Universal Decimal Classification

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a bibliographic and library classification representing the
systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which
knowledge fields are related and inter-linked.[1][2][3][4] The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted
classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and
information retrieval in large collections.

Unlike other library classification schemes that have started their life as national systems, the UDC was
conceived and maintained as an international scheme. Its translation in world languages started at the
beginning of the 20th century and has since been published in various printed editions in over 40 languages.
[8][9]
UDC Summary, an abridged Web version of the scheme is available in over 50 languages. [10] The
classification has been modified and extended over the years to cope with increasing output in all areas of
human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments. [11][12]

Albeit originally designed as an indexing and retrieval system, due to its logical structure and scalability,
UDC has become one of the most widely used knowledge organization systems in libraries, where it is used
for either shelf arrangement, content indexing or both.[13] UDC codes can describe any type of document or
object to any desired level of detail. These can include textual documents and other media such as films,
video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps as well as realia such as museum objects.

The UDC was developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine at the end of
the 19th century. In 1895, they created the Universal Bibliographic Repertory (Répertoire Bibliographique
Universel) (RBU) which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published
information. The idea that the RBU should take the form of a card catalogue came from the young American
zoologist Herbert Haviland Field, who was at the time himself setting up a bibliographical agency in Zurich,
the Concilium Bibliographicum.[14] A means of arranging the entries would be needed, and Otlet, having
heard of the Dewey Decimal Classification, wrote to Melvil Dewey and obtained permission to translate it
into French. The idea outgrew the plan of mere translation, and a number of radical innovations were made,
adapting the purely enumerative classification (in which all the subjects envisaged are already listed and
coded) into one which allows for synthesis (that is, the construction of compound numbers to denote
interrelated subjects that could never be exhaustively foreseen); various possible relations between subjects
were identified, and symbols assigned to represent them. In its first edition in French "Manuel du Répertoire
bibliographique universel" (1905), the UDC already included many features that were revolutionary in the
context of knowledge classifications: tables of generally applicable (aspect-free) concepts—called common
auxiliary tables; a series of special auxiliary tables with specific but re-usable attributes in a particular field
of knowledge; an expressive notational system with connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable
coordination of subjects and the creation of a documentation language proper.

The Universal Bibliographic Repertory itself has developed into a remarkable information resource. In the
period before World War I it grew to more than 11 million records. The catalogue and its content organized
by UDC can still be seen in Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium (in 2013 recommended for inclusion in the
UNESCO Memory of the World Register[15]).
The application of UDC

UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130 countries and in many bibliographical services which
require detailed content indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for
information exchange and is used in all types of libraries: public, school, academic and special libraries. [16][17]
[18]

UDC is also used in national bibliographies of around 30 countries. Examples of large databases indexed by
UDC include:[19]

NEBIS (The Network of Libraries and Information Centers in Switzerland) — 2.6 million records
COBIB.SI (Slovenian National Union Catalogue) — 3.5 million records
Hungarian National Union Catalogue (MOKKA) — 2.9 million records
VINITI RAS database (All-Russian Scientific and Technical Information Institute of Russian
Academy of Science) with 28 million records
Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts (MGA) with 600 journal titles
PORBASE (Portuguese National Bibliography) with 1.5 million records

UDC has traditionally been used for the indexing of scientific articles which was an important source of
information of scientific output in the period predating electronic publishing. Collections of research articles
in many countries covering decades of scientific output contain UDC codes. Examples of journal articles
indexed by UDC:

UDC code 663.12:57.06 in the article "Yeast Systematics: from Phenotype to Genotype" in the
journal Food Technology and Biotechnology (ISSN 1330-9862)[20]
UDC code 37.037:796.56, provided in the article "The game method as means of interface of
technical-tactical and psychological preparation in sports orienteering" in the Russian journal
"Pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of the physical culture and sport"
(ISSN 2070-4798).[21]
UDC code 621.715:621.924:539.3 in the article Residual Stress in Shot-Peened Sheets of
AIMg4.5Mn Alloy - in the journal Materials and technology (ISSN 1580-2949).[22]

The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early
automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library OPACs.[23][24] Since 1993, a standard version of
UDC has been maintained and distributed in a database format: UDC Master Reference File (UDC MRF)
which is updated and released regularly.[25] The 2011 version of the MRF (released in 2012) contains over
70,000 classes.[1] In the past full printed editions used to have around 220,000 subdivisions.[10]

UDC structure
Notation

A notation is a code commonly used in classification schemes to represent a class, i.e. a subject and its
position in the hierarchy, to enable mechanical sorting and filing of subjects. UDC uses Arabic numerals
arranged decimally. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted,
which determines the filing order. An advantage of decimal notational systems is that they are infinitely
extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of
numbers. For ease of reading, a UDC notation is usually punctuated after every third digit:

Notation Caption (Class description)

Theoretical problems of elementary particles physics. Theories and models of
539.120
fundamental interactions
539.120.2 Symmetries of quantum physics
539.120.22 Conservation laws
539.120.222 Translations. Rotations
539.120.224 Reflection in time and space
539.120.226 Space-time symmetries
539.120.23 Internal symmetries
539.120.3 Currents
539.120.4 Unified field theories
539.120.5 Strings

In UDC the notation has two features that make the scheme easier to browse and work with:

 hierarchically expressive – the longer the notation, the more specific the class: removing the final
digit automatically produces a broader class code.

 syntactically expressive – when UDC codes are combined, the sequence of digits is interrupted by a
precise type of punctuation sign which indicates that the expression is a combination of classes rather
than a simple class e.g. the colon in 34:32 indicates that there are two distinct notational elements: 34
Law. Jurisprudence and 32 Politics; the closing and opening parentheses and double quotes in the
following code 913(574.22)"19"(084.3) indicate four separate notational elements: 913 Regional
geography, (574.22) North Kazakhstan (Soltüstik Qazaqstan); "19" 20th century and (084.3) Maps
(document form)

Basic features and syntax

UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification. It allows an unlimited combination of attributes of

a subject and relationships between subjects to be expressed. UDC codes from different tables can be
combined to present various aspects of document content and form, e.g. 94(410)"19"(075) History (main
subject) of United Kingdom (place) in 20th century (time), a textbook (document form). Or: 37:2
Relationship between Education and Religion. Complex UDC expressions can be accurately parsed into
constituent elements.

UDC is also a disciplinary classification covering the entire universe of knowledge. [26] This type of
classification can also be described as aspect or perspective, which means that concepts are subsumed and
placed under the field in which they are studied. Thus, the same concept can appear in different fields of
knowledge. This particular feature is usually implemented in UDC by re-using the same concept in various
combinations with the main subject, e.g. a code for language in common auxiliaries of language is used to
derive numbers for ethnic grouping, individual languages in linguistics and individual literatures. Or, a code
from the auxiliaries of place, e.g. (410) United Kingdom, uniquely representing the concept of United
Kingdom can be used to express 911(410) Regional geography of United Kingdom and 94(410) History of
United Kingdom.

Organization of classes

Concepts are organized in two kinds of tables in UDC:[27]

 Common auxiliary tables (including certain auxiliary signs). These tables contain facets of concepts
representing, general recurrent characteristics, applicable over a range of subjects throughout the
main tables, including notions such as place, language of the text and physical form of the document,
which may occur in almost any subject. UDC numbers from these tables, called common auxiliaries
are simply added at the end of the number for the subject taken from the main tables. There are over
15,000 of common auxiliaries in UDC.

 The main tables or main schedules containing the various disciplines and branches of knowledge,
arranged in 9 main classes, numbered from 0 to 9 (with class 4 being vacant). At the beginning of
each class there are also series of special auxiliaries, which express aspects that are recurrent within
this specific class. Main tables in UDC contain more than 60,000 subdivisions.

Main classes

 0 Science and Knowledge. Organization. Computer Science. Information Science. Documentation.

Librarianship. Institutions. Publications

 1 Philosophy. Psychology

 2 Religion. Theology

 3 Social Sciences

 4 vacant

 5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences

 6 Applied Sciences. Medicine, Technology

 7 The Arts. Entertainment. Sport

  8 Linguistics. Literature

 9 Geography. History

The vacant class 4 is the result of a planned schedule expansion. This class was freed by moving linguistics
into class 8 in the 1960s to make space for future developments in the rapidly expanding fields of
knowledge; primarily natural sciences and technology.

Common auxiliary tables

Common auxiliaries are aspect-free concepts that can be used in combination with any other UDC code
from the main classes or with other common auxiliaries. They have unique notational representations that
makes them stand out in complex expressions. Common auxiliary numbers always begin with a certain
symbol known as a facet indicator, e.g. = (equal sign) always introduces concepts representing the language
of a document; (0...) numbers enclosed in parentheses starting with zero always represent a concept
designating document form. Thus (075) Textbook and =111 English can be combined to express, e.g.
(075)=111 Textbooks in English, and when combined with numbers from the main UDC tables they can be
used as follows: 2(075)=111 Religion textbooks in English, 51(075)=111 Mathematics textbooks in English
etc.

 =... Common auxiliaries of language. Table 1c

 (0...) Common auxiliaries of form. Table 1d

 (1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. Table 1e

 (=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f

 "..." Common auxiliaries of time. Table 1g helps to make minute division of time e.g.: "1993-1996

 -0... Common auxiliaries of general characteristics: Properties, Materials, Relations/Processes and

Persons. Table 1k.

 -02 Common auxiliaries of properties. Table 1k

 -03 Common auxiliaries of materials. Table 1k

 -04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations. Table 1k

 -05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics. Table 1k this table is repeated

Connecting signs

In order to preserve the precise meaning and enable accurate parsing of complex UDC expressions, a
number of connecting symbols are made available to relate and extend UDC numbers. These are:
Symbol Symbol name Meaning Example
coordination,
+ plus e.g. 59+636 zoology and animal breeding
addition
consecutive e.g. 592/599 Systematic zoology (everything from 592 to 599
/ stroke
extension inclusive)
: colon relation e.g. 17:7 Relation of ethics to art
e.g. 311:[622+669](485) statistics of mining and metallurgy in
[] square brackets subgrouping Sweden (the auxiliary qualifiers 622+669 considered as a
unit)
Introduces non-UDC e.g. 523.4*433 Planetology, minor planet Eros (IAU
* asterisk
notation authorized number after the asterisk)
alphabetical Direct alphabetical
A/Z e.g. 821.133.1MOL French literature, works of Molière
extension specification

UDC outline

UDC classes in this outline are taken from the Multilingual Universal Decimal Classification Summary
(UDCC Publication No. 088) released by the UDC Consortium under the Creative Commons Attribution
Share Alike 3.0 license (first release 2009, subsequent update 2012).[10]

Main tables

0 Science and knowledge. Organization. Computer science. Information. Documentation.

Librarianship. Institution. Publications

00 Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture.

Propaedeutics
001 Science and knowledge in general. Organization of
intellectual work
002 Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship
003 Writing systems and scripts
004 Computer science and technology. Computing
004.2 Computer architecture
004.3 Computer hardware
004.4 Software
004.5 Human-computer interaction
004.6 Data
004.7 Computer communication
004.8 Artificial intelligence
004.9 Application-oriented computer-based techniques
005 Management
005.1 Management Theory
005.2 Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures
005.3 Management activities
005.5 Management operations. Direction
 005.6 Quality management. Total quality management (TQM)
005.7 Organizational management (OM)
005.9 Fields of management
005.92 Records management
005.93 Plant management. Physical resources management
005.94 Knowledge management
005.95/.96 Personnel management. Human Resources management
006 Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures
and time
007 Activity and organizing. Information. Communication and
control theory generally (cybernetics)
008 Civilization. Culture. Progress
01 Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues
02 Librarianship
030 General reference works (as subject)
050 Serial publications, periodicals (as subject)
06 Organizations of a general nature
069 Museums
070 Newspapers (as subject). The Press. Outline of journalism
08 Polygraphies. Collective works (as subject)
09 Manuscripts. Rare and remarkable works (as subject)

1 Philosophy. Psychology

101 Nature and role of philosophy

11 Metaphysics
111 General metaphysics. Ontology
122/129 Special Metaphysics
13 Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life
14 Philosophical systems and points of view
141 Kinds of viewpoint. Including: Monism. Dualism. Pluralism.
Ontological Materialism. Metaphysical Idealism. Platonism, etc.
159.9 Psychology
159.91 Psychophysiology (physiological psychology). Mental
physiology
159.92 Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology
159.93 Sensation. Sensory perception
159.94 Executive functions
159.95 Higher mental processes
159.96 Special mental states and processes
159.97 Abnormal psychology
159.98 Applied psychology (psychotechnology) in general
16 Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of
logic
17 Moral philosophy. Ethics. Practical philosophy
2 Religion. Theology

The UDC tables for religion are fully faceted. Indicated in italics below, are special auxiliary numbers that
can be used to express attributes (facets) of any specific faith. Any special number can be combined with any
religion e.g. -5 Worship can be used to express e.g. 26-5 Worship in Judaism, 27-5 Worship in Christianity,
24-5 Worship in Buddhism. The complete special auxiliary tables contain around 2000 subdivisions of
various attributes that can be attached to express various aspects of individual faiths to a great level of
specificity allowing equal level of detail for every religion.

2-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for religion

2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon
of religion
2-2 Evidences of religion
2-3 Persons in religion
2-4 Religious activities. Religious practice
2-5 Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies
2-6 Processes in religion
2-7 Religious organization and administration
2-8 Religions characterised by various properties
2-9 History of the faith, religion, denomination or church
21/29 Religious systems. Religions and faiths
21 Prehistoric and primitive religions
22 Religions originating in the Far East
23 Religions originating in Indian sub-continent. Hindu religion in
the broad sense
24 Buddhism
25 Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions
26 Judaism
27 Christianity
28 Islam
29 Modern spiritual movements

3 Social sciences

Universal decimal classification used at the library of the maison Losseau.

303 Methods of the social sciences
304 Social questions. Social practice. Cultural practice. Way of life
(Lebensweise)
305 Gender studies
308 Sociography. Descriptive studies of society (both qualitative and
quantitative)
311 Statistics as a science. Statistical theory
314/316 Society
314 Demography. Population studies
316 Sociology
 32 Politics
33 Economics. Economic science
34 Law. Jurisprudence
35 Public administration. Government. Military affairs
36 Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life
37 Education
39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions.
Way of life

4 Communication

This section is currently vacant.

5 Mathematics. Natural sciences

502/504 Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources.

Threats to the environment and protection against them
502 The environment and its protection
504 Threats to the environment
51 Mathematics
510 Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics
511 Number theory
512 Algebra
514 Geometry
517 Analysis
519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory
519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics
519.6 Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis
519.7 Mathematical cybernetics
519.8 Operational research (OR): mathematical theories and methods
52 Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy
53 Physics
531/534 Mechanics
535 Optics
536 Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics
537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism
538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics
539 Physical nature of matter
54 Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy
542 Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental
chemistry
543 Analytical chemistry
544 Physical chemistry
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
 548/549 Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy
55 Earth sciences. Geological sciences
56 Paleontology
57 Biological sciences in general
58 Botany
59 Zoology

6 Applied sciences. Medicine. Technology

Class 6 occupies the largest proportion of UDC schedules. It contains over 44,000 subdivisions. Each
specific field of technology or industry usually contains more than one special auxiliary table with concepts
needed to express operations, processes, materials and products. As a result, UDC codes are often created
through the combination of various attributes. Equally, some parts of this class enumerate concepts to a great
level of detail e.g. 621.882.212 Hexagon screws with additional shapes. Including: Flank screws. Collar
screws. Cap screws

60 Biotechnology
61 Medical sciences
611/612 Human biology
613 Hygiene generally. Personal health and hygiene
614 Public health and hygiene. Accident prevention
615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology
616 Pathology. Clinical medicine
617 Surgery. Orthopaedics. Ophthalmology
618 Gynaecology. Obstetrics
62 Engineering. Technology in general
620 Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics
of energy
621 Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical
engineering. Machinery
622 Mining
623 Military engineering
624 Civil and structural engineering in general
625 Civil engineering of land transport. Railway engineering. Highway
engineering
626/627 Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water (aquatic)
structures
629 Transport vehicle engineering
63 Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry.
Farming. Wildlife exploitation
630 Forestry
631/635 Farm management. Agronomy. Horticulture
633/635 Horticulture in general. Specific crops
636 Animal husbandry and breeding in general. Livestock rearing.
Breeding of domestic animals
 64 Home economics. Domestic science. Housekeeping
65 Communication and transport industries. Accountancy. Business
management. Public relations
654 Telecommunication and telecontrol (organization, services)
655 Graphic industries. Printing. Publishing. Book trade
656 Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control
657 Accountancy
658 Business management, administration. Commercial organization
659 Publicity. Information work. Public relations
66 Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries
67 Various industries, trades and crafts
68 Industries, crafts and trades for finished or assembled articles
69 Building (construction) trade. Building materials. Building
practice and procedure

7 The arts. Recreation. Entertainment. Sport

7.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for the arts

7.01 Theory and philosophy of art. Principles of design, proportion,
optical effect
7.02 Art technique. Craftsmanship
7.03 Artistic periods and phases. Schools, styles, influences
7.04 Subjects for artistic representation. Iconography. Iconology
7.05 Applications of art (in industry, trade, the home, everyday life)
7.06 Various questions concerning art
7.07 Occupations and activities associated with the arts and
entertainment
7.08 Characteristic features, forms, combinations etc. (in art,
entertainment and sport)
7.091 Performance, presentation (in original medium)
71 Physical planning. Regional, town and country planning.
Landscapes, parks, gardens
72 Architecture
73 Plastic arts
74 Drawing. Design. Applied arts and crafts
745/749 Industrial and domestic arts and crafts. Applied arts
75 Painting
76 Graphic art, printmaking. Graphics
77 Photography and similar processes
78 Music
79 Recreation. Entertainment. Games. Sport
791 Cinema. Films (motion pictures)
792 Theatre. Stagecraft. Dramatic performances
793 Social entertainments and recreations. Art of movement. Dance
794 Board and table games (of thought, skill and chance)
 796 Sport. Games. Physical exercises
797 Water sports. Aerial sports
798 Riding and driving. Horse and other animal sports
799 Sport fishing. Sport hunting. Shooting and target sports

8 Language. Linguistics. Literature

Tables for class 8 are fully faceted and details are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries
of language (Table 1c) and a series of special auxiliary tables to indicate other facets or attributes in
Linguistics or Literature. As a result, this class allows for great specificity in indexing although the
schedules themselves occupy very little space in UDC. The subdivisions of e.g. 811 Languages or 821
Literature are derived from common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c) by substituting a point for the
equals sign, e.g. 811.111 English language (as a subject of a linguistic study) and 821.111 English literature
derives from =111 English language. Common auxiliaries of place and time are also frequently used in this
class to express place and time facets of Linguistics or Literature, e.g. 821.111(71)"18" English literature of
Canada in 19th century

80 General questions relating to both linguistics and literature.

Philology
801 Prosody. Auxiliary sciences and sources of philology
808 Rhetoric. The effective use of language
81 Linguistics and languages
81`1/`4 Special auxiliary subdivision for subject fields and facets
of linguistics and languages
81`1 General linguistics
81`2 Theory of signs. Theory of translation. Standardization. Usage.
Geographical linguistics
81`3 Mathematical and applied linguistics. Phonetics. Graphemics.
Grammar. Semantics. Stylistics
81`4 Text linguistics, Discourse analysis. Typological linguistics
81`42 Text linguistics. Discourse analysis
81`44 Typological linguistics
811 Languages
Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c)
by replacing the equal sign = with prefix 811. e.g. =111 English becomes
811.111 Linguistics of English language
811.1/.9 All languages natural or artificial
811.1/.8 Individual natural languages
811.1/.2 Indo-European languages
811.21/.22 Indo-Iranian languages
811.3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
811.4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan
languages
811.5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and
Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
 811.6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
811.7 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian
languages
811.8 American indigenous languages
811.9 Artificial languages
82 Literature
82-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for literary forms, genres
82-1 Poetry. Poems. Verse
82-2 Drama. Plays
82-3 Fiction. Prose narrative
82-31 Novels. Full-length stories
82-32 Short stories. Novellas
82-4 Essays
82-5 Oratory. Speeches
82-6 Letters. Art of letter-writing. Correspondence. Genuine letters
82-7 Prose satire. Humour, epigram, parody
82-8 Miscellanea. Polygraphies. Selections
82-9 Various other literary forms
82-92 Periodical literature. Writings in serials, journals,
reviews
82-94 History as literary genre. Historical writing.
Historiography. Chronicles. Annals. Memoirs
82.02/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for theory, study and
technique of literature
82.02 Literary schools, trends and movements
82.09 Literary criticism. Literary studies
82.091 Comparative literary studies. Comparative literature
821 Literatures of individual languages and language families
Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 (Table 1c)
by replacing the equal sign = with prefix 821. e.g. =111 English becomes
821.111 English literature

9 Geography. Biography. History

Tables for Geography and History in UDC are fully faceted and place, time and ethnic grouping facets are
expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place (Table 1d), ethnic grouping (Table 1f) and
time (Table 1g)

902/908 Archaeology. Prehistory. Cultural remains. Area studies

902 Archaeology
903 Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, artifacts, antiquities
904 Cultural remains of historical times
908 Area studies. Study of a locality
91 Geography. Exploration of the Earth and of individual countries.
Travel. Regional geography
 910 General questions. Geography as a science. Exploration. Travel
911 General geography. Science of geographical factors (systematic
geography). Theoretical geography
911.2 Physical geography
911.3 Human geography (cultural geography). Geography of cultural
factors
911.5/.9 Theoretical geography
912 Nonliterary, nontextual representations of a region
913 Regional geography
92 Biographical studies. Genealogy. Heraldry. Flags
929 Biographical studies
929.5 Genealogy
929.6 Heraldry
929.7 Nobility. Titles. Peerage
929.9 Flags. Standards. Banners
93/94 History
930 Science of history. Historiography
930.1 History as a science
930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences
930.25 Archivistics. Archives (including public and other records)
930.85 History of civilization. Cultural history
94 General

Common auxiliary tables

Common auxiliaries of language. Table 1c

=1/=9 Languages (natural and artificial)

=1/=8 Natural languages
=1/=2 Indo-European languages
=1 Indo-European languages of Europe
=11 Germanic languages
=12 Italic languages
=13 Romance languages
=14 Greek (Hellenic)
=15 Celtic languages
=16 Slavic languages
=17 Baltic languages
=18 Albanian
=19 Armenian
=2 Indo-Iranian, Nuristani (Kafiri) and dead Indo-European languages
=21/=22 Indo-Iranian languages
=21 Indic languages
=22 Iranian languages
=29 Dead Indo-European languages (not listed elsewhere)
 =3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
=34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean
and Near East (except Semitic)
=35 Caucasian languages
=4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages
=41 Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) languages
=42 Nilo-Saharan languages
=43 Congo-Kordofanian (Niger-Kordofanian) languages
=45 Khoisan languages
=5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-
Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
=51 Ural-Altaic languages
=521 Japanese
=531 Korean
=541 Ainu
=55 Palaeo-Siberian languages
=56 Eskimo-Aleut languages
=58 Sino-Tibetan languages
=6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
=61 Austro-Asiatic languages
=62 Austronesian languages
=7 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages. Australian languages
=71 Indo-Pacific (non-Austronesian) languages
=72 Australian languages
=8 American indigenous languages
=81 Indigenous languages of Canada, USA and Northern-Central Mexico
=82 Indigenous languages of western North American Coast, Mexico and
Yucatán
=84/=88 Central and South American indigenous languages
=84 Ge-Pano-Carib languages. Macro-Chibchan languages
=85 Andean languages. Equatorial languages
=86 Chaco languages. Patagonian and Fuegian languages
=88 Isolated, unclassified Central and South American indigenous
languages
=9 Artificial languages
=92 Artificial languages for use among human beings. International
auxiliary languages (interlanguages)
=93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming
languages. Computer languages

(0...) Common auxiliaries of form. Table 1d

(0.02/.08) Special auxiliary subdivision for document form

(0.02) Documents according to physical, external form
(0.03) Documents according to method of production
 (0.032) Handwritten documents (autograph, holograph copies).
Manuscripts. Pictorial documents (drawings, paintings)
(0.034) Machine-readable documents
(0.04) Documents according to stage of production
(0.05) Documents for particular kinds of user
(0.06) Documents according to level of presentation and
availability
(0.07) Supplementary matter issued with a document
(0.08) Separately issued supplements or parts of documents
(01) Bibliographies
(02) Books in general
(03) Reference works
(04) Non-serial separates. Separata
(041) Pamphlets. Brochures
(042) Addresses. Lectures. Speeches
(043) Theses. Dissertations
(044) Personal documents. Correspondence. Letters. Circulars
(045) Articles in serials, collections etc. Contributions
(046) Newspaper articles
(047) Reports. Notices. Bulletins
(048) Bibliographic descriptions. Abstracts. Summaries. Surveys
(049) Other non-serial separates
(05) Serial publications. Periodicals
(06) Documents relating to societies, associations, organizations
(07) Documents for instruction, teaching, study, training
(08) Collected and polygraphic works. Forms. Lists. Illustrations.
Business publications
(09) Presentation in historical form. Legal and historical sources
(091) Presentation in chronological, historical form. Historical
presentation in the strict sense
(092) Biographical presentation
(093) Historical sources
(094) Legal sources. Legal documents

(1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. Table 1e

(1) Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation

(1-0/-9) Special auxiliary subdivision for boundaries and spatial
forms of various kinds
(1-0) Zones
(1-1) Orientation. Points of the compass. Relative position
(1-11) East. Eastern
(1-13) South. Southern
(1-14) South-west. South-western
(1-15) West. Western
 (1-17) North. Northern
(1-19) Relative location, direction and orientation
(1-2) Lowest administrative units. Localities
(1-5) Dependent or semi-dependent territories
(1-6) States or groupings of states from various points of view
(1-7) Places and areas according to privacy, publicness and other
special features
(1-8) Location. Source. Transit. Destination
(1-9) Regionalization according to specialized points of view
(100) Universal as to place. International. All countries in
general
(2) Physiographic designation
(20) Ecosphere
(21) Surface of the Earth in general. Land areas in particular. Natural
zones and regions
(23) Above sea level. Surface relief. Above ground generally. Mountains
(24) Below sea level. Underground. Subterranean
(25) Natural flat ground (at, above or below sea level). The ground in
its natural condition, cultivated or inhabited
(26) Oceans, seas and interconnections
(28) Inland waters
(29) The world according to physiographic features
(3) Places of the ancient and mediaeval world
(31) Ancient China and Japan
(32) Ancient Egypt
(33) Ancient Roman Province of Judaea. The Holy Land. Region of the
Israelites
(34) Ancient India
(35) Medo-Persia
(36) Regions of the so-called barbarians
(37) Italia. Ancient Rome and Italy
(38) Ancient Greece
(39) Catalan regions
(399) Other regions. Ancient geographical divisions other than
those of classical antiquity
(4/9) Countries and places of the modern world
(4) Europe
(5) Asia
(6) Africa
(7) North and Central America
(8) South America
(9) States and regions of the South Pacific and Australia. Arctic.
Antarctic

(=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f
They are derived mainly from the common auxiliaries of language =... (Table 1c) and so may also usefully
distinguish linguistic-cultural groups, e.g. =111 English is used to represent (=111) English speaking
peoples

(=01) Human ancestry groups

(=011) European Continental Ancestry Group
(=012) Asian Continental Ancestry Group
(=013) African Continental Ancestry Group
(=014) Oceanic Ancestry Group
(=017) American Native Continental Ancestry Group
(=1/=8) Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, peoples [derived
from Table 1c]
(=1:1/9) Peoples associated with particular places
e.g. (=111:71) Anglophone population of Canada

"..." Common auxiliaries of time. Table 1g

"0/2" Dates and ranges of time (CE or AD) in conventional

Christian (Gregorian) reckoning
"0" First millennium CE
"1" Second millennium CE
"2" Third millennium CE
"3/7" Time divisions other than dates in Christian (Gregorian)
reckoning
"3" Conventional time divisions and subdivisions: numbered, named,
etc.
"4" Duration. Time-span. Period. Term. Ages and age-groups
"5" Periodicity. Frequency. Recurrence at specified intervals.
"6" Geological, archaeological and cultural time divisions
"61/62" Geological time division
"63" Archaeological, prehistoric, protohistoric periods and ages
"67/69" Time reckonings: universal, secular, non-Christian religious
"67" Universal time reckoning. Before Present
"68" Secular time reckonings other than universal and the Christian
(Gregorian) calendar
"69" Dates and time units in non-Christian (non-Gregorian) religious
time reckonings
"7" Phenomena in time. Phenomenology of time

-0 Common auxiliaries of general characteristics. Table 1k

-02 Common auxiliaries of properties

-021 Properties of existence
-022 Properties of magnitude, degree, quantity, number, temporal
values, dimension, size
 -023 Properties of shape
-024 Properties of structure. Properties of position
-025 Properties of arrangement
-026 Properties of action and movement
-027 Operational properties
-028 Properties of style and presentation
-029 Properties derived from other main classes
-03 Common auxiliaries of materials
-032 Naturally occurring mineral materials
-033 Manufactured mineral-based materials
-034 Metals
-035 Materials of mainly organic origin
-036 Macromolecular materials. Rubbers and plastics
-037 Textiles. Fibres. Yarns. Fabrics. Cloth
-039 Other materials
-04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations
-042 Phase relations
-043 General processes
-043.8/.9 Processes of existence
-045 Processes related to position, arrangement, movement, physical
properties, states of matter
-047/-049 General operations and activities
-05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics
-051 Persons as agents, doers, practitioners (studying, making, serving
etc.)
-052 Persons as targets, clients, users (studied, served etc.)
-053 Persons according to age or age-groups
-054 Persons according to ethnic characteristics, nationality,
citizenship etc.
-055 Persons according to gender and kinship
-056 Persons according to constitution, health, disposition, hereditary
or other traits
-057 Persons according to occupation, work, livelihood, education
-058 Persons according to social class, civil status