby, 1832. (0.8“) 2 cm
Deep water;' Ecuador to Margmeila robusta Sowerby,
Chile, fn sand, 2 • 20 1904, Sou th-
rare. Large form of M. m; uncommon. em Atlantic; Ascension Island. Uncom-
carnea?
mon.
 MARGINELLAS — MARGINELLIDAE 235

Orange Marginefla (0.8") 2 cm Royal Margi Delia (1.2"") 3 cm White-spotted Marginella Plum Marginella (1") 2.5 cm
Margins tta carnea Storer, 1837. Marginella labiata Kiener, 1841. (0.81 2 cm Marginella prunum (Gmelin,
S.E. Florida, West indies. Off- Yucatan to Central America; Marginella guttata (Dillwyn, 1791). Lower Caribbean to Bra-
shore in grass to 20 m; moder- West Indies. In sand at (ow 1817). S.E. Florida; West Indies. zil. Common. Syn.; caeru/es-
ately common. tide; moderately common. Under rocks, shallow water. cens Lamarck.

Matthews's MargineJIa {I*") 5 cm Thick Marginella (1") 2.5 cm Orange- banded Marginella Delicate Marginella (1.21 3 cm
Margins!la matthewsi Van Mol Marginella marginata (Born, (0.51 1.2 cm Marginella sapotilla Hinds,
&Tursch, 1%7. N.E. Brazil. Off- 1770). West Indies. In sand and Marginella avsna Kiener,^ 1834. 1844. Panama to Ecuador. In
shore at about 25 m; moder- eel grass; common. Many syn- S.E. United States to Brazil. sand or mud at low tide; com-
ately rare. onyms. Shallow water; common. mon. Syn.: burchardi Dunker.

Maclean's Margir^ella Twinned Marginella Anson's Marginella Fly Marginella (0.511.2cm

n.8")4.5 cm (0,51 1.2 cm (0.511.2 cm Marginella muscaria Lamarck,
Marginstta macfsani (Roth, Marginella accota (Roth Sf Marginella ansonae Clove 1022. Southern Australia; Tas-
1978). Ecuador; rare. Holotype Coan, 1968). Panama, interti- 1976. Madagascar. Shallow wa- mania. Low tide to 10 m; com-
illustrated. dal; rare. Type M. porce//ana ter; uncommon. mon, Syn.: lactea Hutton.
(Gmelin) analog in Caribbean.
 236 MARGINELLAS — MARGINEUtDAE

Narrow Marginalia {Y) 2.5 cm Fischer's MargineNa fO.4'') 1 cm Red Sea Margineila
Marginelta angustata Sowerby, 1S46. Sri (11 2.5 cm
Marginefia frschen Bavay, 7^2. Philippines.
Lanka. Offshore to deep water; common. Margmeffa obiusa Sowerby, 7846. Red Sea;
Offshore; uncommon.
north Arabian Sea. In sand and mud 20 -
80
m; uncommon . Syn.: mirabilts H. Adams.

Peppered Margineila (7")2.5 cn Bairstow's Margineila

Marginetfa piperata Hinds, 1644
(0.61 1 .6 cm Woolly Margineila (7 .2'') 3 cm
. South Af Marginelia batrstowi Sowerby, 7886.
rica. Usually found beached;
South Marginefia fhccata Sowerby, 1889. South
common Africa. Usually found beached;
moderately
Syn.: strigata Africa, On beaches; uncommon.
Sowerby. common. Like a small M. mosaica.

Wavy- line Margineila (7 .21 3 cm

Marginefia rosea Lamarck, 7822, South Brown^line Margineila
Af^ Marginefia Imeofata Sowerby, 7886. South (71 2,5 cm
rica. On beaches; moderately common. Africa. Offshoreto 90 m;
Marginefia diadochus A. Adams & Reeve,
uncommon. 7848. South Africa. Dredged in deep water;
rare.

'
^
')
!)'

'K
t -
it.

Pink Margineila (0.8I 2 cm ttegant Margmella

Margineila nodata Hinds, 1844. West
Africa, Marginefia pergrandis (Clover, 1974)
n .81 4.5 cn
Offshore; rare. Very few specimens in South Marginefia efegans (Cmefin, 1791), Burm.
pri- Arabian coast; Masirah Island; Gulf of
vate collections. to S,W. Thailand. In sand 4 to 6 m;
Oman. On beaches; uncom
rare. mon.
 TURRIDS — TURRIDAE 237

(1") 2*5 cm Broad MargineHa (1") 2*5 cm Four-lined Marginella (0.8") 2 cm

Ornale Marginella
MargineUa ventricosa G. Fischer, 1807. S.E. MargineHa quadrilineata Gaskoin, 1849*
Marginella ornata Redfield, 1870. South Af*
Asia; Indonesia. Shallow water, in mud; Philippines; Northern Borneo. In sand and
rica* Usually found beached; moderately
common. Syn.: vittata Reeve* moderately common. Syn.: quinquepiicata mud; uncommon.
Lamarck.

2.5 cm Broken-lme Marginella (0.3") 7 mm Sarda Marginella (1") 2,5 cm

Three-plaited Marginella (1")

Margme//a interruptolineata MOhlfeld, Marginella sarda Kiener, 1834. Indian

Marginella tridncta Hinds, 1844. Singapore
Offshore to 40 m; uncommon. 1816. Lower Caribbean. Shallow water; Ocean. Uncommon.
to Taiwan,
common.

TURRIDS
FAMILY TURRIDAE

Turf ids form the largest of all molluscan

families in n u mber of species. Hall mark is a
notch or sinus in upper part of outer lip.

Found in seas from shallow water to

all

abyssal depths turrids have a well-devel-

oped poison gland associated with radula.
cm Philippine Marginella (0.6") 1,5 cm Some harpoon prey in the manner of cone
Finger Marginella (11 2,5
Marginella philippinarum Red field, 1848. shells. Operculum sometimes present.
Marginella dactylus Lamarck, 1822. S.E.

Asia; Indonesia, Uncommon. Philippines, Shallow water; common.

A
cm Turrrd (21 5 cm Obese Turrid (1 ,4") 3*5 cm
Wavy-line Turrid (11 2,5 ifat

Tfo/ia nifat (Srueuiere, 1789) West Af- Perrona obesa (Reeve, 1842). Angola, Off*
Perrona tineata (Lamarck, 1816). West Africa
Offshore; moderately common. A shore; uncommon. Whorls markedly
to Cape of Good Hope. Offshore; uncom- rica.

solid and heavy shell. stepped.

mon, Wavy lines follow lines of growth.
 238 TURRIDS — TURRIDAE

KieneKs Turrtd (2.5'') 6*5 cm MelvilMs Turrid (2.3") 6 cm Splendid Turrid (2*5") 6*5 cm Deshayes's Turrid *(2.5") 6*5 cm
Gemmal^ kieneri (Doumeti Cemmuh congener cosmoi Gemmu/a spec/osa (Reeve, Gemmula deshaye&ii (Doumet,
1840). Japan; China Sea; Philip- (Sykes, 1930)* Japan* Dredged 1843). Philippines; China Sea; 1839)*Japan; China; Hong
pines* Deep water; uncom- 100 - 200 m; uncommon. Arabian Sea. Deep water; un- Kong. Offshore; moderately
mon. common. common.

Gem Turrid (2") 5 cm

Atlantic Albatross Turrid (3") 7.5 cm Graeffe's Turrid (1") 2,5 cm Luzon Turrid (2") 5 cm
Cemmu/a periscelida (Dali, Gemmula diomedea Powell, Cemmufa graeffei EWeinkauff, Pmguigemmufa philippinensis
1889)* West Indies; S.E. United 1964. Philippines. Dredged 200 1875), Fiji; Queensland; Philip- Powell, 1964* Philippines. Deep
States* From 200 m; rare. Holo- * 700 m; rare. Holotype illus. pines. Offshore; moderately water; rare. Holotype ill us.
type iMus. common*

Tesch's Turrid (2") 5 cm Indian Turrid (3*S") 9 cm Uneda Turrid * (3.5'') 9 cm Light-wine Turrid (2*2") 5*5 cm
Ptychosyrinx timorensis teschi Lophiotoma indica (Roding, Gemmula unedo (Kiener, Lophiotoma hucotropis (Ad-
Powell, 1964. Indonesia. Deep 1798). Sri Lanka to Australia; 1839). lapan; Indonesia; Per- ams & Reeve, 1850). Japan; Tai-
water; rare. Holotype ill us* Fiji. Moderately deep water; sian Gulf* Deepwater; uncom- wan to Philippines. Offshore;
uncommon. mon. Syn*: invicta MeIvtIL uncommon*
 239
TURRIDS — TURRIDAE

Delicate Giant Turrid

Keeled Torrid (13") 4*5 cm (3") 7.5 cm
Polystira aibida (Perry, 1811).
Lopfi/otoma acuta {Perry, Lophiotoma polytropa (Hel- Polystira tel/ea (Dali, 1889).
Mo- South Florida to Texas; West In-
Shallow bling, 1779). Philippines; Florida to Louisiana, Moder-
1811)* Indo-Pacific.
dies* SO - 250 m; common*
luccas; New Caledonia. Off-
deep water; moderately
water to 30 m; common* Dark Sy n virgo Lam a rc k ately
shore; uncommon. * :

form.

Babylonia Turrid (3") 7*5 cm

Speckled Turrid (1 -^") 4 cm
(2”) 5 cm
(3*5") 9 cm Necklace Turrid (Sow- Turns babyhr^ia {L*, 1758). Trop-
Noble Gianl Torrid XerJOf urn's mificpunctata
Xenofurns cingulifera {La- ical Pacific {not Australia).
Shal-
Polystira nobiiis (Hinds, 1S43). erby, 1908). South Pacific;
ja-
marck, 1822). Tropical Indo-Pa- deeper water; uncom-
Gulf of California to Panama* pan* Tidal flats and offshore; low and
Shallow and deeper wa-
Offshore to 165m; uncommon*
dfic. mon*
common. uncommon.
ter;

Large Perverse Turrid (2 9

(1 .8") 4*5 cm
Supreme Turrid (6") 15 cm Intricate Turrid
Antipfanes major Barisch, Turridrupa bijubata (Reeve,
Turris crispa mtricata
Powell, 5 cm
Turns crlspa crispa (Lamarck, 1843)* Tropical Indo-Paclfic. In-
8 - 60 1944. California. 80 - 600 m;
1816). Indo-Pacific. Offshore;
1964, Hawaiian Islands.
sinistral* lertidal; moderately common*
m; rare. Holotype illus. common. Always
uncommon. Largest of living
Holotype illus.
turrids.
 -

240 TURRIDS — TURRIDAE

Kaderly's Turrid (3'') 7.5 cm Miter-shaped Turrid (13") 3 cm Surinam Turrid (1 .3") 3.5 cm Fenimore's Turrid (2") 5 cm
Comitss kaderlyi {Lischke^ Cenoia mitriformis (Wood, Fusiturdcuia jaquensis (Sow- Fusitufricula fenimorei Bartsch,
1972) lapan to Philippines. 1828). West Africa. Offshore; erby, 1850). Surinam; Brazil.
>
1934. Puerto Rico. Deep water;
Dredged 140 to 1600 m uncom-
; uncommon. Syn.; mitra e/or Moderately deep water; rare. rare.
mon. mis Kiener.

Wax-beaded Turrid (2.5") 63 cm Olivaceous Knefastia Elegant Star Turrid (1.8") 4.5 cm Dull Star Turrid (2") 5 cm
Leucosyrinx tenoceras Dalh {1.8")43 cm Cochlespira elegans (Dali, Cochiespira putchelfa semipo-
1989. S.E. United States; Lesser Knefastia oHvacea (Sowerby, 1881). Cuba; Florida. Dredged Hta Powell, 1969. Philippines.
1000 to 1500 m; rare.
Antilles. 1033). Gulf of California to Ec- 60-400 m; rare. Formerly Anc/s- Deep water; rare. Holotype il-
Holotype illus. uador. Offshore; common. tosyrinx. lus.

Goode's Turrid (33") 9 cm Ridged Turrid (3") 7,5 cm Ringed Turrid (2.9") 73 cm Cadenas's Turrid (13") 4 cm
Afona goodcf (Dali, 1890). A faria drdnata (Dali, 1873). Fhymorhynchus cinguiatus Clavus cadenasi (Clench &
Western Americas. Deep wa- Bering Sea; Alaska to Japan. (Dali, 1890). Galapagos. Aguayo, 1939). Off Cuba. Deep
ter; uncommon. Syn.: persimt- Deepwater; uncommon. Syn.: Dredged at about 2,400 m; rare. water; rare. Hofotype illus. Is
lis Dali (holotype illus.). diomedea Bartsch. Holotype illustrated. johnsoni?
 ;

241
TURRIDS — TURRIDAE

H ^ t:m Graceful Atlantic Turrid

Baird's Turrid (1 -4") cm
3»5 Madrid Turrid
2.5 cm
t1'')
Verrtll & P/et/ro£ome/fa hadria Dali, 16S9.
P/eurofome/^a bairdit Wat-
Clavus johnsoni (Bartsch, Off North Carolina. 000 to 1500
P/euro tome //a c/i a r/essa
Smith, 1084, Off Delaware and
1934K Puerto Rico. Deep wa- Holotype illus. son, 1881. North Atlantic to off
ter; rare, Holotype illustrated.
Chesapeake Bays. Dredged tn; rare.
North Carolina. 1,000 m; rare.
about 3,250 m; rare.

d -2") 3 cm Brown-banded Turrid

(2.5") 6.5 cm Carpenter's Turrid (2.5") 6.5 cm Pink Turrid
(1.5") 4 cm
Carpenter's Turrid
Megasurcu/a cafp^ntGriana Phenatoma novae^efancf/ae
Megasiircu/a carpenteriana Bathytoma vtabrunnea (Dali,
(Gabb, 1865). Described under (Reeve, 1843). New Zealand.
(Gabb, 1865). California to Baja 1889). S.E. Florida; West Indies.
Shal low to deep water on sand
California. Offshore to 480 m
other names, including frem- rare.
uncommon. 2CX)io700m;
on mud; common. pedana Dali (holotype jllus.).

Jeffreys'^ Turrid (1 .2") 3 cm

ClathrodriHia jeffreydi (E. A.
1944). Hindsictava alesidota (Dali,
Ciavatufa bimargifiata (La- imadava fma (Bartsch,
1889). North Carolina to Flor- Smith, 1875). )apan. Offshore;
Gulf of California. Offshore;
marck, 1822), West Africa. Off- uncommon.
ida; Barbados. 50 to 150 m;
un-
uncommon. rare. Holotype illustrated.
shore; Syn.: maciieftia Dali.
common.
 242 TURRIDS — TURRIDAE

Lavinia Turrid (2'") 5 cm

Saddened Turrid (1") 2.5 cm Muricale Turrid
Ptychobela favinia {Dali, 1919).
(1") 2.5 cm Gaboon Turrid (1*4") 3,5 cm
Compsodnfiia uisticha (Dali, Ciavatula muricata
West Mexico to Peru, Habitat (Lamarck, Oavatuia gabonensts Melvill,
1889). Gulf of Mexico, Deep 1822), West Africa* Offshore;
unknown; rare. Holotype ilfus. 1923* Senegal* Offshore; um
water; rare. Holotype illus. locally uncommon* common*

Little-dog Turrid (1") 2*5 cm 8rown-spot Turrid (2") 4.7 cm Diadem Torrid (1.2'') 3 cm
Clavus can/cu/ans (Roding, One-zoned Turrid fO.8") 2 cm
/mac/a va unimacuiata (Sow- Oavatufa diadema (Kiener,
1790), Western Pacific, Shallow Clavus unt2[onal/s (Lamarck,
erby, 1834). West Mexico to Co- 1040). West Africa* Offshore; 1822). Western Pacific* Shallow
water; uncommon. Syn,: auric- lombia, 20 to 70 m; uncom- uncommon* water; common.
uiifera Lamarck. mon.

Tnna Turrid (D 2*5 cm Exasperating Turrid Rose-tinted Turrid (1 *5") 4 cm Bayer's Turrid
C/a VOS enna Dali, 1918* Philip- El") 2.5 cn
{0*6") 1.5 cm Ciavus rosalinus Marrai, 1877. Clyphostoma bayeri Olsson
pines; S.W, Pacific. Uncom-^
Austfoclavus exasp era f us West Africa. Offshore; uncom-
mon* Syn.; untfasdata 1971. Cuff of Panama. Deepwa
E. A. {Reeve, 1843)* Indian Ocean* 1 mon. ter; rare. Holotype illustfated.
Smith, not Deshayes. to 30 m; uncommon*
 TURRIDS — TURRIDAE 243

Mottled Turrid (1") 2.5 cm ]aners Turrid (

1
") 2.5cm Two-toned Turrid (1") 2.5 cm Tampa Turrid (0.8") 2 cm
Sp/endn7//a /arrefae Barlsch, CannodrlUia dichma Pilsbry & CraBsispira fampaeosis Bartsch
Pilsbryspira amathea (Dali,
1919K West Mes^ico. Among 1934. Gulf ofMexico; West In- Lowe, 1932. Gulf of California & Rehder, 1939. S.W. Florida.

rocks at low tide; common. dies. Deep water; rare, Holo- to Ecuador. On gravel tO to 40 Offshore; uncommon. Para-

Holotype ill us. type illus. m; uncommon. type illus.

Sanlbet Turrid d") 2*5 cm javelin Turrid (0.8") 2 cm Turned Turrid (3") 7.5 cm java Turrid (2.5") 0.5 cm
Crass'tspira sanibeiensis CompsodritHa jaculum (Pilsbry Jumcuia tornata (Dillwyn, Turncula iavam (L, 1758). Indo-
& Lowe, 1932). West Mexico to 1817). India to Thailand. Off- W. Pacific; Japan. Shallow and
Barlsch & Rehder, 1939. West
Florida; Bahamas, Offshore; Panama. Offshore TO to 40 m; shore to 35 m on mud; uncom- deeper water on mud; com-
uncommon, Holotype illus* uncommon. mon. Syn.: fj/ammea Schum. mon.

5 cm Wrinkled Turrid (1 .8") 4.5 cm Remarkable Turrid (3.5”) 9 cm Japanese Wonder Shell
Kamakura Turrid (2")

Comitas kamakurana (Pilsbry, fusitunis undaitruga (Bivona, Nihonia mhabdis (Sowerby, (3.5”) 9 cm
Mediterranean. Moder- 1914), lapan. Moderately deep Thatchena mirabiHs Angas,
1895K japan. Offshore; uncom* 1832).
deep water; uncommon. water; rare. 1877. japan to Philippines.
mon. Syn.: laysanica Dali. ately
Deep water; common. In fam
ily Thatcheriidae.
 244 INDO PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

CONES INDO-PACIFIC and

FAMILY CONIDAE JAPANESE CONES

Primarily inhabitants warm, The richest area in species of

shallow water, cones are most cones is the tropical Western
numerous in the tropical Indo- Pacific and Indian Oceans,
Pacific. The poison of some Many deep-water species are
cones may be lethal to humans. yet to be discovered. Japan has
A diminutive operculum is usu* a unique cool-water fauna with
ally present. Eggs are deposited many cones, as well as many
in purse*shaped capsules. Indo-Pacific species in the
More than 300 cone species are south.
recognized, but many syno-
nyms have been created.
Marble Cone (4") 10 cm Vidua Cone (3"') 7 cm
Conus marmoreus L., 1758, Conus marmoreus L., 1756,
Indo-Pacific. On sand, shallow form vidua Reeve, 1843, has
water; common. Typical form pattern in two broad bands.
illus. Rarely all-white. Alias bandanus of authors.

Conus marmoreus L., 1758. The Conus marmoreus 1758. Cone

Imperial (3") 7.5 cm Western Imperial Cone
form nigrescens Sower by, This is the white form suffusa Conus imperials L., 1758. Indo- (3") 7.5 cm
1859, is usually under 7.5 cm Sowerby (holotype ill us.), re- Pacific, On intertidal reefs; Conus impertafis subspecies
(3") and black in color. Samoa to stricted to New Caledonia; common. fuscata Born, 1778. East Africa,
New Caledonia. moderately common. Common. Syn.: viridula Lam.

Nicobar Cone (2.5") 6.5 cm Zoned Cone (2.5") 6.5 cm Textile Cone (3") 7.5 cm Queen Vtclorta (2") 5 cm
Cone
Conus araneosus nicobaricus Conus zonatus Hwass, 1792, Conus textiie L,, 1758. lndo*Pa- Conus victofiaeReeve, 1843.
Hwass/1792, N.E. Indian Ocean Seychelles to India and Suma- cific. Shallow water; common. Northern Territory and West-
to Philippines. Shallow water; tra. Shallow reefs; uncommon. ern Australia. Shallow water;
common. Syn.: edwarcf; Preston. moderately common.
 245
indo-pacific cones— conidae

(1 .2") 3 cm Philippine Cone i> cm

Ambassador Cone Conus abbas Hwass, 1792.
Conus teiatus Reeve, 1B48. Conus paulucciae Sowerby,
Conus legatus Lamarck, 1810. Indo-Padfic. On reefs; uncom-
Southern Indian Ocean.
Pacific (not Hawaii). Shallow
Southern Philippines. Moder- 1877.
Sowerby;
mon. Syn.: corbufa
ately deep water; moderately
Offshore; moderately rare,
water; uncommon. C. canoni- euetnos Sowerby.
common. May be a form of C. aureus.
€us lacks pink background.

5 cm Princely Cone (4") 10 cm

1778. TigerCone (2'
Conus pennaceus Born,
)

Feathered Cone (2") 5 cm Conus aulicus L., 1758. Indo-

One of many names given to Conus canonicus Hwass, 1792,
Conus pennacevs Born, 1778.
Indo-Padfic. Under rocks on
Padfic. On intertidal reefs; un-
cone pra^iatus Hwass. It
Indo-Pacific. Offshore to mod- this is
common. Lacks vertical black
uncommon form reefs; moderately common.
represents an
erate depths; common. Varies lines of C. fexb/e.
Syn.: tigrinus Sowerby.
considerably in shape. of the species.

(2.4'*) 6 cm Aureus Cone (2*^) 5 cm

(3.r) 8 cm DignifiedCone
Conus pennaceus Born, 1778. Grided Cone
Conus magnifkus Reeve, 1843, Conus aureus Hwass, 1792.
The name episcopus Hwass has Conus auratus Hwass, 1792. So- Indo-W. Pacific. Under rocks,
and Tuamotu Is- Indo-Padfic. Shallow water;
been applied to shells with a ciety Islands more
on reefs; rare. C. fexff/eis
lands, On intertidal reefs; rare. common. Long known to col-
broad body whorl and narrowly ventricose.
form of C. aubcus. lectors (erroneously) as C. epfs-
angled shoulder May be a
copus.
 246 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Gold-leaf Cone n.5’)3.5cm Netted Cone 5 cm

Conus aurtcomus Hwass, t792.
(2") NatalCone (1.5") 4 cm Glory-of-fhe-Sea (4") 10 cm
Conus retifer Menke, 1829. Conus nataiis Sowerby, 1857,
iodo^Padfic. On mtertrdal Conus gforiamaris Chemnitz,
lndo*Pacrfic, Shallow water; South Africa. Offshore; com*
reefs; uncommon. Syn,; dacty- 1777. Western Pacific. Shallow
uncommon. Syn. sutcata Sow-
:
mon (as a beached shell), Syn.!
losus Kiener. and deep water; moderately
erby; sofidus Sowerby.
gUchristi Sowerby.

Glory-of -India (5") 12.5 < Vice Admiral

Conus bengahnsis (Okutani, Cone (1.5") 4 cm Cone
Saffron (3") 7.5 cm
Conus milneedwardsi }ou Conus focumtenens Blumen-
T%6}. Bay of Bengal. Moder-
seaume, 1694. Indian Ocea
Conus cofubrinus Lamarck,
ately deep water; moderately
bach, 1791. Red Sea; N.W, In-
China Sea. Offshore;
1810. Western Pacific; Samoa;
rath dian Ocean. Common. Syn.:
rare. Sri Lanka. Moderately deepwa-
rare. Syn, dytospi acuminatus Hwass.
M. &S.
:
ter; rare. Alias C crocatus Lam.

Crocatus Cone (3") 7.5 cn

Conus cotubnnus form croca Conus cotubr/nus form Admiral Cone {2.5") i

las Lamarck, 1610.

thatfan- Conus ammtralis L,, 1758, Indo- Conus ammirabs
S.W. Pacific dis da Motta, 1978. L., 1758.
Andaman W. Pacific. In sand or coral; un-
5 to 20 m; uncommon in Solo coronate, g ran u lose forr
Sea; Thailand. 10-30 m;
mo ns. locally common. Amount of white left is Indian Ocean subspe
common. background varies. archithalassus Hwass,
 IN DO-PACIFIC CONES — CON DAE I
247

cm Cone
Victor (2") 5 cm
Cone 2.5 cm Amadis Cone (2,5") 6.5 cm Noble Cone (2") 5
Keallrke H'')
Conus amadis G meli n 1791 n- Conus nabiiis nobdis L,, 1758. Conus nobdis subspecies Wcfor
Conus ke^tiformis Shikama & ,
, 1

Indonesia. Off- Eastern Indian Ocean; Indone- Broderip, 1842. Islands of Bali-
Oishi, 1977. S.E. Asia. Off- dian Ocean;
Offshore; moderately rare. Flores Strait area. Offshore;
shore; rare. shore; moderately common, sia.

Syn.: C hzed Richard (freakK Syn.: cordigera Sowerby. rare.

6 cm Geography Cone
Fragile 3 cm
Geography Cone (4") 10 cm TuHp Cone (2,5")

Contis geo^raphas L.^ 1758. Conus tufipa L, 1758. Indo-Pa- Conus geograph us subspecies
Shallow water; common. fragiUissimusPetuch, 1979.
I ndo- Pacific, Shallow water; cific.

common. Like C. lutipa but has Has killed humans with its Red Sea. 1 to 3 m; un-
Ethiopia;

less convex sides. venom. common. Holotype illus.

11W
•

Ife 7. k
\
\
r

[
S

fD'

Rhododendron Cone 5 cm Rhododendron Cone (2") 5 cm Mastarene Cone (2") 5 cm

Obscure Cone (1,2^3 cm (2”)
Mau-
Conus adamsonif Broderip, Conus adamsonif Broderip, Conus jufii Lienard, 1870.
Conus obscurus Sowerby,
1836. Central and S.W, Pacific. 1836, Live-collected specimens ritius and Reunion Island, Mod-
1833. Indo-Padfic, Offshore;
Subtidal; rare. Syn.: rhododen- have yellow aperture. Not un- erately deep water; rare. Varies
moderately common. Lacks
coronations of C. geograph us. dron Jay. common in Phoenix Is. little.
 248 INDO PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Ruddy Cone {2.5") 6 cm Circumcision Cone {2.5") 6 cm Aurisiacus Cor»e {X') 5 cm Sazanka^s Cone (1.2") 3 cm
Conus rubtginostis Hwass, Conus c/rcumc/sus Born, 1775. Conus aurisiacus L., 1755. Indo- Corius sazanka Shikama, 7970.
1792. Indonesia; Philippines. Western Pacific. Offshore to nesia; Australia. Offshore; Western Pacific. Offshore; un-
Shallow water; rare. moderate depths; uncommon. rare. Pink color suggests fad- common. Syn.: kurzi Petuch.
Syn.: br^ieri Sowerby. ing.

Terebra Cone {2,5") 6 cm MiterJikeCone (1") 2.5 cm Cone

Cylindrical (1 .4") 3.5 cm Acorn Cone (1.2") 3 cm
Conus terebra Born, 1778. Conus mitratus Hwass, 1792. Conus cyUndraceus Broderip & Conus glans Hwass, 1792. Indo-
Indo-Pacific. Under rocks on Indo-Pacific, Intertidal and off- Sowerby, 183(1. Indo-Padfic. Pacific. Shallow water; moder-
intertidal reefs; moderately shore; uncommon. Apex often Offshore; uncommon. Always ately common. May be con-
common. Syn.r thomasi Sby. eroded. very glossy. fused with C, ienuistriatus.

Leaden Cone (1.2") 3 cm Cone

Scarlet (1.5") 4 cm Thin-line Cone {1 .4") 3.5 cm Tender Cone (1.5") 4 cm
Conus scabriuscuius Dillwyn, Conus cocdneus Cmel in 1 791
, Conus tenuistriatus Sowerby, Conus artoptus Sowerby, 1833.
1817. Western Pacific. Shallow South Pacific.Shallow water; 1857. Indo-Padfic, Shallow wa- Australia to Philippines. In sand
water; common. Syn,: fabufa moderately common. Syn.: so- ter; common. Sometimes pur- offshore; uncommon. Wrongly
Sowerby; plumbeus Reeve. iandri B rode rip ^ Sowerby, plish. Apex bright pink. known as fene//us.
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE 249

14 cm IvoryCone (2") 5 cm Polyglot Cone (2") 5 cm

Lettered Cone (4") 10 cm Leopard Cone (5.5")
Conus eburneus Hwass, 1792. C. eburneus Hwass, 1792.
Conus litteratus L., 1758. Indo- Conus leopardus (Rdding,
1798). Indo-Pacific- Shallow wa- Indo-Pacific. On sand and Among several attractive va-
and subtidal;
Pacific. Intertidal
Weinkauff,
common. Very variable rieties is polyglotta
common. Very thick and heavy. ter; common. Heaviest of all reefs;
1874, commonly found in the
cones. Base blunt, white. in pattern and shape.
Base pointed, stained purplish.
Philippines.

cm Cone
Violet-base (1 .51 4 cm Hawaiian Cone (0.8") 2 cm
fickeli's Cone (1 .4") 3.5 cm Tessellate Cone (1 .8") 4.5
tessulatus Born, 1778. Conus suturatus suturatus Conus suturatus sandwichensis
Conus jickelii Weinkauff, 1873. Conus
Reeve, 1844. Eastern Indian Walls, 1978. Hawaiian Islands
Western Indian Ocean. Deep Indo-Pacific. Shallow water;
Ocean; western Pacific. Off- (endemic). Offshore; uncom-
A lightweight shell. common. C. tessellatus is mis-
water; rare.
shore; moderately common. mon. Holotype illustrated.
spelling.

7.5 cm Glaucous Cone (2") 5 cm

Sharp-angled Cone (1") 2.5 cm Oak Cone (3")
Violet-base Cone (1 .5"^ 4 cm Conus glaucus L., 1758. West-
Conus acutangulus Lamarck, Conus querdnus Lightfool,
Conus suturatus suturatus Indo-Pacific. Offshore; ern Pacific. Offshore; uncom-
1810. Indo-Pacific. Offshore; 1786.
Reeve, 1844. Eastern Indian mon. Syn.: fraxinus Roding.
uncommon. common. This heavy shell var-
Ocean; western Pacific. Off-
ies little.
shore; moderately common.
 .

250 fNDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Beech Cone (4") 10 cm FigCone (3*T 7,5 cm Suratan Cone (4") 10 cm Flag Cone (3.2'*) 8 cm
Coni/s betulmus L., 17SS. Indo- Conus figuiinus L., 1758. Indo* Conus suratensis Hwass, 1792* Conus vexitfum Gmelin, 1791*
Pacific* Shallow water; com* Pacific* Shallow water; com- Indian Ocean and S.W. Pacific* Indo-Pacific. Offshore; com-
mon. Spots vary in shape and mon. Syn,: toroisit Kiener* Uncommon* Syn.: agrestis mon. Syn.: sumatrensis Hwass;
size.
Morch* roi?///ard/ Bernardi.

Namocanus Cone O'*) 7*5 cm Weasel Cone 6 cm

(2.5") Captain Cone (2.5*0 6 cm Little Captain Cone (1 *2") 3 cm
Conus namocanus Hwass, Conus mustelinus Hwass, 1792. Conus capitaneus L,, T758, Conus capttane^ius Fulton,
1792. Indian Ocean. Shallow Indo-W* Pacific* Shallow water; Indo-Pacific. Intertidal; com- 1938* Southern |apan; Taiwan,
water; common. May have spi- uncommon. May be confused mon* Syn.: dassianus Hwass; Deep water; moderately rare.
ral stripes* Syn. badius Kiener*
:
with C. capitaneus. cedtfae Crosse*

Cone
Trigonal (2") 5 cm Cone
Refere nee ( 1 5") 3.7cm
.
VoluiTu'nousCone (I^S**) 4 cm General Cone (2.5") 6.5 cm
Conus tffgonus Reeve, 1848* Conus advertex Garrard, 1961 Conus vohminafts Reeve, 1843, Conus generaiis generaits L*,
Northern and western Austra- Off southern Queensland and Eastern Indian Ocean; western 1767. Pacific. Intertidal;
mud com-
lia* Intertidal flats; un- New South Wales. Moderately Pacific. Deep water; uncom- mon, Very variable*
common. Not badtus Kiener. deepwater; uncommon* mon, Syn.: macarae Bernardt*
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONJDAE 251

Maldive Cone (2.5") 6,5 cm Bough Cone (3") 7,5 cm Necklace Cone (2.2") 5.5 cm Engraved Cone (2") 5 cm
Conus gerterafis subspecies Conus thafassiarchus Sowerby, Conus monrie Hwass, 1792, Conus inscnpius Reeve, 1843,
maldivus Hwass, 1792. Indian 1834, S, Phiiippines, intertidal Eastern Indian Ocean. Moder- Indian Ocean. Offshore; com-

Ocean. Common. to 2 m; common. Spire height ately deep water; uncommon. mon, Syn.r keati Sowerby;
varies. Syn,: anadema Tomlin, ptaniliralus Sowerby.

Kim id's Cone (C.B"") 2 cm Cone

ScullelCs (1 ,6") 4.5 cm Eugrammatus Cone {1 .2") 3 cm Otohi me's Cone { 1 ,2") 3cm
Conus kimiof (Habe, 1%5). Ja- Conus scutietti Marsh, 1962, Conus eugrammatus Bartsch & Conus otohimeae Kuroda &
pan; Taiwan; Philippines. Deep Southern Queensland and Rehder, 1943, S,W, Pacific; Ha- I to, 1%1. Southern japan to
water; rare. northern New
South Wales. waii*Offshore; rare, Syn.: wa- Philippines. Deep water; rare.
Deepwater; urtcommon. kayamaensis Kuroda, Syn.: aphrodite Petuch, 1979.

Siebold'sCone (3") 7,5 cm lone Cone (2.2") 5.5 cm Teramachi's Cone (3") 7.5 cm Hirase's Cone (2") 5 cm
Conus sieboldii Reeve, 1848. ja- Conus tone Fulton, 1938. Conus ieramachii (Kuroda, Conus htraser (Kira, 1956),
pan; Taiwan. Deepwater; com- Southern Japan. Deep water; 1956). S. Japan to South Africa, Southern Japan to Taiwan.
mon. Syn,: rarimaculata Sow- uncommon. C. sieboidii similar Deep water; moderately rare. Deepwater; rare.
erby. but tacks violet color. Syn,: torquatus von Martens.
 252 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Auslraf Cone (2.5'*^ 6 cm Duplicate Cone cm

(2*5") 6,5 Kurohara's Cone (2. S'') 6.5 cm Ichinose Cone (2*5") 6 cm
Conus dustrafis HoJten, 1802, Conus duplicatus Sowerby, Conus dupiicatus Sowerby, Conus ichtnoseana {Kuroda,
Southern Japan; Chma Sea. 1623. Southern Japan; Taiwan; 1823. Described recently as ar- 1956)* Southern Japan to Tai-
Dredged, about 40 m; com- Solomons, Deep water; rare. madiUo Shtkama (extreme vari- wan; Philippines* Deep water;
mon. Syn*: a/a6asfem/des Sht-
ant) and ^:urobaraf Habe (ill us.). uncommon. Syn.; prtorrs
kama.
Kuroda.

Granger^®Cone (2’') 5 cm
Pagoda Cone (1.5'^J 4 cm Orbigny's Cone (2*2") 5.5 cm
Conus grangeri Sowerby, 1900. Conus eucoronatus Sowerby, Conus pagodus Kiener, 1846* Conus orbsgnyi Audouin, 1831*
Taiwan; Philippines* Deep wa- 1903. Natal, South Africa; Japan; Taiwan; Philippines. Indo-Pacific. In deep water; lo-
ter; uncommon. C. su/cafus southern Mozambique. J3eep Deep water; common. For- cally common. Syn.: plankos-
similar but sides straighten water; rare* merly cance/Zafus Hwass, tatus Sowerby.

Comatose Cone (1 *8'9 4,5 Hypo Cone (1.2") 3 cm Wickerwork Cone (1 .5'') 4 cm Spindle Cone (1 ,4") 3.5 cm
Conus comafosa PiJsbry, 1^ Conus hypochiorus Tomlin, Conus vimineus Reeve, 1849. Conus aculeiformts Reeve,
Southern Japan to Taiw, 1937, Central Philippines* Deep Philippines. Moderately deep 1844. Indo-Pacific. Offshore, to
moderately rare. Sculptu water; uncommon. Syn*^ cro- water; moderately common. 300 m; uncommon* Syn*:
^orm* Syn.: dormitor Fltsbr) ceus E. A. Smith (not Sowerby}. Light and fragile shell* fongurionis Kiener.
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES— CONIDAE 253

cm Cone
False Virgin (1 .5"") 4 cm Celine's Cone (4") 10 cm
Thomas Cone
SI, P") 7,5 cm Cone
Virgin (3") 7,5
Conus Virgo 1758. Indo-Paci- Conus emadatus Reeve, 1849. Conus coe//nae Crosse, 1858,
Conus thomae Gmeiinn 1791, L.,

Shallow water; common. Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; Hawaii to New Caledonia; Phil-
Indonesia, Offshore; formerly fic.

base. common. Sculpture of fine spi- ippines. Offshore; rare. Holo-

rare. Syn.: omaicus Hwass; Large purple blotch at
ral threads. type illus.
fousseaumei Couturier.

Conus coelinae Crosse, 1858. Conus coeiinae Crosse, 1858. Hash wa ji ma Cone
i (2 5")
. 6cm
Conus coelinae Crosse, 1858.
Shells from Midway and Ha- An elongated, brighter colored Conus kashiwajimensis Shi-
Very similar to C. virgo but
form, described as berdufinus kama, 1971. lapan to Taiwan;
S,
more slender and lacks purple waiian Islands are form spiceri
Veillard, 1972, Syn,; ^^kinioki/^ Sri Lanka. Deep water; rare.
Of violet base. This specimen Rehder ^ Bartsch (paratype).
Probably is coe//nae.
without pefiostracum.

cm Conus tribblei Walls, 1977, Dis- Bayan's Cone (2.5'') 6 cm

Augur Cone (2.5"') 6 cm Tribble^s Cone (3,4") 8.5

Conus tribblei Walls, 1977. Tai- tinguishable from C, rec/u- Conus bayani jousseaume,
Com/s augur Lightfoot, 1786.
zranus by its lack of undulate 1872. Indian Ocean, Moder-
Indian Ocean: S.W. Pacific. wan; Philippines; Solomons.
Named after a pet ately deep water; uncommon.
Shallow reef areas; moderately Deep water; moderately com- shoulders.
mon. Hololype illustrated. cat.
common.
254 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

(2") 5 cm Cone
Nielsen's (1 ,21 3 cm
Urashima Cone (23") 6 cm Cone
iecluz's (2.51 6,5 cm Cone
Nielsen's

Conys urBshimanus Kuroda & Conus redu^ianus Bemardi, Conus nidsenae Marshy 1%2. Conus nfe/senae Marsh, 1%2.
1853, S.W. Pacific. Deep water; Northern Australia; Kermadec Western Au straiia Locally com-
Ito, 1%1- Southern Japan; Phtl-
,

ipplnes. Deep water; moder- moderately common. Syn.: Islands. Offshore; moderately mon. Form reducfasp/ra//s
ately common. gforiakifensis K. & L uncommon. Wads, 1979 (holotype iltus.).

Nada Cone (11 2.5 cm Calf Cone (2") 5 cm Kermadec Cone (1.8'') 4.5 cm Striatellus Cone (1 .8") 4.5 cm
Conus kermadecensis redale, Conus striateHus Link, 1807.
Conus nadaensis (Azuma & Conus vHufinus Hwass, 1792. I

lndo*Pactfic. On reefs, under 1913, China Sea; Australia to E. Shallow water;

Indo-Pacific.
Toki, 1970), Off Nada, Waka^
yama, japan. Uncommon. coral; common. Syn.: prae- Africa, Moderate depths; un- moderately common. Syn.:
cfarus Fenaux. common. p u kh retin eatus Ho pwood

Comma Cone (1 .8") 4.5 cm Singed Cone (2.8") 7 cm Magus Cone (2,51 6 cm Conus magus 1., 1758. One of

Conus magus 1758. Indo- Pa- the most variable of all cones
Conus connectens A. Adams ^
Conus consors Sowerby, 1833. L,,

tndo-Pacific, Offshore; uncom- cific. Shallow water; common. with a seemingly endless range
1855, Western Pacific, Subtidal;
moderately rare, Syn.: pukhel- mon. Syn.: anceps A. Adams; Syn . ; cartna f us S wa r n so n of color patterns.

tus Swain son. dauiki Crosse.

 255
INDO-PACIFIC CONES— CON1DAE

(2.5'') 6 cm Cone
Palisade
(4’ ) 10 cm
(2.5") b cm Bubble Cone 1822.
Cone 3 cm Bubble Cone Conus cervus Lamarck^
Multilinear (
Conus bullatus L., 1758. Variety
Conus butlaius 1758. Indo-^ Re-
L.,
Philippines. Offshore; rare.
Conus polygrammus Tomlin, arhcufafa Dautxenberg is much
pacific. Offshore; uncommon. cently rediscovered. A
classic
1937, Western Pacific* Uncom- appreciated by collectors.
Syn.; pongo Shikama &
Oishii
mon* Syn*: multilineatus Sow- rarity among cones.
Ulus.). 1977.
erby (holotype

Cone (2.5") 6 cm
Clouded Cone (2") 5 cm Florldus
Du SavePs Cone (2") 5 cm
Vic Wee^s Cone (3") 7 ,5 cm
floccafus Sowerby* 1839.
Conus ffondus Sowerby, 1858.
Adams, Conus
N.E. Indian Ocean; W.
Conus dusaveU (H. Thai-
Conus viewed Old* 1973. Su- Pacific. Offshore reefs in deep
1872), Ryukyu Islands; Philip- Offshore; uncommon.
matra to Thailand. Deepwater; water; moderately rare.
land.
rare. Paratypes ih
pines. Deep water; moderately Syn,: chusaki da Motta.
moderately
rare.
lus.

Cone cm
8 cm PramparPs Cone (2.5 ')
6 cm Striate
{2.5") 6 cm Barltielemy^s Cone (2.5")
Conus striatas L., 1758. Indo-
Governor Cone
Conus barthelemyi Bernardi,
Conus barthelemyi form com-
Shallow water;
Conus gubernafor Hwass, 1792. leehmant da Motta & Rockel*
Pacific.
1861. Indian Ocean. Offshore; mon. C. terminus similar but
Indian Ocean. Shallow water; gaugini 1979. Uncommon. Indian
moderately rare. Syn.: lacks hairlines.
common. Ocean.
Richard & Salvat.
 256 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

PlanorbisCone (1*81 4.5 cm Dark Cone (1*81 4.5 cm Black-spot Cone (1 .21 3 cm Monastic Cone {T) 5 cm
Conus pianorbis Born, 1778. Conus furvus Reeve* 1843, S.W, Conus nigropunctatus Sow- Conus monachus L., 1758*
Indo-Padfic. Offshore; com- Pacific* Offshore to moderate erby, 1857. Indo-Pacifk, Shal- I ndo- Pacific* Shallow water;
mon- Syn*: chenui Crosse. depths; common. Numerous low water; moderately com- common. Syn*; achatinus
synonyms. mon. C me n v/nctus A Adams.
I i ; .

Parian Cone (1.21 3 cm Rayed Cone (2*5") 6 cm Prefect Cone (2") 5 cm Pilkey^s Cone (2*51 6 cm
Conus parius Reeve, 1844. Phil- Conus radiatus Gmelin, 1791. Conus ochro/eucus Cmelin, Conus piikeyi Petuch, 1974* Fiji
ippines to New Hebrides. On Fiji to Philippines. Moderate 1791. Philippines; New Guinea. to Philippines, Offshore; un-
reefs, under coral; common* depths; common* Spiral ridges Moderately deep water; com- common. Close to C ochro-
on spire whorls. mon. Syn.: praefectvs Hwass, feucus but spire lower.

Janus Cone (2,51 6 cm SpecterCone (1 .S'") 4 cm StiJIale Cone (1,51 4 cm Sprinkled Cone (1 .41 3.5 cm
Conus /an os Hwass, 1792* East Conus speclrum L., 1758, West- Conus spectrum form sf/7/atus Conus conspersus Reeve, 1844*
coast of central Africa and the ern Pacific. Offshore; moder- Reeve, 1849, comes from Aus- Philippines; Indonesia. Moder-
Mascarene Islands* Offshore; ately common. tralia* Common, ately deep water; uncommon,
uncommon. (Form daphne Boivin, 1864.)
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE 257

Cone 3.5 cm Lynceus Cone (2.5") 6.5 cm

Wittig's Cane f1 A") 3.5 cm Lienard's Cone (1 .5") 3.5 cm Lienard's (1 .4'')

Conus Uenardi Bernard! & Conus lynceus Sowerby,1857.

Conus wfttigf Walls, 1977. Conus lienardi Bernard! &
Crosse, 1861. Melanesia (New Indo-Pacific. Offshore; moder-
Simda Island (Indonesia). Shal- Crosse, 1861. Melanesia (New
common. Caledonta). Shallow water; un- ately uncommon. Aperture
low water; rare. Has tented pat- Caledonia). Locally
common. Close to C. cme/eus. pink.
tern of a "textile" cone. Variable patterns.

cm Lithograph Cone (2^') 5 cm Pertusus Cone d 2") 3 cm

Sunburnt Cone (2"') 5 cm Thunder boll Cone (2") 5
Conus litogiyphus Hwass, 1792. Conus p erf us us Hwass, 1792.
Conus ctnereus Hwass, 1792. Conus fulm^n Reeve, 1843.
Indo-Padfic. Shallow water; Indo-Pacific. Offshore to mod-
Western Pacific: Indonesia. Southern |apan to Ryukyus.
common. common. C. lithoglyphus is erate depths; uncommon.
Offshore; common. Form Deep water; locally
Syn.: kirai Kuroda. misspelling.
gubba Kiener is almost black.

cm Angas's Cone (1 -4") 3,5 cm Papilla Cone (1 .4") 3.5 cm

Back-end Cone (1") 2.5 cm Back-end Cone (1") 2.5
angasi Tryon, 1883. Conus papilliferus Sowerby,
Conus aplustre Reeve, 1843. A Conus E.
Conus aplustre Reeve, 1843. 1834. Eastern Australia. Shallow
young specimen showing spe- Australia. Moderately deep wa-
Australia. Intertidal; common.
ter; uncommon. Syn.: mefca/- water; common.
Syn.: lugubris Reeve. cial color patterns.
fei Angas,
 T

258 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Anemone Cone (2*0 5 cm Anemone Cone (2") 5 cm Hyena Cone (2"^) 5 cm Cuming's Cone (1") 2,5 cm

Conus anemone Lamarck, Conus anemono Lamarck, Conus hyaena Hwass, 1792. In- Conus cumingii Reeve, 1848.
1810, Southern Australia* Off- 1818. One of numerous forms, dia, Bay of Bengal. Ttde pools Philippines to Solomons and
shore; common* this has been called peronianus and offshore; common. Syn.: Queensland, Moderate to shal-
iredale. mufab///s Reeve. low water; uncommon.

Cone
Cabrit's (1”) 2.5 cm Ad m ra ble Cone
i ( 1 5^') 4 cm
. Rat Cone (1 .8") 4.5 cm Smoky Cone (1”) 2.5 cm

Conus csbritii Bernardi, 1858. Conus praecelfens A. Adams, Conus rattus Hwass, 1792. Conus fumfgatus Hwass, 1792.
New Caledonia {endemic). 1854. Western Pacific. Deepwa- Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; Red Sea area. Shallow water;
Shallow water; uncommon. ter; moderately common. common. Syn,: taitensis moderately common. Syn*: pa-
Syn*; vayssef/anos Crosse* Syn.: sowerbyi Sowerby. Hwass; viridis Sowerby. Zii Bernard! adustus Sowerby,
;

Cone
Klem's (2") 5 cm Cat Cone (1 .5") 4 cm Cone
Soldier (3") 7.5 cm Characteristic Cone (2") 5 cm
Conus khmae (Cotton, 1953). Conus cafus Hwass, 1792* Indo- Conus mifes L., 1758. Indo-Pa- Conus caractenstfcus C. Fi-

Southern Aystralia* Offshore to Pacific. Intertidal, on reefs; cific. Offshore to moderate scher, Indo-W. Pacific.
1807.
moderate depths; uncommon* common. Syn.: discrepans depths; common, Periostra- Shallow water; moderately
Syn,: coraHnus Habe& Kosyge, Sowerby; purus Pease, cum thick. common.
 259
INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Cone {1-4") 3 5 cm
Bloodstained

Hwass, 1792. Conus sanguinolentus Quoy &

Conus Reeve, 1848. Pa-
frigidus Conus iividus
Conus flavidus Lamarck, 1810.
Indo-Padfic* Shallow water;
Catmard, 1834. Indo-Pacific,
Shallow water; locally common.
Indo-Pacific. Shallow water;
cific,
common. Has promir\ent Shallow water;
common. Has 3 spiral ridges on
common. Lacks coronat ions on
rounded coronations.
each spire whorL
spire whorls.

Morelet's Cone t1 -S'*) 4 cm Ringed Cone HS ) 4 cm

Cone H ^ Conus biiiosus (Rdding, 1799).
Little
Conus moreieti Crosse, 1859. Conus bafteatus Sowerby,
Conus par\/u}us Link, 1807. On interti- Indian Ocean. Shallow water;
On reefs, under 1833. Indo-Pacific.
Indo-Pacific. Syn.: p/peraius
Western Pacific. Shallow water; dal reefs; uncommon. common.
common. coral; locally common.
moderately Dillwyn.

3.5 cm Coffee Cone (1 -8") 4.5 cm

Muricate Cone (1 .4")
Meyer^s Bilious Cone
Conus muncufafus Sowerby, Conus excavatus Sowerby,
(1,8") 4,S cm Conus encausfus Ktener, 1045, 1866.Red Sea; western Indian
1833, S.W. Pacific- Offshore;
Conus bdiosus subspecies Marquesas Islands. Shallow Ocean. Offshore; common.
water; common. Thick and
uncommon. Smooth and gran-
meyeri Walls, 1979. South Af- ulose forms occur.
Syn.: coffeae of authors.
heavy. Syn.: praetextus Reeve.
rica. Holotype illus.
 260 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Abbreviated Cone (1 *6'’) 4 cm R nged Cone T .4" 3.5cm

i
( ) Red Sea Cone (11 2.5 cm Thousand-spot Cone (11 2.5 cm
Conus sbbrcviatus Reeve 1 843. Coous taeniatus Hwass, 1792. Conus erylhraeensis Reeve,
,
Conus Hwass, 1792.
m///ar/s
Hawaiian Islands (endemic). Red Sea; northwestern Indian 1843. Red Sea and adjacent ar- Indo-Padfic. Shallow water;
Ree^s; common. Ocean. Offshore; common. eas. Shallow water; common. common. Syn.: barbadensis
Thick and heavy for its size. Hwass.

Crowned Cone (1 .2"} 3 cm Lightning Cone {V) 2.5 cm Obese Cone (1 .81 4.5 cm Fly-specked Cone (2”) 5 cm
Conus coronatus Cmelin, 1791 Conus fulgetrum Sowerby^ Conus zeyfanicus CmeMn, Conus stercusmuscarum L,,
Jndo-Paciffc. Intertidal reefs; 1834. Indo-Padfic. Shallow wa- 1791. Indian Ocean. Shallow 1758. Western Pacific.Shallow
common. ter; moderately common. water; moderately uncommon. water; common. Spots may
Syn. : scaber Kiener. Note hairlines in the pattern. fuse into blotches.

Sand-dustedCone (1 .5") 4 cm Cone cm Hebrew Cone

fiea-brte (2.5") 6 (1.51 4 cm Vermiculate Cone (1 .21 3 cm
Conus arenatus Hwass, 1792, Conys puficar/us Hwass, 1792. Conns ebraeus L., 1758. Indo- Conus chafdeus (Roding, 1798).
Indo-Padfic. Shallow water; tndo'Pacifrc. Intertidal, in Pacific (including coast of Cen- Indo-Padfic (Including coast of
common. Granulose speci- sand; common. tral America). Shallow water; Central America). In sand, shal-
mens are known. common. Rarely pinkish. low water; common.
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE 261

Grand Cone (51 12*5 cm Smirna Cone (3'') 7*5 cm Glossy Cone (11 2*5 cm
Cone
Stupella (2.81 7 cm
Conus pergrandis (I redale, Conus smirna Bartsch & Reh- Conus darus E. A. Smith, 1881*
Conos stupdia (Kuroda, 1956).
1937). Western Pacific* Deep der, 1943. Southern japan; Ha- Southern and Western Austra-
Southern japan and Taiwan.
water; rare* Syn.: fietchen Pe- waii. Deep water; rare* Syn*: lia. Offshore; uncommon,
Deep water- moderately rare.
luch & Mendenhall, profundorum Kuroda, Syn , ; s egravei Ga 1 1 1 ff .

Fresh shells violeC

cm Sooth African Music Cone 2 cm Molucca Cone (1 .5") 4 cm

Marriage Cone (1") 2.5
Conus sponsa//s sponsalts Conus musicus Hwass, 1792* Conus musicus subspecies par- Conus moiuccensis Kiister,
Indo-W. Pacific. Shallow water; valus Walls, 1979* South Africa. 1838. Western Pacific, Off-
Hwass, 1792* tndo-Pacific* Shal-
low water; common, Syn,: iocally common. C sponsafis Reef beaches; common. Holo- shore; rare. Outer lip concave*
more convex. type ill us. Syn*: staioforthii Reeve,
nanus Sowerby-

cm Proximus Cone *41 3*5 cm Cone

Mariel"s (1 .4") 3.5 cm Stormy Cone (1 4.5 cm
Proximus Cone (1 .4'’) 3*5 (1

Conus proximus Sowerby, Conus marieiae Rehder & Conus nimbosus Hwass, 1792.
Conus proximos Sowerby*
1859. A New Guinea color form Wilson, 1975* Marquesas Is- Indo-W. Pacific* Moderately
1859, Western Pacific, Moder*
without large blotches. Un- lands. Moderately deep water; deep water; uncommon* Spire
ately deep water; moderately
common. rare* Holotype illustrated* whorls have strong spiral.
rare. Outer lip straight*
262 INDO-PACIFIC CONES — CONIDAE

Cone
Red-starned (1.5") 4 cm Cocceus Cone {1 .5") 4 cm Memr's Cone f1 .2”) 3 cm Violet-mouth Cone (1.4") 3.5 cm
Conus rufimaculosus Macpher- Com/s cocceus Reeve, 1644. Conus memiae (Habe & Ko- Conus fodostoma Reeve, 1843.
Deep
son, 1959. East Australia. Western Australia. Shallow wa- suge, 1960). Western Pacific. Western Indian Ocean. Off-
water; moderately common. ter; locally common. Syn.: Deepwater; rare. Syn,: adonis shore; uncommon.
kieneri Crosse, Shikama.

Timor Cone (1.5") 4 cm Nisus Cone (2") 5 cm Minna mu rra Cone (1") 2.S cm Wallangra Cone (1 .4") 3.5 cm
Conus timorensis Hwass, 1792. Coous stramineus Lamarck, Conus mtnnamurra (Garrard, Conus wallangra (Garrard,
Mauritius to New Guinea. 1810. Indo-W. Pacific. Off- 1%1). S.E. Australia. Deep wa- 1%1). Southern Queensland;
Moderately deep water; rare. shore; common. Syn,: alveolus ter; uncommon. northern New South Wales.
Syn,: traversianus Smith. Sowerby; msus Kiener, Deep water; uncommon.

Brown-flame Cone (1,2") 3 cm Clay Cone (2") 5 cm Luteus Cone (1.2") 3 cm N eptune Cone (1 5" , ) 4 cm
Conus ientiginosus Reeve, Conus argil laceus Perry, 1611. Conus luteus Sowerby, 1833. Conus nepfunus Reeve, 1843.
1644. Northern Indian Ocean. N.W. Indian Ocean, Coral Indo-Pacific. Dredged or S.W. Pacific. Deep water; rare.
Shallow water; moderately reefs; uncommon. Syn.; splen- beach; moderately rare. Usu- Pattern constant. Syn.: neptu-
common. didulus Sowerby, ally rather worn. noides E. A. Smith.
 INDO-PACIFIC CONES— CONIDAE 263

(1.4") 3.5 cm Thin-line Cone (1.1'^) 2.7 cm

Sukate Cone (Iks'") 7 cm Deep-grooved Cone (1 .5") 4 cm SibogaCone
Conus s/6ogae Schepman, Cofjus fificinctus Schepman,
Com/s sulcatus Hwass, 1792^ Ja- Conus mucronafus Reeve,
1913,Indonesia to Queens- 1913. java. Deep water; rare.
pan; Taiwan; Bay of Bengal to T843. China Sea; Philippines.
Moderately deep water; Holotype illustrated.
Solomons. Offshore; com- Offshore; common. Syn.: ala- land.

baster Reeve. uncommon. Holotype illus.

mon. Syn*: bocki Sowerby.

(1.4") 3.5 cm Cone

Varius (1 -5") 4 cm
Distant Cone (3.5") 9 cm Stigmatic Cone (1 .6") 4 cm Ribbon Cone
Conus varius L., 1758. East Af*
distans Hwass, 1792. Conus stigmaticus A. Adams, Conus /emniscalus Reeve,
Conus rtca to Fi ji . Shallow sands; com-
1853. S.W. Pacific. Reefs; un- 1849, Northern Indian Ocean.
Shallow reefs;
Indo^Pacific. Adams.
Offshore; uncommon. Syn.: mon. Syn.: hevassii A.
common. Syn.; waferhouse/ common. May be form of erne-
reus. sagrtfatus Sowerby.
Brazier.

cm Cone
Chiang's (0.8") 2 cm
Cone (1.2") 3 cm Kinoshita's Cone (2.8") 7
Axelrod's Cone (0.6") 1.6 cm Boeticus
Conus kinoshltai (Kuroda, Conus chfangi (Azuma, 1972).
Conus axe/rocf/ Walls, 1978. Tai- Conus boeticus Reeve, 1844.
China Sea; Philippines; Taiwan; southern japan. Off-
New Guinea. Offshore; Indo-Pacific. On
sand, shallow 1956).
warii to
Solomons. Moderately deep shore coral banks; uncommon.
moderately common. Holo- water; common. Very variable
water; uncommon. Possibly a turrid.
lype ilJusirated. pattern.
 264 INDO-PACIFIC AND MEDITERRANEAN CONES — CONIDAE

Piihl's Cone (2,5") 6 cm Mau ri ian Cone 2") 3cm

1 Cone
Nussatella n,2"l 3 cm
I
f ,
Tendrneus Cone (2"^) 5 cm
Conus poehiianus Sowerby^ Conus cerni^us H. Adams, Conus nussaJe//aL.,T 758. Indo- Conus viokceus Gmelin, 1791.
18S7. S,W* Pacific. ShaMow 1869. Western Indian Ocean. Pacific. Shallow water; com*
sands; uncommon.
Indian Ocean. Fairly common
Offshore; uncommon. Syn.: mon. on reefs* Syn.i tendinous
propinquus E, A. Smith. Hwass.

Illustrious Cone (3,4'^) 8.S cm Exceptional Cone (1 ,5") 4 cm Schepman^s Cone 2*5 cm Typhon Cone
(1”) (1.5") 4 cm
Conm exce/sus Sowerby, 1908. Conus Reeve, 1849.
exifTJius Conus schepmant Fulton, 1936* Conus typhon Kifburn, 1975.
Western Pacific. Offshore; S*E. Asia; Phitippmes. Shaltow S.W. Pacific* Deep water; rare* Off Natal and Mozambique.
rare* Syn.; tannaensis Cotton: water; uncommon* Syn.: elegans Schepman not Deep water; uncommon*
nakayasui Shikama & Habe.
Sowerby*

MEDITERRANEAN CONES

Only one living cone is found in

the Mediterranean, although it

is very variable and has re-

ceived over 80 names* Rarefy,
sinistralspecimens are found.
Forms or subspecies of C. ven-
trkosus occur in N.W, Africa
and the Canary Islands.

Cone
Cuvier's (1 .51 4 cm Burnished Cone cm
(0.5") 1 .2 Cone
Pontifical (1 .2") 3 cm
Conus cuvien Crosse, T8S8* Conus rutifus Menke, 1843. Conus dorreensis Peron, 1807*
Red Sea. Shallow water; un- Southern half of Australia; Tas- Western Australia. Shallow wa-
common. Very thin and light. mania* Shallow water; moder* ter; common. Syn.: ponttftcahs
ately common. Usually eroded* Lamarck*
 MEDITERRANEAN AND WEST AFRICAN CONES — CONIDAE 265

WEST AFRICAN and

SOUTH AFRICAN
CONES

The West African cones are so

variable that their speciation is

not clear. Some are variants of

the /Vlediierranean Cone. Oth-
ers are distinct. South Africa
has a mixture of endemics, In-
dian Ocean and West African
species.

(1 .5”) 4 cm
Mediterranean Cone Mediterranean Cone n.S*') 4 cm Cone
Butterfly (4") 10 cm
Conus \^enincosus Gmelin, Con os venfncosos Cmelrn, Conus pulcher Lightfoot, 1786.
1791, Mediterranean; Wesi Af- 1791.Forms such as aemufus S.W. Africa. Shallow water;
rica.Shallow water; common. Reeve and hybridijs Kiener are common. Syn.: prametheus
Syn.: mediterranGus Hwass. very closely related. Hwass; pap/7/onaceus Hwass.

Cone (2'"} 5 cm
Lesser Butterfly Cone
Variable f1 ,2") 3 cm Cone
Vari able 1 2" 3 cm
( . ) Onion Cone (1.2'9 3 cm
Conus bysstnus (Roding, 1798), Conus vartegatus Kiener, 1845. Conus varlogatus Kiener, 1845, Conus bufbus Reeve, 1843.
West Africa. Shallow water; Southern West Africa. Shallow There are many banded va- Southern West Africa. Interti-
moderately common. Has been water; moderately common, rieties of this cone, some very dal and offshore; common.
confused with C. pulcher. Syn.: chytreus Tryon, striking. Syn.: zebroides Kiener.

Corw
Clover's (I'O 2,5 cm Clover's Cone (1") 2.5 cm Cape Verde Cone (1 .4") 3.5 cm Cape Verde Cone (1 A"") 3.5 cm
Conus soaresf Trovao, 1978. Conus soaresi Trovao, 1978. Conus venutatus Hwass, 1792. Conus venutatus Hwass, 1792.
Senegal; West Africa. Shallow Uncommon and slightly varia- Cape Verde Islands. Shallow This species also occurs along
water; uncommon. Syn,: ble cone. Given two names water; uncommon. Syn.: n/Vo- the West African coast. Shells
doveri Walls, 1978. Type illus. within days of each other. sus Lamarck; trodiulus Reeve. are often eroded.
 266 WEST AFRICAN CONES — CONIDAE

Girdled Cone (1 .2") 3 cm Conus baheus Wood, 1828. Trader Cone (1.2") 3 cm Ambiguous Cone (1 .5") 4 cm

CortiiS 6a/feus Wood, 182S. One of the synonyms of this Conus mercafor L., 1758. West Comvs ambiguus Reeve, 1844.
Cape Verde Islands (endemic). cone is cuneolus Reeve. The Africa; Cape Verde Isiands, West Africa. 1 to 30 m; moder-
Shallow water; uncommon. name was based on a dark-col* Shallow water; locally com* ately common. Syn.: gemanit
Very variable in pattern. ored sheik mon, Syn.r famarckii Krener. Petuch.

Turtle Corw (2“) 5 cm Ruddy Cone (1 .5”) 4 cm Tasle's Cone f1 .5*^) 4 cm Turret Cone (3") 7.5 cm
Coni/s erminetis Born, 1778. Conus tmianus Hwass, 1792. Contis tastei Kiener, IMS. S.W. Conus a/fisp/rafus Sowerby,
West Africa; West Indies. Off- South Africa. Shallow water; Africa.Shallow to moderately 1873. South Africa. Offshore,
shore; moderately common. common, as beach shells. Per** deepwater; uncommon. Syn.: 60-700 m; uncommon. Syn.:
Syn.: ranuncttfvs Hwass. feet shells rare. desidfosus A. Adams. turritus Sowerby,

Bay Cone
leffreys (1 S'") 4 cm Cone
Bairstow's (1 .5”) 4 cm

Conus algoensfs Sowerby, Com/s infrenatus Reeve, t848. Conus bairstowi Sowerby, Conus guineensis GmeMn,
1834. South Africa. Offshore; South Africa. Offshore; com- 1889. Cape Province, South Af- 1791, South Africa. Offshore;
common as a beach shell. On mon as a beach shell. C. visa- rica, Beach shells only known; common as a beach shell. Syn.
left is form simpfex Sowerby. genus Kilburn may be this. uncommon. in form is Hwass.
 WEST AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN CONES — CONIDAE 267

FLORIDA and
CARIBBEAN CONES

From Bermuda to northern Bra-

zil the Western Atlantic sup-
ports fewer than tour dozen
species of cones. Recent scuba
diving has been bringing up
new West In-
varieties in the
dies.

Hybrid Cone (1 .2 ") 3 cm Hybrid Cone (1 .2") 3 cm GarterCone (2”) 5 cm

Conus aemuius Reeve, 1844, Conus aemufus form hybridus Conus genuanus L., 1758. West
form hybridus Kiener, 1845. Kiener, 1645. West Africa. Varia* Africa. Shallow water. Fairly
West Africa. Common. C. tion in pattern. common. Syn.: sphinx Roding.
aemutus has dotted white lines.

Alphabet Cone (2'") 5 cm Gold-banded Cone (2.5") 6 cm Cone

Lorenz's (2.5"} 6 cm Lorenz's Cone (2.5") 6 cm
Coni/s spunus Cmelin, 1791. Conus spurius form aureofas- Conus spurius subspecies This form from Honduras in
is

S.E.United States and West In* c/a f us Rehder & Abbott, 1951 A . torenzianus DHIwyn, 1817. deep water. Some forms have
dies.Common. Syn.: proteus freak color form from the Gulf Many races exist to the south of large brown blotches.
Hwass. of Mexico. Rare. Florida.

Cone
Lorenz's (2,5") 6 cm Cone
Sennott 's (1
2" 3 c m
. ) Crown Cone (2") S cm Yellow Crown Cone (2") 5 cm
Conus spurius subspecies Conus sennottorum Rehder & Cone regius Cmelin, 1791. Conus regius Cmelin, 1791.

iorenzianus Dillwyn, 1817. This Abbott, 1951 Off Yucatan; rare.

. Georgia; South Florida; West This striking color form is

is the typical form found in Co* Most specimens are more pear- indies; Brazil. Moderately called dtrinus Cmelin, 1791.

tombia and Venezuela. shaped. deep water; common.

 268 CARIBBEAN CONES — CONIDAE

Sozon's Cone (3") 7.5 cm Centurion Cone (2") 5 cm Amphiurgus Cone (1.5”) 4 cm JuliaClench's Cone (1.5”) 4 cm
Conus delessertii R^cluz, 1843. Conus centurio Born, 1778. Conus amphiurgus Dali, 1889. Conus amphiurgus form juliae
S.E. United States. Offshore Caribbean. Moderate depths, S.E. United States; Puerto Clench, 1942. S.E. United
reefs; uncommon. Syn.: so- or beached; uncommon. Syn.: Rico; Yucatan. Offshore; un- States. 2 to 50 m; uncommon.
zoni Bartsch. woolseyi M. Smith. common. Holotype illus.

Carrot Cone (1.5") 4 cm lucunda Cone cm Cone

(1 .2") 3 Abbott's (1 .3”) 3 cm ThinCone (1”) 2.5 cm
Conus daucus Hwass, 1792. Conus jucundus Sowerby, Conus abbotti Clench, 1946. Conus attenuatus Reeve, 1844.
N.E. Brazil and Caribbean. Off- 1887. Caribbean. Like cardina/is Bahamas. Rare. Holotype illus. Caribbean. Shallow water;
shore; uncommon. Syn.: pas- but aperture white, not pink.
moderately rare. Often more
tinaca Lamarck.
slender than this specimen.

Florida Cone (1.5") 4 cm Mouse Cone (1.2") 3 cm TurtleCone (2.5”) 6 cm

Conus
Clery'sCone (1.5”) 4 cm
floridana Gabb, 1868. Conus mus Hwass, 1792. S.E. Conus ermineus Born, 1778. Conus Reeve, 1844. Brazil
cterii
S.E. United States. Common. Florida; West Indies; Bermuda. Gulf of Mexico to Brazil; West to N. Argentina. Offshore; un-
Top: holotype, form burryae Rocky shore beaches; locally Africa. Offshore; common. common. Syn.: clenchi Mar-
Clench, 1942. common. Syn.: testudinarius Hwass. tins.
 CARIBBEAN CONES — CONIDAE 269

Bermuda Cone (1 .S'*) 4 cm Conus mindanus Hwass, 1792. Cone

Villepin's (2.5") 6 cm Glory-of-the-Atlantk (2") 5 cm
Conus mindanus Hwass, 1792. A confusing species with nu- Conus W//ep/n// Fischer & Conus granufatus L, 1758, S.E.
Bermuda to Brazil. Offshore; merous forms, including this Bernardi, 1857. Florida to Bra- Florida and West Indies. Off-
locally common. Syn.: her mu- pustulose one. Sometimes zil. Deepwater; rare. Syn.; fos- shore rock slabs. 5 to 70 m; un-
densis Clench. darkly colored. ter/ Cl. & Ag, (holotype). common.

Cardinal Cone (1 ,4'’) 3.5 cm Pars Cone {V) 2.5 cm Cone

Kulkulcan (0.7") 1,8 cm Hieroglyphic Cone (0.8") 2 cm
Conus cardirtaUs Hwass, 1792. Conus patae Abbott, 1971. Conus kuikukan Petuch, 1980. Conus hierogiyphus Duclos,
Caribbean. Shallow reefs; lo- South Florida; Jamaica; Baha- Caribbean. Shallow reefs; un- 1833. Netherlands Antilles; |a-
cally common. Aperture rose. mas. Dredged; rare. Has axial common. May be a dark form maica. Shallow water; moder-
plications. of cardinaiis. ately rare. Syn.: armifiatus Ad.

Pinpoint Cone (0.8") 2 cm Brazil Cone 2.5 cm Maze's Cone cm fO.0"J 2 cm

(1") (1 .8") 4.5 Raines'sCone
Conus puncticufatus Hwass, Conus beddomei Sowerby, Conus maze/ Deshayes, 1874, Conus maze/ Deshayes, 1874.
1792. Caribbean to northern 1901. Central Brazil. Shallow South Florida to Brazil, Off- Young form with carinate mar-
Brazil. Offshore; common. water; uncommon. Syn.: bras/- shore to deep water; moder- gins. Form rainesae McGinty,
Syn,: cofamba Hwass. tiensis Clench. ately rare. 1953, Gulf of Mexico.
270 CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC-PAN AMIC CONES — CONIDAE

Cone 0”) 2.5 cm Golden Cone (1 .8") 4.5 cm Matchless Cone (2'^) 5 cm Caledonica Cone (2") 5 cm
Coudert's
Conus couderti Bernardi, 1860. Conus aurantius Hwass, 1792. Conus cedonuifi L., 1767, West Conus cedonulii form cafe-

Southern Caribbean. Uncom- Indies. Moderately deep wa- donicus Hwass, 1792. Lesser
Lesser Antilles. Near reefs. 1 to
mon. ter; rare. Antilles. Rare.
TO m; rare to uncommon.

(1.4") 3.S cm Cone (1") 2,5 cm

Austin's Cone (2") 5 cm Stimpson^s Cone (1 .5”) 4 cm Armored Cone jasper

Conus stimpsonf Dali, 1902. Conus armiger Crosse, 1858, Conus jaspideus GmeUn, 1791.
Conus cancellatus Hwass, 1792.
S.E. United States to Yucatan. form frisbeyae Clench & Pulley, Gulf of Mexico to cent ral Brazil
Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Off-
Deep water; uncommon. 1952 (holotype ill us.). Syn,: faa- Offshore to moderate depths;
shore; uncommon. Syn.: aus-
Uni Rehder & Abbott. Holotype ill us. fanensis Usticke; darki R. & A. common. Highly variable.

PANAMtC CONES
(EASTERN PACIFIC)

A rich cone fauna exists from

the Gulf of California to north-
ern Ecuador. Many species are
endemic, but some are closely
related to Caribbean cones. A
few are Indo-Pacific escapees.

(0.8") 2 cm Verrucose Cone (1") 2.5 cm Cone

Kerstitch's (1 .51 4 cm
Stearns'sCone
Conus jaspideus Cmelin, 1791. Conus kerstitchi Walls, 1978.
Conus jaspideus Gmelin, 1791.
This pustuled form is common West Mexico and Baia Califor-
The relatively narrow and elon-
in Caribbean. Form verrucosus
nia. Offshore; rare. Holotype
gate variety, known as stearnsii
illustrated.
Conrad^ occurs in Florida. Hwass.
 .

PANAMIC CONES — CONIDAE 271

cm Cone
Prince (3,61 9 cm Orange Prince Cone (2.5") 6 cm
TiaraCone H"") 2.5 cm Magistrate Cone (2.5") 6.5
Conus pn'nceps L.# 1758. Gulf of Conus pfinceps L, 1758. Rare
Conus tiaratus Sower by 1833. Conus archon Broderip, 1833*
^

California to Ecuador. Shallow form apogrammatus Dali, 1910,

West Mexico to Ecuador; Gala- Gulf of California to Panama.
uncommon. having fine axial streaks.
pagos. Shallow water; com- Offshore to 100m; uncommon. water;

mon. Syn^i roosGvelii B, St R. Syn.: sanguineus Kiener.

Spiderweb Cone 4.5 cm Bosch's Cone (1") 2.5 cm

Gladiator Cone (1 .2") 3 cm Purple Cone (2.S") 6 cm (1 .8")

Conus hoschi Clover, 1972.

1833 Conus purpurascens Sowerby, Conus luddus Wood, 1828.
Conus gladiator Broderi Oman coast and N.W. Indian
1833, Gulf of California to Peru, Baja California to Ecuador; Ga-
Gulf of California to Peru. Shal- Ocean. Offshore; uncommon.
rock ledges; moder- lapagos. Offshore; locally com-
low water; common. Intertidal
ately common. mon.

10 cm Orion Cone (1.21 3 cm

Pear-shaped Cone 10 cm Ferguson's Cone (4")
n.2") 3 cm
(4'')
Ribboned Cone Conus orian Broderip, 1833.
Hwass, 1792. Conus patridus Hinds^ 1843. Conus fergusoni Sowerby^
Conus vittatus
West Mexico to Colombia.
Gulf of California to Ecuador. 1873. Gulf of California to Ecua-
Gulf of Californta to Ecuador* Shallow water; rare. Syn.:
Offshore; common. Syn.; pyri- dor. Offshore to moderate
Offshore; uncommon. Color drangai Schwengei.
formis Reeve. depths; common.
pattern variable.
272 PANAMIC CONES— CONIDAE

(2,5") 6 cm Poor man's Cone (2") 5 cm Panama Cone (2") 5 cm

Virgate
Arched Cone (1 S") 4 cm Recurved Cone
Conus recurvus Broderip, 1833. Conus poormant Berry, 1968, Conus vifgatus Reeve, 1849,
Conus arcuatus Broderip &
W* Mexico to Ecuador. Off- Gulf of California to Gulf of West Mexico to Ecuador. Shal-
Sowerby, 1829. Gulf of Caltfor*
Panama. Offshore; uncom- low water; moderately com-
nia to Colombia, Moderately shore; common. Name con-
served. Syn.: ^ncurvus Brod. mon. mon, Syn,: s/gnae Bartsch.
deepwater; common.

cm Gradated Cone (2,5") 6 cm Grooved Cone (1 ,4") 3,5 cm

Guaymas Cone (2") 5
Dali, 1910, Conus gradatus Wood, 1828. Conus tornatus Sowerby, 1833.
Conus dalli Stearns, 1873. West Conus xanthtcus
Gulf of California to Peru, Off- Gulf of California to Ecuador,
Mexico to Panama. Uncom* Gulf of California. Deep water;
shore; common. Offshore; moderately com-
mon. Holotype illustrated. rare. Syn,: chrysocesfus Berry,
mon.

Ba rtsc h 's Cone (1 5") 4cm

(2") 5 cm Diadem Cone (1 S") 4 cm
.

Interrupted Cone Wood's Brown Cone

Conus diadema Sowerby, 1834. Conus bartsch Hanna &
Conus x/menes Conus brunneus Wood^ 1828.
Gulf of California to Panama; Strong, 1949. Gulf of California
Gulf of California to Peru. In- Gulf of California; Baja Califor-
Galapagos. Intertidal rocky to Costa Rica, Offshore, 10-50
tertidal; common, Syn*: mfer- nia to Ecuador, Intertidal to
moderate depths; common. ledges: moderately common. m; moderately rare.
ruptus Wood*
 AUGERS — TEREBRIDAE 273

AUGER SHELLS
FAMILY TEREBRIDAE

Large family of long, slender

shells with many whorls.
Smooth or ornamented^ often
highly colored, they differ from
turret-shells by having short
anterior canal and narrow aper-
ture. Thin operculum is placed
on small foot. Radula with one
or two teeth. Sand-dwelling
carnivores of warm waters.
13 cm Agate Auger (2.5") 6 cm
Marlinspike (&”) IS cm Subulate Auger (5")

1758). Terebra subutata (L., 1767). Terebra acbafes Weaver, 1960,

Terebm macu/afa (L,,
Indo-Pacific. In sand, shallow Hawaii. 3 to 100 m; uncommon.
Indo-Pacific. In sand, shallow
water; common. Thick and water; moderately common. Punctate spiral striae.

macuhsa Pfeiffer. Syn tig re um M ontfo rt

heavy, Syn.: , :

Faval Auger 7 cm (2.7") Dimidiate Auger (5") 13 cm

Spotted Auger (5") 13 cm Fly-spotted Auger (5") 13 cm
1807). Terebra senega fen s/s Lamarck, Terebra dtmidiata (L., 1758),
Terebra areolata {Link,
Terebra guttata (Roding, 1798).
1822. West Africa. In sand; Indo-Padfic. In sand, shallow
Indo-Pacific. Shallow water, Indo-Pacific. In sand, shallow
common, moderately common. Syn.: water; common. Syn.: carnea
sand; uncommon. Syn.: ocu/a- water; moderately
favat Orbigny. Perry; spler^dens Deshayes.
fum Dillwyn; loroki Deshayes. Syn.: mu^cana Lamarck.

(2.7") 7 cm
(2.51 6 cm Tiger Auger (2.71 7 cm Argus Auger
Sandbeach Auger (2.5") 6 cm Short Auger
Terebra fetma (Dillwyn, 1617). Terebra argus Hinds, 1844. Paci-
Impages hectica (L., 1758). En- Terebra chhraia Lamarck, 1822.
Indo-Pacific. In sand; moder- fic. In sand; moderately rare.
tire Indo-Pacific. Intertidal Indo-Pacific. Shallow water to
com- ately common. Syn.: tigrinum Syn.; brachygyra Pilsbry.
sand beaches: locally com- 10 m, in sand; moderately
mon. Cmelin; suffusa Pease,
mon.
274 AUGERS — TEREBRIDAE

C repiJ Jate Auge r (4") 10cm Finely Crenulate Auger Fimbriate Auger (41 10 cm Triseriate Auger (4") 10 cm
Terebra crenulata (L., 1758). m
form
10 cm Terebra crenulata form fim~
Deshayes, 1657. Knobs
Terebra triseriata Cray, 1834,
S.W. Pacific. Shallow water; un-
Indo-Padfic. In sand, shallow Terebra crenulata /nfer//n* briata
water; moderately common. eata Deshayes, 1859. Indian usually finer, Intergrades exist. common, Syn.: cancellata Rod-
Syn.: varicosam Gmelin. Ocean; uncommon. Common. ing.

Splendid Auger (5"') 13 cm Many ^spotted Auger (3"') 7.5 cm Pencil Auger (1 .21 3 cm Lance Auger (2.51 8.5 cm
Terebra pref/osa Reeve, 1842. Terebra commaculata (Gmelin, Hastafa penic/7/afa (Hinds, Hastula lanceata (L,, 1767).
Eastern Asia. Moderately rare, 1791), Indo-Pacific. On sand, 1844), Indo-Pacific, Shallow wa- Indo-Pacific. On sand, shallow
especially full grown and per- shaflow water; uncommon, ter; locally common, Syn.; bet- water; common. Syn,: oahuen-
fect. Syn.: myums Lamarck, syae R. D. Burch, sis Pilsbry.

Wide-moulh Auger (1 ,7”) 4.5 cm Duplicate Auger (2") 5 cm Unrolled Auger (2,5") 8 cm Auger
Cerithlike (21 5 cm
Hastula styiata f Hinds, 1844), Duplkaria duplfcata (L,, 1758). Dupiicaria evoluta (Deshayes, Terebra ceritbina Lamarck,
Indo-Pacific. On sand, shallow Indo-W. Pacific, In sand, shal- 1859). West Pacific; North Aus- 1822, Indo-Pacific, In sand;
water; uncommon. Aperture low water; common. Syn,: /a- tralia, On sand, shallow water; moderately common. Syn.:
conspicuously dilated. marckii Kiener; reevei Desh, moderately common. palchra Hinds,
 5

AUGERS — TEREBRIDAE 275

Funnel Auger
111
(1 .31 3 cm i nconstan t A u ger H 2 . cm Auger
Tricolor (11 2.5 cm Pe rf orated Auge r (2 . 5") 6 c m
Terebra funicufata Hinds, 1644. Hastula inconsians (Hinds, Terebratrkohr Sowerby, 1825 . Terebra pertusa Born^ 1778. Bay
Tropica) western Pacific. Subti- 1B44). Hawaiian Islands. Steep Hawaiian Islands. Offshore to of Bengal to Hawaii. Offshore
dal to 20 m; uncommon. sand beaches; locally com- 10 m; uncommon. to 20 m; uncommon. Syn,: on-
mon. data Blarnviile.

Babylonian Auger (3") 8 cm Similar Auger (21 5 cm Thaan urn's Auger (2") 5 cm Undulate Auger (2") 5 cm
Terebra babylonta Lamarck, Teredra affinis Gray, 1834. Indo- Terebra thaanurrri Pilsbry, 1921. Terebra urjdviata Gray, 1834.
1822. Indo-Pacific. Shallow wa- Pacific. Shallow water to 10 m; Hawaiian islands. Offshore, 40- S.W. Pacific. Shallow water; un-
ter to 5 m; common. common. Syn.; sfriafa Quoy & 00 m; uncommon. common. Syn.: approximafa
Gaimard. Deshayes,

Column Auger (1 .6'') 4 cm Red -cloud Auger (21 5 cm Dussumier's Auger (2") 5 cm Montgomery's Auger (3") 7 cm

Terebra columeflaris Hinds, Terebra rrebuJosa Sowerby, Terebra dussutnieri Kiener, Terebra monfgomery/ R. Burch,

1844. S.W. Pacific, Shallow wa- 1825. Tropical Indo-Padfic. Off- 1839. Korea to China. Shallow 1965, Marianas Is, Reefs; rare.

ter; uncommon. Syn.: propin- shore; uncommon. water; locally common. Holotype illus.

qua Pease.
276 AUGERS — TEREBRIDAE

Shiny Pacific Ayger(11 2,5 cm Hollowed Auger tZ"*) 5 cm Radish Auger {2") 5 cm Gould's Auger (2*3") 5*5 cm
Hastuia nitfda (Hinds, 1844). Terebra alveohta Hinds, 1644, Dupiicaria raphanafa (Lamarck, Terebra gouidi Deshayes, 1659.
S,W, Pacific* Subtidal to 160 m; Indo-Pacific* In sand; moder* 1622). Indo-Pacific; South Af- Hawaiian Chain. Subtidal from
common. Syn.: plicatelta ately common. rica, In sand; uncommon* 1 to 100 m; locally common.

Deshayes; cemica Sowerby. Syn,: caledonica Sowerby.

Common American Auger 4 cm Little Basket Auger (1 .2") 3 cm Clossema Auger (1") 2.5 cm Shiny Atlantic Auger (1 ,5") 4 cm
Terebra dislocata (Say, 1S22). Terebra nassaia Dali, 1869. West Terebra giossema Schwengel, Hastuia hastaia (Cmelin, 1791).
S*E, United States to Brazil: Cal- Indies. Offshore to 1,200 m. 1940. S.E. Florida; Cuba; Baha- S*E. Florida to Brazil; Bermuda*
ifornia to Panama. Intertidal to Types illustrated. mas, Offshore to 8 fathoms; Intertidal to 10 m; common.
30 m; common* moderately common* Para-
type-

Evelyn's Auger (1.5") 4 cm Gray Atlantic Auger (1*5") 4 cm Flame Auger (4.3") 11 cm Ornate Auger (3.3") 8.5 cm
Terebra eveiynae Clench & Hastuia dnerea (Born, 1778), Terebra taurina (Light foot, feredra ornata Cray, 1634. Gulf
Aguayo, 1939, Northern Cuba. Florida to Brazil; West Mexico 1766). Florida; Texas to Brazil* of California to Ecuador; Gala-
Deep water; rare. Holotype il- to Ecuador. Sand beaches; On sand offshore; uncommon. pagos* Intertidal and offshore;
lustrated. common* Syn.: liv/da Dill. Syn.: fiammea Lamarck. moderately common.
 .

AUGERS AND PYRAMS — TEREBRIDAE AND PYRAMIDELLIDAE 277

Zebra Auger (4”) 10 cm Robust Auger (4.7"'} 12 cm Variegate Auger (31 7.5 cm Ecuadorian Auger (4") 10 cm
Terebra strsgata Sowerby, TB25. Terebra robusta Hinds, 1844* Terebra variegata Gray, 1834, Terebra argosysia Olsson, 1971.
Gulf of Cairfornta to Galapagos. Baja California to Galapagos* Baja California to Ecuador. In Off Ecuador in moderately
Shallow water; moderately Shallow water; common. Syn.: sand, intertidal and offshore; deep water* Holotype illustra-
common* Syn.; lebra Kiener. linguatls Hinds* moderately common. ted*

SUBCLASS
OPISTHOBRANCHIA

Marine snails with both sexes in

each individual fhermaphro-
dite). Gills behind heart* Rarely
with shell or operculum. In-
cludes bubble shells (Bullidae),
sea hares (Aplysiidae), nudi-
branchs. Family Pyramidellidae
has augerlike shells. Many are
parasitic.

Tuberculate Auger (2.4") 6 cm Roosevelfs Auger (2") 5 cm Hancock's Auger O'*) 7.5 cm
Terebra tubercuiosa Hinds, Terebra roosevefti Bartsch & Terebra hancocki Bratcher &
1844. West Mexico to Guate- Rehder, 1939, Baja California. Burch, 1970* Dredged off west
mala. Intertidal to 45 m; com- Offshore shallow wafer; rare. Panama; rare.
mon. Holotype illus*

Dolabrate Pyram (1 .2") 3 cm Terebra Pyram {1 .21 3 cm Needle Pyram (2") 5 cm SulcatePyram f1 .5") 3 cm
Pyramidelfa dotabrata (L*^1758). Pyramidelfa dolabrata color PyramideUa acus (Gmelin, PyramideUa sufcata (A. Adams,
Both Ifido-Paciftc and Carib- form ierebelium {MCiller, 1774). 1791). Indo-Pacific, Shallow wa- 1854). I ndo*Pacific* Shallow wa-
bean, Shallow sand bays; com- Indo-Padfic; uncommon. ter, sand; common. Syn.: gut- ter to 10 m; moderately com-
mon. Sy n : f erebe Ihides Ad
. tata Link; macufosa Lamarck. mon.
 i

278 PYRAMS AND ACTEONS — PYRAMIDELLIDAE AND ACTEONIDAE

(1”) 2-S cm Henderson's Niso (D 2.5 cm Girdled Niso (0,81 2 cm

Pyram
Tessellate (1 3"") 3 cm Marmorafe Niso
Niso Henderson Barlsch, 1953, Niso balteata Sowerby, 1900.
PyramideUa sukata form lesse/- Niso marmorata (Sowerby,
1834}. Cape Verde Islands; North Carolirra to both sides of South Africa. Shallow water.
lata fA. AdaniSj^ 18S4). (ndo-Pa-
Florida. 30 to 220 m; rare. Moderately common. Niso is in
elite. Shallow water in sand; N.W, Africa. Shallow water; un-
common. prosobranch family Melanelli-
common*

3 cm Cat's Ear Otopleura (0.8") 2 cm

Conrad's Turbonille (0.3") 7 mm Cianl Leucotina (1,5'") 3*5 cm Ventrkose Milda (1 .3”)

Leucotina gigantea (Dunker, Milda ventricosa (Guerin, Otopleura aunscati (Molten,

Turboniila conradi Bush, 1899.
Sandy mud, 10 to 1830). S.W. Pacific. Shallow wa- 1802). S.W. Pacific. Shallow,
West coast of Florida. Shallow 1877). Japan*
uncommon. ter; uncommon. sandy areas* Uncommon.
water* Locally common. Many 50 m;
species in this genus.

Lathe Acteon (1") 2*5 cm

Aefeon fornafdis (L., 1767).
West Europe and Mediterra*
nean. Shallow water; common*
 BUBBLE SHELLS — BULLIDAE AND SCAPHANDRIDAE 279

Lined Bubble (1") 2.5 cm Affipulle Bulla (1,5") 3.5 cm Common Atlantic Bubble 2,5 cm Australian Bubble (2") 5 cm
BufiinB UneatB (Gray, 1825). But!a ampuiia L., 1758. Indo-Pa- Bufia striata Brugui^re, 1792, Buffa botanicaMedley, 1918.
Indo-Pacifrc. T to 30 m; com- Shallow grass beds; abun-
ciftc. Florida to Brazil; Mediterra- Australia, Warm shallows;
mon. Syn.: nabtHs Habe: er- dant, Family Bullidae, nean. Intertidal; locally abun- common. Syn.: austraiis Gray,
rsns I redate. dant. Syn.: ocadenfa//s A. Ad, not Ferussac.

White Pacific Atys (1 .51 3.5 cm Cylindrical Atys (1") 2.5 cm Royal Paper-bubble d") 2.5 cm Zoned Paper-bubble (1,5") 4 cm
Atys naucum (L., 1758). Indo- Afys cyirndrtcus (Helbling, Aphstrum ampiustre £L., 1758). Hydatir^a zonata (Lightfool,
PaciOc. Common, Rarely red- 1779), Indo-Pacifrc. Common. Indo-Pacific, Moderately com- 1766), Indo-Pacific. TO to 50 m;
streaked, form strigata Pilsbry^ Sometimes more slender. mon. Syn.: fasdatum Schuma^ locally uncommon. Syn.: ve-
19T7. Family Atyidae. cher. /omCmelin, In Hydatinidae,

Green-lined Paper-bubble 5 cm Miniature Melo (0.5") 1 .2 cm Say's Pa per -bubble tO.S") 1,2 cm Woody Canoe-bubble
Hydatina physis il., 1758). Micromdo undatus fBr uguiere, Haminoea soBtada (Say, 1822). (2,5") 6 cm
IndO'Pacific. Common, Similar 1792), Florida to Brazil, Interti* Massachusetts to Caroiinas, In- Scaphander Bgnarta (L, 1758).
H. vesfcaria (Lightfool, 1786) dal, green algae; uncommon, tertidal grass; abundant. Westerrr Europe. Offshore in
from Caribbean. sand; locally common.
 . . A

280 SEA BUTTERFLIES — PTEROPOD

Giant Canoe-bubble Solute Akera (1 .5") 3,5 cm Shoulderblade Sea Cat (2'') 5 cm Emerald Bubble (03'") 7 mm
(1*5") 3.5 cm Akera soiuta {Gmelin, 1791), Dolabeifa auricularia (Light* Smafagdtnelia calycuiata (Brod-
Scaphander punctostriatus In do- Pacific. Shallow grass iooif 1786). Indo-Pacific and erip Sf Sowerby, 1829). Tropical
Mighels, 1841. Arctic Seas to bed s lo ca y com m o n
;
l I tropical Eastern Pacific. Shell West Pacific; intertidal algae;
N.W. Europe; to West Indies buried in 5 inch (12 cm) animal. common. Syn.: virtdis Rang.
Offshore; uncommon.

SEA BUTTERFLIES
PTEROPODA

Small, pelagic gastropods with

fleshy wings for swimming.
Abundant in all major seas. A
major source of food for some
whales. There are 15 genera
and about a hundred species,
some lacking shells. Shells
found at great depths on ocean
floor.

Umbrelia Shell (3") 7.S cm Three- toothed Cavoline Uncinate Cavoline (0,6"} 1.5 cm
Umbraculum umbracutum (0,6") 1.5 cm Cavolirria uncinata (Rang,
(Lightfoot, 1786). Indo-PacHic; Cavolinia tridentata (Niebuhr, 1829), Worldwide, open seas.
Caribbean. Rare. Animal (4") in 1775),Worldwide; open seas. More abundant in warm wa-
cm. Abundant. ters.

Three-spined Cavoline Cigar Pteropod (0.2") 5 mm Pyramid Clio (0.9") 2.2 cm C usprda te C lio (0 9") 2.2 cm
.

(0.4") 1 cm Cuvierina co/umne//a (Rang, Ctio pyramidata L., 1767. C/io cusp /da fa (Bose, 1802).
Diacrm trispinosa (Blainville, 1827). Worldwide, open seas. Worldwide, open seas. Many Worldwide, pelagic. Abundant.
1621). Worldwide, open seas. Common in the Atlantic. forms, including three from
Locally abundant. Antarctica.
 FALSE LIMPETS AND COFFEE BEANS— SIPHONARIIDAE AND MELAMPIDAE 281

LAND SNAILS
SUBCLASS PULMONATA

Although most members of this subclass

are typical garden and woodland snails that
have lungs for breathing air, a number of
families are associated with marine and
brackish conditions. A few of the better-
known species are included here.
New Zealand Titiko (1") 2.5 cm Say's False Limpet (O.D 1 .8 cm
Amph/6o/a creoafa (Cmelin, 1791). New Siphonaria alternata Say, 1626. S.E. United
Zealand. Estuarine muds; common. Syn.: States; Bahamas. Intertidal rock shore;
avellana Brugui^re. Operculum present. common.

Striped False Limf>ef (1") 2.5 cm Lesson's False Limpet (1") 2.5 cm Giant False Limpet (2") 5 cm
Siphonaria pectinata (L., 1758), Florida to Siphor^aria hssoni (Blainville, 1824). Peru; Siphonaria gtgas Sowerby^ 1825. West Mex-
Texas; Caribbean. Intertidal rocks; locally Chile to Brazil. Intertidal rocks; common. ico to North Peru, Intertidal rocks; com-
common. mon.

White False Limpet [I'l 2.5 cm EasternMelampus E0.6"} 1 .5 cm Banded Melampus (0.4") 1 cm
Trimusculus reticufalus (Sowerby, 1835). Meiampus bidentatus Say, 1S22. Quebec to Melampus fasciatus Deshayes, 1830.
Cen-
Central California to West Mexico, interti- Texas; West Indies, Marsh grasses; abun- tral Pacific. Shady, wooded shores; com-
dal rocks; uncommon. dant. mon.

Yellow Melampus (0.5") 1 .2 cm Bat Cassidula (0.4") 1 cm Rugose Cassidula (1") 2.5 cm
Melampus luteus Quoy Gaimard, 1832. Cassiduta vesperf///oo/s (Lesson, 1631). Cassidula rugata Menke, 1853. South Aus-
Indo-Pacific; estuarine; common. Philippine Islands. Mangroves; locally tralia. Mud shores; locally common.
common.
 282 CASSIDULAS AND TUSK SHELLS — MELAMPIDAE AND SCAPHOPODA

Midas Ear Cassidda (3") 7.5 cm Panama Swamp Cassidula Judas Ear Casstdula (2'") 5 cm Cat's Ear Cassidula (1"') 2.5 cm
Ellobium aurismidae (L*, 1738). (1") 2.5 cm f//ob/om aurisfudae (L., 1758). Cassiduta aurisfeiis Bruguiere,
S.W. Pacific. Near mangroves; Eiiobium stagnaiis (Orbigny, S.W. Pacific. Mangrove 1789. West Australia. Man-
locaMy abundant. 1835). El Salvador to Ecuador. swamps; common. groves; common.
Mangrove swamps; common.

Nucleus Cassidula (0,6") 1 .5 cm Common Pythia tl.2")3cm Reeve's Pythia t1 .2") 3 cm Trigonal Pythia (0,8"') 2 cm
Casstdufa nucleus (Cmelin, Pythfa scarabaeus fL^ 1758), Pythia reeveana Pfeiffer, 1853. Pythia trigonus TroscHel, 1840.
1791). Indo-Pacific. Mangrove S.W.Pacific. Woodland snail; Philippine Islands; locally com- Philippine Islands. Locally un-
areas. Common, Syn,: muste- common. Many forms. mon. common.
fina Desbayes.

TUSK SHELLS
CLASS SCAPHOPODA

Worldwide in shallow and deep

waters, these small shells are
open each end. Water is
at
pumped and out of the small
in
end which protrudes above the
sand. About 1,000 species,
many requiring a hand lens to
Small slit at narrow
identify.
end distinguishes some spe-
cies.
Elephant Tusk (3") 7.5 cm Formosan Tusk (2") 3 cm Vernede's Tusk (6") IS cm
Dentalium elephantinum (L., Deniaiiun} formosum Adams & Dentaisum vernedei Sowerby,
1758). Southern Philippines to Reeve, 1850. Eastern Asia. 1 to 1860. East Asia. 20 to 100 m;
japan. 2 to 40 m; common. 20 m; uncommon. Syn.: hirasei common.
Kira; festivum Sowerby.
 m

TUSK SHELLS — SCAPHOPODA 283

cm New Zealand Tusk 6 cm Octagonal Tusk (21 5 cm

Boar's Tusk (2'“) 5 cm Senegal Tusk (1.5") 3.5 {2.5'')

Dentatium aprinum L*, 1766» Deniaiium senegalense Daut- Dentafium zefandicum Sow- Dentafium ociangufatum
Indo-Pacific. 2 to 40 m; com- zenberg, 1891 West Africa. Un-
.
erby, 1860. New Zealand. Wide- Donovan, 1804. Indo-Pacific.
mon. Syn,: taiwanum Kuroda. common, 11 to 13 ribs. spread in subtidal waters; com- Offshore to 100 m; common. 8
mon. rounded ribs.

European Tusk H"} 2.5 cm Common Tusk (21 5 cm Entale Tusk (2") 5 cm Indian-money Tusk (21 5 cm
Dentafium dentale L., 1766. Dentatium vulgare da Costa, Dentafium enfa/e L., 1758. N.W, DentaJium pretiosum Sowerby,
Mediterranean and Adriatic. 1778. British Isles to Mediterra- Europe, Offshore; common. 1860. Alaska to Baja California.

Shallow to deep water; com- nean. Intertidal to 1,000 m; Subspecies stimpsoni Mender* 1 to 150 m; locally abundant.

mon. 18 ' 20 ribs. common. No apical notch. son, 1920, from New England. Formerly used as money.

Half-scratched Tusk (T) 2,5 cm Ivory Tusk (2") 5 cm Elongate Tusk (3.51 9 cm Elephant Cadulus (11 2.5 cm
Dentaiium s em is f n'o/a ft/ Dentafium eboreum Conrad, Dentafium longitrorsum Reeve, Caduius efephas Henderson,
Cuilding, 1834. South Florida 1846. S.E. United States and 1842. Indo-Pacific; common. 1920. West Indies. Deepwater;

and West Indies. 1 to 200 m; West Indies. 1 to 20 m; com- Smooth; rarely pinkish. uncommon. End narrows.
common. mon.
 :

284 CHITONS — POLYPLACOPHORA

CHITONS
CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA

Known also as the Coat-of-MaiJ shells and

Amphineura, these mollusks have 3 sheliy
plates bound al their margins by a girdle
which may have scales or bristles. The foot
is broad. Identification may depend on re-

moving valves. About 600 living species.

Rugata Chiton (0*6'^) 1.5 cm Many-colored Chiton (1 .S'") 4 cm
Lepidopfeurus rugatus Pilsbry, 1892. Mon- tschnochiton vers/co/or (Sowerby, 1840).
terey to Baja California. Subfittoral rocks; Australia. Sublittoral. Common. Girdle
common. scales with striae.

Contracted Chiton (2") 5 cm Regular Chiton (1 .SI 4 cm Elongate Chiton (1 S') 4 cm

Ischnochilon contractus (Reeve, 1874). /sch no c/?/fon regulars {Carpenter, 1855). fschnochitof} efongatus (Blainville, 1825).
South Australia. On pen shells; abundant. Southern California. Intertidal; common. South Australia; Tasmania. Under rocks;
Multicolored. Girdle scales minute, rounded. common.

Austral Chiton (2i 5 cm Evanida Chiton (3") 8 cm Torre'sCh iton (1 S'') 4 cm

,

ischnochtton australis (Sowerby, 1840). ischnochitoa evanida (Sowerby, 1840). Ischnochtton force/ redale & May, 1916.
I

South and eastern Australia. Under littoral Southern Australia; Tasmania. Very com- South and West Australia. Common. Girdle
rocks; common. Syn,: fugubris Gould. mon. orange.

Lineolate Chiton (2'’) 5 cm Me rten 's C hi ton (1 5")

. 4 cm Florida Slender Chiton (1") 2.5 cm
ischnochtton tineolatus (Blainville, 1825). Lepidozona mertensii (Middendorff, 1847). Stenopiax floridana (Pilsbry, 1892). Lower
South and West Australia. Abundant. Syn. Alaska to Baja California. Subtidal; com- Florida Keys. Intertidal to 1 m; common,
iredaiei Dupuis. mon. Color variable.
 CHITONS — POLYPLACOPHORA 285

{3") 7.5 cm Magdalena Chiton (3'") 7.5 cm

Conspicuous Chiton (5") 12 cm Magdalena Chiton
5fenop/ax conspicua (Dali, 1879). Califor- StGnoplax magdafenen&is (Hinds, 1845). Stenopiax magdalenensis {Hinds, TB45).
nia to West Mexico. Intertidal; common. West Mexico. Variations, West Mexico. Intertidal; common.

Elevated Chiton (3") 7.5 cm Veiled Pacific Chit on (1 .5") 4 cm Lined Red Chiton (1 *5") 4 cm
Stenopfax aiata (Sowerby, 1840), S.W. Paci- Pladphorelia ve/ata Dali, 1879, California to Tof?/ee//a iineata {Wood, 1815), japan to

fic; Philippines. Intertidal; common. W, Mexico. Intertidal; common. Alaska to California So btidal to 90
. m : com*
mon.

Northern Red Chiton (V) 2.5 cm Hidden Chiton (1 .2") 3 cm Mottled Red Chiton t1") 2.5 cm
Ton ice Ifa rubra (L-, 1767). Arctic Seas to Eu- 7dn/ce//a insignis {Reeve, 1847). Alaska to Tonicella marmorea (Fabric! us, 1780), Arctic

rope; California and New York. 1 to 200 m; Washington. Common. Syn,: submarmo- Seas to New England; Europe and Western
common. reus Middendorff. Canada, Common. Girdle smooth.

Elegant Chiton (2"J 5 cm N egl ec led Ch rton 1 5" 4 cm ( . )

Forbes's Chiton (2") 5 cm
Onisthochiton neglectus (Rochebrune, Ton{c/a forbesU Carpenter, 1857, West Mex*
Tonida eiegans (Frembley, 1827). Chile and
m; common. 1681). New Zealand. Littoral rocks. Com- ICO to Panama. Sublittoral rocks; common.
Peru, Littoral to 5
mon. Syn,: opinionosus J redale and Hull. Girdle naked.
 286 CHITONS — POLYPLACOPHORA

Harlweg's Chilon 3.5 cm Smooth European Chiton (T) 2.5 cm EasternAmerican Chiton (0.8'') 2 cm

Cyanopiax haftwegii (Carpe Titer, 1855). Caihchrton achatinus (Brown, 1827). N.W. Chaetopieura apiculata (Say, 1830). Massa-
Washington to Baja California. Intertidal; Europe and Mediterranean. Common. chusetts to Florida. 1 to 20 m; common; on
common. Syn.: laevis Montagu, not Osbeck. shells and rocks.

Decorated Chiton {1") 2.5 cm Albida Chiton {3") 7.5 cm Mossy Mopa ia ( { 1 .
5”) 3 . S cm
Ca///sfoch/fon decorafus Pifsbry, 1893. Cen- Plaxiphora albida (Blainville, 1825). South- Mopalia muscosa {Gould, 1846). Alaska to
tral California to West Mexico. Littoral ern Australia. Littoral; common. Girdle Baja California. Intertidal; common. Syn.:
rocks; uncommonr hairs broad. lignosa Could.

Hairy Mopalia (1.5") 3.S cm Hairy Mopalia (1 .5'') 3.5 cm Laevior Chiton (1 .5") 3,5 cm
Mopatia dtiata (Sowerby, 1840). Alaska to Mopalia diiata (Sowerby, 1840). Alaska to Mopalia laevior Pilsbry, 1918. Washington
California. Intertidal; common. Variable California. Variations in color patterns. to Baja California. IntertidaL Moderately
colors. common.

Laevior Chiton (1 .5") 3.5 cm Acute Chtlon (1.5") 3.5 cm Hinds's Mopalia (3,5") 9 cm
Mopalia laevior Pilsbry, 1918. Shows varia- Mopalia acuta Carpenter, 1855. California Mopalia hmdsii (Reeve, 1847). Alaska to
tion in sculpture and colors. to Baja California. Intertidal; common. West Mexico. Under intertidal rock ledges;
Syn.: chloris Dalt. common.
 CHITONS — POLYPLACOPHORA 287

(31 7.5 cm Hauraki Chiton (2.51 6 cm Angas's Chiton (2") 5 tm

Volvox Chiton
Lorica volvox (Reeve, 1647), South Austra- Lorica haurakiensis Mestayer, 1921, New Loricdfa angasi (H. Adams, in Adams St

lia; New South Wales. Under stones at low Zealand. Intertidal rocks; common. Angas, 1864). East Australia, Intertidal; un-
tide; uncommon. common.

Black Katy Chiton (2.5") 6 cm St riate Slender C h iton (4" ) 1 0 cm HempKill's Chiton (V') 2.5 cm
Kathahna tunicata (Wood, 1815). Alaska to Cryptoplax (Lamarck, 1819). South-
striata Craspedochiton hemphiirt (Pilsbry, 1893),
common. ern Australia; Tasmania. Subttdal rocks; Live specimen. Florida Keys. See dried
S, California. Intertidal; very
common. specimen below.

(3"') 7 cm Fuzzy West Indian Chiton (3'T 7 cm Hemphill''s Chiton H") 2.5 cm
Fuzzy West Indian Chiton
Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791). Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791). Qaspedocb/fon hemphilii (Pifsbry, 1893).
Dried specimens. Florida Keys and West Indies, Sublittoral on
South Florida and West Indies. Intertidal
rocks; common. Live.
dead coral; common.

(2'") 5 cm
Exquisite Chiton (1 .5") 3.5 cm Oak Chiton (2") 5 cm Translucent Chiton

Acanthochitona exquisita (Pilsbry, 1893). Chiton querdnus Gould, 1846. Eastern Chiton tmnslucens Hedley & Hull, 1909.
Gulf of California. Uncommon; intertidal. Australia, Intertidal; common. Eastern Austraiia. Intertidal; common.
 288 CHITONS — POLYPLACOPHORA (CHITONIDAE)

West Indian Chiton (2, S'") 6 cm Green Chiton (2'") 5 cm Marbled Chiton (2,5") 6 cm
Chiton tubercufatus L., 1758, S.E. Florida Chiton viridis Spongier, 1797. West Indies, Ch/mnmarmora1usGmelin/1791. S,E, Flor-
and West Indies, Intertidal; common. Intertidal; common. ida and the West Indies, Littoral rocks;
common.

Whife-striped Chiton ft .5") 3,6 cm Articulate Chiton cm

Chiton aibotineatus Broderip & Sower by,
(3") 7,5 Stokes's Chiton {3") 7,5 cm
Chiton articufatus Sowerby 1832. West Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832. West Mex-
1829. West Mexico, Under intertidal rock Mexico, Intertidal rocks; moderately com- ico to Chile, Intertidal rocks; common.
ledges; uncommon. mon.

Magnificent Chiton {4'") 10 cm Squamose Chiton (3") 7,5 cm Serpen I- s kin C h iton (2") 5 c m
Chiton magni ficus Deshayes, 1844. Chile. CMon squamosus L,, 1764. West Indies, Chiton pe///serpenf/s Quoy & Gatmard,
Intertidal rocks; locally common. Intertidal; common. 1835. New Zealand; South Australia; Tas-
mania, Rocks; common.

Marquesas Chiton {3") 7,5 cm Su Icate Ch if o n 4^) 10cm

f BeautifulJy-ioned Chiton (3") 7,5 cm
Chiton marquesanus Pilsbry, 1893, Mar- Chiton sukatus Wood, 1815. Galapagos Is- Chiton caiiiozonus Pilsbry, 1893. Southern
quesas Islands; Polynesia. Uncommon. lands, Locally common. Australia; Tasmania. Rocks in sandy pools;
common.
 AWNJNG AND NUT CLAMS — SOLEMYIDAE AND NUCULIDAE 289

Class Bivalvia AWNING CLAMS

FAMILY SOLEMYIDAE
Also known as the pelecypods, this class
includes the dams, oysters, scallops and A primitive group of cigar-shaped clams
other bivalves having two shelly valves having a glossy periostracum extending be-
hinged at the top. There is no head or radu- yond the thin shelly valves. The hinge has
lar teeth, and feeding is done by the gills. no true teeth. These clams live in burrows
There are about 10,000 living species, some in mud. Some live in shallow water, but
Awning Clam
Atlantic (1") 2.5 cm
in rivers and lakes. others are deep-sea dwellers.
Soiemya ve/um Say, 1823, Nova Scotia to
northern Florida. Shallow water 1 to 12 m in
mud; locally common.

SUPERFAMILY
NUCULACEA

Includes the Nut Clams which have pearly

interiors and numerous* fine teeth in the
hinge (taxodonts). Includes families Nucu-
lidae, Nuculantdae and Malletiidae. Most
of the several hundred species live in very
deep water. Some shallow-water species
Australian Awning Clam (T) 5 cm are very common and serve as food for AtlanticNut Clam tO.3'') 7 mm

So/emya austraih Lamarck, 1818. South ducks and fish. Nucuis proxima Say, 1822. Nova Scotia to
Australia, Tasmania. Subtidal to 10 m; com- Texas; Bermuda. Subtidal in sandy mud;
mon. abundant.

Sulcate Nut Clam (0.7") 1 .8 cm Superb Nut Clam (0.8") 2 cm Rugose Nut Clam {0.3'*) 7 rnm

Nucaia sukata (Bronn, 1831). Norway to Nucuta superba Medley, 1902, N,E. Austra- Nucu/a rugosa Odhner, 1918, Indian
Mediterranean, 5 to 2,250 m; common, lia and S,W, Pacific. Subtidal in sand; mod- Ocean. In sand, 30 to 40 m; uncommon.
Syn,: decussata Sowerhy. erately common.

Miraculous Nut Clam (1") 2.5 cm Divaricate Nut Clam d") 2.5 cm Castrensis Nut Clam (0.5") 1 .2 cm
Nucuta mtrtfica Dali, 1907, Off Japan. 600 Adfa divarkata (Hinds, 1843). China and Acf7a castrensis (Hinds, 1843), Bering Sea to
m; uncommon. Japan, Offshore; uncommon. Baja California. 8 to 200 m; common.
 290 NUT CLAMS AND YOLDIAS — NUCULANIDAE

Wondrous Nut Clam (1.5"') 3.5 cm FuJlon^s Nul Clam (1") 2.5 cm Coarse Nut Clam (T') 2.S cm
Acila mkabilfs (Adams and Reeve, 1850). Adla fukoni (E. A. Smith, 1892). Bay of Scaeofeda ikepida redale, 1929. South
I

Korea and Japan. Offshore in deep water; Bengal, India. Deep water; rare. Australia. Subtidal from 5 to 100 m; locally
uncommon. common.

Polished Nut Clam fl'^) 2,5 cm Muller's NutClam (1") 2.5 cm File Yoldia (2") 5 cm
Nuculana polka (Sowerby, 1833). West Pan- Nucufana pernuia (Mu lief, 1771). Arctic Yoldia limatufa (Say, 1831). Nova Scotia to
ama. 13 to 73 m; uncommon. Seas around N. America, Europe. Offshore North Carolina. Subtidal, 1 to 10 m; locally
common. common.

Arctic Yoldia n.2'3 3 cm Broad Yoldia {2") 5 cm Cooper's Yoldia (1.2'') 3 cm

Yoldiahyperborea Lov^n, 1859. Arctic Seas, Yoldiathmdaeformis Storer, 1638. Arctic Yoldia cooperi Cabb, 1865, Southern Cali-
Alaska to Norway. Deep water; moderately North America to N. Carolina and Puget fornia. Offshore; uncommon.
common. Sound. Offshore; common.

Sc issors Yo Id ia (1 ") 2 .5 cm Scissors Yoldia (1”) 2.5 cm Japanese Yoldia (0.7') 1 .8 cm

Yoldia sdssurata Dali, 1897. Arctic Seas to Yoldia sdssurata {Dali, 1897). This is the Fortlandia /apon;ca (Adams and Reeve,
California. 16 to 150 m; common. Syn.: holotype of the synonym K ensifera Dali. 1850K Japan. 10 to 250 m on sandy mud;
endfera Dali. common.
 YOLDIAS AND ARK CLAMS — NUCULANIDAE AND ARCIDAE 291

mm Pacific Mailetia (1") 2.5 cm Chilean Mailetia (1 .5”) 3.5 cm

Pointed Nut Clam (031 7
Eastern Malietia pact ft ca Dalf, 1897. Alaska to Cali- Mafht/a chilensis Des Moulins, 1832. Chile
Nuojtana acuta (Conrad, 1831).
fornia. Offshore, 300 to 650 m u ncommon and Peru. Offshore in moderately deep wa-
to Brazil. Shallow water; abundant. ;

ter; uncommon.

ARK CLAMS
FAMILY ARCIDAE

Fleavy, squarish, porcelaneous shells living

inwarm seas. A few live in very deep water.

Some spin a byssus which serves as an an-
chor. The hinge bears numerous taxodont
teeth which may vary in number, even
within a species. The blackish, horny liga-
ment is helpful in identification. There are
about 200 species in the family.
Noah's Ark (2.5") 6 cm Atlantic Turkey Wing (3") 7 cm
Area noae L., 1758. Mediterranean; N.W. Area zebra (Swainson, 1833). S.E. United
Africa. Subtidal to 119 m on rocks; com- States to Brazil; Bermuda. Shallow rock
reefs; comrnon. Syn,: occidentafis Phi-
mon. Variable in shape.
lippi.

cm Mossy Ark (2") 5 cm

O'") 7 cm
Panamic Turkey Wing Ventricose Ark (3") 7
Area ventricosa Lamarck. 1819. S.W. Paci- Area tmhncata Brugui^re,1789. S.E. United
Area padfica (Sowerby, 1833). W. Mexico to
Polynesia. Shallow reefs; common. States to Brazil. Shallow reefs, under rocks;
Peru. Under rocks, subttdal to 137 m; com- fic;

mon. common. Syn.: um bona fa Lamarck.

(2.5") 6 cm Indo-Pacific Ark (1.5'*} 3,5 cm Changeable Ark (1.5") 3 cm

Indo-Paciflc Ark
Area navicufaris Bruguiere, 1789, Young Area mutabilis (Sowerby, 1833). W. Mexico
Area navicularis Bruguiere, 1789. Indo-Pad-
specimens have more ribs and to Ecuador. Subtidal among rocks to 82 m;
fic; japan. Shallow water on rocks; com*
distinct

mon. squarish outline. common.

 292 ARK CLAMS — ARCI DAE

Four-stded Ark 3 cm Mazehut Ark [y) 2,5 cm Kobeirs Ark [0.71 1*8 cm
Area tetragona Poli, 1795* Norway to Cape Area aveltana Lamarck, 1819. fndo-Pactfic. Area fjoucard/jousseaume, 1894, japan and
Verde Jslarids. Subtfdal to deep water^ on Shallow reefs; common* Korea. Among rocks, 9 to 80 m* Syn.: ko-
rocks; common.
beltiana Pilsbry; common.

Senile Ark (2,5") 6 cm Blood Ark (21 S cm Eared Ark (31 73 cm

Seniiia s^nitfs (L,* 1758)* West Africa. Estua- Anadara ova/rs (Brugtii^re, 1789). Cape Cod Anadara notabtiis (Rdding, 1798). S.E*
rine sands; common. Shell heavy. to Texas; to Brazil. Shallow water; com-
United States to Brazil. Shallow water;
mon. Syn*: campec/trens/s Cmelin, common. Syn*: deshayesi Hanley.

Transverse Ark n .51 3*5 cm Ark (51 12 cm Grand Ark

Anadara transversa (41 10 cm
fSay, 1822), Cape Cod to Anadara fforidana (Conrad, 1869)* S.E. Anadara grandis (Broderip & Sowerby,
Texas. Intertidal to 10 m; common. Syn.; United States and Greater Antilles. Shallow 1829). W* Mexico to Peru. Near mangroves
sukosa van Hyning* water; uncommon. in black mud; common.

Burnt-end Ark ¥ (21 5 err 3capna Ark (2.51 6 cm Antique Ark (2,51 6 cm
Anadara uropyg meiana (Bory St. Vincent Anadara scapha (L*, 17= Indo-Pacific. Anadara antiquata (L,, 1756)* Indo-Padftc.
1824)* Indo-Pacific. Shallow sand to 4 m;
Shallow waters; common Shallow waters. Common*
locally common.
 .

ARK CLAMS — ARCIDAE 293

Granular Ark (2.5") 6 cm Half-crenate Ark (2.5") 6 cm Hairy Rib Ark (2.51 6 cm
Anadara granosa (L., 1758). S.W. Pacific. Anadara subcrenata (Lischke^ 1869). China Anadara setigericosta (Nyst, 1848). Indian
Muddy sand, shallow; abundant. coast, Korea and japan. Shallow water; Ocean; S.E. Asia. Shallow water; uncom-
common. mon.

Incongruous Ark (2") 5 cm Ponderous Ark (2,5") 6 cm

|_
European Bearded Ark (2")
— 5
cJ
cm
Anadara brasi liana (Lamarck, 1819). S.E. Noeiia ponderosa (Say, 1822). Virginia to Barbatia barbata (L., 1758). Mediterranean
United States to Brazil. Shallow water, Texas. Shallow water; common. Um bones to N.\A(. Africa. Subtidal under stones to 280

sand; common. Syn,: incongrua Say. point backwards. m; common.

White Bearded Ark (2") 5 cm Decussate Ark (2") 5 cm Reeve's Ark (3") 7.5 cm
Barbatia Candida (Helbling, 1779). S.£. Barbatia velata (Sowerby, 1843). Indo-Paci- Barba f la reeveana (Orbigny, 1846). W. Mex-
United States to Brazil. Shallow reefs, on fic. Shallow reefs, on rocks; common. ico to Peru. Intertidal to 100 m; abundant.

rocks; common. Syn.: decussata Sowerby; //ma Sowerby. Syn.: nova Mabille.

Almond Ark (1.5'3 3.5 cm Red-brown Ark (1 .5") 3 cm Oblique Ark (1 .5") 3 cm
Barba Ua a m ygdalumtos turn { Rod n g 1 798
I ,
) Barbatia canceiiaria ( Lamarck, 1019). S, Flor- Barbatia oblrquata (Wood, 1828). Philip-

Indo-Padfic. Coral reefs; under rocks; ida to Brazil. Intertidal to 4 m among coral pines. Shallow reefs; locally common.
abundant. Syn.: fusca Brugui^re. boulders; common.
 294 ARK CLAMS AND LIMOPSIS — ARCIDAE AND UMOPSIDAE

Stone-boring Ark O'") 7.5 cm Hooded Ark (3") 7.5 cm Hooded Ark (3") 7.5 cm
Litharcafilhodomus (Sowerby, 1533). Nica- Cuculiaea iabiata (Lightfoot, 1786). S.W. Pa- Cucuiiaea iabiata (Ligbtfoot, 1786), S.W. Pa-
ragua to Peru. Bores in subtidal rock; lo- cific. Offshore to 100 m; locally common. cific. Interior coloration is variable, some-
caliy uncommon. Syn.t auriculffera Lamarck. times white, purple or brown.

Hatf-propellor Ark (3") 7.5 cm PropeNor Ark (31 7.5 cm Twisted Ark (2") 5 cm
Trisidos semitorta CLamarck, 1819). S,E. Trisidos tortuosa (L,. 1758). Japan to East Trissdos torta (Mbrch, 1850). China coast.
Asia; japan. Shallow water; moderately Indies. Shallow water; locally common. Shallow water; uncommon.
common.

ALMOND ARKS
FAMILY LiMOPSiDAE

Related to the ark shells, these small, thin,

obliquely oval clams are usually covered
with a velvety, brown periostracum. The
teeth are numerous and about the same
size. The ligament rs external, small and in
the center of the h inge Most species live n
. I

deep water.
Shaggy Bathyark CF) 2.5 cm Bubble Bathyark H") 2.5 cm
Bathyarca ectocomata (Dali. 1886), Lesser Bathyarca pomphotax (Dali, 1908). Off Cali-
Antilles, West Indies. Deep water, 164 to fornia in deep water; rare.
320 m; uncommon, Paratype ill us.

Scratched Limopsis (11 2.5 cm Tajlma's Limopsis (1 .5") 3 cm

Limopsis multfstriata (Forskal, 1775). Red Limopsts vaginata Dali, 1891. Bering Sea Limopsis tajimae Sowerby, 1914. Off Japan
Sea and Indian Ocean. Offshore; com- and Alaska. Offshore; uncommon. in deep water. Uncommon.
mon.
 BITTERSWEET CLAMS — GLYCYMERIDIDAE 295

D") 2.5 cm
2.5 cm Marion Limopsis HS) 3 cm Ruii Limopsis
Banded Limopsis t1')
Umopsis ruizana Rehder, 1971 . Off Chile tn
Umopsis marionensfs E. A. Smith, 1885.
Limopsis zonafis Dali, 1904. Gulf of Pan- deep water; rare. Holotype illustrated
Dredged offshore; rare.
ama. Dredged in 1,000 m; uncommon. Antarctic.
here.
Paratype illustrated.

BITTERSWEET ClAMS
FAMILY
GLYCYMERIDIDAE

Like the ark dams these bivalves have taxo-

dont teeth in the hinge. The shells are

heavy, compressed and oval. There

are
the
about 150 known species, most living in
Indo-Padfic. They prefer shallow water and Gold-fbwing Bittersweet
(2'") 5 cm
Comb Bittersweet ^2") 5 cm
sand bottoms. They are used for food in Giycymeris aunfiua {Reeve, 1843). S.W. Pa-
Giycymeris pecWnculus (L., 1758). Tropical
Europe and Asia. dfic. Shallow water; uncommon.
indo-Pacific. Shallow water; common.

(1.5') 4 cm Unequal Bittersweet H 5") 3.7 cm

C omb B tte rs weet
(1 ") 2 5. cm Silky Bittersweet
maequalis (Sowerby, 1833),
i
Giycymeris
Giycymeris sericata (Reeve, 1843). West in-
Giycymeris pectinata {Cmeiin, 1791). S.E. Gulf of California to Peru. Offshore, 4 to
24
dies. Shallow water, sand. Uncommon.
United States to Brazil. Shallow water; m; common. Syn.: assimilts Sow'erby.
common. 20 to 40 fine smal) ribs.

C lark's Bittersweet (2'T 5 cm

Bittersweet 7 cm
Muscat Bittersweet H .5") 3.5 cm FI at- ribbed O'")
Giycymeris darki (Nicol, 1951). Philippines.
Giycymeris iaticostata tQuoy & Gaimard,
Giycymeris muskatensis Melvill, 1897. com- Deep water; uncommon. Holotype illus-
1835). New Zealand. Shallow water;
N.W. Indian Ocean. Offshore in 5 to 30 m; trated.
common. mon.
locally
 296 BITTERSWEET CLAMS — GLYCYMERIDIDAE

White-lined Bittersweet (3^) 7.5 cm Reeve's Bittersweet (3^) 7,5 cm Rayed Bittersweet (2") 5 cm
Glycymens albofinGata (Lischke, T872). ja- Glycymens reevei {Mayer, T668). S.W. Pad- Clycymeris radians (Lamarck, 1819). South
pan. Offshore from 5 to 20 m; common. fic. Shallow water to 50 m; locally common.
Australia and Tasmania. Subtidaf to 300 m;
common.

Atlantic Bittersweet (21 5 cm Violet Bittersweet (2.51 6 cm Clothed Bittersweet (31 7,5 cm
Clycymeris undata ( 1 ., 1758). S.E. United Giycymeris violacescens (Lamarck, 1619). Giycymeris vestita (Dunker, 1877). Japan
States to Brazil. Offshore from 2 to 56 m; Mediterranean. Shallow water, sand. Com- and S.W. Pacific, Shallow water; common.
common. mon.

European Bittersweet (31 7.5 cm Pilose Bittersweet (2.5") 6 cm Decussate Bittersweet (2") 5 cm
Giycymeris glycymens 1 ., 1758). Norway to Clycymeris pilosa
{ (L., Mediterranean
1767). Clycymeris decussata{L, 1758). S.E. Florida
the Mediterranean. Offshore; common. and Canary Islands. Offshore to 150 m; un- to Brazil. Shallow water ; moderately com-
Syn.: orbicvlata Pennant. common. mon.

V
Permateus Bittersweet (2.5"') 6 cm Oblique Bittersweet [2'') 5 cf Austral Bittersweet
Clycymeris pennacea (Lamarck, 1819).
(2*") 5 cm
Clycymeris obtiqua (Reeve, 1843). W, Auj Clycymeris austraiis (Quoy & Caimard,
West Indies, Uncommon. Shallow water. tralia. Shallow water; uncommon.
1832). Australia. Shallow water; uncom-
mon.
 SEA MUSSELS — MYTILIDAE 297

SEA MUSSELS
FAMILY MYTILIDAE

The true mussels are abundant throughout

the world, mainly in intertidal and shallow
water. The darkly colored, thin, but strong
shells have a weak hinge with a few small
teeth. Most attach themselves to rocks, but
several genera burrow in peat, rocks and
Ciartt Bittersweet (O 10 cm American Bittersweet (4.5") 11 cm corals* The Blue Mussel is a favorite sea-
Gfycymeris gigantea (Reeve, 1B43). Gulf of Ciycymeris americana (De France, 1829). food In Europe*
California. Offshore from 7 to 13 m; locally S.E. United States to Brazil* Offshore to 40
common* m; moderately common.

Common Blue Mussel (3"') 7.5 cm Mediterranean Blue Mussel (4”) 10 cm Green Mussel (2") 5 cm

Mytilus edults L., Worldwide subarc*

1758. Mytilus galioproviticiahs Lamarck, 1819. Perna viridis (1., 1756)* Indian Ocean to
tie seas; United States. Intertidal to 10 m; Western Europe; Mediterranean. Intertidal S*W* Pacific, Shallow water; common.
abundant* Rarely rayed. to 4 m; abundant. Many synonyms. Syn,; smaragdmus Cmelin. Single tooth in
right valve.

Chorus Mussel {4'^) 10 cm Perna Mussel (3") 7 cm Channel Mussel (6"") 15 cm

Choromytifus chorus (Molina, 1782). Peru Pema pema (L*, 1758). West Africa; lower Perna canaliculus (Cmelin, 1791). New
to Tierra del Fuego. Intertidal to 3 m on Caribbean. Mangrove roots; locally com- Zealand. On subtidal rocks; common.
rocks; common. One central tooth. mon* Chhromya is a synonym of Perna.

Black- ribbed Mussel (6") 15 cm Crenate Mussel (2") 5 cm Maori Mussel (3") 7 cm
Aulacomya ater (Molina, 1782). Brazil to Aulacomya ater form crenafa (Lamarck, Aulacomya maoriana (I redale, 1915).
ater
Chile and Peru* Intertidal to 30 m; com- 1819). A young form of afer. Syn*: ameri- N ew Zeaian d Roc ky s u b t ida com m on
. I ;

mon* Syn.: mageflanicus Cmelin* canus Orbigny.

 298 SEA MUSSELS — MYTILIDAE

Californian Mussel (8") 20 cm Guiana Swamp Mussel {5"") 7cm Falcate Swamp Mussel (3'0 7 cm
MytHus caUfomtanus Conrad^ 1837. Interti- Myfe//a guyanensis (Lamarck, 1819). W. Mytetia fakata (Orbigny, 1846). W. Mexico
dal to 50 m on rocks; abundant. Ribbed. Mexico to Ecuador- Venezuela to Brazil. to Ecuador; Venezuela to Uruguay. Mud
Syn.: catifomicus Clessin. On stones in muddy intertidal zone; com- near mangroves; common.
mon.

Box Mussel (I'O 2.5 cm B if urcate M ussel ( V') 2 5 cm

. Hooked Mussel (2'") 5 cm

Sepf/fer b//ocu/ar;s (L,, 1758). Jndo-Pacific. Septifer bifurcatuB (Conrad, 1837). Califor- fschadium recurvum (Raftnesque, 1820).
Intertidal rocks in mud; common. Internal nia to W. Mexico. Intertidal on rocks; com- Cape Cod to West Indies. Estuarine; inter-
deck at end. mon. tidal; common. Syn.: hamatas Say.

Atlantic Ribbed Mussel (3") 7.5 cm Scorched Mussel (0.7") 1 ,8 cm Impact Mussel (1.S") 4 cm

Ceukensia demissa (Dillwyn, 1817). Eas( Brachidontes exustus (L.,1758). S.E, United Modiofarca impacta (Hermann^ 1782). New
Canada to Florida: introduced to Calif. Peal States to Uruguay. Estuarine, intertidal; Zealand. In nests under rocks, intertidal;
marshes; common, Syn,: plicatufus La- common. common.
marck.

Senhouse's Mussel (1") 2.S cm Calrfornla Date Mussel (1") 2.5 cm Philippine Mussel (3") 7.5 cm
Mubcu!ub senhousia (Benson^ 1842). East Adula caifforniensis (Philippi^ 1847). West Modioius phiftppinarum Hanley, 1843.
Asia. In eelgrass beds from 1 io 20 m; com- Canada to southern California, In rocks, Indo-Pacific. Shallow water flats; abun-
mon. shallow water; common. dant.
 DATE MUSSELS AND PEN SHELLS — MYTILIDAE AND PINNIDAE 299

^ Tulip Mussel 7,5 cm

(5'’) 13 cm false Tulip Mussel
Northern Horse Mussel
Modiolus modiolus subspecies sqaamosus Modiolus americarrus (Leach, 1815). S.E,
Modiolus modioius (L., 1758). Arctic Seas to United States; W. Mexico to Peru. Shallow
to Spain; to California; japan. Beauperthuyi 1967. S.E United States and
New jersey; No rose water; abundant. Syn,: tulipa Lamarck;
Low-tide mark to 10 m; abundant. Caribbean. Umbones not swollen.
Common. pseudotufipus Olsson,
colors.

(4") 10 cm Scissor Date Mussel (2)5 cm

(3.5'0 9 cm Antillean Date Mussel
European Date Mussel Lithophaga aristata (Dillwyn, 1817). S.E,
Lithophaga lithophaga (L., 1758). France to
Lithophaga antilfarum (Orbigny, 1842). S.E,
United States to Brazil; S, Calif, to Peru;
Florida to Brazil. Subtidal, soft coral rocks;
Mediterranean; Red Sea. Subtidal to 60 m; Mediterranean, Subtidal in soft rocks;
common. common. Syn.: corru^ata Philippi.
bores in rock; mmmon.

(2") 5 cm Mahogany Date Mussel (15”) 3.5 cm

(3") 7.5 cm Black Date Mussel
Cylinder Date Mussel S.E,
Lithophaga bisulcata (Orbigny, 1842).
Lithophaga nigra (Orbigny, 1842). S.E, Flor-
Lithophaga teres (Philippi, 1846). Indo-PacU
rocks; United States to Brazil; Bermuda. Com-
common. ida to Brazil, Shallow water, in coral
fic. Shallow water, in soft rocks;
common, Syn,: caribaea Philippi, mon rock-borer, Syn,: appendicufata Phi-
lippi.

PEN SHELLS
FAMILY PINNIDAE

Large, thin, but strong, shells, fan-shaped

and living buried in sand and gravel. At-
tached to submerged rocks and shells by a
About 25 known spe-
thick, silky byssus.
cies,mostly tropical. Pinna with a weak
Noble Pen Shell (24") 60 cm
Plume Date Mussel (2)5 cm groove in middle of each valve. Absent in
Pinna nobtUs L., 1758. Mediterranean. Off-
Afr/na,
Lithophaga plutnula (Flan ley, 1844). Cali-
shore to 20 m; common. Variable sculp-
fornia to Peru. In rocks and Spondylus Chemnitz,
ture. Syn.: gigas
shells; common, Syn,: kelseyi Hertlein &
Strong.
 .

300 PEN SHELLS— PINNIDAE

Prickly Pen Shell cm Bkolor Pen Shell (16") 40 cm Rugose Pen Shell {16") 40 cm
Pinna muricata L,, 1758. EasI Africa to Pol* Pinna bicofor Gmeltn, 1791. East Africa to Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835. W. Mexico to
ynesia. Subtidal to 60 m, silty sand^. grass; Hawaii and Japan. Subtidal to 4 m tn sand. Panama. In mud, intertidal; common.
common. Many sy n o rry ms ;
ph Uippin ensis Syn.: atropurpurea Sowerby. Sometimes
Reeve. rayed.

Rude Pen Shell (20'^) 50 cm Amber Pen Shell flO'') 26 cm Saw-toothed Pen Shell (10") 26 cm
Pinna rudis L, 17S8. Mediterranean to An- Pinna carnea Cmelin, 1791. S.E. United Atrina serrata (Sowerby, 1825), S.E. United
gola; Caribbean. Offshore in rock crev- States to 8raziL Intertidal to 3 m in sand; States and West Indies. Shallow water in
ices; uncommon. Syn.: pemuia Chemnitz common. Syn.: flabelium Lamarck. sand; common.
(and Rdding).

r?

Stiff Pen Shell fiO") 26 cm Comb Pen Shell (10") 26 cm Tuberculose Pen Shell (8") 20 cm
Atrina rigida (Lightfoot, 1786). S.E. United Atrina pectinata (L., 1767), India, Japan to Atrina fubercu/osa(Sowerby, 1835). W.
States and Caribbean. Shallow water in Fiji. Subspecies zeiandica (Gray, 1835) from Mexico to Panama, Shallow water; sandy
sandy mud; common. Syn.; rigida Dillwyn. New Zealand, Common. Syn,: japonica m ud ; local y
I com ma n
Reeve, and others.

Half-Naked Pen Shell (8") 20 cm Indo- Pacific Pen Shell (16") 40 cm Baggy Pen Shell (8") 20 cm
Afrma SGrninuda (Lamarck, 1819). S.E. Atrma vexiHum (Born, 1778). East Africa to Sfrepfopmnasaccata (L., 1758), Entire Indo-
United States to Argentina. Offshore; com- Polynesia. Subtidal from 1 to 60 m; com- Pacific. Among rocks and crevices on reefs;
mon. Syn,: patagonica Orbigny. mon. Syn.: nigra Dillwyn; tenuis Habe. uncommon. Syn.: inusitata I redale.
 WINGED AND PEARL OYSTERS — FIERI I DAE 301

WINGED OYSTERS
PEARL OYSTERS
FAMILY PTERIIDAE

A large family of tropical oysters having

mother-of-pearl interiors, A strong byssus
spun by the foot attaches the oysters to
rocks, gorgonian stems and wharf pilings.
Pearls from the genus Finctada are of gem
Penguin Wing Oyster {3") 7 cm Penguin Wing Oyster (1CT) 25 cm
quality. Family Isognomonidae has many
Pteria penguin {Roding, 1798). Indo-Pacific, Pteria penguin form iotorium (Lamarck,
teeth in the hinge.
Shallow water; common, Syn.: macroptera 1819). Larger specimens lack long wings.
Lamarck. Common,

(3'') 7.5 cm
cm Atlantic Wing Oyster (3") 7,5 cm European Wing Oyster
Golden Wing Oyster (3"^) 7,5
Pteria coiymbus (Roding, 1798). S,E. United Pferia hirundo (L., 1758). W. Europe; Medi-
Pteria crocea (Lamarck, 1819). Central Paci-
States to Brazil. Attaches to alcyonarians, 1 terranean. Offshore in 1 to 290 m; com-
fic; Philippines. Shallow water; uncom-
to 5 m; common. Syn.: attantica Lamarck. mon. Syn.: tarentina Lamarck.
mon.

Western Wing Oyster (3") 7.5 cm Black Wing Oyster (3") 7.5 cm
Loven's Wing Oyster f1 .5") 4 cm
Pteria avicuia (Holten, 1802), S.W, Pacific.
Pteria hveni (Dunker, 1872). japan; West- Ptena sterna (Gould, 1851). S. California to
Peru. Subtidal to 30 m; common. Syn,: Shallow water; common. Syn,; pease/
ern Pacific. Attached to seawhips 3 to 80 m;
peruviana Reeve. Dunker.
common.

Bearded Wing Oyster (2") 5 cm Pearl Oyster (S'") 20 cm

Black Wing Oyster » O'") 7.5 cm 1758). Indo-Paci-
Pfena tongisquamosa (Dunker, 1852). West Pinctada margaritifera (L.,
Pteria avicuia (Flolten, 1802K S,W. Pacific. common.
Indies. Offshore in shallow water; uncom- fic. Offshore 5 to 30 m; locally
Shallow water; common. Syn.: peasei
mon. Syn.: viridizona DalL Source of pearls.
Dunker.
 302 TREE AND HAMMER OYSTERS — ISOGNOMONIDAE AND MALLEIDAE

Atlantic Pearl Oyster (3"} 7.5 cm Lister's Tree Oyster (2") 5 cm Saddle Tree Oyster (4") 10 cm
PmctadB imbricata Roding, 1798. S.E, tsognomon radiatus (Anton, 1839}* S. Flor- isognomon ephippium (L., 1758). Indo-Pa-
United States to Brazil. Shallow water; ida, Texas, West indies to Brazil. Intertidal ciflc* Muddy estuaries; common on rocks
common. Syn.: rad/afa Leach. rock flats; common. Syn.: listeri Hanley. intertidally.

Flat Tree Oyster (31 7.5 cm Oyster

Pacific Tree (4'1 10 cm Rayed Tree Oyster (3") 7,5 cm
tsognomon alatus (Gmelin, 1791). Florida Isognomon Isognomum (L., 1758). Indo-Pa- isognomon perna (L., 1767). Indo-Padfic.
to Brazil; Bermuda. Near mangroves, on cific. Intertidal to 2 m; common. Genus is Shallow reefs; common, Syn.: cosi&tkta
rocks; common. in family Isognomonidae, Conrad.

HAMMER OYSTERS
FAMiLY MALLEIDAE

Unlike the Isognomonidae which have nu-

merous alternating teeth and ligamental
blocks, this family has a large, oblique liga-
ment at the center of the hinge. The hinge
is often produced at each side, thus giving
some species a "hammer'' shape. The inte-
Two'toned Tree Oyster (1.5") 4 cm rior is semi-nacreous. Most live in tropical Sponge Finger Oyster (2.51 6 cm
Isognomon bicolor (C. B. Adams, 1845). waters, on reef flats or in crevices of coral Vuisdia vuheifa (L., 1758). Indo-Padfic,
Shallow wafer, in rock crevices; common. rocks. Shallow water in sponges; uncommon,
Syn.: chcmnitisanus Orbigny*
Syn.: Unguiata Lamarck.

Sponge Finger Oyster (2.51 6 cm White Hammer Oyster (81 20 cm Common Hammer Oyster (8") 20 cm
form Unguiata Lamarck,
Vulselia vuisella Maihus aibus Lamarck, 1819. Indo-Padfic. Malleus malleus (L., 1750). Indo-Pacific.
1801. More elongate and rayed than the Shallow water on grass and rock flats; com- Shallow water; common. Syn.: vulgaris La-
typical form. Rare. mon. marck.
 303
MOON SCALLOPS— AMUSSIIDAE

SCALLOPS
FAMILY PLCTINIDAE

A and popular family, both as collec-

large
items and as food. The genera are very
tors'
complex and the divisions are arbitrary.
Amateur collectors may call them ail Pec-
fen.Many species are capable of swimming
by snapping their valves. Most spedes are
polar waters. Hyaline Scallop H") 2,5 cm
(1 .5") 4 cm tropical, but a few live in
American Hammer Oyster
on opposite valves. L/ssopecfen hyaiinus (Poli, 1795). W. Eu-
Malvimalleus candeanu& (Orbigny, 1842K Sculpture differs
rope; Mediterranean. Shallow water; com-
S,E. United States; West Indies. Coral rock
mon.
crevices; locally common.

(2.5 6 cm Alcock's Glass Scallop (7") b cm

Siboga Glass Scallop (2'') ^ cm Watson's Glass Scallop )

Propeamus^ium afcocki (£, A. Smith, 1885),

Propeamussium sibogai Dautzenberg & Ba- Propeamuss/um watsoni (L, A. Smith,
1885). Last Indies, Deepwater: rare.
Bay of Bengal, India. 1400 m; rare.
vay, 1912 . lapan: deep water; common.

Asian Moon Scallop (3") 7,5 cm

Dali's Glass Scallop ^2”) S cm Colbeck's Scallop
Amusium pteuronectes (L,, 1756). S,W. Pa-
Smith, 1886). Adamussium calbecki (L, A, Smith, 1902),
Propeamussiutv dalli (E, A,
Dredged in 200 m; locally cific, India, Japan. Offshore to 30 m; abun-
Deep wa- Antarctic waters.
Gulf of Mexico and West Indies.
dant.
ter; uncommon in collections. common.

(4”) 10 cm Bailors Moon Scallop iAl 10 cm

Australian Moon Scallop O"') 7,5 cm Moon Scallop
Japanese
austra- Amusium japonicum CGmelin, 1791). la- Amusium japonicum subspecies ba//of/
Amusium pleuronecte5 subspecies (Bernardi, 1861). New Caledonia and N,
Habe, 1964. N, Australia; offshore; pan. Offshore in 10 to 100 m; common.
liae
Australia. Common.
common.
 304 SCALLOPS — PECTIN IDAE

Smudged Moon Scallop (1 ,5") 4 cm Laurent's Moon Scallop (3") 7,5 cm Paper Moon Scallop (2") 5 cm
Amusium obiiteratun} (L, 1758). South Amusium iaurenti (Gmelin, 1791), Carib- Amusium papyraceum (Cabb^ 1873). Gulf
China Sea. Offshore; rare. bean^ Offshore in 50 to 200 m; uncommon. of Mexico to Brazil, Offshore in 50 to 120 m ;
locally common.

Kelp Scallop (1") 2,5 cm Bald Scallop (2.5"') 6 cm Club Scallop (1")2*5 cm
Leptopecten ktiauratus (Conrad, 1837). Profeopecfen g/aber (L, 1758)* Portugal to Peplum chvatum (Poll, 1795), W. Europe to
California to W. Mexico* On kelp weeds; the Adriatic. Offshore, 6 to 900 m; com- Mediterranean. Offshore, 5 to 1,000 m;
common. Syn.: monotimefis Conrad. mon. Syn,: distant Lamarck. common. Syn.: inflexum Poli.

Great Scallop (5") 12 cm St. James's Scallop (5") 12 cm Keppel's Scallop (4") 10 cm
Pecten maximus (L*, 1758).N.W. Europe to Pecten maximus subspecies jacobaeus (L*, Pecfen keppeiianus Sowerby, 1905. Cape
Madeira* Offshore, 3 to 1,000 m; common 1753), Mediterranean; Canary Is* Offshore, Verde Islands, Shallow water; uncommon*
edible scallop. Syn,; vufgaris da Costa. 5 to 100 m; common, edible.

Tri pie- rtdged Sea lop

I
(1 ,5^') 4 cm File Scallop {1.5") 4 cm Box Scallop (2") 5 cm
Serratovofa tricarinata (Anton, 1839). Philip- Pecfen aspera Sowerby, 1842. Melanesia. Pecfen pyxidata Born, 1730, Jndo- Pacific*
pines, East Indies, Offshore to 50 m; un- Shallow water; uncommon. Shallow water; common.
common. Syn.: passerina Hinds.
 SCALLOPS — PECTIN IDAE 305

8 cm Tasmanian Scallop (3") 8 cm

Chinese Scallop H -S") 3.5 cm fapanese Baking Scallop (3”)

Pecten a/6/cans Sc h rote and

1802. China Pecfen mendtonal is Tate, 1837. Tasmania;
Pecten sinensis Sowerby, 1842. China and
japan. Offshore, 10 to 80 m; abundant. S. Australia. Offshore; common.
lapan. Shallow water; common. Syn.:
puncticuiBlus Dunker, Syn.: I^queatus Sowerby.

(31 7.5 cm Haveners Scallop 5 cm

New Zealand Scallop f4") 10 cm Zigzag Scallop
United States Pecten ravene// Dali, 1898. S.E. United
Pecfen novaeze/and/ae Reeve, 1853. New Pecten ziczac (L, 17581. S.E.

common. Bermuda,
to Brazil; 1 to 40 m; locally com- States and West Indies. Offshore; locally
Zealand. Intertidal to offshore;
mon, Rarely albino. common. Many colors.

cm Tumbez Scallop (2"') 5 cm San Diego Scallop (31 7.S cm

Chazalie's Scallop (11 2.5
Pacipecten tumbezensis (Orbigny, 1846). Fecfen diegensts Dal], 1898. California and
Pecfen chazaiiei Dautzenberg, 1900. S.

from 20 to 150 m; W. Mexico; Offshore to 90 m; uncommon. W. Mexico, Offshore to 150 m; uncom-

Florida to Brazil, Offshore
mon.
uncommon. Syn.: iere'mus Dali.

(4") 10 cm Silken Scallop (2,51 6 cm Lunar Mexican Scallop (31 7.5 cm

Vogdes's Scallop
Pecten senceus Hinds, 1845. W. Mexico to Pecfen lunaris S. S, Berry, 1963. W, Mexico,
Pecten vogdesi Arnold, 1906. W. Mexico to
Peru; Galapagos, 13 to 155 m; uncommon. 55 to 82 m; uncommon. Paratype illustra-
Panama, Offshore to 155 m; common.
ted.
 306 SCALLOPS — PECTI N IDAE

Sunburst Scallop (1 S') 4 cm Giant Pacific Scallop CB") 25 cm Oeepsea Scallop

Atlantic (8") 25 cm
Aequipecten heflacus (Dall^ 1925), S. Flor- PatinopectGn caunnus (Could^ T850). Placopecten mageUanicus (Cmelin, 1791).
ida and West Indies: rare. Holotype illus- Alaska to California. Offshore; locally Labrador to N. Carolina. Offshore; com-
trated. abundant. Commercially fished. mercially fished.

Yesso Scallop (7”) 22 cm Leopard Scallop (2.5") 6 cm Convex Scallop (2") 5 cm

Patinopecten yessoensis Jay, 1857. N. ja- Annachfamys leopards (Reeve, 1853). Mesopepium convexum (Quoy & Gaimard,
pan. Offshore; common. Northern Australia. Offshore in shallow 1835). New Zealand. Offshore; uncom-
water; uncommon. mon.

Tasman Scallop (2.5") 6 cm Carol's Scallop (2") 5 cm Reeve's Scallop (2") 5 cm

Notochlamys tasmanica (Adams & An gas, M^sopeplum caroli I redale, 1929. Eastern Annachfamys reevei (Adams and Reeve,
1863). Tasmania and South Australia. 20 to Australia. Offshore to 160 m; locally com- 1850). S.W. Pacific. Offshore to 30 m; lo-
80 m; uncommon. mon. cally common.

Macassar Scallop (3") 7 cm Queen Scallop (3") 7 cm Swift's Scallop (3.5") 8 cm

Annachlamys macassareasis Chenu, 1845. Aequipecten opercutaris (L., 1758). N.W. Swiftopecten swiftii (Bernardi, 1858). Ja-
S.W. Pacific Offshore to 30
. m ; u ncommon Europe to Azores and Mediterranean. pan. Offshore to 50 m; locally common.
Common; edibie.
 SCALLOPS— PECTIN DAE I
307

Spathate Scallop (1'’) 2.5 cm Wavy*! ned Scallop

I
(2'") 5 cm European Calico Scallop (1 ,2") 3 cm
Aequipecten phrygium (Dali, 1636). S.E. /\eqo/pecfen lineolans (Lamarck, 1819). ^rgopecfen sotidutus (Reeve, 1853). Medi*
United States and the West Indies. Off* S.E. Florida and Caribbean. Offshore, 14 to terranean and West Africa. Offshore; com-

shore, deep watery uncommon. 100 m; uncommon. mon. Syn.: commufafus Monterosato.

cm Strange's Scallop t1 ,5”) 4 cm

European Calico Scallop H .2") 3 cm Distant Scallop (1^5^ 4

Argopecten soUduIus (Reeve, 1853). Col- Compfopa///u/T) vexdlum (Reeve, 1853). ComptopaWum strangei (Reeve, 1852).

Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon, N,E. Australia. Shallow water; uncommon.

oration variable. LovH/er valve usually lighter
in color. Mediterranean specimen. Syn.: digitatus Hinds; ^efeki Hertlein;
evecta redale.
I

cm Nodular Scallop « (2") S cm

Plicate Scallop (1 .5") 4 cm Cloak Scallop (2") 5

Decatopecten pticus (L,, 1758). Western Pa- D^catopecten amicufum (Philippi, 1835), Oecafopecfen noduiiferus (Sowerby,
common. Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. 1842), Indo-Pacific, Offshore to 100 m; un-
cific; S, Japan. Offshore;
common, Syn.: tangfordi Dali, B, & R,

*Nodular Scallop (2") 5 cm Spicer's Scallop (1,5") 4 cm Radula Scallop (3") 7,5 cm
Decatopecten noda^ifGrus (Sowerby, Compfopa///um Bpiceri Rehder, 1944, Line Comp£opa///t/m radufa (L., 1758). Indo-Pa-
Islands (south of Hawaii). Rare. Holotype dfic. Shallow reefs; common.
1842).Holotype of langfordi Dali, Bartsch
and Rehder, 1938, from Hawaii, illustrated.
308 SCALLOPS— PECTINIDAE

cm H ist rion ic Seal lop (1 S") 4 cm Blood-stained Scallop n*") 2,5 cm

Patagonian Scallop i^) ^ .

£xce///ch/amys hfstrionica (Cmelin, 1791). Excellichfamys sa/igi;mo/enfa (Gmelin,

Chlamys lischkei (Dunker, 1B50). Argentina
Western Tropical Pacific. Shallow water; 1791). Red Sea and N.W. Indian Ocean.
and Chile. Offshore; abundant. Syn.: pafa-
uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon.
gonica King.

(2.5") 6 cm Gardner's Scallop (1-5") 3.5 cm

Spectacular Scallop d") 2.S cm Felippone's Scallop
Serratovoia gardneri (E. A. Smith, 1903).
Excellichlamys spectabiHs (Reeve, 1853). Aequipecien feitpponei (Dali, 1922). Uru-
guay and Argentina. Offshore; common. Indo-Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon.
S.W. Pacific; Japan. Offshore to 10 m; un-
Syn.: daynf/Crau.
common.

iV) 2.5 cm S ingapore Sc al lop ( 1 ^5") 3.5cm

link's Scallop (1 -5”) 3.5 cm Alls Scallop
Cryptopeefen at/t Dali, Bartsch & Rehder, Vofach/amys stngaporina (Sowerby, 1842),
Pacipecten leucophaeus {Reeve, 1852),
1938. Hawaiian Islands. Deepwater; rare. S.E, Asia. Shallow water; uncommon.
Lower Caribbean. Dredged olfshore; lo-
cally common. Syn.: finkt Dali, 1926. Holotype illustrated.

(2") 5 cm Mel Ward's Scallop 12,5") 6 cm

Tranquebar Scallop (1 .5") 3,5 cm Tiger Scallop
SemipafUum (Lamarck, 1819). West-
tfgrts Semfpa///um wardtana Iredale, 1939. North
Vo/ach/amys tranquebanca (Gmelin, 1791).
ern Pacific; S. japan. Shallow water; com- and Western Australia. Under rocks on
Indian Ocean. Shallow flats to 6 m; com*
mon. reefs. Uncommon,
mon.
 309
SCALLOPS — PECTINIDAE

Magnificenl Scallop 17 cm
Thislle Scallop H") 2-5 cm )

Rough American Scallop (t ,2 ) 3 cm £yropecfen magnificus (Sowerby, 1635).

AGguipBCtGn Bc^tithodes (Dali, 1925), S.E,
Aequipecten muscosus (Wood. 1B26). S,E.
uncom- Galapagos Islands. Offshore, 3 to 50 m;
Flonda and Caribbean, Grass flats;
United States to Brazil, Common.
Rarely
uncommon.
mon. Holotype illus.
lemon-yellow. Syn.: exasperatus Sowerby.

Senatorial Scallop (3 ) 7,5 cm

(2 5 crn
^ Royal Cloak Scallop )
Asia
Specious Scallop
17S8), Indo-Paci- Chiamys senafarja (Gm el in, 1791). S.E.
Crypfopecfeo pa/f/om (L.,
Cryptopecten speciosum (Reeve, 1353).
reefs: common. and Indian Ocean. Offshore; common.
water; fic. Shallow water on
Weste^^^ Pacific: S. japan. Shallow
uncommon. Syn.: Cfonopa///om.

Townsend's Scallop (6 15 cm
7.5 cm
)

Glorious Scallop f3
Noble Scallop 13") 7.5 cm )

Ch/amys townsencf/ fSowerby, 1895), N.W.

Cbfamys gloriosa (Reeve, 1852). Japan
and
Ch/amys senatoria subspecies nobflis Indian Ocean. Offshore to 20 m;
common.
m; lo- S. Korea. Offshore; uncommon.
(Reeve. 1852), Japan. Offshore to20
cally abundant. Many colors.

Prickly Scallop
'3 ) / cm
6 cm
Paw 11 cm Austral Scallop 1819). S, Aus-
Lion's ^
Chlamys aspenima (Lamarck,
Chlamysaastralfs (Sowerby, 1847). Western
iyfopGCtGn nodosa (L., 1758), S.E, United Tasmania. Subtidal to 100 m; abun-
and 5. Australia. Offshore; common.
tralia;
States lo Brazil; Ascension Is,
Offshore to
dant.
30 m; locally common.
 310 SCALLOPS — PECTINIDAE

Atlantic Bay Scatlop (2*5") 6 cm Carolina Bay Scallop (2.51 6 cm Texas Say Scallop 6 cm
(2.5")

Argopecten inadiarts irradfans (Lamarck, Argopecten irradians subspecies concentri- Argopecten irradians subspecies amp //cos-
18T9)* Massachusetts to New fersey. Sbaf* ct/s (Say, T822). Maryland to Louisiana. tatus (Dali, 1898). Texas to Coiombia. Com-
low grass areas; abundant. Abundant. Lower valve white, fatter. mon. 15 ribs.

Nucleus Scallop (1.2") 3 cm Calico Scallop (2.5") 6 cm Purplish Scallop (5") 13 cm

Argopecten nucleus (Born^ 1778). S*£. Flor- Argopecten gibbus (L., 1758). S.E. United Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819).
ida and Caribbean. Shallow water; com- States to Brazil Shallow water to 30 m;
, Peru to Chile. Sandy bottom, to 30 m;
mon. Ears with 5 riblets. abundant. Syn.: drstocatus Say. abundant. Commercially fished.

cm cm Unequal Scallop (1") 2.5 cm

Circular Scallop (O 10 Hiras^''s Scallop (2.5") 6
Argopecten (Sowerby, 1835), W.
circuiaris Argopecten hirasei (Bavay, 1904). Japan. Argopecten inaequivaMs (Sower by, 1842),
Mexico to Peru. Subtidal to 100 m; abun* Shallow water; common. Syn.: awajicnsis Western Pacific; Japan. Offshore, 10 to 50
dant. Food species. Pilsbry. m; uncommon.

African Fan Scallop (2") 5 cm St. Helena Scallop (1") 2.5 cm Tr yon's Scallop (2*3 5 cm
CMamys flabetlum (Cmelin, 1791). West Af- Aequipecten adanOcus (E.A. Smith, 1890). Aequipecten glyptus (Verrill, 1882). S.E.
rica from Mauritania to Angola. Shallow St. Helena Is., Atlantic. Offshore; rare, United States. Dredged by shrimpers in the
water; moderately common. Holotype illustrated. Gulf of Mexico; uncommon.
 SCALLOPS— PECTINIDAE 311

5 cm Dieffenbach'^s Scallop (2*5'") 6cm

Dr. Ruschenberger's Scallop iT) 7.5 cm Much-scaled Scallop (2")
New
Ch/amys multisquamata (Dunker, 1664). Chlamys dieffenbachi [Reeve, 1853).
Chfamys ruschenbergerii (Tryon, 1869). common. Syn.: ceiator
S,E* Florida, Bahamas and Cuba* Rock crev- Zealand. Offshore;
N.W. Indian Ocean, Offshore, moderately
50 m; rare. Finlay.
common. Syn.: decorista Lamy. ices, 10 to

(3") 7.5 cm Kitten Scallop H") 2.5 cm

Iceland Scallop (3. S'*) 6 cm Wainwright Scallop
CamptoneclG 5 tignnu3 [Muller^ 1776), W.
CWamys fslandica {MQller, 1776). Arctic Chlamys wainwrightemis Mac Net I, 1%7.
Europe; cold waters; common. Syn.: trira-
Seas to Massachusetts; to Washington Alaska. Offshore. Holotype illus. May be
diatus Mutler; laevis Pennant.
State; to N. Europe. Abundant.
form of isiandica.

(1.5*) 3.5 cm Variable Scallop (2.5") 6 cm

Striate Scallop (0.6") 1 .5 cm Seven-rayed Scallop
Chiamy^ varia (L., 1758). Norway to Medr-
Camptonectes striatus (Muller, 1776). Arc* P&eudamussium septemradiatum (Muller),
Offshore, 1 to 1000 m; common.
Arctic European seas to W. Europe. Cold
terranean.
Seas; W. Europe, cold water, 7 to 60 m;
tic
waters, 11 to 180 m; common. Syn.: monotis da Costa.
common. Syn.: r/mu/osa Philippi.

Paw Scallop (2,5") 6 cm

(2.5") 6 cm Sulcate Scallop (1 ^T**) 4 cm Cat's
Snow Scallop
Chiamys sulcata (Muller, 1776). Arctic Seas; Manupecfen pesfe//s (L., 1758). Medlterra*
Chlamys nivea [Mac Gillivray, 1825). N.
N.W. Europe. Offshore to 850 m; common. nean and N.W. Africa. Offshore. 10 to 225
Great Britain. Offshore; locally common.
m; common. Syn.: coraltinus Poll.
About 45 riblets.
 312 SCALLOPS — PECTINIDAE

Pslmer^s Scaltop 4 (-m

(i Superb Scallop (2.5") 6 cm Lamberts Scallop
Aequipecten palmert (2.5") 6 cm
(Dali, 1897). Gulf of Anguipecten superbus (Sowerby, 1842). Anguipecten lamberti (Souverble, 1874).
California, fntertidal to 90 m; uncommon. S.W. Pacific and Japan. 10 to 80 m; uncom- S,W. Pacific to Hawaii. Shallow water to 600
mon. m; uncommon. Syn.: gregoryi D., B. & R.

Buried Scallop (2") 5 cm Tinted Scallop

Chlamys funebris (Reeve,
(1.3") 3 cm Tinted Scallop (1.3") 3 cm
1BS3). Australia. Chlamys Uncta (Reeve, 18S3). Table Bay to
Shallow water.
Chlamys tincta (Reeve, 1853). Variations in
Uncommon. Natal, South Africa. Also red, violet and
color in this common South African scal-
mottled. lop.

Beribboned Scallop 5 cm
(2”) Squamose Scallop (2.5^^) 6 cm Scaly Pacifrc Scallop
Chfamys femrriscata (Reeve, 1853)* S. Japan Chfamys squamosa (GmeJin,
(3") 7.5 cm
1791). S.W* Chfamys squamata (Cmelin, 1791). Japan
and S.W. Pacifk. Offshore, 30 to 300 m;
Pacific* Sbalfow water; common. and W. Pacific. Offshore from 1 to 50 m;
uncommon.
uncommon.

Chfamys Darwin's Scallop (2") 5 cm

farvata (Reeve, 1853). Japan, Off- Chfamys tehuefchus (Orbigny, 1846). Brazil Chfamys tehuefchus (Orbigny, 1846), Rib-
shore; common* Syn*: oofan/7 Azuma. to Argentina. Offshore, 10 to 120 m; com- bing and coloring can vary depending on
mon. Syn.: darwinr Reeve. depth of water.
 SCALLOPS — PECTINI DAE 313

Farrer's Scallop (1.5”) 4 cm Scaly-ribbed Scallop (2.5'') 6 cm Jousseaume'^s Scallop (1.5”) 4 cm

Chlsmys farreri (Jones and Preston, 1904). ChlamyB scabncostafa (Sowecby, 1915). Chkmys jousseaumei (Bavay, 1904). Japan.
N, China, Korea and Japan. IS to 60 m; Western Australia, Offshore; uncommon. Shallow water; uncommon.
common. Syn,: nipponensis Kuroda.

Fine-grained Scallop (1”) 2,5 cm Golden Scallop (2") 5 cm Zealand ic Scallop {1 ,2") 3 cm
Chtamys asperulata (Adams & Reeve, 1850), Bractechfamys auranliaca (Adams & Reeve, Chtamys zelandiae (Gray, 1843). New
japan and Korea. 1 to 20 m; uncommon. 1850), Western Pacific; japan. Offshore to Zealand. Subtidal to 30 m; under rocks,
Syn.: pelseneeh Dautzenberg & Bavay. 20 m; uncommon. common.

Bifrons Scallop (31 7.5 cm Forked Scallop (1"") 2.5 cm Little Gem Scallop (1.5”) 3 cm
£qfurch/amys b/frons (Lamarck, 1619). South Chfamys dichroa (Suter, 1909). New Chlamys gemmuiata (Reeve, 1853). New
Austraiia and Tasmania. Low-tide mark to 40 Zealancf. Offshore to 100 m; uncommon. Zealand. Subtidal to 30 m; common. Syn.
m; common. rad/a (us Hutton.

Delicate Scallop (3”) 7.5 cm Cha rm rng Sea Hop (2 .5" 6 cm ) Amand Scallop (1 .5”) 4 cm
Chfamys de//cafu/a (Hutton, 1873). New Chlamys incantata Hertlein, 1972. Off Santa Chfamys amandi Hertlein, 1935. Off Chile.
Zealand; Antarctic. Shallow water to 30 m; Cruz Js., Galapagos, in 200 m; rare. Deep water. Syn,: austrafis Philippi; pba-
common, Syn.: subarttarctka Hedley. iara Roth.
 314 SCALLOPS — PECTINIDAE

irregular Scallop (1 .5"') 4 cm Irregular Scallop (1 .5") 4 cm Judd's Scallop (1") 2.5 cm

Chlamys (Sowerby, 1842)* japan

irregufaris Chiamys irregularis (Sowerby, 1842)* This is Haumea juddi Dali, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938,
to Hawaii* Offshore 3 to 150 m; uncom- the Hawaiian hofotype of cookei Dali, Hawaiian Islands* 8 to TOO m; abundant.
mon. Syn.: cookei D,, 8. ^ R.; m/dwayen- Bartsch & Rehder, 1938,
s/s Habe & Okutani.

White-spotted Scallop {1.5"') 4 cm White-lined Scallop (1") 2.5 cm Pacific Pink Scallop (2*5”) 6.5 cm
Chlamys tucuhnia (Reeve, 1853). N. Aus- Chiamys a/bo/meafa (Sowerby, 1887), ja- Chiamys hastata herida (Could, 1850).
tralia. Offshore; uncommon. pan and Ryukyu Islands* Shallow water; Alaska to California, Offshore, 1 to 40 m;
uncommon. common.

Pacific Pink Scallop (2.5'') 6.5 cm Pacific Spear Scallop (2.5”) 6 cm Freckled Scallop (1.5") 4 cm
Chiamys hastata herida (Gould, 1850). Chiamys hastata hastata (Sowerby, 1843). Chiamys ientiginosa (Reeve, 1853). South
Holotype specimen £7*5 cm). Rarely white Monterey to Newport Bay, California* Off- fapan to S.W* Pacific* Shallow reefs; com-
iaibida Dali). shore; uncommon. mon*

Sent is Scallop (1*5”) 4 cm Ornate Scallop (1 ,5”) 4 cm Mildred's Scallop (1 .5") 4 cm

Chiamys sends (Reeve, 1853)* S*E. United Chiamys orfiata (Lamarck, 1819)* S.E. Flor- Chiamys miidredae (Bayer, 1943}* Believed
States to Brazil, Subtidal to 4 m; common ida to Brazil* Subtidal to 4 m; uncommon, to be a hybrid between sends and ornata.
under rocks. under rocks. Hoiotype ill us.
 .

SCALLOPS — PECTI N I DAE 315

Blistered Scallop (1 .S'! 4 cm Antillean Scallop [1") 2.5 cm Coral Scallop (1") 2.5 cm
Cryptopecten vesicuh&us (Dunker, 1877). Lyropecten antillafum (R^cluz, 1853}, S.E. Lyropeaen corallirioides (Orbigny, 1834).
Japan. Offshore, 50 to 600 m; uncommon. Florida ar^d the West Indies. SublidaJ, 2 to Azores; Canary Islands and Cape Verde.
30 m; uncommon. Offshore from 12 to 36 m; rare.

Miraculous Scallop (1 .5") 4 cm Pacific Lion'^s Paw (S'") 12.5 cm Maidive Scallop (1 .8") 4.5 cm
tyropecten subnodosus (Sowerby, 1835). fiixtamusium fnaidiverrse (E. A. Smith,
Mirapecten miriftcus (Reeve, 1853). Philip-
pines to Hawaii. Offshore to 200 m; un- Gulf of California to Peru. Offshore; locally 1903). Central Indian Ocean to the Marshall
common. Syn.: thaanumi D., B. & Rehder. common. Islands. 60 to 70 m; common.

cm Pedum Oyster (l.S"') 6 cm

Litlle Boy Scallop (1 .2") 3 cm Giant Rock Scallop (6") IS
Chlamys muitistnata (Poli, 1795). Norway to HinniiGS giganteus [Gray, 1825). W. Canada Pedum spondyloideum fCmelin, 1791).
the Azores and Mediterranean. 2 to 2,000 to W. Mexico. Young resemble Chiamys. Embedded in brain corals;
Indo-Padfic.

m; common. Older shells distorted. Syn.: Common on subtidal rocks, Syn.: mukiru- uncommon. Syn* pedum Roding; spondy-
:

yusio ir gosus Gale. hides Lama rck . S u bf a m ly Ped u m

i j n ae

KITTEN PAWS
FAMILY PLICATULIDAE

This is a small family of oysterlike bivalves

having a deeply sunk resiltum in the hinge
with a long tooth on each side. Ribs usually
large and few. Only a few species are living
today.
Atlantic Kitten's Paw (1") 2.5 cm Pacific Kitten's Paw (1”) 2.5 cm
P//cafu/a gibbosa Lamarck, 1801. S.E. PtfcaWla pticata (L., 1758). In do- Pacific* Off-

United States to Brazil. Subtidal to 20 m; shore on gravel bottom, 1 to 50 m; com-

abundant. Syn.: ramosus Lamarck. mon. Syn* imbricata Menke*
:
 316 THORNY OYSTERS — SPONDYLI DAE

THORNY OYSTERS
FAMILY SPONDVLIDAE

Although resembling oysters^ the Thorny

Oysters or Chrysanthemum Shells are
more closely related to the scallops. The
"ball-and-socket" hinge is characteristic.
Marine growths on the long spines offer
camouflage. Great variation in shape, col-
ors and spines makes identification of the Regal Thorny Oyster (4") 10 cm Imperial Thorny Oyster (3") 7.5 cm

two dozen or more species difficult. Spondylus regius (L., 1758), Western Pach Spondyfus imperials Chenu, 1843. japan.
fic. On rocks, 5 to 50 m; common, Syn.: Offshore; 5 to 50 m; common.
cumingii Sowerby,

Wrighrs Thorny Oyster (S'*) 7.5 cm American Thorny Oyster (4'") 10 cm American Thorny Oyster (O 10 cm
Spondylus wrightianus Crosse, 1872. West- Spondylus americanus Hermann^ 1781. S.E. Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781.
ern Australia, Offshore to 50 m; locally United States to Brazil. Offshore on cliffs These are cleaned specimens. In life, they
common. and wrecks from 10 to 50 m; locally com- are covered with sponges and algae. Syn,
mon. echinatus Martyn.

Pacific Thorny Oyster (5") 13 cm Nude Thorny Oyster (2,5") 6 cm Cat*sTongue Oyster (3,5"} 9 cm

Spondy /os pnVi ceps Broderip, 1833, Gulf of Spondylus anacanthus Mawe, 1823. Japan. Spondylus linguaefelis Sowerby, 1847, Ha-
California to Panama. Offshore; locally 30 to 200 m; uncommon. Syn,; lima waiian Is. Offshore; uncommon. Syn. :
glo-
common. Good specimens uncommon. Chenu; nudus Sowerby. riosuSf mimus, kau/ensis Dali, Bartsch^ and
Rehder.

Many-spined Thorny Oyster (S'*) 7 cm Golden Thorny Oyster (4") 10 cm Chinese Thorny Oyster (3") 7 cm
Spondylus mu/f/mor/caft/S Reeve, 1856, Spondylus versicohr Schreibers, 1793, W. Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793. Japan
Philippines; W. Pacific. Common. In shel- Pacific; Japan to Philippines, Common, to East Indies; common. Syn.: digitatus
tered waters. Syn.: aurantlus Lamarck, Perry; pe/rose//nos Roding; multilamella-
tus Lamarck,
 JINGLES AND TRUE OYSTERS — ANOMIIDAE AND OSTREIDAE 317

JINGLE SHELLS
FAMILY ANOMIIDAE

A curious group of thin, semi-translucent

other shells and
shells that attach to rocks,
wood. The lower valve has a large, circular
indentation through which protrudes the
foot and byssus. The flesh has a very dis*
tasteful alumlike flavor. Most species are
Ducal Thorny Oyster {4") 10 cm European Thorny Oyster (3") 7,5 cm abundant in shallow water^ a few are found
Spondyius squamostis Schreibers, 1793. Spondyius gaederop us L.^ 1758, Mediterra- in mangroves. Small windowpanes are
Indo- Pac f c Co mm on Sy n du caiis Rod -
i t . . . : nean; N.W, Africa, Intertidal to20 m; com- made from Placuna.
mg; spathulifervs Lamarck; iamarcki mon.
Chenu.

American Jingle Shell (1 .5") 3,5 cm European Jingle Shell {2'3 6 cm false Pacific Jingle (3") 7,5 cm
Anomia simplex (Orbigny, 1842). Eastern Anomia ephippium (L,, 1758), Norway to Monia macroschisma (Deshayes, 1839),
Untied States to Brazil, Shallow water; the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Interti- Alaska to California; Japan. Intertidal to 70
common. Black if buried in mud. dal to 30 m; abundant. m; common on rocks and wharf pilings.

False Zealandrc Jingle (3.5") 9 cm False Atlantic Jingle H") 2,5 cm Mangrove Jingle Shell (1")
^cm
2.5
Monia zeland/ea (Cray, 1643), New Fododesmus rudis (Broderip, 1834). S,E, Enigmonia aenigmatfca (Hoi ten, 1803). East
uncommon.
Zealand. SubtMal; United States to Brazil, Subtidal to 10 m on Indies; Philippines. On mangrove roots;
rocks and wrecks. Syn,: dedpiens Philippi, common. Syn,; rosea Cray,

TRUE OYSTERS
FAMILY OSTREiDAE

The edible oysters are well known in most

parts of the world and are a major source of
seafood. The shell material is porcela-
neous, not nacreous; the pearls from edi-
ble oysters have little value. The genus
Crassostrea has a purple muscle scar and
Saddle Oyster (7"') 17 cm Window pane Oyster (4") 10 cm one deep valve. Osfrea is white and both
Placuna seUa (Cmelin^ 1791), S.W, Pacific; Piacuna placenta (L., 1758), Philippines; valves about the same. All shells are varia-
S.E. Asia, Subttdai; common. S.E. Asia. Lagoons: abundant. Used in ble in shape.
shellcraft.
 .

318 TRUE OYSTERS AND FILE CLAMS — OSTREIDAE AND LIMIDAE

CockVcomb Oyster (3.5") 9 cm Frofis Oyster iT) 5 cm Honey comb Oyster (3") 7.5 cm
Lopha cristagaiU (L., 1753). Indo-Pacific, Lopha from (L, 1758)* S.E. United States to Hyotisss hyotfs (L, 1758). Caribbean and

Subtidal to & m; locally common* Brazil. Variable in shape. On rocks or on Jndo-Pacific. Shallow water to 30 m; un-
seawhip stems; common. common*

(3") 7*5 cm Auckland Rock Oyster 13.5") 9 cm

Eastern American Oyster (3*5") 8.5 cm Caribbean Edible Oyster
Crassostrea virgin tea (Gmelin, 1791). Nova Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828). Crassoslrea glomerata [Could, 1850). New

Scotia to Gulf of Mexico* Intertidal to 10 m; West Indies to Brazil. Inner margin of lower Zealand. Common, shallow water, edible
abundant. Introduced to Hawaii* valve is purplish. Abundant* species. Holotype illustrated.

15 cm Common European Oyster (3") 8 cm Native Pacific Oyster (2.5"") 6 cm

Giant Pacific Oyster (6")

Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793)* lapan; Ostreaedoiis W. Europe; Mediter-

L*, 1758* Osfrea lunda Carpenter, 1864* Alaska to
W. Canada to California, Hawaii* Round or ranean* Common, commerdal species. Baja California. Alias the Olympic Oyster.

elongate. Common edible species. Intertidal; common.

FILE CLAMS
FAMILY LIMIDAE

The surface of these clams has many small

prickles resembling a file. These unique
bivalves have long, sticky tentacles which
aid them in swimming. Most species are
tropical and build nests spun from the bys-

Hooded Oyster (2.5") 6 cm Spiny Oyster t1") 2.5 cm sus exuded by the foot* There are about 100

Saccostrea o;cu//afa (Born, 1778), S*W. Pa- 5accos;rea kegaki Torigoe and Imaba, 1981 species, some large and living in deep wa-

cific. Shallow water; common. Syn: Saxos- Japan. Shallow water; common. Syn*: ter*

frea. spinosa Deshayes; ecbmafa of Japanese

authors.
 FILE CLAMS — LIMIDAE 319

Panamanian Lima (1 -3") 3 cm

(1^5") 4 cm Caribbean Spiny Lima (1 *5"^ 4 cm
Spiny Lima
Lima Hma form caribaea Orbigny, 1842. Lima fima subspecies tetrka Gould. 1851.
Lima //ma (L*, 1758). S.E* Florida to Brazil.
West Indies. Spines finer. Shallow reefs; W» Mexico to Ecuador. lOto 120 m; uncom-
Under stones, 1 to 150 m; common. Syn,:
common. mon. Holotype illustrated.
squamosa Lamarck.

(2'") 5 cm Rough Lima (2**) 5 cm

Indo-Pacific Spiny Lima (2”) 5 cm Few-ribbed Lima
Lima scabra (Born, 1778). S.E. United States
Lima vuigaris Link, 1807, Indo-Pacific. 1 to Lima paucicostata Sowerby, 1843, Red Sea;
N.W, Indian Ocean. 1 to 20 m; uncommon. to Brazil. Subtidal to 30 m, under rocks;
20 m; common, Syn.: sowerby/ Deshayes;
common.
nipponica Oyama.

3.S cm Fragile Lima H") 2.5 cm

(2") 5 cm Basilan Lima (1 .S^)
Rough Lima (Gmelin, 1791). Indo-Paci*
Iimana basifanica (Adams & Reeve, 1850). Umaria fragilis
Uma scabra, smoothish form with very fine
Indo-Pacific. Shallow reefs to 20 m; com*
fic; lapan. Subtidal to 20 m; common,
ribs, gladaiis Gmelin, 1791. Syn.: fenera &
Syn.r kiiensis Oyama; ai/aua D., B, R.
Sowerby (not Turton). mon. Syn.: orlentaHs Adams & Reeve,

Philippine Giant Lima (8") 20 cm

Lima 0 S"') 3.5 cm Hians Lima H ,5") 3.5 cm
Inflated
Limaria hians (Gmelin, 1791). Norway to
Acesfa phiftppinensis (Bartsch, 1913). Off
Umaria inflata (Gmelin, 1791). W, Europe.
Mediterranean, Subtidal to 28 m; common, Luzon, Philippines, in 600 m; uncommon.
Subtidal; common. Syn,; tuberculata Olivi.
Syn,: //nguafa Lamarck.
Holotype illustrated.
 320 BROOCH AND LUCINA CLAMS — TRIGONIIDAE AND LUCINIDAE

Rathbun's Giant Lima (6") 15 cm Colombian Grant Lima (5") 12 cm Diomedea Giant Lima (1.6") 4 cm
^cesfa rathboni (Bartsch, 1913). PhiJip- 4cesta coiambiana H. Yokes, 1970. S.W, ;^cesfa diomedae (Dali, 1908). Off Galapa-
pines; deep water; uncommon. Holofype Caribbean; deep water; rare. Hoiotype il- gos Is. in 1,400 m; rare. Holotype illustra-
ill us. Syn,: da/// Bartsch, nude name. lustrated. ted.

BROOCH CLAMS
FAMILY TRIGONIIDAE

These deep-water, iridescent dams were

widely spread in Europe and Asia during
early geologic times, but are now limited to
a few species found in southern Australia.
It is believed that they gave rise to the fresh-

water union id mussel family. They are

European Grant Lima (5") 10 cm dredged offshore in S.E. Australia and used Australian BroochClam (2") 5 cm
Acesta excavala (Fabricius, 1779). Norway in jewelry. Neotrigonia margar/facea (Lamarck, 1804).
to Azores. Offshore, 190 to 2,635 m; un-
Offshore to 50 m; common. Syn.: pec-
common. tinata Lamarck; antarctica P^ron.

lUCINA CLAMS
FAMILY LUCINIDAE

A large, wef l-k nown fam ily of usua lly wh ite,

hard-shelled clams in which the cardinal
teeth are small, and the anterior muscle
scar narrow and long. There are no long
is

siphons, so the dams make a tube to the

surface with their foot. Many genera and Thick American Lucrna (2") S cm Corrugate Lucina (2'9 5 cm
species, worldwide, shallow to deepwater. Lucina pecf/na/a (Cmelin, 1791). S.E. Eamesielia corrugata (Desbayes, 1843). Ja-
United States to Brazil, Shallow water to 10 pan to East Indies. Intertidal to 10 m; locally
m; common. Syn.: jamakensis Chemnitz. common.

Northeast American Lucina (2.5") 6 cm Heroic Lucrna cm Ludna

(3.5") 9 Pennsylvanian (2") 5 cm
Ludnoma fihsa (Stimpson, 1851). Eastern ivcmoma heroka (Dali, 1901). Gulf of Cali- Linga pensyfvanka (L., 1758). S.E. United
Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Offshore to fornia. Very deep water; rare. Lectotype States and the West Indies, Shallow water
50 m; common. Anterior lateral tooth ab- illustrated. to 2 m; common.
sent.
 LUCINA CLAMS— LUCINIDAE 321

Florida Lucina (1 .S'") 4 cm CaMfornian Lucina (1") 2.5 cm American Tiger Lucina (3") 7.5 cm
Pseudomiltha ftoridana (Conrad, 1833). Codakia caiifomica (Conrad, 1837). Cal Ho r- Codakia ordictr/ads (L., 1758). S.E, United
Gulf of Mexico. Shallow water, to 20 m; nia and Baja California, Intertidal to 100 m; States to Brazil. Subtidal to 5 m in coral

common. Small deep pit in front of umbo. common. sand: common*

Dwarf American Lucina (1") 2,5 cm Bella Lucina iV) 2*5 cm Interrupted lucina (2*5") 6 cm
Ctena orbiculata (Montagu, 1808)* S.E, Ctena belia (Conrad, 1837). Indo-PacHic; Codakia paytenorum (Iredale, 1937), Indo-
United States to Brazil, Shell obese. Shal- Hawaii, Intertidal to 3 m; abundant* Pacific. Intertidal to 10 m; common. Syn*:

low water to 200 m; commori. interrupta Reeve, not Lamarck.

Punctate Lucina (4") 10 cm Distinguished Lucina (5*5”) 14 cm Pacific Tiger Lucina (4") 10 cm
Codakia punctata (L., 1758)* Indo-Pacific. Codakia distinguenda (Tryon, 1872)* W. Codakia tigerina (L*, 17S8). Indo-Pacific.

Shallow sands; common, interior pitted. Mexico to Panama. Intertidal to 2 m; un- Subtidal to 20 m; common. Syn.: exas-

Syn.r ihaanumi Pilsbry, common* Syn.: coipoica Dali; pinchoti perate Reeve.
Pilsbry & Lowe.

Buttercup Lucina (2'1 5 cm Chalky Buttercup Lucina (3.5") 9 cm Toothless Lucina (1 *5") 3.5 cm
Anodontia alba Link, 1807* S.E. United Anodontia philippina (Reeve, 1850). S.E. Anodontia adentufa (L*, 1758)* Red Sea to
States and theWest Indies. Subtidal to1 m, United Stales; Cuba; Bermuda. Uncom- Hawaii, Subtidal to 50 m; common. Syn*:
near mangroves; common. Syn*i chrysos- mon. Syn. schrammi Crosse.
:
gJobosum FOrskal; hawa//em/s D,, B. &
toma Philippi, 1847. Rehder.
 322 LUCINA AND DIPLODON CLAMS— LUCINIDAE AND UNGUUNIDAE

American Cross-hatched Locina (0,8") 2 cm Toothed Cross-hatched Lucina (1") 2.5 cm Fat Cross-hatched Lucina (1") 2.5 cm
Ofvaricella quadrisukata (Orbigny^ 1842). Dtvaricella dentata (Wood, 1615). S.E. Flor- Divaricefla gibba (Cray, 1825), West Africa.

S.E, United States to Brazil- Shallow water ida and West Indies. Shallow water; mod- Offshore to 10 m; locally common.
to 100 m; abundant. erately common.

Dali's Cross-hatched Lucina [1 .5") 3.5 cm Cuming's Cross-hatched Lucina (1") 2.5 cm Children's Lucina (3") 7.5 cm
Divariceifa dailiana [Vanatta, 1901). South DivaricaHa cumingi (Adams & An gas. 1863). Miltha chiidreni (Sowerby, 1826). Eastern
Africa. Shallow water; moderately com- South Australia, just offshore to 400 m; South America. Shallow water to 20 m; un-
mon. common. common.

DIPLODON CLAMS
FAMILY UNCULINIDAE

A relatively obscure group of small white

dams. Some build nests. Worldwide cool
waters and mostly in deep water. Valves are
usually globular and fat. Hinge with 2 main
teeth, one of which is split. Lateral teeth
Common Basket Lucina (3,5") 9 cm Sowerby's Basket Lucina (3”) 7.5 cm absent. No pallial sinus.

Fimbria fimbriala (L., 1758). Indo-Pacific. Fimbria so verb n (Reeve, 1841), S,W, Pacific.
Shallow water; common. In family Fim- 5 to 20 m; uncommon to rare.
briidae.

Rosy Diplodon (1") 2.5 cm Rotund Diplodon (1") 2,5 cm Verr ill's Diplodon (1") 2.5 cm
Ungulina cuneata (Spengler, 1782). West Diplodonla rot undata (Montagu, 1803), En- Diplodon ta verrilii Dali, 1900. Off Cape Cod
Africa. In muddy sand near shore; com- gland to Mediterranean, Offshore, deep to North Carolina. In 30 to 140 m; uncom-
mon. Syn,: rubra Roissy; obhriga Daudin. water; common. mon. Syn.; turgida Verrill & Smith.
 JEWEL BOXES — CHAMIDAE 323

JEWEL BOXES
FAMILY CHAMIDAE

These are neither oysters nor Spondyius

Thorny Oysters^ but a family of rock dams
with crude teeth in the hinge. Usually one
valve solidly attached to the rock surface.
Is

Some species have numerous, colorful

frills and spines. Most species are tropical
and live in shaliow water.
Lazarus Jewel Box (3") 7.5 cm
Zelandic Diplodort (0,8") 2 cnn
Chama lazarus L., 1758. Indo-Padftc. Rock
Felanietla zelandica (Gray, 1835). New
bottoms from 1 to 20 m; moderately com-
Zealand. Offshore 1 to 40 m? common.
mon.

7.5 cm Leafy Jewel Box (2.5") 6 cm

Reflexed Jewel Box (2.5") 6 cm Purple-edged Jewel Box (3")

Chama fostoma Conrad, 1837, In do -Pacific. Chama macerophylta (Cmelin. 1791). S.E.
Chama refhxa Reeve, 1846. Indo-Pacific. Shallow water on
United States to Brazil.
Intertidal rocks to 100 m; common.
Offshore on rocks; moderately common.
rocks and in dumps; common.

H 2.5 cm Smoothed-edged Jewel Box (2.5"} 6 cm

Corrugated Jewel Box {1") 2.5 cm Cherry Jewel Box
Chama smuosa Broderip, 1835. S. Florida to
Chama congregata Conrad, 1833. S.E. Chama sarda Reeve, 1847. South Florida
Brazil, Uncommon. Syn.: firma Piisbry &
United States to Brazil. Shallow water. On and the Caribbean Brazi Offshore, 3 to 50
;
I .

m; uncommon. McCinty (paratype illus.).

rocks; common.

Gryphin Jewel Box (3”) 7.5 cm

5 cm Budd's jewel Box (2") 5 cm
Clear |ewel Box (2")
Chama buddiana C. B, Adams, 1852. Pan- Psetidochama gryphina (Lamarck, 1819).
Chama arcana Bernard, 1576. Oregon to
ama to Ecuador; Galapagos Is. Subtidal on N.W. Africa; Senegal. Subtidal, shallow wa-
California. Intertidal to offshore; common.
rocks; common. Syn.: rubropicta Bartsch ter; moderately common.
C peihdda Broderip is from Chile.
& Rehder.
 324 PARASITIC CLAMS AND CARDITAS-LEPTONIDAE AND CARDITIDAE

len<nanae<j Jewel Box

( 3 ") 7.5 cm Exogyra Jewel Box
Pseudochama radians (Lamarck, 1819)* S.E, (y) 7.5 cm Florida Spiny Jewel Box ft * 5 ") 4 cm
Pseudochama exogyra (Conradn 1837)* Or-
UnitedStatestoBrazil.1 to 80 m; common. >^rcme//a corn Ufa Conrad, 1866* S.E. United
egon to Panama* intertidal; on rocks, com-
Syn* : ferniginea Reeve, States* Subtidat, 6 to 80 m; common.
mon.

PARASITIC CUMS
SUPERFAMILY LEPTONACEA

Several hundred very small, white clams

five inassociation with other marine orga-
nisms. The main families are the Leptoni*
dae, Gafeommatidae, and Lasaeidae. Some
brood young. Identifications are very
their
Spiny Jewel Box
( 2 ") 5 cm difficultand require examination of the Desha yes's Myllita Clam
Arcineita arcinelia {L, 1767). West indies to hinge teeth under a microscope. Two unu- ( 0 5
.
'^')
1 .2 cm
Brazil. Offshore to 80 m; locally Mymta deshayesi Orbigny & Recluz, 1850*
common* sual examples are included here*
South and western Australia. Commonly
washed ashore on beaches.

CA 8 DITA CLAMS
FAMILY CARDITIDAE

The shells are heavy, with radial ribs and

crenulate margins. No pallial sinus* Lunule
small. Hinge with two unequal teeth in the
left valve* In some, a small byssus is
present* In most, the young are brooded in
MacDougdIPs Clam ( 0 4 ”)
. 1 cm the mantle cavity. Many are tropical
^phippodonta macdougahi and
Tate, 1888. live in shallow water.
South Australia* Lives In mud burrows Beguina semiorbiculata (L*, 1758). Tropical
of
the shrimp Ax/us. Uncommon, S.W. Pacific. Shallow reefs among rocks;
locally common*

Senegal Cardita
(1 4
Cardita senegalensfs Reeve, 1843,
West Af- Cardita variegata Bruguiere, 1792.
Indo-Pa- Carditamera affinis (Sowerby, 1833). W.
rica. Intertidal to3 m; common. cific. Shallow reefs, under stones; locally
Mexico to Peru, Shallow water; common,
common* Syn.r cafifomica Deshayes.
 .

CARDITAS AND A5TARTES — CARDITIDAE AND CRASSATELLIDAE 325

Broad-ribbed Cardita (1.2") 3 cm Australian Cardita £2") 5 cm Thick-ribbed Cardita (2") 5 cm

Carditamera fhridana Conrad, 1838. South Cardita^ crassscosta (Lamarck* 1819). West- Cardita crassicostata (Sowerby* 1825). W.
Florida and east Mexico. Shallow water; ern and South Australia. Shallow water to Mexico to Peru. Intertidal to 110 m; com-
locally abundant. 100 m; common. mon. Syn.: cuvieri Broderip.

Wide- f ib bed Ca rd if a (1 5^) 4 c m

. Varia Cardita (21 5 cm Ajar Cardita (1.5'') 4 cm
Cardita taiscostata Sowerby, 1833, Gulf of Cardita varia (Broderip* 1832). Galapagos Cardita ajar Brugui^re, 1792. West Africa.
Californta to N, Peru. Low-tide line to 55 m; Islands. Shallow water; rare. Shallow water. Moderately common.
common. Syn.: fnco/or Sowerby,

Tankerville's Cardita (21 5 cm Northern Cardita (1 .51 4 cm Fine-ribbed Cardita (1 .51 4 cm

Cardita tankerviUei (Wood, 1828). West Af- Cychcardia boreaUs {Conrad, 1831). Labra- Cydocardia crehricostata (Krause, 1885).
rica. Offshore to 10 m; common. dor to off North Carolina. A food for fish on Alaska to California. Offshore, 20 to 60 m;
the Grand Banks; abundant. common in Alaska. Syn.: ataskana Dali
(holotype illus,).

ASTARTE CLAMS
SUPERFAMILY CRASSATELLACEA

Consists of the families Astartidae and

Crassatellidae, the
periostracum and living
latter family is
former having a dark
in cold waters. The
mostly tropical and with
larger, more elongate shells. The strong
hinge has 2 cardinal teeth in the left valve, 3
in the right. Waved Astarte
# (1.2'’) 3 cm Lentil Astarte £1 .51 4 cm
Asfarfe undafa Gou ld, 1841 . Labrador to off Asfarfe crenafa {Cray, 1824), subspecies
New jersey. 10 to 208 m; common. subequdatera Sowerby, 1854, Arctic Seas to
N . E . Flo rida . De ep wate r ; com mon
326 COCKLES — CARDIIDAE

Sulcale Astarte H") 2,5 cm Chestnut Astarte (I*") 2.5 cm Gibbes's Crassatella (2,5") 6 cm
Astarte sukata (da Costa. 1778). Arctic Seas Astarte castanea (Say, 1822). Nova Scotia to focrassate/Za spedosa (A. Adams, 1852),

(shallow water) to the Mediterranean (deep oft New )ersey. Offshore from 2 to 50 m; S.E, United States and the West Indies,

water). Common. common. Shallow water; common. Syn,: gtbbesi

Tuomey & Holmes.

Anlillean Crassatella (3") 7.5 cm Diggers Crassatella (T) 7.5 cm King Crassatella (3") 7.5 cm
Eucrassateffa antHiarum (Reeve, 1842). Car- EucrassateUa digueti Lamy, 1917. W. Mexico Eucrassateifa kingkok (Lamarck, 1805). S.E,
ibbean. Offshore; rare. to Colombia, Subtidal to 128 m; common. and S. Australia. Offshore to 50 m; com-
mon.

THE COCKLES
FAMILY CARDIIDAE

The cockle family is one of the largest and

be St- known of the bivalves. There are sev-
eral hundred species, ranging from the
Great Ribbed Cockle of West Africa to the
Heart Cockle of the Philippines. Hinge with
2 cardinal teeth in each valve; one anterior
and posterior lateral tooth in the left valve.
Deceptive Crassatella (3"> 7.5 cm Great Ribbed Cockle (4") 10 cm

Eucrassatefla dedpiens (Reeve, 1842). S.W Cardium cosfafum L., 1758. West Africa as
and S. Australia. Uncommon. May be a ru- far south as Angola. 1 to 30 m; common.

gose form of kingicofa.

Hians Cockle (3"S 7,5 cm RingetisCockle (3") 7.5 cm European Spiny Cockle (3^") 7.5 cm
Ringicardium htans (Brocchi, 1814). Medi- Ringicardium ringens (Bruguiere, 1789). Acanfhocard;a aculeata (L., Europe
1767).

terranean. Intertidal to 30 m; common. West Africa. Offshore; common. and West Africa. Subtidal to 30 m; moder-
ately common.
 327
COCKLES — CARDIIDAE

= °
Tuberculale Cockle
European Prickly Cockle Acanthocardia tuberculata (L„
1758). En-
Poorly-ribbed Cockle 1758). W. Eu-
(Sowerby, Acanthocardia echinata (L.,
Mediterranean; Canary Is, 15
to
Acanthocardia paucicostata Mediterranean. gland to
rope, N.W. Africa and common.
Mediterranean and West Africa: 100 m;
Shallow water; common.
1839).
Black Sea. Intertidal to
290 m; common.

(3.5’29cm
(2-5-’)6cm ^gnum Cockle Trachycardium muricatum (L., 1758). S.E.
Sand Cockle rrachycardiom magnum (L., 1758). Florida
Shallow water;
1786). States to Brazil.
Acandiocard/a sp/nosa (Lightfoot, Shallow water; United
m; common, <eys to Brazil. 32 to 35 ribs.
Mediterranean. Subtidal to 4
marmoreum Lamarck. common.
uncommon. Syn.;
Syn.; erinaceus Lamarck.

Even Cockle (Conrad,

American Prickly Cockle U>^ (L.,
/ ,
Trachycardium quadfager^arium
{Shuttle- Trachycardiurj} isocardia W. Mexico. Subtidal to
Trachycardium egmontianum Venezuela and off east Florida.
O 1837). California to
States to east dies; common.
worthy 1856). S.E. United common. 150 m;
Abundant. Rarely ah shore 1 to 20 m; moderately
y

Mexico. 27 to 31 ribs.
bino.

raiiaiMu
(Sowerby,
rby^ 1833). W.
Trachycardium senticosum
Slender Cockle Trachycardium censors S owe {
to Peru. Offshore
Trachycardium procerum
(Sowerby, 18ii). water; com- 1833). Gulf of California
Shallow water. Syn.:
Mexico to Ecuador. Shallow m; common.
to 80
5,W. Mexico to Chile. Syn.: homelfi Tomlin.
mon.
/af/costatom Sowerby,
 ,

328 COCKLES — CARDIIDAE

cm Enode Cockle (2,5”) 6 cm

Reddish Cockle (2.5”) 6 cm Elongate Cockle (3'') 7
Trachycardium rubtcundum (Reeve, 1544). Trachycardium eiortgatum (Brugoiere, Trachycardium enode (Sowerby* 1841). ja-
Indian Ocean, Shallow \vater. Uncommon, 1789). Indian Ocean and S.W. Pacific. Shal- pan; Indo-Pacific, Shallow waters. Com-
Io w waters u n co m mo n
;
mon,

(2.S”) 6 cm Many-spined Cockle (2.5") b cm

Orbit Cockle (2.S") 6 cm Orbit Cockle
Trachycardium orbita (Sowerby, 1833), S.W. Trachycardfum orbita (Sowerby, 1833). S.W. Trachycardium rnoHi^pinosum (Sowerby,
Pacific; Hawaiian Islands. Shallow reef wa- Pacific; Hawaii. Syn.: hawaiiensis 0,, B. & 1841). Indo-Padfic; uncommon. Syn.:

ters; moderately common. Rehder (holotype illus). pulchricostatum Iredale.

(2.5”) 6 cm Pacific YellowCockle (2.5") 6 cm

Angulate Cockle (2.5”) 6 cm Reeve's Cockle
Trachycardium angufatum (Lamarck, 1622). Trachycardium reeveanum (Dunker, 1852). Trachycardium fiavum il., 1758). Wide-
Indo-Pacific. Shallow sand areas to 20 m; Australia. Shallow water; uncommon. spread in the lndo*Padfic. Shallow water;
moderately common. common.

6 cm Fan-shaped Cockle (2.5") 6 cm

Saw-ribbed Cockle (2.5") 6 cm Subrugose Cockle (2.5")

Trachycardium subrugosum (Sowerby, Trachycardium pectiniforme (Born, 1778).

Trachycardium serricostatum (Melvil! &
1840). Indo-Padfic, Shallow water; moder- Indian Ocean. Shallow water; common.
Standen, 1899). Arabia to Ceylon. Shallow
water; common. ately common.
 .

COCKLES — CARDIIDAE 329

Burchard's Cockle (2.5") 6 cm Unlcolor Cockle (2.5"') 6 cm Spiny Paper Cockle (1 *5") 4 cm
Trachycardfum burchardi (Dunker* 1877). Trachycardium unicohr {Sowerby, 1840). Papyridea s oieniformjs ( B r u gu ^ re ^1 789)
i

Japan* Low-tide zone to 20 m; common. Indo-Pac f c S h a low water* Com m o n

i i , I * S.E* United States to Brazil* Low tide to 30
m; common.

Panama Paper Cockle (1 *5") 4 cm Atlantic StrawE>erry Cockle (1*2") 3 cm St, Helena Cockle (1") 2.5 cm
Papyrtdea aspersa (Sowerby, 1833). W. America rdia media (L*, 1758). S.E. United Trigoniocardia spedosa (Adams & Reeve,
Mexico to N, Peru, SNallow water; moder- States to Brazil 1 to 30 m; moderately com- 1850). St* Helena Is., Sooth Atlantic. Shal-
ately common. mon* low water; rare.

Western Strawberry Cackle (1 ,5") 4 cm Victor Cockle (1") 2.5 cm Pacific Strawberry Cockle (1 ,2") 3 cm
Americardia biangulata (Erode rip ^ Sow- Ctenocardia victor (Angas, 1872). W* Paci- Fragum fragum (L., 1758)* Indo-Padfic.
erby, 1829). S* California to Ecuador. Inter- fic. Offshore to 100 m; uncommon* Shallow water; abundant*
tidal to 170 m*

Unedo Cockle (1 .5") 4 cm Arching Strawberry Cockle (I"') 2.5 cm Pacific Half Cockle (1 .2") 3 cm
Fragum unedo (L,, 17S8). Indo-Pacific* Shal- Fragum fornicatum (Sowerby, 1840). S.W. Lunuiicardia hemicardia (L„ 1758). S.W. Pa*
low water to 50 m; common* Pacific; Philippines. Offshore to 30 m; un- cific to N . Australia* Shallow watef; uncom*
common. mon.
 330 COCKLES — CARDIIDAE

Tumor Cockte (1 ,5") 3.5 cm Guic hard's Cockle (1 .5*0 3*5 cm Blunted Cockle (1*5") 4 cm
Lunulicardia tumorifera (Lamarck, 1819). Lunu Heardfa gufehardi ( Bernard!, 1857)* £ an ulica rdia retasa ( L* , 1 758) . f n do- Pad f rc
Western Australia* Offshore in shallow wa- New Caledonia. Shallow water; rare. Shallow water to 50 m; uncommon.
ter; uncommon*

Partly-blunted Cockle (1 ,5") 4 cm True Heart Cockle (2") 5 cm Drone Heart Cockle (0*5") 1*2 cm
Lunulicardia subretusa (Sower by, 1841). Corcufum cardissa (L*, 1758), Indo-Pacific* Corculum dionaeum (B rode rip & Sowerby,
Indo-Pacific. Shallow water to 20 m; un- Intertidal on reefs* Locally abundant. Many 1829)* Central Pacific Islands. Shallow wa-
common* colors and shapes* ter; locally common.

Asiatic Cockle (2") 5 cm Exasperating Cockle (2") 5 cm De la Beche's Cockle (2*5") 6 cm

Trachycardium asiaiicum (Bruguiere, 1792)* Nemocardium exasperatum (Sowerby, Nemocard/um bechei (Reeve, 1847). lapan
Indo-Padfic* Shallow water; common in 1841)* Western Australia* Shallow water; to Australia* Offshore from 10 to 70 m;
S.W* Pacific* uncommon* common. Syn,: probatum I redale*

Cuming's Cockle (1") 2*5 cm Annette's Cockle (2") 5 cm Lyrate Cockle (2") 5 cm
Lophocardium cummgii (Broderip, 1833)* Lophocardium anneUae (Dali, 1889)* Gulf Lyrocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1841)* la-
W* Mexico to Colombia* Offshore from 22 of California to Costa Rica. Subtidal to 40 pan to N Australia 10 to 1 00 m moderately
. .
;

to 26 m; rare. m; uncommon. common.

 COCKLES — CARDIIDAE 331

Aeolian Cockle {2"') 5cm Bobble Cockle (1.5") 3.5 cm Austral Cockle (1 .5”) 3.5 cm
iyrocardtum aeoiicum (Born, t778). West Fiiiviaapvna (Bfugui^re,1789). japan to the fuivia australis (Sowerby, 1841). japan to
Africa; Cape Verde Islands. Shallow water; East Indies. 10 to 30 m; common. Cardium East Indies. 10 to 30 m; moderately com-
rare. Cardium pectinatum L. is a dubious buifatum 1 . is a dubious name. mon.
name.

fapanese Cockle (1 .5") 3.5 cm Racketl's Cockle (1 .5") 4 cm Vanhyrting's Cockle (4") 10 cm
fu/Wa muUca (Reeve, 1544). China; Korea; Laevicardium racketti (Donovan, 1825). S.E. Dinocardium robustum subspecies vanhy-
japan. 10 to 60 m; common. Syn.: japoni- to S.W. Australia. Shallow water; abun- ningi Clench & Smith, 1944. West Florida.
cum Dunker; anrrae Pilsbry. dant. Shallow water; abundant.

Giant Atlantic CocMe (4") 10 cm Cockle

Gia'nt Pacific (71 17 cm Oblong Cockle {T) 7.5 cm
Dinocardium robustum (Lightfool, 1786). Laevicardium elatum (Sowerby, 1833). S. Laevicardium obiongum (Cmelin, 1791).
Virginia to north Florida to N.E. Mexico. California to Panama. Subtidal mud flats to Mediterranean to the Canary Is. 4 to 200 m;
Shallow water; common. 4 m; common. common.

Common Egg Cockle (2'^) 5 cm Morton's Egg Cockle (1") 2.5 cm Ravenel's Egg Cockle (1") 2.5 cm
Laevicardium laevigatum (L., 1750). S.E. taev/card/um mortoni (Conrad, 1830). Mas- Laevicardium pictum (Ravenel, 1861), S.E.
United Stales to Brazil. Shallow water; lo- sachusetts to Texas. Intertidal to4 m; com- United Slates to Brazil. Offshore from 10 to
cally common. Syn.: vitelfinum Reeve. mon. ISO m; common.
 .

332 COCKLES — CARDJIDAE

Pacific Coast Egg Cockle (1 "] 2.S cm Attenuated Cockle (2") 5 cm Two-rayed Cockle £2“) 5 cm
Laevicardtum substnatum (Conrad, 1837). Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1841). Laevfcardium biradiatum (Brugoi^re, 1789).
California to Go If of California. Intertidal to Japan to East Indies. Shallow water; un- Japan to East Indies; Indian Ocean. 1-20 m.
10 m; common. common. common.

Many-dotted Cockle (2'") 5 cm Giant Philippine Cockle (6") 15 cm Hairy Cockle (2'") 5 cm
Dfscors muhipunaatum (Sowerby, 1841). Plagtocardium pseudolima (Lamarck, Piagiocardium setosum (Redfield, 1846).
S.W. Pacific and East Indies. Shallow water; 1819). Philippines, East Indies. Subtidal; S.W. Pacific; N.W. Australia. Shallow wa*
uncommon. co m mo n Ra re ly a b n o
. I i ter; common.

Common European Cockle {2") 5 cm Exigua Cockle (1") 2.5 cm Iceland Cockle £2.5") 6 cm
Cerastoderma eduh (L., 1758). Norway to Parvicardtum exiguum (Gmelin, 1791). W, Oinocardfum dliatum (Eabricius, 1780).
N.W. Africa. Shallow water; abundant. Europe. Subtidal to 5 m; common. Arctic Seas in Europe, Asia and North
Many synonyms. America. Offshore; common.

NuttalPs Cockle (S'") 12 cm Bering Sea Cockle (3"') 7,5 cm Greenland Cockle £3.5") 9 cm
Clinocardium nunaUi (Conrad, 1837). Ciinocardium caiiforniense (Deshayes, Sernpes groentandicus (Brugui^re,1789).
Bering Sea to S. California. Offshore to 30 1839). Northern Japan to Alaska (not Cali- Acrtic Seas in Europe, Asia, North America.
m; common. fornia). 10 to 100 m; common, Syn.: uchi- Offshore to SO m; common.
dat Habe.
 GIANT CLAMS AND MACTRAS — TRIDACNIDAE AND MACTRIDAE 333

GIANT CLAMS
FAMILY TRIDACNIDAE

Limited to the tropical waters of the Indo-

these large clams rest on the hot*
Pacific,
tom with the hinge down and the gaping
edge up, so that sunlight may reach the
huge rolled edges of the mantle* Algal food
is grown in the fleshy mantle. There are

La Perouse's Cockle (4") 10 cm fewer than a dozen species of these giant Giant Clam (4 ft) 1 ,7 m
Serripes laperousii (Deshayes, 1839), dams, the largest reaching a weight of 500 Tridacna gigBS (L*, 1758)* S*W* Pacific* Off-
Northern Japan to Alaska in 50 to 100 m; pounds. shore, near reefs 2 to 20 m; locally com-
common, Syn.: fujinemis Yokoyama* mon.

Fluted Giant Clam (12") 30 cm Fluted Grant Clam (12*^) 30 cm Crocus Giant Clam (4") 10 cm
Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819. ndo- Pa-
1 Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819* ndo -Pa-
I Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819, S.W. Paci-
cific, except Hawaii. Shallow reefs to 10 m; cific. These are young specimens which fic; S* japan* Lives in pockets in reef flats*
locally common. may be orange, pink, yellow or wh ite. Sy n. Common*
imbricata Roding,

Elongate Giant Clam (10") 24 cm BearPaw Clam (8") 20 cm China Oam (8") 20 cm
Tridacna maxima (Roding, 1798). Entire Hippopus hippopus (L., 1758)* S.W. Padfic. Hippopus porce/Zanus Rosewater, 1982* A
indo-Paciftc. Shallow coral reefs; common. Shallow water coral reefs; common* smooth and yellowish species found In the
Syn.: ehngata Lamarck. Sulu Sea area of the Phitippines* Common.

MACTRA CLAMS
FAMILY MACTRIDAE

Sometimes called the Trough or Surf

Clams, this worldwide family is character-
ized by a strong, toothed hinge bearing a
large, spoon-shaped depression, the chon-
drophore, into which fits a horny pad*
Some species are a major source of food*
There are about 100 species, most living in Violet Mactra (2,5") 6 cm Wedge Mactra {1 .5") 4 cm
shallow water* Mactra vioiacea Cmelin, 1791. Indian Mactra cuneata Cmelin, 1791. Indo-Pacific*
Ocean to Philippines. Shallow water; com- Shallow water to 20 m; common.
mon*
 334 MACTRAS — MACTRIDAE

Rad idle Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Agate Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Chinese Mactra (4") 10 cm

Mactfa grsndis Cmelin, 1791. East Indies. Mactra achatina Molten, 1802. Indo-Pacific. Mactra chmerjsis Philippi, 1846. China; Ko-
Shallow water; common. Syn.; radiata Shallow water to 50 m; common. Syn.: or- rea; Japan. Intertidal to 20 m; common.
Spengler. nafa Cray; maculosa Lamarck. Syn.: sulcataria Reeve.

Maculated Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Antique Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Turgid Mactra (3.5") 9 cm
Mactra maculata Cmelin, 1791. tndo-Pad- Mactra antiquata (Spengler, 1802). Indo-Pa- Mactra lorg/daCmelin, 1791. Indian Ocean.
fic. Shallow water. 1 to 30 m; common. dfrc. Shallow water to 50 m; common, Intertidal to 10 m; common.
Syn.^ cornea Reeve: spectabitis Lischke,

Ornate Mactra (2.5") & cm Pure Mactra (2") 5 cm Reddish Mactra {2") 5 cm

Mactra ornata Gray, 1836. East Asia; Japan. Mactra pura Deshayes, 1853. South Austra- Mactra rufescens Lamarck, 1610. Western
Sand, 10 to 60 m. Common. lia and Tasmania. Intertidal to 5 m; com- Australia and Tasmania. Low-tide area;
mon. abundant.

Discors Mactra (3.5") 9 cm Rayed Mactra (1 .5") 4 cm Cray Mactra (4") 10 cm

Mactra discors Gray, 1837. New Zealand. Mactra coralfina (L., 1750). British Isles to Mactrag/auca Born, 1778. British Isles (rare)
Shallow water, sand areas. Common. Mediterranean. Shallow water; common. to Mediterranean (common). In shallow
Form stuitorum L. is rayed. water. Syn.: heivacea Lamarck.
 MACTRAS — MACTRIDAE 335

Glossy Mactra (3") 7.S cm Hooked Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Fragile AtlanticMactra (2,5") 6 cm

Msctra gtabratB L*, 1767. West Africa and Spi&uia faicata (Gould, 1650). Washington Macfra Gmelin, 1791. S.E. United
fragiiis

South Africa. Shallow water; common. to California. Shallow water; moderately Stales to Brazil. Shallow water to 10 m;
common. common.

Caribbean Winged Mactra (3.5") 9 cm Plicate Mactra (2'") 5 cm Elegant Mactra (2") 5 cm
Mactreflona atata (Spenglen 1802). Carib- Harveifa p//cafarfa (L., 1767). Indian Ocean. Harve/fa etegans (Sower by, 1825). Gulf of
bean to Brazil. Offshore. 1 to 20 m; local ly Shallow water. Rare. California to Peru. Offshore. 28 to 80 m;
common. moderately common.

Ripe Mactra (4") 10 cm Sloping Mactra (3.5") 9 cm Pallid Dwarf Mactra (2") 5 cm

A4acfre//ona exoteta (Gray, 1837), Gulf of Macfre//ona disia (Dal), 1915). Gulf of Cali- Mulinia paUida (B rode rip & Sowerby, 1829),
California to Peru. Offshore to24 m; mod- fornia to Ecuador. Offshore; uncommon. W, Mexico to northern Peru. Intertidal to
erately common. 25 m; common.

Atlantic Surf Clam (5") 13 cm Stimpson'^s Mactra (4.5") 11 cm HemphilPs Mactra (6") 15 cm
Spisuia soUdissima (Dillwyn, 1817). Nova Sptsulapofynyma (Stimpson, 1860). Arctic Spisuia hemphilii (Dali, 1894). Central Cali-
Scotia to South Carolina. Suif line to 50 m; Seas to off Rhode Island and to Puget fornia to Baja California, just offshore;
locally abundant. Major food. Smaller Sound; Japan. Common. common.
subsp. (Say, 1822), Florida to Texas.
 336 MACTRAS — MACTRIDAE

Catillrform Mactra (5") 13 cm Spengler's Mactra {4") 10 cm Equal-sized Mactra (2,S") 6 cm

Spisula catfiliformis {Conrad^ 1067). Puget Sdssodesma spengieri (L*, 1767). South Af- Sptsufa aequ/7atera//s (Deshayes, 1054)*
Sound to CaHfornra. Odshore to 30 m; un- rica. Common on beaches of False Bay* New Zealand. Ocean beaches; common.
common. Syn,: Schtzodesma,

Solid Mactra [1 .5") 3,5 cm Subtruncate Mactra (1 ") 2*5 cm Rostrate Mactra (2*5") 6 cm
Spisuta solida (L., 1750). Finland to Spain, Spisula subtruncata (da Costa, 1770)* Fin- Mactra rostrata (Spengler, 1802). Tropical
Intertidal to 100 m; common. land to the Canary islands, Mediterranean. West Africa. Shallow water; common.
Common* Syn.: cumirtgiana Petit.

Glassy Mactra (2'1 5 cm Snowy Mactra (4'') 10 cm Common Rangta (2") 5 cm

Mactra nitida Cmelin, 1791. West Africa. Spisula nivea (Cmetin, 1791). West Africa, Rangia ajneata (Sowerby, 1031). Maryland
Shallow water; common. Shallow water; common. to Texas, Estuarine bays. Low tide to 20 m;
common.

IM icobar Mac t ra (2") 5cm Rugose Mactra (3") 7.5 cm Snout Otter Clam (3"') 7.5 cm
Meropesta f?/cobar/ca (Gmelin, 1791)* In- Eastonia rugosa (Helbling, 1779). Mediter- rhyncha&na jonas, 1844. Western
Lutraria
dian Ocean and East indies. Shallow water; ranean lowest Africa. Shallow water; com- and South Australia. Shallow water; com-
uncommon* mon. mon. Syn*: phitippinarum Reeve.
 DUCK AND WEDGE CLAMS — MACTRI DAE AND MESODESMATIDAE 337

European Otter Clam {6'^) 15 cm Oblong Otter Clam {6") 15 cm Lance Mactra (4") 10 cm
Lutraria fulraria 1758). N.W. Europe to Lutraria magna {da Costa, 1778), Western Resania fanceolata Cray, 1852. New
West Africa. I ntertidal to 55 m; common. Europe. Shallow water; common. Syn.: ob- Zealand. Ocean beaches; uncommon.
longa Cmelin.

Sdmifar Mactra (3.5") 9 cm Pacific Coast Gaper (8") 20 cm Channeled Duck Clam (2-5") 6 cm
(Quoy & Caimard, 1335).
Zenatia adnaces Tresus nuttaiif (Conrad, 1837). Puget Sound /?aefap/icafe//a (Lamarck, 1818), S.E, United
New Zealand. Ocean beaches; uncom- to Baja California, Offshore to 20 m; com- States to Argentina. Shallow water to 6 m;
mon. mon. common. Syn,; canaticuiata Say.

Smooth Duck Clam (I'O 5 cm Arctic Wedge Clam (1 .S'O 4 cm Marisco Wedge Clam (3*^) 7.S cm

Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802). S.E. Mesodesma arctatum (Conrad, 1830), Mesodesma mactmides Deshayes, 1854. S.
United States to Brazil. Intertidal to 20 m; Greenland to Maryland. Intertidal to 100 Brazil to Argentina. Shallow water; com-
uncommon. Syn.: fineata Say. m; cold water; common. Member of the mon food dam.
Mesodesmattdae.

Wedge Clam
Giant (3.5") 9 cm Subtriangular Wedge Clam (3") 7.5 cm Pipi Wedge Clam (2.5'') 6 cm
Mesodesma donadum (Lamarck, 1818). Paphies subtrianguiata [Wood, 1828) New Paphies austraiis (Gmelin, 1791). New
Peru and Chile. Intertidal sand flats; com- Zealand. Intertidal beaches; common. This Zealand. Mud and sand beaches; com-
mon food clam. genus in fam i ly Meso d es m at I d ae mon.
338 JACKKNIFE AND RAZOR CLAMS — SOLENIDAE AND CULTELLIDAE

Toheroa Clam (3*5") 9 cm Fat Anapelfa Clam (1 .2") 3 cm Chinese Anapella Clam (1") 2.5 cm
Paphies ventricosa (Gray, 1943). New Anapetia pinguis Crosse & Fischer, 1864. Caece//a chincnsis Deshayes, 1855. S.W.
Zealand. Ocean beadies; locally common, Western and South Australia; Tasmania. Pacific; japan. Shallow water; common.
edible clam. On sand beaches; common. Syn.: zebuensis Deshayes.

RAZOR AND
jACKKNlFE CLAMS
FAMILIES SOLENIDAE
and CULTELLIDAE

A large family of burrowing, shallow-water,

elongate clams with a worldwide distribu-
tion. Many are edible. The long, slender
Safer} and Ensis clams live in burrows in the
sand of intertidal flats. The Butter Clams,
Striate Beach Clam (T') 2.5 cm Smooth Beach Clam (1") 2.5 cm Sifiqua. are a favorite source of tender
Atactodea striata (Cmelin, 1791). S.W. Paci- Atactodea striata (Gmeiin, 1791) form g/a- dams. Delicate shells have an internal rein-
fic. Intertidal sand beaches; abundant. In brata (Gmelin, 1791). Intertidal with A. stri- forcing rib. The hinge teeth are very small
family Mesodesmatidae. ata. cardinals.

European Razor Clam (5") 12 cm Giant Razor Clam (8") 20 cm Green jackknife Clam £2") 5 cm

Sofen vagina L., 1758. Western Europe, Ensis si if qua (L., 1758). Norway to Portugal. Sofen viridis Say, 1821. Rhode Island to
Mediterranean; W. Africa. Intertidal; com- Intertidal; to 20m; common. Family Cultel- Texas. Intertidal flats; uncommon. Single
mon. Syn.: margmatus Pennant (and Pulte- Mdae. tooth at end of valve.
ney).

{&*) 15 cm Blunt jackknife Clam (4") 10 cm Rough Jackknife Clam (6") 15 cm

Oblique jackknife Clam
Soien obfiquus Spengler, 1794. West Indies Solen sicarius Could, 1850. W. Canada to Sofen rudis (C. B. Adams, 1852). Costa Rica
to Brazil. Muddy sand; common. Baja California. Intertidal flats to 50 m; to N. Peru. Intertidal; common.
common.
 JACKKNIFE AND RAZOR CLAMS — SOLE N DAE AND I CULTELLIDAE 339

Brief jackknife Clam (3.5") 9 cm C rand |ackkn f e C am

i I {5") 13 c m Truncate jackknife Clam (7") 17 cm
Sofen grandis Dunker* 1862* Korea to East Sohn Wood, 1815.
fruncafa Indian Ocean.
Solen brevis Cray* in Hanley* 1S42* South
Asia, Indian Ocean. Mud flats; locally com- Indies* Intertidal to 20 m; common. Sandy mud flats; common.
mon,

Clam (8") 20 cm
Gould's Jackknife Clam (4") 10 cm N a rrow )
ac kkn ife C la m (4 3") 11cm Atlantic Jackknife

1758). Norway to Mediterra- Ensis directusConrad, 1643. East Canada to

So/en strictus Gould, 1861. China and ja- Ensisensis (L**

to 80 m; common. Family Carolinas. Intertidal sand flats; common.

pan. Sandy mud flats; common. Syn*; nean. Subtidal
gouldt Conrad; corneas Sowerby. Cultellidae.

Clam 17 cm Cultellus Clam (3") 7.5 cm Attenuated Phaxas (3") 7.5 cm

Macha Jackknife (7")

macha (Molina, 1782). S* Chile and Ensiculus culteilus (L, 1758). S Japan to the Phaxas attenuatus (Dunker, 1862). japan.
Ensis
mud, m; common. East Indies. Shallow water to 50 m; com- Offshore from 10 to 50 m; common. Syn.:
Argentina. Sandy 2 to 25
mon. (Family Cultellidae). aibidus Adams & Reeve.

cm Squamate Razor Clamt (3*^ 7*5 cm

SuFvset Siliqua (3") 7.5 cm Atlantic Razor Clam (2") 5
Siiiqua radiata (L., 1758). Indian Ocean* S;7/qua costafa Say, 1822* East Canada to Siliqua squama Blalnville, 1824. New-
Shallow mud areas; common. (Family North Carolina. Sandy beaches, 1 to 20 m; foundland to Cape Cod, Mass. Offshore;
CulteIJidae). common. uncommon*
340 TELLINS — TELLINIDAE
TELUNS
FAMILY TELLINIDAE

This is one of the colorful, popular families

of thin oval, dams common in most parts of
The
the world* brightly colored species are
mostly found in shallow tropical seas.
There are many small white species very
difficult to identify. The shells are usually
Pacific Razor Clam (5") 13 cm Winter's Siliqua (3'') 7.S cm compressed, the pallral sinus large and the
Siliqua patuta (Dixon, 178S). Alaska to Cali- SUiqua wintenana Dunker^ 1852* East In* cardinal teeth small.
fornia. Ocean beach flats; common edible dies* Shallow muddy areas; uncommon*
species.

Sunrise Telfin {3") 7.5 cm Elegant Tel I in (4'3 10 cm Tonga Tellin (3”) 7.5 cm
United States to
7e//ina radiata L., 1758. S,E. 7e///na chariessa Salisbury, 1934. Indo-Paci* Teilina tongana Quoy & Gaimard, 1835.
the Caribbean, Shallow coral sand areas; fic. Shallow reef waters; rare. Syn*: eiegans S,W. Pacific; S. fapan. Shallow water; un*
common. T. tinimaculata Lamarck is un- Wood* common*
rayed form of this species.

Great Caribbean Tellin (4.5'') 11 cm Perna Tellin (3'') 7.5 cm Rostrate Tellin (3*') 7*S cm
7e//ma magna Spengler, 1798. S.E. United Teilinaperna Spengler, 1798. East Africa to Tellma rosfrata L., 1758. S.W. Pacific. Shal-
States and West Indies; Bermuda. Shallow Hawaii* Shallow water to 20 m; uncom- low water to 20 m; uncommon* Syn*:
water; uncommon* mon. vulsella Hanley, 1844,

Squalid Tellin (1 .5") 4 cm Foliated Tellin (3") 7.5 cm Spengler's Tellin (2") 5 cm
Teilina squalida PuUeney, 1799. Norway to Phylloda foliacea (L., 1758). S.W. Pacific. Teilina spengleri CmeWn, 1791 , S*W. Pacific.
Portugal. Sandy shores; rare* Offshore from 5 to 20 m; locally common* Shallow water to 20 m; uncommon. Syn*:
rostra ra Hanley.
 TELLINS — TELLINIDAE 341

Smooth Tallin {T) 7.5 cm Speckled Tellin (2.51 6 cm Cuming's Tellin (2") 5 cm

JeHfrta laevigata L, 1758, S,E. United States TeHina iisteri Roding, 1798. S.E. United 7e///na cutrtingfi Hanley^ 1844. W. Mexico to
and Caribbean. 1 to 16 m; locally common. States to Brazil; Bermuda. 1 to 100 m; com- Colombia. 18 to 150 m; common.
mon. Syn,: ioterrupta Wood.

Purple Tellin (2") 5 cm West African Tellin (31 7.5 cm Little White Tellin (2.5") 6 cm
TeUina purpurea Broderip & Sowerby, 1829. 7e//ma madagascariensis Gmelln, 1791. 7e///na albmelfa Lamarck. 1818. Southern
Gulf of California to Colombia. Shallow wa- West Africa. Shallow water; common. coasts of Australia. Common.
ter; common.

Cross Tellin (2"} 5 cm Virgate Tellin (31 7.5 cm Alternate Tellin (2,51 6 cm
Tdlina staurelia Lamarck, 1818. Indo-Paci- Telirna virgata L., 1758. Indo-Pacific. 1 to 30 Tellirra alter nata Say, 1822. S.E. (Jnited

fic. Shallow water to 30 m; moderately m; common. Syn.: /ubar Hanley; iaia Quoy States. Shallow water to 150 m; common.
common. and Caimard.

Angulate Tellin (21 5 cm Watermelon Tellin (2") 5 cm Rose Petal Tellin (1 .51 3.5 cm
7e//ma angulosa Cmelin, 1791. S. Florida to 7e//ina punicea Born, 1778. Lower Carib- Jeifina lineata Turton, 1819. Florida to Texas

Uruguay. Subtidal to 8 m; fairly common. bean to Brazil. Shallow water; locally com- to Brazil. Low*tide line to 30 m; common,
mon. Syn. : brasitiaria Lamarck.
 342 TELLINS — TELLJNIDAE

Bodegas Tellio (2"') 5 cm Great Alaskan TelHn (3") 7.5 cm Flat Tellin (2,5") 6 cm
Te//ma bodegensis Hinds, 1845. W. Canada TeUina /utea Wood, 1828, japan to Alaska, 7e///na pianala L,, 1758, Mediterranean and
to the Gulf of California, Subtidal to 30 m; 15 to SO m; common, Syn.; a/fermdenfa^a West Africa. Intertidal; common.
common. B rode rip and Sowerby.

Story Tellin (0,8") 2 cm Strigose Tellin {2,5”) 6 cm Boxlike Tellin (2"') 5 cm

Teilina fabuia Gmelirt, 1791, Norway to the 7e///na strigosa Cmelin, 1791. West Africa. Teifina capsoides Lamarcks 1618, Indo-Paci-
Black Sea, Intertidal to 14 m; common, Shallow water to 10 m; common. fic. Shallow water; moderately common.
Syn.: "fabt/fa Gronovius'".

Faust Telfin (3”) 7,5 cm Remies Tellin (3") 7,5 cm Thick TelHn (2,5”) 6 cm
Teilina fausta Pulteney, 1799, S.E. United Telfina remies 1., 1758, Indo-Pacific- Shal- Telfirra crassa Pennant, 1777. Norway to

States and the Caribbean. 1 to 30 m; com- low water; common. Senegal, West Africa, Offshore to 150 m,
mon. common.

Donax Tellin (11 2,5 cm Inflated Tellin (2.5") 6 cm Disk Tellin (1,5”) 4 cm
7e///na donacma L,, 1758. British Isles to Telfina inflata Gmelin, 1791. S.W, Pacific, 1 Tetlina disculus Deshay es, 1855, New
Mediterranean. 1 to 50 m; common. to 10 m; common. Syn.: stfiatufa Hanley. Zealand. Subtidal beaches; common.
 .

TELLINS — TELUNIDAE 343

Palate Tellin (2") 5 cm Rasp Tellin (2,5") 6 cm Cat's Tongue Tellin (2,5") h cm
Teiiina paktam {I redale, 1929), Indo-Paci- Teil/na scobmata L., 1758. Indo-Pacific, Tellma imguafetis L,, 1758. S.W. Pacific,
fic. Subtidal to 20 m; common. Syn.: m- S h al o w wate r co
I
; m mon . Sy n , r etizabethae Shallow water to 30 m; uncommon
gosa Born, not Pennant. Pilsbry.

Gargadia Tellin (1") 2.5 cm Fragile Tellin (1,5") 4 cm Abildgaard's Tellin (1.2") 3 cm
Teilina gargadia L., 1758. S,W. and Central Castrana fragifis (L, 1758). N.W. Europe; Casfrana abifdgaardiana (Spengler, 1798).
Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. Mediterranean; Black Sea. Intertidal flats; South Africa to Mozambique. Near
common. beaches; uncommon.

Thin Tellin (0,7") 1 .8 cm Tampa Tellin (0,7") 1 .8 cm Victoria Tellin (2") 5 cm

Teliina tenuis da Costa, 1778. Norway to 7e//ma tampaensis Conrad J 866. South half 7e//ina victoriae Cat! iff & Gabriel, 1914,
N.W, Africa, Scarce in Mediterranean, In- of Florida to Texas; West Indies. Shallow Southern Australia; Tasmania. Nearshore;
tertidal to 10 m; abundant. water; common. uncommon.

Large Strigilla (1") 2.5 cm Pea Strigilla (0.2") 5 mm False Red Strigilla (0.7') 1 .8 cm
Strigilla carnaria South half of
(L,, 1758). StrigWa pisiformis (L,, 1758). Bahamas to pseudocarnaria Boss, 1969. Carib-
Strigilia
Florida to Argentina, Shallow waters; lo- Brazil, Just offshore; abundant in sand. bean. Uncommon. Pallial sinus reaches
cally common. front muscle scar.
 344 MACOMAS — TELLINIDAE

Whrte Crested Tellin (1 ,5") 4 cm AtlanticGrooved Macoma (2,5"') 6 cm Paper Grooved Macoma (B'") 7,5 cm
Teilfdora criststct (R^cJuz, 1842). S,£. United PsRmmotreta intastriata (Say, 1827), S.E. Psammotreta papyracea (Cmelin, 1791).
States. Intertidal to TO m; uncommon. United States and Caribbean. Shallow wa- Mauritania to Angola, West Africa. Interti-
ter to 5 m; common. dal; common, Syn,; iacunosa Schroter.

Saddle Grooved Macoma (3") 7,5 cm PlicateGrooved Macoma (3") 7,5 cm PacificGrooved Macoma (3"') 7.5 cm

Psammotreta ephippium (Spengler, 1798). Psammotreta pticata (Valenciennes, 1846). Psammotreta obesa (Deshayes, 1855). Cali-
S.E. Asia. Shallow water; uncommon. Indian Ocean. Shallow water; rare. fornia to W. Mexico, Low-tide mark to 50
m; common.

Macoma
fialthic (1 .2") 3 cm Macoma
Chalky (2") 5 cm Constricted Macoma (2") 5 cm
Macoma balthica (L., 1758), Arctic Seas; W. Macoma caicarea (Gmelin, 1791). Arctic Macoma constricta (Brugui^re, 1792). Flor-
Europe; N.E. United States. Shallow water; Seas; W. Europe; North American cold wa- ida and Texas to Brazil, Offshore to 4 m;
common. White or pinkish. No lateral ters. Offshore; common. common.
teeth in this genus.

Tageluslike Macoma (2") 5 cm White Sand Macoma (4") 10 cm Bent- nose Macoma (31 7.5 cm
Macoma tagefiformis DafI, 1900. Gulf of Macoma secta (Conrad, 1837). W, Canada Macoma nasuta (Conrad, 1837), Alaska to
Mexico lo Brazil. Offshore to 100 m; locally to Gulf of California. Intertidal to 50 m; Baja California. Intertidal mud flats to 50 m;
common. common. common.
 DONAX AND BEAN CLAMS — DONACIDAE 345

DONAX and BEAN CLAMS

FAMILY DONAODAE

These small, wedge-shaped clams are

found in large numbers on warm-water
beaches in most parts of the world. When
waves are washing the beach, the dams
feed for a few seconds, and then burrow
back under the sand. There are almost 60
Lily JeWm (3") 7.5 cm worldwide species, many being brightly Coquina Donax (0.6'9 1 .5 cm
Tetiina iUfana I redale, 1915. New Zealand . colored- A broth is made from some spe- Donax variabiHs Say, 1822. New York to
Sand beaches to offshore; common. cies. Texas. Sand beaches; locally and seasonally
common. Syn.: fossor Say (New York to
Virginia).

Toothed Donax (1") 2.5 cm St riate Don ax (11 2 5 c m

. Rugose Donax (21 5 cm
Donax denticuiatus L., 175S. S.W. Carib^ Donax striatus L., 1767. Lower Caribbean to Donax rugosus L., 1756. West Africa, Abun-
bean to Brazil. Sloping beaches; locally Brazil, Common. Posterior concave, with dant on beaches. Posterior with concentric
abundant. Pinpoints on sides. fine threads. rows of granulations.

Truncate Donax (1 .2'") 3 on Banded Donax (1 ,2") 3 cm Gould's Donax * (O.D 1.3 cm
Donax Iruncuius L., Medi-
1758. Portugal; Donax vittatus (da Costa, 1778). Norway to Donax goutdii Dali, 1921, California to Baja
terranean; Black Sea. tnlerlidal sand N.W. Africa; Mediterranean. Sandy bays; California, Sandy beaches; Common, Lo-
beaches; common. common. cally called the Bean Clam.

Panama Donax (1 .2'") 3 cm Carinate Donax (1 .2") 3 cm Townsend's Donax (1 .2") 3 cm

Donax panamensis W. Mex-
Philippi, 1849. Donax carinatus Hanley, 1843. W. Mexico Donax lownsendi Sowerby, 1894. Persian
ico to Ecuador. Sand beaches; common. to Colombia. Shallow water to 24 m; com- Gulf and N.W. Indian Ocean. Sandy bays;
Syn.: assimilis of authors. mon, Syn.: rosfrafos C. B. Adams. common.
346 DONAX AND GARI CLAMS — DONACI DAE AND PSAMMOBIIDAE

Pad He Bean Donax to./") 1.0 cm C u neate Do n a x {1 .

5" ) 4 cm Saw Donax (2") 5 cm

Donax faba Gmelin, 1791. Indo-Pacific. Donax cuneatus L., 1758. lndo*Pacific. Donax serra Rodirtg, 1798. South Africa.
Beach slopes; locally abundant. B e ac h s I o pes ; local y
I co mm on Beaches; common. Syn.t aurantiaca
Krauss.

Coolwa Donax (2") 5 cm Leather Donax (2") 5 cm Giant False Donax (2.5") 6 cm
Phbidomx deltoides (Lamarck, 1816). Hecuba scortum (L, 1758). East Indies; In- iphigenta brasiliana (Lamarck, 1816). South
South Australia. Sandy shores; abundant. dian Ocean. Mud bays; common. Syn. : pu- half of Florida to Brazil. Shaliow water to 4
bescens L. m; common.

SANCUIN and
GARI CLAIMS
FAMILY PSAMMOBIIDAE

Known also as sunset dams this group is

almost entirely associated with the warm,
black muds of bays of continents and large
islands. The shells are usually purple in
color, with some degree of red, and the
Galatea Clam (3.5") 9 cm periostracum is usually dark. The pallial si- Faeroe Gari (2.3") 6.5 cm
Galatea paradoxa (Born, 1778). Liberia to nus is large. The hinge has two small cardi- Gari fervensis (Cmelin, 1791). W. Europe to

Congo, Africa. Estuaries of rivers; com- nals but no lateral teeth. West Shallow water; common.
Africa.
mon. Syn.: bornii Cmeiin; faerveensis Chem-
nitz.

Depressed Gari (2") 5 cm Tripartite Gari (2.5") 6 cm Stanger's Gari 0") 7.5 cm
Gari depressa (Pennant, 1777). Norway to Gari tripartita(Deshayes, 1854). Indian Gari stangeri (Cray, 1843). New Zealand.
Mediterranean; N.W. Africa. Offshore to Ocean to Philippines. Shallow water; un- Sandy beaches; common.
50 m. Common. common.
 GARI AND SANGUIN CLAMS — PSAMMOBIIDAE 347

Spotted Gari {2") 5 cm Gaudy Asa phis {2. 5") 6 cm Pacific Asaph is (2.5") 6 cm
Can macuiosa {Lamarck, 1818). Japan and Asaphis defforata (L^ 1756). S.E. Florida to Asaph is vioiascens (Forskal, 1775). indo-Pa-
China. ShaHow water to 30 m; common. Brazil. Intertidal, near mangroves; com- cific; common. Syn.: drchotoma Anton.
mon* Also purple. Coarsely ribbed.

: ^ ^
.
^ i' vjf '

*- 4
,

Small FalseDonax (0.7") 1 .8 cm Donax

Pacific False (0.81 2 cm Atlantic Sanguin (2") 5 cm
Heterodonax bimaculatus (L., 1758). South- Heterodonax padficas (Conrad, 1837). Sangu/no/ana sarrgu/no/enfa (Cmelin,
ern Florida and West Indies, Many colors. Southern California to Panama. Sand 1791).Southern Florida; Texas to Brazil.

Beach slopes; locally common. beaches; common. Shallow water; uncommon.

Operculate Sanguin (31 7.5 cm Teliinlike Sanguirt (3") 7.5 cm Berlin's Sanguin (31 7,5 cm
Sanguinolaria cruenfa (Lightfoot, 1786). Sanguinolaria leWnoides A. Adams, 1850. Sanguinoiaria bertini Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932.
Caribbean to Brazil. Shallow water; un- Gulf of California to Ecuador. Shallow wa- Baja California to Peru. Intertidal flats;

common. Syn.: operculata Gmelin. ter; uncommon. common.

Elongate Cari (2.5") 6 cm Solid Sanguin (2.5") 6 cm Diphos Sanguin (51 12 cm

Psammofaea efongata (Lamarck, 1818). Hiatuia so fIda (Reeve, 1857). Indian Ocean. Hiatuia diphos (L., 1771). Indo-Pacific, Low
Jndo-Pacific. Intertidal sandy mud; com- Shallow water; uncommon. Syn.: Soletef- tide to 30 m; common. Syn.: 5o/efe//ma
mon. Syn.: vioiacea Lamarck. (ina. vioiacea Lamarck; adamsi Reeve.
348 SOLECURTUS CLAMS — SOLECURTIDAE

(5") 12 cm Ch nese Sangu n (S'") 12 cm Boeddinghaus Sanguin (3") 7 cm

Plane Sanguirt i i

Hiatula chtnensts (Mfirch, 1654). Color vari- Hiatuta boeddinghausi (Uschke, 1870). ja-
Hiatula planulata (Reeve, 1857). Southeast
ation showing white rays. Used as food. pan. Intertidal flats to 50 m; common.
Asia. Intertidal; common.

(2”) 5 cm Two- rayed Sanguin (2.5") 6 cm California Sunset Clam (4*^) 10 cm

Glassy Sanguin
New Zealand. Hiatuta biradiata (Wood, 1815). Southern Cart catiforntca (Conrad, 1849). Alaska to
Hiatuta rtitida (Cray, 1843).
Intertidal sand flats; common. Australia; Tasmania. Intertidat; common. W. Mexico. Offshore to 50 m; common.
Syn.: nymphalis Reeve.

SOLECURTUS CLAMS
FAMILY SOLECURTIDAE

Gaping at both ends, these short tubular

dams are characterized by curious cross-
hatch scratches on the surface. Some, like
Tagelus, are smooth outside. Right valve
with two jutting cardinal teeth; only one in
(5") 12 cm valve. Shallow water; burrow in mud. Scraper Solecurtus (31 7.5 cm
NultalPs Mahogany Clam left

Mostly tropical. Sotecuftus stngiiatus (L., 1758). Mediterra-

Sanguinolaria nuttaUii (Conrad, 1637). Cali-
Near estuaries in nean to western Africa. Intertidal flats;
fornia to Baja California.
mud; common. common. 5. strigiUatus \s misspelling.

7.5 cm Similar japanese Solecurtus (2.5") 6 cm

Pacific Solecurtus (21 5 cm Divaricate Solecurtus (3")

Soiecurtus divaricatus (Ltschke, 1869). ja- Sotecuitus consimitfs Kuroda & Habe, 1961
Solecurtus pad ficus Pease, 1870. Central
Pacific; rare. Syn.; S. atbus Biainville? pan; Korea to Taiwan, Intertidal to 10 m; Southern half of japan. 10 to 50 on sand;m
common. uncommon.
 TAGELUS AND SEMELE CLAMS — SOLECURTIDAE AND SEMELIDAE 349

Sharp Azor Cfam {2*^) 5 cm Bean Solen (3") 7.5 cm Purplish American Tagefus f1 .5") 3.5 cm
Azohnus acutidens iBroderip & Sowerby, Fharus hgunren (L., 1756). Norway to Sene- Tage/ns divisus (Spengler, 1794). Eastern

1029). East Indies; Philippines. Shallow gai and Mediterranean. Sandy bays to 80 m; United States to Brazil, Shallow sandy mud
muddy areas; common. common. areas, 1 to 20 m; common.

Stout American Tagelus (3") 7,5 cm Californian Tageius (3,5”) 9 cm Affinis Tageius (2”) 5 cm
Tagelus piebeius (Lightfoot^ 1706), Eastern Tagelus caiifommnus {Conrad, 1857). Mon- Tageius affinis (C. B. Adams, 1852). South-
United States to Brazil. Intertidal to 5 m; terey, California, to W. Mexico. Intertidal ern California to Ecuador. Sand flats; com-
common, Syn.: gibbus Spengfer. sand flats; common. mon in Panama.

Dombey's Tageius (3,5") 9 cm Adanson's Tageius (2.6”) 7 cm Constricted Tageius (2”) 5 cm

Tageius douibeii [Lamarck , 1816). W, Mex- Tageius adansonii (Bose, 1801). Mauritania Sinovacala constricta (Lamarck, 1618).
ico to Peru. Subtidal to 5 m; common. to Angola, Estuaries; abundant* Syn,: Southeastern Asia. Estuaries, mud; com-
angulatus Sower by. mon.

SEMELE CLAMS
FAMILY SEMELIDAE

The colorful Semele dams are found in

shallow, warm waters around the world. In

addition to an external ligament, there is a

chitinous resiltum embedded in a diagonal
groove in the hinge. Some species have a
barklike pertostracum, others have color-
ful exteriors. There are about 70 species.
Rugose Tageius (2”) 5 cm' Greenish Tageius (2”) 5 cm
Sinovacala rugosa (L,, 1767). East Indies; Sinovacala virens (L,,1767), Southeastern
southeastern Asia. Shallow muddy bays; Asia; East Indies. Shallow bays in mud;
common. common.
350 5EMELE CLAMS— SEMEL1 DAE

(0.7") 1 .6 cm Wh ite At lantic Sem ele ( 1 *5") 4 cm

American Semele (1 .4") 3 cm CanceUate Semele
Purplish
Seme/e bdlAslrista (Conrad, 1d37). S.E. Seme/e proficuB (Putteney, 1799). S.E.
Semele purpurascens (Gmelin, 1791). S.E. United States to Brazil. Shallow sandy areas
United States to BraziL Shallow sandy ar*
United States to Brazil. 1 to 20 m, in sand;
eas; common, Syn*: donovani McGmty. to 10 m; common. Rarely pink-rayed.
common. Red or purple.

(2.5") h cm Beautiful Semele (2") 5 cm

(2"') S cm Rough Semele
Heart-shaped Semele
Semele aenuiata (Sowerby, 1853)* South- Semele formosa (Sowerby, 1833). Gulf of
Seme/e cordtfonrtfs (Molten, 1803). Japan to California to Ecuador. Shallow water; un-
Shallow water; moderately com* western Pacific. Shallow sandy bays; un-
S.E. Asia.
common. Syn*: scabra Hanley, 1858. common.
mon, Syn.: sinensis Reeve.

7 cm Solid Semele (3.5") 8 cm

Rose Petal Semele d -2") 4*5 cm Bark Semele
Semele dedsa (Conrad, 1837). San Pedro, Semele soUda Cray, 1828. Peru and Chile.
Semele rubropicta Dali, 1871. Alaska to
California, to W* Mexico, Pebbles and Lower intertidal, sand. Common.
Mexico. 40 to 100 m; uncommon.
sand, 1 to 20 m; common.

cm Flat Furrow Clam (2.5") 6 cm

(4") 9 cm California Cumingia d") 2*5
Corrugate Semele
Scrod/cufar/a plana (da Costa, 1778). Nor*
Semele corrugata (Sowerby, 1833). Ecuador Cumifigia californica Conrad, 1837. Interti-
Common dal rock crevices, wharf pilings to 50
m; way to Senegal. Intertidal to 2 m; common.
to Chile. Intertidal; abundant.
Family Scrobiculariidae.
food.
common.
 FALSE MUSSELS, HEART AND CALYPTO CLAMS — DREISSENIDAE, GLOSSIDAE AND VESICOMYIDAE 351

ARCIICA CLAMS
FALSE MUSSELS
SUPERFAMILY ARCTICACEA
FAMILY DREISSENIDAE
Shells resembling the venerid dams but
This is group of bivalves related to
a strange
having2 or 3 cardinal teeth and well-devel*
the venerid and lellinid dam, but which
oped lateral teeth. There is no pallial sinus.
have invaded freshwater and resemble the
The genus Arctica is cold water" while Tra-
MytHus blue mussels* They live attached to
pezium is limited to tropical waters.
pilings and dog waterpipes. The narrow
(2") 5 em
end of the valve has a septum or ledge. Zebra Mussel
Dreissens polymorpha (Pallas, 1771). Eu-
rope and Asia Minor. Freshwater lakes,
streams; abundant.

Clam (2"') 5 cm Oblong Trape3i:ium Clam

Ocean Quahog f4") 10 cm Carinate Trapezium
Trapezium bicartnatum {Schumacher, Trapezium obfongum (L,, 1758). Indo-Paci^
Arcfica isfandicB (L*, 1767). Newfoundland
fic* Shallow water reefs; common*
family
Indo-Pacific. Shallow reef sands;
to off North Carolina* Dredged from 10 to 1817).
angufaWm Lamarck. Trapeziidae.
160 m; abundant. Commerdal food clam. common. Syn.:

HEART CLAMS
FAMILY GLOSSIDAE

This curious family of bivalves has a coiled

umbo which gives the clam a swollen heart
It is an ancient group which
is sur-
shape.
vived by only a few species including the
well-known Oxheart Clam of Europe. A few (3^5") 9 cm
Oxheart Clam (3.5*') 9 cm Oxheart Clam
species are found in the tropics. Formerly European
Giossus humarws (L*, 1758)* Norway to the Giossus human US (L., 1758).
known as the Isocardiidae.
Mediterranean* Offshore 8 to 3,000 m; Seas. A popular shell that is also used as

common* Syn.: tsocardia corL. food. Another view.

CALYPTO CLAMS
FAMILY VESICOMYIDAE

This is an obscure, mainly deepsea, family

of dams. They are seldom seen in amateur
collections*There are only three living gen-
era, the largest being the Calypto Clams.
One giant species has been recently found
Magnificent CalyptoClam (7") 18 cm
Clam (1 *5") 3 .5 cm in deepsea rifts off the Galapagos Islands.
Moltke*s Heart
Calyptogena magnifica Boss & Turner,
Meiocardra rrjoHkiarra (Spengier, 1783). East
1980. Off Galapagos, near deepsea hot
Indies; Philippines* Shallow water; un-
springs; locally common* Holoiype illus-
common. Syn.: moltkiana Cmelin*
trated.
 352 FRESHWATER MARSH CLAMS AND VENUS CLAMS — CORBICULJDAE AND VENERIDAE

CORBICULA CLAMS
FAMILY CORBICUUDAE

This small family of dams fives in fresh-

water and estuaries. Most have a purplish
shelf and a thick giossy or hairy periostra-
cum. The Asian Clam was introduced to
U nited States ri vers n 1 938 and has become
i

a nuisance throughout the country*

Asian Clam f1 3 cm Violet Batissa Clam (3'9 7.5 cm
Cofb/cu/a fiuminea (Muller, 1774)* Asia; Bat/ssa Wo/acea (Lamarck, 1806). Philip-
East Indies; United States* Rivers and pines and Indonesia* Freshwater ponds;
lakes; abundant. Syn.: rrtaniimsiB Philippi, common.

i
Strong Batissa Clam (3") 7*5 cm Common Cdoina (2,51 6 cm Flor da
i Ma rsh Clam (1 ") 2 .S cm
BatiBsa fortis Prime, 1860. New Guinea and Ceioina coaxans (Gmelin, 1791). japan to Po/y m esoda man f/ma(Orbigny, 1842), Flor*
Solomon Islands. Rivers; locally common. the East Indies. Estuaries and ponds; com- ida to Texas. Brackish warm water* Syn*;
mon* flortdana Conrad.

VENUS CLAMS
FAMILY VENERIDAE

A large and well-known family of hard-

shefled dams found in most parts of the
world* !n cold seas many species, such as
the Quahog or hard-shell dam, are used
for food. In warmer waters the species are
more colorful.There are numerous genera
and hundreds of species*
March Clam
Carolina (1 ,5'9 4 cm Agreeable Marsh Clam (1,5'9 4 cm
Polymesoda caroHniana (Bose, 1801)* Vir- Pofymesoda p/acans (Hanley, 1845). Cen-
ginia to Texas. Tidal estuaries in freshwater. tral America. Freshwater rivers near the
In sand; common. sea; locally abundant.

Warty Venus (2*5") 6 cm Chamber Venus (1,51 3.5 cm Chicken Venus (1 *5”) 4 cm
Venus verrucosa (L*, 1758)* Southern British Circomphafus casinus (L*, 1758). Norway to Chameha gaiiina (L., 1758). Medi terra*
Isles to Mediterranean. Intertidal to 12 m. Senegal; Mediterranean, Intertidal sand; nean. Intertidal sand flats; common*
Common edible species* common. Syn.; dfsemus Lamarck.
 . .

VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 353

Embossed Venus (2,5") 6 cm Lamellate Venus (2") 5 cm Lamellate Venus (2") S cm

Venus lareuma Gould, 1851. (ndo-Pacific- Anligom lameHarh Schumacher, 1817. Antigona /ame//ans Schumacher, 1617.
Shallow sandy areas; uncommon. Indo-PacHIc. Coral sand, shore to 20 m; Some specimens have a rosy mterior and a
u nco m mQn . Sy n . ! tamarckii G ray more colorful exterior.

Venus
Ford's (2") 5 cm Empress Venus (1 .5") 3.5 cm Rigid Venus {3'') 7 cm
Circomphafus fordi (Yates, 1890). Southern Circomphaias strigiUinus (Dali, 1902). Ven tricotaria rigida ( D wyn
i 1 1o ri da , 1 81 7) . F I

California. Shallowvvater; uncommon. Southeastern United States. Offshore to Keys (rare) to West Indies (common) and
200 m; uncommon. Brazil.

Even-heart Venus (2.5") 8 cm Youthful Venus (3.5"} 9 cm Reticulate Venus (3.5") 9 cm

Venfr/co/ar/a rigida subspecies isocardia Periglypta puerpera (L., 1771). In do- Pacific. Periglypta relicufata (L., 1758). Indo-Pacific.
(Verrill, 1870). W. Mexico to Ecuador. Com- Shallow water to 20 m; locally common. Shallow water to 20 m; locally common.
mon. Syn.: edmondsorii D., B. fif R.

Crispate Venus (3'') 7,5 cm C lath rate Venus (3") 7,5 cm Chemnitz's Venus (3.5") 9 cm
Periglypta crispata (Deshayes, 1854). Indo- Periglypta dathrata (Deshayes, 1853). ndo* I Periglypta chemriitzi (Hanley, 1844). South-
Pacific .Shallow wat e r u ncom mon
;
Pacific. Shallow water; uncommon. western Pacific. 1 to 20 m; common. Syn,:
fischeri Reduz.
 354 VENUS CLAMS — VENERJDAE

Scaly-rtdged Venus (4") 10 cm ScriptVenus (1*5'^) 4 cm R vuia Venu s

i (1 .5") 4 cm
Circomphaius foiiaceotamelto&us (Dilfwyn, Orcescr/pfa (L*, 1750). Indo-Padfic* 1 to 20 Orce rivularis {Born . 1 778) . Western Austra*
1017}* Western Africa* Shallow water com- ; m; locally common. Syn,: persorrafa Jia* Shallow water; common.
mon. Deshayes.

Freckled Venus {1 .5") 4 cm Corrugate Venus (1 .5") 4 cm Crocus Venus (2'') 5 cm

Circe ientiginosa (Morch^. 18S3)* Indian Circe corrugata {Deshayes, 1853)* Red Sea. Circe crocea (Hanley, 1843). Red Sea* Sandy
Ocea n Shallow water; uncommon.
. Shallow water; moderately common. bays local y co m mon
; I

Pretty-backed Venus (2") 5 cm Forked Venus (1 SI 3.5 cm Tumid Venus (1 *5") 3.5 cm
Circe ca///pyga (Born, 1776). Indian Ocean. Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791). Gafrarium tumidum Rodlng, 1798, Indo-Pa-
Sandy bays; locally common* Indo-Pacific. Shallow sandy areas; com- cific. Shallow water to 20 m; common.

mon* Syn*; aequivoca Sowerby. Syn.: gibbta Lamarck*

Pectinate Venus (1*5'’} 3*5 cm Mauve Sunetta {2") 5 cm Fossate Sunetta (1 .5") 4 cm
Gafrarium pectinaWm (L*, 1758). Indo-Paci- Surietta menstrualis (Menke, 1843). Eastern Suneffa effossa (Reeve, 1843), Northwest*
fic* Shallow sandy areas to 20 m; common* Asia; Australia. Uncommon. Syn.^ excavate ern Indian Ocean. Shallow water; locally
Hanley; magnifica Reeve, common*
 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 355

Pure Sunetta {3") 7 cm Truncate Sunetta (1 .5") 4 cm Cleft Sunetta (1 ,5"") 4 cm

Sunetta meroe (L.,Souttieastem Asia
17SS). Sunetfa truncata (Deshayes, 1853). Indian Sunetta vaginalis (Menke, 1843). Western
and Indian Ocean* Shallow water; com- Ocean and southeastern Asia. Shallow wa- Australia. Shallow water; uncommon.
mon. ter; common.

Solander's Sunetta (1 .5^) 4 cm Karachi Sunetta (2") 5 cm Poker -chip Venus {3"') 7 cm

Sunettma soianderii (Cray, 1825). Indian Sunetta kurachensfs Sowerby, 1895. North- Meretrix lusoria (Roding, 1798). Eastern
Ocean and southeastern Asia; |apan. 10 to western Indian Ocean* Sbaflow water, lo- Asia. Shallow water to 20 m; abundant.
50 m; uncommon. cally common.

Triple Tivela {1 .5'") 4 cm Ponderous Tivela (31 7.5 cm Flattened Tivela (2") 5 cm
Tivela tripia (L*, 1777). Western Africa, Shal- Tivela ponderosa (Philippi, 1844). North* Tivela p Ian u lata (Broderip & Sowerby,
low water; moderately common. western Indian Ocean. Shallow water; lo* 1830). W. Mexico to Ecuador, Shallow
cally common. Non Schumacher, 1617, sa ndy a reas ; co m mon

Byron Tivela (T) 5 cm

Tivela byronensh (Gray, 1838). W. Meisico Tivela mactroides (Born, 1778). West Indies Tivela ventricosa (Cray, 1838). Brazil and
to Ecuador* Intertidal beaches to 73 m; to Brazil Shallow water; common. Uruguay. Shallow sandy areas; common.
common* Syn*: radiata Sowerby.
 356 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE

PismoClam (5") 12 cm Tumid Pitar Venus (1.5'') 4 cm White Venus

Pitar {1 ,5"} 4 cm
Tsvefa slultorum (Mawe, 1823)* Caiifornra Pilariumerrs (Cmefin, 1791). Canaries; Pitar albidus (Gmelin, 1791)* West Indies to
and Ba[a Cafifornta. Sandy intertidal flats; western Africa* Intertidal sands; locatly Brazil. Shallow water; common.
common edible species* common*

Prow Pitar Venus (i .5^) 4 cm Yellow Pitar Venus (2") 5 cm Japanese Pitar Venus (1 .S'") 4 cm
Pitar prora (Conrad, 1837). Southwestern Filar dtrinus aamarck, 1818)* Indo-Pacific. Pitarlaponicus Kuroda & Kawamoto, 1956.
Pacific. Shallow water; common.
Shallow water; common. Offshore, 10 lo 50 m; uncommon.

Concise Pitar Venus (2'") 5 Lightning Venus

\
(1*5") 4 cm jcnwenger
s venus u.:j j 4 err
Filar cortcinnus (Sowerby, 1835)* W. Mi Pitarfuiminatus (Menke, 1828)* S.E. United cardatus fSchwengel, 1951), Gulf o1
Pitar
tco to Peru. Intertidal to 73 m; common States to Brazil. Shallow water; common* Mexico to Brazil. Offshore, 60 to 1(X) m;
locally common.

Simpson's Venus (O.D cm Morrhua Venus (1 ,5"') 4 cm

1 .8
Rough Pitar Venus fl") 2*5 cm
Pitar simpsoni (Dali, 1889). Southern half of Pitar morrhuanus (Linsley, 1848). Eastern Pitar rudis (Poli, 1795).
Mediterranean to
Florida and the West Indies. 1 to 40 m; Canada to off North Carolina. 1 to 50 m; Senegal. Shallow water to 500 m; common.
locally common. common.
 VENUS CLAMS — VENERrOAE 357

Wounded Pifar Venus (1 J") 4.5 cm Unrcolor Pitar Venus (1 .7"') 4.5 cm Curled Pttar Venus
Pitar vuinemtus (Broderip, 1835). W. Mex-
(2") 5 cm -

P/tarunicotor (Sowerby, 1835), W. Mexico Fitarckcmatus (Born, 1778), West Indies to

ico to Panama, Intertidal to 15 m; common. to Ecuador. Offshore to 11 m; common.
Brazil. Shallow water; common. Sub-
species a/fema/us (Broderip, 1635) from
Panama is similar.

Rosy Pilar Venus (1,51 3,5 cm Royal Comb Venus n .5") 4 cm Prostitute Venus (2") 5 cm
Filar mseus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1629). W. Fkardione (L., 1758), West Indies. Subtidal Filar lupanaria (Lesson, 1830). W, Mexico to
Mexico to Panama. Shallow water to 73 m; beaches; locally common. Peru, Intertidal beaches to 3 m; common.
common.

Purple Amiantis (3,21 8 cm Beauty Amiantis (4”) 10 cm Reddish Callista

Amiantis purpurata (Lamarck, 1818), Brazil
(3") 7,5 cm
Amiantis r:aUosa fConrad, 1837). California Ca///sta erycina (L., 1758).
Southwestern Pa-
to Argentina, Intertidal to 2 m; common. to W, Mexico, Subtidal to 4 m; common. cific to lapan. 1 to 20 m; moderately
com-
mon, Syn,: spuma Roding,

Lilac Callista (4^) 10 cm BardwelPs Callista (31 7.5 cm Planatella Callista (3") 7.S cm
Callista erycina form fftacina (Lamarck, Callista bardwelliClench & McLean, 1936, Faradione planatella (Lamarck, 1818). In-
1818). Western Australia, Shallow water; Western Australia. Shallow water; uncom- dian Ocean. Uncommon, Syn.: costata
common. mon. Holotype iflus. Chemnitz; nioba Clench & McLean (holo-
type illus,).
 358 VENUS CLAMS — VENERJDAE

Grata Callista (3") 73 cm King's Cadista (2”) 5 cm Unequal Callista (2") 5 cm

(Deshayes, 18S3J. East Indies;
CAliista grata Paradione kingi (Cray, 1827)* Eastern and Callistaimpar (Lamarck, 1818). Indian
northern Australia. Shallow sands; uncom- southern Australia. Intertidal to 5 m; com- Ocean and southwestern Pacific* Shallow,
mon. Syn,: pectorai/s Sowerby (not La- mon. sand areas; common.
marck).

Flower Callista (2") 5 cm China Callista (2.5”) 6 cm Festive Callista (2*5”) 6 cm

Ca///sfa (Lamarck, 1818). Indian
florida Ca///sfa chinertsis (Holten, 1803). South- Ca///sfa chinensis form festiva Reeve, 1864*
Ocean, Shallow sandy bays; locally com- western Pacific* 2 to 50 m; common, Syn.: Southwestern Pacific, Smoother form*
mon* sinensis Sowerby. Common*

Short-snouted Callista (3”) 7,5 cm Umbo Callista (3”) 7*5 cm Snowy Callista (2.5”) 6 cm
Callistabrevisiphonata (Carpenter, 1865), Ca///sfaumbonella (Lamarck, 1818). Red Callista umbonella form n/vea (Hanley,
japan. 1 to 30 m; locally common* Syn*; Sea and Persian Gulf. Shallow water; com- 1843), Persian Gulf* A white form. Locally
chishlmana PMsbry* mon. common*

Smooth Callista (3”) 7.5 cm Glory-of4he-Seas Venus (1 .5”) 4 cm Many-rayed Callista (3”) 7.5 cm
Callista chione (L*, 1758). English Channel Ca///sfa eucymata (Dali, 1890), S,E, Florida (Sowerby, 1851). West-
Callista multiradiata
to Mediterranean. 8 to 100 m; common. to BraziL Offshore 30 to 200 m; uncom- ern Indian Ocean, Shallow water; uncom-
mon. mon.
 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 359

Sunray Venus (5") 12 cm Calico Clam cm

{2") 5 Golden Callista (4") 10 cm
Macroca///sfa ntmbosa (Lightfoot, 1786), Macrocaflista maculata (L., 1758). S.E. Megapftaria aurantiaca (Sowerby, 1831). W.
S.£. United States to Texas. 1 to 30 m; lo- United States to Brazil. 1 to 20 m; locally Mexico to Ecuador. Tidal flats to 10 m; com-
cally abundant. abundant. Rarely albino. mon. Syn.: aurantia Sowerby.

-1

Squalid Callista (4") 10 cm Texas Venus (3'') 7,5 cm Camp Pitar Venus (1,5"') 3,5 cm
Megapitaha squalida (Sowerby, 1835). W. Agriopoma texasiana {Dali, 1892). N.W. Lioconcha castrensis (L., 1758). Indo-Paci-
Mexico to Peru. Sandy mud flats; abun- Florida to noftheastern Mexico. 8 to 25 m; fic. Shallow sand flats; common.
dant. moderately common.

Hieroglyphic Venus (1 .5") 3.5 cm Ornate Pitar Venus (1") 2.S cm Lorenz's Pitar Venus (2”) 5 cm
Lioconcha h/erog/yp/j/ca (Conrad, 1837). Lioconcha omata (Lamarck, 1817). lndo*Pa- Lioconcha hrenziana (Dillwyn, 18t7). S.W.
S.W. and central Pacific. Coral sands; com- cific. Sandy coral areas; common. Syn.; Pacific. Muddy sand flats to 20 m; uncom-
mon. picta Lamarck, mon. Syn.: hetraea Sowerby; sowerbyi
Deshayes.

Smooth Washington Clam {4'") 10 cm Common Washington Clam (4") 10 cm Purple Washir>gton Clam (4") 10 cm
Saxidomus gigantea (Deshayes, 1839). Saxidomus nuttaUi {Conrad 1837 }h Califor-
^ 5ax/domus nuttalU subspecies purpuratus
Alaska to California. Common, edible Alas- nra to Baja California. "Butter Clam" is (Sowerby, 18S2). japan. Intertidal to 20 m;
kan seafood. common, edible, intertidal species. common.
 360 DOSINIA CLAMS — VENERIDAE

Herra del Fuego Venus (3.5'") 9 cm Kennerley's Venus 9 cm

(3.5") Samarangia Ciam (2") 5 cm
Humilaria exalbida (Dillwyn, 1817). Brazil to Humitana kennerleyi (Reeve, 1883). Alaska Samarangia quadrangufaris, Ada ms ik f

Argentina. 25 to 70 m; uncommon. to California. 6 to 40 m; locally common. Reeve, 1650). Western Pacific. 10 to 30 m;

rare. Shell yellow, smooth under sand coat-
ing.

Disk Oostnra (3") 7.5 cm Elegant Dosinia (3'') 7,5 cm Concentric Dosinia (3”) 7.5 cm
Dosinia discus (Reeve, 1850). S.E. United Dosinia elegans Conrad, 1846, S.E. United Dosinia conc^ntrica (Born, 1778). Cuba and
States and Bahamas. Shallow sand bars; States; Caribbean. Shallow com- Mexico
v^aler; to Brazil. Shallow water; common.
common. SO ridges per inch. mon. 22 ridges per inch. Syn.: dos/n Adanson.

Mature Dosinia (2") 5 cm Heart Dosinia cm Chinese Dosinia

(1 .5^) 3.5 (3") 7.5 cm
Dosinia exoleta (L, 1758). Norway to west- Dosinia isocardia {Dunker, 1843). Western Dosinia sinensis (Cmelin, 1791). China;
ern Africa; Mediterranean. Intertidal to 20 Africa. Shallow water; common. southwestern Pacific. Shallow sandy areas
m; common. Syn.: radiata Reeve. to 10 m; common.

Histrio Dosinia (2.5'9 6 cm Red Sea Dosinia (2.5") 6 cm Lunate Dosinia (3.5") 9 cm
Dosinia histfio (Cmelin, 1791), Southwest- Dosinia erythraea Romer, 1860. Northwest- Oosm/a h/7unu/afa (Cray, 1838). Japan. Sub-
ern Pacific to japan. Shallow water to 30 m; ern Indian Ocean. Shallow water; com* tidal to 50 m; locally common.
common. mon.
 DOSINIA CLAMS — VENERIDAE 361

lapanese Dosinra (2*5'0 6 cm Troschers Dosinra (3"J 7.5 cm Scaled Oosinia (2.5") 6 cm
Dosmia japonic^ (Reeve, IBSO). Japan, Shal- Dosmia troscheh (Lischke, 1873}* japan, 10 DoBinia scalans (Menke^ 1843). Western
low water to 50 m; common. to 30 m; common. and soothe rn Australia. Shallow water;
common.

—
. > \

‘'
1^-

Juvenile Dosinia (2") 5 cm Variegated Dosinia (2") 5 cm Bluish Dosinia (2,5") 6 cm

Dosm/a juvenilis (Gmelin^ 1791). Philip- Dostnia variegata (Gray, 1838). Indian Oos/ma caeru/ea (Reeve, 1850). Japan. 10 to
pines and southwestern Pacific. Shallow Ocean. Shallow water; uncommon. 30 m; common.
water;common. Syn.r juvenis Dillwyn.

Victoria Oosinia (2.5"') 6 cm Maori Dosinia (2") 5 cm Subrosa Dosinia (2"^) 5 cm

Dosinia victoriae Gat I iff & CabrIeJ, 1914. Dosinia maoriana Oliver, 1923. New Dosinia subrosea (Gray, 1835). New
and South
Victoria Australia* Beaches to 80 Zealand, Shallow water; uncommon. Zealand. Common on beaches to 3 m.
m; common.

Subrosa Dosinia (2”) 5 cm Old Woman Dosinia (3") 7 cm Anna's Dosinia {2'') 5 cm
Dosinia subrasea (Gray, 1835). New Dosinia anus (Philippi, 1848). New Zealand. Dosinia semiobliterata Deshayes, 1853.
Zealand. Some specimens are while, oth- Intertidal sand flats to 3 m; common* Gulf of California to Panama, Syn,: annae
ers pinkish rose. Common. Carpenter.
 362 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE

Ponderous Dosinta (6"') 15 cm Dunker's Dosinia (2") 5 cm Zealandic Doslnula (2.51 6 cm

Dosinia ponderosa (Gray, 1838). W. Mexico Dosinia durtkeri (Philippi, 1844). W, Mexico Oosina zetandica Gray, 1835. New Zealand.
to northern Peru. 3 to 60 m; moderately to northern Peru. Intertidal to 55 m; com- Mud flats and rubble; common. (Not a Do-
common. mon. sinia.)

Atlantic Cyclinella (1”) 2.5 cm Singley's Cydinelfa (1 .5") 3.5 cm Gem Clam
Amethyst (0.2") 5 mm
Cydinefla tenuis (R^cluz, 1852). Virginia to Cydineiia singteyi Dali, 1902. W. Mexico to Gemma gemma (Totten, 1834). Eastern
Texas to Brazil. 1 to 100 m; common. Panama. Subtidal in estuaries; common. Canada to Texas; introduced to Puget
Sound, Washington. Common,

Brown Gem Clam (0.2") 5 mm Milky Pacific Venus (2") 5 cm Lettered Venus (3.5^) 9 cm
Parastarte triquetra (Conrad, 1646). Florida Compsomyax subdiaphana (Carpenter, Tapes literatus (1., 1758). Indo-Pacific. Shal-
to Texas. Intertidal sand bars; common. 1864). Alaska to Gulf of California. In mud, low water; locally common. Syn.t radiata
10 to 50 m; common. Cmelin; punctafa Gmelin. T. /iff era fa is mis-
spelling.

Spotted Venus (3.5") 9 cm Turgid Venus (3") 7.5 cm Arakan Venus (I'") 2.5 cm
Tapes iiteratus form guttulatus Rdding, Tapes dorsatus (Lamarck, 1818). Southwest- Timodea amkana (G. & H. Nevill, 1871).
1798. Indo-Padfic; common. Syn,: ad- ern Pacific.Shallow water; common. Syn.: South Africa to Ceylon. Uncommon. Syn.:
spersa Lamarck, 1810. tufgida and ovufaea Lamarck. arakensis E. A. Smith; malonei Vanatta.
 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 363

European Aurora Venus (1,5") 4 cm Variegate Venus (1.5'1 4 cm Rooster Venus (2.5") 6 cm
Venerupts aurea (Gmelin^ 1791). Norway to tapes variegattjs (Sowerby, 1852), Paphia gallus (Gmelin^ 1791). Indian Ocean
Mediterranean and Black Sea, Intertidal; indo-Padftc. Intertidal; abundant. Syn.r to Australia, Intertidal; common. Syn.: ma^
abundant. Syn.: ft/rata Lamarck. punicea and cfnerea Deshayes, /a6af/ca "Chemnitz'*; sinuosa Lamarck.

Rooster Venus {2.5") 6 cm Fertile Venus (2.5") 6,5 cm Cor Venus (3") 7,5 cm

Faphia gaUus form ientiginosa (Reeve, Marcia opima (Cmeli n, 1 791 ). Eastern Africa Paphia cor (Sowerby, 1853)* Northern In-
1864), Indian Ocean* Some specimens are to the East Indies. Intertidal; common. dian Ocean; Persian Gulf. Shallow water;
spotted. Syn.: triradiata Gmelin; pinguis Hanley. locally common*

Japan Venus (2*5'*) 6 cm Hi ant Venus (2.5") 6 cm Scalarina Venus (1 .5") 4 cm

Marda japonica (Gmelin, 1791). Indo-Paci- Marcia hiantina (Lamarck, 1818). Eastern Af- Katelysia scalarina (Lamarck, 1818). South-
fic*Common. Syn*: sfnata Gmelin; trislis rica to Australia. Common. Syn.: rimulans ern Australia and Tasmania. Intertidal;
and eleganttna Lamarck; auristaca Wood* and fiammtculata Lamarck; luzonica Sow- common food. Syn.: polka Nielsen, 1964*
erby.

Aphrodina Venus (1 .5") 4 cm Strigose Venus (1 .5") 4 cm Smoky Venus (1.5") 4 cm

Katelysia scalarina form aphrodina (La* form sf rigosa (Lamarck,
Katefysia scafarina Eumarda fumigata (Sowerby, 1853). South-
marck, 1818). Southern Australia* Sculp- 1818). Some specimens are more elongate ern Australia; Tasmania. Intertidal mud
ture is very variable in this species. than others. Southern Australia. flats; abundant.
364 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE

(3") 7.5 cm (3"') 7.5 cm Lovely Venus (3'^ 7.5 cm

Venus
Butterfly Lovely Venus
Paphia alapapilionis Roding. 1798. Indian Paphia amabiUs (Philippi, 1647), lapan and Paphia amabWs (Philippi, 1847). Japan and
Ocean, Common, Syn,: pap/Z/o/racea La- China, 10 to 70 m; uncommon. China. Some specimens lack the spottings.
marck; rotundata Gmefin (not Linn^).

Sulcose Venus (3'-) 7,5 cm Varnished Venus (3"} 7.5 cm Equilateral Venus (3"*) 7.S cm
Paphia crassisuica (Lamarck, 1816), Indian Paphia vemicosa (Gould, 1661), japan and Gomphina (Sowerby, 1625).
aequiiatera
Ocean, Shallow water; uncommon. Syn.: China. Offshore to 50 m; uncommon. Eastern Asia; japan. Common. Syn. meia- :

sukosa Philippi; meroaeformis Sowerby, Syn.: graeffei Dunker. naegfs Romer; vener//orm/s Lamarck of
authors.

Undulating Venus O'") 7.5 cm Venus

Textile iT) 7,S cm Well-carved Venus O") 7.5 cm
Paphia undulata (Born. 1778). Red Sea to Paph/afext;/e(GmelinJ791),EasternAfrica *
Paphia eugiypta (Philippi, 1847). Japan. 10
Australia and fapan. Common, Syn,: scor- to S,W, Pacific; japan. Shallow mudflats. to 40 m; common. Syn.: /ischke/ Fischer &
datus Iredale. Syn, : textrix Chem n itz, Metivier, 1 971 ?

Dura Venus {2.5") 6 cm Corrugate Venus (1,5") 3.5 cm Pullet Venus (1 ,5") 3.5 cm
Venerupis dura (Gmelin, 1791). Morocco to Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791). West- Venerupis corrugata subspecies puftastra
Angola. Intertidal; common. Syn.: ern Africa to Natal, South Africa. Intertidal; (Montagu, 1803). Norway to N.W. Africa.
rahfiamma Lamarck. common* Syn,: dactyhides Sowerby. Intertidal; common. Syn.: senegalensis
Gmelin.
 ;

VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 365

Decussate Venus (2") 5 cm Filipino Venus (2") 5 cm Filipino Venus (2*^) 5 cm

Venerupis decu&sata (L., 1758). British !sles Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, ^?ocf; tapes philippmarum (Adams & Reeve,
to Mediterranean. Intertidal; common. 1650). S.E. Asia; introduced to Hawaii and 1850). Many color variations. Syn*: indica
Syn.: reticuhta da Costa. Pacific United States. Intertidal; abundant* Sowerby; vioiascens Deshayes; semide-
cussata Reeve,

Milky Versus f1 .5'') 4 cm G ray Ven us ( 1 *5") 4 cm Reflejted Venus (1") 2.5 cm
Venerupis gaiactites (Lamarck^ 1818). Irusgriseus (Lamarck. 1818). Southern Aus- Irus refiexus (Gray, 1643)* New Zealand.
Southern half of Australia. Intertidal; com- tralia and Tasmania, Offshore; uncommon, Rock crevices at low-tide zorre; common*
mon. Syn.: cf/emenens/s Quoy & Gaimard. Syn.; sifiqua Deshayes.

Elegant Venus (1,5") 3.5 cm LargillierLs Venus (3") 7.5 cm Californian Jrus Venus (I'O 2.5 cm
trus eiegans (Deshayes, 1853). New Ruditapes fargiltierii (Philippi, 1847). New irus lameliffera (Conrad, 1837). Monterey
Zealand. In soft rocks at low-tide zone, Zealand and Tasmania* Common. Syn*: in- to San Diego, California. In soft shale, sub-

common* termedia Quoy & Gaimard. tidal; common.

Stutchbury's Venus (2.5") 6.5 cm Cross- barred Venus (1 .3") 3 cm Cross-barred Venus (1 3") 3 cm
Chtone stutchburyi (Wood, 1628). New Chione canceUata (L., United
1758). S.E* Chione canceUata (L., 1756). This West In-
Zealand. Intertidal mud flats; common. States to Brazil* Intertidal to 20 m; abun- dian form is larger and more colorfu Syn, I *

dant* Rarely rose inside* subrostra fa Lamarck*

 366 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE

Crass Venus n"j 2,5 cm Smooth Pacific Venus f2.S") 6.5 cm Frilled CaNfornia Venus (2,5") 6.5 cm
Chfone crassa (Quoy & Catmard, 1835), Chione ffucUfraga (Sowerby, 1853), San Pe- Chione undatefta (Sowerby, San Pe-
1835).
New Zealand, Offshore, 2 to 36 m; uncom- dro, California, to VV, Mexico, Intertidal; dro, California, to Peru Shallow sand flats;
.

mon. common. common.

Common Californian Venus (2. 5") 6.5 cm Panama Venus

Kellelt's (1 .5") 3.5 cm Gnidia Venus (3.5") 9 cm
Chione californiensis (Broderip, 1853), Chione /ce//eft// (Hinds, W, Mexico to
1845). Chione gnidia (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829).
Southern California to Panama. Intertidal northern Peru. Offshore, 46 to 73 m; mod- W, Mexico to Peru, Intertidal to33 m; com-
sands; common. Syn.: succinctus Valenci- erately common. mon.
ennes*

Partially-rough Vemis (1./'} 4,5 cm Imperial Venus (1") 2.5 cm King Venus (1,5") 3.5 cm
Anomaiocardra subrugosa {Wood, 1828). Chione latifirata (Conrad, 1841 ). S,E, United Chione paphia (L,, 1767). West Indies to
West Mexico to Peru. Intertidal mud flats; States to Brazil. Offshore to 40 m; com- Brazil, Shallow water; moderately com-
abundant food clam. mon. mon.

Clench's Venus (1") 2,5 cm Australian Chicken Venus (1 .5") 3.5 cm Squamose Venus (1") 2,5 cm

Chione denchi Pulley, 1952. Texas to north- Tawera gallinuia (Lamarcks 1818), South Anomalocardia squamosa (L, 1758). Indo-
eastern Mexico, Offshore to 60 m; uncom- Australia. Intertidal to 40 m; common. Pacific. Muddy sand flats; common.
mon. Sometimes all white.
 VENUS CLAMS — VENERIDAE 367

Ha(f-imbricate Venus (1.5") 3,5 cm Projecting Venus (1") 2.5 cm West Indian Pointed Venus O'") 2.5 cm

Chione subimbrfcata {Sowerby, 1035). W. Anomafocardia pmducla Kuroda & Habe* Anomalocardia brasiiiana {Gmelin* 1791).
Mexico to northern Peru, Intertidal sand 19ST. japan to southeastern Asia. Interti* West Indies to Brazil. Shallow water; com-
flats; common. dal; common, Syn.: impressa Anton, mon.

Wedding Cake Venus (2.5") 6 cm Wooden Venus (1 ,3") 3 cm Vate's Venus (2'") 5 cm
Callanaitts disjecta (Perry, 1011). South fiass/na cahphyila (Philippi, 1036). North- Bassina yatet (Cray, 1835), New Zealand.
Australia; Tasmania, Subtidal to 40 m; mod- ern Australia; East Indies. Offshore to 20 Sandy beach flats; common.
erately common, Syn.: /ame//afa Lamarck, m; uncommon.

Tiara Venus (1 .51 3,5 cm Flowery Venus (1,5") 3.5 cm Gray Venus
Isabelle's (1 ,5") 3,5 cm

Flacamen tiara (Dillwyn, 1817), Indo-Paci- Clausinelia chiorotica (Philippi, 1849), Phil- ClausineHa isabedina (Philippi 1849). ,

fic. Subtidal to 50 m; moderately common. ippines and Indonesia. Shallow bays; un- Southwestern Pacific, Shallow sand flats;
Syn.: fo/facea Philippi, common. uncommon.

Heavy Venus (1,5”) 3,5 cm Striated Venus (1.5") 3.5 cm Thaca Venus (31 7 cm
Ctausineda gravescens (Menke, 1043). East Chamelea striatuia (da Costa, 1778). Nor- Pfotothaca thaca (Molina, 1702), Peru to
Indies and Philippines. Shallow bays; un- way to northwestern Africa. Intertidal to Chile, Lower intertidal flats; common,
common. offshore; common. Syn,: dombeii Lamarck.
 368 VENUS CLAMS; FALSE ANGEL WINGS— VENERIDAE

Northern Quahog (3*5'") 9 cm Southern Quahog (4") 10 cm TexasQuahog O.S'") 9 cm

Mercenaria mercenaria (L, 1758). Eastern Mercenana campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791). Mercenaria mercenaria subspecies texana
Canada to Georgia. Lagoons; common. Georgia, Florida, northwestern Cuba. Northern Gulf of Mexico. Shal-
(Dali, 1902).
Small ones called '"cherrystones." Sides Common, inshore waters. Sides rough. low lagoons; common.
smooth.

Brazilian Comb Venus (1 ,S") 4 cm Heavy- ribbed Venus (2") 5 cm Thin -she led Littleneck
I (3") 7.5 cm
Pmfotbaca pectorina {Lamarck, 1818). Protothaca cra^sicosta (Deshayes, 1835). Protothaca tenerrima (Carpenter, 1856).
Lower Caribbean to Brazil Intertidal; com- New Zealand. Intertidal sand flats; com* Western Canada to W. Mexico. Intertidal to
mon. mon. 3 m; common.

Common Pacific Littleneck (2") 5 cm |edo Venus (2.5") 6 cm Beaded Venus (1.3"') 3 cm
Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1S37). Alaska Protothaca jedoensis (Lischke, 1874). ja- Protothaca granoiata (Cmelin, 1791), West
to Baja California. Beach flats; abundant. pan; Korea; northwestern China. Interti- Indies. Muddy sand flats; common.
Rarely mottled. dal to 20 m; common. Syn.: hirasei Pilsbry.

Monstrous Petricola (1") 2.5 cm Hearty Rupellarta (1 .5"9 4 cm false Angel Wing (2") 5 cm
Petffcoia monstrosa (Cmelin, South
1791). Rupeharia carditoides (Conrad, 1837). Pefr;co/a photadiformis (Lamarck, 1818).
Africa. Boring in shale; uncommon. Rare in Western Canada to Baja California. Bores in Eastern Canada to Uruguay; Norway to
collections. hard rock; common. Black Sea. Bores in intertidal peat; com-
mon.
 SOFT-SHELL CLAMS AND CORBULAS — MYIDAE AND CORBULIDAE 369

Parallel PetricoJa (2.5"') 6 cm Atlantic Rupellaria (!'') 2.5 cm Conrad's False Mussel (0*7") 1*8 cm
Petricoia parallek Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932.W. Rupellaria typka (Jonas, 1844}. Southeast- Mytifopsis ieucophaeata (Conrad, 1831).
Mexico to Nicaragua* Intertidal to 15 m; ern United States to Brazil. Bores in coral; New York to eastern Mexico. Brackish wa*
common. common. ter; common. Family Dreissenidae*

SOFT-SHELL CLAMS
FAMILY MYIDAE

This family includes the popular American

soft -shell or "steamer'* dam which has a
thin, brittle shell. The two siphons are
welded into one thick tube. The hinge has a
spoon-shaped shelf in the left valve. The
clams live in mud several centimeters be-
low the surface.
Soft- shell Clam (3.5") 9 cm Truncate Soft-shell Clam (2.5") 6 cm
Mya arenaria L*, 1758. Eastern Canada to Mya truncata L., 1758* Arctic seas to west-
North Carolina; N.W. United States. Mud ern Europe; N.E, United States; Alaska to
flats, intertidal; common. Popular sea- Washington. 1 to 10 m; common*
food.

California Glass Mya (1") 2.S cm Chubby Mya (2.5") 6 cm African Duck Clam (1 .5") 3.5 cm
Cryptomya caiifornfca (Conrad, 1837). Platyodon canceUatus (Conrad, 1037). Tugonra anatina (Gmelin, 1791). Western
Alaska to northern Peru* Live next to worm Western Canada to California. Burrows in Africa. Shallow water in mud; uncommon
and crab burrows. Common. hard -packed clays in shallow water; mod- in collections.
erately common.

CORBUA CLAMS
FAMILY CORBULIDAE

These small, thick-shelled clams usually

have a smaller and flatter left valve which
fits snugly into the larger right valve. The
resiJiumand ligament are set in a spoon-
shaped pocket. There are many species,
most found offshore in sandy bottoms.
Sulcate Corbula (0.5") 1 .2 cm Red-loothed Corbula (0.5") 1.2 cm
Corbuia sulcata Lamarck, 1801 Western Af-
* Corbula erythrodon Lamarck, 1818. North-
rica. Offshore to 20 m; locally common. eastern Asia; Japan. Offshore to 20 m;
common*
 370 CORBULAS AND ROCK-BORER CLAMS — CORBULIDAE AND GASTROCHAENIDAE

Ovulate Corbula d'") 2.5 cm Dietz's Corbula 1 .2 cm Swift's Corbula CO. 3") 7 mm
Corbufa ovufata Sowerby, 1833. W. Mexico Cofbula dietziana C. B* Adams, 1852. S.E. Cofbula swihiana C. B. Adams, 1852,
to Peru. Sand areas, 2 to 55 m; common. United States to Brazil. Offshore from 2 to Northeastern United States to Texas and
50 m; common. West Indies. Offshore; common.

ROCK^BORER OAMS
FAMILY CASTROCHAENiDAE

This is a small family of rock- and coral-

boring clams, lacking hinge teeth, and hav-

ing a large foot that makes the valves widely
gape. The siphons produce calcareous
tubes that protrude from the substrate.
Erodon Corbula (1”) 2.5 cm Bowl-Boring Clam (0,5'^) 1.2 cm
Emdona mactrotdes (Bose, 1802). Brazil to Castrochaena cymbium Spengler, 1783.
Argentina. Muddy bottoms in brackish wa- Indo-Padfic. Bores into shells and makes
ter; common. surface tubes. Rare. Syn.: iagenuia La-
marck,

Cuneiform Clam {1“) 2.5 cm Atlantic Rocellaria (0.7') 1 ,8 cm At antic Spengler

I Clam (1 ") 2 5
. cm
Gasirochaena cuneiformis Spengier, 1783. Roceilaria hians {Cmel in, 1791). S.E, United Spengieria rostrata (Spengler, 1783), S,E,
Indo-Pacific. Bores into Porites corals; States to Brazil, Bores into corals; com- Florida to Brazil. Bores in soft coral rock;

common. Syn,: gigantea Deshayes; ha- mon. uncommon.

waiiensfs D., B. & R.

SAXICAVE and
PANOPE CLAMS
FAMILY HIATELLIDAE

Shells small to very large, white, with weak

hinge, and with long siphons. Brown liga-

ment external. Usually cold-water and

deep mud inhabitants. Famous Geoduck
Clam of America is favorite food.
Club-shaped Boring Clam (4") 10 cm Arctic Saxicave (1'") 2,5 cm
Euftstu!ana mumia (Spengler, 1 783) East In- *
Hfatetia arctica (L,, 1767), Arctic seas to

dies and Philippines. Rare, Valves inside deep, cold water in Caribbean and to off

lube. Syn.: dava Gmelin, Panama. Variable shapes; common.

 CEODUCKS, PIDDOCKS AND PHOLADS — HIATELLIDAE AND PHOLADIDAE 371

Atlantic Ccoduck C5") 12,5 cm Geoduck

Pacific (9'") 23 cm European Panopea (9") 23 cm

Panopea bitruncata Conrad, 1872. (Pro- Panopea generosa {Gould, 1850). Alaska to Panopea gfycymeris (Born, 1776). Mediter-
nounced "'goo-ee-duk.'') S.E, United Gulf of Catifornia, Intertidal to 10 m, in ranean; N.W. Africa, 10 to 100 m; uncom-
States. Intertidal to 50 mr locally uncom- deep mud; locally common, Panope is mis- mon in collections, Syn,: aldrovandi
mon, deep in mud- spelling- Menard,

South American Panopea (4") 10 cm Mrs, Smith's Panopea (4") 10 cm New Zealand Panopea (3") 7.5 cm
Panopea abbreviata Valenciennes, 1S39. Panopea smithae Powell, 1950. New Panopea zelandica (Quoy & Gaimard,
Brazil to Antarctic, 25 to 75 m; Syn.: antarc- Zealand, Offshore to ISO m; uncommon. 1835), Intertidal sand flats to 20 m; uncom-
tica Gould. mon.

PHOLADS and PIDDOCKS

FAMILY PHOLADIDAE

A worldwide, abu ndant group of clams that

burrow into mud, clay, wood and hard
rock, Pholad dams have external accessory
plates. Under the beaks of the valves is a
pair of shelly projections, or apophyses.
The Angel Wing of Florida may live as deep
Priapus Panopea (4") 10 cm as 3 feet in the mud. Martesia is found in
European Piddock (4") 10 cm

Panomya priapus {Tilesius, 1822). Arctic

floating wood.
Pholas dactyius L., 1758, Western Europe;
seas; Alaska. Deep water. Syn.; beringiana Mediterranean. Bores in sandstone; com-
Dalf {holotype illustrated). mon.

Campeche Angel Wing (3.5''} 9 cm Fallen Angel Wing (2") S cm White Piddock (2,5") 6 cm
Phoias campechiensis Cmelin, 1791. S.E. Barnea truncata (Say, 1822). Eastern United Sarnea Candida (L.. 1758). Norway to Medi-
United States to Texas and to Brazil. Subti- States to Brazil; Senegal to Gold Coast. In terranean; Black Sea. In peat and day;
dal inmud or rotten wood; uncommon. peat and day, intertidal; common. common.
 372 PANDORA AND LANTERN CLAMS — PANDORtDAE AND LATERNULEDAE

Angel Wing IB"') 15 cm Wart-necked Piddock (3") 7.5 cm Striate Martesia (1") 2.5 cm
Cyrtopleura costata (L, 1758)- Eastern U.S. Chaceta ovoidea (Gould, 1851). Central Martesia striata (L., 1758). S.E. United States

to Brazil. In mud, as deep as two feet; lo- California to W. Mexico. In soft shale, 20 W. Mexico
to Brazil; to Perij. In floating

cally common. Rarely pink-stamed. inches deep; common. Siphon has orange wood; common.
warts.

PANDORA CLAMS
FAMILY PANDORIDAE

Very compressed, flat clams with a pearly

interior. The hinge has one or two internal
ribs, rather than teeth. Top edge of one
valve overlaps the other. Several dozen
species, mostly cold-water dwellers.
Say'sPandora (1") 2.5 cm Gould's Pandora (1.5") 4 cm
Pandora tritineata Say, 1822. North Carolina Pandora gouidiana Dali, 1886. Eastern Can-
to Texas. Subtidal to 120 m; moderately ada to off North Carolina, intertidal to 200
common. m; common.

Unequal Pandora (1'") 2.5 cm Punctate Pandora (1.5") 4 cm Grand Pandora (2'') 5 cm
Pandora inaequivalvis fL., 1758). England to Pandora punctata Conrad, 1837. Western Pandora grandis Dali, 1077. Alaska to Ore-
Mediterranean, tntertidal to5 m; common. Canada to Baja Catifornia. Intertidal to 40 gon. Offshore, 100 m; uncommon. Holo-
Syn.: margar/facea Lamarck. m; common. type in ust rated.

LANTERN CLAMS
FAMILY LATERNULIDAE

These mud-dwellers have very delicate,

pearly shells, usually fat and elongate.
Most of the dozen-or-so species live In
tropical seas in shallow water. The shells
gape at the hind end, and the umbones
have an external slit. There are no teeth in
the hinge.
Duck Lantern Clam # (3'') 7.5 cm Truncate Lantern Clam # (3-5") 9 cm
Laternuia anatina (L., 1750). Indian Ocean. Laternuia truncata (Lamarck, 1818). Indian
Shallow mud areas; common. Ocean and southwestern Pacific. Com-
mon. Syn.: rosfrafa Lamarck.
 LYONSiA AND SPOON CLAMS — LVONSIIDAE AND PERIPLOMATIDAE 373

LYONSIA CLAMS
FAMILY LVONSIIDAE

These strange little dams have weakly

pearlized shells with no hinge teeth. Under
the hinge is a loose, shelly plate, or tooth,
called a lithodesma. Lyonsia live in mud,
while Entodesma may spin a nest or live
within sponges and tunlcates (sea squirts).
Pearly Lyonsla (T) 2,5 cm Northwest Ugly Clam (4") 10 cm
Entodesma beana (Orbigny, 1S42). S.E. Entodesma saxicofum Baird, 1863. Alaska to
United States to Brazil. Lives within California. Found in rock crevices and
sponges in shallow water. Uncommon. holes; common.

FALSE CHAMAS FALSE OYSTERS

FAMILY MYOCHAMIDAE FAMILY CLEIDOTHAERJDAE

These odd dams are mostly limited to the Members of this unique group of dams
Australasian area. They are very com- superficially look (Ike oysters. They are
pressed, somewhat pearly, usually triangu- pearly inside and the irregular right valve Is
lar inshape, without hinge teeth, but have cemented to rocks. There is a single, large
a free, stony lithodesma. Some species tooth in the left valve. A lithodesma Is
have the right valve cemented to other present. The siphons are very short and
shells or to rocks.
separate. Limited to the Australian region.
Myadora
Striate (1 SI 3S cm
Myadora striata (Quoy & Caimard, 1835).
New Zealand, Intertidal sand flats to 20 m;
common.

SPOON CLAMS
FAMILY PERIPLOMATIDAE

Widely distributed in many parts of the

world in shallow seas, the Fertphma dams
one convex
are slightly pearly, fragile, with
and one flat valve, and without hinge teeth.
A resilium rests in two spoon-shaped chon-
dropbores.
White False Oyster (2,5") 6 cm Unequal Spoon Clam (0.8") 2 cm
deidothaerus albidus (Lamarck, 1819), Tas- Periphma margantaceum (Lamarck, 1801).
mania; southern Australia. Subtidal on South Carolina to Texas, Intertidal sand
rocks to 45 m; locally common. flats; common, Syn,: mequafe C. B. Ad-
ams,

Lea's Spoon Clam (1") 2.5 cm Round Spoon Clam (1 .5") 3,5 cm Western Spoon Clam (1 ,5") 3,5 cm
Pedphma /eanum (Conrad, 1831), Nova Peripfoma discus Stearns, 1890, Southern Peripionta ptaniuscuium (Sowerby, 1834),
Scotia to North Carolina. Offshore to 50 m; California and W. Mexico. Offshore in mud California to Peru, Subtidal to 20 m; com-
common. bottoms; uncommon. mon.
 374 THRACIA AND CUSPIDARIA CLAMS — THRACIIDAE AND CUSPIDARIIDAE

THRACIA CLAMS
FAMILY THRACIIDAE

Most of these cold-water clams are porcela-

neous, white, smoothish, or with a chalky
granular surface. There are no teeth in the
hinge, but there spoon-shaped chon-
is a
drophore pointing obliquely towards the
back. Fewer than .SO known living species.
Angas's Spoon Clam (3"S 7.5 cm Conrad's Thrada (3”) 7.5 cm
Periploms angasi Crosse & Fischer, 1064. Thrada conradi Couthouy, 183S. Eastern
Southern half of Australia. Shallow water; Canada to New York, Subtidal to 300 m, 6
uncommon. inches in mud; locally common.

Corbuloid Thracia (2") 5 cm Pubescent Thracia (2.3") 6 cm Wavy Pacific Thracia (1 .5") 3.5 cm
Thrada corbutoides Blainville, 1825. Medi- Thrada pubescens (Pulteney, 1799). N.W. Cyathodonta undulata Conrad, 1849. Cali-
terranean, 4 to 8 m, in sand; common. Europe to western Africa; Mediterranean. fornia to Baja California. Shallow water;
Intertidal to offshore; common. uncommon.

CUSPIDARIA CLAMS
FAMILY CUSPIDARIIDAE

Small deep-water clams having a long ex-

tension of the back end to accommodate
the siphons. External ligament elongated.
Resiltum in a small, spoon-shaped fossette.
Numerous species.
Glacial Cuspidaria (1.3") 3 cm Rostrate Cuspidaria (1") 2,5 cm
Cuspidaria gladalis (G. O. Sars, 1670). Arc- Cuspidaria rostrata (Spengler, 1793). Arctic
tic seas to northern North America and seas to the West Indies, Offshore from 100
northern Europe. 70 to 2,000 m; common. to 2,000 m; uncommon.

VERTICORD CLAMS
FAMILY VERTICORDIIDAF

A curious group of deep-water clams hav-

ing a pearly interior, usually finely fibbed,
with the beaks rolled forward above a deep
lunular indentation. Ligament internal,
supported by a lithodesma. Numerous
species.
Noble Cuspidaria (1 .5") 4 cm Panama Cuspidaria (1'") 2,5 cm
Cuspidaria nobifis (A. Adams, 1664). Off- Ctispidarla pariamerrsis Dali, 1908. Gulf of
shore from 50 to 200 m; moderately com- Panama. 1,100 m; rare in collections, Holo-
mon. type illustrated.
 WATERING POT CLAMS — CLAVAGELLIDAE 375

Sharp-ribbed Verticord (O.S") 1 *2 cm Most Elegant Euciroa (1 ,5") 4 cm Calathea Eudroa (1*5") 4 an
Verticordm acuticostata (Philippi, 18M). Off Eudroa efegantissrma (Dali, 1881). Off S.E. Euciroa gatatheae Dell, 1958. New Zealand.
southern Florida and the West Indies, United States and Cuba in 300 to 1,500 m; Deep water; rare.
Deepwater; uncommon. rare.

WATERING POT CLAMS

FAMILY CLAVAGELLiDAE

Resembling shelly worm tubes with a wa-

tering pot spout, these strange bivalves be-
gin life shaped dams, but soon
as normally
grow long tubes grow deeper into
as they
the sandy bottom. Some grow in small
heaps.
Rostrate Euctroa (1 *5") 4 cm Gould's Halkardia (1 .3") 3 cm
AcreuoVoa rostrata (Thiele & jaekel, 1931). Halicardia goufdi Dali, Bart sc h & Rehder,
japan. Deep water. Syn,: terarnachU 1938, l-tawaii. Deep water; rare. Holotype
Kuroda. illustrated*

Austral Clavagella (1 .5") 4 cm Vaginal Watering Pot (8") 20 cm Giant Watering Pot (12") 30 cm
Clavagella austrafis Sowerby, 1829. East In- Brechites attfahens (Lightfooi, 1786). In- Brechites giganteus (Sowerby, 1688),
dies; Indian Ocean, Uncommon, dian Ocean; East Indies. Syn,: Aspergillum Southern japan. Buried in sand, 40 to 50 m;
and Penidltm vaginiferus Lamarck. Com- local ly common.
mon in muddy sand*

Ramose Watering Pot (4") 10 cm Philippine Watering Pot (81 20 cm Common Watering Pot (5") 12 cm
Brechites ramosus (Dunker, 1882). Eastern Brechites strangulatus Chenu, 1643. japan flrecb/tes pen/s (L*, 1758). Indian Ocean to
Asia. Offshore, 10 to 155 m; uncommon. to Australia. Common. Syn.: davatus and East Indies* Common* Syn.: javarrus Bru-
zebuensis Chenu. guiere; aquaria Burrow; annulosus Reeve*
 376 PAPER NAUTILUS AND SQUIDS — ARGONAUTIDAE AND SEPIIDAE

CLASS CEPHALOPODA PAPER NAUTILUS

FAMILY ARGONAUTIDAE
Includes the octopuses, squids, as well as
the forms with shells^ such as the Nautilus, The thin, parchmentlike,white shell of this
Spifuh and Sepia squids. There are about relative of theoctopus is actually a cradle
650 living species, most being oceanic secreted by two of the animal's arms for the
squids, many of which are used for bait and purpose of protecting its tiny eggs. Argo-
food. All have a parrot ike beak and radular
I nauts live in the open warm seas of the
teeth. Only shelled forms are mentioned world. There are fewer than a dozen spe- Common Paper Nautilus (8") 20 cm

here. cies. Argonauta argo L,, 17S8. Warm worldwide

seas; pelagic. Common seasonally. Males
have no shell.

Common Paper Nautilus 20 cm Nodose Paper Nautilus (5") 13 cm Brown Paper Nautilus (1 .5") 4 cm
Argonaufa argo L., 1758. Under view show- Argonauta nodosa Lightfoot, 1786> Indo-Pa- Argonauta hians Lightfoot, 1786. Warm Pa-
ing 8 tentacles. After eggs hatch, female cific. Cool oceanic seas. Locally common. cific and Atlantic oceanic seas. Uncom<

dies and sheds ^'cradle/' mon.

Brown Paper Nautilus (1,5") 4 cm Noury's Paper Nautilus (1 S') 4 cm Gruner's Paper Nautilus (1,5'') 4 cm
Argonauta hians Lightfoot, 1786. Some Argonauta nouryi Lorois, 18S2. Baja Califor- Argonauta gruneri Dunker, 1852. South-
specimens have smaller and more numer- nia to Peru; uncommonly washed ashore. western Pacific. May be extreme form of
ous nodules. Rare. nouryi.

SEPIA SQUIDS
FAMILY SEPIIDAE

Also known as cuttlefish and well known in

Europe and the Orient popular sea-
as a
food, the internal chalky pens of these
squids are found in shell collections and
are used in domestic birdcages as a source
of lime. Squids give off a brown sepia ink.
Common Cuttlefish (5'') 12 cm Doubtful Squid m (6") 15 cm
Our measurements refer to the interior
Sepia offidnaiis L., 1758. Mediterranean: Sepia incerfa E. A. Smith, 1916. South Af-
cuttlebone.
western Europe, Inshore oceanic waters; rica. Inshore water; uncommon.
abundant.
 SPIRULA AND CHAMBERED NAUTILUS — SPIRULIDAE AND NAUTILIDAE 377

SPIRULAS
FAMILY SPIRULIDAE

The small, attractive coiled white shells,

resembling rams' horns, found on many
tropical beaches, are the internal brace for
a small deepsea squid, the Spirula. Each of
its tiny, pearly chambers contains gas.
When the squid dies and its flesh rots, the
Papillate Squid (8"] 20 cm shell floats to the surface of the ocean and Common Spirula ( 1 2 5. cm
Sepia papiUataQuoy & Caimard, 1832. In- is washed ashore. Spirula spirula (L,, Worldwide, warm
1758).
dian Ocean; South Africa. Open pelagk seas, living at depths of 1,000 m; dead
conditions; common. shells on beaches* Common.

CHAM8HRED NAUTILUS
FAMILY NAUTILIDAE

Once dominating the ancient seas of the

world, the genus Nautilus is now limited to
fewer than a half dozen living species, ail
found in the southwestern Pacific. Dead
away as East Africa and
shells float as far
japan.The animal has about 90 tentacles. Chambered Nautilus cm Chambered Nautilus cm
(61 15 (6") 1 5
The chambers are filled with gas and keep Philippines A sectioned
Nautilus pompilius L., 1758. Nautilus pompilius L,, 1758.
the creature balanced in midwater.
and Palau Islands, living colonies. Floating shell showing the internal chambers.
dead shells elsewhere. Syn.; repertus Ire-
dale.

Chamtjered Nautilus (61 15 cm New Caledonia Nautilus (71 18 cm Umbilicate Nautilus (7") 18 cm
Nautilus pompitius L., 1758. A specimen Nautilus macromphalus Sowerby, 1849. Nautilus scrobiculatus Lightfoot, 1786. New
sectioned in another plane, showing the New Caledonia. Locally common in off- Guinea and Solomon Islands. Uncommon.
hole through which a blood tube runs. shore waters. Syn.: umbilicata Sowerby*

Common Cuttlefish # (2") 60 cm Plee' s Arrow Squid (81 20 cm Briar Octopus (121 30 cm
Sepia officinalis L,, Head bears S arms
1758. Doryteuthis pleii (Blainville, 1823). S.E. Octopus briareus Robson, 1929. S.E.
and 2 tentacles. Can change colors. In or- United States to Brazil; Bermuda. Lives United States and West Indies. Intertidal
der Sepioidea. Photo by Raymon Hixon. near surface of open ocean; common. In under rocks; common. In order Octopoda.
order Teuthoidea. Photo by Roger T, Photo by Roger T. Hanlon.
Hanlon.
378 STRANGE FORMS OF SHELLS AND NON-MOLLUSKS

Turbo-shaped Hydroid (3") 7 cm Mesoplax plates, (1,5") 4 cm Internal hinge supports, (1'^) 2.5 An immature ''bulla" stage of
HydacUnia ech'tnata (Fleming, long, of the boring bivalve, cm, of the Florida Angel Wings, the cowrie, Cypmea trgris L.,
1828). Arctic and Boreal seas, A Pholas orientals Cmelrn, 1791, Cyrtopleum costata (L*, 1758)* 1758. (1") 2.5 cm. When mature,
colony of hydroid animals, A Once described as a Crepfduia. the lip thickens with teeth.
hermit crab lives inside.

An immature stage of the Young stage of the Common Spi- Young stage of the Pelican''s Worm lube ofcemented sand
Bullmouth Helmet, Cypraecassfs der Conch, iambis tambiB (L,, Foot, Aporrhais pespelecarti (L., grains produced by the poly-
rufa (L, 1758). {2") 5 cm. Adults, 1758), (2") S cm. Adults have 1758) from Europe, (1") 2.5 cm. chaete worm, Pectinaria^ (2") 5
3 limes as large, have thick lips. large projections on the outer Adults have flaring lip with cm. Tropical shallow water in
lip. spines. sand.

Texas Longhorn, a colony of the Young stage of Australian Trum- Young stage of Indian Volute, Lantern Shells* Brachiopod,
bryozoan Hippopohdra edax pet, Syrinx aruanus (L,, 1758), Mdo me/o (Light foot, T786), re- 7ere6rafu//oa species. Hole ac-
(Busk). (S'") 7 cm. Gulf of Mex* (1.5") 4 cm. Early whorls devel- cently hatched* (1*30 3 cm. commodates worm I ike stalk.
ico. Starts on tiny dead gastro- oped in egg capsule* Adult Southwestern Pacific, Adults Live in sand offshore; world
pod shell; inhabited by hermit shell up to (30") 80 cm. reach (10'') 25 cm. seas. (1 .5") 4 cm* Many species.
crab.
 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 379

Taxonomic Classification of Mollusca Phylum Mollusca

WITH Major Bibliographic References Abbott, R, Tucker. 1972+ Kingdom of the SeashelL 256 pp. Color Ulus. Crown PubUca*
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Macmillan St Co,, London.
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Dance^ S. Peler. 1974. The CalfecloCs Encydopedta of Shelh. 288 pp, McGraw-HlH,
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N. V. German edition, 1977, Das grosse Buch der Meeres Muschefn. cd, R. von
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Grassi^, P, P. (editor). (1960). Traif^ de loologie: Franc* A,: Bivaivia (voL 5, pt. 2);
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not included in this edition. Gastropoda el Scaphopoda (vol. 5, pt. 3). Masson & Cic. Paris-
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toumatof the MaiacolagicaiSacietyofAusirafia. {vol. 5, 1981), c/o Western Australian Recem and fossil classification.
834 pp. {1%0). Vdriag Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin.
Museum, Francis St,, Perth, Western Auslralla fHMK), Australia.
fournat of MoHuscan Studies (formerly Proceedings of ihe Matacotogicai Society of
london). (vol. 47, 1981), Mat. Sot. London,^ do Depl, of Zoology, Bedford College. Subclass Prosobranchia
Regent's Park, London, Ingland NW1 4NS. (Streptoneura)
Mafacotogia (vol. 20, T981). c/o Dept. Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia^ 19lh and The Parkway, Philadelphia. PA 19103.
Ma/ako/og/.sc/ie Abhandfunger}. ivoL 8, 1981], Staatllchen Museum fur Tierkunde in Order Archaeogastropoda
Dresden. Augustusstras&e 2. 801 Dresden, E. Germany. (Diotocardia)
Monographs of Marme Moffusca (no, t. 1978). American Malacologtsls^ Inc,^ P. O.
Box 2255, Melbourne, Florida 32901,
Superfamily Pleurotomariacea
Nautiiui (The), (vol. 95. 19811. Quarterly. American Malacubgisls, Int, P, O. Box
(Slit Shells)
225S, Melbourne, Florida 32901.
Occasional Papers an Motlusks (no, 59, 1981). DepI, of MoHusks, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass, 0(2138. Family Pleurotomarlidae. Genera: Entemnotrochus Fischer,
OF Sea and Shore, (vol. 1). 1981), P. O. Box 33, Port Gamble, Washington 96364.
1885; Mikadotrochus Lind holm, 1927; Perotrochus Fischer,
Popular quarlerly on conchoiogy.
Pariah (Thcf. (no, 7, 1W). lerryG. Wslls, P, Q. Box 42, Hightslown, New |ersey 08520. 1885; P/eurofo/T?ar/a Def ranee, 1826*
Published irregularly. Mainly scientific notes on cones, cowries, etc. Bayer, M. 1965. New Pleurotomarid Gastropods from the Western Atlantic, wilh
F.

Proceedings of the Ma)aco/ogiicaf Society of London, now called lournat of MoWtrs- a summary of the recoftt species. Bull. Manne Sciences, vol. IS, pp. 737-7%, 35
can Siudtes (sec above), figs.

Texas Conchologist. (vol. 17, 19811. c/o Constance Boone, editor, 3706 Rice Boule- Kosuge. S, 1972. Sth shells of ihe world, Nat imrl Science Mus., Tokyo, vot. 59, pp.

vard, Houston, Texas 77D05, 1-20, 23 figs.

M&fjger (The), (vol. 24, 1981). Malaco^ootogical Society of California, 1584 Mllvia St., A new Pleurolomaria from lapan. with a note on a specimen of P.
Kuroda, T. 1955.
Berkeley, Calif. 94709, rumphii Schepman collected from Taiwan. Venus, vol, 16, pp. 211-221. 2 pis.
Venus, Japanese Journal of Malacology. Ivol. 23. 1961). c/o National Science Mu- Wagner, R. |. L and R, T. Abhoti. 1978. List of Living Picurotomariidae, Standard

seum, 23-1, Hyakunincho-3, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 168, lapan. Catalog of Shells, 3rd ed,, p. 0CMS1,
 .

380 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Family Scis^ureJItdae (Scissu relies)* Genera: Sassureih Or- Superfamtiy Trochacea

bigny, 1824; /nos ora Medley, 1904; Sinezona Finlay, 1927. (Top-Shells)
McLean, |. H. 1%7. West American ScissurelHdae. vol. 9. pp. 404-410.

FamMy Haliottdae (Abalones; Ormers). Genus Hatiotis Linn§, Family Trochidae (Top-Shells). Numerous genera, induding in

1758 (numerous subgenera}. Subfamily Trochinae; Trochus Linne, 1758; Teefus Montfort,
Foster. R. W. 1946. The family Haliotidae in the western Allantic. /ohosonra. voL 2, 1810; Oancuiu^ Montfort, 1810. In Subfamily Umbontinae;
no. 21, pp. 37-40, Umbonium Link, 1807; t&anda H. and A. Adams, 1854; Monh
Howorth, Peter C. 197fl. rheAha/oneSooA. 80 pp. Naturegraph Publ.,Carifornia
tea Swam son, 1840. In Subfamily Sotariellinae: Solarietta
Owen, B., McLean |, and M. Meyer, 1971, Hybridization in the Eastern pacific
Abalones iHaliatis). Buti. no, % ios An^ge/es Co. Museum Naf. Hist., Catifnrnia.
Wood, 1842; Odarina Dali, 1909; M/no/ia A. Adams, 1860. In
37 pp. Halistylinae: Hafistytu^ Dali, 1890. InCaMiostomatinae: Catlios-
Pilsbry, H. A. 1090. Family Haliotidae. (n Tryon's Manuaf of Can^halogy. Philadd- tonrtaSwain son, 1840; Asfe/e Swain son, 1855; Phot inula H*
phia, vof, 12; pp, 72-t^, 24 color p3s.
and A. Adams, 1854. In Subfamily Gibbulinae: Cibbula Risso,
1829; Ottanum Philippi, 1847; Gaza Watson, 1879; Norrida
Bayle, 1830. In Subfamily Monodontinae: Monodonta La*

Superfamily Fissurellacea marck, 1799; Bankivia Krauss, 1848; DHoma Philippi, 1845;
(Keyhole Limpets) Tegula Lesson, 1835, and others* In Subfamily Angariinae;
Angaria Roding, 1798 (syn: Delphmala)^ In Subfamily
Family Fissure! tdae. About 30 genera, including Fissurelia 8ru-
I Margaritinae: Margarifes Cray, 1847; Euchefus Philippi, 1847;
gui^re, 1789; Lucapina Sowerby, 1835; Lucapinetfa Pilsbry, Uschkera Fischer, 1879, and others.
1890; Macros c/ifsma Sowerby, 1839; Megafeben/rus Pilsbry, Clench. W. |. fii R. T. Abbott. 1943. The genera Cara and t/vona in the western

fmargm- Atlantic, fohnsonia, voL t. no. 12, 9 pp Ulus.

1890; Diodora Gray, 1821; Megathura PHsbry, 1890;
.

Clench. W. J. 6: R. D. Turner, i960. The genus Caftiostoms in the weslern Atlantic.

(j/aLamarck, 1801; Clypidina Gray, 1847; Hemitoma Swain- lohosonia, vol. 4. no* 40. pp. T-SO, I II us.
son, 1840; FuncWrella Lowe, 1827; Rlmuia Def ranee, 1827; Noda, H, 1975. Turcicutid Gastropods of lapan. Science Rep. Toftoku Univ.
7uga// Cray, 1843, and Zeidora A. Adams, 1860. tCeoU, vol. 45. pp. Si -82, illus.

H. 1%7. Weil American Species of Lucapinella, Vefiger, vol. 9, pp- 349-

Nordsieck, F. 1975* The genus Osfimus Fhilippi. 1647, in the European Seas. La
McLean. J,
Conchigita. vol. 6. pp. 2T-23.
352.
Perron. F. E. 1975. Carnivoraus CaUiastorna (Pfusobrartebiar Trochidae) from the
Mettvicr, B. 1972. $w queiques Fi^^urellidae du nord, nordnesl du BrtsiL BuW.
Northeastern Pacific- Vfe/iger* vol. 18. pp. S2-S4.
Mu 5. Hist. Nat. Paris tZooLh no. 32, pp, 4(b-420. 2 pis.
the European seas. La Conchtghs, voL
Pifsbry, H* A. 1809. Trochidae* Stomatiidae, PleurDtomanidae. Kallotidae. In
Nofdsieck. F, 1974. Cenys imarginul^ in 6,
Tryorr's Maniiaf of Correhofogy, Philadelphia, vol. 11. 519 pp,
no. 4, pp. 5-7.
Quinn, lames F. 1979. SystemaUcs and Zoogeography . . . Trochidae . * . Straits of
Perez Farfante. I. 1943. The genera fissureffs, Lucaprna and Lutapin&tla in the
Florida . . . Mslacotogia, vol. 19. pp 1-6Z.
western Atlantic, fohnsonia. voi. 1, no. 10. 20 pp.. illus.
Rehder. H, A, 1955. The genus Tmcicuia Oall. Proc. Mat. Soc. London, vol. 31 pp.
Perez Far fame. f. 1943. The genus Diodora in the western Atlantic, /ofmsonra. vol. .

222-226.
1. no. 11, 20 pp.. illus
Perez Fa rf ante. 1. 1947. The genera Ze/dora. Nesla. Emargtnuia. fl>mufaand Purtc- Family Stomatellidae* Genera: Stomatetla Lamarck, 1816; Gena
fure/fa in the western Atlantic, /ohnsonfa. vol. 2, no. 24. pp. 93-148* ill us. Gray, 1850; Broderipia Gray, 1647; Synaptocochfea Pilsbry,
Pilsbry. H. A. 1B90. Family Flssurdltdae. In Tryon's Manuai of Canchology, Phila-
1890, and others.
delphia. vol. 12, pp. 140-323. 64 pis.
Turner. R. D. 1959. The genera Wemrf oma and Diodora irt rhe western Atlantic.
Family Turbinidae, Numerous genera, including in Subfamily
fohtisortia, vol. 3, no. 39. pp, 334-344, illys. As( rae nae ; As/ raea Roding, 1798;
i Bolma Risso, 1826; Coo/fra
Lesson, 1832; Co//dford/a Cray, 1650. In Subfamily Turbininae;
Turbo Linn^, 1758. In Subfamily HomaJopo mat inae; Homalo-
poma Carpenter, 1864; Leptotbyra Pease, 1859, and others.
Superfamtiy Patellacea Beu, A. G* and W. F. Ponder. 1979 A revision of the species of Bolnm Risso. Rec,

(True Limpets) Ausfrafran Mtis., vol. 32, pp. 1-68, 19 figs.

(lormerly Docoglossa) Family Cydost remat tdae (syn: Liotiidae), Genera; Cydostrema
Marryat, 1818; Liotia Gray, 1847; Arene H* and A. Adams,
Family Patellidae (Limpets). Genera: Patella Linn^, 1758; Hel- Coronadoa Bartsch, 1946. In Sub-
1854; Liotina Fischer, 1885;
don Montfort, 1810; Nacelia Schumacher, 1817; Ceflana H. family Skene ifiae: Skenea Fleming, 1825; Ganesa Jeffreys,
Adams, 1869. 1883; Parviturbo Pilsbry & McGinty, 1945, and others-
PoweiL A. W', B. 1973. The pa (ell id limpets of the world Patellidae). /ndo-Pacrfic
i
Abbotl* R. Tucker 1950. The Genus Cydojfrema in the Western Atlanlic. /ofinso-
Mo//u5ca, vol. 3, no. T5. pp. 75-205* nij, vol. 2, no. 27, pp. 193-200.
McLean, H. 1969. The Families Liotiidae and Skeneirdae in ihe Eastern Pacific.
Family Acmaeidae (Limpets). Genera: Acmaea Eschscboltz, |.

Echo, no. 2, p. 18,

1833; Lottia Cray, 1833; Scurda Gray, 1647; Coliseffa DaU,
Family Phasianellidae* Genera: P/ias/ane//a Lamarck, 1804; Trico-
1871; Nofoacmaea J redale, 1915, and others.
tla Risso, 1826; Cabrielona I redale, 1917.
Pander* W. F. and R. G. Creese. T%0. A revision of Ihe Australian species of
Robert son, R. 1958* The family Phasianetlldae in the western Atlantic. /ohnson/a.
A'oloacmaea. CoUisefla and Patetfoida (Acmaeidae). four Mat. Soc. Ausfeafta.
no. 37, pp. 245-283. ill us,
vol. 3,
vol. 4. pp. 167-208.
Robertson, R. 1973. The genus Ga6rfe/ona rPhosianellldae) in the Irtdo-Paciftcand
Family Lepetidae (Deep-water Limpets)* Genera: lepeta Gray;
West Indies. Indo-Paciftc MoHusca, vol. 3, no. T4, pp, 41-61, illus.
1847; fothia Gray, 1850 (sym Filidium); Propilidium Forbes,
1649* Superfamily Neritacea
(Nerites)

Family Neritopsidae. Genus: Neritopds Grateloup, 1632.

Superfamtiy Cocculinacea* Family Neritidae. Genera: Nerita Linne, 1758;PL//jerifa Gray,
(Deep-water Limpets) 1857; Neritina Lamarck, 1816; Neritodryas von Martens,
1869; Sepfana F^russac, 1807; Theodoxus Montfort, 1810;
Family Cocculinidac* Genus: Cocculina Dali, 1082. Neritilia vo n Ma r te n s 1 879 Smaragdia sse 1 869
, ; I
1
,

Family Lepetellidae* Genera: Lepetella Verrilf, 1880; Addisonia Russell, H. D. 1941. The Recent moltusks of the family Neriiidae of the Western
Dai I, T882, and others. Atlantic- Bifli Mus. Comp. Zoofogy f Harvard), voT 8ft. pp. 345^04, 7 pis.
 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 381

Family Helicinidae* Terrestrial, such as Helidna and Eutrocha- Family Rissoinidae. Genera: Rissoina Orbigny, 1840; Zebina H.
teila. & A. Adams, 1654, and others.
Family Phenacolepadidae* Genera: Phenacoiepas Pilsbry, 1891; Bartsch. P. 1915. Recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Rissoina from the West
Coast of America. Proc. U.S. iVaf. Mus., vol. 49. pp. 33-63, pis. 20-33.
Ptesiothyreos Cossmann, 1888.
Laseron, C. F.The Families Rissoinidae and Rissoidae from the Solanderian
1956.
Family Hydrocenidae* Terrestrial genus Hydrocena Pfeiffer,
. . , Austraiian /our. Marine and Fresh wafer Res., vof. 7, pp. 304-404.
1847.
Family Tltiscaniidae* Shell-less Indo-Pacific snails.
Superfamily Rissoellacea*

Order Caenagastropoda Families Rtssoellidae, Skeneopsidae, Omalogyridae, Cyclostremel-

lidae and Cingulopsidae. All minute marine snails.
Superfamrly Cydophoracea* Terrestrial families such as Cy- Robertson, R. 1961 . A second Wester n Atlantic RissoeHa anda list of iht species in
dophoridae {Cydophorus Montfort, 1810), Poteriidae (Fofe- the Rissoellidae. vol. 75, pp. 21-26.

riaGray, 1850), Pupinidae, and others.

Superfamily Viviparacea* Freshwater Apple Snails. Such genera Superfamily Tornacea*
as Viviparus, Campehma,
Pomacea, etc. Pifa,

Superfamily Valvatacea* Freshwater genus Valvata Muller, 1774. Family Tornidae, Genera: Tornus Turton & Kingston, 1830; Ma-
cromphaltna Cossmann, 1888.
For families Architectoniddae, Epitoniidae, janthinidae, Triphori-
Superfamity Littorinacea
dae, see the Order Heteropoda at the end of the Proso-
(Periwinkles)
branchs (after Turridae).

Family Pomatiasidae’ Terrestrial, operculate snails.

Family Chondropomidae* Terrestrial, operculate snails. Superfamily Cerithiacea
Family Lacunidae* Genus: Lacuna Turton, 1827. May be a sub-
family of littorinidae. Family Turritellidae (Turret-shells and Worm-shells). Genera:
Family Littorinidae. Genera: Littorina Ferussac, 1821; Hahcon- JurritGlIa Lamarck, 1799: Haustatof Montfort, 1810; Me&atia

cha Dali, 1886; CrGrrinoconchus Blanford, 1869; Feasiefla Cray, 1847; Vermicularia Lamarck, 1799.
Nevill, 1884; Tecfanus Valenciennes, 1833; NodiUttonna von Garrard, T. A. 1972. A revision of Australian Recent and Teniary Turritellidae. /our
Martens, 1897; Echininus Clench & Abbott, 1942, and others. Maf. Soc. Austra/M. vol. 2, pp. 267-337.
Marwick, f. 1957. Generic revision of the Turritellidae. ProC. Ma/. Soc. London,
B^rkman, J. 1955. On thedisiril>utron and ecology of Utiorin^ otsfusafa iL.f and
voi. 32, pp, 144- T66.
jls subspedHc units. Arch NeerL ZooL. vol. 11, pp. I2’S6.
Clench, W. J. R. T. Abbott, 1942. The genera Tectirius and £chminus In the Family Siliquariidae (Slit Worm-shells). Genus: SUiquaria Bru-
J.

western Atlantic, vol. 1, no. 4, 4 pp., ill us. guiere, 1789.

Rosewater, The family liltorinidae in the tndo-Pacific. Part The
|. R, 1970. I.
Family Vermetidae (Worm-shells). Genera: Vermetus Daudin,
subfamily Lillorininae. /ndo-Paciftc Motlusca. vol. 2, no, 11. pp. 417^506, illus-

The 1800; 8/ von /a Gray, 1842; Petaloconchus Lea, 1843; Serpuior-

Rosewater, J, R. 1972, The family Uttorinidae Sn the Indo-Pacific, Pari II.

subfamiliesT&clariinaeand Echininae. tndo-P^dfic Moliusc^, voi. 2, no. 12, pp. bis Sassi, 1827; Tripsycha Keen, 1961.
507-520, niui. Hadfield, M. C., Kay, £. A. et aL 1972. The Vermetidae of the Hawaiian Islands
Marine Bioi. vol, 12, pp. 01-90.
Keen A. Myra. 1%1 A Proposed Reclassification of the Gastropod family Vermeti-
,
.

dae, Bull, British Museum {Nat. Zoology, vol. 7, pp, 101-213.

Superfamily Rissoacea
Families Syrnolopsidae,*Thtaridae/ Pleuroceridae* and Melanop^
sidae.*Freshwater operculate snails.
Family Hydrobiidae* Freshwater operculate snails.
Family Abyssochrysidae. Genus Ahyssochrysos Tomlin, 1927.
Family Truntateliidae* Semi -ter rest rial snails.
Houbrkki R, S* 1979. Classiftcation and systematic relationships of the Abysso-
Families Stenothyridae;* Hydrococcidae; Bithyniidae; Irava-
chrysidae. a relict famify of balhyal snails ( Prosob ranchia: Gastropoda).
diidae; Micromelaniidae; Assimineidae; Aciculidae, all fresh- Smifhso/Jia/1 Coofr, Zooi No. 290. 21 pp.^ illus.

water or semi-terrestrial snails. Family Potamididae (Horn Shells), Genera: Cer/fh/dea Swain-
Family Vitrmellidae. Genera: Vjifr/ne//a C. B. Adams, 1850; son, 1848; Pirenelta Gray, 1847; Pyrazus Montfort, 1810; Te-
Pseudomafaxk Fischer, 1885; Cochliotepis Stimpson, 1858; /escop/um Montfort, 1810; Teredra/ta Swainson, 1840;
Teinostoma H. & A. Adams, 1854, and others. da Benson, 1840; Rhinocoryne von Martens, 1900,
R. 1965. New species of Vitrinelfidw from Gull of Mexico and Adjacenf
Moore, D. Bequaerr. |. C. 1942. Cerithidea and Batillarta in the western Atlantic, jahnsorwa,
V^atefs. NauTifuSr vol. 70. pp. 73-79. voL 1, no. 5, 11 pp., Illus.
Pifsbry, H. A. & A. A. Olsson. 1945 and 1952. Vllrinellidae of the Panamic Province.
Family Cerithiidae, Genera: Cerithium Brugui^re, 1789; Covr-
Proc. Acad. Afaf. Scf. Pfiifa., vol. 97, pp. 249-270. pis. 22-30: vol, 1M, pp. 35-00,

pis. 2-13.
mya Bayle, 1884; Clypeomorus Jousseaume, 1888; Rhino-
Pilsbry. H. A. &T. L Mt^imy. 194S. Cydostrematidaeand V^lrinellidaeof Florida. davis Swainson, 1840; Campanile Bayle, 1884; and others.
Nsuttlus, vol. 59, nos. 1-3, pp. 1-83. 4 pis.; ibid., vol. 60, pp. 12-10; ibid,, vol. 63. Houbrick, R. S. 1974. The genus Cerirf/iiofn in the western Allantic, /ohnsonra, voL
pp. BS-07. 5, no. SO, pp. 33-04
Family Caecidae. Genera: Caecum Fleming, 1813; Meioceras Houbrick. R- S. 1970. The family Cerithiidae in the Indo-Pacific. Pari The genera I :

Rhinoctavis, Rseudo^ertagus and C/avocerffhium. Monographs of Marine Mo(-

Carpenter, 1858, and others.
iusca, no. l, 130 pp., illus.
Moore, D. R. 1962. The systematk position of the family Caecidac. fluW. Marine
fousseaume, F. P. 1931 Cerithiidae de . ia Me r Rouge, /our. de Conchytiotogie, vol.
Sd., vol. 12, pp. 695-701.
74, pp. 270-2%.
Moore, D. R. 1972, Ecological and Syfiiematic Notes on Caecidae from St. Ctchx,
U.S, Virgin Islands. Suit. Marine Set., vol. 22, pp, 081-099,
Family Cerifhiopsidae-* Genera: Cer/f/i/opsfs Forbes & Hanley,

Family Rissoidae^ Genera: Rtssoa Freminville, 1814; Aivania 1849; Se/7a A. Adams, 1841, and others.
La:seron,C. F. 1955, The Family Cent hiopsidae from the Solanderian and DampSer-
Risso, 1826; Cingula Fleming, 1826, and others,
ian Zoogeographical Provinces. Austra/ian four. Marine and freshwater Res.,
Bartsch, P. t9ll. The Retenl and fossil mollusks ot the genus Atvania. Proc. U.S.
vol. 7, pp. 151-TB2.
Nat. Mus,, vol. 41. pp. 333-362. p!s. 29-32.
Family Oiastomidae,* Genera: Oia$toma Deshayes, 1850; Alaba
Coan. Eugene. 1964, A proposed revision of the Kissoacean families , , . Vte/iger.

vol, 6 pp,
h
164-171. H. 8r A. Adams, 1853, and others.
382 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Family Planaxidae, Genera; Planaxis Lamarck, 1822; Hinea Cray, Family Aporrhaidae (Pelicart's-foot), Genus: Aporrha/s da Costa,
1847, 1776.
Smilh, E. A. 1071. A List of Genus Planaxis, wUh Des.rription5. Eteven New Family Struthiolariidae (Ostrich-foot). Genera: Struthiolaria La*
Species. Ann. Mag. Natural History (series 4), vo!. 9. pp. 17*47. marck, 1816; Perissodonta von Martens, 1883.
Family Modulidae. Genus Modufus Cray, 1642.
AbboiU ft- T- 1944. TTic genus Modulus tn the western Atfar}tic. Johnsoma, vdi. 1,,

na. 14. & pp., ill us. Superfamity Atlantacea

{ Heteropod a)
Superfamily EuMmacea
Van der 5po-el. 1976. PseudotheCosornata, Cymnosomata and Heteropoda. 484
(Aglossa)
pp,. itlus.. maps. Bohn. Scheltemaand Holkema, Holland.
Family Atlantidae* Genus: Atlanta Lesueur, 1817, Pelagic.
Family Eulimidae^ Genera: fiv//ma Risso, 1826; Balds Leach,
Family Cannariidae. Genus: Carinaria Lamarck, 1801. Pelagic.
1847, and others. Family Pterotracheidae. Naked, pelagic snails.
Family StiNferidae-* Genera: Stififera B rode rip, 1832; Mucrona-
lia A. Adams, 1860, and others.
FamMies Paedophoropodidae* and Entoconchidae.* Snails para* Superfamily Lamellariacea
sitic in other invertebrates.
Family Lamellariidae, Genera: Lameflaria Montagu, 1815; Vet-
utina Fleming, 1821, and others.
Superfamiiy Hipponicacea Family Eratoidae- Genera: 7>/vfa Broderip, 1837; Erato Risso,
(Hoof-Shells) 1826, and others.
Families Pseudosacculidae; Asterophilidae* Parasitic snails.
Family Flipponicidae (Hoof-ShellsK Genera; Hipponix De-
f ranee, 1819; Maliuvtum Melvill, 1906.
Superfamily Cypraeacea
Morrison, |, F. E. Note^on the genera or' Hipponicidae. Buft. Amer. MaiacoL
Union, vol- 12, pp. 33-34.
Family Fossariidae. Genera: Fossaws Philippi, 1640; fse//ca Dali, Family Cypraeidae (Cowries). Genera: Cypraea Linn4, 1758 (nu*
1918. merous subgenera, such as Mauritta, Zoita, etc,),
Family Vanikoroidae, Genus Vanikoro Quoy & Caima rd, 1832. Alfan, Joyce. 1960. Cowry Shells of World Seas. 170 pp, Georgian House. Mel-
bourne. Australia- Now ouf-cfated-
Smith, h A- 19C50- On The Known Recent Species of the Genus Vdniltoro. Proc.
Biirgess. C. M. T970. The Living Cowries. 359 pp,, 44 color pis. A- S. Barnes & Co.,
MaL Soc. Lortdon, vol. S. pp. 104-117.
Gran bury. New lersev-
Schilder, F. A. i£i M. Schiidcr. 1939* Prodrome nf a monograph on living Cypraei-

dae, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 23, pp, 119-231,

Superfamily Crepidulacea
Taylor, |., Walls, I* C. 1975, Cowries. 286 pp,, color, ill us. Neptune City, New
(syn: Calyptraeacea)
Jersey,
(Slipper Shells) Wilson, B. R. & McComb, j. A. 1%7. The genus Cyprsea subgenus Zotfa jous- 1

seaume). fndo-Padhz Mofhisca^ vql. t, no. 8, pp, 457-484, color Ulus,

Family Trichotropidae, Genera: Jrichotfopis Broderip & Sow- Family Ovulidae (Egg shells). Genera: Ovula Bruguiere, 1769;
erby, 1629; Iphinoe H. & A. Adams, 1854, and others. Calpurnus Mont fort, 1610; Primovula Thiele, 1925; Simnia
Family Capulidae (Cap Shells). Genus: Capulus Montforl, 1810, Risso, 1629; Cyphoma Rbding, 1798; Vofva Rodtng, 1798, and
Family Crepidulidae (syn: Calyptraeidae). (Slipper Shells). Gen- others.
Modeer, 1793; Cre-
era: Catyptraea Lamarck, 1799; Cheilea Cate, C. N. 1973. A systematic revision of the Receni Cypraeid family Ovulidae
(Mollusca; Gastropoda). Vetiger. vol. 15 (Supplement, 116 pp., us.
pidula Lamarck, 1799; Crudbulum Schumacher, 1617; Crept- ill

patella Lesson, 1830. Family Pedicular iidae* Genus Pedicufaria Swainson, 1840.

Moagland, K. E. 1977. Sy^temalic review of fossit and Recent Crepidula and

discussior^ of evolution of the Calyptraeidae. Mafacologia, vol. 16. pp. 353-420,
Superfamily Naticacea
Family Xenophoridae (Carrier-Shells). Genera: Xenopbora C.
Fischer. 1807; Stellaria Schmidt. 1832.
Family Naticidae (Moon Shells). Genera: Natica Scopoli, 1777;
Beu, A. G. T977. New Zealand Cenozoic Gastropods of the genus Xenophorsi
C/obu /ana Swain son, 1640; Po/fC/nesMontfort, 1810; Lunatia
Fischer. 1807. /our. Royal Soc. N. 1., vol, 7, pp. 224-241, Z7 figs.
Clench. W. &
C. Aguayo. 1943. The genera Xenophoia and Turgudum
). In fhe
Cray, 1847; Sinum Roding, 1798, and others.
western Allanlic. iohnsoma, vol. 1, no. B. 6 pp., ill us, Cemohorsky. W. 0. 1971. The Family Naticidae in the Fiji lsJ.ands. fteconfs Auck-
Travis, Byron W. 1974, A particular study of some Xenophora. Of Sea and Shore. tand Inst, and Mus,, vol. 8, pp. 169-208.
Winter* 1973-74, pp. 187^1 Fall. 1974. pp. 14T-143. Kilburn. R. N. 1976. A revision of the Naticidae of Southern Africa and Mozam-
bique fMollusca}, Aona/s Natal Mvs., vol. 22. pp, 829-SB4.
MarincOvich. Louie. Ir. 1977. Cenozoic Naticidae of the Northeasiem Pacific.

Superfamily Strombacea Bull. Amer. Paleontology, vol. 70. no* 294. pp. 169-494.

Family Strombidae (True conchs). Genera: Strombus Lrnne,

1758; iambh Rdding, 1798; Terebellum Rod ing, 1796; RimeUa Superfamily tonnacea
Agassiz, 1840*
Abbott, ft- T. 1%0. The genus Sfromhus in the Indcs-P^cific. fndo-PdcrfTc Moitusca, Family Tonnidae (Tun Shells), Genera: Tonna Srunnich, 1772;
vol. 1. no, 2. pp. 33-146. illus. Malea Valenciennes^ 1833; EudoHum Dali, 1889; In Subfamily
Abbott. R. T. 1%1, The genus Eambrs m the fndo-Padfic. Indo-Paafic MoJiusca, Oocorythinae: Oocorys Fischer, 1883; Dalium Dali, 1689.
vol. 1. no. 3, pp, T47-174, illus,
Kitias. R. Tonnidae. 1962. Tonnacea Teil 4. Das Tferre/ch. Uef 77. Jllus. Berlin.
Jung. P-. &: Abbott, R. T. 1967. The genus Teiebelfum {Gastropoda: Strombidaeh
Turner, R. D. 1948, The family Tonnidae In the western Atlantic, fahnsonia, vol. 2,
Indo-Paciftc Motlusca, vol. 1, no. 7* pp, 445^54, Ulus.
no, 26, pp, 165-192, i I lus.
Clench, W, J. A Abbott. R. I 1941, The genus Strombus in the western Atlantic*
/ohnsonia* vol. 1. no. 1, IS pp.. illus. Family Fictdae (Fig shells). Genus: Ficus Roding, 1798*
Walls. Jerry C. 1950. Cortc/is, Jibias, and Harps. T91 pp., color (Hus. T. F. H, Smith, E* A, 1594. A list of the Recent species of the genus Priufj Lamarck, with

Publications, New jersey. notes respecting ihe synonymy, lour Ma/ar., vol. 3, pp. 64-69.
 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 383

Famtfy Ca^sidae (Helmet shells). Genera: Cassis Scopoli, 1777; Emerson, W- K. 1973. The genus Drupa in the |ndo~Pacific- Cndo- Pacific MoWusca.

Cypraecassis Stutchbury, 1837; Casmarra H. & A. Adams^ vol. 3, no. 13, pp. 1-40, iflus.

Fair, Ruth H. 1976* The Murexfiooft; An illustrated Catalogue of Recent Muriddae.

1853; Phaifum Link, 1807; Sconsia Gray, 1847; Ca/eacfea Link,
138 pp. Obtainable from Seasheli Treasures. P. O. Box 730. Oakhurst, California
1807 (syn: Cassidaria}; Momm Roding, 1798. 93644. Useful.
Abbott, R. T 196((v The Helmet Shells of the World fCasspdaeh Pari 1. Indo-Faafic Certman, R. L. Cenozgic Typhinae of the Western Atlantic Region. Tulane Studies
Maituscs, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. TS-2)0l* illus- CeoL, vol. 7, pp, 143-191, 8 pis.
Clerfch, W. J. 1944. The genera Casmana, Phatmm and Cantii in the Harasewych. M. G. & R. H. lensen. 1979. Review of the subgenus Pterynofus
western Allantic- /o/insonia^ vol, I. no. 1&. 16 pp. . illus. (Gastropoda: Muricitiae) in the Western Atlantic. Nemouria (Delaware Mus
Clench. W, & Abboll ,
R. T. 194J. The genera Cypraecassjs, Morumj. Scdnsra and Nat. Hist.!, no. 22, pp. 1-16.
Datium in I he western Adaniic- fohnsonia^ vot. t, no. 9. S pp.. lElus- Keen. A. Myra. 1944. Catalogue and revision of the gastropod subfamily Typhinae.
Dance. S, F., A Emerson. W.
Notes on Morum dennispn/ (Reeve) and
K. 1967. four. Pa/eonf., vat* 18, pp. 50-72, 20 figs.
related species (Gastropoda: Tonnaceal. Vie%er. voLlO, pp. 91-98^ 1 pi. (Listsall Pain,T. 1976, The Muricirfae ot the West African Marine Province. 8ht Shelf Colt.
recent species described up lo l%7). Club. Newsletter No. 24, 7 pp.. illus.

Radwin, G. E*, & D'AttUlo, A, 1976, MureK Shells of the World. An illustrated guide

to the Muriddae. Stanford Univ. Press. 284 pp.. lIFus.

Vbkes, E. H. 1%4. Supraspecific groups in the subfamilies Mu ndnae and Trftona-
Superfamily Cymatiacea (Lindner, 1975) liinae. Matacotogia, voL 2, pp. l-4l,
Vokes. E* H. 1968. Cenozoic Muric^dae of fhe Western Allantic Region. Pt. IV-

Famiiy Cymatiidae (Tritons). Genera: Cymatium Rodtng, 1798; Hexaptex and Murexietla. Tulanc Studies CeoL, vol. 6. pt. 2-3, pp. 85-126. 8 pis.
Vokes. £. K. 1971. Catalogue of the genus Murex Linn^ Mol! u sea: Gastropoda t;
Argobucdnum Herrmannsen, 1846; Gyrineum Link, 1807;
(

Muiicinae. Ocenebrinae. Suit. Amer, Paleoni. vol. 61. no. 268, 141 pp.
Charon ia Cistel, 1848; Distorsio Roding, 1798, and others.
Family Coralltophiirdae (Syn: Magilidae), Coraf-shells. Genera:
Bayer. Ch. 1933. Catalogue of the Cymatiidae in Rijksmuseum Nat. Hist, Zooiog.
Medecfee/.. Leiden, vot. it. pp. 33'59.
Coralltophila H. & A* Adams, 1653; Latiaxis Swainson, 1840;
Bcu. A. C. 1970. The mollusca oi the genus Charortfa. rraus. Royai Soc. New Lataxiena Jousseaume, 1888; Magilus Montfort, 1810; Rapa
Zealand. voL 11. pp. 201-223. 5 pis. Bruguiere, 1792, and others.
Beu. A. G. 197B. The marine fauna O'f New Zealand: The moliuscan genera D'AttillD. A. 1970. A catalog of Coral Nophilidae* Teslivus fSan Diego Shell Club!,
Cymatonaand Fusitriton. NewZesiand Oceanogr. fnst.^ Memoir 65, 44 pp.. 12 vol. 10, no, 10, pp. 69-%.
figs.

Clench. W. / ,. & Tumef. R. D. 19S7. The Family Cymatiidae In the western. At (an lie.
}ohn$^ni^, vol no, 36, pp. 109-244, iflos.
3,
Superfamily Buccinacea
DelL R. K. A Dance. S. P. 1%3. The rmtiluscan genus RaneUa and thedislhbulion
of RanGtta oharium Linnaeus). Proc. Ma/ac. Sdc. London, vol. 3S, pp. 1 59-166,
t

iHus.
Family Buccinidae (Whelks)* Numerous genera, including Buc-
Emerson. W. K.. A Puffer. E. L. 1953^ A catalogue of the Molluscan Genus Drsforsro
(Gastropoda. Cymatiidae). Proc. BioL Soc, IVashmgron.^ vol. 66, pp. 93-TD6.
cinum Linne, 1758; Canfharus Roding, 1798; Cominefla Cray,
Cymatiidae. Tonnacea Ted 2- Oas frerreJch, Lief 92. illus. Berlin.
Kilias, R. 1973. 1850; fng/Vja Gray, 1839; Neptunea Roding, 1798; Phos Monl-
Lewis, Hal. 1972, Notes on the Genus Drs/orsro with Descriptions of New Species. fort, 1810; Co/us Roding, 1798; Vb/ufops/usMorch,1857; and
The Naobfus, vol. 66, pp. 27-SO.
others*
Family Bursidae (Frog shells). Genus: Bursa Rodrng, 1798* Campbell, G, B, T%1, Cotubrarlidae tCastropodal of tropical West America, with
Beu, A, G. 1977. A new species of Bufona/ia f Bursidae) from Mozambique. Annafs a new species. Nautilus, vaE. 74, pp. 136-142.
Natai Mus., vo!. 23. pp. 67-91. Cernohorsky, W. 0. 1971. Indo-Padfic Pisaniinae and Related Buednid Genera.
MorriMn, h P- £. 3949. Notes on Florida species of Bursa. Annua/ Reporf. J949, Records Auckland lost, and Mus., voL fi, pp. 137-167,
Amer. Mai. Union, p. TO. Habc, T, 1965, Notes on (he ivory shell genus Babylonia Schluter. Butt. Nat. Sci.

Oyama, K. 1964, On (he confused usage of ihe genus Ranella and its allies. 1/enus, Mus.. Tokyo, vol. B, pp. 115-124, 1
pi.
vol. 22, pp. 317-336. Orr, V. 1956. The South African genus Burnupona (Buccinidae). Proc. Acad. Nat
Sci. Philadelphia, vof. 106, pp. 249-263. 2 pEs.
Ponder. W. F, 1972. Notes on Some Australian Species and Genera of the Family
Buccinidae, lour, MaL Soc, At/sfrg/fij, vo!. 2, pp. 249-265.
Superfamily Muricacea
Family Columbellidae (Dove-shells). Genera: Columbella La-
marck, 1799; /^rene Roding, 1798; Strombina Morch, 1852,
Family Columbaritdae (Pagoda shells). Genera: Columbarium
and others.
von Martens, 1881; Co/uzea Allan, 1926.
Pace, S. 1902. Contributions to the Study of the Columbellidae. Proc. Mai. Soc.
Clench, W. 1944. The genus Co/umbarfum (n the western Allan! tc, /ohnsoma. London, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 36-1 S4.
vol. 1, no, 15, 4 pp., ilius. Radwin, G. E, 196B. New Taxa of Western Atlantic Columbellidae iGaslropoda,
Darragh, Thos- A, 1%9. A Revision of the family Cofumbariidae. Proc, Royal Soc, Rrosobranchia). ftioc, Biot. Soc* Washington, vol. 81. p. 143-150.
Wefoha, vol. B3. pp. 63-119. Wagner, R. I. L., i Abbott. R. T. 197B. List of Columbellidae- Standard Catalog of
Family Muriddae (Mu rex and Rock shells}* Numerous genera Shells, 3rd ed, pp. 15-503-15-522*

and subgenera* In Subfamiiy Muricinae: Murex Linn6, 1758; Family Fasciolariidae (Tulip and Spindle shells}* Numerous gen-
Chicoreus Monlfort, 1810; Stratus jousseaume, 1880; Horrta- era, such as: Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799; Phuroploca Fischer,
hcantha Mordi, 1852; Phylionotus Swainson, 1833, and oth- 1884; Latirus Montfort, 1810; PensWrnia Morch, 1852; Fu-
ers. In Subfamily Ocenebrinae: Ocenebra Cray, 1847; Eu- sinus Rafinesque, 1815.
pleura H. & A. Adams, 1853; Cerafosfoma Herrmannsen, Bullock, R. C. 1974. Acontributlon to the systemalics of some West Endian Ubruf.
Nautilus, voL 88, pp. 69-79.
1846, and others. In Subfamily Trophoninae: Traphon Mont-
Hollister, S* C. 1956. On the status of Fasciolaria distans Lamarck. Nautilus, vo!. 70.
fort, 1810; Boreotrophon Fischer, 1884, and others. In Sub-
pp. 73-84.
family Typhinae: Typhis Montfort, 1810; Fterotyphis lous- 1. C. 1891, An historical account of the genus iaprys (Montfort
Melvill. and Its I

seaume, 1880, and others. In Subfamily Thatdinae; Purpura dependencies, with description of eleven new species, and a calabgue of

Bruguiere, 1789; Thais Roding, 1798; Drupa Rodlng, 1798, Latirus and PePstemia. Mem, Lfl. Phil, Soc. Manchester, vol. 34. pp. 365-411, t

pL
and others. In Subfamily Rapaninae: Rapana Schumacher, Melvill, C. 191 1. An enumeration of Ihe additions made to the genus Latirus
f*

1817; Chorus Gray, 1847; Forreha jousseaume, 1880, Monlfort. lour. Conch., vt^L 13, pp. 164-176*
Beu, A. G, 1970. New Zealand gastropod molluscs of the genus Pferopurpura Family Melongenidae (Crown Conchs). Genera: Busycon Rod*
lousifeaume. Trii/ii. Rayat Soc- N^ew Zealand, Biol. ScL.vol. 12. pp. 133i-143.
ing, 1798; Melongena Schumacher, 1817; Syrinx Roding,
Clench. W. J, 1947, The genera Purpura ancf Thais in the western At! anlic, ^ohimso-
nia, voL 2. no. 23, pp. 61-91. illus.
1798; Pugilina Schumacher, 1817, and others.
Clench, W. |.. & Perez Farfante. I. 1945* The genus Mure* in the western Atlanlic. Bayer, Ch. 1952. Catalogue of the genera Melongena and Semifusus. Zo&log.
iohmonia, vol, 1. no, 17, 58 pp.. Ulus. Mededeel., Riiksmus. Leiden, vol. 31, pp. 265-299.
384 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

CEemrh. W. J.. & Turner, R. D- I9S6. The tarnily Melongenidae in the weslern Useron* C- F. 1957. A INew Classification of the Austral lari Marginelltdae. Austra^
Al Untie, fofmsonia^ vol. 1, no. 3S. pp. 161-187, iHu^. Jian four. Marine and Freshwater Res., vol. 8, pp. 274-311.

HolFister, S.€. 19SB, A ReviewoftheGemis fTosyconand its Allies-Part 1, PaUeon- Tornlln, J. ft. le B. T9T7. A systematic list of the Marginellidae. ftroc- Mafac. Soc.
togrsphka Americana, vol- 4, no, 28. 1Z4 pp, London, vol. 12, pp. 242-306, t A list of names with authors and dales of worEd-

Famrly Nas^ritdae (Nassa Mud Shells), Many gertera> such as: wide species. 1
Wagner, ft. f. L.^, i Abbott, ft. T. 1978. LiM of Marginellidae. Standard' Calafog of
Nassarius Dum^rilj 1806; Uyanassa Stimpson, 1865; Cyfhne Shells. Greenville, Delaware, pp. 22-001-22-015.
Gray, 1838; Demoutia Cray, 1838.
Family Cancellariidae (Nutmegs). Several genera (and many
Addicolt, W, 0. 19&5. Some ^^slem American Cenoaoic gastropods of the genus
subgenera): Canceilaria Lamarck, 1799; Admete Krdyer,
JVassarios. 5. Ceo/. 5urv. Prof. Paper, 503-B.^ 60 pp,
Cernohorsky, W, O. 1972, Indo-Pacilic Massahidae. Record Auckland fost. and 1842; Trigonostoma Bfainville, 1827; Scatptia jousseaume,
Mys-, vol. 9. pp. 12S-T94, 1887, and others.
Demond, loan. 1991. Key to the Nassariidae of he west coasi of North America. I
Family Volutidae (Volutes), Many genera, including: Valuta
Nauttfijs, vof. 65, pp. 15-17.
LInne, 1758; Vo/ufocorjb/s Dali, 1890; Neptuneopsis Sower by,
1898; Cymbfum
Roding, 1798; Cymbiofa Swainson, 1831;
Superfamiiy Volutacea Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817; Lyria Gray, 1847; Scaphetla
Swainson, 1832; Amoria Gray, 1855; Zidona H. & A. Adams,
Family Olividae. (Olive Shells). Genera: 0//Va Bruguiere, 1789; 1853, and others.
Agaronia Cray, 1839; Anctfla Lamarck, 1799; Olivelia Swain- Clench, W. j. 1946. The genera Bathyaartnia. Behdeha and Scapheffa in the

son, 1831; Meiaprum H. & A. Adams, 1853; Zemira H. & A. western Atlantic, johnsonia, vol- no. 22. pp. 41-60, ilEus. 2,

ClerHch, W, I,, & Turner, R. D. 1%4. The Subfamilies Voiulinae, Zidoninae, Odon-
Adams, 1853.
tocymbiolinaeand CaJlioteclectinae in ihe western Allan tit. fahnsonia, vol- 4,
Burch J, Q., & ft, i, 196J. Genus O/rveWa in eastern Pacific. N’ayy/ui, voL 77. pp. 1-
00.43, pp. 129^100, illus.
S. Weaver, C. S., 6 duPonf, |. E. 1970. The iivfng Vofufes. 375 pp.. 79 color pis.
Chavan, A. 1965- Essai de recJassification des Olividae: Anctllinae CCastropodaL Delaware Museum of tsfaturaJ History, CreenvilEe. Delaware. Uselul but out-of-
Bufl. Sot, Geo/, ds Prance, voL 7, pp. 10(2-109. dale.
Kilburn, R, N. 1981. Revision of the Genus AndUa Lamarck, 1799, Annats Natal
Mus.. vol, 24. pp, 349-46T.
KJappenbach. M. T96S, Consideraciones sobreei genero O/rvancr/UrU y descrip- Superfamily Conacea
ciondedos nuevas species argentenas y uruguayas. Com. Zooi Mus. Hist. Nai.
Montev., vq3. 8, 1D pp., 2 pEs. Family Conidae (Cone shells)* Genus: Conus Linne, 1758 (many
Olsson, A. A. 1956. Studies nn the Genus OHvcHa. Proc. Acad. Nat Sa. Philadel-
subgenera).
p/ira, vol. 108, pp. 155-225.
Clench, W. 1. 1942. The genus Coous En the western Atlantic, /ohnsorjfa. vol. 1 , no.
Olssnn, A. fir S, P. Dance, 1966- The Linnaean Olives. Butf. Arner. PaVeonf. . voL
6,40 pp., illus.
50. pp. 215-224.
Daut^renberg, Ph. 1937. Famille Conidae. ResuUats Sdentifiqae du Voyage aux
Ponder. W- F. & T, A. Darragh. 1975. The genus Zemira H. & A. Adams, four. Maf
Indes Ofientaies JVeedandafses, vol, 264 pp. Bruxelles.
2, fascicule 16.
Soc. Auiiralia, voL 3, pp - 89-105, iHus.
Kilburn, R. N. 1971 A Revision of the LitforaJ Conidae ol the Cape Province Saufh
Wagner, R. J. L., & Abbott, R. T. 197B. List of QKvidae. Standard Catalog of Shells.
.

Africa. Ajinafe Natal Mus..^ vol. 21, pp. 37-54.

Greeovilfe. Delaware, pp. 18-001 -18-B13.
Marsh, A. & Rippingale. O, H. 1974- Cone Sheds o/fhe World. 160 pp., illus.
P„ & Porreca, H. C* 1%9. Olive Shelh of the World.
Zeigler, R. pp., 13 color pis. % J.

Oblainab'le from Shell Cabinel, Box 29. Falls Church, Virginia 22046, lacaranda Press. 3rd ed. Oui-of-date.
Tomlin, J. ft. le 8. 1937. Catalogue of Recent and fossil cones. Proc. Mafac. Soc.
Family Turbinellidae (Syn: Vasidae). Vase shells and Chanks.
London, vol. 22, pp, 205-330, 333.
Genera: Turbinefta Lamarck, 1799 (syn: Xancus Roding); Va- Wads* ferry C. 197®. Cone Shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. T011 pp. T. F,

sum Roding, 1798; Tudicula H. & A. Adams, 1863; 7ud/c/a H. Publications, Neptune City, Mew jersey. Very useful.

Roding, 1798; A/ier Conrad, 1858, and others. Family Terebridae (Auger shells). Genus: Terebra Brugui^re,
Abbott. R. T. 1950, The genera Xancusand in the western Atlantic. /ohnso- 1789 (and many subgenera).
ma. vol. 2, no. 2S, pp. 201-219, iflus. Burch, ft D. 1965 NewTerebrid Species from the Indo-Pacific. Vetiger. vol. 7, pp.
Abbott, R. T. 1959. The family Vasidae in the Endo-PacifFC. fndo-PadfK Mollttsca. 241-253.
vol. 1, no. 1. pp. 15-32, illus. Dautzenberg. Ph. 1935- Famille Terebridae (et Mitridael. Resaltats Scfenfiffques
Vokes„ E. H, 1964. The genus Turbinella in the New World. Tuifane Sludres Ceoi. du Voyage aux Indes Orientates Ncedandaises. voL 2. iascicule 17, 200 pp.
vol. 2,pp. 39-66, 3 pis, Bruxelles.
Vokes, E. H. 1%6. The genus Vasum m the Mew World, TuU/ie S/udies Ceol.. vol. Salisbury, ft. 197®. Hawaii's Fifty-odd Terebra. Hawahan Shell News, vol. 26. no. B,
S, pp, 1-36, 6 pis.
pp. 7-10.
Family Volutomitridae. Genera: Vofutomitra H. & A. Adams, Family Turridae (Turrids). Numerous genera and subgenera,
1853; Microvofuta An gas, 1877, and others. including: Turris Roding, 1798; Cemmuia Weinkauff, 1875;
Cemohorsky, W. 0. 1970. Systemaiics of the families Milridae8( Vblutomitrldae. Polystira Wood ring, 1928; Clavatufa Lamarck, 1801; Clavus
BulL AtKkland Inst aird Mas. no. 6, 190 pp., 18 pis.
Montfort, 1810; Drillia Cray, 1838; Mangetia Risso, 1826;
Family Mitridae (Miter shells)* Genera: Mstra Lamarck, 1798;
Thatcheria An gas, 1877, and others.
Pterygia Roding, 1798; imbricaria Schumacher, 1817, and oth-
Hedicy, C. A. 1922* A Revision of the Australian Turridae. Records Australian Mu*,,
ers, vof. 13, pp. 213-259.
Cernohorsky, W. O. 1976 The Mitridae of I he World. Pan I. The subfamily McLean. ], H. 1971. A Revised Classification of the Famiity Tumtiae from the
MJtrinae, Indo-Padfic Motlusca. vol- 3, no, 17, pp. 273-520, iJIus. Eastern Pacific. Veliget vol. 14, pp. 114-130.

Family Costellarudae (Syn.: Vexillidae) (Miter shells). Genera: Powell. A. W. 0* 1964. The family Tgrrtdae in the Endo-Pacific. Pari I, The subfamily
Turrinae. tndo-Padfic Matlusca. vol, 1, no, 5, pp. 227-345, illus.
Vexillum Roding, 1798; Posfa Swain son, 1840, and others.
PoweJl, A. W. B. 1966, The Mol lu scan Families Speight iidae and Turridae. Bull. 5,
Pechar, Peter., Prior. Chris., & Parkinson, B. 1900. Mffre Shells from the Padffcand Auckland institute and Museum, 104 pp.
Indiar} Oceans. 56 pis. Robert Brown 4 Assoc. Bathurst, Australia. Poweil. A. W. B. 1967. The famty Turridae in the Indo-Padfic. Part la. The subfam-
Family Harpidae (Harp shells). Genera: Harpa Roding, 1798; ily Turrfnae concluded. fndO-Paci/ic Mof/usca, vol. no. 7, pp. 409^31, ill us. 1,

Ausfro/jarpa Finlay, 1931. Powell, A. W. B, 1%9. The famiEy Turridae in the Indo-Padfic* Pari 2, The subfamily
Turricullnae. Indo-Pacific Moltusca, vol. 2, no. 10. pp. 207-415, iflos.
Rehder, H. A. 1973. The family Harpidae of the world. Indo-Paciftc Molfusca. vqL
3, no. 16, pp. 207-274, iflus.

Family Marginelirdae (Margin shells). Many genera, such as Afar- Order Heterogastropoda
gineifa Lamarck, 1799; Hyalina Schumacher, 1817; Cystiscus Superfamily Architectonicacea
Stimpson, 1865, and others,
Coan, E.r & Roth, B. 1%6. The VWat American Margtr>ellidae. vol. 8, pp.
Family Architectoniddae (Sundials). Genera: Architactanica
276-299. Roding, 1798; Heliacus Orbigny, 1642; Philippia Cray, 1847.
 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 385

Bayern Charles. Catalogue ol the Solariidae In the Rljk^museum van Sa- Suborder Atyacea
tyurlijke Mistr Zooi Veth^rtdeL no. 44 pp.
4,

Marche^MarcKadn J. Les Architcclonicidae de \i Cote OccidenlaFe d'Afri-

que. Bull. fondameof. d*Afr
Family Atyidae. Genera: Afys Montfort* 1870; Ham /n oea Tur ton
ser. A, vol- 31 < pp. 461-466, 10 fugs,

Robertson, R. 1970, Systemalicsi ol IndoPadfic: Phitippia (Psilaxist, Architeetoni'

& Kingston* 1830* and others*
cid gastropods with egg5- Rid^ic Sdence^ vol, 24, pp, 66-63-
Robertson, R. 1973. On he fossil
I history and imragenerk nelal ion ships otPhi//p-
Suborder Fhilinacea
pia fArchitedonIcldaet. Proc, Acad, NaL Sci.. Phitar, vol. 125* pp, 37-46.

Family Epitoniidae (WentletrapS), Many genera* including: Epi-

Families ScapKandndae {Scaphander Mont fort* 1810);
tonium Roding, 1798 (syn: Sca/ada Lamarck); Amaea H. & A,
Gastropieridae;* Aglajidae;’ Philinidae;’ Philinogfossidae.*
Adams, 1853; 5f/?enory/is Conrad, 1862; Orsotfema Morch*
Bulbs* H. 1956, The genus Scaphander in Ihe Gulf of Mexico and note^ on the
1852; Opafia H. & A. Adams, 1853. western Atlantic species. Buft. Marine Science, vol. 6, pp, 1-17.
Clench, W. |., & Turner, R, D, 1950, The genera Sthenorylis, C^rsofrema. Acrrea,
Op#/ra and Amaea in the wester nAl la nttc./o/insonra, vol. 2, no. 29, pp, 22N246,
Suborder Runcinacea*
Ulus,
Clench, W. |. ,
& Turner* R. 0, 1951 The genus fprfonium
, in ihe western Atlantic,
Part Lioh/jsonia, vol. 2, no. JO, pp. 249-280, ill us. Family Runcinidae* Genus: Runcina Forbes & Hanley* 1853*
Clench. W, J,, & Turner, R. D, 1952, The genera tpitontum iParl II)* Dep/essrscafa*
Cyiindriscala, NystieHa and Sofutiscafa in the western Atlanllc. /ohnson/a, vol.
no. 31, pp. 289-356, Ulus,
Order Pyramidellomorpha
2.

Family janthinidae (Purple Sea Snails) Genera: lanthina Roding* .

Family Pyramtdellidae. Numerous genera: Pyramidella Lamarck,

1798; Reduzia Petit, 1853.
1799; Odostomia Fleming* 1813* and others.
Caursen. Dan. 1953. The ger^us lanthina [jonlhlnal. Monograph, Dana-Rcpons.
vol, 6* pp, 1-40, Oall, W. H., & Bartsch. Paul, 1909, Monograph of West American Pyramideilid
MoHusks, Bufh 66* U, S. Mus.. 256 pp.
Families Aclididae*'^ MatKildidae/ Toriniidae* and TripKortdae.*
Laseron* C. F. 1959. The Family Pyramidellidac from North Australia. Austraban
Small marine snails. /our. Marine and Freshwater Rei,, vol. ID, pp, 177-267.
Kosuge, S, 1966. Thefamilv Triphoridae and its Systemalic Post lion. Melvill, 1, C, t9lD. A revision of the species of PyramidelFidae occurring in the
vol. 4, pp. '297-324. Porsiani Gulf. Gulf of Oman and North Arabian Sea, Pfqc. Mat, Soc, London, vol.
Marshall. B. A, 1977, The Dcxtral Trilorid Genus Mefaxj'a in the South-west Pacific, 9, pp. l7l-2Lfe.
New Zealand four, ZooL, vol, 4, pp. 111-117.
Order Thecosomata
Subclass Opisthobranchia (Pteropods)

(Bubble shells and Sea Hares)

(Arrangement after T. E. Thompson* Ph.O.) Families Limacinidae and Cavoliniidae- Genera: Umacina Bose,
1817; Cavohnia Abtldgaard* 1791; Clio Linn^, 1767.
Marcus, Ernest & Evelyn. 1967. Tropieaf American Opistthohranchs. Studies Jmpt- van der Spoel* S- 1976, Pseudolhecosomata. Cymnosomata and Heteropoda
[Gastropoda}. 464 pp.. 246 figs. BohfT,Scheltema& Holkema. Utrechi, Holland.
qat Oceanography^ Miami* voL 6* pp- 3-137,
Pilsbry, H. A. 1843-1896. Order Dp(sthobranchiata. In Try on's Mam/a/ o/Concho’ Families Peraeltdae** Cymbuliidae*^ Desmopteridae**
/fjgy, Philadelphia, vols, IS <436 pp,, 61 pls.f and 16 i262 pp,, 74 pls,i,
Thompson, T, £, 1976. Bjotojjy of Optsihobranch Moffu^cs. vol. 1. 207 pp, Ray
Order Gymnosomata*
Society* London.
(Naked Pteropods* several families)
Family Actennidae (Acteons). Genera: Acfeon Monttort* 1810;
Pupa Roding* 1798 [syn: Solidufa), and others.
Order Aptysiomorpha*
Rodman, W, B. 1971, The family Aclconidae in htew Zealand, /our. Wal, Soc,
Austrafia, vol, 2, pp. 2D5-214,
(Aplysia Sea Hares and Akeridae)
Family Sullinidae. Genus: Bullina F^russac, 1822*
Rudman, W. 0. 1971 . The genus BvHina in New Zealand, lour. MaL Soc, Australia^
Order Pleurobranchomorpha'
vol. 2* pp, 195-203. (Sea Slugs)
Family Hydatinidae. Genera: Hydatina Schumacher* 1817; M/-
cromelo Pilsbry* 1895. Order Acochlidiacea*
(Sand Nudibranchsi
Suborder Diaphanacea*
Order Sacoglossa*
Family Diaphanidae* Genera: Diaphana Brown* 1827* and oth- (Sea Slugs)
ers.
Family Notodraphanidae. Genus: Nofod/aphana Thiele* 1917. Order N udib ranch ia*
(Sea Slugs)
Su horde r Retusac ea ”
Subclass Pulmonata'*
Family Retusidae. Genera: Retusa Brown, 1827; RhizofUS Mont- (Air-breathing land snails)
fort, 1810*
Order Basommatophora
Suborder Ringkulacea*
Superfamily Siphonariacea
Family Ringiculidae. Genus: Ringicufa Deshayes* 1838.
Family Siphonariidae (False limpets). Genus: Siphonaria Sow-
Suborder Bullacea erby* 1823.
Hubendick. 0, 1946. Systematic monograph of ihe Patel li for mia, Aungf. Svenska
V^temk, Hand/.* ser. 3, vol. 23* no. 5, pp. 1-93, 6 pis.
Family Bullidae (Bubble Shells). Genus: Bulla Linn^* 1758.
Family Trimusculidae. Genus: Trimuscufus Schmidt* 1818.
Willan, R. C. 1978. The nomenclature of three Pacific Bulla species, four Ma/, Joe.
Australia^ vol. 4, pp, 57,66. Family Amphibolidae. Genus: Amphihola Schumacher* 1817.
 .

386 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Superfamily Melampiacea Order Nuculoida

Family Melampidae, Genera: Mdawpus Montfort, 1610; Efh- Family Nuculidae (Nut dams). Genera: Nvcuta Lamarck, 1799;
bium Rddfing< 1798; Pedipes Brugui^re, 1792, and others. Ac//a H. & A. Adams, 1858, and others.
Clefith* W. j. 1964, The genera Pedipes and Laemodania In the Western Atlantic. Schenck, H. G. 1934. Classification of Nuculid Pelecypods, Bull. Mus, Ray. Hist.
fohnsoniAt^ voL 4, no. 42. pp. 117-127, Nat. Betg,. vol. tO, no. 20, 77 pp.
Hubendick. B. 19S6, A Conchological Survey of the Genus P/ecofrema (Ellobi- Family Nuculantdae. Genera: Nucuiana Link, 1807; Adrana H. &
idaej. PfOc- Mat. SoC. iontfon, vol. 32, pp, 11 CM 26.
A. Adams, 1656; Yotdia Motler, 1842, and others.
Morrison, P. E, 1%4. Notes on American Melampidae, Nautilus, vot. 77, pp, 119-
121 ,
Family Malletiidae. Genera: Ma//ef;a Des Moufins, 1632; 7/nda-
Family Otinidae. Genus: Otina Gray, 1847 f/a Bellardi, 1875, and others.
Order Solemyoida
Class Polyplacophora {Awning dams)
(Chitons)
Family Solemyidae. Genus: Solemya Lamarck^ 1818.
Burghardt, G, i,, & L, E. 1%9. A coWecfor's gwde to tVesf Codjf chifons. San
Francisco Aquarium Soc, Special Pub. no. 4, 4S pp., 4 pis. Subclass Pteriomorpha
Haddon, A, Reporfon the Polyplacophora. Report Scientiftc Results Voyage
1Bfl6.

Chattenger, Zoology, vol. IS- Order Arcoida

I redale, T., & Hull, A. 1923-192S, Monograph of the Australian loricates. Austra/ran

Zoologist, vol. 3.
Family Arcidae (Ark shells). Genera: Area Lsnne, 1758; Barbatia
Kaas, R 1972- Polyplacophora of the Caribbean Region. Uitgaven NafuuAv. Stud
Krtng Suriname, no. 71, pp. T-162, 9 pis. Gray, 1842; Trisidos Rdding, 1796; Anadara Gray, 1847;
Kaas, R, & van Belle. R. A. 1900. Catalogue of Living Chitons. 144 pp. W, Backhuys, Scapbarca Cray, 1847; Senf7;a Gray, 1842.
PubL, Rotterdam,
Habe. T. 196S. The A/cid subfamily An^arlnw in Japan and its adjacent areas.
Yakovleva. A. M, 1%S, Shell bearing molfusks ILoricatal of the USSR. Israel
fluff. Nat. Set. Mus.. Tokyo, vof, 0, pp. 71-05, 2 pis.
Program ScK translatioris, lerusalem, 127 pp. iZooi. Inst.Akad. Nauk USSR, no.
Lamy, A, 1907, Revision des Area VJvants du Museum d'Hisloire Naturelle de Paris,
4S).
four, de Conchy/., vol. 55, pp. 199-307.
Rosl, Helen. 1955- A Report on the Family Arddae, Allan Hancock Pacific ixpedi-
fiorts, vol. 20, pp. 177-249,
Order Paleoloricata*
Tevesz, M.|, S., A Carte rj, C, 1979, Form and function in Trisidos Bivalvia) and t a
(Andent Chitons) comparison with other burrowing arcolds. Malacologia, vol. 19, pp, 77-65,
Family Noetiidae. Genus: Noetia Cray, 1857, and others.
Families Lepidopleuridae, Hauleyidae,* Choripiacidae.’^
Family Cucullaeidae. Genus: CucuUaea Lamarck, 1801.

Order Neoloricata Superfamily Llmopsacea

(Modern Chitons)
Family Limopsidae. Genera: Limopsh Sassi, 1827,. and others.
Suborder Ischnochitonina Cfycymens
Family Glycymerididae (Bittersweet dams). Genera:
da Costa, 1778; Axinactis Mdrch, 1661, and others* {Gfycy-
Families Ischnochitontdae; Schizapladdae; Chitonidae; Callochi-
meridae fs incorrect.)
tonidae; Mopaliidae; Chaetopleuridae. Genera and Subgenera of the Pelccypod Family Clycymeridae.
Nicol, D. T945.
lour. Pateont.. vol. 19, pp, 616-621.

Suborder Acanthochitonina Families Manzanellidae* and Philobryidae.* Minute deep-water

dams.
Family Acanthochitonidae, Genus: Acanthochitona Gray, 1621
Order Mytiloida

Class Scaphopoda
Superfamily Mytilacea

(Tusk-shells)
Family Mytilidae (Marine mussels)* Many genera. In Subfamily
Mytilinaei Mytilus Linne, 1758; Aulacomya Morch, 1853;
Emerson, W. K. 1962. A classification of the scaphopod mollusks, four. Paleo., vol.
36> pp. 461 402. Brachidontes Swainson, 1640; Geukensia Poe!, 1959; Pema
Habe, T. 1964. Scaphopoda of Japan. Fauna Japonlca, Biogeograp/ifca/ 5odety of Retzius, 1788; Sepf/fer R^cluz, 1846* In Subfamily Crenellinae:
{span, Tokyo. 59 pp.
Crenefia Brown, 1827; Muscufus Roding, 1798; Adula H* & A,
Kenderwn. |. B. 1910, A monograph of the East American Scaphopod Moilusks.
Adams, 1657. In Subfamily Modiolinae* Modiolus Lamarck,
Bulk m, US. Nat. Mus., 177 pp., 20 pis.
Palmer, C, P. 1974. A Supraspecific Classification of the Scaphopod Mollusca. 1799; Amygdalum MQhffeld, 1811, and others.
Vfe%er, vol. 17, pp. 115-123. La my, E. 1936. Revision des Mytilidae Vivants, four, de Conchy/., vol. ISO. pp. 66-
Pilsbry, H. A , A Sharp, B, TS97-9B. Class Scaphopoda, In Tryon's Manuaf of 102, 107-196. 229-295. 307-363*

Conchofogy, Philadelphia, vol. 17^ 200 pp. Sool-Ryen, T 1955. A Report on the FatnUy Mytifidae. Allan Hancock Pacific
Lxpeditions, voL 20. pp. 1-T75,
Family Dentaliidae. Genus: Dentahum Linne, 1758.
Turner, R, D., & Boss, K. |. 1%2, The genus Ulhophaga in the western Atlantic,
Family Siphonodentaliidae. Genera: Stp/ionodenfa/Yum Sars^ fohnsonia, vol. 4, no. 4T, pp, fil-116. tllus.

1859; Caduius Philippi, 1884, and others.

Superfamily Pinnacea
Class Bivalvia
(Pelecypoda; Clams) Family Pimiidae (Pen shells). Genera: Pinna Lirm^, 1758; Atrirta
Cray, 1842; Streptoplnna von Martens, 1880.
Moore, R, C, 1969. Bivalvia. Trearise on imertebrate Paleontoiogy, part fV, vols. 1- Rosewater, |. R, 1961, The family Pinnidae in the Indo-PacifiC. /ntJo-Racific Mo/-
3. CeoL Soc- Amer. Best reference. lusca, vol. !, no. 4* pp. 175-226* NIus.

Vokes, H. E. 1%7. Genera of the BivaMa: a systematic and bibliographic catalog, Turner, R. D., & Rosewater, |, R. 19SB. The family Bnnidae in the western Atlantic,
fluff. Amer. Pafeont., vol. S1, no, 232. /ohnsonfa, vol, 3, no. 36, pp. 205-326, alius.
 . 3

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 387

Order Pterioida Superfamily Ltmacea

Su|>erfamity Pteriacea Family Limtdae (File clams). Genera: Lima Brugui^re, 1797;
Acesfa H. & A. Adams, 1858; Limea Brown, 1831, and others.
Famfly Pteritdae {Pearl oysters). Genera ; Pteria Scopoli, 1777; Lamy, E, T93tJ-31, Revision des LimidAe VivanLs. /our. de Conchy/,, vol. 74, nos. 2 ,
4.
Pioctada Rodmg, 1793, and others. 8c

Family sognomonidae
I (Man grove oysters). Genera: Isognomon
Lightfoot, 1786; Crenatufa Lamarck, 1303. Subclass Pa laeoheterodonta
Richer -PSene, E. 15716. RevisiDn Avkulid4#& 1. Crenalu/d, Pedafion^ Order Trigoniidea
/rrw. /our. de Conchy/,, vol. 113, pp. 3-42,
Family Malleidae (Hammer oysters). Genera: Malleus Lamarck, Family Trigoniidae- Genus: Neotrigonia Cossmann, 1912*
1799; Vulsella Roding, 1793.
Bms, K. J.. & Moore. D. R. 1967. Notes on {Partmstiemt candeanui Subclass Heterodonta
lOrbignyl- Buii Madnc Science, vol. 17, pp. S5-54.
Order Veneroida

Superfamily Lucinacea
Superfamily Pectinacea

Family Lucinidae (Lucine dams). Numerous genera: LudnaBru-

Family Pectinidae (Scallops)* Numerous genera and subgenera:
gui^re, 1797; Phacoides Agassiz, 1845; Codakla Scopoli,
Pecfen Muller, 1776; Amuslum Rodrng, 1798; Chlamys Rod-
1777; Miltha H. & A. Adams, 1857; Anodoniia Link, 1807;
ing, 1798; Argopecten Monterosato, 1899; Nodipecfert Dali,
Ofvarfce//a von Martens, I860, and others,
1893; P/acopecfen Verrill, 1897; Hinnites Def ranee, 1821; Pe-
Chavan, A, 1937-3B. Essai Critique de Oassification des Lucines. /our. de Con^
dum Lamarck, 1799, and others,
chy/., voL 81, pp. 133-153; 198-216; 237-262; 59-97; 105-130; 215-243.
Bavay, A. 1936. in La my 5 Catalogue des Peclinldiie Vivants du Mijs. National Chavan, A. 1951, Essai Critique de Classification des Divaricella. Suit. Inst. Royal
d'Hist. Kiatur. Paris, /our, de Conchy/., vot. 79, pp. 306-321. SCJ* NaL Se/gique, vol. 27, pp. 1-27.
Flemirtg, C. A. 1950, The genus Pecren in the West Pacific, /our. de Conchy/., vol.
Family Fimbritdae (Fimbria dams)* Genus: Ftmbria Muhifeld,
90, pp. 276-282.
Crau, Gilbert. 1%9. Peclinidae of the eastern Pacific. Univ, So. Calif. PubI,. AJf/an
1811.
Hancock Pacific Exped.^ uol, 23, 308 pp., 57 pJs- Nicolj David. 19S8. Recent species of the lucinoid pelecypod Frmbna. /our Wash,
Oyama, K- 1944, Classifkalion pf the genus Propeamoss/um. Venus* vol. 13, pp. Acad. Sci., Vol. 40* pp. 82-87.
24D-254. Family Thyasiridae (Thyasira dams). Genus: Thyasira Leach,
Roth, Barry, 1975, Description of a new species of peciinid bivalve from the luan
1818,
Fernandez Islands, Chile, /our. Mat. Soc. Austiaha, vot. 3, no. 2, pp. 81-87.
Waller, Thomas R. 1972. The Peclinidae of Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands. Family Ungulinidae(Diplodondams). Genera: Ungulina Roissy,
V^/iger, vol, 14* no, 3, pp. 221-264. 1805; Diplodonta Brown, 1831, and others,
Chavan, A. 1%2. Essai critique de classification des UnguEinidae fDiplodontidael.
Bull- Insf. ftayai Set. Nat. Sefgique, vul* 38, pp. 1-23.

Suborder Ostreina
Superfamily Chamacea
Superfamily Ostreacea
(Oysters) Family Chamidae (jewel Boxes)* Genera: Chama Linn^, 1758;
Arcinella Schumacher, 1817; Pseudochama Odhner, 1917*
Galtsoff, Paul S. 1%4. The American Oysfer. 480 pp. Bullelin 64. U. S. Fish and Gayer, f. M. 1943. TFie Florida species of the family Chamidae, Nautifus, voJ, 56,

Wildlife Service, Wash., O, C, pp. 116-124.

Joyce* E. A., Jr. 1972. A partial bibliography of oysters, with annotations. Special Nicol, Or 1952, Nomenclatori^l review of genera and subgenera of Chamidae,
Set. Report No. 34, 846 pp, ffotida Dept. Natural Resources. Absiracts of 4,117
,
/oerr. Wjsh. Acad. Sc/.* vol. 52, pp. 154-156.
research papers. Nicol, 0, 1952- Revision of the pelecypod genus fchmocham^. /our PaJeonl.* vol.

Slenzef, H. B, 1971. Oystera, In Bivaivta, PafI IV. vol. 3 of Treatise on invertebrate 2B, pp. 803-817. 2 pts.
Pateontofogy. Geof. Soc. Amer.. pp. 9S3-1224,

Family Gryphaeidae- Genera: Hyotissa Stenzel, 1971; Neopyc- Superfamily Galeommatacea*

nodonte Stenzel, 1971 (small Lepton dams)
Family Ostreidae* Genera: Osfrea Linn4, 1758; Crassostrea
Sacco, 1897; Lopha Roding, 1796; Saccosfrea DoMfus & Daut- Families Galeommatidae/ Erycintdae,* Kelliidae,* Leptonidae,*
zenberg, 1920, Montacutidae/ Chlamydoconchidae,* and others*
Family PIkatulidae (Kitten paws). Genus: P//cafu/a Lamarck,
1801. Superfamily Carditacea
Yonge, C. M. 1975. The status of the Plicatulidae and tbe Dimyfdae in relation to

the superfamily Pectinacea. tour. loot. London* vol. 176, pp. 545-553.
Family Carditidae (Carditid dams). Genera: Cardita Bruguiere,
Family Spondylidae (Thorny oysters). Genus: Spondylus Linne,
1792; Beguina Roding, 1798; Venertcardta Lamarck, 1801, and
1758.
others.
fuhon. Hugh C. 1915, A list of ihe Recent Species of Sportdyhs tinn^, with some
Larry, E. 1922, Revision des Carditacea Vivanls du Museum National d'Histoire
Notes and Descriptions of Sin New Forms, /our. of Concho/ogy, vol. 14, nos. 11
Naturelle de Paris, four, de Conchy/.* vol. 66, pp. 218-368,
& 12 .

Family Condylocardiidae* Genera: Condylocardia Bernardi,

Family Dtmyidae* Genus: Dimya Rouault, 1850.
18%; Cana Medley, 1902, and others.

Superfamily Anomiacea Superfamify Crassatellacea

Family Anomiidae (jingle shells). Genera: Anomia Linne, 1758; Family Aslartidae* Genus: Astar/e Sowerby, 1816, and others.
Ptacuna Lfghtfoof, 1786; Enigmonia redale, 1918; Podoefes- I Family Crassatellidae* Genera; Crassine/Za Guppy, 1874; fucras-
mus Philippi^ 1837, and others. safe//a Iredale, 1924, and others*
 ^

388 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Darragh, T. A. 1%4. A preliminary revision of (he living species of Eucrassatella. Boss, K. L 1969. The subfamily TtHininae in the western Atlantic. The genus
four, Mj/. 5qc. Au&tiaha, no. 8^ pp. J-9. Strigilh.John^Qma, vof. 4, no. 47, pp, .(45-366, us. ill

Harry, Harold W. f%6. Studies on bivalve molJuics of the genus Crassineila In (he Boss, K. |. 1969. The Subfamily Tellinlrtae in South African Waters, Mos-
Nor h western GulC of Mexico: anatomy, ecology and systematics. Ihibf. fnst.
I
ComparBiive Zoofogy. voi. 139. no. 4. pp. 91-162.
Marine Stience, Texai. vol. 11j.pp. 6S-OT, Coan. E, V. 1971. The Northwest American TetFinidae. Veltger. suppi- to vol. 74, 63
U.my, £.1917. Revision des Crassatellidaevivants do Museum d'histoirenjiurelle pp , 12 pfs.

de Paris, /our. die Conchyl., vql. &2, pp. 197-27D. Family Donacidae (Wedge or Bean dams). Genera: Donax
Ltnn^, 1758; Hemidonax Morch, 1870; Iphigenia Schuma-
Superfamity Cardiacea cher, 1817, and others.
(Cockles) Family Psammobiidae (Gartdae) (Sunset dams). Genera: Can
Schumacher, 1817; Asaphis Modeer, 1793; Heterodonax
Family Cardlidae (Cockles), Numerous genera: Cardium Linne, Morch, 1853; Sangumofaria Lamarck, 1799; So/efe//ma Blain-
fragum Roding, 1798; Cor-
1758; 7rac/?ycard/umMorch, 1853; ville, 1824.
culum Roding, 1798; Nemocardium Meek^ 1876; Laevicar- Family Scrohtculanidae, Genus: Scrobicularia Schumacher,
dium Swainson, 1840; Ciinocardium Keen,. 1936; Serripes 1815.
Could, 1841, and others. Lamy. 1. 1914. Revision des Scrobiculariidae Vivants. four, de Conch yC, vol. 61,

Clench, W, |., & Smith, L. C. 1944. The family Cardiidae in The western Arlanlic. pp. 243-269.
/ohnsonia. vol. 1, no, 73, 32 pp,. Ulus. Family Semelidae (Semele dams). Genera: Seme/e Schuma-
Karanev, A. I. 1990. Syslematks of the subfamily Cinocardilnae Kalanov, T975. cher, 1617; Abra Lamarck, 1818; Cumingia Sowerby, 1863;
Mafacoiogts, vol. 19, pp. 297-329.
Theora H, & A, Adams, 1856, and others.
McLean, R. A. 19S6. TheCardiidae of (he western Atlantic. Mem. Soc. Cub.
voL 7972. The genus Semek in the western Atlantic, /ohnsonia,
Boss. K, |. vol. 5, no.
War., T3, pp. 157-173.
49, pp, 1-32. 12 pJs,

Family SoJecurtidae (False Razor clams). Genera: Soheurtus

Superfamily Trtdacnacea
(Giant Clams)
Blainville, 1824; Azonnus R^cluz, 1869; Fharus Brown, 1844;
Tagelus Cray, 1847, and others.

Family Tridacnidae, Genera: Indacna Bruguifere, 1797; Hippo-

pus Lamarck, 1799. Superfamily Gaimardiacea*
Rosewater, |. R. 1965. The family Tridacnidae Tn the lnd&-PacifiCr Indo-Padiic
Mottuscar vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 347-3%. iJIus.
Family Gaimardirdae,* Genus; Garmardia Gould, 1852.

Superfamily Mactracea Superfamily Arclicacea

Family Mactridae (Surf or Trough dams). Numerous genera: Family Arcticidae. Genus; Arctica Schumacher, 1817.
Mactra Lmne, 1767; Rangia Des Moulins, 1832; Spisula Cray„ Family Bernard in idae.* Genus; Bernardina Dali, 1910,
1837; Lulraria Lamarck, 1799; Tresus Gray, 1853; Anafma Fam i ly Trapez dae. t i Ge n e ra : Trapezi um Muh I f e d 1811; Cora!-
I
,

Schumacher, 1817; Raefa Cray, 1853, and others, liophaga Blainville, 1824,
la my, Ed. 1916. Revision des Mactridae vivanls. four, de ConchyL^ vol. 61, pp. 1 73-
Solem, C. A. 19.54, Living Species of (he Peiccypod FamiiyTrapciiadac. Proc. Atof,
291. 5oc. London, vol. 31, pp- 64-64.
Family Mesodesitialidae {Giant Wedge clams). Genera: Meso-
desma Des Hayes, 1832; Atactodea Dalf, 1898; Davifa Gray,
Superfamily Glossacea
1853; Ervifia Turton, 1822, and others,
Lamv, Ed. 1915. Revision des Mesodesmalldae vlvanls du Museum d'Hist. Nat.
Pa/is. four- de ConchyL, vot. 62, pp. 1-50. Family Glossidae (formerly Isocardiidae) (Oxheart clams). Gen-
Sakural, K., & Habe. T. 1973. FamityMcsodesmaiidaeoi Japan and Adjacent Areas era: Glossus Poli, 1795; Meiocardia H. & A. Adams, 1857.
with he Description ot a
I New Spocies. V^riu$, voL .32, pp. 4-8. Family Vesicomyidae, Genus: Ves/comya Dali, 1886.

Superfamily Solenacea
Superfamily Veneracea

Family Solenidae (Razor and Jackknife clams). Genus: Soien

Family Veneridae (Venus dams). Many genera and subgenera-
Lmne, 1758,
Genera: Venus Linne, 1758; Perigiypta Jukes- Browne, 1914;
Hafae. T, 1965, Family So km da* in Japan and its adjacent areas, t^nus, vol, 23, pp.
1BS-197, T pi.
Cafrarium Roding, 1798; Sunetta Link, 1807; Tive!a Link,
1807; P/iar Romer, 1857; Saxtdotnus Conrad, 1837; Dosinia

Family Cultellidae, Genera: Ensis Schumacher, 1817; CufleUus Scopoli, 1777; Tapes Muhifeld, 1811; Paphia Rbding, 1796;

Schumacher, 1817; Pharella Cray, 1854; Venerupis Lamarck, 1818; Chione Muhifeld, 1811; Merce-
Sitiqua Muhifeld,
1811. nana Schumacher, 1817; ProfOlhaca Dali, 1902, and others.
Clench. W\ 1. 1942. The genera Dosmta, MRcroeslitsta and Amrartfus sn the western
Van Urk, R. M. 1964. The genus Ensis in Europe. Saslerta, vol. 29, pp. 0-44.
Atlantic, fohrtsoma. vol. 1. no. 3. 9 pp.. itlus-

DalL W. H. 1902- Synopsis of the family Venerid^ and of the North American
Superfamily Teilinacea Recent species. Pmc. U. S. Nst. Mus.. vol. 26. pp. 335-412.
Fischer-Fiette. E-. 0c Delmasj . 1%7. Revision des mollusques Lame! lib ranches

du genre Dosinta Scopoli. Mem. Afus. Nat, Hrsf. Afaf. Fans (N.S.I, vol. 47A, pp.
Family Tellirtidae {Tellin clams). Numerous genera: Te///na 1-91. 16 pl5.
Lirme, 1756; StrigiUa Turton. 1822; Macoma Leach, 1819; Fischer-Piefte. E.. fit Melivter. B. 1971. Revision des Tapetinae, Memoirei de
Apolymetis Salisbury, 1929; Casfraoa Schumacher, 1817; Museum Nat. d'HistoireNawreile fN,SJr 5cr. A, ZooL. vol. 71 .
pp. 1-706. 15 pk-
FrizzelL D. L. 1936. Preliminary feciassification of veneracean pelecvpods. Mus.
Psammofre^a Dali, 1900, and others,
Royal Hist. Naf. Beigique, Bull. 5, no. 34. 84 pp.
Bos!i, K. 1966. ThesubfamilyTeJIjninae in the Western Atlantic, The genus Fef/tna
1.
Nielsen, 0. J. 7964. Studies of the genus Katetysia Romer. 1057. ATem. NMiOnai
(Part I). /ohnsoma. vol. 4. no. 45, pp. 217-272, iilus.
Mus„ Melbourne. Australia, no. 26. pp. 279-2S7,
Boss. K. L 1960. The subfamily Tetlfninae in the western AtEanlic. The genera Palmer. K. W. 1927. The Veneridae of eastern America. Cenozoic and Recent.
V.

TeUtrta (Part 111 and Tetiidors. tahnsonra, vol. 4, no. 46. pp. 273-344, ill us. fVaeOnfo/- Americana voi. 1 . pp^ TO^-STl, 45 pis.
 .

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION — BIBLIOGRAPHY 389

Family PetricoMdae, Genus: Petricola Lamarck, T801. Superfamily Poromyacea

Family Cooperellidae, Genus: Cooperefla Carpenter, 1864. (Septibraneb clams)

Order Myoida Families Poromyidae {Poromya Forbes, 1844); Cusptdariidae

Superfamily Myacea {Dipper clams, Cuspidaria Nardo, 1840); Verticordiidae (Vferf/-
cordia Sowerby, 1844).
Family Myidae (Soft-shell clams). Genera: Mya Linn^, 1758; Bernard, F. R. 1974. Septibranchs of the eastern Pacific iBivalvia; AnomaEodes-

Cryptomya Conrad, 1848; Platyodon Conrad, 1837, and matai- A//an /-/ancock Monogr Marine Bi’o/.. No. 8, pp. 1-279.
oth-
ers.
Foster^ fi. W. 194^. The genius Mya in the western AtJantic. fohnsonia, vtil. 3, no.
Superfamily Clavagellacea
20 pp.
h 4! us.
(Watering Pot dams)
Family Corbultdae (Corbula dams). Genus: Corbuia Bryguiere,
1797.
Family Clavagellidae. Genera: OavageUa Lamarck, 1818; Brechi-
Vokes, H. F. 794S. Supraspeciht groups of the pefeeypod family Corbuticfae. Bull.
fes Guettard, 1770; Penicilius Brugut^re, 1789.
St Amer. Mus. JVsf, Hist,. New >^rk, pp. 1-32, 4 pis.
Smith, Brian |. T97T. A revision of the family ClavagelUdae from Australia, with
descriptions of two new species. Jour Ma/. Soc. Austra/ia, vo1. 2. pp. 135-161.
Superfamily Gastrocbaenacea

Family Castrochaenidae (Rock-borers). Genus: Gastrochaena Class Cephalopoda

Spengler, 1783. (Squid, Octopus, Nautilus)

Superfamily hfiatellacea Donovan, 0. T. 1964. CephalopodPhylogenyand classification. Biol. Revues, vol.

39, pp. 259-287.
Lane, Frank W. T%0. Kingdom of the Octopus. Sheridan House, N.Y.
Family Hiatellidae (Saxicave dams). Genera: HiateUa Bose,
1801; Cyrtodaria Reuss, 1801; Panomya Gray, 1857; Panopea
Menard, 1807. Subclass Tetrabrancbiata
Lamy. E. 1924. Revision des Saxicavidae vivants du Museum Natiortal d'Histoire (Chambered Nautilus)
NatureRe efe Paris, /oor. de Conchy/., vol. 6H, pp, 2TB-248.

Nesis, K. N. 19&S. Ecology of Cyftodsfiasiliqus^ and history of the genus CyrTcKfarfa Family Naultlidae. Genus: Nautilus Linne, 1758.
iBivdIvia: Hiatellidaei. Ma/aco/ogfa, vol. 3, pp. 197-2 TO.
Hamada, T., et al. 1980. NauiUus rmcromphstus in captivity. 7ir>kar Onfv. Press,
Robertson. R. 1%3, Bathymefric and geographic diSlritJution ol Panopea bifrun-
japan, ao pp., color ill us.
cafa. iVauri/ujj, vol. 76, pp. 75-82.
Stengel, H. B. 1964. Living Na.uti!us. In: R. C. Moore's Treaf/se on /nvertebrafe
Pa/eonfo/c^y, Pari K, Mol lu sea 3, pp. 59^93.
Superfamily Pholadacea

Subclass Dibranchiata
Family Pholadidae (Angel Wings; Piddocks). Genera: Phoias
(Squid and Octopus)
Linne, 1758; Barnea Leach, 1826; Cyrfop/ewra Tryon, 1862;
Martesta Sowerby, 1824; Zirfaea Leach, 1842.
Vqss, G. L. 1956. A review of the cephalopods of the Gulf of Mexico. 6u//. Mar.
Turner, R, D, 1954- The family Pholadidae in ihe western Atlantic and the eastern
Sd., vol. 6, pp. 85-178.
Pacific Pan 1— Pholadinae. /ohji5onia. voL 3. no. 33. pp. 1-63. iHus. Part II. voL 3,
no, J4 (I955i.

Family Teredinidae (Shipworms). Genera: Teredo Linne, 1758; Order Teuthoidea

Bankia Gray, 1842.
Clench. W. j,, & Turner. R. D. 1946. The genus SanJt/a tn the western Atlantic. Family Loliginidae (Arrow Squids). Genera: LoUgo Schneider,
lohnsonta, vol. 2. rvo. T9, pp. 1-28, illus.
1784; Doryteufh/s Naef, 1912; ArchiteL/fh/s Steenstrup, 1857,
Turner. R. D. !%6. A survey and illustrated catalogue of the Teredinidae. Mus.
and others.
Comp. ZaaL Harvard. 265 pp., f>4 pis.

Subclass Anomalodesmata Order Sepioidea

Order Pholadomyotda
Family Spirulidae (Ram's Horn shell), Spirula Lamarck, 1601.
Family Septidae (Cuttlefish Bones). Genus: Sepia Linn^, 1758,
Family Pholadomyidae* Genus: Photadofnya Sowerby, 1823.
and other families.

Superfamily Pandoracea
Order Octopoda
Family Partdoridae (Pandora clams). Genus: Pandora Brugui^re,
1797, Superfamily Argonautoidea
Boss. K. J.. & Merrill, A, S. 1955. The family Pandoridac in the western Atlantic.
tohnsonia. vol. 4, No. 44, pp. 181-215. illus.
Family Argonautidae (Paper Nautilus), Genus: Argonauta Linn^,
Families Cleidothaeridae/ Laternulidae (£afernu/a Rdding,
1758,
1798); Lyonsiidae {Lyonsia Turton, 1822);Myochamidae iMyo-
Young, |. Z. I960. Observations on Aigonaufa and itspedally kts method of feed-
chama Stutchbury, 1830); Periplomatidae (Genus Periphma ing. PfoCr Zoo/. Soc. lontton, vol. 133, pp. 471-479, 2 figs., 2 pis.

Schumacher, 1817); Th raci idae Th rada So we rby 1 823) ( ,

Lamy, Ed- 1925. Revislcjn des Lyonsiidae vivants. Jour de Conchy/., vol. 72, pp.
237-313. Superfamtiy Octopodoidea
Lamy, Ed. 1932. Revision des Thraciidae vivanls. Jour, de Conchy/., vol. 7S,, pp. 213
and 385.
Lamy Ed. 1932. Revisions des Periplomatidae vivants . /oua de Conc/jy/„ vol. 75.
Family Octopodidae (Octopus). Genus: Octopus Lamarck,
p. 303. 1799, and other families.
 390 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Regional Books Habe, T., & I 1%5- Shetls of the Woridin Colour. Val. 1 The
to, K.
Northern Pacific. ,

9 + 176pp 56 pis., mostly in color. Holkusha. Osaka. Text

,
japanese names m
tn scientific Latin or English.
We are listing here the major semi-popular
and scientific Habe. C, & Kosuge, S. 1966. Sheds of the Worid rn Colour. Vol.
2, The Tropical
faunal works on the mollusks of various Pacific. 9 + 193 pp.* 68 color pis. Holkusha* Osaka. Text in
major regions. We Japanese names in
recommend them for your library shelf, since they usually give scienlific Latin or English.
Hmton, A. C. 1972. Sheth of New Guinea and the Ceofraf Indo-f^dfVc.
detailed descriptions, synonymies and biological Ifl + 94
information pp.. 44 color pIs- Jacaranda Press A Robert Brown &. Associates Ply Ltd., Port
about local species, particularly the smaller ones.
Many thou- Moresby, Melbourne. Particularty useful lor Papua New^ Guinea.
sands of smaller faunal papers are listed in
the Zoohgic^l Hornell, James, 1951* Indian Motfuscs.
%
pp.. text iDustraiions and a color p|
Record (London). Bombay Natural Hfslory Society. Bombay. A popular handbook.
Western Atlantic (East Canada IredaJe, T.,^ McMichael, D. F. 1%2, A Reference irsi of the Marine
to Caribbean to east South Amer* Modusca of
New South Wa/es. Memoir 11, Australian Mgs.,
ica; Bermuda). pp. 1-109.
Tfawaiian Marine Sheits. 653
pp . B. p. BUhop Museum Spociaf
Abbott R. T. 1974.
AmeocanSeasbeWs. i\lan ne Moll u&ksohh^ Atlantic and Paotic rublecation W (4)* Major Irealment.
Coasti of North America. 2nd ed. 663
pp. 6.500 species, aboyi 3,000 iirtistrared, , Kira Tclsuatti. &
Habe, Tasashige. 196J.*4. siKlk of the kVesiem
Pacific in Odor.
Abbott, T. 1953. the Mar^oe of Grand Qj^man Istsnd. Brittsh We.si ViH 1 Iby K,ra). 224 pp.. 72 color pl5„
vol 2 (by Habe), 233 pp.. bb color pb
Ind ies
Abbot
Monograp h
R. T. 1%fl,
1 1. Acad Nat Sd
.

Sea Shefh of Nofth America. 330

. , Pb fade! phia.
i m pp. Hmkusha. Osaka.
I .

pp. 350 species in color, with ,

Kuroda*T., &Habe, T. 1952 Checklist and Bibiiography of the Recent
.

biology. Golden Press. New Vork. Motiusca of

Japan, 210 pp, Tokyo.
Altena, C. O. Van R 1969-75, The Marine Moffusca of Surinam Koroda.
(Dutch Qwanai. T-. Habe. T., 4 Oyama, K. 1971. The Sea Sheik of 5a«ai™ Bay. 4a» + si
Parts T to 3, Rijksfnus. Nat. Hist. Leiden.
PP-. IIFus. Maruzen Co., Tokyo.
Andrews, lean. 1977. She//s and Sdoies of Tsms. Salvat. Bernard. 62 Rives. Claude, 1975. Coquitlages
J!,S pp. Univ. of Texas Pres., de Potynesie. 39T pp.. iHustra-
Ausim. led throughout in cotor, Les Editions du
Pacifique. Papeete.
aousefield, 19M. Canstfwn At/anlrc Sheik. 72 pp.
E. L. Spry, j. F. 1%4. The Sea Shelfs
(Maiional Museum of of Dares Salaam. Part l^Pelf?cypoda iBIvaNes).
41
Canada, Ottawa. Also a French edifion. pp.. a pis. [4 in color). Part Z-^Gastropods
11968), Tanzania Society, Oar es
Per^, Louise M A Schwengel. leanne S.
. ,
Marme Sheds olthe ^Vestem Coast T955. Salaam.
offforida. 318 pp., 55 pis. and frontispiece.
Paleontological Research Institu- South Africa.
tfon, ithaca. New York.
Rios, £. C. 1975, Bm^itian
Barnard, K. H. 19.58, 1959. 1%3. ConlributJonsio
Manns Moilusks iconography 331 pp., 9T ph. Musey the fcn(M-ledge ol South Atrican
Dceanografico do Rio Grande, Rio Grande. G^a^iL Marine MoHusca. Parts 2 and 3. Anna/s South
African Museum, voK. 44. 45 and
47. Technical coverage of prosobraneb gastropods.
Warmke, G- L., & Abbott, R. T. 1%1. Caribbean Ssashsifs.
J4S pp. Livingston
Ken nelly, D, H. 1969. Marine Sheits of Southern
Pre55.Narbertb.Pennsvlva!iEa,alsoDovcrPublFcarions. New Vor k Africa. 5 + 123 pp., 46 mono-
chrome pis. and 2 color pis. Books ol Alrica iPtyl
Eastern Atlantic (Western Europe; Mediterranean; Ltd, Cape Town. Has useful
West Africa). locality m formation.
Arreegros, 1971 Coquillages Manns. 64 pp,.
J many II fust rat ions in color. Editions Kensley* Brian. 1973. Sea-sheds of
Southern Africa. Gastropods. 236 pp. text
Payot. Lausanne. Mediterranean and N.E.
Atlantic shells. lliustrationsr some m
color. Maskew Miller* Cape Town.
A useful if rather
Souchet. Ph,.Danrjgal F., 4 Huyghens, C. 1979. Sea
SbeWi of Western Emops, 144 uncritical survey.
pp„ color illus. American Malacologisls,
lages des Coles Allan tique et de la Manchei.
Inc., Melbourne, Florida. (CoquiL Australasia (Australia, New Zealand).
Bumay.
Altin. Joyce. 1959. AmlrUan Sbeffe,
21 + 4«7 pp.. lew illustranoos and
Luis Pisani, & Monleiro, Antonfo An u ties. 44 pk
I 1977. Seasheiis from Cape some in color. Georgian House, Melbourne- Revised edition
Vsrds (stands (1). 88 pp.. monochrome of an excelteni
photos. Privately published. Lisbon. popular book.
Partial survey of gastropods of Cape
Verdes.
McMillan, Nora F. T%8. British Shetfs. 12 Coieman Neville. 1973. Whal Shell is Iba.i
+ 196pp., 80 pJs, (32 m color). Wame 308 pp., llluMrafed throughout in
London, New Vork.
color. Hamlyn. Sydney. London, etc. Bcauiifully lllusiraled
survey emphasirine
Mbller Christensen, inieresl of living mollusks in natural
J., & Dance, S. Peter. 1980. Seasheits. Bivaives of the British
habitats.
and Nodhem European Cotton, Bernard C. 1959. South Austratian
Seas. 124 pp., color Mo//usca* Archaeogastropoda. 449 pp.,
illus. Penguin Books. Har-
mondswoiih. text illustrations and color front) spiece. Handbooks of the Flora and Fauna of
Nickl^s, Maurtce. 1950. Motiusques Tcstaces South Australia. Adelaide No further volumes
Marins deia€6te Ocddentahd'Afm on the gastropods have been
que. 269 published.
pp„ (ext illustrations. Lechevalier. Paris.
Nordsieck, Cotton. Bernard C, 1%1. Soulh Ausiraiian
Fritz. I960. Die europaischen Meeres-GehauseschneckeniProsobram Motiusca. Petecypoda. 363 pp,. text
chfah 8+ 273 pp.. 35 pis. t4 in colorj, Fischer. Stuttgart. il lust rat tons.
Handbooks of ihe Flora and Fauna of South AustraJia.
First of 1 volumes on Adelaide. A
mnlluscs of European waters. revision of a work first published m 19^.
Cotton, Bernard C. 1964* 5oufh Ausfra/ian
Nordsieck. Fritz, 1%9. Dfeet/ropiuschen Meeresmuschein Modusca. Chitons, 151 pp., text illus-
iBivaivtat. 8 + 256 pp.,
trations and color fronhspiece. Handbooks
27 pis. <2 in color). Fischer. Stuttgart,
Includes species from Black Sea. of the flora and Fauna of South
Australia* Adelaide. Authodtalfve.
Nordsieck, Fntz. 1972. Die eurppa/seben Meeresscbnecke/i
(Opisthahranchia mit Maepherson* Hope, Gabriel, C.
f* S,
f. 1962. Marine Moduscs of Victoria. +
Pyiamidellidae; Sissoacea). 13 + 327 15 475
pp„ 41 pis. (4 in colon. Fischer, Siulliurt. pp , text ill Melbourne Universily Press* A welMocumented survey
ust rations.
Includes numerous new species,
for beginners and advanced students alike.
Parenzan, Pietro. 1970-76, Car/a d
vots. (VtaJ. 1 Gasleropodi, 283 pp., S3
ldentita defte Conchigtie def Mediterraneo,
3 W. U
& Mdcphcrson, |. Hope. 1!K8. An llltislreied Me, of
Tismamsn
pis., vol, 2 fin 2 parts) Bivaivi, 546 pp., 79 »effc. Tasmeniun Covernmenl. Hobart. A
plSn) Bjos Taras. Taranto. Particularly colieci Ion of reduced but adequale
good line i I lust radons. irgunes of all Tasmanian species.
Tebbfe, Norman. 1%6. Briush Btvatve Seasheth. 212 pp., text illustrations
and 12 P<^n, A. W. a.
mostly 1979. NewZea/andMoffusca. Marine, land and Freshwater Shefls
pis., in color. British Museum f Nat Ural History), London. Vfery detailed
descriptions and good figures.
500 pp., BZ pis. Wm Collins* Ltd.
Indo-Pacific {Hawaii, ^ Sheds. 16Spp,, text illustrations
South Seas, fndian Ocean, Japan).
Tuttle* Rutland & Tokyo, Eiquisile photos, marine
Brost, & gastropods
F. B., Coale. R. D. 1971, A Guide to Shed Cotfecting in the Rwa/a/ern AtoB. oX^*"™
12 + 157 pp., 28 pis. Tuttle, Rutland. Ecological
and descriptive actnunl of about Eastern Pacific*
200 species.
Cerr^ohorsty, Walter O. 1971. Abbott, R. Tucker. 1974. American Seashetls.
Manne Sheits of the Pacific. 248 pp., text Illustra- 2nd ed., 663 pp.. 6,500 soecies
tions, abou 3,000I illustrated.
60 pis. Pacific Publications Sydney, Revised edition of the first of J Keen, A. Myra* 1971. Sea Sheds of Tropical
volumes published to date. West America. T4 + |,064 pp., fully
Illustrated in monochrome and color.
Cernohorsky, WalterO, 1972. Marine SheBs of the Stanford University Press, Stanford. A
Pacific. Vdlume2. 411 pp., text rnammoth regional fauna unique In molluscan literature.
illuslralions, 63 pis. (4 in colon. Pacific
Publications. Sydney, McLean, James H. 1%9, Marine Sheds of Southern
Cernohorsky, WalterO. 1978. Tropicat Pacific Marine Caiiforma. 104 pp. , illustrated
Sheits. 152 pp., text illuslra- Los Angetes County Museum of Nat oral H is
lions. 68 pis. f4 in color). Pacific lory. Science Series24,Zoo!ojEV No
Publications. Sydney, Australia. Virtually a IT. Excellent for the sedous coFleclor.
continuation of the above title.
0!^n, Axel A. 1%l. Mo;/usks of the Tropicai Eastern
Habe. T, 1971. Shefts of lapan. 139 pp., text illustrations and colored
Pacific. Panamic-Padht
pis. ecypuda. 574 pp,* 86 pis. Paleontological i^search
Hoikusha. Osaka. Attractively Must rated pocket Inst.. Ithaca, N. Y. Well
guide. I
rilusfrated and with many new
species described.
 391

INDEX TO POPULAR NAMES

Abalones, 19
Otter, 336
Almond Arks, 294 File Clams (Lima), 318
Quahog, 368 Flamingo Tongue, 100
Amoria Volutes, 220 Razor, 338
Anapella Clam, 338 Frog Shells (Bursas), 127
Sanguin, 348
Angel Wing, 372 Semele, 349
Ancillas, 194 Gari Clams, 346
Soft-shell, 369
Arctica Clams, 351 Cazas, 40
Solecurtus, 347
Argonauts, 376 Geoduck, 371
Spoon, 373 Giant Clams, 333
Ark Clams, 291
Thracia, 374
Asian Clam (Corbicula), 352 Cibbulas, 42
Verticord, 374
Astartes, 325 Classy Nautilus, 101
Clanculus Tops, 43
Augers Glory-of-the-Seas Cone, 246
Coat-of-Mail Shells (Chitons),
Deepsea, 56 Goblets (Cantharus), 171
284
True, 273 Golden Cowrie, 96
Cockles, 326
Australian Trumpet, 176, 378 Gooeyduck (Geoduck), 371
Cock's-comb Oyster, 318 Grinning Tun, 117
Awning Clams, 289 Conchs
Busycon, 176
Babylons, 173 Hairy-shells (Trichotropids), 71
Crown, 175 Harpas, 211
Baler Shells (Volutes), 215
Fighting, 77
Batissa Clam, 352 Helmets, 110
Horse, 182
Bean Clams (Donax), 345 Hoof-shells, 71
Swamp(Melongena), 175 Horn Snails, 63
Bell Clapper (Campanile), 68
True (Strombus), 73 Horse Conchs, 182
Bittersweet Clams, 295
Cones, 244
Bivalves, 289
Coquin as, 345 Jackknife Clams (Solen), 338
Bleeding Tooth (Nerite), 52
Coral-shells, 155
Bolmas, 49 janthinas, 70
Corbula Clams, 369 Jewel Boxes (Chamas), 323
Bonnets (Phalium), 111 Cowries, 83
Brachiopods, 378 Jingle Shells (Anomia), 317
Crown Conch, 175 Junonia, 223
Brooch Clams (Neotrigonia),
Cup-and-Saucer Shells, 72
320
Cuspidarias, 374
Button Tops (Umboniums), 43 Keyhole Limpets, 24
Cuttlefish, 376
Bubble Shells, 279 Kitten Paws (Plicatulas), 315
Cyphomas, 99
Caecums, 58 Lamellarias, 83
Date Mussels, 299 Land snails (Melampus), 281
Calliostoma Tops, 34
Delphinulas, 51 Lantern Clams, 372
Calypto Clam, 351 Diplodon Clams, 322
Cameo Shells, 111
Latiaxis, 153
Distorsios, 126
Canoe-bubble, 279 Latirus, 183
Dogwinkles, 145 Lightning Whelk, 176
Cap Shells, 72 Donax Clams, 345
Carditas, 324 Limpets
Dosinias, 360
Carrier Shells, 73 False, 281
Dove Shells, 159
Fleshy, 26
Cassidulas, 281
Drills (Muricidae), 144
Cephalopods, 376 Keyhole, 24
Drupes Slot, 27
Ceriths, 61
Thorn, 149 True (Patella), 29
Chambered Nautilus, 377 True, 150
Chanks, 210 Lion's Paw, 309
Dwarf Tritons, 173 Lucina Clams, 320
Chitons, 284
Clams Lyonsia Clams, 373
Ear Moons (Sinum), 103
Anapella, 338 Egg Shells (Ovulas), 99
Awning, 289 Macoma, 344
Elephant Tusk, 282 Mactra Clams, 333
Bean (Donax), 345 Emarginulas, 24
Diplodon, 322 Mahogany Clam, 347
Enginas, 169
Gari, 346 Margarite Tops, 32, 35
Giant (Tridacna), 333 Marginellas, 231
False Oyster (Cleidothaerus),
Hard-shell, 368 Marlinspike, 273
373 Marsh Clam (Polymesoda), 352
Lantern, 372
False Tuns, 116
Mactra, 333 Maureas, 40
Fig Shells, 116
Myadora, 373 Melongenas, 175
Fighting Conchs, 77 Melon Volutes, 216, 378
 392 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Miniature Melo, 279 Peristernias, 186 Sunrise Tellin, 340

Miters (Mitres), 195 Periwinkles, 56 Sunset Clam, 348
Modulus Snails, 62 Pheasant Shells, 52
Money Cowrie, 87 Pholads, 371 Tegulas, 42
Monodonts, 41 Phos Shells, 168 Tellins, 340
Moon Snails, 101 Piddocks, 371 Tibias, 82
Morums, 115 Pipi Clam (New Zealand), 337 Thorn Drupes, 149
Murex Shells, 129 Pisanias, 170 Thracia Clams, 374
Mussels Planaxis Snails, 62 Titiko (Amphibola), 281
Date, 299 Pleurotomarias, 18 Toheroa Clam (New Zealand),
Edible, 297 Pteropods, 280 338
Zebra, 351 Pulmonates, 281 Top Shells, 32, 45
Myadora Clam, 373 Puncturellas, 25 Trapezium Clams, 351
Purple Sea Snails, 70 Tridacnas, 333
Nassa Mud Snails, 177 Purpuras, 142, 146 Tritons, 119
Nautilus Pyrams, 277 Trivias, 83
Chambered, 377 Pythia Snails, 282 Trochita Shell, 73
Glassy (Carinaria), 101
Trophons, 151
Paper, 376
Quahogs, 368 Trumpet
Neptunes, 162
Australian, 176
Nerites, 52
Triton's, 119
Norris Shell, 43 Rangias, 336
Tudiculas, 210
Nut Clams, 289 Rapa Snails, 157
Tugalias, 24
Nutmegs, 225 Razor Clams, 338
Tulips, 183
Risso Snails, 58
Rock-borer Clams, 370
Tuns
Ocean Quahog, 351 False, 116
Octopus, 377 Rock-shells (Thais), 145
True, 118
Olives
Turbans, 45
Dwarf, 193 Saddle Oyster, 317 Turrids, 237
True, 189 Sanguin Clams, 346, 348 Turritellas, 58
Ormers, 19 Scallops, 303 Tusk Shells, 282
Ostrich-foot, 75 Sea Ears (Haliotis), 19 Typhis, 157
Otter Clams (Lutraria), 336 Semele Clams, 349
Ovulas, 99 Separatistas, 71 Umbrella Shell, 280
Oxheart Clam, 351 Shield Limpets, 24
Oysters Siliqua Clams, 339 Vase Shells, 208
Edible, 318 Simnias, 100 Venus Clams, 352
False, 373 Slipper Shells, 72 Venus Comb Murex, 129
Hammer, 302 Slit Shells, 18
Vertagus, 66
Pearl, 301 Slot Limpets, 27 Verticord Clams, 374
Thorny, 316 Snipe's Bill Murex, 129 Vi trine las, 58
I

Tree, 302 Soft-shell Clams, 369 Volutes, 212

Winged, 301 Solecurtus Clams, 347 Volvas, 100
Spider Conchs, 81
Pagoda Shells, 158 Spindles, 187 Watering Pots, 375
Pandoras, 372 Spirula, 377 Wentletraps, 68
Panopeas, 371 Spoon Clams, 373 Whelks (Buccinids), 162, 174
Paper Nautilus, 376 Squids, 376 Whelks (Busycons), 176
Pearl Oysters, 301 Star-shells, 50 Windowpane Oyster, 317
Pelecypods, 289 Stomatellas, 44 Worm-shells, 61
Pelican's-foot, 75 Strombinas, 159
Pen Shells, 299 Sundials, 61 Yoldias, 290
 393

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES

dbacophora, 197 ad uncos pi nos us. Mutex, 130 alfredensis, Colubraria, 173 AndstroEepEs, 164
abba&. Conui, 245 ad uncus. Clypeomorus. 68 alfredensis, Pfeuroploca, 183 anemone. Conus. 258
abbolti, C<inu$, 268 adusia. Cypraea onyx, 68 alga. Cypraea mappa, 96 Angaria, 51
abhr^vtala, CorallEDphila. 156 adusta, Mitra. 198 algicola, Cerithium, 65 angasi. Amoria, 222
abbrevlata, PanopE^a, 37t adustum, Certthium, 67 aigoensk. Conus, 266 angasi. Conus, 257
abbri^viatum. Cirsolrcma. 69 adustus, Chfcoreus, 137 alii. Cryptopecten. 308 angasi, Lorkella, 287
abbreti'iatus. Conus 260
r adustus, Gong 5 258 allium, Tonna. 1TB
,
angasi, Periploma, 374
abbreviarus. Planaxis. 62 adverlex, Conu5„ 250 altyni, Fusinus, 188 artgasi, Phenacovolva, 101
aberrans, Corailjophtla. ISt aegypUaca, Gibbula,42 Alora, 70 angasi, Pfototyphis, 157
abifdgaardfana, Ga^rrana, 343 aemulus. Conus, 265, 267 altemata, Diodqra, 25 angioyna, Cypraea, 95
abnomiis, Latirns. 1B5 aenea, Nacella, 31 altemata. Siphonaria. 281 Anguipecten, 3T2
abrolhosensES. CQll»»lla. 32 Aeneator, 168 altemata, Teirina. 341 angulark, Hexaplex, 135
abyssicc^la. Nassanus, ISI aenjgmatka, Enigmpnla, 317 aEtematus, Pitar circinatus, 357 angular! s, Strom bint, 159
abyssicola,^ Volutocorbts, 212 aeola, Bathybembix, 35 alternidentaia, TelHna, 342 angulata, Minolia, 34
ABVSSOCHRYSIDAE, Sb aeoficuirn, Lyrocardiurn, 331 alticosiata, Patelloida, 33 angulata. Modulus, 63
Abyssochrysos, 56 aequilatera, Gomphina, 364 Cymbiola, 217
altispira. angulata. Stomatolina, 44
abyssonjm. Ps«L>daslraliuin. 49 aequi lateral is. Spisula, 336 alMspiratus.Conus, 266 angulata, Turbinella. 210
Acanthina. 14B aequinoctialis, Cypraea, 87 Alrivasum, 210 angulala, Zrdooa. 210
Acamhocardra. 326-327 Aequipecten 306-310. 312 aluco, Pseudovertagus, 67
,

an gu latum, Trachycardium, 328

Acanthochi ona, 287
I aequivoca, Gafrarium. 354 alveofata. Englna, 169 angulatum. Trapezium, 351
acanrbodes, Aequipecien. 309 aerumnosa, Miira. 198 alveolata, Teiebra, 276 angulatus. Tagelus. 349
canihodes^ Trophonopsts, 151 aethiopica. Mdo, 215 alveolus, CeritNum, 65 angulifcra, Uttorina scabra, 57
Acanthapleura. 287 aethiops. Macron. T72 alveolus, Conus. 262 anguliferus. Chico reus, US
acanihopterus, P^erynotus, 140 aethiops, MelagrapKIa, 42 amabilLs, Cypraea, 89 anguliferus, Umbonium, 43
atanthoslcphes, Mu rex. 129 Akr. 210 amabilis, Paphia. 364 angulosa, Ovula, 99
Acantholfophon, 1S3 afer, Afer. 210 amabills, Pteurotomaria, IS angulosa, TelEina, 341
acapukana, Trajana. 167 a#hni$, Callbstoma unkum. 39 amadis. Conus, 247 angulosa, Vexillum, 207
accola. Margin ella. 235 affinis,Carditamera, 324 Amaea, 68-69 angulosum, Bucdnum, 174
Acesta, 319-320 Chlcoreus. 136
a f finis,
amakusana, Scalptia, 230 angusta, Fissurella, 27
achates, Terebra. 273 affinis, Cypraea, 84
Amalda. 194-196 arFgustata, Cypraea, 90
achat idea, Cypraea, 67 afTinis, Tagelus, 349
amanda, VexSNum. 208 anguslata, Marginella, 236
achatfna, Maara, 334 affinis, Terebra, 275
amandi, Chlamys. 313 anna, Lyria, 214
achabnus. CallDChitort, 286 Aforia, 240 amasia, Scalplia. 226 Annachlamys, 306
achatinus. Conus, 256 africana, Cabeslana, TZ5 amalhea, Pilsbrysplra. 243 annae, Dosinia, 361
acicularia, Simnia, TOO afncana. Phalium, 113 Amauropsis. T05 annae, Fulvia, 331
Cypraea spurca, 65
acicularis,. africana. Pleurotomaria, 18 amazonka. Calllosioma, ift annandalei, Naqueria. 133
Acib. 289-290 africanus, Megatebennus, 27 ambigua, Mitra, 197 anneltae. Cypraea, 87
adnaces, Zenatta, 337 Afrivofula. 231 ambiguus. Conus. 266 annettae, Lophoeardium, 330
acinarryx:, Natica,^ T06 afrobellatus, Strombus lerebellatus, 78 ambiguus, Sculus, 24 annotata, Agaronia, 1%
Acmaea, 33 Agaror^ia, t% ambiguus, Zeatrophon. 1SJ annuEala. Bullia. 177
ACMAEIDAE, 32-33 Agatrix, 229
Amblychilepas. 27 annulata. Cypraea, 83
Acreuciroa, 375 agrcstrs. Conus, 250 ambustus, Fusinus, 188 annul ala, Oliva, 191
Acteon, 278 Agriopoma, 359 americana, Astraea tecta. SO annulattim, CalEiostoma, 36
acufeata, Acanthocardia, 326 aguayoi, Skalus. 132 ameritana, Clycymeris, 297 annu latum, Epitontum, 69
aculeata, Gulldfordia. 49 aguayoi, Volutifusus, 223 americana, Odontocymbiola. 219 annulosus, Brec bites, 375
aeuleata. Thais, 147 ajar, Cardlta, 325
americanus, Aulacomya, 297 annulus, Cypraea, 87
aculeatum, Sipkx, 124 Akera, 280 amerrcanus. Modiolus, 299 Anodontfa, 321
aculeatum, Cajliostoma, 40 alabaster. Conus. 263 amerkanus, 5pondylus, 316 anomaJiae, Homalocantha, 139
aculeatus. Chicoreus, 137 alabaster. Si rat us, 134 America rdia, 329 Anomalocardla. 366-367
acuteifomiis. Conus, 252 aJabasteroides, Contis. 252 ametbystina, Oliva an nu lata. 191 Anomia, 317
acuminata, Agaronia. 1% ajapapiHonis, Natica, 109 Amianlis, 3S7 ANOMIIDAE, 317
acuminata, Anctlla, 195 alapapilionis, Paphia, 164 arnictoideum, Cymatium amktum, 121 ansonae. Marginella, 235
acuminala, Cancelbria, 227 alarconi, Miomelon, 219 amictum, Cymatium, 12t antarctica, Neotrigorria, 320
acuminata, Mitra, 201 alaskana. Cyclocard fa. 325 amiculum, Decalopecten, 307 anlarclica, Pa nopea, 371
acuminata, Nsssana. 167 alaskana, Vdutom it ra, 225
acumir^atum, Epilonium. 69 alaskanus, Boreofrophon, 152
ammiralis. Conus, 246 antelia, Cypraea. %
amoeba. Cypraea. 92 Antigona. 353
acuminatus. Conus, 246 alala. Mactrellona, 335
Amoria, 222 anttllarum, ColHsella, 32, 33
acumfnatus, Lafirus. T84 aTata.. Slenoplax, 285
amosL MeluEa, 171 arttillarum, Eucrassatella, 326
acupiclum. Vex 111 um, 206 aJatus, Isognomon, 302 amourelta, Harpa, 211 anti lit rum, Lilhophaga, 299
acus, Pyramidella. 277 alatus, Pterynoius. 140 AmphiboTa, 281 anlillarum, Lyropecten, 315
acuta, Lophiotoma, 238 alatus, Stmmbus, 77 amphaurgus. Conus, 268 antillarum. Mu rex, 132
acuta, Mopaliia, 286 alba, Anodontfa, 321 ampla, Amalda. 195 antillensis. Mitra swain son i, 199
acuia. Nuculana, 291 alba. Patella. 29
amplicoslatus, Argopecten IrradFans, 310 Antlllophos. 167
acutangula, Turniella. 60 albescens, Nassahus, 181 amplustre, Aplustrum, 279 Anti planes, 239
acutECPStata, Verticordia. 375 albicans. Hall oils, 22 amplustris. Latirus, 104 antipodes. Scut us, 24
acutidens, A^urinus, 349 albicans, Pecten, 305 Ampulla. 224 antiqua, Neptunea, 164
aciitissima, AculFtedonica. 62 albicflEa, Nerita, 54 ampulla. Bulla. 279 antiquata, Anadara. 292
acutus, Tedus, 45 alb Ida, Cancellaria, 22? ampullacea. Volulharpa, 175 ontiquala, Macira. 334
adairense, CymatEurn gibbosum. 121 albida, Chlamys hastata. 314 ampullifera, PoNnices, 105 antiquala, Nerita polila, 53
adamsL Htatula, 347 albida, Gibbu la, 41 Arnusium. 303-304 antiquata, Trigonostoma, 229
adamsonii. Conus, 247 albida. Plaxiphora, 286 amygdala, Cronia, T46 antiquatus, Magilus. 156
Adamussium, 303 albida, Polystira. 239 amygdala, Marginella, 212 antonii, Nalka, T07
adansoni, Marginella, 231 aCbidus, Cleldothaerus, 373 arnygdalumtostum, Barbatia, 293 anus. Distofsio. 126
adansoni, NaMca, 106 albidus. Phaxas, 339 anacanrhus, Spondytus, 316 anus, Dosinia. 361
adanisoniana, Pkurotomaria, 19 aJbidus, Pttar, 356 Anachis, 160-161 anxifer, Cancellaria. 226
adansonii. Cypraea, 97 albinella, Tcllina. 341 anactor, Turritella, 60 aoteanus, Nassarius, ITS
adansonii. Tagelus, 349 albinus. E usings. 188 Anadara, 292-293 Aperlovula, 99
adcocki, Paramoria, 221 albolineata. Chlamys- 314 anadema, Conus, 251 aperta. Fissurellidea, 27
adcockr. Phafium, 113 albolineala, Gfycymeris, 296 Anapella,338 aperta, Fulvia. 331
adelae, Calfiostoma, 37 alboEineatus, Chiton, 280 anatellus, Strombus, 77 aperia. Trivia, 83
adelae, Cancellaria reticulata, 225 albuginosa, Cypraea, 85 Analina. 337 aperlura, Diodora, 25
Adelomefon, 216 albumen, Neverfla, 102 anatina. Anatina, 337 Aphera, 230
adelphicus, lapel ion. 164 alb us. Malleus. 302 anatina. Late mu la. 372 aphrodina, Kalelysia scalarirta, 363
Adrnetula, 228 albus. Solecurtus, 340 anatina. Tugonia, 369 aphrodite, Conus, 251
adonis,^ Conus, 262 albus, Strombus glbberulus, 81 anatinus, Scutus, 24 apicina, Marginella, 234
addatica, Aperiovuta, 99 Alcithoc. 220 analomica. Homalocanths. 139 apiculata, Chaetopleura. 286
adspersa, ComEnefla. 169 akocki, Oocorys. 115 anceps. Conus, 254 apEustre, Conus. 25?
adspersa. Natica, 107 aicDCki Propeamussium, 303
,
anceyi. Cypraea. 88 aplustre, Utirus, 184
adspersa. Tapes, 362 aided, Euspira, 103 andle, Haliotis, 23 Apiuslrum, 279
ads per sum, Catliostoma. 38 aldrovandi, Partopea, 371 Ancilla, 195-1% apograrnmatus. Conus princeps, 271
AduEa, 298 alesidota. Hindsidava, 241 ancilla, Adelpmelon, 218 APORRHAIDAE, 75
adunca, Pleropurpura. 142 aleutica. Natica. 100 Andlllsta. 194 Aporrbais, 73
 394 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

append icuiata, Lirhopha^a. 299 assimllls, Clycymcrls, 295

Appisania, 171 australis. Conus. 252 Barilla ria, 63
asstmilk, HaJiotis, 19
approKimata, Terebra, 27S australis, Diodora, 26 Batissa. 352
Astarte, 325-326
aprinum. Dental ttrm, 2B australis, fulvia, 331
bayeri, Admetula, 228
ASTARTIOAE 325-326
,
australis. Fusinus. 188
aquaria, Srechifes, 175 bayeri, Glyphosloma, 242
aslerioJa, BoJma, 50 australis,
aquatlEe. Cyrnatitim pfieare. 120 GlycymerEs, 296 beana. Entodesma, 373
Asfraea, 49-51
aquatifis, HaHotis* 21 australis, Haliolis. 20 beaut, Antillophas, 167
aslrtcla,Mltfa pellisserpenlis, 201 australis,
arabita, Alcrthoe, 22D Isthnochiton. 284 beau I, Cydostremiscus, 58
asluriana, Punclurella, 25
arabica, Cypraea. 97 australis. Latiaxrs. 154
astyagis. Cancilla, 202 beauii, lyria, 213
arable ula, Cypraea, australis, Nerita, 53
Atactodea. J30 beauii, Siratus, 133
arachnoidea. ^Sat^ea, 109 australis, Paphies, 337
Atalacmea, 33 bechd. Hemocardiurn, 330
arakana, Tfmoclea. 362 ausiralis, Phasianelfa. 52
atava, Cypraea, 67 beckii, Adelomelon, 21
arakentis, australis. Sculus, 24
Timodea, 362 ater, Aulacomya, 297 beckii, Cypraea. 64
araneosus. Conus, 244 australis, Solemya, 269
ater. Faunus, 64 beddomei. Conus, 269
arausiaca, Harpullna, 220 ausiralis,Stomalia.44 Bedeva, 145
atenima. Nerita, S3 australis, Strombus, 00
Area, 291-292 bednadi. Pierynotus. 140
Atlania, 101
arcana, Chama, 323 Austrodavus, 242 bednaill, Volutoconus, 219
allamka. Casmana pondcrosa, 114
arched, Lyria, 213 Aust rocochlea, 41
alEantica. Pleurolomaria, 10 beebei, Trophon. 153
Archimedielfa, 59 Austrofusus, 166
arlanltca, Bheria. 301 Beguina. 324
Archiiectonica, 61-62 Ausiroharpa, 212
allanhcus, Aequipecten, 310 behringiana, Neptunea ventrreosa. 164
ARCHinCTONrC#OA£. 61^2 Austrotrophon, 151. 153 behringii, Beringion. 1(S
aifanlicus. Ficus, 117
archil hatass us. Conus ammiralis^ avellana, Amphlbola, 261
246 ATUNTIDAB. 101
beferi, Cypraea* 07
archon, Conus, 271 avellarta.Area, 292 belcheri, Forreria, 151
allantk. Calltostoma, 30
ARCI DAB, 291^94 avena. Marginelia, 235
belcheri, Lalirus. 104
allantiF, Columbarium, 150 avicula. Pteria. 301
Afdnella, 324 befeherf, Marginelia. 231
adanlis, Scaphella gouldiana, 224
arcinella, AnrEnelta, 324 awajiensis, Argopecten. 310
atra. Nerfta, S3 belcheri. Miira. 200
arctatum. awatii. Bursa, 127
Mesodesma, 337 airamenlosa. Merila, S3 belfa, Cler^a. 321
Arclica. 351 axel rod i. Conus, 263
alratum, Cerlthium, 66 bella, Pollia, 172
axicornis, Chicoreus, 130
arctica, Hiaiefla, 370 atratus, Euchelus, 34 be I la St ria I a, Semele 350
,

ARCTICIOAE, J51 Azorinus, 349

Atrina, 300 bellegladensis, Mu rex, 131
Anrtomefon, 221 azumai. Cypraea. 87
atropurpurea. Pinna, JOO Mutex chryscjstoma, I3l
bell US,
arcuatus. Conus, 272 bengalensis. Conus* 246
atienuatum, Laevicardium, 332 babelica. Basilissa, 34
arcufarius, Nassarius. 17a Benthovoluta, 225
aitenuatum, Rhirtodavis, 67 Babylonia, 173-174
arerxacea, Neocandira. 201 bequae rfj. Pteropurpura. 141
airenuatus. Conus, 260
arena rid, Mya, 369 babylonia, Terebra, 275
altenualus, Pbaxas,339 berdullnus. Conus, 253
arenarius, Chicoreus. 137 babylonia, Turris, 239
atirahens. Brechites, 375 be ring rang, Panpfnya, 371
arenatus. Conus. 260 baccatus. Euchelus, 34
Atys, 279 beringii, Pyrolo#usus, 162
arenosa, Cypraea, % auaua, Limaria, 319
bacillum. Cancilla, 202
bacon i. Neverita, 102
Beringion, 102
areola, Phalium, ill bermyderisis. Conus, 269
augur, Conus, 253
areoJala. Babylonia, 173 badia, Milra, 190
Aulacomya, 297 bermudezl. Columbarium, 150
areofata, Terebra, 273 badia. Pleuroploca, 183
aulaea. Halioiis, 19 bemhardl, Nerita, $4
ar^enteonilens, Bathybembfx. 3S badius. Conus. 250
Aulka, 2?6 bernhardiana* Vexillum, 207
argillaceus. Conus. 262
badius, Massarius, 180
bertlni, Sanguinolaria, 347
autica,Cymbiola, 216 bairdii* Bathybembix, 35
argo, Argonaula, 376 Beryl sma, 168
auliois, Conus. 245 bairdji,Calliostoma. 37, 38
AfgobucdnurTT, 125 auraniia, Fulgoraria, 221 beUyac. HasluU, 274
Afgonauta. 376 bairdii,Pleurotomella, 241 bclultnus. Conus, 250
aurantia, kedalma,220
ARGONAUT bairstowl Conus, 266 bey rich
DAE, 376 I
auramia, iambi s. 61
,

Pleurotomaria, 16
it .

Argopecten, 307. 310 bairstowi. Marginelia, 236

ayraniia, Marginelia, Z32 bezoar, Rapana. 149
argosysia, Terebra, 277 bajanensis. Conus, 270
aurantia, Megapilaria, 359 bianguJata, Americardta, 329
argus, Argabuednum, T25 balboae, CancelJaria. 227 bihbeyi, March ra, 139
aurantia, Mitra, 199
argus, Cypraea, % auraniia, Vexilbm, 207
baldwlnii, Vexillum, 206
bicallosa, Cypraea, 84
argus. Terebra, 273 ballot], Arnusium japonicum. 303 blcarinala, Tnchotropis, 7l
auranllaca, Donax, 346
argyrostoma, Turbo, 46 balieata, Nisn, 278
auramiaca, Megapiraria. 359 bicarinatum. Trapezium, 351
argyrostomum, Chlorosfoma, 42 baltealus, flullia, 177
auraniiaca, Mitra, 199 bicoior. Anachis, 160
arjeJ, Celia na. 31 balteatus. Conus, 259
aurantlca, Braciechlamys. 313 bkolor, Cypraea. 90
ariomus, Pterochelus, 141 baltealus. Murexiella. 143
auramicus, AJiivasum. 210 bicolor. Isognomon, 302
artslala, Llrhophaga, 299 baltealus, Nassarius. 181
aurantium, Cvpraea, 96 bicolor, Nassarius, 181
arniadjlfo. Conus, 252 balteus. Conus, 266 bicolor, PhyMonotus, 135
a u rami us. Conus, 270
armata. Bull la. 177 balthka, Macoma, 344
atiranlius, Pollnices, iU5 bicolor. Pinna, JOO
armatum, Vasum, 20» bandanus. Conus. 244
auraniius, Spondylus, 316 bicolor. Potiniecs, 102
armalus. Lallaxis. 154 bandatum. Phaiium bandatum, 111
aural us. Conus. 245 btcolor. Scalptia, 229
armatus, Utirus, IBS Bankivia, 41
aurea. Venerupis. 363 bfconica, Cronia, T4S
armenlaca, Cypraea, 06 banksii, Chkoreus. 136 bicosta lis, Thais. 146
aureodneta, Latirus, T05
armtger, Cortus, 270 barattinli, Adelomelon 216
aureodntlum, Pseudocyphoma, 99
.
bidentalus, Melampus, 281
armlgera. Thais, 140 barbadensis, Cemus, 260
aureofasdalus, bifasciata, Cancell aria, 225
armigera, Tuditula, 210
Conus spurius, 267 barfaadensis, Fissurella, 27
aureola, Bolma, 49 bifasetata, Marginelia* 231, 233
arm II la I us. Conus, 269 barbadensEs, Mitra, 200
aureola turn. Vex ilium, 200 bifasciatus, Polinices, TflJ
artemis, Chicoreus, 137 Barbara, Patella, 30
aureoiincta. Teguia, 42 bifrons. Equlchlamys, 313
arthriTica. Lam bis barbata, Barbatia, 293
chiragra, 62 aureus. Conus, 245 biBurcatus. Sepiifer, 298
Bafhatia, 293
arihrjrica , Neptunea, 165 auricoma, Cerithfum, 66 biplowi. Calliostoma, 38
artfeularis, barbatus, Pilosabia, 72
Harpa. 3ll auricomus. Conus, 246 bijubara. Turridrupa* 239
arMculala, Conus barbouri, Oocorys, 1f6
bull ai us, 255 biliosus, Corius. 259
auricula,Crudbulum, 73 barbudensis, Sconsia, 114
arrituiala,Rhinodavis, 66 bllocularis, Septifer,
auncularra. Dolabella, 280 298
barclayi, Cypraea, 09
artfculatus,ChRon. 260 auriculan'a, OlivandOaria vesita. 194 bilunulata. Dosinia, 36G
artitulalus, Phos, 167 barclayi, Laikus polygonus, 104
aurleu latum, Ciypeolum, 56 bimaculaia, Cypraea, 89
articulatus, Siratus, 132 bardayl, Naquetia, 133
auriculifera, Cavus. 242 bimaculatus. Helerodonax, 347
artoptus. Conus, 240 ba'dwein, CallJsta. 357
aurfcullfera, Cucullaea, 294 blmaculatus, Megalebenr^us, 27
aruanus. Syrinx, 176, 378 barnardi, Fusivoluta. 223
auriflua, Clycymeris, 295 bimaculosa, Nassarius, 181
Asaphis, 347 Barnea, 37l
auriscaii, Otopfeura, 278 bimarginata, Clavatula, 241
ascensFOnis, Merita. S3 bamesii iyria, 214
bipartlta, Andlla, 1%
.

aurisdianae. Strembus, 00
asellus. Cypraea, 90 haiihelemyi. Conus, 255
aurisfelis, CasslduJa, 262 bipinnarus, Marchia, 141
asianus, Chicoreus. 136 barthelemyi. Cypraea, 07
aurislaca, Marda, J63 Biplex. 124
asiaricum, Trachycardium, 330 bartleiti. Columbarium, 158 bipircaia, Olivella, 193
aurisiacus. Conus, 240
afiinina. Hallolis, 21 bartschi, Bqlma, 49
aurJsjudae, Bllobium, 202 biradiala. Hiatula. 346
aspera, Diodora, 25 bartschi. Conus. 272
aurismldae, Ellobium, 282 hi radial urn, Uei/icardium, 332
aspera. Patella, 29 bartschi, Oocorys, 116 birostris.
aurora, CaIJiostoma. 30 Phenacovolva, 100
aspera, Pecten, 304 Baiischia. 172
aurora, Milra, 200 biserialis, Thais haemasioma, 147
aspera, Rhinoclavls, 66 iaryspira, 195
ausHnj, Conus. 270 bisulcata, Uthophaga, 299
asperrima, Chlarnys, 309 basilanica, Limaria. 319
australasia. Mayerta, 124 bi sulcatum, Phaiium, 112
aspersa, Papyridea, 329 Basilissa,34
ausiraliae, Arnusfum pkuronectes, 303 bitruncata* Panopea, 371
aspersus. Euchefus. 34 Bassina, 367
ausiraliensis, Peristernia, 186 bitubercuJare, Gyrineum, 125
Bathyarca, 294
asperutalfl, Chlamys. 313 australis. Bulla, 279 bitubercularis, Massaria. 167
assimilis, Cantharus, 17T Bathybembix, 35
australis, Chlamys, 309, 313 bilubercularis. Thais, 147
assimilis, DQnax,345 Bathymophila, 34
australis, Clavagella, 375 bit ubertu lata, Rhmodavis. 66
flat hyioma, 241
bituberculalus. Slromhus, 76
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 395

biiuberi:ufDsurn, f^halEum, 113 bulbus. Conus. 265 callosus, Monllea.43 CARD! DAI. 326-333
1
bizonal Vexlllum, 20B Bulla. 279 calodinota, SubcancHla. 203 cardinalis, Conus, 268, 269
black!, Maurea. 40 bulla, Phalium glabraium, 113 calophylla, Bassina, 367 cardinalis. Miira, 197
blainol EpiloniLrm, 69 bulla, Strom bus. 80 Calpumus. 99 cardissa, Corculum, 330
blainvillei, Muricopsis, 144 bullata, Callipara. 216 catva. Alcithoe swain son 1, 220 Cardita, 324-325
blainvil liana, SoparalE^ta, 7T bullaliana, Callipara. 216 calycufata, Diodora, 26 Cardiramera, 324-325
bfanda. Marinin (*l la, 232 bullalum, Cardium. 331 calyculata, Smaragdinella, 28(1 CARDITIDAE. 324-325
blanfprdi. Thais, 146 bullaium. Trigonosloma. 230 Calyprogena, 351 ca rdiroides, Rupel Faria. 368
bocki. Conus. 263 bullalus. Conus, 255 Calyptraea. 72-73 Cardium. 326
bodalla. Zermifa, 174 bullatus, Tedarius, 58 Camelopardalis, Cypraea. 97 carduells, Enixotrophon, 1ST
bodegcnsis,, Tellina, M2 Bullia, 177-178 cameTorum. Cypraea. 87 carduus. Acantholrophon, 153
boeddinghausl. Hiatula, 348 Bdlina. 279 Campanile, 60 carduus. Turbo, 46
boettcus. Conus. 263 bullioides, Amalda, 195 Campbell i, Olssonella, 228 caribaea. Coralliophifa. 156
boeltgefi, Fusinus, 168 hultisi, CalHosloma, 38 Campbell!, Srrombus villatus. 79 caribaea. Lima lima. 319
boivioii, Cypraea, flS bultisi. Fasciola ria ilium, 183
1
campeachlensis, Neverha. 102 caribaea. Uthophaga, 299
bojadorensis. Murexiella, 07 buHisi, Siphonochelus. 157 campechiensts. Anadara, 292 caribaeum, Tugurium, 73
Bolin us. T38 buloui, Oliva. 192 campechtensis. Mercenaria. 368 carihbaea, Oocorys, 116
Bolma 49-SD
,
bulowt, Oliva, 192 campechlensis. Pholas, 371 darlbbaeum. Cymatiurn morilinctum, 123
bdnasia, Engina, 169 burchardi. Marginella, 235 Omptonectes, 311 carica. Busycon. 176
boninenslii. Celia na. 31 burchardi, Trachycardium, 329 canaJiculala, Amoria, 222 Carinarla, 101
bofbonica, Soplaria^ 56 burgessi. Distorslo, 126 canaliculata. Calliostoma, 36 CARfNARlIDAI, 101
borealis, Cydocardia, 325 buriasensis, Natlca, 106 canal EC ulala, Haliotis. 21 carinara, Cancilla, 203
Boreolrophon, 1 ST-152 burnelii, Ceratostoma. 142 canaliculata, Raela, 337 carinata, Fastiglella, 68
bomeensis. Babylonia, T74 Burnupena. T7Q canalfculata, Thais haemastoma, 147 Carinala. Haliotis. 21
bomeensis, Collisella, 33 burryac. Conus Moddana, 260 canal! culata, Tonrra. 118
borniC, Can. 346
carinatus. Conus, 254
Bursa. 127-129 canal! culatum, Busycon, 177 carrnatus. Oonax. 345
bojrnli, Qbbula, 4i eURSiDAE, 127-129 canaliculaiurn, Phallum. 112 carinatus, Trophonopsls. 151
boschi. Conus, 271 buryi. Mirra, 199 canaliculatuSp Euchelus. 34 carinifera. Cuma, 145
boswellae, Mirra, 196 buschii. Astrava, 30 tanaliculalus. Nassartus, 180 cadnlfera, Turrltella, 60
boswelFae, Volutocorbis. 212 Busy con, 176-T77 canalkulatus, Turbo. 47 carinlferoEdes, Latiaxis purpuratus. 154
botanica, Bulla. 279 butlerl. Scaphella iunonia, 223 canaliculus, Perna, 297 cannlferus, Latirus. 185
boucardi. Area. 292 buxea. Pleuroplocfl, 163 canariutn. Sirombus, 77 Carlnf^dHIlia, 243
boumyi, Tusinus gafatheae, 1B6 byronensis. TIvela, 355 canaryensis. Marginella, 233 carioca. SIratus, 134
bovei Mirra, 197 byssinus. Conus, 265 Cancel aria. 225-228, 231
I
camaria, StMgilla, 343
Brachidontes. 296
cancel la ria, Barbatra. 293 camea, Marginella, 234. 235
brachygyra, Terebra, 273 Cabestana. 125 CANCEL LARI ID AE. 225-231 camea. Pinna, 300
Braclechlamys. 313 cabrdil. Conus. 258 cancellariodes. Vexillum. 207 carnea, Pseudosimnra, 99
branchi. Siratus, 03 Mu rex 131
cabrilii. ,
cantellata, Cancellaria. 226 camea. Terebra. 273
brandaris. Bo] In us, 13B cadenasi, Clavus, 240 cancellara. Chione. 365 cameola. Cypraea, 98
branhamae, Fasdoiaria Tilit/m, 1B3 Cadulus, 283 cancellaia, Eulgoraria, 221 carneola, Oliva. 192
brasfllana, Adelomelon, 216 Caecella, 338 cancellara. Luca pi na, 26 camlcolor, Cancilla. 202
brasi liana, Anadara. 293 CAECIDAE, 58 cancellaia, Terelsra. 274 ca rnosum. Phalium 112
brasi liana, Anomalocardla, 367 Caecum, 58
,

cancel lata, Trichpiropis, 71 carolae. Ficus. 117

brasi liana, Hinea, 62 caelala, Aslraea, SO cancellaia. Vanikoro, 71 carol l, Amoria, 222
brasiliana, Iphigenia, 346 caelata, Bursa, 128 cancellaia. Varicospira, 82 caroll. Mesopeplum, 306
brasiliana, Tellma, 341 caerulea, Dosinla, 361 cancellaia. Vex! I! urn. 206 carolinae. Polfia. 172
brasiliensis. Conus. 269 caerulea. Oliva, 191 cancell atum. Mo rum,116 caroll nensis, Sigalica. 105
brastbensis, Mirra, 200 caerulea. Patella, 29 cancellatus, Conus, 252, 270 carotiniana, Polymesoda, 352
brassica, Phyllonolus, 05 caerulescens, Marginella, 235 cancellatus, fusitrilon, 126 carpenteriana. Megasurcula, 241
brayi. Columbarium, ISA caffrum, Vexillum, 205 cancell atus, Piatyodon, 369 casinus. Circomphalus. 352
farazieri. Conus, 248 cailletK Siratus. 132 cancellatus, Sdgmaulax, 109 Casmarta, TI4
brazieri, Haliotis, 20 cailleb. Turbo, 47 carKcellmus, Dislorsio. 126 cassiculum, Clypeolum. 56
Brechites, 375 calcar. Acamhfna, 149 Cancilla. 202-^03 CASS IDA E 110-116
bregedana, Cypraea, 89 calcaratus. T rochus, 44
,

candeana. Coll sella, 33

I
cassidariaeformis, Siphonalia, 166
brettinghami, Oliva. 193 calcarea, Macoma. 344 candeanus, MaMmalleus. 303 cassidiformis. Cancellaria. 227
brclIinghamL Rhinoclavis, 66 Calcftrapessa, 15T candelabrum, Borcotrophon, 152 cassidlformis. Vasum. 209
brevialis. Mesalia, S9 calculifera, Xenophora, 74 candens, Nassanus, 180 Cassidula, 2BW82
brevi cuius. Sculus, 24 caldania. Oliva, 193 Candida, Amalda, 195 cassidula. Lyria, 214
brevidentata, Acanihfna, 149 caledonica, Cypraea, 9? Candida, Barbatia, 293 casspforme, Vasum. 209
brevifrans, Chicoreus, 135 caledonica, Ouplicaria, 276 Candida. Ba rnea, 371 Cassis, no
brevis, Oypeomorus, 67 caledonica, Peristemia. 187 Candida, Cypraea. 91 casla, ScabriCEnla. 202
brevis. Col us, 163 caledonicus. Conus cedontilfi, 270 candidus. Modulus, 63 casranea. Aslarte. 326
brevis, Solen, 339 cahfornlanus, Mytilus, 298 candisala, Bursa. 127 caslanea, Calubrarla, 173
brevis iphonala, Callista, 358 Californian us, Tagelus, 349 caneloensis, Nalica, 109 castanea, Cypraea, 08
brevispina. Murex, 130 caltfornica, Bursa, 128 canelae. Badschia. 172 caslanea, Turijo. 47
brevi spina, Theodoxos, 55 talifomica, Carditamera. .124 canicu laris. Clavus. 242 castaneus, Volutopsius, 162
briareus. Octopus, 377 calif arnica, Codakia, 321 canonic us. Conus. 245 castrensis. Adla. 2S9
bridgesti, CoJumbella, 160 californica. Cryptomva. 369 canrena. Narica. 107 castrensis, Lioconcha. 359
broderipi. Cypraea. 95 ca life mica. Cumlngia, 350 Canrharidus. 35 calalinensis, Austrotrophon cerrosensis.
brodedpiana, Stigmaulax, 1D9 californica. Gari. 148 Cantharus, 171-172 151
hnonnl, Nassarfus, 160 caltiornfca, Macrarene, 48 caparti, Fusinus, 188 caret, Cypraea, 94
bruneus. Turbo. 46 callfornicum. Caecum. 58 capax, Charon fa lampas. 119 catena. Pol in ices. lOS
brunnefKinda. Truncada. 170 caltfornicus, Capulus, 72 capensis, Calyprraea. 73 catenularus. Modulus. 63
brunneolinear Nalica, 106 californicus, Dcmax. 345 capensis, Cypraea, 95 carheadiae, Cymbiola aullca. 216
brunneostoma, Nassarjus, T79 califomicus. Myrilus, 298 capensis, Poropleron, 139 calbolicarum, Cypraea, 93
brunnescens, Cypraea, 97 califomiense. Clinocardium. 132 capensis, Pleria. 301 catilldormis. Spisula, 336
brunneus, Chicoreus, 137 californiensis, Adula. 29Q capensis. Thais, 148 cat us.Conus. 258
brunneus. Conus, 272 californlensis, Chione. 366 capilanellus. Conus. 250 caudata. Tuple ura, 144
brunneus, Polinices. 104 Callnatidna, 1CM capilaneus. Conus, 250 Cauda rum. Cymarium. 122
bubo, Bursa, 127 Caflanaills, 367 capilellum. Vasum. 210 caurica, Cypraea, 90
bubonius, Slrombus, 80 callifera, Mon ilea. 43 capsoidcs, Tellina, 342 caurinus, Palinopeclen, 306
BUCCINIDAE, 162-175 Calliostoma. 35-40 capudnus, Chico reus, 136 Cavollnia, 280
boccinoidea, Bullia, 177 Caflio rectum. 224 CAPULlOAE, 71-72 cayenensis, Diodora, 25
Buccioulum, T7D Calllolropis, 36 Capulus, 72 cayennensis. Nalica, 108
Buccinum, 174-175 callJozonus, Chiron, 288 capulanguls. Cypraea. 86 cecillae. Conus, 250
buddlana. Chama, 323 Callipara, 216 caputcolubri, Cypraea. 86 cedonullj. Conus, 270
bufo, Bursa, 127 callipyga, Grce. 354 caputdraconis, Cypraea, 86 Cellana, 31
bulo, Thais, 146 Callisra, 357-358 capulserpeniEs, Cypraea, 86 cellanoides, Notoacmea, 32
bufonia. Bursa, 12S Callislochiron. 286 taracteristicus. Conus. 250 cellulosa, Favartia, 144
bufbacea, Neptunea, taS callizona. Siphonalla, 166 carbonacea, Imbricaria. 204 cenilquadratum, Phalium granu latum.
biilbll^ormis. Coral! iophila erosa, 155 CallocHiton, 286 carbonaria, Mirra, 190 113
bulbosa, Oliva, 191 callomarginata, Lucapirtella, 26 carbon nieri. Mu rex,
130 centrffuga, Pleropurpura, 142
bulbosa Rapana, 149 callosa. Amiantis. 357 Carccllesi. Calliosloma, 38
,

centrota, Cancellaria. 231

Bulbus. 105 callosa, Bullia, 177 carchedonius. Modulus, 63 centurio. Conus, 268
 396 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

ceps, Tonna. 110

dnerea, LuneIJa, 46 coaxans. Geloina, 352
ceramics, Ter^bralia pafustris. 64 conspersys. Conus, 256
cinerea, Rudi tapes, 363 cocceus. Conus, 262
ceramicurn, Vasum, 2D8 COnspicua, Stenoplax, 285
cinefea, Urosalprnst, 144 coctinea, Littorlna, 57
ceraitikius, Fuslnu^, TSgi const ricta, Austrocochlea, 41
cinereus. Conus, 257, 263 coccineum, Vexiilum, 205
Cerasloderma, 312 conslricla, Distorsio conslricta, 126
cingulata, AndlEista, 194
cerala, LeucDzonia. 106 coccineus. Conus. 246 constricta, Macoma. 344
cingulate, Gerdiella, 23T coccoradiata, Haliotls, 21
Ceratosloma. 142 conslricla,Sinovacub, 349
dngulata, Unatella, 119 cochlear. Patella, 30
CERITHUOAI, 64^ dngulata. Margin ella, 232 Cochlespira, 240
consuela. Siratus, 133
cerithina, Terebra. 274 contamlnala, Cypraea, 8S
dngulala, Troch ia. 145 cochiidium, Bullia, 177
Cerirhium, 64-67 conlortypEicala, Olivandllaria, 193
dngulala, Tumtella, 59 cochltdium, Pugilina, 176
cemica. Cypraea, fiS conlracta, Mitra, 200
cingufatum, Opeatostoma, 163 Codakia, 321
cernka, Ha&tula. 276 contractus, Ischnochiton. 284
cingulatus, Phymorhynchus, 240
coclinae. Conus, 153 contra ha, Neplunea, 166
ccmicus. Conus, 264 dnguHfera, Kenotuiris, 239 co^fea, Cypraea, 92 contrarium, Busycon, 176
cemohorskyi, Candlla, 203 dnisciilus,^ Nassarius, 179
cerodes. Modulus, 63
Circe, 354
coffea, Mitra, 197
coffeae. Conus, 259
cor^traslriata, Cypraea, %
cerrosensis. Ausifoirciphon. TSl con tro ve rsa, Cypraea 95
,
cirdnata, Aforia, 240 coibecki, Adamussium, 303
cervicomis, Chicoreus, 116 conlusa, Amalda, 194
drdnalus, Pitar, 357
cervina, Cypraea, % Qrcomphalus, 352-354
colEaria, Naiica, 106
Coliiei, Matica. 107
ronuloide, Calliostoma, 36
Cervinetta, Cypraea, % drcularis, Argopeclen, 110 Collisella, 32-33
conulus, Imbricaria, 204
cervus. Conus, 255 Conus. 244-272
drcularis. Turbo, 47 caflisus.Conus, 249
cervus* Cypraea, % dncumctnctos, Nassarius, 179 coloba, Cypraea chinensis, 91
conus. Pterygia, 204
Chaceia. 372 conus, Trochus, 45
drcumdstis. Conus, 246 colombiana, Acesta, 320
Chaetopkura. 206 convexiusculus, Bathybembix, 35
Orsotrema, 69-70 colosseus, Hemitusus, 176
chaldeus. Conus, 260 convexum, Mesopeplum, 306
drhara, Morum, 116 cofpoica, Codakia, 321
chalkngerj, Carinaria, 101 convoluta. Phyllocoma, 149
citrina, Cypraea,
Colubraria, 173 cookeana. Macrarene. 40
Chama, 123 dtrina, Oliva, 190
colubrEnus, Conus, 246 cookei, CNamys, 314
chamapleon, Merita, S3 dtrina, Pinaxia, 150 columba, <^nus, 269 Cookia, 48
Chamelea, 352, 367 citrina, VeKrIlum, 205
columba. Strombus plicatus. 78
CHAM DAE
I
, 323-324 dtrinicoior, Cypraea, 86
cooped, Cancel laria, 22fi
chapman), Patella, 29
COLUMSARIIDAE, 150 coopeH, Voldra, 290
dlrinum, Cerithtum, 65 Columbarium, 158
cbaricssa, PfeurotomeHa, 241 cor, Isocardia, 351
citfinus. Conus regius. 267
columbarium, Peristemia, 187 cor. Paphta, 361
chariessa, TelNna, 140 dtfinus, Pitar. 3S6
Charon ia, 119 Columbella, 160-161 cormlinus. Conus, ZS6
Citlarium, 34 columbella, Erato, 63
chartium, Succinum, 174 CO ra Hina, Macira, 334
Clanculus, 41. 43 COLUMBELUDAE. 159-161
chajalei, Pecten, 30S coral linqides, Lyropecten, 315
dandestlna, Cypraea, 91 coJumbelEitomiEs, Mitra, 199
Cheifea, 72 dandestina, Gclagna, 125
cpraJlintiS, Manupecten, 31
colomel laris. Purpura, 146 Coralliophiia, 155-156
chemnitZEana, Clypeomorus, 67 cFanguloides, ClancuEus, 41 columellaris, Terebra, 275 CORALUOPHEtiDAF, 153-157
chemnJtrianus, (sognomon:, 102 dara, FuEgoraria, 221
chcnui. Conus, 256
columna, Cerllhium, 65 Corbicula. 352
darkei, Fusivoluta, 223 columnaris, Meverita, 102
chiangl. Conus, 261 cofbicula, Cancel laria, 230
darkei, Tasmeuthria, 169 columnella. Cuvierina, 260
Chicoreus, 134-136 corbicula. Vexillum, 206
dark). Conus, 27D Colus, 162““161
cNlldreni Cypraea, fl4 CORBICULIDAE, 352
,
cEarfci, Glycymerls. 295 colus, Fusinus, 107
children! Miltha, 322 Corbula. 369
,

darki, Perpiicaria, 231 colymbus, Pteria. 30T

chiiena. Call io stoma, 19 corbula. Conus, 245
darus, Conus, 261 comatosa. Conus, 252
chilensis, Fissurella, 26 CORflUUDAE, 369
class lari us. Conus, 250 Cominelja, 169-170
chitensis, Malletia, 297 corbuloides, Thracia. 174
cEathrafa, Distorsio, 126 Com Etas, 240,
chincnsis, Caecella, 330 243 Corculum, 330
dathrata, Drupa, 151 comma, Cypraea,
chrnensis, CaIJisia, 156 93 cordalus, Piiar, 356
dathrata, Nassarius. 176 commacuEila, Terebra, 274
chinensEs. Calyptraea, 71 corderot, Provocalor, 220
claihrata, Periglypia, 153 communis. Ficus, 117
chinensis, Cypraea, 97 cordifdrmis, Semele, 350
dathrata, VexjHum, 206 communis, Neritina, 54
chinensis, Hiatula, 148 cordigera, Conus, 247
dathratus, Boreolrophon, 152 communis^ Turritella, 59
chinensfs, Macira, 134 cordfs, Lyria, 214
dathratus, Nassarius, 176 commuiatus, Argopecten, 307
chinensis, Naiica, 107 corcensis, Lundia, 48
Clafhrodriliia, 241 compacta, Gussonea. 171
chJnensis, Tonna, T10 coreensis. Turcica, 35
dathrum, Epi ton turn. 70 compressa, Emarginufa, 24
Chione, 365^367 cornea, Mactra, 334
dathrus, NeocanciJIa, 203 cornpressa, Vexillum, 205
chrone. Callisia, 350 cornea. MargineFla, 232
clausa, Natica, 1QB
chiragra, Lambis, 62 CompsodrEllia, 242-243 cornea. Nerilodryas, 55
Claus EneEla, 167 Compsomyax, 362
chishimana. CalHsla, 158 corneum, Buccinulum, 170
dava, Eufisiulana. 170 compta, Cypraea, 94
Chiton, 267^286 corneus, Solen, 339
dava, Pseudovertagus, 67 comptonEi, Cypraea, 90
Chlamys, 308-115 cornicula. Nassarius, 179
ClavagelFa, 375 Comptopa Ilium, 307
chlorata, Terebra, 273 comigera, Vasum. 209
CUVAGELLIDAE. 375 comptus. Aeneator, 160
chEoris, Mopalia, 206 comigertim, Vasum lurbmeHus, 209
clavator, Cymatlum, 123 concamerata, DiEoma, 42
thiodzans, Cypraea, 66 Cdmu, Uppistes, 71
Clavalula, 241-242 concavum, Sinum, 101
Chlorostoma, 42 tornucervi, Cbicoreus, 139
CanceOaha, 228
clavaiuEa.
concentrica, Dosinia, 360
chforostorrta, Thalotia, 41 cornuta, Arcinella, 324
davalum, Peplum, 304 concenlricus, Argopecten irradians, 310
chJoroslomum, Cymailum, 12D comuta. Cassis, 110
davatus, Brecbites, 375 concemrEcus. Lalirus, 186
chlorotica, Clausineira, 167 comutus, Bolinus, 136
davatus, Trophonopsfs, 151 concepdonensis, Scurria, 32
chocolata, Thais, 147 comutus. Turbo, 46
Oavocerilhiuin, 60 Concholepas, 146
Choromytilus, 297 coromanddica, Nassarta, 167
Oavus, 240-242 conchofepas, Concholepas, 146
chorosina. Voluta, 112 corona. Cymbiola. 216
clavus, Pterynotus, 141
chorus, Chofomylilui, 297 COnchyliophora, Xenophora, 73 corona. McEongena, 775
CLEIDOTHAERIDAE, 373 concinna. Nacella, 32
chrysalis, Mitra, 199 corona, TTieodoxus, 55
Cieidolhaerus. 373 concinnus. Mu rex, 130
ChrysQteitos, Conus, 272 coronadensts, Macrarene. 48
denchi, Chione, 366 condnnus, Massarius. 161
Chrysostoma, 34 coronadoi, Phalium, 112
clenchi. Conus, 268 condnnus, Pitar, 356
chrysosloma, Anodontia, 321 coronata, Lynella,48
denchi, Meptunea despecla, 165 concisus, Clypeomorus, 67
chrysostoma, Cymbiola, 216 coronata, Mitra, 200
Cleopatra, Cypraea, 94 concolor, PateEla, 30
chrysostoma, Mitra, 200 coronata. Pinaxia, 150
derit. Conus, 268 condita, Bursa, 127
chrysostoma, Myreit, 131 coronata, Thais, 146
deryana, Odontocymbrola, 219 congener. Cemmula, 238
Chrysostom LTs, Strombus, 00 coronatus. Conus* 260
deryi. Margin el la, 232 congregata, Chama. 323
chrysostomus. Turbo, 46 coronalus* Nassarius. 178, 100
deryi Typhi na, 157
,
conica, CaEyptraea, 72
chusaki. Conus, 255 coronal us, Tectanus, 56
CfijiCHrardtum, 332 conicopora, Haliotls, 22
chytreus, Corjus, 265 coronal us, Theodoxus, 55
Clinopegma. 1^ conicus, Polinices, 102 coronatus. Typhi sopsis, 157
ciboncy, Siratus, 132 Clto,2d0
cicercula, Cypraea, 04
CON DAE, 244-272
I
corpuEentus, Nassarius. 179
disla, Mactrellona, 335 coniformis, Parametaria. TMi
ckhoreum, Cbicoreus, 134 corrugata, Bursa, 128
doveri. Conus, 265 coniformis, Volutocor^us. 219
cidarEs, Turbo. 47 corrygata. Caned laria* 231
dupeitormls. Fissurelia, 26 conneclens. Conus, 254
cilia re, Cafifostoma, 37 corrugala, Grce, 354
dypeater, Nacella, 31 conoidalis, Nassarius, 178
dllaia. Mopalia, 206 corrugata, Eamesiella, 320
Clypeolym, 56 conradi, Thrada, 374
ciEiatum, ClincMiardium, 132 corrugata, Haliotls, 20
Clypeomarus, 65, 67-60 cortradi, Turbonilla. 278
cincte, Agaronia, 1% corrugata, Lithophaga, 299
Clypidina, :B consanguineum, Vexillum, 208
dncla, Burnupena papyracea, 170 corrugata, Semeie. 350
dytospira. Conus, 246 consi milts. Solecurtus, 340
cincta, MLarginella, 233 corrugata, Vericrupis, 164
cnissodus, Chicoreus, 136 consors. Conus, 254
dnerea, Cypraea, 9S corrugata, Vexillum. 205
Coarctata, Cypraecassis, 111 consors, Trachycardlum, 327
dnerea, Hastula, 276 corrugata. Xenophora, 74
coarctatum, Busycon, 177 conspersa, Littorina, 57 corrugatus, ScutUi, 24
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 397

corie^h Surculina, 225 cruentalum. Vexillum, 206 da I, Conus, 272

II desjardlni. Margineila, 231
cosmarti, Chtcoreus, T37 cruikshanki, Cypraea. 99 da tll, Haliotis. 23 desmoulioides. Nassarius, 179
CQsmQl, Cemmula congener, 236 crumena. Qursa, 126 daflf, Lallaxis,156 despecta, Neptunea, 164, 165
costAta^ Anachis, 160 crumena, Cypraecassk teslkulus. Ill dam, iNodulolrophon, 152 deturpensis, Nerila, 53
Crep^duU. 72 crumpi, Oathybembix, 35 datll, Propeamussi urn, 303 deymeri. Mltra, 198
costau. Cyrtopleura, 372, 378 Crypiomya, 369 dalli, Teramachra, 224 diaebroa, Vexillum, 208
coslata, Fissurel]a> 26 Cryptopecler^, 306-309, 315 dalllana, Collisella, 33 Diacria. 260
cosiata, Harpa. 211 Cryptoplax, 287 dalliana, Divariedia, 322 diadema, Clavatula. 242
costata, Lyna, 214 Cterta, 321 dama, Cypraea, 93 diadema. Conus, 272
cosiata. Nerila, 53 Oenocardla. 329 dams. Monodonla, 41 diadema, Mftra, 200
cosilala.Paradjoner 357 Cuba, Scaphella gouldiana, 224 dama, Olivella, 193 diadochus, Margineila, 234 236 ,

co^ma, Slhqua, 339 cubaniana, Bursa, 127 damicornis, Chkoreus, 138 dlaleucum, Cerfthium, 65
cosrtalum, CalFlosloma, 37 Cucullaea, 294 damn nit, Amoria, 222 dlamesa, Vexillum. 206
costalum, Cardium, 326 cucuHata, Puncturelta, 25 darnpieria, Amoria, 222 dtapbana, Scurria, 32
costal um. Columbarium, 153 cucullata. Saccostrea, 318 dancei, PhenacavoJva, tOO Dibaphus, 201
coslalom, Toona. 116 cucumerma, MUra, 199 dannevigi. Cotton la, 219 dlchotoma, Asaph is. 347
CDsialus. UMaxis, 155 cucumis. Cymbium;, 215 daphne. Conus conspersus, 256 dichroa, Carinodrillia, 243
costal us,^ Strom bus, 76 cukrk 5igaluta,220 darwini, Chlamys, 312 dkbroa. Chlamys, 313
COSTELURJIDAE, 205-208 CULTELLIDAE, 338-340 darwini. Fissurella, 28 didyma. Pofinices, 1D2
costellaris, Vexillum subdivtsum, 206 Cultellus, En Siculus, 339 daucus. Conus, 268 dieffenbachf, Chlamys, 111
cdstellata, Ovula, 99 Cuma, 145 daulEei, Conus, 254 diegensis, Pcaen. 305
CDSlellifera, iSassarEus, 160 cumtngf, DivaricelFa, 322 davidis, Harpa, 211 dlemenensls, Ifus, 365
col hu mala, Nalica, T06 Cumingia, 350 davtesi, Fulgoraria, 221 dletziana. Corbufa, 370
Col Ionia, 219 cumfngiana. Cancel laria, 227 dayritl, Serratovoia- 300 digitalis. Colli sella.
33
coucomi, Cypraea hungenordk 98 cumingiana. Mactra, 336 deaurata. Nacella, 31 197
digitalis. Mitra.
coudehi, Arer, 210 cumingiana. Margineila. 233 deburghiae, LatlaKis. 154 digilata, Drupa, 150
coudorli. Conus. 270 cumfngii, Afcr, 210 Oecatopeclen, 307 dlghata. Homalocanlha. 139
couei, Fuslnus. 189 cumingii. Conus, 258 decemcostata, Neptunea lyrala. 165 dlghata. iambis. 82
coxeni, Cypraea. 92 cumingii, Cypraea, 94 deccmcostala. Patella, 30 digilata. Xenophora, 74
coxi. Cypraea, 69 cumingii, Enaela, 214 decipiens, Amalda. 194 digital us, Comptopa Ilium, 307
cracenia. Cymfaiolacca, 217 cumingii, Hauslellolyphis. 157 dcciplens, Cypraea, 94 dlgiratus, Spondylus, 3T6
cracherdMdEi, Hafjocis, 19 cumingii, Lophocardium, 330 dec! pi ens, Eucrassatella, 326 dlgna, Dlloma, 41
Craspedocbiton. 267 cumingii. Metula, 171 decipiens, Pododesmus, 317 dlgueti. EucrassatelEa. 326
crassa, Chione. 366 cumingii, Neplunea arthrrlica, 165 decisa. Semele, 350 dilarata, Crepidula, 72
crassa. Emarginula, 24 cumingii, 5pondylus, 316 declivis, Gibbula, 42 dilalatufn, Macrpschlsma, 27
crassa, EtssurelFa, 26 cumingii, Teltina, 341 dedivis, TurriteEla, 60 dilatatus, Penion. 168
crassa. Harpa. 211 cuneala, Mactra, 333 decollata, Quoyla, 62 dilalatus, 5lrambus, 78
crassa, Mitra, 199 cuneata, Rangia, 336 decolpraia. Pseudoslomalella. 44 dilecta, Stomatella, 44
crassa, Monodonia, 41 cuneala, UnguHna, 322 decora, Naika, 108 dilectus, Chkoreus, 137
crassa, Tellina. 342 cuneatus, Oonax, 346 decora. Vexillum, 206 dillwyni, Cypraea, 64
CRASSATELLIDAE. 325-326 cuneifomiis, Casirochaena, J70 decoratus, Camslachilon, 266 Dlloma. 41-42
crasskaudus, Hemifusus. 176 curreoEus, Conus, 266 decoriala, Chlamys, 311 dituculum, Pleurolomaria, 18
crasstcosta. Cardila, 325 cunninghami. Haliolls, 22 dccorus, Slrtwnbus decorus, 80 dimidlata, Amalda, 195
crasskosta, Protolhaca. 36S curia. Margineila, 234 decurtata, Mitr^, 201 dimidiata, Terehta, 273
Crassispira, 243 curtus, Nassarius, 160 decussata, Amaoa, 69 Diminovula, 99
crasstsuica, Paphia. ,164 curvirostris. Tibia, 62 decussata, Barbatla, 293 Dinocardlum, 331
Crassostrea, 318 Cuspidaria. 374 decussaia, Oistorsio, 126 Diodora, 25-26
crassus, Turbo. 47 CUSPIOARIIDAE. 374 decussata, Clycymeris, 2% diomedae, Acesta, 320
cralkulalum, Phalium, 113 cuspidala, Clio, 280 decussata, Haliptis, 20 diomedea, Aforia, 240
crawfordiana, Cancellariai 226 cuspidatum, Gynneum, 12S decussata. Morula, 148 diomedea. Gem mu la, 238
crebricDStata. CycEocardia, 325 cutacea, Cabeslana, 125 decussata, Nucula. 209 diomediae, Calliotropls, 36
crebrilifieala, Nassadus, Tfll cuvleri, Cardita. 3Z5 decussata, Venerupis, 365 dionaeum, Corculum, 330
crebrisculpla, Haiiotis. 22 cuvieri. Conus, 264 dec ussa turn, Phalium, 111 dione. Pilar, 357
cremalus, Nassarius, 180 cuvferianus. Pen ion, 168 decussatus, jaton, 141 diphos, Hlatula. 347
crenata, Amphibola,, 281 Cuviorina. 380 denotata, Asaph! s, 347 Dlplodonta. 322
crenata. Aslarte, 325 Cyanopiax, 286 deform is, Pyrolofusus, 162 dira, Searlesia, 169
crenala, AuEacomya ater. 297 O'anosloma, Phos, 167 defranceii, Vexillum, 207 directus. Ensis, 339
creriala. Harpa, 212 Cyalhodonta. 374 deicbmannae, Lischkeia, 35 disci rtus, Circomphalus. 352
crenifera, isteocanciHa, 203 Cydinella, 362 delessertiana, Lyrra, 213 DIscors. 332
crenipficata, Zierliana, 206 cydobates, Halioiis, 22 delessenil. Conus, 266 dlscors, Maclra. 334
crenulata, Me^athura, 26 Cydocardia, 325 deficata, Fulgoraria. 221 dlscrepans. Conus. 258
crenulala. Pterygia, 204 Cydupe, 161 deEkatula. Chlamys, 313 disculus. Tellina, 342
crenulala, Semcle. 350 Cydostremiscus. 56 delicatula. Tibia. ^ discus, Dosinia. 360
crenulala, Terebra, 274 Cylindraceus, Conus, 248 deNciosa, Lyrla, 213 discus. HaMolis. 21
crenuFalus, Nassarius, T80 cylindrlca, Cypraea, 90 delphinus. Angaria, 51 discus, Periploma. 373
CrepEdula, 72 cybndrkus, Atys, 279 dcltoides, Plebidanax, 146 disjecta CallanalHs.
, M7
CREPIDULIDAE. 72-73 Cyllene, 178 demarcoi, Volula, 212 dIsEocata, Terebra, 276
cribeiliim, Cypraea, 93 cylleniformis, Enaela, 214 demissa, Geukensia. 296 dlslocatus, Argopecien, 310
ctFbrana, Cypraea, 93 CVMATtIDAE. 119-126 Demouha, 181 dispar. Penion. 167
crisps Turns cdspa, 239 Cymatium, 120-124 Dendropoma. 61
,
di Stans. Conus, 263
crispa, Xenophora, 74 cymba, Slnum, 103 efennisoni, Morum, 115 di Stans,Proleopecten. 104
crtspata, Pengtypta, 353 Cymbiola, 216-218 dennlsoni, Vexillum, 206 distinrguenda, Codakia, 321
Cnspata, Varicospira. 62 cymbfoia, Cymbiola, 316 denlale, Oentalium. 283 Dlslorsio. 126
cristagalli. topha, 318 Cymbiolacca, 217-216 Dental ium, 282-283 distorta, Colubraria, 173
cristata. Carinaria, T01 Cymbiolbla, 219 dcniata, Oivancella. 322 divarlcata, Acila. 289
crislata, Tellidora, 344 Cymbium, 215 dentaius, Strombus, 78 divaricata, Gibbula, 42
crislatus, Latiaxis, 154 cymbium, Casirochaena, 370 dentlculata. Cellana, 31 divaiicatum. Cafrarium, 354
trocaia, Lambis crocaia. 81 Cyphoma, 100 denriculala. Margineila. 233 dlvartcatus, SoEecurlus, 348
crocalum, Vexiflum. 207 Cypraea, 63-98 denticulalus, Danax, 345 DIvaricella, 322
crocalMS, CHicoreus, 137 Cypraecassis. 111 Demi mil rella, 161 diversicofor, Kallotis. 22
crocatus. Conus colubrmus, 246 CVPRAEIDAE 83-98, denudatus. Chkoreus. 136 divisus, Tagelus. 349
crocea. Circe. 354 Cyriopleura, 372 depauperata, Strombus, 77 dohmi, ScapheEla gouldiana. 224
crocea. Plena, 301 Cynuius, 183 depictum. CalfiosEoma, 38 dphrntana, HalloMs. 23
crocea. Tridacna, 333 depressa, Amalda, 195 Dolabella, 2B0
croceus. Conus, 252 dactyloides, Venerupis, 364 depressa, Cypraea, 97 dolabrata. Pvramidella, 277
Cronia. 145-146 daclylosus. Conus, 246 depressa, Carl, 346 dolarium, Cabestana, 125
crosseanum, Vasum, 209 dactylus, Margineila, 237 deroyae. Sirombina, 159 dollarium, Callioslottia, 36
crossei, Cypraea, 93 dactyl us, PbaJas. 371 deroyana, Pteropurpgra, 142 Dolkhdiatirus. 183
crossei, Sea pi fa. 229 dactylus. Pterygia, 204 desetangsil, Scabrtcola, 202
I

dolium, Tonna, 118

Crudbulum. 73 daisyae, Vglutoconus. 219 deshayesi, Anadara, 292 dombeii, Protqthaca. 367
cruenta, Cypraea, 69 dalel, Ltomesus, 164 deshayesi. Cymbiola, 217 dombeii, Tagelus. 349
cruenta, Sanguinolaria, 347 Dallum, Tt6 deshayesi, Myllita, 324 DONACIOAE. 345-346
cruentata, Bursa, 129 daEh. Acesra, 320 deshayesti, Cemmula, 238 donacina, Tellina, 342
crueniata. Nalfca, lOh da Hi, Cirsotrema. 69 desidtosus. Conus, 266 donadum, Mesodesma. 337
 398 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Doiiax, 345-346 degantina, Marcia, 361 esycha, Pteropurpura, 142 Fasdoiaria. 183
dorimporef, Cypr^cj mus, 94 elegant! ssirna. Euciroa. 375
ethologus, Haliotis, 23 FASQOIARIIDAE, 182-1 89
donmoorei. Mitrex cahritii. HI degantulum, Trigono stoma, 230 Euchelus, 14 fastidiosa. Pterygia,
donovanir Serrtele. J50 denensis, Murex. 132 204
Euciroa, 375
doiis. Harper 212 lasligiala. Turritella, 59
elephant! num, DentaNum, 282 eucoronalus. Conus, 252
dormhtor. Conus, 232 Fastigidla, 68
elephas, Caddus. 283 eucosmius, Cellana. 31
darolhyae. Favarda. 144 fastigium, Perisiernia. 186
eleva ta, Diodora, 26 eucosmius. Fusinus. 1S9
dorrnnsis, Cotips, 264 Faun us, 64
diceans, Busycon, 176 Eucrassalella, 126
darsaia, Strofnbina, 159 fauroll, Hrjmalixaniha. T39
eiraabethae, Diodora, 26 eucymata, Callisla, 358
dorsal us, Nassarius. IflO faumtss, Phalium. 112
eNzabethae, Tellina, 343 Eudalium, 116. 319
dorsatus. Tapes. 162 fausta, Tellina, 342
elliati, Amoria, 222
euelrii>s. Conus. 24S favgl, Terebra, 273
Dofyleuihis, 377 elNscrossT Siralus, 133 Eufistulana. 370 Favania, 144
dosin, Oosinta, 160 Blobium, 282 eugeniac, Uliaxis. 751 (ayae. Tripleratyphis. 157
Oofiinia, 159-362 eloisae, Acteon, 278 Duglypta, Paphia, 364 fearnieyi, Coralliophila, TSS
drangai. Conus, 27! elongata. AJcitboe. 220 eugivptum, Calliostoma, 37 Felanieila, 323
Draifssena, IS! elongata, Amalda, 1% eugrammalus. Conus, 251 Cypraea, 92
lefina,
DREIS5ENIDAE, 351, 369 eJongata. Lambis. B2 Eumarcia, 363 felina, Terebra,
273
Dnipa. 1SCM51 elangata, Psammotaea, 347 Eunatreina, ICW feNpponei, Aequipecten. 308
dubia, Nentodryas, 55 elongata. Tndacna, 333 eunata, Cypraea. 91 felippanei, Cabestana, 125
dubia. Scaphella, 221 efongalum, Trachycardium, 328 Eu pleura, 144 femoralD, Cymatium, 120
ducalis. Spondylus. 317 dongatus, Chicoreus, 136 eurypteron, Pteropurpura, 142 feneslrata, Marchia, 139
dufresnei, Zidona. 216 elongatus, Ischnothlton, 284 Euspira, 103 fenestrata. Picrygia, 204
dunkerl. Dosima. 162 elongatus. Ptcrynoius. I4l euzona, Naika. 108 tenestratus. Siphonorbis, 163
dunkeri. Latiaxis, 134 dongatus. Scutus. 24 evanida. Ischnochhon. 284 tenestralus^ Trochus, 45
dupetinhouarsi, Fusinus, ISQ dongatus, Trophon. 153 evelina, Scaphelia, 223 (enimorei, FusMurrkula,
duplex. Hexaplex, 134 emadatus. Conus. 253 24fl
eveJynae. Terebra. 276 fergusoni. Conus, 271
DupJicana, 274. 276 ernarginata^ Hetrritoma, 24 evelynae, Vexillum, 207 ferminiana, Amaea, 69
dupitcala, Duplicana, 274 emargfnata, Jsjucella, 145 evoluta. Qupilearta, 274
dupikata. KeveHta. 1D2 fernancksi, Bursa, 127
emarginatum. Cyphoma. 100 Dxalbida, Humilaria, 360
duplkata, Turritefla, 60 ferrugata. Mitra, 199

duplicarus. Conus, 252

Emarginuia, 24-25
emblema, Cypraea, 90
exanthema, Cypraea, % ferrugfnea, Mitra. 199
exarala, Cellana, 31 ferruginea. Patella. 29
dupontraq. Milra, 200 emersoni, Neocancilla, 203 exarptum, Cymatium, 121 feruginca, Pseudochama. 324
dupondi, Parametaria, 160 emmae. Hatiotis, 20 exaratum, Phalium bandatum. Til ferrugineus. Fusinus perpiexus, 187
dura, Venerupis, 364 Enaeta. 214 exasperata, Codakia, 321 fervensis, Gari. 346
dusaveiC Conus, 255 encaustus. Conus. 259 exasperatum, Nemocardiutn. 330 Festltyna. 21.9
dussumlerE, Ficus, 1T7 endivra, Chicoreus, 134 exasperalum Vexiltum, 208
. f estiva, Calllsta chinensis, 358
dussumieri, Terebfa, 273 Engina. 169 exasperatus, Aequipeden. 309 fesliva, FesMlyria.
215
dysoni, Diodora. 25 engfcrti,Cypraea, 86 exasperatus. Austredavus. 242 festiva,Pteropurpura. 142
Enigmonia, 317 excavata. Atesla, 320
EameskIJa, 320 festJvum. Dental ium. 282
Enixotfophon, 151 excavata. Hafiotis, 22 fibula, IMeverita, 102
Easton la, 116 enna, Clavus, 242 excavata, Sunetia, 354 FfCIDAE. 116-117
ebeninus, Pyrajus, 64 enode, Trachycardium, 328 excavala. Tegula, 42 Ficus, 11MT7
ebenus, Vcxilium, 207 En Siculus, 339 excavata, Turritella, 60 ficus. Ficus, 117
eboieym, DentaNum, 263 ensifera, Voidia, 29Q
excavatus. Conus, 259 figulinus. Conus. 250
ebraea, Votuta, 212 Ensis, 338-339 ExceiNchlamys, 308 filamentosa. Pleuroploca, 182
ebraeus. Conus, 260 ensis, Ensis, 339
excelsus, Conus, 264 filaris, Candlla, 302
ebur. Sipbonorbis, 163 entale, Oentallum. 283 excisa, Haliotls, 22
ehurnca. Cypraea, 98 filiareginae, Vexillum regina, 205
Entodesma, 171 exigua, Haiiotis, 21
ebumeum, Cerithium, 65
Elkina us. Conus, 263
eos, Prototyphis, 157 exigua, lanlhma, 70
eburnetjs. Conus, 249 filmerae. Nassarius, 180
Dospila, Ficus. 117 exiguum, Parvicardium 132 , fifosa, Cancitla, 202
echinata, Acanthocardia, 327 epamdia. Pa rametana, 161 Dximius, Conus. 264 filosa. Ficus, 117
«bioila, Bursa, 120 ephippium, Anomra, 317 exlmius, Phasianotmehus, 45 fllosa, Lucinoma, 320
echinata, Hydactinia, 17S ephippSum, Isognomon, 302 exogyra, Pseudochama, 324 filosa, Hatica, 108
echinata, Saccostrea. .US Dphippium, Psarnmotrela, 344 exoleta, Dosinia, 360 filosus. Latirus, 184
echlnaia, Thais. !48 Ephippodonla. 324 exoiela, Mactrellona, 335 filosus. Turbo, 47
echinatum. Vexilfum, 2EJ7 epidromidea, Engina. 169 exoleta, T urriiella, 59 Fimbria, 322
echinatus, Laliaxjs, 154 epidromis, Strornbus, 79 exoptanda, Amoria, 222 fimbria, Phalium, 112
echinalus. Spondylos, 116 cpiphanea. VexFIEum, 207 expansa, Pieropurpura adunca, 142 fimbriata. Cassis. 110
echinophora. Caleodea, 114 episcopalis, Mitra, 197 Dxpansa, PunctureNa, 25 fimbriata, Cypraea, 92
echinus, Ntpponoirophon. 151 episcopal! s, Ofiva, exquisita, Acanthochitona, 287 fimbriata. Fimbria, 322
ectocpmala, Bathyarca, 294 episcopus. Conus, 245 Dxquisita, Austroharpa. 212 fimbriata, Utaxiena. 153
edax. Hippo rid ra, 37S EPlTONIiDAE, 68-70 exquisitus. Subpterynolus, 141 fimbriata, Terebra crenulata, 274
edeniula, Anodonua. 321 Epi Ionium, 68-70
exusta, Cypraea, 96 fimbria us. Astraea, 51
edentula. Cypraea, SB equeslris, Cheilea. 72
I

exustus. Brachidontes, 298 fimbriatus, Murexlella, 143

edentula, Dibaphus, 201 Equichlamys, 113 exutpm, Tugurium. 74 FIA1BR1IDAE. 322
ediihae, Amalda, 194 Erato, 83 exuvia, Nertta. 53 finlayi, Bursa. 129
edrrbondsoni, PerigJvpta, 3SJ ERATOIDAE, 83
edule, Cerasicxiemta, 312 finlayj. Siralus formosus. 132
crebus. Volu lorn bra, 225 faba,Donax, 346 firma, Chama, JZJ
edults. Mylllus, 297 DrDinltaftJim, Mitra, 198
iaba, MargineNa, 233 firibi. Cradllspira, 193
edulis, Ostrea. 318 t ricosa. 214-215 fabub, Conus, 248 fistheri, Gaza, 41)
edwardi. Conus. ITS erinacca. Ocenebra. 145 fabula, Tellina, 342 fischeri. MargineJIa,
edossa, Sunetla, 354 erinaceus, Acantbocardia, 327
236
eglantina, Cypraea, 97
fatetum. Cy fine urn, 125 fischeriana, Pleuroptoca. 183
erinaceus, Casmaria, 114 faerveensis, Cari, 146
Eglisia, 70 frssurata, Emarginuia, 24
erminea, Margmdia, 231 faJeata, Mytella, 298
egmontianum. Trachycardium. 327 fissurata. Scobricola, 202
ermlneus, Conus, 266, 268 fakata, 5pisula. 335
Can cel la ria, 228
elata. Fissurella, 27-^
Enxlona, 369 faliax. Cypraea. 91
datum, Laevicardtum, 331 FiSSUftELItDAl, 24-28
erosa, CoraJliophila, T55 fallax, Oliva, 191
degans. Bursa, 128 Fissuretlidea. 27
erosa, Cypraea, 86 fanel, Hatica, 106
elegans, Cancellaria, 225 flabellum. Chlamys, 310
errans, Bullina, 279 fantomei, Colubrarra, 171
Diegans. Caniharus. 171 flabellum, Pinrra. 300
errones, Cypraea, 89 fa rreri, Chtamys, 313
degans, Cochlespira 240 flagellatus. Clanculus, 41
,
erycina, CaJNsja, 357 fasciala. An cilia, 196
degans. Conus, 264 Eamfnea, Mitreila. 161
Drythraea, Dosinia. 360 fasciata, Sankivia, 41
slogans, Dosinia. 360 flamrnea. Cassis. MO
erylhraeensis. Conus. 260 fasdata, Littorina, 57
Diegans, Drupa, 150 flammea, Terebra. 276
erythraeensis, Cypraea, 93 lasdata, Natka. 106
degans, HaJiotis. 22 flammea, Tun-jcula, 243
erythraeonense, Cerilhium, 64 fasciata. Qtenebra, 145
eJegans, Harvdla, 335 flafnmiculata, Marcia, 363
Drythraeos, Trochus. 45 Rhinodavis, 66
elegans. Irus. 365
tasciala. flam m if erum phaN um ,111
.
eryt hrinus, Strom bus erythrtnus. 77 fascrata, Tegula, 42
Diegans, Margin elf a, 216 flarnmula, Cymbiola, 216
ervthrorfon, Corbula, 169 rasciaium, Apliistrum, 279
degans, Pseudostomatefra. 44 flammulala. Natica, 108
erythrogramma, Subcancilfa, 203 fasdatum, Tonna, 118
degans, Siralus, 112 flammulala, Oliva, 192
eryihrosloma, Oliva, 191 fascialus, Meiampus, 281
elegans, Strom bus, 77 flammulata, Turritella. 60
erytbrostomus. Phyllonotus, 135 fascia I us. Pianaxis,
62
Diegans, Telltna, 340 flammulata, Vexillum, 208
Dsontropia. Cypraea. 93 fasdatus, Strombus, 80
elDgans, Ton id a. 285 flammulatum, Pisan ia. 170
espinosa. Mu rex. 131 la scicu laris, Rssureila, 27
elegans, TugaiJa, 24 flava. Pyrene. 161
esther, Olivella. 193 fasdeuJata, Appisania, t7l flavicans, Cymbrola, 216
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 399

Havida, AnciHa, 195 fulmlnala, FutgoraHa, 221 gemma. Maxwell la. 143 gForiakiiensiS, Conus, 254
ftavliduf, CanuSH 25^ fulminatus. Pitar, 354 gemma, Pfeumtomaria, 18 gloriamaris. Conus. 244
fiavofjsca, Milra, 196 fglrriEnea, Nalica, 104 gemmala. RhInocLavis. 67 gloriola, Cantilla, 203
Havum, Trachycardiumf 326 fultoni, AcHa, 290 gemmatum. Cymatium. 120 gloriosa, Chlamys. 309
ftemmgianuSr Pdlmices, 105 luhofti, Cypraea, 94 gemmifera, Mayena, 124 gloriosum, Calliostoma, 36
ftetcheri. Conus, 201 fultoni. Troth us,^ 44 gemmasa, Cypraea nucleus, 85 gloriosus, 5pondylus, 316
ftexuD^, Patella, 30 (ulvesccns, HexapFes, 135 Gemmula, 236-239 glosscma, Terehra, 276
ilindcrsi, AlEivasum, 210 fufvestens, Mitra, 200 gemmuiala, Cancellaria, 227 GLOSSIDAE, 3S1
floccata, Mar^inella, 234 Futvia, 331 gemmulala, Chlamys, 313 Glossus, 351
Hoctatus, Conus. 255 fumigata. Fumarcia, 343 gemmulalum. Calliostorrta, 37 GLYCYMERlDtDAt. 295-297
flprida. CalHsia. 356 lumigatus. Conus, 258 Gena, 44 Glycymeris. 29S-297
Florida, Mitra, 201 fumosus, Caniharus, 171 general! s. Conus generalis, 250 glycymeris, Glycymeris, 2%
ndridana, Anadara. 292 runebralls, Tegula, 42 generosa, Panopea, 371 glycymeris, Panopea, 371
llondana. Card Camera, 325 funebris. Cblamys, 312 Genkamurex. 157 GlyphdstOfna, 242
Oondana. Conus, 266 funerea. Siphonalia cassidariaeiormis. Certota, 240 glyptus. Aequipecten, 310
floridana, Natica, 106 144 genuanus. Conus, 267 gnidia, Chione, 366
florrdana, Potymesoda. 352 funitulala, Ned la, 54 genuanus, Natica. 108 Godfreyna, 175
floiidana, Ps^udomlltha, 321 funiculata, OlssoneHa, 227 geographus. Conus, 247 goliath, StfOmbus, 76
flondana, Stenoplax, 2B4 funiculata, Tercbra, 275 Cerdiella, B1 Comphina, 364
floridana, Thais haemastoma, 147 funiculus, Morula, 146 gernanfi. Conus, 264 goniosioma, Trigonosluma, 230
floridanum. Cerilhium, 66 furvus. Conus, 254 Geukcnsia, 298 goniostoma, Turrilella, 60
ftoridub. Milra aurora. 20(1 fusca. Barbatia. 293 gesersianus, Tmphon, 152 gonostoma, Turritella 60
do rid us, Conus, 255 fusca, ScabricoU, 202 gibba. Divaricella, 322 goodalli, Marginella. 232
floridus, Strombus. 77 fuscata, ColumbelJa. 160 gibberosa. Astraea, 50 goodallii, Cypraea, 93
dosculLis, Clanctilus, 43 fuscafa. Conus Imperial is, 244 gibberulus, Sirombus gibberulus. 81 goodei, Aforia, 241)
fluctiiraf^a, Cbiono. 366 fuscata, Sterita, 54 gfbbesi, Eucrassaiella, 326 gorgqn, Boreolrophon, ISt
fiuctuata, Anachls, 160 fuscodenlata^ Cypraea. B6 gibbia. Cafrarium, 354 gouldi, Alora, 70
fluctuata. Gtobularia. 101 luscomaculala, Cypraea. 93 gibbosa. OHvancilEaria, 193 gqyldi, Halicardia, 175
fluctuatus. Turbo, 4fl "iuscorubra,*' Cypraea, 86 gibbosa, Plicalula. 31 gouldi, 5olen, 339
fiuctuosus. Turbo, 46 {Ours is beach worn verbeoFf Burgess, gibbosuloidea. Nassarius, 181 gouldi, Terebra, 276
fluminea, Corbicula, 352 1962> gibbosulus, Nassarius. 179 gouEdiana. Pandora. 377
toltac^a, Phyllcxia, 340 fuscus, Poiinices, 105 gibbosum. Cymatium, 121 gouldiana, Scaphella, 224
fdliacea, Placamen, 347 Fusiaphera. 230 gibbosum, Cyphoma. 100 Gourmya, 68
foliaccolameNosus, Ctrcomphalus, 354 lu si forme, Cerithium. 65 gtbbosus, Strombiis gibberulus, 61 gourmyE, Gourmya. 68
folia la, 6ursa crumena, 126 rusiformls. Adelomelon. 218 Gibbula, 41, 43 gradlior, Benthovoluta. 225
folia us, CbicoTi^us, 134
I fusiformFs, Eritusa, 215 gibbuJus. LaMrus, 184 gracilior, Sirombus, 77
fontafn'ei, Ceratosioma, 142 fusiform is, Milra, 199 gibbus, Afgopeclen, 310 gracilis, Alcithoe, 220
fqralepas, 27 fusiform is, Oliva, 190 glbbuSr Tagclus, M9 gradlis, CancilFa, 203
forbesli. Tonic ia, 265 fusiformis, Siphonorbis, 143 gigantea, Bursa, 127 gracilis, Co! us, 163
fordi, Circomphalus, 3S3 fusiform is, Solenosteira, 171 gigantea, Gastrochaena, 370 gradlis, Cypraea, 92
lonmosa, Scabricoia, 202 f Strombina, 159
usiforrrriSx gfgantea, Glycymeris, 297 gracilis, Ficus,, 117
formosa. Semele. 350 fusiformis, Strombus, 78 gigantea, Haliotis,2T gradlis, Harpa, 211
(ormosenst, Calliostoma, 39 fusinoidea, Strombina, 159 gigantea, Leucotina, 2?6 gracilis, OlivelFa, 193
lormostnsc, VexUtum. 205 Fusinus. 167-169 gigantea, lollia, 33 GraciUspira, 193
formosissirnum. Columbarium, !56 Fusitrifon, 124 gigantea, Falelb, 29 gradala, Bullia, 177
formosum, Calliosloma, 37 Fusiturricula, 24D gigantea, Pleuroploca, 182 gradafus. Conus 272
formosuTTi, Dentafium, 262 Fusiturris, 243 gigantea, Ranella. 124 graeca, Diodora. 25
formosus, CymaMum, 123 Fusivoluta,^ 223 Saxidomus, 359
gigar>tea, graeffei, Gemmula, 238
larmosus, Sirafus, 132 fusoides, Siphonalia. 146 giganteum, Tugurium. 73 graeffer, Paphia, 364
tomicafa, Crcpidula, 72 fusutus. Urosalpinx. 144 giganleum, Umbonium, 44 graeffei, Vexillum, 208
lornicaturr, Fragum. 329 fusus, Alcithoe, 220 giganteus, Rrechites. 375 grammatus, Ancistfolepis. 164
Forreria, 151 fusus. Tibia fusus, 62 giganleus. Hinnites, 315 Cranata, 34
forskalt. Peri stern ia. 1S7 fusus, Turbrnella pyrum, 211 gigas. Crassostrea, 318 granatfna, Neocandlla. 203
fort ili rata. Turntella, 59 gigas, Siphonaria, 281 granatina, Falella, 30
fortts,Batisu, 352 gabonensfs, Clavalula, 242 gigas, Strombus, 75 grande, Morum, 116
ford sulcata. Phafium. 112 gaederopus, Spondylus, 317 gigas, Tridacna, 333 grand Fnatus, Tecta rius, 58
fossor, Donax, 345 Cafrarium, 354 gilchristi. Conus, 246 grand Is, Anadara. 292
fosleri.Conus, 249 galmardi, Sassla. 124 gilchristi, Neptuneopsis, 224 grandis, Fissurella. 28
foumieri, Ceralostoma, 142 galaclites, Venerupis, 345 gilchristi,Voiulocofbis, 213 grand is, Madra. 334
foveoiata, Scalptia. 229 CaFatea, 344 gH lei, Cypraea. 97 grandis, Neorapana, 149
fraga, Mitra, 199 galalheae. Euciroa. 375 girgyilus, Galeoaslraea, 51 grandis. Pandora, 372
iragana, PoHia. 172 galalheae, Fusinus, 186 glabella. Marginella, 233 grandis, Solen, 339
Iragilis. Atalacmea, 33 galea, Tonna, 1 16 gFaber. Proleopeclerr, 304 grandis, TyphisaEa, 158
Iragilis. CaHpostoma. 34 galeaius, Sirombus. 74 gFabra. Hafiotis, 22 grar^geri. Conus. 2S2
Iragilis,. Carinaria, 1D1 Galeoasfraea, II gFabra, Milra, 198 grar^geri ,
Lyria, 213
Iragilis. Castraoa, M3 Caleodea, 114 gFabra, Pleuroploca, 162 graniferus, Nassarius, 1t1
fragilis. Umada, 319 galeodes, Volema, 174 glabrata, Ancilla. 195 granosa, Anadara. 293
fragiiis, Maclra, 335 CaliMiocorys, 115 gJabrata, Atactodea sfriata. 336 grarrosa, Cancellaria. 226
fragiiis,. 5trombus„ 76 galiina. Chamelea. 352 glabrata, Cyliene, 176 granosa, Pleuroploca, T82
fragdlissimus. Conus geographus, 247 gal Imago, Siratus, 133 giabrata, Mactra, 335 graoosum, Clypeolum, 56
Fragum, 329 gallinula, Tawera. 364 glabralum, Phallum glabralum, 112 granosum. Vex ilium, 206
fragum, Drupa, 151 galloprovincialis, Mylilus, 297 glac ial is, Cuspidaria, 374 granosus, Trochus, 45
Iragum, Fragum, 329 gal us, Paphia,
I 343 glacial is, Lima scahra, 319 grand HaliotLs, 22
,

Irancollna, Nassa, 150 gallus,Strombus, 74 gladiator, Cancellaria, 23 T granularis, Bursa. 127

Neptunea intersculpta, 145
rater, gambiae, Nafica, 106 gladiator. Conus, 271 granulans, Pal el la, 30
fraxtnus. Conus, 249 gambiensis, MargineFla. 232 gland if or mis, Otiva, 191 granulata, Acanlhopleura. 287
frenguelli. Fuslnus, 169 gambiensis. PurpurelEus, 140 glans, Austrofusus, 166 granulata, Archiledonica, 61
friendii, Cypraea friendii, 94 gangranosa. Cypraea, 65 glans. Conus, 248 granulata, Cypraea, 85
I rigid us. Conus, 259 gardneri, Setrato^-ola, 306 glans. Cymhium, 215 granulata, Lunella, 48
Irisbeyae, Conus armiger. 270 gargadia, Tellina, M3 glans, Nassarius, 176 granulata, Protothata. 368
frons, Lopha, 316 Gari, 346-346 glauca, Maclra. 334 granulatum. Calliostoma. 36
frulicosus, Latiaxis, 154 gaskoini. Cypraea, 93 glauca, Meverita, 105 granulatum, Phalium granulatum, 113
fruricum, Priono^ula, 99 Gastrana, .343 glaucum, Phalium, 111 gran ul at us. Conus, 269
fucgiensfs, Nacelta, 32 Gastrothaena, 370 glaucus. Conus, 249 granulatus, Strombus, 80
fujinensis, Serrtpes, 333 GASTROCHAENIDAF. 370 globosa. janihina, 70 granulosa. Bullia, 177
fulgens. Haliotis. 19 gaudens, Phos, 147 globosum, Anodontia, 321 grata. CaEllsta, 358
fulgetra, Eiicusa, 214 gaudiosus. Nassarius. 180 globosus. Nassarius. 181 grata, Celia na. 31
fulgeirurp. Conus, 260 gauglni. Conus, 255 globosus, Phyllonotus, 134 graleloupianus, Phos, 167
Fulgoraria, 221 Gaaa, 4Q Globularia, 101 gravescens, Oausinella, 367
fulgurans, Neriia. 52 gaaeoides, Amaea. 69 globubsa, Bullia, 178 grayana, Cypraea, 97
fulgurans. Pyrene, 141 Gelagna, 125 globulus, Cypraea. W grayi, Amoria, 212

fulguralor. Oliva, 190 Gelolna, 352 gbbulus, Ptychosalpinx, 172 grayi, Bullia, T77
fuigurita, Mifra, 1^ Gemma, 362 globulus, Vasum, 209 grayi Sconsia. 114
,

luimen, Conus, 257 gemma. Gemma, 362 gJomcrata, Crassostrea, 318 grcenlandicum, Epitcmium, 69
 400 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

gregdfyi, Anguipecten, J12 havarvensis, Pterynolus. 140 hirundo, Fieria, 30T incerla. Sepia,377
griseus, Irus, 3^5 hawaliemis, Andodontia, 321 hispidus, Nassarius, IBT incisus,Strom bus, 77
groenlandicus^ Serrjpei, 132 hawaiiensis. Cypraea, flb hi St no. Cypraea. 97
gmssi, Voldloconus* 219 incompia, Milra, 197
hawaitensts, GastrcMihaena, 17Q histrio, Dosirtia, J60 incongrua, Anadara. 293
grassulaha, Dmpa. 150 hawaiiensis. Trachycardium, 328 histrio, Trochus. 44 mconslans. Hastula. 275
grossularius, Poti nite^, 104 hayashii, fulgoraria. 221 hjsirionica. Excell ichlamys. 300
gruncri. Argonauta, 376 incrassata, OItva, 190
hayashii, Fusinu^, 188
Homaiocanrha. 130^139 incurrata, Cypraea. 57
gruncri, Hallolis. 22 haysae, Katrca, 108
gmneri. NassariuSr 1®!
Homalopoma, 48 incuivus. Conus. ’272
bavsae. Thais. 147 horFDluluensis, Cypraea, 85
grunerK Turbo, 47 indeniala, Cancellaria, 227
bebraea. Lioconcha, 359 hornelli, Trachycardium, 327 indica, Lophiotoma, 23S
gruned. Vexitium, 2% hectica> Impagcs, 273 horrida, Disiorsio. 126
gryphina. Pspudochama, 121 Hecuba. 346
irKlica.Melo, 215
hurrida, Drupa. 150
guaCtQfiana. Naiica^ 107 indica. Oucorys, 116
hedlcyi, Calliostoma, 37 horridus, Nassarius, 100
guakphanum, CaJliq^toma, 16 tndica, Ruditapes, 365
Heieion, 30 horridus, Itanlhochorus, 153
guamersis, Theodoxus, 55 Indicum, Tugurium, 74
heic nae, Cypraea, 85 howelli, Cypraea armeniaca, 88
guamensia, Urnbonium. 41 indomaris, Lambis scorpius, 01
hetenae. Mitra, 199 hotvelli,. Ficus, 117
gubba, Conus cinereus, 257 nequale, Periplcmia, 373
Heliacus, 62 ho wens is. HaHotis. 23
gubbc Chiconeus, 137 ioermicosla. Ofenehra, 145
heliacus. Aequipeclen. 306 howsei^ Cdus. 163
gubpfnator. Conus, 25S inermis, Tudicula. 210
helicoidea, Vanikoro, 71 hoylei, Trophon^ 153 in expectant, Nalica, ID?
guemti. EmargFruIa. 24 heticoides. Bulbus, 105 huberit, Marginella, 234 insiarLa, Purpurellus, 141
guesfi, Plerynoius. 141 helicotrfes. tipplsles, 71
humanus^ Qossus, 351 mtlaia, tfmaria, 319
guickardj. Lunu Near dia^ IIQ helicdides, Neverila, 105 hiimboldti, Baihybembix. 35
Guildlordia, 49 inftata, Nassarius, 179
belli,Sirombus. 78 humbaldh. Rhinodoryne, 63
gukdlordiae, GuiFdioirNa, 49 bellDtropium, Astraea. 49
iofiata, ONva, 191
humerosa, Fulgoraria, 221 infiata, Tellrna,342
guNlemrnt, Euspira, T03 belmalina. Maiginella, 233 Humibria, 359 inflexum. Peplum, 304
guJnaica, Volula, 212 helvacea. Mactra, 334 hum ills. Murexiella, 141 in form is. Conus. 266
guinaicum. Cerithium. 66 helvacea, Natica, 106 humph reysi, Cypraea, 91 infrenatUE, Conus, 266
guinppnsis, Amapa, 68 helvacea, Tugurium, "4 humphreysianum, Buednum. 175 infundibulum, Latirus, 185
gutneensi!»^ Conus, 266 belvofa, Cypraea, 86 hungertordi. Cypraea, 90 inluscatus. Canlharidus. 35
gunnen, Boreoirophon, 152 bematita, Marginella, 234
gunnii, Turrirelfa, 60 hefnreardia, Lunulicardia. 329
hunleri. Cymbiotisia, 219
hunteria, Fasdolaria lllium, 103
ingens, Cypraea, %
guniheri, Pararnona, 221 ingloria, Cypraea, 04
Hemifusus, 176 hyaena. Conus, 150
Cussonea. 17T inomata, ArydfNsla, 194
HemOcrma, 24 hyaJinus, Ussopcclen, 303
guttala. Bolma, 49 inomaturn, Phalium, 114
hemphilJi, Craspedochilon. 207 Hybochefus, 34
guttata, Cypraea, B7 inquinata, Mttra. 198
hemphillL Lalirus, 106 hybrida, Vexillum. 205
gullata, MargrncNa. 212, 2lS hemphilb, Spisula. 335
inscriptuE, Coous. 251
hybridus. Conus aemuFus, 265, 267 insignis, Celiana, 31
gumta, Mitra, 198 hendersoni. CalNostoma bairdil. ifl Hydalina, 279 ms ignis. Tonicella. 205
guttata. PyramFdcIla, 277 hendersonr, N[so, 278
guirata, Sirambus, BO
bydmphanum. Buccinum, T74 insIgnis, Trichotropis, 71
bepaticum, Cymaliurn, 123 hyolis, Hyotissa, 318
guttata, Terebra, 273 instilaecborab. Tibia. 82
hepalicus, PoHnkes. 104 MyotisSa. 310
Tapes literatus, 162
gutlufatus. herendeenj, Cpius. 162
insulicoia, Cypraea, 80
hyperborea, Voldia. 290 intastriata,Psammotrela, 344
guftumium, Cymalium* 123 hericia, Chlamvs bastaia. 314 bypnehEprus, Conus, 252 intercostalis, Turbo, 47
guyanensis, Mytella. 296 bermanni, LiotFna. 40
gyratus, laliaxis. 151 interlineafa, Terebra crenubia, 274
hercMca, Ludnoma, 120 ichinoseana, Conus, 252
Cyrineum. 124-125 tnlermedb, Cypraea, 97
hems. Luna ha, 101 icierina, Cypraea, 87
gyrinum, Cyrineum, 124 inlermedia. Ruditapes, J6S
heros. Mu rex, 130 rdiopoma, Natica, 108 intermedia. Thais, 147
hems, Neplunea. 165 idoleum, Lahaxis, 153
habei,^ iNiipponapbera, 220 intermedium, Cyrnatium pi lea re, 120
besitala, Cypraea armenFaca, 88 ignea, Pisania, 170
hackelli, PoJInices, 101 intermedium, Pseudocyphorna, 99
hesperina, Cypraea, 92 ignobilis, Mitra, 190
hadria, PleurolomeHa, 241 Helerodonax, 147
Typhma, 158
interpres,
iheringi. Cailiostoma, 30
haemasioma, Canceltaria, 227 imerpuncla. Harpulina, 320
hevassi. Conus, 263 Iheringi, Phalium labiatiim. 114
haemastoma, ColumbeOa. i6o interrupla, Codakia. 321
hexagon us, Muricopsis, 144 Jllepida, Scaeoleda, 290 interrupta, Tellina, 341
haemastoma. Sirombus, 70 Hexaplex, 114-115, 138 ilyanassa. 178 interrupla, Vexillum, 205
baemaslOTTia, Tbak, 147 heynemanni, Pleuroploca, 181 ima, Imadava, 241
Haemalraga, Astraea, 51 mterruptuiineata, Marginella. 237
hians, Argonauia, 376 Imadava. 241
haliarcbus, CalNostoma. 39 hians, Umaria, 319
inteiTupius, Conus. 2^
Imbricaria, 204 intersculpra, Neptunea, 165
Hatieardia, 175 brans, Rengicardium. 126
HALIOTIDAI, 19-21
imbricata, Acanihina monodon. I49 iotficata, Agan^nia, 1%
bians, RoceNaria, 170
imbricata. Area. 291 intricata. Payraudeaulia, tflS
Haliotis. 19-21 b>anlina, Marda. 363
imbrlcala, Aslraea. S(J intricata. Turris crispa. 239
halistreptus, Fusinus, 1B9 Hiatella, 370
imbricata, Ceilana, 31 inusitata, Streptopinna. 100
hamatus, (schadium, 290 HtATILLIDAE. 370-171 imbricata, Crucihulum, 73 investlgatoHs, Ficus. tl7
hamilFei, Fulgoraiia. 221 Hialula. 347-348
imbricata, Granata, 14 Gemmuia. 239
invicta,
Haminoea, 279 hfatula, Agaronfa. 1%
imbricata, Pirretada, 302 728
io. Cancellaria,
hammondae. Cypraea. 92 hidatgoi. Cypraea, 94 imbricata. Plicatula, ItS iodosloma, Conus. 262
haneocki, Terebra. 277 hidalgoif, Murexidfa, T43
im^cafa, Tiidacna, 333 iodostoma, Drupa morum, 150
hanleyana. Mitra, 196 hieroglyphic a, Lioconcha, 159 imbricatus. tataxiena, 153 ione. Conus, 35l
hanleyanus. Troehus. 45 hieroglyph us. Conus, 269 impacla. ModioUrca, 298 iostoma. Chama, 323
banleyi. Oedeva, 145 hflads. Cantbaiidus, 35
Impages, 273 instoma, Stigmaulax, 109
hanleyi', Planaxis, 62 hilans. Natica, 109
impar, Callista. 150 Iphigenia. 346
harfordi, Amoria. 222 hinds3. Utiaxis. TSS
imperatrix. Marginella, 233 Iphjnoe, 71
harfordi, Fusinus. 1B7 hindsiana, Marginella, 233 impertorata, Clobularia, 101 iredalei, Ischnochiton, 204
hargravesi,. Ha/iotis, 23 Hindsidava^ 241 imperforata^ Natica, 100 iredalei. PhaNum lab alum, tT4
hargreavesi. Volutoconus, 219 hindsil, AlopaNa, 286
i

impertorata, Potinices, 105 iredalei. Strombus vomer, 00

Harisaiea, 49 hindSTi, Subcancilla, 203
imperiale. Ipilomum, 68 iredalina, 22D
Harpa 211-212
, Hinea, 62
imperiaNi, Angaria. 51 irescens, Cypraea, 92
haipa, Harpa, 21 Hinnltes, 315
imperialis. Astraea, 49 iridium, Calliostoma, 38
barpa. Lyrta, 214 hinomoioensis, Baryspira, 195 imperialls, Aulica, 216
barpa, PyrolDfusuSr 162 irina. Cypraea, 87
hippocastanum, Thais, 147 imperiatis. Conus. 244
harpaetormis, Margfnella, 233 iris. Haliutis. 2D
HPPONJCJDAF, 71 imperialis, Cypraea, %
HARPIDAE, 2T1-2I2 iris. Latirus, 184
Hippopus, 133 imperialis, Harpa, 111
harpitera. Vexillum,^ 106 hippopus, Hippopus, 333
irradians, Argopecten irradbns, 310
imperialis. Lisebkeia. 35 irregularis, Chlamys. 314
harpiformts, Microcitbara, 161 hirasei, Argopecten. 110
imperiaJis, Mitra, 197 Irregularis. Dendropoma,
Harpulina. 220.223 hirasei. Conus, 257
61
imperialis, Spondyius. 316 trrorata, Cypraea, 04
hartvwegii, Cyanoptax, 286 hirasei. Cypraea, 89 imperialis, Vasum, 209 irrorata, Littorina, 57
Marveila, 335 hirasei. Dental ium, 282
impertusa, Slomaleila, 44 irrorata, Marginella. 233
hassler, Calliastorna, 38 hirasei, FuFgoraria, 221
impressa, Anomalocardia. 367 Irus, 365
bastata. Chlamys hastata. 314 hirasei. JapeNon,. 164
improbulum, Haliotis, 21 irvinae, Cymbiola, 218
hastata, Hastula. 276 hirasei. Mu rex, 131 inaequalis, Diodora, 26 Isabella, Can cilia, 203
Hastula, 274^276 hirasei, Oliva, 191
inaequalis, Glycymcris, 295 Isabella,Cypraea, 95
Haumea, 114 hirasei, Phos, 160
inaequivalvis. Argopecten. 310 isabella.Strombus, 77
baurakiensts, Lorica. 207 hirasei, Pleurotomaria. 10
inaequivalvis. Pandora, 372 isabelfamexicana. Cypraea isabella, 95
HaustelFotyphis, T57 hirasei, Protothaca. 360
haustellum. Mu rex, 129
mean lata, Chlamys, 313 Esabelleana, Natica. 109
hirtus, Nassarius. 181
incamata. Peris lemia. 106 isabellina. Clausinelta,
haustoriutn. Purpura, 146 hirundo, Cypraea, 92 367
incei, Neveriia, 102 isaotakii, Buccinum, 175
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 401

I^hadiym, kanaka, VexilJum, 207

Ischnochiion. 2S4
iabuanensis, Agaronta, 1% laurae, Murexiella. 143
kanda, Labrus. 185 Facera, Cuma, 145
isHibas^hii, PrinncyvolvaH 99 kaneko, FuJgorarla, 221
lag rent i, Amus turn, 304
lachesis, Tumsipho, 163 lauta, Engina, 169
isiandita. ArcHca, 3S1 kashiwaiFmcnsIs, Conus. 253 lacin talus, Siraius,^ 111 lavendula, Naliea, 107
i^landica.Chlamys. 311 KateJvsia.363 lad n talus, Siramondrophon, 152 lavinia, Ptychobela, 242
iftandkus. Bulbul, 105 Katharina, 207 ladnialus, Strombus, 76 laysanica, Comilas, 241
istandJcui. Colus. 163 katsuaa, Cypraea, 91 lactea. Cancel! aria, 226 iazarus, Chama, 323
ISDcardia. 351 kauaionsis, Cypraea. 86 lactea, Marginella, 21S leanum. Periploma, 173
isocardia, Po^rnra. J6U kauiensis, Spondylus, 316 ladeqbasFs. Natica, 109 leeana. Caldirapessa, 151
isccardta. Trachycardium. 327 kawamuraC Chicoreus, 138 Eacteus, Pol in ides, tOS
isocardra, Ventricolana ripida. 353 leehmani. Conus barthelemyi. 255
kawamurai. Lyria. 214 tacunosa. Psammotrela, 344
l»griDfnon. 302 legatus. Conus. 245
keaTf,Conus, 251 Laevicardlum, 111-312 legrandi. Fusinus, 187
ISCX]NOMQNiPAE, 302 keatiformts. Conus, 247 laevigata. Ardhiteclonica. 61
isogmmum. Kognomon. legumen, Azorinus, 349
302 koalsiana, Amoria. 222 laevigala, Haliotis, 22 lemniscata, Chlamys, 3l2
i^pidula. Oliva, 192 keenao, Liltonna, 57 laevigata, MtidelEa, 161 lemniscata, Natica, 106
is&hlkiensiEi. CoraHjophila. 155 kegakl, Saccostrea, 31 fl laevigata, Telllna, 141 lemniscatum. Clypeomorus, 6S
ithia, Meplunea. 165 kelleti, Kollelia, 166 laevigata. Turbtnella, 211 lemniscalus. Conus, 263
Kollelia, 166 laevigatum, Laevicardium, 331
jacnaefisis, HaEioti^, 22
lens, Mitra, 200
kelletlii, CliJone, 366 laevior, Mopalia, 286
(atnensis, Haltoli^, 22 lenliginosa, Chlamys. 314
kellellii. Macron. 172 iaevis^ CaHcKhiton, 286 lentiginosa, Cfrte, 354
lacobaeu^, Pecrtfn maxim us. 3W keEseyi, liihophaga, 299 iaevis. Cample nectes, 311 lentiginosa. Cypraea, 91
jacqudineae. Bolma, 49 kennerJeyi, Hum liana, 360 laevis, Heldon, 30 Feotiginosa. Paphia gall us, 363
^cuiofdes. AEciihoe. 220 kennicoIMf. Beringion, 562 lagenuEa, Gastrodhaena, 170 lentiginosus. Conus, 262
raculymi, Compsodriltia, 243 keppelFanus, Pecten, 304 lajonkairii, Turbo, 46 lentiginosus, Slmmbus, 80
jac^undum. BipEex. 124 keimadecensis. Conus, 254 lamarckr, Bursa, 129 leo, Bursa, 128
jamaici^nsis. Collisella, J2 kermadecensis, Paletia, 29 lamardkl, Carinana, 101 leoparda, Annachlamys, 106
jamaicensis, Lu^iria, 320 kerslddik Conus, 27D Famarcki, Mi Ira, 197 Feopardus. Conus, 249
S6
janelli. S<?ptaria, kesteveni, Asiraea. 51 lamarcki, Spondylus, 117 lepida, Oliva, 191
pnelae, SplenddlHa. 243 ketyana, Cypraea, 95 iamarckii, Aniigona. 153 Lepidopleurus, 284
jantNna, 7D kieneri, Busycon, 176 lamarckJ}^ Conus^ 166 Lepidozona, 284
fanihina, lanihina^ 70 k sen erf, Conus, 2b2 Iamarckii, Cypraea, 87 LEPTONACIA. 324
Knthinidae. to klenoH, Cypraea, 92 Iamarckii, Ouplicaria, 274 Leptopecten, 304
janthostomaides. Malica, t07 kieneri, Cemmula, 238 Iamarckii. PaieMa,^ 29 lessoni, Slphonaria, 281
}anus. Conus, 256 kiencri, Scaphella dubia, 223 lambent, Anguipecten, 312 Eesueuri, Cymatiurn. 122
lapdion, 164 kieneri, Thais, 147 Lam bis, 81-82 Feutodbma, Caleoatprys. 115
japonica, Astraea. 5t kiiensis, Cymatium, 122 Earn bis, Lambis, 81, 17H leucodon, Cypraea, 95
japomca, Auina, 300 kiiensis, limaria, 319 Lamellana, 83 leucophaeala, Mylilopsis, 169
iaponfca, Babybnia, 173 knensls. Mu rex. 111 LAME LEAK DAE, 831 1
leudophaeus, Pacipecten, 308
faponica, Cari>naria, T01 kitbumi. VolutOdOrhis, 213 lamel laris, Aniigona, 353 leucopleura, Collisella. 12
japonica, Dosinia. 161 klmioi. Conus. 251 lameilala, Callanailis, 367 leucostoma, Buednum, 174
japonica Haliplis, 21
,
kingae. Cypraea, 86 lamelFlIera, Irus, 365 Jeucosloma. Cypraea, 94
japonica. Marda, 363 kirtgi, Amofia, 222
lameltosa. Coral Eiophila meyendorlfi, 1 55 leudostoma. NetKarrdlla. 203
laporiFca. Phalium, 112 kingi, Paradione, 358 lamellosa. Haliotis luberculata, 20 leucostoma, Turritella, 60
laponlca, Pdftbndia, 290 kinglcola, EucrassaleUa, 326 lamellosa,, Nucelia, 145 Leucosyrinx, 240
japanita, Xonophdra, 74 kinoshilai. Conus, 261 lamellosa. Scalplia, 229 Leucottna, 27B
japonicum, Amusiurn, 301 kiooshiiai, ParancistroEepis, 166 lametlosum, EpJ Ionium, 68 Eeudotropts, Lophiotoma, 238
iaponicum, Fulvia^ 111 kintoki Conus, 253
,
lampas, Bursa ^ 127 LeucozonFa, 186
japonrcus, Canlharfdus> 35 kfosquiiormis. Thais, 148 lampas, Charoma, 119 leviathan, Cypraea cameoFa, 98
japanicu^, L^iiaxis. 154 kirai. Conus, 257 lancea^ Doiicholalirus, 183 leviuscula. FulgoraHa, 221
faponicus. Pilar, 356 kiranus, Laliaxis, 154 fanceata, Haslula. 274 lewisk Lunalia, 103
japonicus. Stmrnbus vittalus, 79 kledkhamae, Strombus, 76 lanceola, Dolicbofatirus, 183 Fewisi. Sassia, 123
jaquensis, Fusittirricula, 240 kfemae. Conus. 258 lanceolata. Resania, 337 lienardl. Conus, 257
faspldcus. Conus, 270 klenei, CyTTiatium, I21 lanceolata, Sirombina, 159 lieoandi, Cypraea dcercula, 84
lalon, 141 Knelastia, 240
javana, Turricuia. 243
lanet, Agaronta. 1% lifouana. Pterygia, 2i34
knodkeri, Proioma, 60 langei, Agaronta, 1% lifuensis, Cerithium, 64
javanicum, CalliDStoma, 39 knoxi, Teremelon, 120 Eangfordi, Caodlla. 202 ligar. Turritella, 60
lavanPcum, Sinum, 103 kobeiti, Fusinus, 168 langfordi, Cypraea, 89 Ugata, Vanikoro, 71
javanus. Brcchiics, 375 kobelliana, Area, 292 langfordi, El^atopeclen. 307 ligalum, Cainosl&ma, 37
jayana, Cantellaria, 220 kochi, Rhinodavis. 66 laperousit, Serripes, 333 llgalus. Phos, 168
jeanrana, Cypraea Iri^ndit, 94 kotschyi, Gibbula. 43 lapitlus,Nucella, 145 lightboumi. Pierynolus, 141
jedo«nsis, Pfoiothaca, 36S kowiensis, Turrfteila. 60 lappa, Murexiella^ 143 lignaria. Oliva, 19?
)effr«ysianus, Colus, 163 kraussi, Butlla, 177 lapponida. Hatpglina, 22D Fignaria. Scaphander, 279
jcffreysii, CJathmdrEiEia, 241 kraussij,. Palelb, 29 laquealus, Peclen, 305 Fignosa, Mopalia, 286
jennerPa, 96 krebsii, Cymatium, 121 laqueatus, Plerynotus, 141 lilacFna, Calllsta erycina, 157
jickelii , Conus, 249 kreuslerae, Notovoluta, 219 FargilHerl, Marginella, 234 lilacFna, Marginella, 234
[OhnsonT, Clavus. 240, 241 kroyeri, Plicifusus, 164 Jargilllerli, Rudhapes, 365 I il tana, TelIFna, 345
iohnsoni, Tpramachia, 224 kueslerianus, Hexaplex, 115 largiNlerti, Volulopsius, 162 III turn. Fasciola ria, 183
johnsioneae, Scaphella, 221 kugleri, Siratus* 132 larochei. Aid) hoe, 220 Uma, 319
josephinia, Neverila, 102 kuikukan. Conus, 269 larva, Bulira, 177 lima, Barbatia, 293
lourdanf, Turbo, 45 kurachensls, Sunetia. 355 larvata, Chlamys, 312 lima. Lima, 319
|ousseaum{Fi Conus, 253 ,
kufodai, Lyria, 214 laseroni, Trigonosloma. 229 Fima, IMucella. 145
fousstaumr, Chlamys, 313 kurodai, Nassarfus, 181 Iasi us, Trophonopsis, 152 lima. Spondylus, 316
joycae. Cypraea, 89 kurodai, Phalrum, 112 lata, Teltina, 341 IFmadna, Cypraea, 85
jfaar, Teliina. 341
(
kuroharai, Conus, 252 Lataxiena, 153 Limaria, 119
jucundus. Conus, 268 kuroharai, Cypraea schiiderofum, 98 latemargtnata, Fissurella, 28 II mala, Scabricola, 202
juddi, Haum^a, 314
korradhensis, Bultia, 177 Laternula, 372
iugosa, Engina, 169 limalula, Collisella. 33
kurtzi. Tudkula armlgera. 210 LATERNULIOAI, 372 limatuia. Lucapinella, 26
jujubinum, Caliiosloma. 37 kurzt. Conus. 248 laliauratus, Lepiopeclen, 304 limatula, Yoldia, 290
Jyjubinus, 41 kurzf, Distorsio, 126 Latiaxis, 153-156 iFmbata, Marginella, 212
jukesii,^ Diodora, 26 kurzf, Cuildfordia, 49 radcostala, Cardita, 32S llmbata, Natica, 109
jukesii, Polinices, IDS kurzi, Morum, 115 latidostata, Clycymeds, 295 LIMIDAE, 318-320
iukesti, Vexil^um. 205
laticostata, PalelTa, 29 limoneita. Strombina, 159
juliae. Conus amphiurgus, 268 labiata. CuduElaea, 294 laticostaium. Trachyrardium, 327 LIMOPSIDAE, 294-295
juiiae, Uliaxis, 1S5
labiala, Margfnelia, 215 lalicostalus, Fusinus, 188
julieta, Oliva,
Limopsis, 294-295
190 labiatum, PhalJum labiatum, 114 latilabris,. Maliolis, 22 Jimosa, Mirra, 197
iulH. Conus, 247
us, Strombus, 77
la brat
ialilirata, Oiione. 366 Unatella. 119
junonia, ScapheEla, 223 labiosa, CoEumbefla, 160 latipinnatus, Laliaxis, 156 lineata, Anati na, 117
juvenilis, I^Dsinia, J61 labiosa, PEanaxis, 62
juvents. Dosinia, 361
latirifomie, Siphovasum, 209 lineata. Ancilla, 1%
labiosum, CymaMum, 121 Lalirolagena, 183
juxtamusium, 315 lineata, BulIFna. 279
labiosus, Strombus, 79 Latirus, 184-186 lineata, Marginella, 232
labfadorensis, Aporrhais, 75 latissimum. Clypeolum, 56
kadertyi, Comitas, 240 llneara. Mitra, 201
fabrelia, Natica, t06 latissimus. Strombus, 76
kamakurana, Comiias, 243 IFneala. Mortodonta. 41
labroFineata, Cypraea, 85 latus, lapciiort, 164
kamischafkana. Haltolis, 19 lineata. Natica. 106
labfosa, Malea. 118 latus, Strombus. 80 lineata, Oocorys. 116
 S

402 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

Perrons, 237 luddus. Conus, 271 maculosa, Gsri, 347 Margovula. 99

fineata, 5ubcancflEa, 203 Lucina, 320 maculosa. Madra, 334 mariae, Cypraea, 83
lineala^ Tedtria, 341 LUClNlDAi, 3^322 rnaculosa. Milra, 201 mariae, Protbabtia. 36
iineata, Tonicelfa, 285 Lucinoma, 320 maculosa, Natica. 109 mariei Scahricofa, 202
,

fineata, VextlTa, 150 Eucu tenia, Chlamys, 314 macubsa, Pisania. 17Q marielae. Conus. 261
lineata, Voluta, 212 luculenta. Natka, 109 maculosa, Pyramidelta, 277 marionae. Calliostoma, 39
lineatum, CymatSum. 122 luculcntum, Vexillum, 208 maculosa, sirgmbina, 159 marionensis. Limopsis, 295
lineatui, Massarius, 178 lugubre, Ceraiosloma, 142 maculosa. Terebra, 273 marUima. Polymesoda, 352
lineatus, Planaxis. 62 lugubris, Aeanlbina. T49 maculosa, Tortna, 118 rnarmorata, Cymbiollsla. 219
llneatu^, Strombus, 80 fugubris. Conus, 257 maculostriala, TeguJa, 42 marmorata, Niso, 278
Uneat us, Trochus, AS lugubris, Ischnochiton, 2S4 macumba, Cyphoma, 100 marmoratus. Chiton, 288
Itoeolaris, Aequipecten. 307 lugubris, Pleurctpbca, 183 macutanfea, Laliaxis, 156 marTTwratus, Turbo. 46
Hneolala. Andlils, 195 luhuanus, Strombus. 80 madagascariensts. Cassis, 110 marmorea. Oliva, 192
lifieolala, Marginelta, 236 lunaris, Natica, 108 madagascarientsis, Tellina. 34T marmorea, Tonicclla. 285
Itfieolatus, l^chnochiEon, 2B4 lunans. Pecten, 305 madreporarum. Quoyula, 156 marrnoreum, Trachycardium, 327
iineum, Buccinuturn:, 170 Lu naira, 103 magdalenensis. Slenoplax, 285 marmoreus. Conus. 244
Lingd, 320 Lunella, 48 magellanica, Nacella, 31 maroccana, Nalica, 107
linguaelelis, Spondylos. 316 Lunulicardia. 329-330 magellanica. Odonlocymbiota, 219 maroccensis, Sinislraha, 189
linguaefetis, Tetlirta, 343 lupanaria. Pilar, 357 magelEankum. Epitonium, 70 marochiensis. Natica. 107
lingualis. Terebra, 277 lurida, Cvpraea, 95 magellanicus. Aulacomya, 297 marquesana. Perislernia, t87
tinguata^ Limaria, 319 lurida, Osirea, 318 magellanicus. Fusil riton, 126 marquesanus. Chitor>. 288
lingulata. Vulsella. 302 iusoria, Meretrix, 355 magellanicus, Placopeden. 306 marshall i, Beringion, 162
linki, Pacipeden. 108 fulea, Cvpraea, 91 magellanicus, Trophon, 152 Martesia. 372
tinnaei,. Turrtleda, 59 lutea, Reduzia. TO Magilus, 156 mahinelana, Marchia. 139
LiocOncha, 359 lutea. Slnmatella, 44 magi Sira. Cypraea, 86 martini. Cypraea, 90
Liomesus, 164 luiea. Teltina, 342 magna, Lutraiia, 337 martini, Margmella, 234
Liotina, 48 luieofasdaius, Theodoxus, 55 magna, Tellina, 340 martini. Murexiella, 136
UppESites. 71 luleosloma, Cymbiola, 216 magnifica, CalypEogena, 351 maninianum, 5inum, 1D3
lischkeana, Laliaxis, 154 Eulcostoma, Tonna. llfi magnifies, Cymbiola, 217 martinil. Tibia, 82
lischkei, Cblamys, 306 luteus, Comis, 262 magnifica, Nassaria, 167 malronafis. Scabricola. 202
lisdikel^, Paphia, 364 luteus. Melampus, 281 magnifica. Suneita, 354 matthewsi, Marginella, 235
Lischkeia. 35 lutosa, Babybnia, 174 magnificus. Chiton, 268 malthewsi, Morum, 115
Lissopeclen, 103 lulosa, VoEulocorbis, 213 magni ficus. Conus, 245 mauiensis, Cypraea. 84
Ussosloma. Bursa, T27 lulosum, Cehlhium. 66 magnificus, Lyropecten. 309 maura, Milra, 199
IlSsus, Malluviuiti, 72 iutraria, 336-337 magnificus, Tonna. 118 Maurea, 40
lEsleri, Cypraea, 92 lulraria, Lulraria, 337 magnificus. Turbo, 46 mauritiarra. Bu Ilia. 177
listeri, Diodora, 25 luzonica, Marcia, 363 magnum, Trachycardium. 327 mauriliana, Cypraea, 97
Ksteri, Isognornon. 302 lynceus, Cotius, 257 magnus, Clinopegma. 164 mauri Manus, Strombus. 80
Itsleri. Strombus, 79 lynx, Cypraea, 97 magus. Conus. 254 maurus, Chjcoreits, 136
Itsteri, TelEina, 341 IYONSIIOAE,373 mainensis, Aporrhais, 7S maurus, Pol inices, 104
literatus.Tapes, 362 lyraeformis, Lyria, 213 major, Ancilfa. 196 mawae. iatiaxis. 153
Litharca, 294 lyrala, Canceilaria. 231 major. Anti planes, 239 maxima, ArcWreclontca, 61
lithodomus, litharca. 294 lyrala, Neplunea, 165, 166 major. Columbeila, 160 maxima, Fissurella, 28
hthoglyphus. Conus, 257 lyratum, LyrocarcHum, 330 major. Harpa, 211 maxima. Nerita. S3
Llthopbaga, 299 lyratum. Vex Ilium, 206 major. Nassarius. 179 maxima, Palella, 29
lithophaga, Lithophaga, 299 Lyria, 213-214 mab''- Tedarius, 58 maxima, Tridacna, 333
litoglyphus, Conus, 2S7 iyrocardium, 330-331 maiabarica, Paphia. 363 max] mu s. Latirus, 183
lirterata, MiUa, 201 Lyropecten, 309, 315 maldivense. luxfamusium, 315 rnaximus, Pecten. 304
finerata, GHva, 190 maldivus. Conus generalis, 251 maximum, PEeuroploca, 183
Jhiterata, Tapes, 362 macandreae, Aporrhais serresianus, 75 Mafea, 117-118 rnaximus, Trochus, 45
litteratum, Cerkhium, 65 macandrewi, Amoria, 222 MALLE DAE. 302-303
I Maxwellia, 143
litleratus. Conus, 249 macandrewC Cypraea, 64 Mallet ia, 291 Mayena, 124
Ottorea, Uttorina. S6 tnacandrewi, Morum, 115 Malleus. 302 mazatlandica, Cellana, 11
Uttorina, 56-57 macarae. Conus, 250 malleus. Malleus. 302 mazei. Conus. 269
LlTTORINIDAE,56-S& macassarensis. Annachlamys. 306 Ma Eluvium. 72 media, Americardia, 329
Ifvida, Hastula, 276 maccuHochi Cypraea. 85
, malonei, Timodea, 362 mediamericanus. Latirus, 184
lividufn,Vedllum. 206 macdougalli, Epbippodonia, 324 Maivi malleus, 303 mediterranci. Kenophora. 74
Ikidus. Conus, 259 macerophylla, Cbama, 323 mamilla. Livonia. 224 medilerraneus. Conus, 265
Livonia, 215, 224 macgillivrayi. Mu rex, 130 mamilfata, Amalda. 194 megacerus, Chicoreus. 135
bhata, Drupa, ISO macgintyt, Dislorsiu const ri eta, 126 mammata, Bursa, 129 Megapifaria, 359
focumlenens. Conus, 246 maegintyi, Lalirus, 185 mammatus. Po Unices, 104 Megasurcula, 241
bebbecfcet, Plerynolus, 140 fnaegintyi, Murexiella, 143 mandnella, Thais, 148 Megalebennus. 27
bngicaudata, Rbinodavis, 67 tnacha, Ensis, 339 marLdarina. Pen ion, 166 Megaihura. 26
Eongkaudus, Murex. 129 maciEenta, Hindsklava. 241 manilensls, Corbicula, 352 Mclocardta. 3ST
longicornis, Trubatsa, 1S7 madeanr, Marginella. 235 mahirchora, Oliva annulata. 191 Melagraphla, 42
longECDsta, Patella, 10 Macoma, 344 manukauensis. Maohcolpus, 39 Melampus, 281
longifoslrala. Phenacovolva, lOO Macrarene, 48 Manupetlen, 311 melanacanfha, Angaria delphinus. 51
longispina, Astraea, 50 MacrocalMsia, 359 maorlana, Aulacomya ater, 297 melanaegis, Gomphina. J64
longispina, Theodoxus, 55 macromphalus. Nautilus, 377 mapriana. Dosinia. 361 mdanamathos. Homalocantha. 138
lngEsqua^1 o$a, Reria. 301 Macron, 172 Maoricotpus, 59 melanioides, Abyssochrysos, 56
longhrorsum, DentaUum, 283 macnoplera, Pteria, 101 mappia, Cypraea, % metanocheilus. Tibia fusus, 82
Idngleyi, Tugurium, 73 macroplera, Pleropurpura, 142 Marcbia, 139, 141 melanostoma, Cypraea, 97
longunonis. Conus, 2S2 Macrosthisma, 27 mardnionalus, Conus nobilU. 247 meianostoma. Tonna. 118
Lopha, 31 macroschisma, Monia. 317 Marcia, 363 melanostomus, Pol inices. 104
Lophiotoma, 238^239 macrospira, Fuslaphera, 230 marda, Cypraea, 92 melastomus, Pol in ices. 104
Lophocardium. 3^ mactanensis, Favartia, W margarita, Cypraea ckercuta. 84 melcutus, Haliotis, 23
lorenziana, Lioconcha, 359 Macira, 333-336 margaritacea. Nenirigonia, 320 melfosum. Pollnices, t05
lorenzianus, Cnrtus spurius, 267 Maclrellona, 335 margaritacea. Pandora, 372 Melo, 215-216
LoPca, 287 MACTRIDAL, 333-338 mafgaritaceum, Periploma. 373 mela. Mela, 215. 378
Loncelb, 287 maclroides, Erodona. 370 margaritaiius, ClancuFus, 43 melones, Thais, 147
loroisi, Cymalium, 121 madroides, Mesodesma, 337 margaritensLs, Phyilonolus. 134 Melongena, 175
lomisi, Harpulina, 223 mactfoides, Tivela, 355 Marga riles. 34 melongena, Melongcna. 175
loroisi, Terebra, 273 maculala, Amoria, 222 margarttifera, Pinctada, 301 MELONGENIDAE, 175-177
loroisil. Conus, 250 maculala, Macrocaillsla. JS9 margarliiferus. Nassarius. 180 melvllli, Abyssochrysos. 56
Iptorium, Cymarium, 120 maculaia, Mactra, 334 margaritula, Bursa. 128 melvilli, Cypraea. 92
lotorium. Plena penguin, 301 maculala, Natica, 107 marginal is, Cypraea, 86 melwardi, Cypraea, 93
Lqttiia, 13 maculala, Terebra, 273 marginata, Amalda. 194 memiae, Conus, 262
loveni. fpttonium. 69 maculalum, Stnum, 103 marginals. Cypraea, 95 mendkaria. Engina. 169
loveni, Pterfa. 301 maculatus, Strombus. 77 marginala, Marginella. 235 menstrualis. Suneita, 354
lozeti. Conus, 247 maculalus, Trochus. 45 marginala. Tonna, 118 mercadoi, Scalptia, 230
lubens. Vexiltum, 206 maculilera. Cypraea, 97 marginalus, Solen, 338 mercator. Conus. 266
Lucapina, 26 maculosa, C^lubraria, 173 marginatus. Strombus, 79 mercatoria, Calumbella, t60
Lucapinella, 26 maculosa, Crepidula, 72 Marginella, 231-237 Mercenaria, 368
lucaya, Pbumtomarra, 19 maculosa, Cypraea, 95 MARClNELLfDAl, 231-237 mercenaria, MercenarJa. 368
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 403

Mercirix. 355 milriformis. INarona, 230 mus, Cypraea, 94 neptunoldes. Conus, 262
mergus, Chicoreus, 13S miyokoae. Pterynotus loebbeckei. 140 mu&cae, Amalda. 196 neptunus, Conus, 262
meridional is, Pecten, 3fl5 modes la. Bolma, 49 muscaria. Marginella, 235 Nerila, 52-55
merista, Cypraea, modesla, Litton na, 57 muscarla. Tercbra. 273 NERITIDAE, 52-56
meroaeformis. Paphia. 3t>4 modesta. Vexillum, 206 muscarum. Cerithium. 66 Neiitina. 54-55
meroe, Sunetla, 355 Modi d 1 area, 298 muscosa, Mopalia. 286 Neritodryas, 55
Meropesta, 336 Modiolus, 296-^99 muscosus, Aequipetten, 309 nerltoidea. Coralliophiia, 155
meriensiir Lcpidozona, 264 modiolus, Modiolus, 299 Muscuius, 298 neHtoideum, Sirtum, t04

merula, Oxyslete, 43 MODULI DAE, 62-63 musica. Marginella, 234 NERITOPSIDAE. 52

mesal-r Mcsalia. 5^ Modulus, 63 musica, Voluta, 212 Nerilopsis, 52
MesaJia, 59 modulus. Modulus, 63 musious, Conus, 261 Neverita. 102,
Mesodcsma, 337 moelleri. Vexitium, 206 muskalensis, Ciycymerls, 295 newcombit, Scabricola, 202
rnesofeuca. 5curr>a, 32 moestus, Nassarius, 179 mustelina, Cassidula, 262 nexilis. Candlla, 202
Mflsopeplum, 306 molleri. C>praea, 90 muslelinus. Conus, 250 nicklesi, Volutocorbis, 213

mesaorius, Mure^, 132 mo! is, Hinea, 62

I
musumea. Cypraea, 91 nicobarica. Meropesta. 336
meutiica. Macella, 31 moitkiana. Meiocardia, 351 mutabilis. Area. 291 nicobaricum, Cymatium, 120
metcalfeir Conus, 257 mpluccensis. Conus. 261 mutabilis. Conus. 258 nicobaricus. Conus araneosus, 244
Melula, 170 monachialis. Mitra, 197 mutabilis. Cuma, 14"^ nicobariciis, Fusinus, 168

mexrcana. Patella^ 29 monachus. Conus, 256 mutabilis, Nassarius, 179 nielsenae. Conus, 254
meyendorffi, CoralNophiia, 155 man eta, Cypraea, 87 mutabilis, Slrombus, 77 nifal. Perrona, 237

meycrfH Conus biUosus, 259 Monia, 317 mulica. Fulvia, 33l niger, Cypraea. 97
mica/ts, Olive! la. 194 monife, Calliostoma, 37 mulica, Olive! la. 193 niger, Lamellaria, S3
michae]($> Cvpraea. 97 monile. Conus, 251 Mya, 369 nigerrima. Oitoma. 41
michaudf, Aporrhais, 75 Monilea, 43 Myadora, 373 ntgcrrlma, Nerita, 53
mi^haudt, Quoyia, 62 monillfera, Aneilla, 1% MYIDAE, 369 nigra, Atrirta, 300

Microcilhara, 161 mpnilifera, Bullia, 177 Myilita, 324 nigra, Fissurclla, 28

Mitromelp, 279 moniiifera, PoEinices, 105 MYOCHAMIDAE. 373 nigra, Lilhopbaga, 299
mtcrophytlus, Chi corpus. 136 mortililerus, Clypeomorus, 67 myrisUca, Volema, 176 n^igra. Planaxis. 62
rnEcrosloma. @FpEeK, 124 monodon, Acanthina, 149 rnyristioatus, Nassarius, 178 rtigrescens. Conus marmoreus, 244
mkrosloma, Phalium 112 mo nodon, Chico reus, 138 mysticus, Hybochelus, 34 nigricans, Petaloconchus. 61
microurceus. Strombus, 77 Monodonta, 41 Mytella, 298 nigrina. VexiUurn ,
206
fnidae, Haliotis, 21 manatimeds, Leptopecten, 304 MYTIUDAE, 297-299 nigrirostratus, Fusinus, 168
midas. Pleuroiafnaria, 19 monotis, Chlamys, 311 Mytilopsis, 369 nigrispinosus. Mu rex, 130
middendorffi. Bucdnum. 175 monsirosa, Petr cola, 368 I
Mytilus, 297-298 nigrisquamata, Ce liana, 31
middendorffi. Volulopsius, 162 montgomeryi. Terebra, 275 myuros, Terebra, 274 njgrita. Bursa. 127
midwayensFs, Chiamys, 314 montroujtiefi, Amalda. 194 nigrilus, Hexaplex, 138

midwayensis. Cypraea, 91 montrouaieri, tlmbonium. 43 Nacella. 31-32 nigropunctata. Cypraea, 87

mikawaensis, Polinices, 1D4 Mopalia. 286 nadaensis. Conus, 254 nigropunclatus. Conus, 256
Mi da. 276
I
morbida. PaieNa, 30 naevosa, Haliotis, 21 Nihonia. 243
mildredae. Chbmys. 314 morchii. CanciHa, 203 nagasakiensis, Latirus, 165 nilolicus, Trochus, 45

miles. Conus. 256 morchii. Mitra. 201 nakayasui. Conus, 264 nimbosa, Cypraea. 90
miliaris, Coous, 260 moreleti. Conus. 259 namocanus. Conus. 250 nimbasa. Fissure! la. 27
miliaris, Cypraea, 66 moretonensis. Cypraea langfordi, 89 nana, Bursa, 127 nimbosa. Macrocallisia. 359
mtliaris. Vllulaiia. 144 morio, Pugilina, 175 nana. Cassis, 110 nimbasus. Conus, 261
38
mill tare, CalFiostoma, moritincluni, Cymatium, 122, 123 nana, Olive! la, 194 nioba, Paradione. 357
millecostatum, Vexiltum, 207 morrhuanus, 356
Pitar, nana. Tibia, 82 Buccinum, 175
nijpor^ense,

rriFlIegranosa, Bolma guttala, 49 morrisoni. Voluta. 212 nana, Volutocorbis, 213 niponkus, Fusinus, 187. 188
millepeda. lam bis. 81 morion i, Laevicardium, 331 nanus. Conus, 261 Nipponaphera, 228
millepDra, Mitra, 197 Morula, 148 napus, Turblnella pyrum, 211 nipponensis, Chlamys, 313
millepunctata. Cancilta. 202 Morum. 115-116 Naquetia, 133 nipponica. Lima. 319
millepunciata. Nalka, 109 morum, Drupa, 150 Narana, 230 Nfpponotrophon, 151
miilepundata. JCenoturris, 239 morus. ClypcomoFUs, 67 Nassa, I5i1 Niso, 276
milleri, Trigonosloma. 230 mosaica, Marginella, 232 Nassaria, 168 nisus. Conus, 262
mil need wards!. Conus, 246 matadlia, Siralus, 132 N ASSAR DAE ,171,1 77-1 82
1 1 nitons. Bathymophila. 34
Mi It ha, 322 mucronaia. VexlMum, 207 NassaHus, 178-182 nitida, Hastula, 276
mfltonis, McFq, 216 mucronatus. Conus. 263 nassatula, Peristemia, 186 nitida, Mlatula, 348

mimus, Spondyius, 316 Mulinia, 33S nassoides, Latirus, 185 nitida. Madra. 336
mindanaoen^sis. Mure*. 130 muhiformis. Balillaria, 63 nassula, Terebra, 276 Nitidelia, 161

mindanus, Conus, 269 mulligemmata, Maurea, 40 nasuta. Macoma, 344 nitidula, Colubraria, 173

miniacea, Oliva, 191 muitiLamellalus, 5pondy1us. 316 natalensis. FissureOa. 26 fiivea, Ca Elista umbonella, 358
miniata. Patella, 30 muftilirteatus. Conus. 255 natalensis, Patella, 30 nivea- Chlamys, 31

minima. BalilFaria, 63 muEtimuncatus, 5pondylus, 316 natalensis. Turbo. 47 nivea, Nassaha, 168

minima, Cypraea, 95 multi perforata, Haliotis. 23 natalis. Conus, 246 nivea, Oiivella. 193

minimus, Stnombus, 79 mulltpes, Lambis. 81 natator, Gyrineum, 125 nivea, Spisula, 336

mirmamurra. Conus. 262 multiplicatus. Mu rex, 129 Natl ta, 10^109 nlvosa. Cymbiola, 2l6
Minolia, 34 multipunctatum. Discors, 332 NATICIDAE, 101-109 nivosa, Cypraea, 98
minor. Harpa, 211 multiradiata. Callista, 358 naucum. Atys. 279 nivosus. Conus. 265
minor, Qlivella, 194 multirugosus, Hinnites. 315 nautica, Melo, 215 noae. Area, 291
minoridens, Cypraea, 92 multispinosum, Tradiycardlum, 326 NAUTILI DAE, 377 nobilis, Architeclonicar 61

minuta, Diodora, 25 muttisquamata, Chlamys, 311 Nautilus, 377 nobilis. Bullina. 279

MiomeJon, 219 multi striata, Chlamv^^ 315 navicularis. Area. 291 nobilts, Bursa, 128

mlrabile. Vexillurn, 207 multlsirlata, LFmopsis, 294 neb rites, Cypraea, 86 rtobllfS, Caliioslonia. 37
mirabilis, Acila. 290 mumia, Euflstuiana, 370 nebulosa, Agaronia, 1% nobilis, Charonia, 119

mirabilis, Iredalina. 220 munitum, Cerlthiufti, 64 nebulo^a, Uttorina, 57 nobUiS, Chlamys senatona. 309
mtrabilis. Marginelfa, 236 Muftx, 129-132 nebulosa, Marginella, 232 nobilis. Conus nobilis, 247

mtrabiHs, Nihonia. 243 Murexiella. 136-137, 143 nebulosa. Nalsca. 107 nobilis. Cuspidaria. 374

mFrabilis, Perissodonta, 75 Murexsul, 143 nebulosa. Terebra, 275 nobilis, Cymbiola, 216

mirabilis. Thatcheria. 243 muricata. Clavaiula, 242 neglecta, Cypraea. 92 nobilis. Pinna, 299

mirabilis, Torellla, 71 murrcala, Colubraria, 173 neglecta. Patella. 29 nobilis. Polystira, 239

Mirapecten, 315 muricata, Neorapana, 146 neglect us, Onisthochiton, 285 nobilis, Fseudomalaxis. 62

mififica, Mucula, 269 muritata. Pinna, 3fX) neilseni, Cymbiolacca pulchra, 217 nobilis. Pseudovertagus, 67

mirificus, Mirapecten. 315 muricatum. Cymatium. 123 Nemocardium, 330 nodaia, Marginella. 236
misella, Cypraea, 91 muricatum, Trachycardium. 327 Neoberinglus, 162 nodatus, Latirus, 184
miicheTli. Amaea, 69 murkalum, Vasum. 209 Neocancilia, 203 nadilerus, Decalopecten. 307
mills, Cymbiola, 216 muricatus, Nassarius, 160 Neorapana. 146. 149 NodilitTorina. 58
Mitra, 197-201 muricatus. Tectarius, 58 hleothais, 145 nodlplicata, Cottonia, 219
milra, Aemaea, 33 MURtClOAE, 129-153, 1S7-15S Neotrigonia, 320 nodosa, Argonauta. 376
mitra. Mirra. 197 muricinum, Cymatium. 123 neozelanica, Xenophora, 74 nodosa, Ftssurella, 28
milraeformis, Genota, 240 Muricopsis, 143-144 nephele, Sconsia. 115 nodosa, Lyropecten. 309
mitraeformis, Lyna, 213 muriculata, Vextllum, 207 nepbeloide, Cafliostoma, 39 nodosa. Purpura, 146
milratus. Conus, 248 moriculatus. Conus. 259 Neptunea. 164-166 nodosa, Vexillum, 207
MitreHa, 161 muricuiatus, Phas, 168 Neplur^eopsis. 224 nodullfera, Cancellaria, 226
MITRIDAE, 197-206 murina. Diodora, 23 neptuni, Cymbium, 2l5 noduliferus, Tectus pvramis. 45
miiriCormis, Genota, 240 mus. Conus, 266 neptunia, Scaphella, 223 nodulosa. Mitra, 200
404 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

nQdulQSum, Cerithium, 64 Ocenebra. 145 ouaUniensis. Theodoxus, 55 paradoxum, Chrysosloma. 34

Nodulotrophon, T52 ocbroFeucus, Conus. 256 ovalis, Anadara, 292 parallela, Petricola, 369
nodus. Morula, 140 ochfoleucus. Trochus, 44 ovilormis, Ovula, 99 Paramelaria, 160-161
No«1ia. 2S3 OClangulatum, Denial! um, 203 ovina, HaFiotis, 22 Paramoria, 221
noimaniae. Amoria^ 221 octogonus, Murexsul. T43 ovoidea. Chaceia, 372 Parandslrolepis. 166
nomnhensis. MaFca. 119 OCTOPODA, 377 ovaldea. TurbFriella, 211 Parastarte, 362
norrisi , Cymbidla rulila. 217 Octopus, 377 Ovula, 99 parius. Conus. 256
norrtsi. Norrisia. 43 octoradiata. Hemttoma, 24 ovuFaea, Tapes. 362 parkinsDni, Oliva, 192
Morrisia* 43 octoradiata, Patella, 29 ovuFata, Corbula, 370 parkinsonianum,^ Cymalium. 122
INonhta, 169 ocu latum. Terebra, 273 OVULIDAE. 99-101 parmophoidea, Tugalia, 24
rkOrvegicu$, Volutopiiiiui^, 162 oculaEus. Phyilonolus pomum, 134 ovum. Cypraea, 89 parthenopeum, Cymalium, 124
notabili^, Aoadara, 292 oculus, Paletla. 30 ovum, iiomesus, 164 parliceps, Nassarius, 170
notala^ Clypldlna^ 25 Odonlocymbiola, 219 ovum, Ovula, 99 parva. Coratliophila, T56
nolala, Cypraea, 92 officinalis. Sepia, 376 oxyacantha, Homalucantha, 139 parva. Haliotis, 21
INotoacmta. 32 okutanii, Cypraea, 87 Oxy stele, 43 parvatus. Conus musicus, 261
Notochlamys, JOfe oldi. Slrombus. 00 oxylatus, Muricopsis, 144 Parvlcardium, 332
Nqtovaluia. 219 oldroydii. CaIFnatidna, HM parvulus. Conus, 259
noumeensts, Cypraea, 87 olearium. Ranella. 124 pacamoni. Bursa. 120 parvuFus. Turbo. 46
noumeensis. Lalirus, T0S oligocanthus, Chkoreus. 136 pachyus, Cymbtum, 215 passerina, Serratovola, 304
nouryi, Argonaula, 176 Oliva, 190-193 padlica. Area, 291 pastFnaca. Conus. 268
nova. Barbatfa, 293 oliva. Oliva. 192 parifira, MalCnda. 191 patae. Conus. 269
novaeboHandiac. Cerilhium, 65 olivacea, Astraea. 51 padficum, Rhinocoryne, 63 patagonica. Atrina. 300
novaehollindiae. Fusinus. 187 olivacea. Cypraea, 89 pacificus. Boreoirophon, 152 patagonka. ChFamys, 308
novaczdandiae. Gradfispira. 193 oFivacea. KnefasLia. 240 padficus, Helerodonax, 147 patagonica, Drodora, 26
novaezelandiae, PecteOr 3D5 oFivacea, Nassarius. 179 pao6cus. Solecurfus, 348 Patella. 29-30
novaezdandiae. Phenaioma, 241 oFivaceus, CNassarius, 180 padiicus, Strombus. 80 PATtLLlOAE, 29-32
nubecula. Fissurella, 28 otivaelormis, Imbricaria. 204 Padpeden. 305, 308 Patel loida, 33
nubita, Milra nublla, 197 olivae^ormis, Marginella, 233 pacis, Macrarene. 48 paliens. Clypeomorus. 67
nucea, Favarlia. 144 Olivancil Faria, 193-194 paelelianus. latirus. 105 Patinopecten, 306
nucea. Pterygia. 204 olivaria. Pterygia, 204 pagoda, Columba^^um, 158 patnarcha. Patella, 30
Nucella. 145 Ofivella, T93-194 pagodae^ormis, Latirus, 105 patfiarchalis, VexiFlum, 208
nucella. Pterygia, 204 OLIVfDAt, 174. 109-196 pagodoFdes, CoFumbarium 158 patridus. Conus, 271
nucleus. Argopecten, 310 olFa, Cymbium. 215 pagodus. Camharus, 171 patula, Melongena, 175
nude us, Cassidula. 282 olFa,Neverita, 102 pagodus. Conus, 2S2 patula, Purpura, T46
nucleus. Cypraea, 85 OFssonella, 227-228 pagodus, Laliaxis, 156 patula, Siliqua, .348
nucleus, Planaxis, 62 olssooi. Calliostoma, 30 pagodus. TectarFus, SB paudeostata, Acanlhocardia, 327
Nucula, 289 omatcus. Conus, 251 paivae, Bedeva. 145 paudcDstala, Lima. 319
NUCULACIA, 209-291 onca. Natica, 107 palatam, TeBina. 343 paudlirata, Acanthina. 149
Muculana, 290-291 oneratus, Nassarius, 181 pallida, Babylonia, 174 pauciruge. Phalium, 113
nudus. SpondyluSr 316 oniscus, Morum, 1T5 palFida. Cypraea, 00 paulucdae, Conus, 245
nugata, Cypraea, 90 Onisibochitoo, 205 pallida, Euspira, 103 paumotensis. Patella, 30
n.ussalella. Conus. 264 onustus. Xonophora, 73 palEida, lanthina, 70 pa upercu la. Miira. 201
outtaflh Ceratostoma, 142 orryx, Cypraea, 08 pallida, Mulinla, 33S pavimer»tum, Natica, 107
nuttaJit, Gi nocardium, 332 Oocorys, 115-116 paHida, Solenosieira, 172 pavlQva. Trubatsa, 157
ouLtallL Saxidomus, 3S9 ootanit,Chlamys. 312 palFidula. Cypraea. 92 pavemina, Sirombina, t59
nuttallf, Tresus. 337 opaca, Poll n ices, 104 palNdula, Xenophora. 75 paxlllus, Oliva, 192
outtallii, SanguirroFada. 148 opalina, MesaFia, 59 pallidum, Bucdnulum, 170 Payraudeaiitia, 105
nuttingl, Poincria, 143 Opeatostoma, 183 pallium, Cryptopeden, 309 paylenorum. Codakia, 321
nuUingL Vasum globulus, 209 OperculaHs. Aequipeaen, 306 palmarosae. Chicoreus, 136 paytensis. Col umbel! a, 160
ouxcastanea. Polrnice^, 104 operculata, Sanguinolaria. 347 palmeri. Aequipeden, 3l2 pazi. Polrieria, 143
nymphae. Cypraea onyx, 88 opima, Marcia. 363 palmeri, Calliosloma. 36 pazli. Conus, 258
nymphalis. Hiatula. 348 opinion Dsus, Onislhochiton, 285 palmeri, Reduaia, 70 peasei, Candlla, 202
DPISTHOBRANCHIA, 277-200 palmilerus, ChScoreus, 136 peasei, Cypraea, 93
oahuensis, Hastula, 274 optima. AmaJda, 194 palustris, Tcrebralla, 64 peasei. Pteria. 301
obelise us. fthinodavis, 66 oranica, Cypraea, 87 panama. Purpura, 146 Pecten. 304-305
obeFiscus, Tectus. 45 orbicularis, Codakia, 321 panamaenfris. PolJnices, 105 pecten . Mu rex, 129
obesa, Cancellarta, 227 rbiculata. Ctena, 321 panamensis, Ausirotrophon, 153 Pedinaria. 370
obesa, Litton na, 57 orbiculata. Clyrymeris, 296 panamensis, Cuspidaria. 374 pectinala, Atrina, 300
obesa, MarglneFla, 234 orbignyi. Conus, 252 panamensis, Donax. 345 pedinata. Qycymens, 295
obesa, Pernona, 237 orbita, Neorhais, 145 panamensis, Fusinus. 169 pectinata, Lucina, 320
obesa, Psammotreta, 344 tirbila, TrachycaJdium. 328 panamensis. Turcica. 40 pH?ciinata. Neotrigonia, 320
obesa. Pterygia. 204 orchidifonnis, Pterynolus, 130 Pandora, 372 pectinata, Slphonaria, 281
obliqua, Glycymeris, 296 ordinaria, Ancilla, 196 PANDORJDAE. l?2 pedinatum. Cardlum, 331
obliqua, Nassarlus. 101 Oregon, CaJlFosloma, 39 pandFculata, Oliva, 192 PECTIN DAE, 303-315
I

obliquata, Barbatia. 293 oregonense. Fusilriton, T26 Panomya. 371 pectin iiorme. Trachycardium. 328
obliquata. Scjlptra. 228 Oregon Fa, Poitieria, 143 Panope, 371 pectoral is. Callista. 350
obNquus, Solen 338 , orlens. Fissurella, 28 Panopea, 371 pectorina, Protolhaca. 36fl

oblila. Cymbiola nivosa. 218 ofientalTs. Limaria. 319 pantherina, Cypraea, 97 peduncuEus, Glycymeris. 295
obliteratum, Amusium, 304 ortenlalis, Mirra, 199 papaHs, Mitra, 197 pedersenii, Enaeta, 214
oblonga, Amblychilepas, 27 orlentalis, Pholas, 378 Paphia, 363-364 pedicula. Trivia, 03
oblonga, CanceUaria, 225 orion. Conus, 271 paphia, Cbione, 366 Pedum, 315
oblonga, Lulraria. 337 ormesi, Penion, 160 Paphies. 337-338 pedum. Pedum, 31S
oblonga. Ungulina. 322 omata, CFilamys, 314 papiFio. Neocandlla. 203 pelepili, Favartia, 144
oblongum, Uevicardium, 331 omata, Lioconcha, 359 papiEio. Strombus, 80 pelFiserpentis. Chiton. 208
oblongum,Trapedum, 351 omala, Mactra, 334 papilionacea. Papliia. 364 pellisserpenlis, Milra, 201
obscura, Colubraria, 171 omata, Marginella. 237 papilaonaceus. Conus, 265 pellisserpentis, Tegula. 42
obscura, Cypraea, 90 ornala, Nerira. 54 papilla, Eunatidna. lot pellistigrina, Natka, 109
obscuros. Conus^ 247 omata, Oliva. 191 papillaris, Babylonia, 174 peliudda. Chama, 323
obsoleta, llyanassa, 178 ornala, Terebra. 276 papillata. Sepia, 377 pelludda, Cydope, 181
obtusa, Afnalda, 194 orosminus, Strombus. 70 papilliferus.Conus, 257 peliudda. Maurea. 40
obtusa, Auslrocochlea, 41 orri, Muricopsis, 143 papillosum, Calliosloma, 36 pelludda. Trigonostoma, 229
oblusa, MarginelFa. 236 oryza, Ancilia. 195 papfllDSUS, Nassarius, 178 pelluddus, Helcion* 30
obtusata, Demou Ua, 18T osilin. MDnodonia,41 paplllosus, Tedarius. 50 pellucidus. Plerynolus. 140
ob vela la. Cypraea. 07 ossea. Imbricaria, 204 papulosa, StrulhioFaria, 75 peloronla, Nerita, 52
occa. Mu rex, 130 osseus, PurpureFlus. 141 papyracea, Burnupena, 170 pelseneeri. Chlarrrys, 313
ocddeniale, Epitonium, 68 ostenfeldi, Aldthoe. 220 papyracea, Psammotreta, 344 pelt a, Colliselta, 33
ocddenlalis, /^orrhais, 75 ostergaardi. Cypraea, 86 papyracea, Pseudostomaldla. 44 penchinati, Chicoreus, 137
ocddenlalis. Area, 291 ostergaardi, Mitra, 200 papyraceum. Amusium, 304 penguin. Pteria, 3U1
occidenlalis. Bulla. 279 ostheirnerae. Hemitorna emarginaia. 24 papyratia. Ficus. 117 penidllata, Haslula, 274
oceltala, Cypraea, 86 Ostrea, 318 Papyridea, 329 Penion, 168
ocelEata, Leucozonia, 186 OSTREIDAE, 317-318 Pa radio ne. 357-356 penis. BfechFtes, 375
Dceliata, Pyrene, 161 olohtmeae. Conus, 251 paradisiaca, Volema, 176 pennacea. Glycyineris, 2%
ocelFata, Scabrkola, 202 Otopleura, 270 paradoxa, Adelomelon, 218 pennaceus. Conus, 245
Dcellifera, Pleuroplota. 102 ottoi, Calliolropis, 36 paradoxa. Caialea. 346 pensylvanica. Linga. 32Q
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 405

Peptum. 304 phiiippina, Anodonlta, 32l planlusculum. Periploma, 373 porphyrostoitia, Afer, 210
pepo, Cymbium, 21S phiEippinarum* Lutrarta, 336 piano rbis. Conus. 256 porteri* Cypraea. 89

percd, Bxpbx. V24 phiiippinaruno. Marginella, 237 planospira. Nerila, 54 Portlandia, 290
perdislorta. Dislorsio, 12& philippjnarum. Modiolus, 298 pJanospira, Purpura, 146 K3TAM10TDAE. 63-64
perdix. Phssi^n^Sla. 52 philippmarum, Paramelaria. 160 planulala, Hiatula, 348 poulsoni. Ocenebra, 145
perdtx, Tonnan TIB philippi narum. PhenaCovolva. lOO planulata. Stomaleila. 44 pou rial esc, Haliotis, 19

pcftficgans, SIralus, 132 philippinarum. Rudilapes. 365 plan data, Tlvela, 355 powelli, Suednum pallidum. 170
pergrandi^. Conus. 261 philippinensis, Acesta, 319 PEatyodon* 369 powelli, Charonia rubkunda, 119
pergrandJs. Margin elb. 236 phlFippirrensis. PEr\gulgemmula. 238 Plaxiphora, 266 powisi, Tibia, 82
pericaTIcs. Cypr^ea, S9 phitippinensis. Pinna, 300 plebeius, Tagelus. 349 powisiana. Neverita, 102
pefTCOchiiort, lapel ion, 164 phiHipsi, Ptefynotus, 140 Plebidonax* 346 praecalEosa. Marginella. 232
pefrderis. Tra|ana. 167 phihata, MarginelTa. 234 pidi. Doryteuthis, 377 praeceltens. Conus, 258
Perigtypta. 353 phoebia* Astraea. 50 pleuronectes, Amusium, 303 praedarum, Morurn. 115
Periplofna, 373^374 Phoenicia, isleptunea Ivrala, 166 Fteuroploca. 182-183 praedarys, Conus. 234
PtRIPLOMATIDAE, 373-374 PHOLAOIDAE. 371-372 Pleufolomaria, lE^-19 praefectus. Conus, 256
periscelida. Gemmula, 23ft pholadiformis. Pelricola. 368 PLIUROTOMARISDAE. TB-19 praelatus* Conus, 245

Pen modern ra, 75 Pholas. 371 PleunotomelEa. 241 praestantksima, Caruiilla, 202
Phos. 166-16B plexa, Nertta. 54 praetexta, Amorfa, 222
Perislemia, TBfi^TB7
phrygium, Aequipecten, 307 plicaria, Phalium, 112 praelexlus. Conus, 259
perislidai Cymbiolatca. 217
pensticta, Cypraea, 90 phyla rchus, Pseudoverlagus, 67 pifearium, Vexiiiuim, 205 pratasensis. Sigaluta, 220

periae. Cypraea decipiens, 94 PbylEocoma, 149 plicata. Coralliophila, 156 pretssii. Prothalotia* 36
Phylloda, 340 plicata, Nassarius. 178 pretiosa, Terebra. 274
Perna. 297
PhyHonotus. 134^135 piicata, Nerita, 54 pretiosum. Dental! urn. 283
perna. I^gnomon 302 ,

pema, Pema. 297 phyllopterus. Pterynolus, 140 plicata* Psammolreia, 344 pretiosum, Epitonium* 68
Phymorhvnchus, 240 plkataria, Harvelia, 335 priamus* Ampulla, 224
pema. Tellina, 340
phymotis. Stomatia, 44 plicatelia. Hasty la, 276 priapus. Panomya, 371
pemobilis. Sthenorytis. 70
pernula, NutuFana, 290 physis, Hydatina. 279 plicate! la. Raela. 337 pribiloffensis, Neptunea intersculpta,

pernuta. Pinna, 3D0 pica* Cittarium. 34 Plicatula, 315 165

pica, Mirra, 20i PLICATULIDAE. 315 Priene, 124
peroni, Atlanta, 101
peroniarta.Xenophora neoicFarnca, 74 pica, Thais. 147 pEkatulus. Geukensia, 298 Primovula. 100
peronianus, Conu4 anemone, 256 picea. Nerila. 55 plicatum. Vexillum, 205 princeps. Conus, 271
peronii. Ibltna, 40 picta. Cypraea. 87 pli talus, Plicifusus, 163 princeps. Cypraea. %
perplexu^r Fgsinus, 1B7 pi eta. FEssureila, 28 pikatus, Stramnnitrophon, 152 princeps, Hexaplex. 1 35
Perpticaria, 2JT picta. Hallolis, 22 plkatus. Stmmbus, 77 princeps. Pleuroploca. 182
perplicata, Cymbioiacca, 21B picta, Lioconcha. 359 plicatus* Strombus plicalus. 78 princeps, Spondylus, 316
piaa, Lunella. 48 plicifera, Natica* 109 pringlei, Alrrvoluta, 231
Peffona, 237
perry ae, Cytiibiolacca pulchra. 217 picta. Purpura. 146 plidferoldes, Siratus. 134 Prionovolva. 99
picta, Sigaretotrema, 103 Plidfusus, 163^164 Piionovula, 99
perryi. Cymalium, 120
persephone, Volulomitra, 225 picta. Strom bus. 76 pltdspirus, Polmices, 104 prioris. Conus, 252
persica, Pleur(>ploca, TB2 picta* TheodoKus. 55 pi it us,Decatopeclen. 307 prismatkus, Lalirus, 184
picta, Vexilla. 150 pi orator. Pleropurpura, 142 pristis, Norlbia, 169
persica^ PseudaS'ltallunn, 50
peirsica, Purpura, 146 piclum, Uevicardium. 331 pJumbea, PoHnices, 102 probatum, Nemocardium, 330
persicula^Margindla. 232 pileare, Cymatfum, 120 plumbeus. Conus, 248 problema. Clypeomorus, 65
per^ku^, Slrombus decorum, B1 pileopsis. Noioacmea, 32 plumula. Lithopbaga* 299 probosddaiis* Cymblum, 2i5
per5.!mills>, Afqria. 240 pilkeyi, Conus, 256 Pododesmus, 317 procera. Colubraria. 173
personata, Circe, 354 pilosa, Clycynteiis. 2% poehlianus* Conus, 264 procerum, Cerithium, 66
perjpeclLva. Architeclonka, 61 Pilosabia, 72 porrieri, Chitoreus. 136 procerum. Trachycardium, 327
perspeclivum, Sinum. 103 pilsbryi. Lambis crocata, 81 Poirieria, 143 prodilum* Cerilhium. 65
penusa. Terebra, 275 pElsbryi, Latiaxis. 155 polare, Succlnum, 174 prodocta, Anomalocardia, 367
pilsbryi. Patella, 29 poldiis Ntacella, 32 profit ua. Semele* 350
pertusu^^ Conus. 257
peruviana. Pissurella, 20 pilsbryi, phalium, 112 pollana, Euspira, 103 profundorum. Conus. 261
peruviana. Liltortna, 56 pilsbryi. Vexillum. 208 Polinices* 101-105 prolongata, Janthina, 70
peruviana. OHva. 190 Pllsbryspira, 243 polita, Cypraea, 85 Prometheus, Conus, 265
peruviana, Pteria. 301 Pinaxia, 150 polEta, Katelysia, 363 propatula. Agaronia* 196
peruvianus, Concholepas, 146 pinchoti. Codakia. 321 polita, Nerita, 53 Propeamussfum, 303
peruvianufr, Stromhus. 77 Pinctada. 301-302 polita, Nucuiana, 290 Propefusus, 189
perversum. Susycon. 176 Pinguigemmula, 238 poll turn* Nassarius. 179 propinqua* Terebra, 275
pescalia, Odontocymbhola, 219 plnguis. Anapella, 338 PolEia.172 propinquus, Colus, 163
pescarbonis. ^^orrhais. 75 pinguis* Demoulia* 181 polyglotta,Conus eburneus. 249 pmpmquus. Conus, 264
peselephanti, Neverita, 102 pirrguis. Marcia, 363 polygonus, Latirus. 184 prora, Pitar* 356
pes fells, Manupeden. 311 Pinna. 299-300 polygram ma, Clinopegma ynlcum,1b4 Proteopecten, 3D4
pesigalhrrae, Aporrbais. 7S pinnatus. .Austro! rophon cerrosensis. polygram ma. Patella concolor, 30 proteus, Cantharus. T71
pespeiecani. Aporrhais, 75* 37fl 151 polygrammus. Conus. 255 proteus* Conus, 267
PelaJoconchus, 61 plnnalus, Plerotyphis, 157 PoEymesoda. 352 Prolhalotla. 35-36

petholatus, Turbo, 46 pinnalus, Plerynotus. 14tl polymorpha, Dreissena. 351 Protoma. 60

peliotita, Olivella, 193 PINNIDAE, 299-300 poEymorpha. Mitra, 198 Prolothaca, 367-368
petttiana, Cypraea. 69 pinniger, Purpurellus. HI potvnyma, Spisula, 335 Pfototyphis, 157

pelitii. MargineFla, 233 pintado. Litton na. 57 POLYPLACOPHORA. 284-28S Provocator. 220
petrel, Bcurria, 32 pipe rata* Marginella, 236 Polyslira.239 proxima* Nucula, 289
Pelricola, 36B-369 piperatus, Conus, 259 polytropa. Lophiotema, 239 proximus, Conus. 261
petroselinus* Spondylus, 316 piperita, Cypraea, 90 pomphotax* Bathyarca, 294 prunum, Marginelta. 235
pelfDSUS, Clypeomoms* 67 piperitum, Cerithium, 65 pompilius. Nautilus* 377 P5AMMOBMDAE, 346-348
petrol hauma, Astraea. 50 pipus, Strombus, 80 potnum. Maiea. 118 Psammotaea 347 ,

petterdi. Amatda, 195 Pisania. 170 pomum. Phalium. 113 Psammotreta. 344
pfefferi, Siphonaiia, 166 piscaloria. Cancellana. 227 pomurti, Phyllcmolus. 134 Pseudamussium, 311
pfeideri, Slphonalia, 166 pisiformis. Stngilla, 343 ponderosa, Casmaria ponderosa, 114 Pseudast rail urn. 49-50
pfeifferianus. CyTnatium. 112 356-357
Pitar, ponderosa* Dosinia, 3^ pseudoenmaHa, Slrigilla* 343
phaFara. Chtamys, 313 Placamen. 367 ponderosa, Noetia. 293 Pseudochama. 323-324
Phalium, 111-114 placans, Polymesoda, 352 ponderosa, Pleuroploca, 182 Pseud ocyphoma, 99
phaneui, Pterynotus, 140 piacenta. Placenta, 317 por>derosa, Siliquaria, 61 pseudodon. Opeatostoma, 183
pharaoniu^, Clancutus, 43 Pladphnrella, 285 ponderosa. Tivela. 355 pseudofaba, Marginella, 233
pharcidum, Cymalium vespaceum. 121 Placppeclen, 306 porderosym* Morurn. I IS pseudolima, Plaglocardium, 332
pharos. Certthium, 66 Placuna* J17 ponderosus. Strombus, 76 Pseudomalaxis. 62
Pharos, 349 Plagiacardium. 332 pongo* Conus* 255 Pseudomill ha. 321
Phasiandia, 52 plana, Scrobicularia* 350 ponsonbyl, FestiTyria, 215 pseudoscorpio. La mb is. 81
PHA5IANELLIDAE,52 planata. Hahotis, 22 poniiflcalis. Conus. 264 Pseudosimnia, 99
Phasianoirochus. 45 planata, Telfina, 342 ponlMicalls, Mhra. 197 Pseudostomatelia. 44
planatella, Par.adlone, 357 poormani. Conus* 272 pseudotulipus. Modiolus. 299
Phaxas, 339
Phenacavdlva, tOO-101 PLANAXIDAE. 62 poraria, Cypraea, 86 Pseudo vertagus, 67
Phenaloma, 241 Pianaxis. 62 porcellana. Margincila. 235 pseustes, Natica. 107
phtitierti, Perislemia, 186 planaxis, Litton na, 57 porcetlanus, Hippopus, 333 psyche. CaJliostoma bairdii* 37
planrcostata. Lytta. 214 Poropleron, 139 Pteria. 301
philippensis. Typhina. 158
philippi, Dibaphus, 201 planicostatus, Conus* 252 porphyria, Oliva, 190 PTER1IDAE, 301-302
planiliratus, Conus, 251 porphyriles, Lunella. 48 Plerochelus. 141
philippiana. Neverita, 102
 406 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

PTEROPODA, 260 pyramidata, Clio. 200 rashleighana, Cypraea. 93 rtvu laris, Circe, 354
Pleropurpura, 140-142 Pyramidella. 277-270 raihbuni, Acesla, 120 roadnrghtae. Livonfa, 215
Plerolyphis, 1S7 pyramk^ MFtra, 19B ralhbunj. Gaza, 40 roberlsi, Cypraea. 91
204-20S
Plervjjia. pyramis. Polinices, 102 rail us. Conus. 256 robillardi.Conus, 250
Ptefynotus. 140-14T pyramid. Tectus, 45 raveneli. Pecten, 305 robinsona, Aulica, 116
Ptychobela, 242 pyramus. PFeurotq maria, 18 raynoldiana. Malica. 109 robusta, Lambis, 81
PlychosalpitiK, 172 Pyrazus, 64 raysummersi. Cypraea hammondae, 92 robusta, Marginella. 234
Plychosyrfnit 23B Pyrene, 161 recFivata, Neritina. 54 robusla. Terebra, 277
pubescens, Hecuba, pyri forme, Eudollum. t16 reclusiana, Polinkes. 105 robuslum, Dinocardium, 337
pubescens, Thracia^ 174 pyrifonrits.Conus, 271 Rccluzia, 70 robustus, Sirombus marginalus, 79
pudica. Prcrygia, 104 pyriformis, CoralltophiFa, 155 recluzlanus. Conus, 253, 254 Rocel Faria, 370
puelEa, PrmhalQtia, 36 pyriformis, Cypraea, 89 Murex. 130
recti rostris, roequignyi. Nalka. 106
puerpera, Periglypla, 353 pyriformis, Polinices, 102 recurva, Strom bina. T59 roei, Haliotis. 21
Puglflna, 175-176 Pyrolotusus. 162 recurvfrosttis. Mu rex, 132 roosevelti. Conus, 271
pugilis, Strombus^ 77 pyrrbosloma. Fusivoluta, 223 recurvum. Ischadium, 298 roosevelti, MarginelFa, 234
pulchefla, Biple^, 124 pyrrhus, Nassarius. 130 recurvum. Rhjnodavis, 66 roosevelti, Terebra, 277
pulchella^ Cochlespira, 240 pyrulatus. Propefusus, 189 recurvus. Conus. 272 rosa, Bursa, 129
puicbeila, Cypraea, S9 pyrum, Busycon, 176 iedimi.culum, Cellana 31
strrgilis, rosacea. Haliotis, 20
pufchelFa. Euspira^ 103 pyrum. CymaMum, 123 redimita, Cypraea. 87 rosalinus. Clavus, 242
pulchelb. Pensicrnia^ 167 pyrum, Cypraea. 95 reductaspkalFs, Conus. 254 rosadum, HexapFex, 134
pulchellum, VexiHum, 207 pyrum^ PhaFium pyrum, 113 neeveana, Barbatia, 293 rosea, Amalda, 195
pulchcHu!^^ Cqnus. 254 pyrum, Turbinella. 210. 211 reeveana. Cancel Faha. 225 rosea, Enigmonia. 317
pulchellu^. Strombus pbcalu^^ 76 pyrum, VoFema. 176 reeveana, Pythia, 282 rosea, Fissurella. 27
pukher. Conus. 265 Pythia, 282 reeveanum. Trachycardium. 326 rosea. Harpa. 211
potcher. Stratus, 03 pyxidala.. Pecten. 3W reeveanus. Nassarius, 160 rosea, Maoncolpus. 59
pulcher, Turbo, 47 reevei, Aganonia. 1% rosea. Margin el la. 236
pulcherrrma, Maliotis. 32 quadragenarium, Trachytardium, 327 reevci, Amoria, 222 roseatus. Phos, 168
pulchcrrima. ProihaJotia. 16 quadrangujans, Samarangia, 360 reevei, AnciHa, 1% roseomaculata. Pupa, 278
pulchfa. Cymbiolacta, 2T7 quadricarfnatus. Euchelus. 34 reeve f. Annachlamys. 306 roseo radiata. Foralepas, 27
pulchra, Cypraea. 95 quadrtiFneata. MargincFla, 237 reevei. Cellana, 31 roseum. Gynneum. 1Z5
pulchra, EngFaa, 169 quadrimaculata. Cypraea. 90 reevei, Cypraea, 98 roseus, Pitar, 357
pukhra, Uttorina, 57 quad ri punctata. Trivia, 63 reevei. Duplicaria, 274 rosewater! Calliostoma bairdii, 38
,
pulchra, Parelltr 30 quad risu kata. Divancelia, 322 reevei, CFycymeris. 1% roselli, Cypraea. 95
pulchra. Pollia. 172 queens] an dica. Cypraea, 89 reevei, Mitra. 197 rossiniana, Cymbiola. 2t7
pule bra, Terebra, 274 queketti, Haliotis. 21 reevei, Tonna, 118 rossiteri. Chicoreus. 137
pulchrelineatus. Conus. 2S4 quekettii. Lyria, 213 reevei. T urbo, 46 rostrata, Acreuciroa. 375
pukhneostatum. Trachycardium, 328 quercinus, Chi ion, 287 reflexa. Chama, 323 rostra la, Cuspidaria. 374
pukhrum, Rhinoefavis, 66 quertinus. Conus, 249 reflexus. Irus, 365 rostrata. Latemula. 372
pulicarja. Cypraea. 90 quinqueplrcata, Marginella, 237 36
regalis, Calliotropis. rostrala, Mactra, 336
pulkarius^ Conus. 26CJ quisquaiis, Livonia, 215 regenlussii. Turbo. 46 rostrata, Spengleda. 370
puFlastra, Venempis corrugata. 364 quoyana. Cominella, 169 regina, Cypraea, 97 rostrata, Tellina. 340
ptilligera. Nentina. 54 quoyana„ Pleurotomarra, 18 regina, Vexillum. 205 rostratus, Don ax. 343
pulFus. Nassafius. 161 Quoyia, 62 regius. Conus, 267 rota, Cellana, 31
PULMONATA, 281-282 Quoyula, 1S6 regius, Phylionolus. 135 rota, Homalocantha, T39
puitiilio.Strom biiia^ 159 regius, SpondyFus, 31b rotularia. Astraea, 51
purnilus, Favartia. 144 rackedii, Laevkardium. 33T regularis. Ischnochiton, 284 rotunda, Distorsio. 126
punctata, Auslroharpa. 212 radians Cellana. 31 rebderi, Bursa, 127
,
rotundata. Diplodonta. 322
punctata. Codakta, 321 radians, Clycymefis. 296 rehderi. Mi Ira, 201 rotundata. Paphia, 364
punctata. Cypraca, 90 radians. Pseudochama. 324 rehderi, Phenacovolva. TCH royanum, PhaFium pyrum. 113
punctata. Imbrkaria. 204 radians. Trivia, 83 remies. Tellina. 342 rubeculum, Cymatium. 123
punaata. Natka. T06 radlata, Cellana, 31 repertus. Nautilus, 377 ruber. Haliotk. 21
punctata. Pandora. 372 radiata, Dosinia. 360 Resartia, 337 rubescens, Chicoreus, 137
punctata. Pyrene. 161 radiata, Fissurella. 27
punctata. Tapes, 362
reircularFs, Otiva. 190 rubeta, Bursa. U7
radiata. Mactra. 3J4 reticula la. Cancel Faria, 225 rubicunda, Charon! a, 119
puncticuFata. Mitra. 200 radiata, Pindada, 302 reticula a. Cypraea. 97
I
rubicund um. Trachycardium, 328
pujicMculata. Nerjtlna. 55 radiata. Siliqua, 339 reticulata, Distorsio, 126 rubidus. Mu rex. T31
puncliculatus. Conus. 269 radiata. Tapes, 362 reliculala. Nerita, 53 rubiginea, Mitra, 199
puncticulatus, Pecten. 305 radiata, Tellina, 340 reticulata, Oliva, 191 mbiginosa, Ancilla, 196
purtctostrlatus. Scaphander. 200 radiata, Tivela, 355 reticulata. Periglypta,
353 rubiginosa. Cymbium. 215
punctulala, Acantbina. 149 radiatus, Chlamys. 313 reticulata.Venerupis, 365 rubiginosus, Calliostoma, 37
punctulata, Cypraea, 9l radiatus. Conus. 256 reticulatus, Na$$aHus. 179. 1% rubigtnosius. Chkoreus. t 37
punctulala, Maurea 40 radiatus, isognomon, 302 rettculatus, Trimusculus, 28l rubiginosus. Conus, 248
punctulata, Monodama, 41 radiaius. Trochus, 44 retrf^r Conus, 246
. rubra. FmargFnula, 24
Puncturella, 3S radix. Hexaplex. 138 redfera. Amaea, 69 rubra, Stomatolina, 44
punicea, Ruditapes. J63 radula. Cornptopallium. 307 retifera, Cypraea, 96 rubra, ToniccFla. 185
punkea, Tellma, 341 radula, Nentopsis, 52 rctusa, lunulicardia, 330 rubra. Ungulma. 322
punkeus, CJanculus. 43 radula. Pterygia. 204 retusa, Mitra, 201 rubritincta. Mitra, 199
Pupa. 27fl radwini. Pterynotus, 141 relusum, CymatFum. 122 rubrolabiaia, Oliva. 192
pupa, Pupenta, 55 Raela. 337 rex, Penion, 167 rubropicta, Chama, 323
Puperita. 55 rainesae. Conus mazef. 269 rhinoceros. Cypraea. 92 rubropkEa, Semele. 350
pupMIus. Margarites. 34 ramburi, Pmthaloiia, 35 rhinoceros, Vasum. 209 rubuscaesFus. Drupa, 151
pura. BuFIk, 177 ramosus. Breebites, 37S Rhinodavis, 66h^7 rubuskiaeus, Drupa, 151
pufa. Candlia, 202 ramosus, Chicoreus, 138 Rhinocoryne, 63 ruckeri, CymbioJa. 217
pura. Mactra. 334 ramosus. Flkatula, 315 rhizophorae, Cra$sostrea. 318 rude. Priene, 124
Purpura, 146 ran a, Bursa. 128 rbodia, Mitra, 198 rudis. Fissure I la, 28
purpurascens. Conus. 271 randalli, Cymbiolacca. 217 rhodia, Pdmovula, 100 rudis. Pinna, 300
purpurascens. Semek, 350 Raneila. 124 rhododendron. Conus, 247 rudis, Pitar, 356
purpurata. Arniantis, 3^ Rangia, 336 rhodostoma. Bursa. 128 rudis, Pododesmus, 317
puipuratus, Argopecten. 310 rangiana, 5maragdia. 55 rhodosiama, Natica, T09 rudis. Solen. 338
purpuratus, Utiaxk. 154 ranina, Cyrineum, 124 rhynchaena. Lufraria, 336 Rudi tapes. 363, 365
purpuratus^ Saxidermus nutlalll. 359 raninus. Strpmbus, 76 rltyssus. Pteropurpura, 140 rudolphi, Purpura. 146
purpurea, Telilna, 341 ranunculus. Conus, 266 rkinus, Drupa, 150 ruepellii. DFodora, 26
Purpurellus, 140-141 ranzanii, Cymaiium, 120 rigida. Atrina, 300 rufa, Cypraea, 95
purpureum. Morum. 115 Rapa. 157 rigida. Ventricolana, 353 rufa. Cypraecassis. 111. 378
purpureus. Amauropsis, 105 rapa. Rapa. 1S7 rigidus, LaMrus. 184 rufa, Natica, 106
purus. Conus.. 258 Rapana, 149 hmularis. Marda. 363 rufanensis, Nassarius. 100
pusilla. Massarfa, 167 rapbanula. Duplicaria. 276 rimulosa, Camptonectes, 311 rufescens, Haliotis. 19
pusillum, Cyrtneum. 12S rapiformis, Rapana, 149 ringens. Cantharus. 172 rufescens. Mactra.334
pusto, Chlamys. 3lS rapulum. Tomlinia, 172 rrngens, Malea. 117 Fufifnacuiosus. Conus, 262
pusio, Pisa nia. 170 rariflamma, Venerupis. 364 ringens, Ringicardium. 326 rufofulgurata. Oliva. 192
pustulata, Jenneria, 98 rariforme, Cirsotnema, Kl Ringicardium. 326 rufuta, Oliva, 192
pustulosum, Argobuccinum, 125 rarimaculata. Conus, Z5l riosli. Adelomelon. 218 rugata, Cassidula, 181
putealis, Polinices, 101 rarispina, MureJ( 130 . Rissoirta, 58 ruga! us, Lepidopieurus. 204
py ramidaFi 5, NassaHus. 180 rarus, ClancuFus, 43 RISSOINIDAE, 58 rugosa. Anachis, 160
 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 407

rugose. Easiqma. iSb scabra, Cdlisella, 11 senatoria, Chlamys, 309 sinualus, Lambis, 81
rugus4, Galeodea, T14 scabra, Lima. 119 senegalense. DeniaFium. 181 sinualus. Strombus, 76
rugose. Umbis, &2 scabra, Litlonna scabra, 57 senegatensis, Apdrrhais, 75 SInum, 103-104
mgosa, NucuEa, 2&9 scabra, Semele, 150 senegatensis. Cancilla. 201 sinuosa, Chama, 323
ruga&a. Ptnnji. jOO Scabricola. 202 senegalensis, Cardita, 124 sinuosa, Paphia, 161
rugq^. Sinovacufj, 149 scabrkosta. Nerila. 54 scnegalensis. Merita. 51 Siphonalia, 166
rugosSr Tcibna, J4l scabrkQsrata. Chlamys. 113 senegaleosis. Stratus. 113 SipKonaria, 281
mgasa, Thais. I4fl scabricula. Pterygia, 205 senegalensis. Terebra. 173 Siphonocbelus, 157
rugosum. ChlorosTofTfa. 42 scabnusculus. Conus, 248 senegalensis, Venerupts, 364 Sipbonofusus, 166
fugosum, Vexillum. 205 scabrum, Prkne, 124 Senegal! ca, Cypraecassis testiculus. 111 Siphonofbis, 161
rugo^US, Oqnajt. 14^ ScaeoFeda. 290 senhousia. Mu sculus, 298 Siphovasum, 209
rugQsys. Strombus, 77 scafare. Epitonium, 68 Senilta, 292 siquiiorensis, Nassarius, 160
rugosus^, Tcctarius. 5fl sea Fan forme. Bucemum. 174 senilis. Sen Ilia, 292 Siratus, 131-134
rulfana. Limopsi^. 295 seal ari form! s, Phyllc3Coma, 149 sennoltotum. Conus. 267 Smaragdia, 55
rumphii. Cellana, 11 scalar! for mis. Scalptia. 226 senticdsum, Trachycardium. 327 Smaragdinella. 280
Fumphii. Nerlta pqitta. 51 scalarina, Kalelysia, 563 sernicosus, Phos. 168 smaragdinus, Pema, 297
rumphii, Pleurotomaria. 18 scabrina, Scalplia. 239 sentls^ Chlamys, 114 smaragduia. LatiroFagena. 181
RupeMaria. 168-169 sealans, DosinFa, 161 sentix. Laliaxis. 1S6 smaragdus, Lunella, 48
rupeslbs. Fulgorarid. 221 scalaris, Halioiis, 20 Separatisla, “1 smirna. Conus. 261
rupicaHina, Aslraea, 50 sealata, Stai ptia, 225 Sepia. 376-177 smirnia, Neptunea, 165
njpperiii, Cerithiumr 65 SsraEplia. 22S-226. 228^-230 SEPIIDAE, 176-177 smithae. Panopca. 171
ruschenbergi, Chlamys. Ill scapha. Anadara. 292 Septa ria. 56 smithi, Cypraea, 89
russa< Vexillum. 20S scapha. Cymbiola, 216 septetti rad ia turn. Pseudamussium. Ill smithi, Distorsia, 126
rq^tkar Coiumbella, T61 Scaphander, 379-380 Septifer. 298 smithi, Subsimnia, tOO
rustka, Latiralagena. 181 Scaphella, 223-224 Septimus. Strombus marginatus, 79 smilhi, Teramachia, 224
r Ulrica. Thais. 14S SCAPHOPODA. 282-283 sedcata, Erkusa, 214 soaresi. Conus, 265
rtiilicoiPes, Columbella, 161 scarabaeus, Pyihta, 281 sericata, Glycymeris, 295 sobrinus. Mu rex, 110
rusikus. Teclarius, 58 scethra. Nalka. 107 sericea, Oliva, 190 socorroensis. Latirus, 186
ruiila. Cymbiofa, 217 schepmani. Conus, 264 serkeus. Pccten. 105 solan derii, Sunellina, 355
mlilurn. Cvtnaltum. 121 schilderiana, Cypraea. 97 serolinius, Cyrtulus, 183 Sdlandn. Conus. 240
rutilus, Cofius> 264 schiFderorum, Cypraea, 98 serpentina. Cymbiola. 218 solandrf. Trivia, 83
Schrzodbsma. 336 serpen ina, Scabricola, 202
I Sdlarioides, Xenopbora, 74
saburon. Phalium. 1 13 scbmaFzi, Pleurotomaria, 18 serra. |Zk>nax. 146 Solaris. Stelbria, 74
saccata. Slr^ptdpinna, lIXl schmiiti. Scaphella. 223 serf ala, Atrina. 300 SOLECURTIDAE, 148-149
sacchafrna, PatoUoida, 31 schramrm, Anodqntia, 121 serrala. Scalpiia, 229 Solecunus. 148
Saccastrea. 118 schrenckii. Noloacmea. 32 Serratdvdla, 304, 300 Solemya, 289
sacellum. Thais. 148 schroederi, Calliosfdma. 19 serresianus. Aporrhais, 75 SOLEMYIDAE, 289
sabana, Palella, 29 Scissodesma, 116 ^irkostatum, Trachycardium. 126 Solen, 110-339
saga mtpn sis. Neve ri la. 102 sdssurata. Voldia. 290 Serripes. 112-133 SOLEN DAE. 138-339
I

sagiliaTus, CtMius, 263 sclateria, Amoria. 222 serla. Nassa. 150 Sdleniformis, Papyridca. 129
sakurair. Cypraea. 91 scobinata. fellina, 143 serlata, Nalica, 107 Salenosteira, 172
salcbrosa, Vitul^aria, 144 scdlopax. Murex. 129. 130 seMgerkdsiat Anadara, 291 solida. Cancellaria. 227
sakbrosLim. Cerilhium. 65 Sconsia, 114-115 setdsum, Plagidcardium, 112 soFIda. Hfatula, 147
salkburyl, Fusinus, T87 scdrdalus, Paphia, 364 selpsus. Turbo. 46 soJida. Nassariq. 167
sallasi. Murex. 111 scorpid. Knmalocaniha, 119 sewelli. Ficus. 117 sotida, Nalica, 106
s^almiana. Pkyfotnmana. 18 scorpius, Lambis scorpiys, 81 sharoni^ Cypraea, 87 solida.Semete, ISO
sal mo, PJeurdploca. t02 stdrtum, Hecuba. .146 shinagawensis, Callidstoma, ,35 soHda. Spisula, 116
saimonea, Favariia. 144 scollii, Cypraea, 94 siasiensis, C>praea. 90 solidissima. Spisula. 3.15
saltairiiK Chlcoreus fossilflfl, 117
,
seripta, Circe. 354 sibbaldi. Strombus plicatus, 78 solidula. Pupa, 276
Sarnarangia. 159 scripta. Mitre! la. 161 sibogae. Conus, 263 solidula, ZierFiana, 206
samarensiSH Sinombus, 78 Scrobicularia. 150 sibogai. Propeamussium, .101 Argopecten. 307
sol idol us.
samJwichensis, Conus suturalus, 249 SCROBICULARIIDAE. ,530 sicarius, Solen, 338 solldum, Dalium, 116
sandwkhensis, Oliva, 192 scrdbiculaior. Bursa, 127 skula. EmarginuU, 24 solidus. Conus, 246
sanklipensis, Anachk. 161 scrobiculalus. Nautilus. 377 sidelia, Oliva, 191 ^oUtaria, Haminoea, 279
sanguifluus. till bus, 164 scfdbilalar, Bursa. 127 steboldii. Conus. 251 soluta, Akcra. 200
sanguinea. Halioiis. 31 sculleli. Conus, 25 T SigaFuia, 220 sonlica, Cellana, 3l
sangumea, Turritella. 60 scurra, Cypraea. % Sigaretolrema, 1D1 sophra. Cym biota, 218
sanguineus. Conus. 371 Scurria, 12 Sigatica, 105 Sophia, Phallum bisukatum. 112
SanguinolarFa. 147-148 scutelU, Amhlychilepas, 27 signae. Conus, 272 sophlae. Mi Ira, 200
sanguinolenta. Excel lichlamys. 108 scutellaris. Patella . 30 signata, Cypraea. 91 sordlda. Poll n ices. 105
sanguinolenla. Oliva. 191 scutellalum. Crucibulum, 71 signata, Nerlta, 51 sordidus, Polinkes, 102
sanguinolcnia, Polinices. 104 Sculus, 34 sigrtatum . CvpHoma, TOU sdrenseni, Hat iotis. 20
sanguinolema, Sanguinolaria, 347 Searlesia. 169 sigr^i Hearts, Bartschia, 172 SDuliei, Cymblum, 215
sanguinoknius, Cantharys. 173 sebae, Lambis iruncala. 82 Siiiqua, 119-140 sc^uverbil, Colubraria. 173
sanguinolenlus. Conus, 259 sebae. PolinFces. 104 siliqua, Emis. 316 soverbii. Fimbria, 322
sanguisugum. Vexillum. 206 sebastrani. Margin el la. 211 siliqua. Irys. 165 sower by ana. Cypraea cylindrica. 90
sanibelensis, Crassisptrd, 241 sccla. Macoma. 144 Sillquaria, 61 sowerbyi. Conus, 258
Santa, GefdLella, 211 secundus. Homalocantha. 119 SILIQUARUDAE. 61 sowerbyi, Cypraea, 87
santacru^ensii, LaNaxk, 155 segravet. Conus, 261 simiEis. Cancellarla, 226 sower byi, Ericusa, 215
santarosana, Murc^xieJIa, 143 selecla, Maurea. 40 stmilis, Cypraea. 86 sowerbyi. Lima, 319
santacnsis. Lyria. 314 sella, Placuna, 317 sEmilis, Marginella. 214 sowerbyi, tioconcha. 159
sapotflla.Marginal la, 215 SemeFe, 150 similis. Spisub sdlidissima. 115 sovoae, Calllostoma, 40
sarcodes. Cypraea, ^ SEME LI DAE, 149-350 simillima, Distorsio,^ 126 SdZdni, Conus, 260
sarcDstcimum, Cymabom, 123 semicostata. Astraea, 50 Simnia, UK) spadkea, Bursa. 127
sarda, Chama, ill semidecussata, Rudi tapes. 365 simplex. Anomia. 117 spadicea. Cypraea. 08
sarda. Marginella, 317 semidisjunefa. Trigonosloma, 229 simplex. Conus algoensis, 266 spadicea. Halioiis. 21
sarmaticus. Turbo, 47 semiEasc latum, Vexillum. 207 simplex. Mitra, 198 spadkea. Natka. 106
sarsi, Aporrhais. 75 semiferrugtneum, Cerilhium, 65 simpsoni. Pi tar. 3S6 spadkeus, Laltrus. 186
Sassia. 123-124 spmigranosum, Phalmm. Ill sinense. Cymatium, 123 Sparta, Tractoiira. 219
satura. Neptunea, 165 sernigranosum. Rhinodavis. 66 sinensis, Callista. 158 sparverius. Turbo, 47
saturata. Cypraea. % seminodosa, Nassarius, 181 sinensis, CanceElaria, 226 spathuliferus. Spondylus, 317
saulae. Cypraea. 90 seminuda, Alrina, 100 sinensis, Dimir^ovula. 99 speciosa, Eucrassalelta, 326
sauliae, Charon ia. 119 semiobliterala. Dosinia. 361 sinensis. Dost n la. 360 speciosa. Gem mu la. 218
saulii, Chkorcus. T36 seiniorbtculala, Begyina. 324 sinensis. Oxystole, 43 speoosa, Hal ions, 23
Hexapkx,^ 114
saxalilis. Semi paEI turn, 306 sinensis. Pecten, 105 specidsa, Thais, 148
saxicolum, Enlodesma, 373 semtpellucida, Nlpponaphera, 226 sinensis, Plerygia, 204 speciosa, Tricolia, 52
Saxidomus. 359 semiplicata. Halidlis, 21 sinensis. Rhinoclavis, 66 spedosa. Trigoniocardia. 129
Saxmtrea, 318 semiplicata. Vanrkoro, 71 sinensis, Semele, 350 speciosum. Cryptopecten. 109
saxosus. Turbo. 48 semiplola. Cypraea, 85 sinensis. Sppndylus. 116 speciosum. Vexillum. 206
sayana, Oliva, 190 semipoliia, Cochlespera pukhella. 340 sinensis,Xenophora. 74 speciosus, Nassarius, 100
sayanum. CalliostoTna. 19 semi striata. Halidps. 22 singaporina, VoFachlamys, 308 spectabilis. Exccllidilamys, lOfl
sayl,Diodora, 25 semistrioblurn. Den tali urn, 38.1 singleyk Cydinella, 162 spectabllis, Mactra, 134
sazan ka. Conus. 248 semitorta. Sassla, 123 Sinistralia, 189 spectrum. Chkoreus. 116
scaber. Conus. 360 semitorta. Trisidos, 294 Sinovacula. 1349 spectrum. Conus, 256
 S S

408 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

spenglert, 125 sticlica, Mitra.197 subrostrala. Chione, 365 Unnerl, Diodora. 26

spen|glf!ri, 5cis?odesma, 336 Sligmataria, Vexillum, 206 subrostrata, Triumphis, 172 Tapes. 362
spcngleri, Tdlin^. 340 siigmaMcus. Conus. 263 subrufa. Pllosabla. 72 Earenlina. Patella. 29
Spengleria, 170 Stigmaulax, 109 subrugosa, Anomalocardia, 366 EarenElna, Plena, 301
spenglenana, Cantellarla, 226 SI Hiatus. Conus spectrum. 256 subrugosum, Trachycardium. 328 Easfei.Conus, 266
^pKaera. NeHtina, 54 stimpsoni. Col us, 163 Subsimnia, 100 Easmanrae, Foralepas. 27
^phaerula. Angaria. 51 slimpsoni. Conus. 270 substriatum. Laevkardium. 332 lasmanica, Foralepas. 27
sphaerulata. NeocanciJIa. 203 stimpsqrti. Dentalium entale, 253 sub sulcata. Neritodryas, 55 Easmanica. Nqtochlamys, 306
sphinx, Conu!^. 267 slimpsoni. Trigonostoma. 229 sub teres. Cypraca. 93 lasmeuthria, 169
^picata, Oliva, 190 slokesii. Chiton, 288 sublexiurata. Pterygia. 204 tatei Xenophora. 74
.

^pkeri. Com pi apa I lium. 307 Stolida, Cypraea, 93 subiriangulals. Paphies, 337 taurlna. Terebra, 276
spiceri, Conu» coeMnac, 253 Slomalella, 44 subiruncata. Spisula. 336 Eaurus, Strombus. 76
spinel la. Cassis madagascari^nsi^, ITO STOMAmUDAE.44 subulata, Clypeolum. 56 Tavvera, 366
spinicindum. ColumbaNum, tS6 5tomatia, 44 subulata. Terebra, 273 tawh Iti ra hi a Pbl In Ices ,101
.

spinil^ra, Parella, 30 Stoma to! ina. 44 subulatus. Conus subulatus, 249 Eavloriana, Galeoaslraea, 51
spinigera. Calliosloma, 40 stonena. Marginella, 234 subvindis, Cypraea, 88 Eayloriana, HalioMs, 22
splrr<jsa, Acanihocardla. 327 straminea. Pol In ices, 105 succincta, Gelagna, 125 Eayiorianum. Vexillum, 206
spinosa, Bursa. I2fl stramincus, Conus. 262 Succinctus, Chione, 366 tecta, Astraea. 50
spinosa. Cassis, HO stramincus, Hcliacus. 62 suednetus, Strombus marginatus. 79 Eeola, Natica. 108
gpinosa. Latraxis pagodus, T56 Stramonitrophon, 152 suedneoides, Pol inices, 104 Teaarius, 50
spinosa, Ppristcrnia, 167 strangei. Complopallfum. 307 suffTatus, Sassanus. 18! teciitorme, TrochdceriEhium. 6fl
spinosa. Saccoslrea, 31 strange t, Polmices, 102 suffusa. Conus marmoreus, 244 tectum. Modulus. 63
spinosa,Thcodoxus. 55 slrangulatus, Brechiles. 375 suffusa, lucapina. 26 tectumperskum. Tecta ri us, 58
spinDSum. Crudhulum, 73 Streptopinna. 300 suffusa, Tetebra, 273 Teclus, 45
Spiralis, Cantharus. 171 striata, Atactodea, 330 sulcata. Astarte, 326 Tegula, 42
splrala,Babvbnia, 173 striata. Bulla, 279 sukala. Chlamys, 3ll tegula, Nassarlus. 179
spirata Cancel la ria, 126
. striata, ColHseHa. 33 sukala. Conus, 246 tehuekha. Olivella, 194
splrala, Cglisia, 71) striata. Cryploplax. 287 sulcata. Cookia, 48 tehuekhana, Olivella, 194
spirala. Rissolna, 5& striata. Marcia, 363 sulcata, Corbula. 169 tehuekhus. CblamyT>. 312
spirata. Vermidularia. 61 slriala. Marlesla, 372 sulcata, Nucula. 289 tefedori, CalliosEoma, .19
spiraium. Busy cor, T76 striata. Myadora, 373 sulcata. Oocofys, 116 telatus. Conus, 245
spiriilus, Tud tda, 210 striata, Keriia. S3 sulcata. Pyramidella, 277. 278 Telescop Lum, 64
Spirula, 377 striata. PIsania, 170 sulcata, Strombus, 79 relescoplum, Telescopium, 64
spirula, 5pimla, 377 striata. Sconsia, 114 sulcata. Terebralia, 61 tellea. Polvslira. Z39
SPIRUUDAI. 377 striata, Tcrebra, 275 sukatarra, Mactra, .134 Tellidora, 344
Spisula, 33S-336 striatella, Vexilla, 150 sulcatus. Chilnn, 268 Tellma. 340-343. 345
spiubei^eni. Col us. 162 siriatellus, ConuS. 254 sukatus. Conus,. 252 263 , TELLINIDAE, 340-345
splendens, HalJotis. T9 striatissimum, Buccinum, 174 sukatus. Planaxis. 62 lelftnoides. Sanguinolaria. 347
spenders, Tercbra, 273 striatuJa. Chamelea, 367 sukalus. Stigmaulax. 109 lendmeus. Conus. 264
splendidu la. Oliva. 190 slrialula. Emarginula. 24 sulddeniata, Cypraea, 98 Eenellus, Conus. 248
spicndidutus. Conus, 262 siriatula, Tellina. 342 sulcosa, Anadara, 292 Eenera, Lima, 319
Splendrillia. 243 SI fiat us. Camptonectes, 311 sulcosa, Paphia. 364 tenerrima. ProtoEbaca. 368
SPONOVLIDAE, 316-317 strialus. Conus. 255 sulcosa, phalium granulatum. 113 Eenerum. Trigonostoma. 229
spondyloidcs. Pedum. 31 strialus, Donax, 345 sukosa, Tonna, 118 lonoceras, Leucosvnnx, 240
spondyloideum. Pedum. 315 striatus, Jujuhinus. 41 sumatrensis. Conus. 250 tenue, Buccinum, 174
Spondylus, 316-317 strict us, Solen, 339 summersi, Cvpraea, 92 tertuifilosum. Cerlthium, 65
sponsalis. Conus spon sails. 261 strigata Atys naucum, 279 Sunetia, 354-35S tenuiliralum. Cymatium. 123
springe ri, Calltostoma, 39 srrigala, Marginella. 232. 236 Sunettrna. 355 tenuis. .Atrtna, 300
springer!, Slralus. 132 sirtgara. Terefara. 277 superba. Caza. 40 tenuis. QuHia. 177
spuma, CalMsU. 357 strigaium, Phalium. Ill superba. Nucula, 289 tenuis^ Cycllnella, 362
spufca. Cvpraea, 55 sirigilatus, Solecurlus. 346 superbiens, Vexillum. 205 tenuis. Cypraecassis. ill
spuria, herygia, 204 strigiiis, Cellana. 31 superbus. Anguipecten. 312 tenuis, Tellina. .343
spyrius. Conus. 267 StriglFla. 343 superbus. Siratus. 133 tenuis. Xenophora. 74
squalida. Megapitaria. 359 strigillatus, Soiecurtus. 348 supersles, Cypraea. 90 lenuisculptum. Rhrnoclavis. 67
squaltda, Teliirta. 340 striglllinus, Orcomphalus, 353 supertexta. Haliolis. 21 Eenuismatus. Conus. 248
squama, SHIqua. 339 sirigosa. Katelysia scalarina. 563 suratensis. Conus, 250 tenuivarkosus, Siratus. 134
squamala, Chlamys. 3l2 strigosa, Stomatella, 44 Surculina. 225 Teramachia, 224
squamata. Haliolls, 21. 23 strigosa, Telliria, 342 suririamensis, Cypraea. 84 teramachii. Acreucima, 375
squamata, SHiquarla. 6T strigosa. Vexillum, 205 sulurale. Cerilhlum, 65 teramachii. Conus. 251
squamosa, Anomalocardia, 366 sliioFalus. Ditoma, 42 suiuratus. Conus sutural us. 249 Eeramachii, Cypraea, 89
squamosa, Chlamys. 312 5TRQMBIDAE .
75-85 swainsoni, Aldthne, 220 teramachii. Pleufotomaria, 18
squamosa, Haliotis. 23 slrombiformis, Columbella. 160 swainsoni. Mitra, 199 Eerebellaius, Strombus rerebellatus. 78
squamosa, Lima. 319 Strom bina, L59 swiltf. Swiflopecten, 306 lerebelloides. Pvramldella. 277
squamosa. Tridacna, J33 Strombus, 75-81 swiftiarra, Corbula, 370 Terebellum, 03
squamosus, Chrton, 25E strongE, Agalrix, 229 Swillopecien. 306 terebellum, Pvramidella dolabrata, 277
Squamosus. Lallrus. 1&4 Struthiolaria, 7S symbol icum. Campanile, 66 rerebellum. Terebellum, 83
squamosus. Modiolus modiolus, 299 5TRUTHIOLARI1DAE, 75 svracusanus. Fusinus. 189 Terebra. 273-277
squamosus. Spondylus, 317 stuartl. Borcolrophon. 1S2 Syrinx, 176 lerebra. Conus, 248
slagnalls, Ellqbium, 252 studeri, Temtvoluta, 213 terebra, TurriEella* 59
siainforthi. Chicoreus. 134 slullorum. Mactra. 334 labescens, Cypraea, 93 Terebralia, 64
staitifophi. Veitlllum, !{}b slultorum, Tivela, 356 tabu laris, Natica. 108 Terebralulma. 378
stainlorlhii, Conus. 261 stupella. Conus, 261 tabularis. Patella. 30 It RIB RED At, 27.W277
staminea. Proiotbaca. 165 sturrtus, NotOacmea, 32 labulata,Neptunea, 165 terelnus. Pecten, 305
slangeri. Carl. 346 slutchburyi. Cbione. 361 labulalum, Cymatium. 121 Te remelon. 220
staphvlaea. Cvpraea, &5 stvFata, Hastula, 274 laenlata. Natka, 109 teres, Cvpraea. 91
staurella, Tellina. 341 suavis, Ancilla. 195 taenlata. Vexilla. ISO teres. Lithophaga. 299
steamsil. Arctomelon. 221 subangularis, Stramhina, 159 laenlatum, Clavocerithium. 6B terminus. Conus, 255
sleamsir, Cellana, 31 subangula ta, Minolia, 34 laeniatum. Vexillum, 205 tematanus, Hemifusus. 176
steams ti. Conus iaspideus, 270 subantarctio. Chlamvs. 313 taenlatus. Conus, 260 temispina, Murex, 119
steeriac. Chicoreus. 136 Subcancilla, 203 lagefKormis, Macoma, »44 Ternlvoluta, 213
stegeri, Eusinus, 159 suberenata, Anadara. 293 Tagelus, 349 teschi. PtvchcHJvrinx tlmorertsls, 238
sleliaeformis. Patella, .30 subeylindnea, Cypraea. 9(1 Eaitensis. Conus, 258 tessellaia. .Aphera, 230
Stel Faria, 74 subdiapbana. Compsoniyax. 162 tahvanrea. tyria. 214 lessellata. Cassis, 1 10
slellarisr Patelfoida. 33 subdistorlum, Cymatium, 122 tahvanum, Dentalium. 283 lessellala. Cypraea, 84
stcllata. Natica. 106 subdivisum. Vexillum, 206 taiimae. tlmopsis, 294 lessellala. Ficus, 1 17
stellatum. Columbarium. 158 subequilatera, .Astarte crenala. 325 takahashii. Eatiaxis, 154 tessellaia, Melo. 215
Slenoplax. 2S4-285 subimbrtcata, Chione. 367 takiisaoi. Ncocancilla, 203 I esse] lata. ,Milra, 197
Stephan uc ha. Vexillym. 207 subirttermedia* Ficus, 117 talpa,Cypraea, % lessellata. Monodonia, 41
slercoraria, Cypraea, % submarmoreus. Tcniceria. 285 tampaense. CalSIostoma, 37 tessellata, Natica. TEJ7
stercusmuscarum. Conus. 26t) Subninella. 48 tampaensis, Crassisplra. 243 Eessellata, Nerlta, 52
slcrcusmuscarym, Natica. 109 subnodosus. Lyropecien. 315 tampaensis. Tellina, 343 tessellata, Oliva. 19(3
siercuspulicum. Ampulla, 224 SubpterynotUS. 14 T tankervillei. Cardita, 325 tessellata, Pvramidetia sulcata, 27B
sterna, Pteria, 301 subreEusa, Lunulicardia, IJO tankerviTlii. Amalda, 195 tessellata. TricoHa. 52
Sthenorylis, 70 sub rosea. Dosinia, .361 tannaensis. Conus, 264 tessellatus. Conus, 249
 1

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES 409

tc^suldlus. Conus, 14^ Tonkella, 265 triradiata, iMa/da. 3b3 Turbonilla. 27S
te$tdcea, Agaronia, 1% Tonkia. 285 trfradiatus, Camptonecles, 311 Turcica, 35, 40
testiculus,. Cypraccassis le&ticulus, Tonna. 118 trtremis. Murex, 129 (Urdus. Cypraea, 87
te:studinali!S, CoHi^ella, 32 TOHNIDAE, 117-119 tnseriaNs. Lalirus. 186 turgida, Diplodortla, 322
lestud maria. Cellana, 31 Torellia. 71 triserialis,Thais, 148 turgida, Maclra. iM
test ud in aria
Cypraea,
H % toreuma, Venus. 353 tfiseriata. Terebra, 274 turgida. Tapes. 362
testudinarium, Cvroatium. 123 tomata. Turricula. 243 Trisidos. 294 turgidulus. Colus, 163
testudinarius. Conus, 268 tornatilis, Acteon. 276 trispinosa. Diacria. 280 tumeci. Amoria. 222
telragona. Area. 292 tornatus. Conus. 272 tristkha. Compsodrillia, 242 Turricula. 243
tqlrica, Lima lima^ 319 lorqualus. Conus, 251 tnstichus, Plerynotus, 140 turnda, Xenophora. 74
iculerei, Cvpraea, 94 lorrefaclus, Chicoreus. 136 tristis, Marcia, 363 TURRIDAE. 237-243
TEUTHOID£A, 177 lorrei, Isehnochilon, 264 tristis. Puperita. 55 Turridrupa, 239
leKana. Mefcenafia mercenaria. 36S lorrei, Volutiiusus. 223 iritonifomiis, Nassarius. 178 Turris, 239
tpxasiana^ Agrinpoma, 359 lord, Godf rey na. 175 triton is,Charonia. 1 T9 Turrisipho. 163
textile. Conus, 244, 245 lorrida, Xenophora. 74 iriumphans. Cuildfordia, 49 turn la. Nerilina, 54
lextile, Paphia. 3W lorta. TriSidos, 194 Triumphis. 172 turrita, Stromhina. 159
lextilina, Oliva, 190 )onilis, Laiiaxis, 153 Trivia. 83 TurrileUa, 59-60
textlhs, CoNIsella, 33 tort ills, Ovula. 99 trivialis, Chkoreus, 137 TURRITELUDAE, 58-61
lextflls, Nerlta. 54 lortuosa. Colubraria. 173 TR I VI I DAE, 83 lurrrtus. Conus, 266
text II is. Scalp) ia, 229 lortuQsa. Triftidos, 294 Nassarius, 179
irivlttatus. lurrhus. latirus, 184
textnx. Paphia, 364 tortuosus, Colus, 163 VexilFum, 208
trizoniaTis, turritus, Slrombus. 79
textum. Phos. 168 iorulosa, Turritella, 6(1 Trochia, 145 lurtoni, Neoberingius. 162
lexturafa. Pterygia, 205 torulosa, VexHIum, 206 TROCHIDAI, 34-35 tweedianus, Murex, 131
lexTurala. Venerupis, 363 ton.'a, Pyrene, tbl trochit'ormis, NodiNllnrina, 58 Typhina, T57-T5B
lhaanumi, Codakia. 321 tosaensis. Natica, 109 Troebita. 73 Typhisala. 158
thaanufni, Mirapeclen, 315 lownsendi. Chlamys. 3CH5 Trochocerithium, 68 Typhisopsis, 157
Ihaanumi, Temcbra. 27S lownsendr, Donax, 345 tfochulus. Conus. 265 typhon. Conus, 264
lhaanumiana, Mltra, 197 Trachycardium. 327-330 tnochulus, SiphonaFia, 166 typica ,
Rupellaria. 369
Ihaqa. Pro)othaca, 367 TractoNra, 219 Trachus, 44-45 lyria. Angaria delphinus, 51
lhailandis. Conus eolubrlnus, 246 trail Hi. Natka, 106 Traphon. 152-153 tvrrhena, Gaieodca. 1 14
Thais, 14£^T48 Trajana. ItJ Tfophonopsis. 151-152
ihalassiarchus. Conus. 251 )ramoserica. Cell ana. 31 Iroscheii. Dosmia, 361 uchidai. CUnocardium, 332
Thalatia, 41 iranquebariea, Volachlamys. 308 troscheli, Murex. 129 umbllkalis. Gibbula, 42
lhatcheri, CymbEOlacca. 217 tranquebaricum. Cymaliurri, 121 Trubatsa, 157 umbJIicata. Naulilus, 377
lhatcheri, Cypraea, 94 iranquehancus, Cantharus, 171 Truncaria, 170 umbilieata. Sigarelolrema, 103
Thatchoria, 243 I ran senna, Homalopoma. 48 truncata, Barnea. 371 umhilicatum. Phalium. 112
THATCHERUDAE, 243 translucens, Chiton. 207 iruneata, Imbricaria, 204 umbilicatus. Melo, 216
rheodoxus, 55 iranspDsilum, Vexiilum, 205 lrunca)a. Lambls trunca)a, 82 umbonala. Area. 29l
shefsiles, Cymatium, 121 iransversa, Anadara, 292 truncata, Laternula, 372 umboneJIa. Cailisla, 358
Ihersites. Cypraca friend) i, 94 trapa, Murex, 130 )runcata, Mya. 369 Umbonium. 4%^
)hersites, Nassartus, 1B1 TRAPEZIIDAE, 351 truncata. Pisania. 170' Umbrae ulum, 280
Strombus. 76
)hersites. Trapezium, 351 )rurrcara. Solen. 339 umbraculum. Umbraculum. 280
thomae. Bur$a, 128 trapezium. Plcuroploca, 182 truncata. Sunelta, 355 uncinarius. Poropteron, T39
thomae^ Conus, 253 travassosi,Agamnia, 1% tfuncatum, Vasum, 209 uncinala, Cavolinia. 280
[homasi. Chiroreus, 136 iraversianus. Conus. 262 truncatus, Horeotrophon. 152 undata. Astarte. 325
Ehomasi. Conus, 248 trempenarra, Megasurcula. 241 trunculus, Donax, 345 undala, Cypraea zlczac. 91
thdmasi. Cypraea, 86 irenberthae. Cypraea. 90 trunculus. Hexapkx, 114 undata, Clycymeris. 2%
ihomasiana. Rapana. T49 Tresus. 337 tryoni,Murex, 13T undata. Nerita, 51
fhpmpsoni, EutkiMum, 1T9 irialata, Pteropurpura, 142 luba, Hemifusus, 176 undata, Terebra, 275
thompsonr. Siratus arficulaius. 131 triangulark. Triple rotyphis, 157 tyher. Astraea. 50 undata, Thais. 148
thomsoni, Phalium, 114 rriangylata. Morula, T48 tuberculala, Acanihocardia, 327 undatelia, Chione, 366
Thracia, 374 triangulalus. Boreotrophon. 152 tuberculala. Fusinus. 187 undatiruga, Fusiturrk. 243
thradaeiormis, Yoldia, 290 Iribblei. Conus,. 253 tuberculala. Cyrineum, 125 undatum, Buccinum, 174
THRACilDAE. 374 iribulus, Murex, 130 tuberculala. Hallo) is. 20 undatus, Fusinus, 187
)iara, Plaramen. 367 iricarirtata. Hemilema, 25 tuberculala. Limaria. 319 undatus. Micromek*. 279
tiaratus. Conus, 271 Iricarinata. Serratovola, 304 tuberculala, Nenrapana. 146 undosa, Astraea. 50
tiarella, Mitra. 200 )ricarinata. Turritella. 59 luberculata, Nodi lit lorina, 58 undosus. Camharus, 171
DARI DAE, 64 tricarinatus, Euthelus. 34 tuberculala, VexHIum. 207 undulafa. Amoria. 222
tiarMla, Massarius. 179 TRICHOTKOPIDAE. 71 luberculatus. Chiidn 286 , undulata, CyathodDnla, 374
Tibia, 82 Trichotropis, 71 tuberculosa, Alrtna, 300 unduiata, Littorina, 57
tibiaeformis, Teramachia. 224 tridneta^ Margineila, 237 tuberculosa. Emarginula, 24 undulala, Natica. 108
)icaonicus. Turbo, 4b Trlcofia, S2 luberculosa. Gakodea, 114 undulata, Ncrila, 53
tigerlna, Codakia. 321 tricolor, CaJliOStama. 37 tuberculosa, Terebra. 277 undulata. Paphia. 364
tigreum, Terebra, 273 tricolor, Cardha. 32S tuberculusum, Morum. 115 undulala. Subninella, 48
tigrina, Burnupena papyracea, 170 tricolor, Oliva, 19T luberosa, Cassis, 110 undulaia.^ Terebra. 275
)igrlna, Cypraea, 97 rricofor, Terebra. 275 tuberosa> Thais. 147 undulatum. Phalium granulalum. 113
tigdna, Nallca, 109 rricomis, Murex elenensis, 132 tuberosum. Bursa, 127 undulalus, Eusinus. 187
ligdna, Oliva, 190. 191 tricomis, S trombus. 76 tuberosus. Fusinus, 188 unduiosa. Pier>gia crenulaia. 204
ligrina. Turritella,€0 tricostaNs, Haliotk, 20 tubiferum. Vasum. 209 ynedo, Fragum, 329
ligrinum, Cymatium. 120 Tridacna, 333 Tudida, 2T0 unedo. Gemmula. 259
Tigdnum, Terebra, 273 TRIDACMIDAE, 333 Tudkula. 210 ungarkus, Capulus. 72
ligdnus. Camptonectes, 111 triderrtata, Cavolinla, 280 Tugalia. 24 unguis. Sculus, 24
ligrinus, Conus, 245 triform is. Plerynotus. 140 Tugonia. 369 Ungulina, 322
ligris. Cypraea. 97, 378 trigona, Pilqsabia, 72 Tugurium, 73-74 UNGUtINIDAE, 322-323
tigris. Maurea. 4)1 TRICON DAE, 320
1 1 tullpa. Conus, 247 uHEcarinala. Iphinoe. 71
ligris, SemipalFium. 3l08 Tngoniocardia, 329 tullpa, Fasctolarla, 183 unicolor. Pilar. 357
)imessus, Fusinus, 169 Trigorrostoma. 229-230 Modiolus. 299
lulipa. unicoEor. Trachycardium, 329
Tlmocfea. 36^ trigonostoma, Trigonostoma, 229 lumbezensis. Pad pec ten, 305 unicornis. Acanihina, 149
limorensis. Conus, 262 irigonulus. Naquetia. 133 lumens. Lalirus, IBS urticum. Calliostoma, 39
iimorensts, P)ychosyrlnx, 238 trigonum, Cymatfum, 122 lumens. Pilosabia, 72 unicum. Clindpegma. 164
rincia, Chiamys, 312 trigonus. Conus. 250 lumens. Pilar. 356 unilasdata. Clavus. 242
tincta, Pisania, 170 trigonus. Pythia, 2B2 tumidum, Argobuccinum, 125 umfasciata, Natica. 107
Margovula, 99
tinctllis, inlineala. Pandora. 372 lumidum, Cafrarium, 354 unifasciatum, Vexiilum, 206
tindalli.Amalda. 195 Trimusculus, 281 tumidus. Poll n ices, t02 unimatulata, Imadava. 242
tinianus^ Cpnu$. 266 irinidadensis. Nerita, 53 tumorlfcra, Lunuiicardia, 330 unimaculata, Tellina, 340
EissolL Thais, 147 tripartita. Gad, 346 tunicata, Katharina. 287 unizonalts. Oavus. 242
Dvela. 355-356 trtpla, Tivela,355 turbanica, Asiraea, 50 urashimanius. Conus. 254
lokaiensis. Siphon alia, 16b triplkata, Anchimedietla, 59 lurben, VexHIum, 207 urasima. Baryspira htnomoioensis. 193
tokioi, Phenaeovolva, 101 iriplkata. Mitra, 198 turbinala. Memodunta, 41 urceolala, Cancellana. 227
loleranda. Pterygia, 2lM Tripterotyphis, 157 TurbineOa, 210-21 urceus, Slromhus. 77
fomlini, Abyssochrysos. 56 irtplerus, Plerynotus, 140 TU RB Nl LLI DAE
I 208-2 1 1 224-225
, .
uret^, Olivancillaria. 193
lomlmi, Cypraea. 65 Iripus, Cymatium. 122 turblnellus. Vasum. 209 uropygmetana. Anadara. 292
Tomilnia, 172 triquelra, Naquetia, T33 TURBINIDAE, 45-51 Urosaipinx, 144
tongana. Tellina. J4tJ triquetra, Parastarte. .162 Turbo, 4S-48 ursellus, Cypraea, 92
410 COMPENDIUM OF SEASHELLS

ustulata. Miua. 190 verae, Naiica, 107 virginea. Aperiovula. 99 winteriana, Siliqua, 340
ustuldtd, M^nta, S4 veraguensis. Phos, 168 vtrginea, Hallolis, 20 wisemani, Cymbiolacca, 117
uiiTulaca. Peristcrnid, 1£7 vercoi, Cypraea. 94 virginea, Neriiina. S4 withrov^'i, 5calptia, 230
ulrdvt^^ Vexillum, 205 verconii, Turbo, 45 virgineus, Chicoreus. 135 winigi. Conus, 257
uva. Morula, 148 verheoFi., Cypraea, see luscorybra, 08 virginica, Crassoslrea, 310 woldemarii, Ziertiana, 208
VERMETIDAE.61 Virgo, Conus^ 253 wollti, Nassarius. 178
vagina, Solen. 33B Vermieularla, 61 Virgo, Polystjra, 239 woodringj. Mu rex, 132
vaginalis. SuntUa. 3SS vemedel, Dentalium, 282 viridis. Chiton, 28S woolacotiae, Cymbiolacca* 217
vagirrala, Limopsrs, 294 vernicoH), Paphia, 364 VI rid) s. Conus, 258 wpolseyi. Conus, 268
vaginal us, Trophonopsis, 151 vernicosuiti, Calliotectuin, 224 viridis. Perna. 297 w right
i, Mitra, 190

vaginilerus, Brcchitcs, 375 Oiplodonta, 322

verrilll, viridis, Smaragdia, 55 wrigheianus, Spondylus, 316
valendennesi, Pavraudeaulia^ 1U5 verriUivSlrombus, 75 viridis, Smaragdinella, 280 wyvillei, Phallum coronadui. 111
valencTennfisi, Pleuroptoca. 103 verrucosa. Venus, 352 viridis, Solen, 338
val^niia. Cypraea, % verrucosum, Cymalium. 122 viridizona, FTeria, 3CH
vanHIi, Cypraea, 97 verrucosus. Calpurnus, 99 viridula. Conus, 244
XANC! DAE, 208-211
vanhyningi. Dinocardiurn robustum, 33T verrucosus. Conus. 270 xanthicus. Conus. 272
viridula, Diodora, 26
VANIKORIDAE. 71 verrucosus, Nassarius, IBT viridula. Scurria, 32
Xanthochorus, 153
Vanikoro, 71 verrucosus, Trochus, 45 visagenu^. Conus. 166
xanthochrysa. Cypraea, 90
varai, latirus, TSh verruculatus, Pleuroploca, 182 vileHmum, Laevkardium, 331 xanthudon. Cypraea, 88
varfa,Anachis. I6ifi versicolor, Ischnochilon, 2S4 viteOus, Cypraea. 97
xanthostoma, )^ntbocKorus, 153
vana, Cardila, 325 versicolor. Mitra, T97 viteUus, Matka, 106
Xenophora. 73—75
varia. Ciilaniys, 31 versicolor, Merita, 52 vitrea, Carl nan a, 1D1
XINOPHDR10AE. 73-75
varta, HalioOs, 22 versicolor^ Pyrene, 161 VITRIMELUDAE,5B Xenoturris, 139
varra, Stomaldla. 44 versicolor, Spondylus. 316 vittala. Bullia, 177 ximenes* Conus* 171
variabilis, Donax^ 345 verlagus. Rhinoclavis. 66 vittata, Margmella, 237
vanabilis. Mhra, 19G Verticordia, 375 vittala, Vexillum, 205 vaekoae, Mitra, I9ft
varfabiiis, NaOca, 10^ VfRTlCORDIIOAE. 375 vittaius. Conus, 271 yaioka, Cypraea. 91
variabilis. Patella,30 vesica, OlivanciiUria. 194 vittalus, Donax, 345 yateii Bassina, 367
varfabilis, Strom bus. 79 vesica [is, Polinices, 102 vittalus, Suombus vjuatus. 79 yatesj„ Typhina, 156
vanabilis. Vexillum, 205 vesica ria, Hydatina, 279 VLttalus. Zeacolpus, 59 yessoensis* Patmopecicn, 306
variant, Feialoconchus. 61 VESICOMVIDAE, 351 Vitularta, 144 yoka, CuiEdfordia, 49
Varkospira, 02 vesiculosus. Cryptopecten. 315 vitulina, Milra, 199
yokoyamai* Euspira. 103
vaiicosum, Cirsolrema, 69 vespaceum. Cymalium, 121 vitulinus. Conus* 154 Voidta, 190
varicosum, Terehra. 274 vesperlilio. Cymbiola. 218 vogdesi, Pecten. 305
varkosus, Cenkamu^ex, 157 vespertilio, Pterynotus. 141 vokesae, Ptempurpura, 140
variegata, Cardita. 324 vespertilionis, Cassidula, 281 VoUchlamys, 300 zaca, .Milra. 199
variegau. Charon ia, 1 19 vespertina. Scurria. 32 volcano. Fissure! la, 28 zambpl, Homalocantha. 139
variegata. Dosinia. 361 vesliarum, Umbonium. 43 Volema, 176 zanzibarica, Tudicula, 210
variegata. Ficus, 117 veslita, Clycymeris, 296 voluminaiis, ConuS, ISO Zeacolpus, 59
variegata. Phasianella, 52 vesliia, Meverita. 102 Volura, 212 Zeairophon, 153
varicgata, Scabricola, 203 Vexilla, 150 Volutharpa, 175 zebra, Area* 291
variegata. Terebra, 277 VEX1LLIDAE. 205-208 VOiUTIOAE. 212-225 zebra, Cypraea, %
variegala, Turrilelfa, 59 Vexillum, 205-208 Volutifusus. 223 zebra, Littorina, 57
variegatuTTj, Calboslorna, 36 vexillum. Airtna. 300 Volutoconus, 219 zebra, MUra, 201
varfegatus, Conus, 265 vexillum, ComptopalTiiim, 307 Volutocorbis. 212-213 zebra. Naiica, 100
variegatus, Fusinus. 180 vexillum. Conus, 250 Volutomitra, 225 zebra, Phasianella, 52
varregatus, Rud [tapes. 363 vexillum. Haipulina, 220 VOLCTOMITRIDAI, 225 zebra. Terebra, 277
varius. Conus. 263 vexillum, Milra, 200 Volulopsius, 162 zebrina, Scurria, 32
varius. Hexaplex, 13S vexillum. VexiHa, ISO Voiva. 100 zebrina, Vexitium, 208
Vasum. 2D&-210 viabrunnea, Bathyloma, 241 volva, Volva, TOO zebroldes. Conus* 265
vaysselianus. Conus, 250 vibex, Cypraea, 86 volvox, Lorica, 2B7 zebuensis. B rechi tes, 375
vegai. lyiia, 214 vibex, Massarius^ 179 vomer, Slrombus vomer, SO zebuensis. Caecefla, 338
vela la, Barbalia, 293 viedani. Angaria, 51 vulgare. Denialium. 183 zelandiae, Chlamys, 313
velata, Pladphorelfa, 205 vlcdani. Murex, 129 vulgaris, Lima, 319 zelandi ca. Atrina pecUnala, 300
veleda, Anachls, 160 Viaor, Conus nobilis, 247 vulgaris. Malleus* 302 zelandka, Oosina, 362
veleroae, Morum, 115 victor, Ctenocardia, 329 vulgaris, Peaen, 304 zelandica, Felanieila. 315
velesiana. AncillisTa. 194 vTcloriae. Conus, 244 vulgata. Patella, 29 zelandka, Monia, 317
vdum, Hydatina, 279 vtcloriae. Oosinia, 361 vulgalum, Cerithium, 64 zelandka. Naiica, 108
velum, Solemya, 239 yidoriae. TeJIlna, 543 vulneratus, Pitar, 357 zelandica, Panopea, 371
Velullna, 83 vtcweei. Conus, 255 vulpecula* Vexillum, 205 zelartdkum, Dentalium, 283
velutina, VeEutina, 83 vidua. Conus marmoreus, 244 Vulsella, 302 zelandtcum, Umbonium* 43
VE6JERIDAE, 352-369 vidua, Oliva, 192 vulsella, Tellina, 340 zelandkus, Poirieria, 143
venerifprmis, Comphina, 361 Conus, 269
villepinii. vuiselFa. Vulsella, 502 zelebori, Cirsotrema, 70
Vcncropis, 363-365 vfmfneus. Conus, 152 zclindae, Oliva. 193
Columbella. T60
venilia. vincta, DenNmilrella. 161 svagned, Caniharus. T71 zelotes* Buednum. |7S
venosa. Rapana, U9 vinctus. Conus, 256 wagneri, Tugurium, 74 Zemira, 174
Ventricolaha. 353 vinosa, Cypraea. 97 waikikiensis, Cypraea. 92 Zenatia, 337
ventrkosa, \tcA, 291 violacea, Batissa, 352 wainwnghlensis, Chlamys, 311 zeteki Comptupallium, 307
,

verttri<osa, Bursa, 128 vtolacea, Coral tiophila. 155 wailel, Berytsma, 168 zeyianica, Babylonia. 173
ventrlfosa. frctit, 116 violacea, Lambis, 81 wakayamaensis. Conus, 25 T zeyJanreus. Conus. 160
ventricoHi, Harpa. 211 violacea, Maclra, 333 walallensis, Haliolts, 20 ziczac, Cypraea. 91
ventricosa. Marginalia 237 violacea, Natica 109 walked Cypraea, 89
, ziczac. Uttorina, 57
ventricosa, Milda. 278 violacea, Neiilina, 54 walked, Latirus, 185 ziczac, Nerrtina, 54
ventritosa, Neptunea, 64 165 J violacea, Psammotaea. 347 wallangra. Conus. 262 ziczac, Pecten* 305
ventricosa, PapKres, 338 violacescens, Clycymeris, 2% walleri, 5iphonofusus, 166 Zidana. 218
ventritosa, Phastandta, 52 violaceus, Conus, 264 wardiana, Pugiijna, 176 ZIerliana, 208
veniricosa, Tivela, 355 violascens, Asaphis, 347 wardiana, Semipaliium, 308 zizyphin>us* Caillostoma, 36
vemricosus. Cotus. T63 violascens, Ruditapes. 36S WAlerhousei Conus, 263
, zonalls, Baliilaria, 63
ventricosus. Conus, 265 Virens, Sinovacula. 349 walsoni, Morum, 116 zonal is, Engina, 169
ven trie ulus. Cypraea, 98 virescens, Ffssurella, 28 walsoni, Propeamussium, 303 zonal is* Itmopsis* 295
vonulatus. Conus. 265 virescens, Voluta, 212 weaverl, Cypraea, 89 zonamestum, Calliostoma, 39
Venus, 352-353 virgata, CominelEa. 170 westralis* Cancellaria, 226 zonaria, Cypraea, 07
venusta, Cypraea 94 virgata, Mitra, 201 whitworihi, Phallum* T14 zonaria, Natka, 109
venusta, Haliotis, 23 virgata, Tellina. 341 wilkinsi, Cypraea, 90 zonata, Engina. 169
venustula, Bursa, 129 virgatus, Acleon, 27B William si, Oliva, 192 zonala* Kydatina, 279
venustulus. Siratus, 133 virgptus, Conus, 272 William sorum, Teramachia |ohnsoni, 124 zonata. Milra fusitormis, 199
venustus, Nassarius, I79 virgatus, Phos, 168 wilsoni* Austroharpa, 112 zonatus. Clypeomorus, 65
venustus, Turbo, 48 virgatus, Trochus* 45 winck worth!, Latiaxis, 155 zonalus. Conus. 244
 411

THIRD PRINTING REVISIONS p. 242-5 Little-dog Turrid should be Flame Turrid, (1^^ 2.S
cm imadava fiammaiata (Montfort, 1810). S.W*

Recent research publications and suggestions by watchful Pacific, Offshore; uncommon.

conchologists have pointed out some necessary improve- correct Lightning cone to Thousand -spot Cone,
p. 260-6
ments to our taxonomy. Changes to the captions that were Conus mifiaris Hwass, 1792, see same species
made in the second printing in 19fl3 have an asterisk (*J. In this row above.
erratum, following the page number (i.e., p. 27) is the number
of the illustration. Thus, p. 27-1 refers to the first plate- p. 278-2 genus Niso is in prosobranch family Melanelli*
illustration on page 27; and p» 27-12 refers to the 12th or last dae,
plate on page 27,

BIVALVIA
GASTROPODA
p. 291-3 Chilean Malietia is the Austral Neilo (1 -5“) 3.5 cm
p.27-5 Oblong Slot Limpet should be Western Slot Lim-
Neih (Quoy & Caimard, 1835). New
austrafis
pet. n”) 2.5 cm Dotichoschisma munita redale, 1

Zealand. In mud, 30 to 2,000 m; uncommon.

1940. W, Australia. Subtidal; common. Syn.; cumingri A. Adams.

p, 34-1 change size to (0.6") 2 cm. The author of scapha (Gmelin, 1791), not
p, 292-11 is

p. 34-2 Basilissa babel tea is in the family Orectospiri- Linnaeus.

dae; see other on p, 68.
Half-crenate Ark should be Grand Ark (4") 10 cm
p, 293-2

p. 39-1 the author of javanicum is (Lamarck, 1822), not Anadara grandis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829).
Gmelin. W. Mexico to Peru. Common. See p. 292-9.

p, 63-9 & -10 interchange the entire labels for the Zoned p. 303-1 change genus lo Malleus (subgenus Malvu fun-
Cerith and the Many-formed Cerith, dus).

p. 68-4 Read Orectospira tectiformis (Watson, 1884), p. 307-10 for nodifenjs, read noduliferus.

p.69-9 for £. annulatum K. & 1, read Amaea twaotakii p. 308-6 Gardiner's Scallop should be Blistered Scallop
Azuma, 1961 (an earlier name). (1.5") 3,5 cm Cryptopecten vesiculosus
(Dunker, 1877). Japan. 50-600 m.; common,
p, 74-11 correct X. corrugata (Reeve, 1843) to Xenophora
cerea (Reeve, 1843). p. 309-4 & -5 replace name Cryptopecten with Clonopa!-
lium.
p. 88-5 for Verheof's and verheofl, read Verhoef's and
verhoeft. Also index, p. 410. p. 312-3 Lambert's Scallop should be Golden Scallop
(2.5") 6 Bractechiamys aurantiaca (Adams &
cm
p. 119 The family name Cymatiidae has been replaced
Reeve, 1850). W. Pacific. Offshore; uncom-
by the earlier name, Ranellidae. mon,
p. 124-9 for jacundum^ read jucundum. Golden Scallop should be Diana's Scallop {2") 5
p. 313-5

p. 127-8 for Mulhaus, read Mulhauser. cm Bractec/i/amys dianae (Crandall, 1979), Has
10 ribs.
p. 131-8 for bellegladensis, read 6e//eg/adeer?sis.
p. 31S-1 Blistered Scallop should be Catspaw Scallop
p. 132-4 for tricorn is, read trkoronis.
(1.5") 3.5 cm Chlamys (Manupecten) pesfelis

p. 136-11 Correct Banks' Murex to Quadrate Murex. Chl- a-/1^B).

coreus quadrifrons (Lamarck, 1822). Chlamys now Hinrtttes distortus
p. 315-7 muftistriata is

p. 145-11 for Coma, read Cymia. (Da Costap 1778), the former being a junior
synonym.
p. 152-2 OalTs Trophon should be mundformis (Dali,
1877), an earlier name for dalti (Kobelt, 1878). p. 315-8 The Giant Rock Scallop is now Crassadoma
gigantea (Gray, 1825).
p. 152-8 holotype illustrated is of smithi Dali, 1902, a
synonym of stuarti. p. 318-9 Native Pacific Oyster is now Ostreola con-
chaphila (Carpenter, 1857) with lurida a syno-
p. 156-12 for antiquatus, read antiquus.
nym.
p, 161-9 this is an unknown Amatda, see p. 195.
delete ornata Gray from the synonymy; see
p. 334-2

p. 162-10 for spitzbergeni, read spitzbergensis. that species below.

p. 174-1 Pallid Babylon, should be Walkway Babylon. p. 345-8 California Donax should be Gould's Donax (0,7")

(I.S'l 4cm Babylonia ambulacrum Sower by, 1.4 cm Donax gouldii Dali, 1921. Calif, to Baja

1825. S.E. Asia. Offshore; common. Calif.; sandy beaches; common.

 About the Authors
R. TUCKER ABBOTT is one of the leading conchologists of the

world, having served as a research scientist and field collector for

forty years at Harvard University, the Smithsonian Institution and
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. Abbott has
led numerous expeditions for mollusks to China, the Philippines,
Africa, Cuba and other out-of-the-way collecting grounds. He is
Editor in Chief of The Naut/7us, one ofthe oldest and mostinfluen-
tial scientific periodicals concerned with malacology, and also the

author of numerous popular books including Amer/can Seashefis

and Kingdom of the Seasheli
Florida Conservation News observed, “R. Tucker Abbott is to
seasheli collectors what John J, Audubon was to birdwatchers, and
his books on seasheli identification form the backbone of most shell
collectors' libraries."

S. DANCE is a conchologist, natural historian and writer.

PETER
Formerly with The British Museum (Natural History), the
Manchester Museum and the National Museum of Wales, he is

a frequent visitor to the United States where he is well known for

his lectures. Both marine and land mollusks have been the
subject of his many scientific articles. His books include She// Col-
lecting: An Illustrated History, The Co//ector's Encyclopedia of
Shells and the Art of Natural History.
 COMPENDIUM OF
SEASHELLS
his comprehensive book on marine

T
full-color identification shells of the world is

a must for serious shell-collectors and hobbyists. Compiled by two of the world's
leading malacologists, this beautiful and authoritative reference volume includes

4,200 full-color photographs to make shell identification quick and easy. All categories of

marine shells are described and illustrated, including individual photographs, geographical

and ecological information on hundreds of species of cowry, cone, volute, scallop, helmet
and many others. Compendium oj Seashtlls is designed to facilitate rapid location and
identification of almost every shell likely to be found in a private collection or shell shop.

FEATURES
Complete classification of the Mollusca Phylum
Popular and scientific names

Geographical distribution, habitat and abundance

How to identify, classify and care for your shell collection
Extensive Bibliography

THE AUTHORS
R, Tucker Abbott is one of the worlds leading conchologists, having served as

a research scientist and field collector for forty years at Harvard University, the
Smithsonian Institution and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Dr. Abbott is the author of numerous popular books including ArnefraM 5mskl(s
and Kingdom of the Seasheli

S- Peter Dance is a conchologist, natural historian and writer, formerly with The
British Museum (Natural History), the Manchester Museum and the National

Museum of Wales. Both marine and land mollusks have been the subject of his
many scientific articles. His books include A HistOTy of Shell Colkctin^, The Colf^cfors
Encyclopedia of Shells and The Art of Natural History.

ISBN 0-9661720-0-0

ODYSSEY
r u B L S H I N G 9 78096e 172003