CUSHMAN FOUNDATION FOR FORAMINIFERAL RESEARCH

SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 14

I GULF OF MEXICO DEEP·WATER FORAMINIFERS

by
CHARLES E. PFLUM

EXXON Production Research Company

P.O. Box 2189

Houston, Texas 77001

and

WILLIAM E. FRERICHS

Department of Geology

University of Wyoming

Laramie, Wyoming 82070

Edited by
WILLIAM V. SLITER
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, California 94025

i •

JUNE 30, 1976

Price $10.00 Individuals

$15.00 Libraries

 PREFACE
In recent years the study of paleoenvironments has come to play an im­
portant role in exploration for petroleum deposits. This is especially true
in offshore areas, where every available tool must be used to minimize the
high cost of exploration in this highly competitive province. The evalua­
tion and selection of the most favorable prospects depend on integrated
results based on geophysical, geological, paleontological, and geochemi­
cal studies. The need for detailed knowledge of environments of deposi­
tion, sedimentation, and structural-growth history is critical.
The use of foraminifers is a proven and accepted method to interpret
the depositional and environmental history of a basin. Foraminifers re­
flect environmental factors such as depth of water, salinity, sediment
type, water temperature, and turbidity at the time of deposition and can,
therefore, be used to distinguish paleoenvironments.
In 1966 Esso Production Research Company undertook a series of
oceanographic surveys to supply specific information on sedimentologic
and ecologic processes. Texas A & M University's R/V Alaminos sur­
veyed and sampled along two selected profiles across the continental
slope and abyssal plain of the Gulf of Mexico during September 1966. A
third profile was sampled during September 1967 from the Western Shoal,
a geophysical survey ship.
 CONTENTS

PREFACE 3 4 Example of the "delta effect" involving isobathyal,

ABSTRACT 7 delta-depressed, and delta-elevated species 21
INTRODUCTION 8 5 Size increase of selected benthic species with in-
BATHYMETRIC ZONATION 11 creasing water depth 21
ISOBATHYAL SPECIES 11 6 Test length/width ratio of Bolivina albatrossi Cushman
HETEROBATHYAL SPECIES (DELTA EFFECT) 16 with increasing water depth 22
DELTA-DEPRESSED SPECIES 16 7 Water-depth distribution of species of Bolivina 22

DELTA-ELEVATED SPECIES 19 8 Water-depth distribution of selected buliminids 23

STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF UPPER-DEPTH-LIMIT 9 Water-depth distribution of selected triserial-biserial

VARIATION 19 and biserial calcareous species 25

BATHYMETRIC AND PROVINCIAL FAUNAL 10 Water-depth distribution of species of Uvigerina 25
VARIATION 21 11 Water-depth distribution of species of Gyroidina and
SIZE VARIATION ~~~ __ ~~ ____ ~_~ 21 Eponides group 26 'Cr '
FORM-RATIO 22 12 Water-depth distribution of species of Rotorbine/la,
MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF DIAGNOSTIC WATER- Valvulineria, and Oridorsalis 27

DEPTH-INDICATOR SPECIES 22 13 Water-depth distribution of species of H anzawaia,

Bolivina ___ ~_ ~~~~~~ __ ~ __ ~ ~~~~~_~ __ ~ ___ ~

22 Planulilla, A noma lina, and Melonis 28
Buliminids 23 14 Water-depth distribution of species of Cibicides 29
Selected Triserial-Biserial and Biserial Calcareous 15 Water-depth distribution of species of Pullenia and
Species 24 SipllOtextularia 29
Uvigerina 25 16 Water-depth distribution of selected agglutinated
Gyroidina and Eponides Group 26 species 30
Rotorbinella, Valvulineria, and 0 ridorsalis 27 17 Water-depth distribution of Cribrosfomoides group
Hanzawaia. Planulina, Allomalilla, and Melonis 28 and selected agglutinated alveolar species 31
Cibicides 29 18 Foraminifer/ostracode ratio mean values with increas-
Pullellia and Siphotextularia 29 ing water depth for samples from Traverses 2 and 3 33
Selected Agglutinated Genera 30 19 Percent radiolarians in total foraminifer- and benthic
Cribrostomoides Group and Agglutinated foraminifer-radiolarian populations with increasing
Alveolar Species 30 water depth 33
FAUNAL TRENDS 31 20 Benthic foraminifer specimens/species trend with in­
FAUNAL-DEPTH TRENDS 31 creasing water depth 34
FAUNAL PROVINCES--CLASTIC VS CARBONATE FACIES 37 21 Percent agglutinated foraminifers in the benthic pop-
DISCUSSION-BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC ulation with increasing water depth 34
FORAMINIFERS 31 22 Percent planktonic foraminifers in the benthic pop-
FOSSIL OCCURRENCE 39 ulation with increasing water depth 35
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 40 23 Planktonic foraminifer abundance in the benthic pop-
REFERENCES 40 ulation with increasing water depth 36
APPENDICES B-1 Eh measurements of samples from Traverses 1 and 2
A Biological and Geochemical Procedures 42 with increasing water depth 47
B Geochemical Interpretation of Alaminos and West- B-2 Eh measurements of samples from Traverse 3 with
ern Shoal Cruise Data 46 increasing water depth 47

C Benthic Foraminifers from Traverses 1,2, and 3 ~ 51 B-3 Oxygen content in Nansen bottle samples and ex-

D Live Benthic Foraminifers from Traverses 1, 2, pressed waters of samples from Traverses 1 and 2 ____ ~_ 48

and 3 91 B-4 Nitrate measurements of expressed waters of samples

E Planktonic Foraminifers from Traverses 1, 2,

from Traverses 1 and 2 ~ .. "~_~~~_~~~.~._~._~.~~~~~,,~,,_.~~ ____ ~~.,,. 49

and 3 100 B-5 Phosphate measurements of expressed waters of sam-

F Foraminiferal Species Found in the Deep-Water ples from Traverses 1 and 2 . ~~~ .. _____ ~~~_~~~._._~~~~.~~~~~~.~ __ . 50

Ecology Study 107

PLATES
Cyclammina, Karreriella, Pyrgo, Bolivina, Bulimina,
Laticarinina ______________________________________________________________________ 111
ILLUSTRATIONS
2 Eponides, Cibicides 113
TEXT FIGURES
3 Cibicides 115

Location of deep-water ecology Alaminos and Western 4 Cibicides, Globocassidulina, Francesita, Gy roidina ______ 117

Shoal traverses in the Gulf of Mexico 8

5 Gyroidina, Oridorsalis ____________________ ~ ________________________________ 119

2 Deep-water ecology sample locations 9

6 Oridorsalis, A labamina ___ ~ _______________.._______________________________ 121

3 General bathymetric zonation resulting from deep- 7 Alabamina, Osangularia, Melonis, Uvigerina _________ ~ _____ 123

water ecology study 10 8 Uvigerina 125

 TABLES
1 Bathymetric indicator species 12 7 Core samples examined for (1) fossil foraminifers
2 Isobathyal species 17 and (2) evidence of "delta effect" in fossil benthic
3 Delta-depressed species _________________________________________________ 18 foraminifers ______________________________________________________ ---_______ 39
4 Delta-elevated species ____________________________________________________ 20 A-I Deep-water ecology project core data 43
5 Foraminifer/ostracode ratios listed according to in­ A-2 Geochemical data of samples from Traverses 1 and
creasing water depth 32 2 (Alaminos) 44
6 Fossil planktonic foraminifers found in deep-water A-3 Geochemical data of samples from Traverse 3
ecology samples 38 (Western Shoal) 45
 GULF OF MEXICO DEEP·WATER FORAMINIFERS

CHARLES E. PFLUM! AND WILLIAM E. FRERICHS 2

ABSTRACT

A new and more precise bathymetric zonation is Six general faunal trends provide supplemental
proposed based on the distribution of benthic ecologic information. A dramatic increase occurs in
foraminifers primarily from the northern continental foraminiferal/ostracode ratios with distance from
slope and abyssal plain of the Gulf of Mexico. shore and with increase in water depth. Radiolarians
Ninety-nine bathymetric indicator species selected are of greatest abundance in bottom sediments from
from the 328 foraminiferal species identified in this the lower bathyal and abyssal zones. Numbers of
study form the basis for the bathymetric subdivisions. benthic species increase with increasing depth from
Fourteen benthic species have upper depth limits shore into the bathyal zone; beyond this water depth
within the neritic zone. Thirty-two species, including the numbers decrease somewhat. Agglutinated
four rare auxiliary species, have upper depth limits foraminifers become more abundant with depth, in­
within the upper bathyal zone. Twenty-eight species, creasing from about 5 percent of the benthic popula­
including five rare auxiliary species, have upper depth tion in the upper bathyal zone to values of about 15
limits within the middle bathyal zone, while 19 species percent or more in many samples from the lower
are characteristic of the lower bathyal zone. Six bathyal and abyssal zones. Planktonic foraminifers
species have upper depth limits within the abyssal show a general increase in abundance to values of 50
zone, supplemented by abundance values from 4 addi­ percent of the foraminiferal assemblages in the lower
tional species. neritic zone and to more than 90 percent in the lower
Twenty-six of the 99 bathymetric indicator species bathyal and abyssal zones. Several planktonic species
are considered to be isobathyal forms and form the develop tests with a thick crystalline crust in upper
framework for the bathymetric zonation. Fifty-seven bathyal and deeper water depths.
species show varying upper depth limits associated Benthic foraminiferal distribution in either clastic or
with the Mississippi River deltaic area. Of these, 43 carbonate environments also provides supplemental
species show depressed upper depth limits, whereas 14 ecologic information. At least 20 species are more
have elevated upper depth limits. characteristic of clastic facies in the western Gulf of
The bathymetric distribution of foraminifers from Mexico than in eastern carbonate facies, whereas four
more than 20 genera representing either successions of species are more characteristic of carbonate facies.
I valid taxonomic species or morphologic gradations of Several faunal-geochemical boundary associations
single species (clines) are used as auxiliary bathymet­ were noted. Bathymetric faunal changes occur at a
ric indicators. temperature boundary at a water depth of 3,000 feet in
the Gulf of Mexico, a prominent oxygen-minimum
'Exxon Production Research Company, P.O. Box 2189, Houston, zone within the upper bathyal zone, and an Eh gra­
Texas 77001. dient off the Mississippi delta. It is clear that anyone
"Department of Geology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, geochemical factor does not control the bathymetric
Wyoming 82070. zonation observed in the Gulf of Mexico. Hydrostatic
We wish to acknowledge the assistance given to us during the pressure is suggested to represent a primary limiting
study by the late Dr. Orville L. Bandy. His knowledge ofdeep-water factor controlling benthic foraminifer bathymetric dis­
foraminifera, oceanographic techniques, and marine environments
proved to be extremely useful. His help in the identification of
tribution in view of the similar depth zonations of
species and environmental analyses was especially helpful and in­ benthic foraminifers in many different oceanic water
formative. masses.

(7)

 LOUISIANA
",' ",'

T E X A S

",0

16~ -

FIGURE 1

Location of deep-water ecology Alaminos and Western Shoal traverses in the Gulf of Mexico. Contours in feet.

phologic gradations of water-depth indicator species.

INTRODUCTION The major bathymetric boundaries, however, i.e.,
neritic-bathyal, upper-middle bathyal, etc., remain
The deep-water ecology study along the northern unchanged. Subdivisions from water depths from 600
continental slope and abyssal plain of the Gulf of to 7,000 feet are based primarily on the upper depth
Mexico (figs. 1, 2) has refined the bathymetric zona­ limits of indicator species, whereas those from water
tion used by most paleontologists along the Gulf Coast depths of 8,000 to 11,000 feet are based primarily on
(fig. 3) and documented the distribution and abun­ faunal abundance.
dance of 328 species of foraminifers. This documenta­ Upper depth limit verification, .as a result of this
tion includes the identification of water-depth indi­ study, was made for species such as Cyciammina can­
cator species, water-depth variation of indicator cel/ala Brady previously reported from water depths
species adjacent to a major depocenter (the Missis­ of 1,500 feet and that of Melonis pompilioides (Fichtel
sippi delta), morphologic gradations of species with and Moll) thought to be 6,000 feet. On the other hand,
increasing water depth, and the definition of several Pseudoclavulina mexicana (Cushman) thought by
faunal trends. some paleontologists to have upper depth limits below
The refined bathymetric zonation shown in figure 3 3,000 feet was shown to range upward to a water depth
contains a series of bathymetric subdivisions based on of762 feet in the Gulf of Mexico. In another case, Pul­
the upper depth limits, abundance values, and mor­ lenia bulloides (d'Orbigny), previously interpreted to

(8)

 UiE G

,~~
'\
...
N
~
I
ALAMINOS TRAVERSE 1
WESTERN SHOAL TRAVERSE 3

FIGURE 2

Deep-water ecology sample locations.

range bathymetrically no higher than 1,500 feet in fos­ The morphologic variability of species related to
sil faunas, was found represented by small specimens water depth was examined in detail. Attempts were
in water depths as shallow as 500 feet. made to recognize as many morpho variants of a
The recognition of species with depressed or ele­ species as possible to determine which species are
vated upper depth limits adjacent to a major depo­ morphologically stable throughout their water-depth
center raises the intriguing possibility of recognizing range and which species contain morphologic varia­
and reconstructing ancient delta-influenced deep­ tions useful as bathymetric indicators. As a result, the
water environments. omamentational, or test length/width, and size varia­

(9)

 closely spaced in shallow water and progressively

ALAMINOS WATER
wider spaced in bathyal and abyssal water depths. It
BATHYMETRIC OEPTH
(FEET)
was to improve our understanding of deep-water
SUBOIVISIONS
foraminiferal ecology that the present comprehensive
0­ study of Recent Gulf of Mexico foraminifers was ini­
NERITIC tiated.
ex: 600 Three traverses were made along the northern
w
0..
0.. slope of the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 1). Traverses I and 2
=> 1,500 were run in September 1966, using the Texas A&M
w
...J
t:l
R/V Alaminos, whereas traverse 3 was made in Sep­
t:l
i tember 1967, using Western Geophysical's M/V West­
3,000 ern Shoal. Traverse 1, as shown in figure 2, is approx­
BATHYAL imately 320 nautical miles in length and extends
south-southeast from water depths of 498 feet off the
ex:
w Mississippi delta down the smooth slope of the Missis­
;:
: 0
! ...J
sippi cone to 11,442 feet on the abyssal plain; one sam­
ple was obtained in 1,164 feet of water on the Cam­
peche slope at the extreme south end of the traverse.
i I >6,000 Traverse 2 (fig. 2) is approximately 210 nautical miles
in length and extends south from water depths of 594
8,000
feet south of Vermilion Bay, Lousiana, across the
ABYSSAL basin and knoll topography of the central slope down
i the Sigsbee escarpment to water depths of 11,532 feet.
: 10,000 i
Traverse 3 (fig. 2) is approximately 20 nautical miles in
FIGURE 3 length and begins south of Matagorda Bay in 534 feet
of water and crosses the relatively smooth northwest
General bathymetric zonation (adapted from Tipsword, Setzer and slope to water depths of 3,864 feet.
Smith. J966).
Eighty-seven cores, 6 to 40 feet long, were taken
along the three traverses (see table A-I). These include
72 six-foot gravity cores and 15 Ewing piston cores. In
tions noted in this study should be useful in making addition, a Shipek sediment sampler was used at one
paleoenvironmental interpretations. station, and a single dredge sample was taken in the
The need to more precisely define foraminiferal Mississippi trough. Generally, samples were collected
depth ranges involves coordinated faunal-geochemical at about 300-foot intervals to a water depth of 8,000
studies. The geochemical data in this study represent feet and at 600-foot intervals at greater water depths.
the frrst attempt toward these goals, and the data are The three traverses were made along tracks of previ­
impressive. A number of geochemical boundaries ously run seismic (arcer) lines.
were found to be likewise faunal boundaries, although Geochemical analyses were made of the sediment
specific faunal-geochemical relationships are difficult cores to determine the chemical controls on the micro­
to assess. Examination of the geochemical changes faunal distribution. These included determinations for
taking place at depth in the sediment cores points to Eh (oxidation-reduction potential), pH, oxygen con­
the need to understand more completely the effects of tent, temperature, chlorinity, nitrate content, phos­
postdepositional geochemical alteration on the fauna, phate content, organic carbon, and carbon isotope
i.e., which species are destroyed frrst and which fossil ratios (C13/C12) (see appendices A, B). Water samples
assemblages represent chemical artifacts. were collected at 11 stations using Nansen bottles at­
Paleoenvironmental-foraminiferal interpretation is tached to the line about 75 feet above the core barrel;
based primarily on as complete an understanding as additional water samples were taken in various water
possible of present foraminiferal distribution. Prior to depths at two deep-water stations.
this study Gulf of Mexico paleontologists were se­ Detailed comparisons of the results of the
verely limited by the lack of observational data. Even Foraminiferal Ecology study were made with the ear­
now a review of existing foraminiferal depth zonations lier studies of Phleger (1951) in the northwestern Gulf
from any worldwide location shows depth zones of Mexico and Parker (1954) in the northeastern Gulf

(10)
of Mexico. Walton (1964) more recently completed an sporadic occurrence. In addition, several species are
extensive report of modern facies in the Gulf of listed that also occur in many Neogene deposits, as
Mexico while Phleger (1960) gives a good summary of their distribution characteristics may prove to be use­
earlier studies. ful in applied studies. These species include Alveoval­
vulinella pozonensis (Cushman and Renz), a species
BATHYMETRIC ZONATION previously thought to be extinct, and Amphicoryna
hispida (d'Orbigny).
Eighteen bathymetric subdivisions are proposed for
Auxiliary data provide abundance or size data for
bathyal and abyssal water depths along the northern
slope of the Gulf of Mexico as shown in table 1. These the indicator species. It is clear, however, that abun­
subdivisions are defmed by the upper depth limits or dance values as such may not apply to many fossil
abundance of foraminiferal indicator species chosen studies for several reasons: faunas from well cuttings
from the total foraminiferal fauna for the following often represent mixtures of biofacies; postdepositional
selective solution of species may alter abundance val­
reasons: (1) they are common or abundant forms, (2)
ues; and variations in the character of environment
they are members of clines or morphologic gradients,
such as changes in the temperature gradient, may in~
... .....
(3) they are identical or similar to important fossil indi­
fluence faunal abundance. Increases in the size of in­
cators, or (4) they appear to be unique forms that are
dividuals with depth are noted as size trends, and
useful in depth zonation. The indicator species include
these may vary geographically. Auxiliary data are
both isobathyal forms, or those with essentially similar
therefore not to be used as absolute values. Instead,
worldwide upper depth limits, and heterobathyal
they represent trends that are shown to vary with en­
forms, or species with varying upper depth limits.
vironmental factors and thus represent additional tools
Upper depth limits of indicator species in the three
to use in the interpretation of fossil assemblages.
traverses of this study (western and north-central Gulf
slope clastic facies) are compared with data from
Phleger (1951) for the same area and from Parker (1954) ISOBATHYAL SPECIES
for the eastern carbonate facies of the Gulf and listed
Twenty-seven isobathyal species, or those having
on the right-hand side of table I. The absolute upper
more or less consistent upper depth limits, in samples
depth limit of most of the species is represented by one
from various traverses and in different water masses
or two rare occurrences or questionable occurrences;
are shown in table 2. These include seven species with
~e number of individuals per sample for many species
an upper depth limit at about 600 feet, five with upper
Increases greatly with increasing water depth. There­
depth limits at about 900 feet, three species with upper
fore, rare occurrences of a species above its typical
depth limits at about 1,200 feet, one with an upper
depth zone are indicated by a footnote.
depth limit at 1,500 feet, five with upper limits at about
The foraminiferal depth subdivisions are, for the
2,000 feet, and then single representatives at each of
most part, correlated with the general bathymetric
six additional deeper water depths. Thus, groups of
classification used by many Gulf of Mexico geologists
isobathyal species provide depth control for water
and published in G.C.A.G.S. Transactions, 1966, p.
119, i.e., inner neritic (0-60 feet), middle neritic (60­ depths in the upper and middle bathyal zones whereas
single species only are available for control at lower
300 feet), outer neritic (300-600 feet), upper bathyal
bathyal and abyssal water depths. The decline in
(600-1,500 feet), middle bathyal (1,500-3,000 feet),
species available for control in deeper water is due in
lower bathyal (3,000-6,000 feet), and abyssal (6,000
part to the decline in the number of species and to the
feet). This major water depth zonation and its subdivi­
lack of detailed study of deeper water biofacies.
sions are indicated in table l.
There are essentially no faunal data from the neritic Isobathyal species form the basic framework for the
zone in this study; however, the published upper depth bathymetric subdivisions as they appear to be little af­
limits of bathyal species that range into the neritic fected by environmental conditions such as what has
been termed the "delta effect." There are good argu­
zone are shown on table l. In addition, water depth
ranges of the species listed in table 1 are limited to an ments against the very concept of isobathyal species;
accuracy of ±3oo feet as most of the sampling was however, the validity of this concept is dependent in
spaced at about 300-foot water depth increments. large part upon the degree of precision involved. Vari­
Rare auxiliary species listed in table 1 provide ations of upper depth limits are related to factors such
supplementary bathymetric information but are not as sampling interval, method of sampling, and varia­
regarded as indicator species owing to their rare or tions in species concept from one investigator to

(11)
 TABLE 1

Bathymetric indicator species.

UPPER DEPTH (IMITS (FEETI

UPPER DEPTH ·WESTERN DEEP-WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EASTERN"
LIMIT (FEEn SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

NERITIC ZONE, BATHYAL SPECIES WITH UPPER DEPTH LIMITS IN THE NERITIC ZONE

100 Eponides turgidus 100 100

150 Planulina arimin"nsi$ 150 1,146 9841498,111 600
150 Pullenia quinqueloba 150 76214981 ( 1) 300
200 Melonis IHirleeanus 200 ? 762 200 ?
200 Or/dorsalis tener stellatus 200 498 111 200
300 Anomalina corpulenta 300 762 300
300 Glomospira charoides 300 1.230 600
300 Hoeglundina elf!9llns 300 498(11 300
300 Planulina fOlleolata 275 498(11 260
300 Pullenia bulloides 300 762 (498)(1) 600
300 Sphaeroidina bulloides 300 498(11 300
300 Ulligerina flintii 328 762 250 ?

UPPER BATHYAL ZONE

600 Bolillina allHitrOS$i 600 906 594(11 762 600
01
Bulimina striata mexicana 600 534 111 594 (1 ) 498 600
Chilostomella oolina 600 906 594\11 498(1) 600
Epistominella exi~a 1,506 1,146 1,962 600
Eponides regularis 600 534(1) 594(1' 498(11 600
Gyroidina altiformis cushmani 600 534(1) 594(11 762 600
Haplophragmoides bradyi 600 534(1) 1.146 1,230 600
Rotorbinella translucens 600 906 594 ? 984 600
Uvigerina peregrina 600 534(11 594(1) 498(1) 600
Vaillulineria complanata 906 1,212 498(1)

900 Bathysiphon filiform'-s 1.224 918 ? 3.270

Bulimina aculeata 900 1.224 1.146 1,230 900
Bulimina rostrata alazanensis 900 1.506 1.146 1.230 1.500
Haplophragmoides sphaeriloculus 1.224 1,536 762
Os:angularia rugosa 900 1,224 1,146 1,410 900
Ulfigerina peregrina dirupta 1,224 918 984
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea 1.224 918 762

RARE AUXILIARY SPECIES

Alv80valvulmella pozonensis 762

Amphicoryna hispida 1.224 918 1.410
Cassidulinoides tenuis 1.230 2.640 840
EhrenlHirgina trigona 1,224 918

1.200 Ammod/scoides turbinatu$ 1.224 1,536 2,964

Ammodiscus planorbis 1.824 1.572 1.230
Cibicides IHintamensis 1,224 1,230 1.230
Cibic/des robertsonianus 1,500 1,506 1,572 2,358 1,200
Cribrostomoides scitulus 7 2,730 1,536 1,230
Cribrostomoides wies".,i 1.506 1,212 1.230

NOTE: Parenthes.s indtcet. occurrence at d.,th in core sampl...

Phl.ger (1951).
Parke, (19541, e."dV (1956),
(1 'Shallow..t sa",ple taken on tr.ve,...

(12)
 TABLE I. (continued)

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS IFEETI

UPPER DEPTH WESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EASTERN
LIMIT IFEETI SPECIES GULf 3 2 1 GULf

1.200 Eggerella propinqua 1,824 1,212 1.722

Gyroidina orbicularis 1,200 1,224 1,212 1,410 1,200
Karreriella apicularis 1,200 1,224 918 ? 4,092 A 1,200
Laticarinina pauperara 1,200 1,224 1,146 2,178 1,200
Reophax dentaliniformis 1,224 1,836 2,178
Reticulophragmium venezuelanum 1.224 1,536 1,230
rosaia weaver; 1,506 1.146 2,178

MIDDLE BATHYAL ZONE

1,500 Ammolagena clavata 2,496 1,572 3,636 '. "<1>
Cibicides brady, 1,506 1,536 3,270 12,1781
Cribrostomoides subg/obosus 2.148 1.572 1.722 B
Cyc/ammina cancel/ata 1.500 1.506 1.536 1.410 2,000
Cystammina pauci/oculata 1,506 1,536 2.640
G/obocassidulina murrhyna 1,506 2.118 1,722
Hormosina carpenter; 2,496 1.536
Hormosina globu/ifera 1,506 ] 2.118 2,178
Reophax pi/u/ifer 1,572 1.722
Trochammina g/obu/osa 3,324 2,118 1,410 ? 3,500
Valvulineria u ap /ma " 1.506 2,448 2.640
AUXILIARY DATA

2% values. Chilostomella oolina

2% values, Epistominella exigua
10% values. Sphaeroidina bulloides 10.7 mrr. diameter!
Base of 10% values for Uvigerina peregrina

2,000 Clbicides kullenbergl 1,836 4,092 (2.1781 2,000

Cib,cides rugosus 3.000 2.148 2,448 2.178
2,000
Cibicides wuellerstorfi 2.000 7 3,324 2,328' 3,270
1,500 7

Cribrosromoides umbi/icarus 2,118 4,338

Epontdes polius 2,000 1,824 2,328 4,778 1 (2,3581

2,000
Oridorsalis rener umbOnafus 2,148 2,118 2,964 (2,6401
Osangularia culter 2,000 1,824 1,836 2,178 2,000
Uvigerina spinicostara 1,824 2,118 2,964
RARE AUXILIARY SPECIES

Ammodiscus tenuis 2,730 2,448 1,722

Gaudryina minuta 2,730 2.118 1,722 7

Recurvoides contortus (subg/obosus) 1,836 1,722

Oo/ina longispina 5,622 2,178
Tolvpammma schaudinni 2.148 3,030 2,964 1,800
AUXILIARY DATA

10% values for Bulimina rostrata alazanensis

2% values for Cibicides bradyi and C. robertsonianus
4% values for Eponides turgidus
1 % values for Uvigerina peregrina dirupra

AOne occurrence at 1.230 teet water depth.

8 0ne occurrence at 498 feet water depth .

• One Occurrence at 1,572 feet water depth.

'0ne occurrence at 2,640 feet water depth,

(13)
 TABLE 1. (continued)

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS (FEETI

UPPER DEPTH WESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EASTERN
LIMIT IFEETI SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

2,500 Martinottiella (I nhial portionl 2,496 3,102

Pleurosromella bolivinoldes 2,328 5,130 (2,1781
Pullenia subsphaerlca 3,324 2,688 2.964
Pullenia trinitatensis 3,324 2,328 5,514 12,178)

AUXILIARY OATA
Length/width 2, Bolivina albatrossi
3.7 mm diameter, Cyclammina cancellafa

LOWER BATHYAL ZONE

3,000 Alabamina decorara 3,500 3,816 4,778 2,700

Allomorphina trigona var. 3,078
Anomalina globulosa 3,864 3,030 3,270
Epor.ides tumidulus 4,000 3,816 4,778 2,700
Flori/us clavatus 3,006 2,688 5,130
Gyroidina alriformis scuta 3,630 3,078 4,338
Oridorsalis sidebottomi 3,864 3,078
Siphote.l<tularia curta 4,920 4,092 3,000
Uvigerina hispida 3,864 3,078 5,880
AUXILIARY DATA

5% values, Gyroidina orbicularis

1% values, Oridorsalis fenerumbonafus 10.7 mm diameter)

4,000 Heronallenia gemmata 3,864 4,506 6,174

Siphofextularia rolshauseni 4,218* 4,092 4,000

AUXILIARY DATA

5% values, Eponides tumidulus

10% values, Glomospira charoides
1.7 mm d,ameter, Hoeglundina elegans
0.9 mm diameter, Sphaeroidina bulloides

4,500 Cassidulinoides parkerianus 4,506 6,174

Globocassidulina moluccensis 4,506 5,880
Pseudotrochammina triloba 4,218 1 4,778
Pvrgo lucemula 4,506 5,514
Ouinqueloculina venusta 4,506" 8,874 6,000 ?

AUXILIARY DATA

10% values, Alabamlna decorafa

5% values, Hoeglundina elegans
1.7 mm diameter, Laticarinina paupenJt8
5% values, Pullenia quinqueloba

.
..
One occurrence at 2,328 feet water depth .

One occurrence at 2,6881eet water depth.

lOne occurrence at 2,448 feet water depth.

(14)
 TABLE 1. (continued)

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS (FEET)

Uf'PER DEPTH WESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EASTERN
LIMIT IFEETI SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

5,000 Bolivina pusillB 5,136' 5,130 5,638'

Uvigerina Bmpul!BCeB 5,'36 5,514
'
AUXILIARY DATA

3.0 mm diameter. Laticarinina pauper8ta

4% values, Pullenia subsphaeriea

5,500 F raneesira advena 7,482 5,436 5,674

AUXILIARY DATA

0.3 mm diameter, Haplophragmoides brady;

. "~,

ABYSSAL ZONE

6,000 Apiopterina angusta 5,994 8,328

Apiopterina extensa 11,532 5,880
Uvigerina senticosa 6,234 6.174
AUXILIARY DATA

10% values, Hoeglundinae/egans"

6,500 Melonls pompilioides IRarel 6,624 6,726 7,439

7,000 Bolivinita quadrilatera 6,864

5% values. Oridorsalis tener umOOnatus

8,000 Trochammina subturbinata 8,328

20% val ues, Cibicides wuellerstorfi
5% values, £ponides polius

9,000 10% values, Eponides tumidulus

10,000 5% values, Melon is pompilioides

11,000 10% values, Eponides tumidulus

. Aare occurrences shallower than thiS.

..
10ne occurrence at 2,688 feet water depth .

High \i,lues are sometimes noted in fossil assembl.gft that are rather clearly upper bathyal.

Question marks beside water depths indicate questionable upper depth limits. This uncertainty is due to scattered occurrences and/or whether
the upper depth limit is due to modern or fossil occurrences. Additional footnotes indicate the shallowest samples taken in the traverses and
published upper depth limits.

(15)
another. For instance, the sampling interval in this the exception of one specimen which occurred at
study is at about 300-foot increments; thus, a given a water depth of 1,230 feet. Five species with
water depth is only accurate to :t300 feet. Errors due to upper depth limits within the middle bathyal zone,
species concept are clearly demonstrated in comparing Le., Ammoiagena clavata (Parker and Jones),
the present data to the report by Phleger (1951); for Cibicides robertsonianus (Brady), Cibicides
example, Melonis pompilioides of Phleger includes bradyi (Trauth), Cibicides wuellerstorfi
both the typical abyssal forms as well as highly com­ (Schwager), and Cribrostomoides umbilicatus
pressed specimens that range widely in water depth (Pearcey), show greatly depressed upper depth
and are now generally referred to as M. barleeanus limits to levels well within the lower bathyal zone
(Williamson). off the delta. Four additional species of the middle
zone also show some depression of their upper
HETEROBATHYAL SPECIES (DELTA EFFECT) depth limits off the delta. At least ten species
which have upper depth limits within the lower
Heterobathyal species are those having variable bathyal zone show some evidence of delta depres­
upper depth limits. In samples from the present sion. However, additional corroboration is
traverses depth variation in a number of species was needed to evaluate the magnitude of the observed
noted off the major deltaic areas. Two groups of upper depth limit depressions as lower bathyal
heterobathyal species were recognized: (1) species zone species are represented by relatively few
with depressed upper depth limits and (2) species with specimens.
elevated upper depth limits.
Some delta depressed species such as Eponides tur­
DELTA-DEPRESSED SPECIES gidus Phleger and Parker, Bulimina aculeata d'Or­
Neritic and bathyal species with upper depth limits bigny, Hoeglundina elegans (d'Orbigny), and Epis­
that appear to be considerably depressed off the Mis­ tominella exigua show asymmetric distributions of
sissippi River and other deltaic areas are shown in their upper depth limits on the slope with regard
table 3. These data are summarized as follows: to the position on the delta. In these cases the
At least four species with reported general delta depression is offset to the west, which would ap­
upper depth limits at water depths of 150 or 200 pear to be an apparent reflection of prevailing west­
feet (Phleger, 1951; Parker, 1954) have upper ward flowing currents (Leipper, 1967) entraining the
depth limits depressed into the lowermost neritic delta discharge with their suspended loads and de­
or upper bathyal zones off the Mississippi River. positing them to the west. This current-modified dis­
These include Planulina ariminensis d'Orbigny, tributional pattern is interesting in that its effect ex­
Pullenia quinque/oba (Reuss), Melonis bar­ tends well into the upper bathyal zone. There is some
leeanus, and Oridorsalis tener stellatus (Silves­ degree of correlation between the volume of discharge
tri). At least six species, which have upper depth of a river system and the magnitude of a "delta ef­
limits at water depths of about 300 feet, show fect." Delta depression of upper depth limits off the
upper depth limits in the lowermost neritic or Mississippi, Rio Grande, and other smaller rivers is
upper bathyal zone as exemplified by Anomalina shown by Eponides turgidus, perhaps one of the most
corpulenta (Phleger and Parker). Three bathyal environmentally sensitive benthic species. Most
species with upper depth limits at water depths of species, however, are apparently less sensitive, and
600 feet, i.e., Anomalina mexicana (Parker), their distributions reflect mostly Mississippi River in­
Eggerella bradyi (Cushman), and Epistominella fluence.
exigua (Brady), show a marked depression of The position of a river mouth should affect the mag­
upper depth limits into the middle bathyal zone off nitude ofthe "delta effect" in slope species; the "delta
the delta. Two other species, Haplophragmoides effect" of a river discharging directly on the slope
bradyi (Robertson) and Karreriella bradyi should be greater than that of a river discharging its
(Cushman), show some depression. Nine addi­ water across a broad shelf. During most of the Ter­
tional species with upper depth limits at water tiary, larger river systems discharged their loads di­
depths between 900 and 1,200 feet show depressed rectly into the Gulf(D. E. Frazier, Exxon Production
upper depth limits to within the middle bathyal Research Co., personal communication); hence, the
zone off the delta. Karreriella apicularis "delta effect" would have been much greater in Ter­
(Cushman) has its ftrst continuous occurrences in tiary depositional centers.
water depths below 4,092 feet off the delta, with The effects of delta depression on fossil foraminifers

(16)
 TABLE 2

Isobathyal species.

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS (FEET;

UPPER DEPTH ~ESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EAsTERN"
LIMIT (FEET' SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

UPPER BATHYAL ZONE

600 Bolivina albatrossi 600 906 594111 762 600

Bulimina striata mexicana 600 534111 11 498(1) 600

594 '
Chi/astomella oolina 600 906 594 0 ) 498(1) 600

Eponides regu IlIris 600 534111 594ill 498(1) 600

Gyroidinllaltiformis cushmani 600 534(1 ) 594!1l

762 600

Rototbinella translucens 600 906 594 7 984 600

Utligerina peregrina 600 534(11 594111 498!" 600

'. ....
900 Bulimina aculeata 900 1.224 1.146 1,230 900

Bulimina rostrara lliazanensis 900 1.506 1.146 1.230 1,500

Osanguiaria rugosa 900 1,224 1.146 1,410 900

Uvigerina peregrina dirupta 1,224 918 984

Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea 1.224 918 762

1,200 Cibicides ban'amensis 1,224 1,230 1.230

Gyro/dina orbicularis 1,200 1.224 1,212 1.410 1,200

Reticulophragmium venezuelanum 1.224 1.536 1,230

MIDDLE BATHYAL ZONE

1,500 Cyciammina cancel/ata 1.500 1,506 1.536 1.410 2.000

2,000 Cibicides kullenbetyi 1.836 4,09212,1781 2,000

Cibicides rugosus 3.000 2,148 2.448 2.178 2,000
Eponides polius 2.000 1.824 2,328 4,778 A(2,358) 2,000
Oridorsalis tener umbonatus 2.148 2.118 2.640
Osangularia culter 2.000 1.824 1.836 2.178 2.000

2.500 Pleurostomella bolivinaides 2,328 2.178

LOWER BATHYAL ZONE

3,000 Anomalina globulosa 3.864 3.030 3,270

4.000 Siphotextularia rolshauseni 4.218 6 4.092 4.000

5.000 Uvigerina ampullacea 5.1361 5,514

ABYSSAL ZONE

6.000 Uvigerina senticosa 6.234 6.174

6,500 Melonis pompilioides 6,624 6.726 7,439

'Phleger (1951)
"Pari<e, (19541

t1)Shallowest sample taken on traver'5e.

AOne Occurrence at 2' ,640 feet water dePth.

NOTE: Parentheses indicate occurrence at depth in core ,amples.

80ne occurrence at 2.328 feet water depth.

'0ne occurrence at 2,688 feet water depth.

(17)
 r

TABLE 3
Delta-depressed species,

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS tFEET~

UPpER DEPTH ·WESTERN DEEP-WATER EcOlOGY TRAVER S EASTERN"
LIMIT tFEETI SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

NERITIC ZONE

100 Eponides turgidus 100 3,636(498) 100

150 PlanuliM ariminensis 150 984(498) 600
150 Pulleni. quinqueloba 150 762(498) 300

200 Melonis bar/eelll>us 200 762 200 ?

200 Oridorsalis lener Slelill/us 200 498 200

300 Anomalin. corpulenta 300 762 300

Glomospira charoides 300 1,230 600
Hoeglundina elegans 300 498 :;00

Planulina foveolata 275 498 260

Sphaeroidina bulloides 300 498 300
Uvigerina flint;; 328 762 2507

UPPER BATHYAL ZONE

600 Anomalina mexic8rnJ 1,224 594 2,964 731

Eggerella bradyi 623 1,506 594 1.962 508
Epistominella exigua 1,506 1,146 1.962 600
Haplaphragmoides bradyi 600 534 1,146 1,230 600
Karrerie/la bradyi 508 1,224 594 762 456

900 Bathysiphon filiform is 1,224 918 3,270

Cassidulinoides tenuit 1,230 2.640 840
Stainforthia companat. 918 2,178

1,200 Ammodiscoides turoinatus 1,224 1.536 2.964

Karrerie/la apicularis 1,200 1,224 918 , 4,092 1.200
'
uticar;nina paupersta 1,200 1,224 1,146 2,178 1,200
Reophax dentaliniformis 1,224 1,836 2,178
Tosaia weal/en 1,506 1,146 2,178

MIDDLE BATHYAL ZONE

1,500 Ammolagena clavata 2,496 1,572 3,636

Cibicides robertsomsnus 1,500 1,506 1,572 2,358 1,200'
Cibicides bradyi 1,506 1,536 3,270
Cystammina pauciloculata 1,506 1,536 2,640
Valvulineria opima 1,506 2,448 2,640

2,000 Cibicides wuellerstorfi 2,000 ? 3,324 2,328 A 3,270 1,500 ?

Cribrostomoides umbilicatus 2,118 4,338
Oridorsalis tener umbonatus 2,148 2,118 2,964(2,640)
Uvigerina spinicostata 1,824 2.118 2,964

'Phlege, 11951)

•• Parker (1954)

t One Occurrence .t 1.230 teet water depth.

AOne occurrence at 1,572 f.et water depth.

NOTE: Parentheses indicate occurrence at depth in core samp~es.

(18)
 TABLE 3. (continued)

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS IFEET!e

UI'fIER DEPTH WESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVER S EASTERN
LIMIT IFEET) SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

LOWER BATHYAL ZONE

3.000 A,.bltmins d«ortilll 3,500 3,816 4,118 2,100

Eponide. tumidu/u, 4,000 3,816 4,118 2,100
Flori/u. c/nlltu. 3,006 2,688 5,130
Gyroidins sltifornli. «uts 3,630 3,078 4,338
tN/flllri"" hispidB 3,864 3,078 5,880

4,000 Heronsllenia gem""'ts 3,864 4,506 6,174

4,500 FissuriM formosa !1.0 mm longl

GIobocIl..idulins moluccen.i.
4,2 8
4,506
5,130
5,880
... '

Pyrgo lucernula 4,506 5,514

Quinqueloculina venu.ts 4,506 8 8,874 6,000 ?

were examined and a few subsurface samples taken zone in carbonate areas off Florida (Parker, 1954). Of
from the present cores (table 7). The study showed the four additional species with upper depth limits at
that the upper depth limits of the fossil species were at 600 feet or shallower, Valvulineria complanata (d 'Or­
shallower depths in the recent past than now, or that bigny) is the most striking, with upper depth limits
the modern faunal patterns were not sampled with suf­ greater than 900 feet in the northwestern Gulf, 498 feet
ficient density to show the correct upper depth limits. off the Mississippi River delta, and deeper than 3,000
For example, Pullenia quinqueloba, Planulina feet in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.
ariminensis, Cibicides bradyi, Cibicides kullenbergi Upper depth limits of seven bathyal species exhibit
Parker, Eponides polius Phleger and Parker, Oridor­ some degree of shoaling, Trochammina globulosa
salis tener umbonatus (Reuss), Pleurostomella (Cushman) shows the most spectacular depth decrease
bolivinoides Schubert, and Pullenia trinitatensis from more than 3,300 feet away from the delta to about
(Cushman and Stainforth) have shallower upper depth 1,400 feet off the delta, OoUna longispina (Brady) also
limits immediately beneath the surface than in the sur­ seems to show a spectacular decrease, but this obser­
face sample. Examination of additional samples from vation needs further corroboration,
slope cores representing many years of deposition may
show whether the depressed zones are only brief or STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF

temporary relationships or if these are indeed reflected UPPER-DEPTH-LIMIT VARIATION

over a considerable period of time.

The effect of upper depth limit variation, or the
"delta effect," upon biofacies is of considerable strati­
DELTA-ELEVATED SPECIES
graphic significance. It offers at least one fundamental
Species with shallower upper depth limits in the area explanation of the faunal diversity encountered in fos­
off the Missippi River are shown in table 4. Seven sil assemblages from wells and surface sections. For
bathyal species are elevated into the neritic zone. For instance, consider the facies relationships of three
instance, Martinottiella occidentalis (Cushman) and species, one from each depth group, i.e" isobathyal,
Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri (Silvestri) show this effect delta-depressed, delta-elevated, that have uppermost
off the delta. Phleger (1951) reported occurrences of depth limits at or near the upper bathyal boundary at
both species, however, in the middle neritic zone in 600 feet, as shown in figure 4. An isobathyal species
the northwestern Gulf. Cribrostomoides scitulus "A" is exemplified by Uvigerina peregrina Cushman,
(Brady) shows a change in upper depth limits from the a delta-depressed species "B" is illustrated by Epis­
lower part of the middle bathyal zone in areas away tominella exigua, and a delta-elevated species "C" is
from the delta to 1,230 feet near the delta. This species represented by Valvulineria complanata.
has been reported, however, from the lower neritic In a normal sequence away from a delta, species

(19)
 TABLE 4

Delta-elevated species.

UPPER DEPTH LIMITS 'FEET)

UPPER DEPTH 'WESTERN DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY TRAVERSES EAsTERN"
LIMIT 'FEET) SPECIES GULF 3 2 1 GULF

150 MSftinorrillll1l occidllntlllil 150 ? 906 594 498

150 Sigmoilopsis Ichlum/)erpri 150 906 594 498 600 ?

300 Cribrostomoidlls scitulus 2,730 1,536 1,230 300

600 Cassidulinoidlls bmdvi 906 498

600 Globobulimim.sffinis s. I. 906 594 498 541

600 Lenticulina orbicularis 906 594 498

600 Valvulineria complsnsts 906 1,212 498 3,000 ?

900 Alveovalvulinella pozonensis 762

Haplophragmoides sphHriioculul 1,224 1,536 762
Uvigerina peregrina mediterrlllf'les 1,224 918 762

1,200 Ammodiscus plan (Xbis 1.824 1,572 1,230

1,500 Trochammina globulou 3,324 2,118 1,410 3,500

2,000 Ammodiscus tenuis 2,730 2,448 1,722

Dolina longispina 5,622 2,178

Phl.gor (19511

Parker (1954)

.. A" plus" B" would occur together at 600 feet along depth limits of certain species; these include the pres­
with the associated species listed for the two depth ence of indicator species, size trends, planktonic
groups, i.e., isobathyal species and delta-depressed abundance, and benthic specimens-per-species trends.
species would appear in bathymetric sequence as Several species such as Buliminella bassendorfensis
deeper water facies are encountered. Conversely, Cushman and Parker and Eponides regularis Phleger
delta-elevated species would appear initially in deeper and Parker are unusually dominant off the Mississippi
water, or in this case, at 3,000 feet. Thus, normal River. In addition, size trends of several species are
sequences away from deltaic areas would be rep­ associated with deltaic influence; Cyclammina cancel­
resented by a combination of species "A" plus "B" lata has diameters between I and 2 mm within the
but without "C." In an area representing deltaic de­ middle bathyal and uppermost lower bathyal facies off
position as shown in figure 4, the upper depth limit of the Mississippi River. Conversely, populations of C.
the delta-depressed and delta-elevated species would cancellata attain average diameters in excess of 3 mm
be reversed, In this case, species "A" plus "C" would within the middle bathyal zone in profiles away from
occur together, whereas species "B" would be indica­ the delta. Both planktonic abundance and benthic
tive of deeper water facies. specimens-per-species trends show lower values in
Several additional guidelines are useful in support­ traverse 1 (see Faunal Trends) and are attributed to the
ing the interpretation of deltaic influence on the upper environmental influence of the Mississippi River.

(20)
 NORMAL DELTA

1----'-16,000
A
6.000 a
c.
ABYSSAL
10.000 ..
FIGURE 5

Size increase of selected benthic species with increasing water

FIGURE 4 depth. Roman numerals indicate traverses 1 and 2. Maximum
test diameters shown in millimeters.
Example of the "delta effect" involving isobathyal, delta­
depressed, and delta-elevated species, All have absolute upper
depth limits at or near 600 feet.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.. - - . - -....­ the lower neritic zone in the shallowest stations sam­
pled. It attains a diameter, however, of about 1.0 mm
in the middle bathyal zone and about 2.0 mm in the
BATHYMETRIC AND PROVINCIAL FA UN AL
lower bathyal and abyssal zones. The size of individu­
VARIATION
als in the lower bathyal and abyssal zones of the Gulf
Foraminifers are known to vary in size, form, and of Mexico are similar to those recorded in the eastern
ornamentation because of water depth variation and Pacific at like water depths but different water masses
sediment type, Le., clastic versus carbonate facies. in terms of temperature and oxygen gradients (Bandy,
Morphologic variation related to variation in water 1963a).
depth represents either (1) bathymetric successions of In the Gulf of Mexico. a remarkable size increase
valid taxonomic species or (2) clines, here regarded as occurs in Laticarinina pauperata (Parker and Jones).
transitional forms of a single species varying mor­ Its diameter is only slightly greater than 1 mm near its
phologically in response to environmental change. An upper depth limits in the upper bathyal zone; however,
example of dinal variation was documented by Lutze it attains diameters of more than 3 mm in the middle
(1964) in populations of Bolivina argentea (Cushman) and lower bathyal zones and below. In the eastern Pa­
from Santa Barbara and Santa Monica basins off cific its upper depth limits appear to be in the lower
southern California. Lutze showed that the test part of the lower bathyal zone where the size is about 2
width/length ratios, length of costae, and length of the mm; the shallower populations of smaller individuals
basal spine in this species increased progressively in are as yet unrecorded in the Pacific.
specimens from basin environments to those from Minor size increases with increasing water depths
slope environments, were noted in the tests of sphaeroidina bulloides
The following section describes the taxonomic suc­ d'Orbigny, Chilostomella oolina (Schwager), and
cession or morphologic variation of selected diagnos­ Haplophragmoides bradyi. Sphaeroid ina bul/oides in­
tic species from samples of the present study and creases in size from less than 0.5 mm in the lower
compares these trends with those of related taxa in neritic zone to about 1 mm in the lower bathyal and
other geographic areas. abyssal zones; a varying rate of increase was noted be­
tween traverses 1 and 2. Chilostomella oolina in­
SIZE VARIATION
creases in size from about 0.4 mm near its upper depth
Size increase with increasing depth of water was limits in the lower neritic zone to approximately 0.6
noted in six species as shown in figure 5. Hoeglundina mm in the lower bathyal and abyssal zones. Haplo­
eiegans has an average diameter of about 0.5 mm in phragmoides bradyi shows a small size increase from

(21)
 lONE I~ATEA
OEPTH BOliVINA
I !FEET;

"~I ~I
100

~l
LENGTH.WIDTH RA.TIO NERITIC 300
I
I
oc
600
I
~

~I ;;\1 I I
~
~

f"-
I
1
~I ~I. ,I i'il
~I II
~i
' ,500 ~I "'I :::1
1 ;01 "'I
1 1 I I
~I "I I I
"
Q

~I
1 ~I I 1
BATHYAL
~" 3,000 51 "I
~I
~I
~I '""
~
I 1
~I
~I
"I ~I 1 1
1 ~I ~I ~I I
1 "'I I I I I
~ I ~I 1 1
I ~I
i< 1 ~I
1 I ~I
g I 1 (;)1
I I
1 I 1 I
I 1
I
I I 21
6,000 1 I I
I I
a,coo I
ABYSSAL I
10J>JO

FIGURE 6 FIGURE 7

Test length/width ratio of Bollrilla albatrossi Cushman with Water-depth distribution of species of Bolivina.

increasing water depth.

size of the individual becomes much greater. In this

about 0.2 mm in the lowermost neritic zone to slightly study there is a general correspondence between the
more than 0.3 mm in the lower bathyal and abyssal zones of most rapid size increase and temperature de­
zones. crease. Thus, different temperature gradients should
The greatest variation in size increase between correspond to different patterns of foraminiferal size
traverses is that of Cyclammina cancellata as shown Increase.
in figure 5. Off the Mississippi River in samples from
FORM-RATIO
traverse I the test diameters vary between I and 2 mm
throughout the middle bathyal zone, whereas in A significant change in form-ratio with increasing
traverse 2 the maximum diameters increase abruptly depth was noted in one species. Specimens of Bolivina
to about 4 mm within the middle bathyal zone. Speci­ albatrossi Cushman in the upper bathyal zone exhib­
mens in traverse 1 increase in size to more than 2 mm ited a length/width ratio generally between 2 and 3 as
in the lowermost lower bathyal and abyssal zones shown in figure 6. This ratio changes to a range of from
whereas in traverse 2 the size remains about the same less than 2 to about 2.5 in the middle bathyal zone and
(slightly over 4 mm) throughout the lower bathyal and remains approximately the same at greater depths.
abyssal zones. The megalospheric generation has a lower ratio than
It is important to note that the rate of size increase in the microspheric generation, which suggests that the
both Cyclammina cancel/ala and Sphaeroidina bul­ type of reproduction contributes in large part to the
loides is much greater in nondeltaic areas than in variation in form-ratio with increasing depth. Myers
deltaic areas. This size variation may be related to nu­ (1943) demonstrated that temperature, food, substrate,
trient abundance off the Mississippi River that pro­ and perhaps other factors play an important part in
duces a more optimum environment at greater water modifying the form of foraminiferal species.
depths. In this case, reproduction would occur earlier
MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF DIAGNOSTIC

in the organisms' life cycles than in an adverse envi­

WATER-DEPTH-INDlCATOR SPECIES

ronment and would result in populations made up of

smaller individuals (Phleger, 1960). Bolivina
Temperature is known to significantly affect The genus Bolivina includes an important group of
foraminiferal growth and reproduction rates (Brad­ species shown in figure 7. These species represent a
shaw, 1957). In colder waters reproduction is delayed succession of valid taxonomic species and not a cline;
and, although growth may be slower than normal, the however, it is important to compare related species

(22)

 I11III
WATER
DEPTH
IFEETI
BULIMINELLA BULIMINA GL UBOBUL IMINA TOSAIA bolivinid species with upper depth limits within the
100
I ~I lower neritic zone (fig. 7). Bolivina goesi; has the most
_ItITIC J:lO ~
I ~I
~I ~
distinctive surface SCUlpture, is the most restricted in
600 ~i q ~
1

~I
1 depth, and appears to have no similar counterpart in
1 1,500
~I
~I
~I
~I
~
~
~
1
"~
I
,
I I 1
1
1
§i the eastern Pacific. Bolivina minima. although most
characteristic of the lowermost neritic and upper
c
c I 3;; I ~I
i I
~I 1 ~I bathyal zones, has scattered occurrences throughout
- I

.
I­
~I
M'"'tAL 3.000
~I 1
the middle and lower bathyal zones. It is somewhat
. ~
~
~I
~I
1
~

."
~
-I
;1
~I
~I
"I .
ii
~ like B. spathulata Williamson which is reported
i
g
~ 1
I
1
;1
1
1
" through much of the same depth range, and the two
species may represent a cline. Bolivina ordinaria.
1

'.000 ,
I another species that is similar to B. spathulata but dif­
~
1 1
1
8 1 I fers in having thickened sutures, is characteristic of
B.OOO
1
I
1

) 1
I I 1
ABYSSAL
I I 1
the lowermost neritic, upper and middle bathyal
10.000
I 1
1
zones.
Bolivina alhatrossi Cushman is essentially a bathyal
FIGURE 8
index species, with both megalospheric and micro­
Water-depth distribution of selected buliminids. Asterisk indicates spheric tests in the upper and middle bathyal zones and
species not reported in the Gulf of Mexico. Heavy line indicates mostly megalospheric tests in deeper waters (fig. 7).
cline. The test wall is thickened, being much heavier in con­
struction than other bolivinid species. Bolivina pu~'ilI{{
Schwager is the deepest bolivinid index of importance
in this study, being most characteristic of the lower­
with bathymetry to show the type of test morphology
most bathyal and abyssal zones. The wall of B. pusilla
characteristic of various water-depth zones. Bolivina
is not as heavy as that of B. alhatrossi. and it has
lowman; Phleger and Parker, a small (less than 0.3 mm
somewhat irregular longitudinal striae or low costae
in length) and unornamented species, is most charac­
over much of the test. Both B. alhatrossi and B.
teristic of the neritic zone, although it is al so recorded
pusilla are cosmopolitan, being almost worldwide in
as living throughout most of the bathyal zone (Parker,
distribution in deeper oceanic waters.
1954). Along the Pacific coast of North America simi­
lar forms such as Bolivina quadrata Cushman and Buliminids
McCulloch occur in the neritic zone and apparently
range into the bathyal zone. The distribution of four species of Buliminella is
Bolivina striatula spinata Cushman is a second shown in figure 8. These species, although either rare
species that is characteristic of the neritic zone, espe­ or absent in the present study, illustrate the bathymet­
cially the middle and lower neritic zones (fig. 7). Rare ric variation between shallow- and deep-water
occurrences in the upper and middle bathyal zones buliminellids. Again, these forms represent a
may be due to downward displacement. This species, taxonomic succession and not a cline. Buliminella
with longitudinal striae and an apical spine, is more re­ e1egantissima (d'Orbigny) was previously reported as
stricted than the unornamented B. lowmani. Three ad­ occurring rarely in the neritic and upper bathyal zones
ditional species, B. harhata Phleger and Parker, B. of the Gulf of Mexico (Phleger, 195\). In the present
fragilis Phleger and Parker, and B. suhaenariensis study, rare non stained specimens were noted in the
mexicana Cushman are most characteristic of the bathyal zone. Along the coast of southern California
lower neritic zone, spreading up into the lowermost this species is a dominant upper neritic form (Bandy,
part of the middle neritic zone and down into the upper Ingle, and Resig, 1964) where the salinity is about 34
bathyal zone. There is a general similarity between the ii, (parts per thousand) and the substrate is silty
latter two species, both of which have longitudinal cos­ sand and sandy silt. Occasional live specimens, how­
tae; B. barhata is distinctive, with downward directed ever, have been noted in water depths as great as 300
projections on many of the chambers, and its counter­ feet. Thus, in the northern and western Gulf of Mexico
part in the eastern Pacific, B. acuminata Natland, also salinity variations in upper neritic environments
has projections on the basal portions of the chambers. perhaps exclude this stenohaline species.
Bolivina goesii Cushman, B. minima Phleger and Buliminella hassendOlfensis Cushman and Parker,
Parker, and B. ordinaria Phleger and Parker are three in contrast with B. e1egal1tissima. is a dominant form

(23)
in the deltaic marine fauna off the Mississippi River alaZlinensis Cushman and B. rostrata Brady; hence,
(Lankford, 1959). It is thus an emportant upper neritic these species are here referred to as B. rostrata
euryhaline index species. alazanensis Cushman (fig. 8). Bulimina rostrata is typ­
Buliminella tenuata Cushman and B. exilis (Brady) ically an abyssal species with heavy continuous costae
are characteristic of bathyal and abyssal zones (fig. 8). that terminate in a strong apical spine. Bulimina
Buliminella tenuata is included, even though it was not alazanensis typically has notches on the lower por­
found in the Gulf of Mexico, as it is an important tions of the costae and the costae are commonly
bathyal form in the eastern Pacific (Crouch, 1952; slightly irregular. Both species intergrade in deeper
Bandy, 1961). Its general depth distribution is inter­ bathyal water. In the Gulf of Mexico, B. rostrata
mediate between B. bassendorfensis and B. exi/is. alazanensis ranges from within the upper bathyal zone
Buliminella exilis does occur in the abyssal zone of the down into the abyssal zone. Conversely, in the eastern
Gulf of Mexico and many other worldwide areas Pacific the more typical B. rostrata occurs generally in
(Brady, 1884). the abyssal zone (Crouch, 1952; Bandy, 1961).
Bulimina marginata d'Orbigny and its mor­ Smooth forms of Globobuliminll such as G. affinis
phovariants shown in figure 8 represent a cline. These (d'Orbigny) have a depth range from the lower neritic
morphologic forms range from water depths of less zone to abyssal water depths (fig. 8); however. spinose
than 100 feet downward to the upper bathyal zone forms such as G. pyrula spinescens (Brady) are re­
(Phleger, 1951; Parker, 1954). In coastal waters on stricted to the bathyal zone of the Gulf of Mexico.
California this species and its morphovariants occur Mediterranean, and California (Bandy and Chierici,
on silty clay or clayey silt substrates in lagoonal areas 1966). A small buliminid, rosaia weaveri Seigle and
as well as in the lower neritic and upper bathyal zones Bermudez, occurs mostly in the middle and lower
(Bandy, Ingle, and Resig. 1964). It appears to be re­ bathyal zones (fig. 8). It ranges between 0.10 and 0.20
stricted to stenohaline conditions and to a fine-grained mm in test length and has a variable aperture consist­
substrate within the indicated depth range. In temper­ ing of a narrow slit along the base of the apertural face
ate regions the spinose fringes at the base of the cham­ in some specimens and a somewhat diagonal slit in
bers are reduced. and these specimens are referred to others; in both cases the aperture has a narrow lip.
B. mal'ginata denudata Cushman and Parker.
Bulimina striata mexic(1nll Cushman is characteris­ SELECTED TRISERIAL-BISERIAL AND BISERIAL

tic of the bathyal zone. especially the upper and mid­ CALCAREOUS SPECIES

dle bathyal zones of this study. The species is similar Three species of Coryphostoma. C. zanzibarica
to forms in the eastern Pacific that are generally re­ (Cushman), C. subspinescens (Cushman) and C.
stricted to water depths greater than about 2,000 feet spinescens (Cushman), probably represent a cline (fig.
(Crouch, 1952; Bandy, 1961). A different species, 9). The first species. C. zanzibarica. ranges from mid­
Bulimina costata d'Orbigny of the Mediterranean and dle neritic to upper bathyal water depths and is charac­
Atlantic is somewhat similar to B. striata mexican(l terized by the raised tim bate sutures on the early por­
and has about the same depth range in the Mediterra­ tion of the test and spinose areas on the lower part of
nean as does the latter in the Gulf of Mexico (Bandy the otherwise smooth chambers. The second form, C.
and Chierici, 1966). subspinescens. ranges from upper to lower bathyal
Bulimina aeuleata d'Orbigny is a distinctive spinose water depths and, although similar to the above
isobathyal species, not closely related to the preceding species, lacks the raised sutures. The deepest water
species. It has upper depth limits within the upper form of the series, C. spinescens. ranges from middle
bathyal zone and ranges down to the abyssal zone (fig. bathyal water depths down into the abyssal zone and
8). Spinosity appears to increase with increasing water has much reduced areas of spines on the lower part of
depth in samples from traverse 1; however, this trend the chambers and correspondingly enlarged clear
was not clearly defined by popUlations obtained from areas on the upper half of the chambers. There appears
traverse 2. Bulimina aeuleata occurs in the Antarctic. to be a morphologic gradation between these three
Mediterranean, and Atlantic regions and always with species; therefore. they are thought to represent a
an upper depth limit approximating that found in the cline.
Gulf of Mexico (Bandy and Chierici, 1966). Many Sagrina pulchella primitiv(I (Cushman), a triserial to
morphovariants of this species are reported in the biserial form with longitudinal striae or fine costae, is
Neogene of Italy (AGIP Mineraria, 1957). most characteristic of the middle neritic zone (Phleger,
A morphologic gradation exists between Bulimina 1951; Parker, 1954; Bandy, 1956), but rare specimens

(24 )

 WATER
ZONE DEPTH
(HET)
'00

, NERItiC JOO

• I
... :;'1

~.~I
3::1
~i~l
1 ,I ~: Q
~~
01
: ~I t: ~!
:r "
~I 1 l'i
I I I
1 1
I 1 I
I 1 I
1 I I
I
I
I I
FIGURE 9
Water-depth distribution of selected triserial-biserial and biserial
calcareous species. Heavy line indicates cline.
FIGURE 10
- .... ~~~ ...... ------­
Water-depth distribution of species of Ul'igeril/(/, Heavy line indi­
cates cline,
occur in the lower neritic, bathyal. and abyssal zones
(fig. 9). probably due in large part to downward dis­ --~~ ..... ~~-~-- ---­
......

placement.
Species of Stainforthia. such as S. concal'lI (Hog­ to be conspecific with the eastern Pacific species F.
lund) and S. complanata (Egger), most probably rep­ seminllda.
resent a cline (fig. 9). Forms reported from the neritic Francesita adl'enll (Cushman) has been found to be
zone have tests with a greater triserial stage of de­ almost exclusively an abyssal species (fig. 9). This
velopment whereas those of the middle and lower species is the deepest water "virgulinid" index
bathyal zones and deeper have tests that are almost en­ known.
tirely biserial; transitional forms occur in the upper Although most modern forms of Pleu/'Ostomella are
bathyal zone. The neritic form illustrated as Virgulina abyssal in distribution, P. bolil'inoides was found to
compianata Egger by Phleger and Parker (1951, pI. 9, range from the basal part of the middle bathyal zone to
figs. 1-3, Sta. 9, 31 meters) is better referred to Stain­ the abyssal zone in the Gulf of Mexico (fig. 9).
!orthia conca va whereas the essentially biserial lower
bathyal specimen of Virgulin(1 complanota figured by
Parker (1954, pI. 7, fig. 6, Sta. 36, 1719 meters) resem­ Uvigerinids represent a closely related group of ex­
bles specimens of S. complal/ata found in bathyal and cellent depth indicator species (fig. 10). The mor­
abyssal facies of this study. phologic succession of species represents, in part, one
Twisted biserial and regular biserial forms, such as or more clines. The shallowest forms are represented
Fursenkoina schreibersiana (Czjzek) and F. seminuda by Uvigerina pan'ula Cushman, a finely striate-hispid
(Natland), are distinct species lacking any suggestion form, less than 0.5 mm in length, and variations of
of intergradation in form and structure (fig. 9). On the Ul'igerilla lIuberiafla d 'Orbigny, characterized by
other hand, several species such as F. punctata (d'Or­ small specimens less than 0.5 mm in length, with very
bigny), F. pontoni (Cushman), and F. schreibersiana fine spines or a hispid wall. U\'igerillll pan'ula ranges
are apparently closely related forms which represent a into the upper neritic zone, and the upper depth limits
cline rather than distinct species. Specimens resem­ of U. (Iuberianu are within the middle neritic zone;
bling F. schreibersiana are mostly middle to lower ne­ however, the most characteristic range of the latter
ritic in water depth distribution, whereas those with species is from the lower neritic to middle bathyal
translucent areas in the upper portions of the chambers zones. UI'igerina flint;; Cushman is a striate species
such as F. seminuda are middle and lower bathyal and that is characteristic of the lower neritic and upper­
even abyssal in distribution. The species described by most bathyal zones. Costate species, represented by
Phleger and Parker (1951) as F. tesselala is considered U\'igerina peregrina Cushman and its variations are

(25)
 ZONE
WATER
DEPTH
(FEET)
GYRO/DINA EPONlDfS G I1CUP ern Pacific; in the Gulf of Mexico rare occurrences
100 were noted at water depths of 6,174 feet in traverse 1
NERITIC 300
and 6.234 feet in traverse 2. In the eastern Pacific. U.
senticosa is the dominant uvigerinid at depths of 8,000
feet and greater; its' surface sculpture varies from al­
~
~

~
most smooth to papillate and sometimes slightly
is § spinose. Transitional forms occur between U. hispida
>
"~
BATHYAL - 3)()J ~
and U. senticosa in the upper abyssal zone.
~ ~
~
~
D
,I Gyroidina and Eponides Group
I
5"' I ~ Gyroidina umbonata (Silvestri) represents the
•"
u
I
~
simplest morphologic form of Gyroidina and the
~

r----'--1
~ species with the greatest depth range encountered in
~
6000

;;;
this study with upper depth limits within the lower
B 000
ABYSSAL
neritic zone and a lower range extending into the
10.000 •... deepest abyssal zone sample (fig. 11). No change in
. size or ornamentation was noted with increasing depth
FIGURE 11 of water.
Subspecies of G. altiformis Stewart and Stewart (fig.
Water-depth distribution of species of Gyroidina and £pollides
group. Heavy line indicates cline.
11) most likely represent a cline. Gyroidina alt{(ormis
cushmani Boomgaart, ranging from bathyal depths up
into the lower neritic zone, has thickened shell de­
posits on the umbilical shoulders of the chambers.
mostly upper bathyal in range with occurrences in the With increasing depth, in the lower bathyal and abys­
lower neritic and uppermost part of the middle bathyal sal zones, the umbilicus becomes much reduced and
zones. The length of the costate species varies from the thickened areas on the umbilical shoulders disap­
less than 0.5 mm in some areas in the Gulf of Mexico pear; this latter form is referred to G. altiformis acuta
to perhaps 0.7 mm off California. Boomgaart.
Costate-spinose forms. represented by U. peregrina Gyroidina orbicularis d'Orbigny and G. soldanii
dirupta Todd with surface sculpture consisting of cos­ d'Orbigny are distinct species with upper depth limits
tae on the lower portion of the test and spines on the within the upper and middle bathyal zones, respec­
upper portion, have upper depth limits within the tively (fig. 11). No evidence was found of a cline exist­
upper bathyal zone. Uvigerina peregrina dirupta aver­ ing between these two species.
ages about 0.7 mm in length. Morphologically between The Eponides group includes several forms that may
costate-spinose and totally spinose forms is a transi­ belong to separate genera (fig. 11). Neritic zone
tional group exemplified by Uvigerina spinicostata species include Eponides repandus (Fichtel and Moll)
Cushman and Jarvis, another large species that has and Eponides antillarum (d'Orbigny) which are large
spines that are slightly flattened and aligned somewhat robust species occurring commonly in many tropical
parallel with the axis of the test; upper depth limits of to warm temperate shelf areas. Eponides turgidus
this group are within the middle bathyal zone. Phleger and Parker, conversely, is a very small species
Uvigerina hispida Schwager, a totally spinose, cos­ that may belong in the genus Eilohedra. It ranges from
mopolitan, large (about 0.75 mm in length) species has the middle neritic zone into the abyssal zone in the
a depth range from the abyssal zone to the top of the Gulf of Mexico, whereas a similar form off California,
lower bathyal zone (fig. 10). In the Gulf of Mexico this Eilohedra levicula (Resig), may prove to be the same
species, although present. is very rare whereas in the species, and it too ranges from the neritic zone into
eastern Pacific it is a dominant form within the lower abyssal waters.
part of the lower bathyal zone. Uvigerina ampllilacea Species of the Eponides group that have upper depth
Brady, a form that resembles U. hispida in its initial limits in the lower part of the lower neritic zone in­
portion but which tends to become uniserial with elon­ clude Neoeponides coryelli (Palmer) and Eponides
gated chambers. appears to have upper depth limits regularis (Phleger and Parker). Neoeponides coryelli
within the lowermost bathyal zone. The deepest ranges from the lowermost neritic zone into the upper
uvigerinid index known is U. senticosa Cushman, bathyal zone and is similar to many species in the
which was described from abyssal depths of the east­ Neogene and Paleogene. Eponides regularis, with

(26)

upper depth limits within the lower neritic zone, ZONE

WATER
OEPTH ROTORS/NELLA VAL VUUN€RIA OR/DORSA-US
(FEET)
ranges down through the upper and middle bathyal
!!~ ~I
100
I
zones and is similar to "Eponides" condoni of the
Paleogene in California. Eponides polius (Phleger and
NERITIC JOO

600
..'~"
~ I
I
I
1 2
~
w
~
"
"'I j
~
Parker) has upper depth limits at the upper boundary ~

:>
I-­ 1,500 ~
of the middle bathyal zone and ranges down into the '"
abyssal zone. This species somewhat resembles
~
0
0 0;.
'"'"
~
~
'ii
Gyroidina gemma (Bandy) which occurs in the abyssal BATHYAL I-­ 3,000 ";;"
zone of the eastern Pacific. The deepest water index of '":5 '~" '~" I
the Eponides group is E. tumidulus (Brady) that oc­ a:
2
curs in the lower bathyal and abyssal zones and is
~
9
~ '"'~" ~
8 g
quite cosmopolitan in deeper waters of the world's '"'" ~

oceans. There is little evidence of morphologic grada­

~ '"'""
6,000
~
tion between the species of this Eponides group. I
8,000 I
ABYSSAL
I
Rotorbinella, Valvuiineria , and Oridorsalis 10,000 I

Forms referred to Rotorbinella, with its characteris­

tic ventral umbilical plug, include a very useful group FIGURE 12
of species that may in part represent a cline (fig. 12).
Other stud ies have shown that coarsely perforate Water-depth distribution of species of Rotorbinella. Valvu/ineria.
and Oridorsalis, Asterisk indicates species not reported in Gulf of
foraminifers with a strongly convex dorsal spire are Mexico . Heavy line indicates cline.
characteristic of relatively high energy environments
of the intertidal zone especially in the tropics and in
warm temperature areas (Cushman and Valentine,
1930; Bandy, 1953, 1956, 1964a). Rotorbinella rosea sporadically in the abyssal zone. This species has a
(d'Orbigny) is red in color, coarsely perforate, and smooth and almost flat dorsal side and is commonly
most characteristic of tropical reefs and similar high light brown in color. Reports of its occurrence in the
energy environments. Rotorbinella turbinata neritic zone should probably be referred to R . basilica.
(Cushman and Valentine) is coarsely perforate and Species referred to Valvulineria include V. laevigata
characteristic of the warm temperate intertidal envi­ Phleger and Parker, V. minuta (Parker), and V. com­
ronrnents of islands off southern California but lacks planata (d'Orbigny) (fig. 12). The latter species has
the red color. These two species are perhaps also been identified as V. mexicana by Parker (1954)
synonymous, and the difference in color may be due to and V. sp. cf. V. arauncana (d'Orbigny) by Phleger
an environmental effect such as that producing the red and Parker (1951); however, it is identical to specimens
and white color variations in the planktonic species of V. complanata of the Mediterranean and Atlantic
Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny). figured by Parker (1958).
Off southern California the more fmely perforate Valvulineria laevigata and V, minuta are both small
forms of Rotorbinella include R. /omaensis (Bandy) forms that have upper depth limits in the lower neritic
and R . versi/ormis (Bandy) (Bandy, 1953) . Rotor­ zone and show a slight size increase in the bathyal
bine//a lomaensis has a shape similar to R. rosea , but zone with increasing water depth. Valvu/ineria com­
lacks the red color. It is brown, very finely perforate, planata, a larger and more characteristic species of
and occurs from the beach areas out to the middle ne­ Valvu/ineria. has upper depth limits near the upper
ritic zone. Rotorbinella versl/ormis has a less conical boundary of the bathyal zone and ranges down into the
dorsal spire and appears to be characteristic of the abyssal zone. It is a more cosmopolitan deep-water
upper to middle neritic zones exclusive of the beach species, being reported from the Atlantic, Mediterra­
areas. Rotorbinella basilica Bandy, a middle to lower nean, and Gulf of Mexico.
neritic form of Rotorbinella, has slightly inflated Species of Oridorsalis probably represent a cline in
chambers and a more nearly equally biconvex test part (fig. 12). Oridorsalis tener stellatus (Silvestri), a
than the above two shallower water species. small form (0.3 mm in diameter) with high ly reflected
Rotorbinella translucens (Phleger and Parker) is a ventral sutures, ranges from the middle neritic zone
good bathyal index that appears to have upper depth down through the middle bathyal zone. Oridorsalis
limits approxirnating the upper limit of the bathyal tener tener (Brady), about the same size as the preced­
zone . It occurs throughout the bathyal zone and ing form or slightly larger, has slightly curved ventral

(27)

 WATER
lONE DEPTH
{FEET)
HANZAWAIA Pt.ANUUNA is very similar to P. ornata (d'Orbigny) in the eastern
100 Pacific, and both have approximately the same upper
31~
NERITIC 300
"I~I ~I
I
21 depth ranges. [Compare with Gulf of California
~I
'"
tJl 1
600
;;:1 (Bandy, 1961).] P/anulinafoveolata (Brady) is primar­

~I
;:; "­ 1
8

~
~
1 1 ily a lower neritic and upper bathyal index, with only
1,~00
"I 1
I rare occurrences in the middle neritic zone and in
J

"" ~I "I
~ "I "I water depths greater than about 1,500 feet. P/anulina
1 ~I
BATHYAL 3,000 1 ~I ariminensis d'Orbigny has about the same upper depth
1 ;;1
I
limits as P. joveo/ata ; however, it is more characteris­
~
I tic of the upper and middle bathyal zones. No evidence
~ 1
'3 I of a cline was noted in these species of P/anu/ina.
I Anomalina io (Cushman), which is commonly re­
I
6,000
I ferred to the genus Cibicides, represents the most shal­
low occurring species of this genus with upper depth
8,000
ABYSSAL limits within the middle neritic zone (fig. 13). Its lowest
occurrence is in the upper bathyal zone. Analna/ina
corpulenta (Phleger and Parker) is a large robust
FIGURE I3 species with upper depth limits in the lower neritic
Water-depth distribution of species of Hanzawaia, P/anu/ina,
zone; it ranges down through the upper bathyal zone
Anomalil1a and Me/ortis, Heavy line indicates cline. and occurs sporadically in deeper water. Anomalina
mexicana (Parker) is generally a good bathyal index; it
appears to be unique to the Gulf of Mexico and the
tropical Atlantic area. Anomalina globulosa (Chap­
sutures and apparently ranges from the lower upper man and Parr) is similar to many anomalinids of the
bathyal zone into the abyssal zone. Oridorsalis tener Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous. It is restricted for the
umbonatus (Reuss), about 0.75 mm in diameter, is dis­ most part to lower bathyal and abyssal water depths
tinctly larger than the two shallower species. It has and occurs in most of the world's oceans. Species of
somewhat reflected ventral sutures, and its upper Anomalina in the Gulf of Mexico show a general mor­
limits in the middle bathyal zone coincide approxi­ phologic change corresponding to increasing water
mately with the upper limits of the colder isothermal depth. Species from shallow water have a more
waters of the Gulf of Mexico. sharply rounded edge and a compressed form, whereas
Oridorsalis sidebottomi (Earland), a small (about those in deeper water have a more broadly rounded
0.20 mm in diameter), rounded form, is restricted to edge. For example, A. corpulenta shows this trend of
the lower bathyal and abyssal zones in the Gulf, It ap­ increasing roundness of the edge with increasing water
pears to be a morphologically distinct species unlike
depth.
those in the above cline.
Species of Melonis, as distinct from Nonion, are
Hanzawaia, Planulina, Anomalina, and Melonis biumbilicate and appear to be restricted mainly to
Hanzawaia strattoni (Applin), a form with a some­ middle neritic and deeper zones (fig. 13). Melonis bar­
what rounded edge, is perhaps most characteristic of leeal1us (Williamson) and M. affine (Reuss) have com­
the lower part of the upper neritic zone; Hanzawaia pressed tests, are rather finely perforate, and range in
concentrica s.s. with its sharp edge is most charac­ depth from the middle neritic zone down into the lower
teristic of the middle neritic zone (Bandy, 1956), and part of the bathyal zone. Melonis pompilioides (Fichtcl
H. berthe/oti (d'Orbigny), a thin-walled delicate and Moll), on the other hand, is restricted to the abyssal
species, is more or less confined to the lower neritic zone. Reports of M. pompilioides in shallower water
and upper bathyal zones (fig. 13). The two shallower are incorrect; the shallow-water forms that have the
species, H. concentrica and H. strattoni, may repre­ general form of M. pompilioides are better referred to
sent a cline. M. soldanii (d'Orbigny) which differs in having a
Plal1ulina exorna (Phleger and Parker) is the most smoother surface and finer perforations (Frerichs,
shallow occurring species of P/anulina in the Gulf of 1969). It may be possible that populations of M. sol­
Mexico, being most characteristic of the middle neritic danii and M. pompilioides intergrade in some deep­
zone but extending slightly up into the upper neritic water areas and thus represent a cline. However, M.
zone and down into the upper bathyal zone (fig. 13). It soldanii was not found in the Gulf of Mexico.

(28)
 r-"
I

WATER WATER
ZONE DEPTH ClS/ClDES ZONE DEPTH PULLENfA SIPHOTEXTULARIA
(FEET. (FEET!

: 100 ~ 100

I ~I -I
NERITIC
NERITIC :m JOO
31
«
:000 °1
<I
600 ,
~I
Ii:'
2. 1,500
I!
~I
~
~I
I
'31'
~I
91
151 ~>:
1
It 1,500
~

ft ,­
'"-'0 1 ('j
'<'I '3
0
i 1
1
>:
~
~
'"
'"
;:::
1
1
~ I
I
,---
!

>: 1
t\ATHVAL ' - ­ 3,000
''"c~" M,"m , I
~
7),1
I '"
;:, i;] I
>:
~
1
§I
~I ~ ,.
he
(:)
<; ~

Ii
~
"I r: :;,
~ :;:
~
s 0
1!
"I ;:; ~ ~ '"'3
I '"
~ ;::: ~
~ "'"v
..Ci~
1
~
;;:
1 I ii'
a
6,000 6,000 h
'"
~
8,000 8,000
ABYSSAL ABYSSAL
lO,1XX) lO,O(XJ ...

I 1

FIGURE 14
FIGURE 15

Water-deplh distribution of species of Cibicides, Heavy line indi­ Water-depth distribution of species of Pullenia and Siphotextularia.
cates cline. Heavy line indicates cline.

Cibicides rugosus (Phleger and Parker), with upper depth limits

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) occurs in the within the middle bathyal zone, is an excellent deeper
intertidal zones of many areas including the Gulf of water index and, because of its thickened wall, is not
Mexico; in California, C. fletcheri (Galloway and easily dissolved in deep water. Cibicides kullenbergi
Wissler) occupies this environmental niche. Cibicides (Parker) also has upper depth limits within the middle
deprimus (Phleger and Parker) and C. protuberans bathyal zone; shallower occurrences noted in the liter­
(Parker) have upper depth limits near the base of the ature may represent misidentifications.
upper neritic zone and both occur in the upper bathyal
zone (fig. 14). Cibicides deprimus somewhat resembles Pullenia and Siphotextularia
C. lobatulus, whereas C. protuberans is similar to C. Forms of Pu lien ia occurring in shallow water are re­
fletcheri. These species may intergrade morphologi­ ferred to P. quinqueloba (Reuss), which ranges in
cally; however, this has yet to be documented. water depth from the middle neritic zone into the
Cibicides mollis (Phleger and Parker), C. umbonatus abyssal zone (fig. 15). In the original Alaminos sample
(Phleger and Parker), and C. pseudoungerianus counts, specimens of Pullenia with four chambers in
(Cushman) all have upper depth limits within the mid­ the final whorl were referred to P. quadriloba
dle neritic zone, and extend down into the upper (Cushman and Todd); however, these appear to have
bathyal zone with sporadic occurrences in deeper about the same distribution as those with five cham­
water (fig. 14). bers in the final whorl, and the two forms are now re­
Cibicides floridanus has upper depth limits near the garded as morphovariants of P. quinqueloba. Pullenia
upper boundary of the upper bathyal zone (fig. 14). bulloides (d'Orbigny) includes forms that are spherical
Cibicides bantamensis (LeRoy) may be restricted to and have about four to five chambers in the final
the middle bathyal zone. Cibicides bradyi (Trauth) in­ whorl; these specimens range from the lower neritic
tergrades with C. robertsonianus (Brady), and in this zone into the abyssal zone. Specimens of Pullenia that
study both appear to have upper depth limits near the resemble P. bulloides but differ in being slightly com­
upper boundary of the middle bathyal zone; some re­ pressed laterally are referred to P. osloensis
ports in the literature record shallower occurrences, (Feyling-Hansen); they appear in the upper and middle
but these are regarded as misidentifications. Cibicides bathyal zones of this study.
wuellerstorfi (Schwager), although it is most charac­ Pullenia trinitatensis (Cushman and Stainforth) and
teristic of depths greater than 3,000 feet, has scattered P. subsphaerica (Parr) have upper depth limits within
occurrences in the middle bathyal zone. Cibicides the middle bathyal zone. Pullenia trinitatensis, a rela­

(29)

 ZONE
WATER
DEPTH ARENACEOUS GENERA Florida. There is a slight size increase from a diameter
(FEET)

'00 of less than 0.3 mm in the upper and middle bathyal

NERITIC :>JO zones to about 0.3 or larger at greater depths. Haplo­
600 E
E
E
E phragmoides sphaeriloculus (Cushman) has rather con­
" M
0 N sistent upper depth limits at a water depth of about
"
r-­ 1,500

~ 0
E
E
-y
1,200 feet with the exception of one specimen col­
0
0
S lected at 762 feet along traverse 1. Haplophragmoides
BATHYAL "
r-­ 3,000
~ A
;0
~

'"G
Cl
corona tum (Brady), a large species, has its most
0
~ u
characteristic occurrence in the lower bathyal zone of
D

"~
:5
~
3 the Gulf of Mexico but also occurs occasionally in the
~
g 3 E middle bathyal zone. These three species are quite dis­
'":!O ~
;: tinct and do not intergrade morphologically.
M
0 §I ~
~
Eggerella bradyi (Cushman), a cosmopolitan form
~
6,000 A
I
I with a smooth wall, occurs in upper bathyal water
8,000 I E
E
ABYSSAL I ~
depths with a maximum length of about 0.3 mm (fig.
I A
l-
'0,000 I
I
16); its size in middle bathyal and abyssal water depths
is about 1.0 mm. On the other hand, Eggerella propin­
FIGURE 16 qua (Brady), with somewhat coarser wall texture, has
Water-depth distribution of selected agglutinated species. Maximum upper depth limits in the lower part of the upper
test-size trends are shown in millimeters. bathyal zone where its length is less than 1 mm; in the
middle bathyal water depths and deeper its size is gen­
erally greater than 1 mm. These two species are unre­
lated and not morphologically gradational.
tively small species, is highly compressed laterally Martinottiella occidentalis (Cushman) occurs gen­
with from six to seven chambers in the final whorl, is erally in bathyal and abyssal water depths (fig. 16) in
biumbilicate, and ranges in diameter from about 0.2 to the Gulf of Mexico with only rare occurrences in the
0.3 mm in the Gulf of Mexico. Pullenia subsphaerica, middle and lower neritic zones; its maximum length is
another small species ranging from 0.2 to 0.25 mm in at least 2.75 mm in the upper bathyal zone. In the east­
diameter, has been erroneously identified as P. bul­ ern Pacific, this species and related forms seem to be
loides in many deep-sea reports; it is characterized by restricted to water depths greater than 3,000 feet
the four chambers in the final whorl, curved sutures, where they attain lengths of more than 4 mm in the
and a curved and slightly oblique apertural face. There lower bathyal zone and more than 5 mm in the abyssal
are no intergradational forms between P. trinitatensis zone (Bandy, 1%3a).
and P. subsphaerica. Karreriella bradyi (Cushman) has a distribution
Siphotextularia affinis (Fornasini), with its aperture similar to that of Eggerella bradyi, with upper depth
aligned more or less parallel with the plane of test limits in the lowermost neritic zone and occurrences
compression, appears to be restricted to the lower throughout the bathyal and abyssal zones (fig. 16).
neritic and upper bathyal zones (fig. 15). Siphotex­ Karreriella apicularis (Cushman) has upper depth
tularia rolshauseni (Phleger and Parker), with the long limits in the upper bathyal zone and ranges throughout
axis of its oval aperture aligned generally at right an­ all the deeper water zones; off the Mississippi River its
gles to the plane of test compression, has upper depth continuous occurrences are in the lower bathyal and
limits in the middle bathyal zone and ranges into abys­ abyssal zones and thus show evidence of delta de­
sal water depths. Siphotextularia curta (Cushman) is pressed upper depth limits. There may be an intergra­
characteristic of the lower bathyal and abyssal zones. dational series between Karreriella bradyi and
Siphotextularia affinis and S. rolshauseni are perhaps Eggerella bradyi; however, none exists between these
related, whereas S. curta is morphologically distinct. two species and Karreriella apicularis.
Selected Agglutinated Genera Cribrostomoides Group and Agglutinated Alveolar
Haplophragmoides bradyi (Robertson) generally Species
has upper depth limits near the upper limit of the Cribrostomoides subglobosus (Sars) is generally a
bathyal zone (fig. 16); it attains abundances of from 2 good depth index for the middle bathyal and deeper
to 10 percent in the middle bathyal, lower bathyal, and zones (fig. 17). Occasional specimens have been re­
abyssal zones, except in the eastern carbonate area off ported in the upper bathyal zone and one occurrence

(30)
 ZONE
WAlER
DEPTH CRIBROSroMOIDES - LI KE GROUP " ALVEOLAR GROUP may be irregular forms of Cribrostomoides sub­
(FEET)

'00 globosus.
NERITIC 300 Alveolar agglutinated forms include Alveoval­
000 vulinella pozonensis (Cushman and Renz) which is
'"
J 1,500
~

""' >;"~
represented by a few scattered specimens at a water
depth of 762 feet and deeper; however, with the excep­
'"
-'
~~
0
0
i
tion of one questionable occurrence, no living speci­
~~ ~
BATHYAL f-­ 3,000 ~"'
aa3 j >0 mens were found. Prior to this study this species was
""' ,. "'
<..>
§ previously restricted to the middle Tertiary of the West
53
"
"'~
13
2G ~
~ ~ ~
~
2'"
'"
~
~
<..>
~
'5
:0 Indies. Reticulophragmium venezuelanum (Maync)
~
'3 " '" 3'" "~
'"
~Oi 'a"
<..>
:::~ '"
~
I has a water depth range from about 1,200 feet to 4,000
~ d
>­
<..>
:l feet (fig. 17).
<..>
~ >­
6,000 § <..>
I
Perhaps one of the best isobathyal indicator species
<..>

8,000 "''" I among the arenaceous foraminifers is Cyclammina

ABYSSAL cancellata (Brady), which has an upper depth limit of
10,000
about 1,500 feet and a lower limit within the abyssal
zone (fig. 17). Cyciammina trullissata (Brady), re­
FIGURE I7 ported originally at water depths of 2,340 feet (Brady,
Water-{!epth distribution of CribroSlOmoides group and selected 1884), has upper depth limits deeper than 2,600 feet in
agglutinated alveolar species, this study (fig. 17).

FAUNAL TRENDS
was noted from traverse 1 of this study at a water FAUNAL-DEPTH TRENDS
depth of 498 feet. Specimens in abyssal water depths
intergrade with forms showing the development of Six general faunal-water depth trends noted in this
mUltiple apertures; this trend from simple to cribrate study provide auxiliary data for paleoenvironmental
apertures represents a cline and is thus not used as a interpretation, i.e., total foraminifer- and benthic
generic characteristic, Specimens in this study gener­ foraminifer-ostracode ratios, percent radiolarians in
ally have areal apertures that occasionally develop in­ both the total and benthic foraminifer populations,
cipient constrictions regarded as the first step toward benthic specimens per species, percent agglutinated
(he formation of cribrate multiple apertures. foraminifers in the benthic foraminiferal population,
Cribrostomoides wiesneri (Parr), a rare species in and the planktonic foraminiferal abundance and wall
(he Gulf of Mexico, has upper depth limits in the lower type. These trends observed in modern marine mi­
part of the upper bathyal zone and ranges into the croorganisms are strikingly similar to many microfossil
abyssal zone (fig. 17), Cribrostomoides scitulLis trends (Bandy and Arnal, 1960, 1%9; Phleger, 1960).
, Brady) has the same depth range as C. wiesneri. Crib­ Foraminifer/ostracode ratios shown in figure 18 are
rostomoides lobatus (Saidova), reported at great drawn as the abundance of both total and benthic
depths in the Pacific Ocean, is characteristic of middle foraminifers with respect to ostracodes (Bandy, 1963b,
bathyal to abyssal water depths in the Gulf of Mexico. 1964a). In the present study, the mean ratio values for
Cribrostomoides ringens (Brady) is also characteristic benthic plus planktonic foraminifers to ostracodes in
of middle bathyal to abyssal water depths; this latter the samples of each major water-depth zone reflect a
species, C. weisneri, and Haplophragmoides bradyi all dramatic increase from about 400 in the upper bathyal
have very similar wall texture. Cribrostomoides um­ wne to more than 2,300 in the abyssal wne (see table
&ilicatus (Pearcey) is quite rare and sporadic in dis­ 5). Eliminating the planktonic foraminifers, the mean
cribution and occurs in the middle bathyal and deeper values for benthic foraminifers to ostracodes range
zones (fig. 17), from 78 to 219; the lower values of 76 and 105 occur in
Planispiral forms that tend to become streptospiral the lower part in the lower bathyal and abyssal zones,
0r trochospiral in later growth stages are referred to respectively. Along the California coast, in the Gulf of
Recurvoides; however, this genus may represent sim­ California, and in Batabano Bay, Cuba, foraminifers
ply a variation of Cribrostomoides. Recurvoides con­ commonly are only 1 to 10 times as abundant as os­
ortus Earland occurs in the middle bathyal zone and tracodes in lagoon and inshore paralic, euryhaline envi­
deeper; some of the specimens referred to this species ronments, whereas in open marine environments,

(31)
 TABLE 5
Foraminifer/ostracode ratios listed according to increa,;ing water depth. Traverse 3 sample numbers 5-\6 and traverse 2 sample numhers 44-80,

BENTHIC
WATER FORAMINIFERI TOTAL
BATHYMETRIC DEPTH OSTRACODE FORAMINIFERI
ZONATION SAMPLE fFEETI RATIO OSTRACODE RATIO

Upper Bathyal 5 534 425 525

80 624 33 135
6 906 88 144
(Mean 168) (Mean 408)
7 1,224 269 700
73 1,176 120 582
77 1,212 73 364

Middle Bathyal 8 1,506 265 750 +

74 1,572 100 469
9 1,824 376 1,454 +
72 1,836 282 1,496
10 2,148 166 620
65 2,328 200 (Mean 198) 3,521 (Mean 1,153)
11 2,496 313 1,965
70 2,448 117 626
12 2,730 156 739
62 2,688 50 563
69 2,724 150 477

Lower Bathyal 13 3,006 119 543

68 3.030 280 1,120
66 3,078 83 465
63 3,078 250 2,831
61 3,078 200 3,076
64 3,102 200 2,345
14 3,324 316 (Mean 219) 1,092 (Mean 1,924)
67 3,318 120 977
15 3,630 333 1,966
16 3,864 288 2,563
60 3,816 410 5,350
59 4,218 31 757

Lower Bathyal 53 4,506 125 2,718

58 4,524 33 1,058
52 4,920 44 1,131
54 5,010 45 755
51A 5,136 67 (Mean 76) 1,442
(Mean 1,717)
57 5,268 25 390
54B 5,394 50 1,182
51 5,622 63 1,836
54A 5,994 233 4,944

Abyssal 49 6,054 30 971

55 6,234 200 3,333
56 6,492 112 3,453
(Mean 105) (Mean 2,3(5)
47 6,624 150 6,587
46 7,482 n 764
44 11,532 117 653

(32)
 FORAMINIFER/OSTRACODE RATIO
ZONE
1,000 2,000

NERITIC

t
::J
1,000

w
.; 2,000
0
0
ii
TRAVERSE ,}

3,000
BATHVAL

._ ~ RADIOLARIA""S
INTQTAL
FORAMINlflR -
RADIOLARIAN
PQf'ULATIO"oI

" RAOIOLARIANS

\ '''BENTHIC
FOflA",''''HfI ~
R.AOIOLARIAN
POl'I.lLATION

. _,~. ~ _.~.__ ~. _~_",_J FIGURE 19

Percent radiolarians in total foraminifer- and benthic foraminifer­
radiolarian populations with increasing water depth.

FIGURE 18
Foraminifer/ostracode ratio mean values with increasing water
of expressed water are less than 100 millivolts; this
depth for samples from traverses 2 and 3. correlation is especially notable in traverse 1 (figs. 19,
B-1). The difference in Eh values between direct or
slurry readings and those from expressed waters
suggests a variation due to postdepositional change.
foraminifers are generally 100 to 200 times as abundant Direct Eh readings reflect conditions in the upper 8 cm
as ostracodes. of the cored sediment, whereas expressed water val­
Radiolarian abundance measured against both the ues represent conditions at a core depth of 8 to 16 cm.
total and benthic foraminifer populations is shown in Thus, an implied postdepositional selective elimina­
figure 19. Radiolarians occur in samples from all three tion of the siliceous remains of radiolarians occurs in
traverses but are generally not abundant in the Gulf of cores with high Eh values from expressed water; pres­
Mexico. An irregular increase in abundance of radiola­ ervation occurs with low Eh values. Correspondingly,
rians with water depth is noted, agreeing with the the apparent increase in radiolarian abundance with
trend previously reported in the Pacific Ocean (Bandy these lower Eh values may be related to the solution of
and Amal, 1960; Bandy, 1961, 1964b; Bandy and foraminifers.
Rodolfo, 1964); however, percentage values differ be­ A specimen-per-species trend is shown in figure 20.
tween the three traverses. In general, radiolarians are Species number alone reflects the change in popula­
absent in sediments on the shelf and in the upper por­ tions with depth; however, these values are dependent
tion of the bathyal zone. They become consistent on a uniform sample size. The error introduced by un­
components of the benthic assemblages, however, in equal sample size is minimized by relating the total
the deeper portions of the upper bathyal zone and benthic population of each sample to the number of
show a marked increase in abundance in the middle species or, in other words, the specimens per species.
bathyal zone of traverses 1 and 2. Along traverse 3, For example, with a population of 1,000 specimens and
their frrst significant increase is in samples from the 1,000 species, the index would be 1, representing a
lower bathyal zone. Maximum percentages of radiolar­ very diverse population. On the other hand, a popula­
ians, 10 to 15 percent of the benthic population, occur tion of 1,000 specimens and 1 species would have an
in the lower bathyal zone of samples from traverses 1 index of 1,000, which would represent the least possi­
and 2. In summary, abundant radiolarians occur in ble diversity. Thus, along the traverses of this study
Gulf of Mexico sediments where (1) bottom tempera­ the greatest benthic diversity is indicated in samples
tures are less than 6°C, (2) water depths are well below from the deepest zones studied. The least diversity or
the oxygen minimum zone (fig. B-3), and (3) Eh values the most specimens per species in samples from the

(33)
 WATER BENTHIC SPECIMENS/SPECIES RATIO WAT£R
"AGGLUTINATED speCIES
ZONE DEPTH' lONE DEPTH
(FEET; {FEET) 50 . 0
10 20
NERITIC NERITIC

~ 2,000
o
;;
BATHYAL

TRAV£RS£ 3

8.000

10.000

FIGURE 20 FIGURE 21
Benthic foraminifer specimens/species trend with increasing water Percent agglutinated foraminifers in the benthic population with in­
depth. creasing water depth.
_. __. _ - - - - - _ . _ - - - - - - - - - ­ ----------_. __ __ ._---­
...

three profiles is in samples off the Mississippi River foraminifers may reflect (1) a shoreward trend, or (2) a
(traverse 1), which may reflect an unfavorable envi­ deepening trend from upper bathyal to abyssal deposi­
ronment or more rapid sedimentation rates. In oceanic tional environment. These two trends in fossil as­ co
areas previously studied, the number of benthic semblages could be distinguished easily by changes in an
foraminiferal species increases with increasing water depth indices and faunal composition.
The relationship between calcareous and aggluti­
B·
depth from the inner neritic zone to the bathyal zone so
and then may decrease with increased water depth nated (arenaceous) foraminifers and water depth is
wi
(Bandy, 1956, 1960; Bandy and Arnal, 1957, 1960). In shown in figure 21. Species with porcelaneous or cal­
in
the present study, a total of60 species or more are rep­ careous imperforate walls, a subdivision of the cal­
sh
resentative of all samples in the middle and lower careous group, occur rarely in samples from the (si
bathyal zones, whereas fewer than 60 characterize deeper water facies of the Gulf of Mexico (appendix op
most samples deeper than 7,000 feet (see appendix C). C). Hence, the percentage of agglutinated foraminifers sec
This trend is observed in figure 20 where the upper in benthic populations is essentially the complement of D81
bathyal zone is characterized by specimen-per-species the percentage of specimens with calcareous perforate sm
values from 11 to 22, followed by an abrupt decline of or hyaline walls. The percentage of agglutinated
values in the lower bathyal zone of from 4 to 8 and foraminifers increases with increasing water depth in in
from 4 to 5 in the abyssal zone. A slight increase in the all three traverses from less than 5 percent in the upper
she
abyssal zone from a low of 4 at upper abyssal depths to bathyal and the upper part of the middle bathyal zones
5 at lower abyssal depths is significant compared to the to 15 percent or more in the lower bathyal and abyssal aIIJ
pre
very high values in the upper bathyal zone. Thus, in zones. In water depths of about 3,000 feet in the
fro
the upper bathyal zone there are more species rep­ Pacific Ocean there is appreciable solution of
thl
resented by unusually large populations of specimens; foraminiferal tests (Berger, 1967). Below depths of
19!
in the lower bathyal zone there are fewer species and about 9,000 feet Berger showed that tests dissolved
fre
smaller populations producing a greater faunal diver­ differentially; thus, solution selectively changes faunal tell
sity or lower numerical value represented by the composition and size distribution by first dissolving
eft
specimens per species. In summary, a decrease in thin-walled forms and then thicker-walled forms. In GI(
specimens-per-species values for open manne the present study, Eh values in the upper 12 iadles of Ri1

(34)
 WATER
ZONE DEPTH "PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERS
(FEET! 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100

NERITIC ---------
'"w~
:>
w
..J 2,000 .
Cl

Cl

iE
BATHYAL

4,000
0:
w
~..J
TRAVERSE 3

6,000

8,000

ABYSSAL

10,000

TRAVERSE 1 TRAVERSE 2

FIGURE 22

Percent planktonic foraminifers in the benthic population with increasing water depth.

cores from traverse 3 showed a rapid change to an The quantitative abundance of planktonic foraminif­
,anruerotllc (H2S) system with core depth (table A-3; fig. eral species in the benthic population according to
-2). This postdepositional change could result in the water depth and geographic distribution in the Gulf of
solution of fragile tests, leaving only calcareous forms Mexico is shown in figure 23. This figure is based on
with thick waIls or agglutinated species. For instance, data from the present study and those of Phleger (1951)
in the Andaman Sea, Frerichs (1970) found an exclu­ and Parker (1954). Shallow-water samples in the pres­
agglutinated foraminiferal fauna in a silled basin ent study were lim~ted to the lowermost neritic zone;
depth 5,900 feet), whereas at similar depths in the however, the resultant distributional data are consis­
ocean the fauna is dominantly calcareous. Con­ tent with those of the previous authors. Planktonic
Beqluently, a fossil assemblage composed of aggluti­ species become common in sediments from the middle
foraminifers and radiolarians might result from neritic zone, are of about equal abundance with
geochemical conditions. benthic species near the neritic-bathyal zone boundary
Planktonic-benthic foraminiferal relationships found or somewhat below it, and comprise more than 90 per­
samples from the three traverses of this study are cent of the total foraminiferal population in the lower
in figure 22. Planktonic foraminifers are gener­ bathyal and abyssal zones. Exceptions to this general
very rare or absent in inshore waters and become trend are shown off the Mississippi River where
)folu:e~,si"elv more abundant with increasing distance planktonic abundance values are displaced into lower
shore and increasing water depth (appendix E of depth zones. Off the Rio Grande, Trinity River, and
report; Grimsdale and Morkhoven, 1955; Bandy, the Galveston areas the 50 percent isopleth is de­
In addition, the environmental effect of a major pressed into middle and upper bathyal water depths.
rre!~n·,,,,alel inflow, such as the Mississippi River sys­ The displaced values offrivers are due no doubt to the
also affects planktonic species abundance. This influx of fresh water and perhaps to the downward dis­
is illustrated by the pronounced decline of placement of slope sediment.
LlWUIKertl'IUII[/eS ruber (d'Orbigny) off the Mississippi Wall structure of planktonic species also shows a re­
as shown by Phleger (1960, fig. 79). lationship to water depth. For instance, Be and Eric­

(35)
 WATER
lONE DEPTH
(FEET, VII VIII IX-Xi
100
NERlnc :m

600

~
1.000
~

"
1.500 -

2,000
~
a
a

"
3,000
BATHYAL

5,000

~---'---I £,000
e­
,,000 -",~j .
• 97

...
8,000

...
......
ABYSSAL 9,000
...
......
... .
.
~. '"'''~
.90
'97

It,COO '-~--~""-"~-.- .~--,

(~(!'!'\
~
... ,'""". :.:,," """
V PARKER (1954) PROFILE '

1 DEEP·WATER ECOLOGY
TRAVERSES

FIGURE 23
Planktonic foraminifer abundance in the benthic population with increasing water depth. Data from the present traverses and from pub­
lished reports.

(36)
 f'
I

son (1963) showed that a thick, coarsely crystalline lustrate this effect. Martinottiella occidentalis (table 4)
crust with a sugary texture develops on certain occurs in the neritic and bathyal zones of the western
'!Jlan""ulll',,, species at mesopelagic water depths be­ Gulfin clastic substrates but is not reported in the car­
1,000 and 3,000 feet. In the present study sig­ bonate facies of the eastern Gulf (Parker, 1954).
numbers of Globorotalia menardii (Parker, Glomospira charoides (Jones and Parker) is rare in
s, and Brady) developed a crystalline crust in bathyal carbonate facies, comprising less than 2 per­
water depths deeper than about 762 feet; 77 percent of cent of the benthic population; however, it is abundant
the specimens of this species have a crust at this depth in clastic substrates of the bathyal zone of the western
in samples from traverse 1, 85 percent have a crust at Gulf, making up from 2 percent to more than 10 per­
918 feet in traverse 2, and 50 percent have a crust at cent of the benthic population. Sphaeroid ina bulloides
906 feet in traverse 3. In shallower water depths only a attains its maximum abundances of from 5 to nearly 10
few individuals exhibited some crustal development. percent in clastic bathyal deposits. On the other hand,
Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) showed Uvigerina flintii is much more widespread in lower
significant numbers (80 percent) of specimens with neritic and upper bathyal carbonate facies than in clas­
crustal thickening at water depths of 1,230 feet along tic facies; Bolivina goes;i is also more characteristic of
traverse 1, 1,176 feet along traverse 2, and 1,224 feet the lower neritic carbonate facies off western Florida
along traverse 3; the first observed appearance of (Parker, 1954) than the clastic facies of the western
crustal thickening in this species was at a water depth Gulf.
of 762 feet. Secondary crustal thickening in Several species with upper depth limits between
Globorotalia crassaformis Galloway and Wissler ap­ water depths of 600 and 900 feet, within the upper part
peared at water depths of about 1,200 feet. Thus, sig­ of the upper bathyal zone, exhibit marked facies pref­
nificant crustal thickening of these three planktonic erences. Species that are generally twice to several
species was found in upper bathyal water depths. times as abundant in clastic substrates than in carbon­
These data differ from those of Orr (1967), who ate substrates include Bolivina albatrossi, Bulimina
evaluated the upper depth limits of secondary cal­ aculeata, Bulimina striata mexicana, Chilostomella
cification in four Holocene species of Globorotalia oolina, Gyroidina altiformis cushman;, Haplophrag­
from the Gulf of Mexico. He reported that crustal moides bradyi, Haplophragmoides sphaerUoculus,
thickening appears at neritic water depths of about 360 Uvigerina peregrina. and Valvulineria complanata.
feet in Globorotalia menardii (given as G. cultrata), at Valvulineria complanata is especially restricted to the
upper bathyal water depths of 600 feet in Globorotalia delta area in the upper part of its depth range. Two
tumida (Brady), and at 900 feet in Globorotalia frlill­ species that show the reversed preference, from twice
catulinoides, and at middle bathyal water depths of to several times as abundant in carbonate substrates
2,000 feet in Globorotalia crassaformis. than in clastic substrates, are Epistominella exigua
In addition to wall structure variation in the more and Rotorbinella translucens.
ubiquitous planktonic species, it is clear that some Three species, Gyroidina orbicularis, Karreriella
species live at greater depths than others. Thick­ apicularis, and Laticarinina pauperata, with upper
walled species such as Globorotalia tumida and depth limits at about 1,200 feet, are about twice as
Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones) occur abundant in the lower bathyal zone of the western Gulf
mainly in the bathyal and abyssal zones although the as in the eastern area. Two species with upper depth
upper depth limits of these species are generally within limits at about 2,000 feet, Eponides po/ius and Osan­
the lower neritic zone. This depth preference was ob­ gularia culter, are somewhat more abundant in the
served in Atlantic Ocean plankton tows discussed by lower bathyal zone of the western area of the Gulf;
Be (1960) who found G. tumida and S. dehiscens in Alabamina decorata and Eponides tumidulus, with
water deeper than 500 feet, although maximum upper depth limits at about 3,000 feet, are also more
planktonic populations of other species occurred at abundant in deeper waters of the western Gulf than off
shallower water depths. Florida.

FAUNAL PROVINCES-CLASTIC VS CARBONATE

DISCUSSION-BATHYMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF

FACIES
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS

Many foraminiferal species exhibit varying degrees The major changes in bathyal and abyssal benthic
of specificity for one or more kinds of lithologic facies foraminiferal faunas in the Gulf of Mexico are those
(appendix C; see Part II). The following examples il­ that occur with increasing depth of water in contrast to

(37)

 TABLE 6

Fossil planktonic foraminifers found in deep-water ecology samples. Numbers indicate number of specimens.

TRAVERSE 1 TRAVERSE 2 TRAVERSE 3

I. EXTINCT PLANKTONIC SPECIES

1. GLOBIGERINA DRURYI AKERS

2. GLOBOROTALIA MENARDII (PARKER. JONES AND BRAOYI

2 1 3
DE XTRAL POPULATIONS

3. GLOBOROTALIA PUNCTICULATA W'ORBIGNY) x

4. NEOGLOBOOUADRINA DUTERTREI (O'ORBIGNY)

SINISTRAL POPULATIONS
20 s 2 4 1 4

5. PULLENIATINA OBLIQUILOCULATA PRIMAL IS

12 1
BANNER AND BLOW, SINISTRAL POPULATIONS

II. PLANKTONIC SPECIES INDICATIVE OF WATERS COOLER

THAN THOSE TODAY

'. NEOGLOBOOUADRINA PACHYDERMA (EHRENBERG)

11 2 15 2 19
DEXTRAL FORMS

2. GLOBOROTALIA INFLATA (O'ORBIGNY)

11
SINISTRAL POPULATIONS

3 GLOBOROTALIA TRUNCATULlNQIDES CD'ORBIGNY)

17 4 12 10 8 7 B 25 255 322640305 5
SINISTRAL POPULATIONS

lateral geographic location. Bathymetric faunal tion, i.e., sexual or asexual, and/or size characteristics
changes correspond to a number of environmental of some benthic species as noted in the distribution
boundaries. It is difficult to determine at present, characteristics for Bolivina albatrossi, Hoeglundina
however, which environmental factor or factors limit elegans, Cyclammina cancel/ata, and others. Abun­
faunal distribution. For example, a temperature bound­ dances of radiolarians may likewise be related to
ary occurs in the Gulf of Mexico at water depths oxygen-temperature variations; the upper limit of sig­
slightly greater than 3,000 feet (table A-2); if this were nificant numbers of radiolarians in the Gulf of Mexico
the primary limiting factor, there should be little faunal is just below the oxygen minimum zone (figs. 19, B-3).
zonation recorded below this depth; however, this is Planktonic foraminifers, on the other hand, are very
not the case. In addition, species such as Bulimina abundant from lower neritic to abyssal depths and thus
aculeata and others with upper depth limits at various show little or no effect to the location of the oxygen
water depths within the lower neritic and upper minimum zone.
bathyal zones have similar upper depth limits in differ­ The upper depth limit of delta-depressed species
ent oceanic water masses characterized by different along traverse 1 may be limited by an environmental
temperature gradients and oxygen values (Bandy and factor or combination of factors related to negative
Echols, 1964; Bandy and Chierici, 1966). Eh. Negative or significantly smaller positive direct Eh
A prominent oxygen minimum zone correlates with values were recorded from all sediment samples of
the upper bathyal zone in the Gulf of Mexico (fig. B-3). traverse 1 between water depths of 984 and 4,338 feet.
If oxygen depletion is responsible for the upper depth Many of the upper depth limits of delta-depressed
limits of certain species, those upper depth limits species were observed within this depth range (table
should vary from one water mass to the next depend­ 3). Negative Eh readings were not recorded from sam­
ing on the water depth of the oxygen minimum zone in ples in traverse 2, although there are some lower posi­
each location. However, as noted above, a number of tive values in samples from the upper bathyal zone
benthic species with upper depth limits within the (table A-2). Some samples from traverse 3 contain
upper bathyal zone show similar depth limits in differ­ negative Eh readings; however, these readings were
ent water masses with different oxygen values. obtained with a different instrument and under dif­
Nevertheless, increasing oxygen values and decreas­ ferent conditions than those from samples from
ing temperature values with increasing water depths traverses 1 and 2 (fig. B-2).
probably affect the mode of foraminiferal reproduc­ The delta-elevated group of species, though small

(38)
 TABLE 7
Core samples examined for (I) fossil foraminifers and (2) evidence of "delta effect" in fossil benthic foraminifers.

-~"".---

STATION
NUMBER PURPOSE NUMBER OF SAMPLES CORE INTERVAL SAMPLED

TRAVERSE 1 10 Fossil check 2 98·100 em, 195-197 em

15 1 98·100 em
17 2 98·100 em, 128·130 em

30 4 10-20 em, 30-40 em, 60·70 em, 90-100 em

31 Evidence of "delta effeel" in fossil 2 38-100 em, 144-146 em
32 benthic foraminifers 2 99·100 em, 166-169 em
33 2 98-100 em, 170-172 em
34 2 98-100 em, 128-130 em
35 2 98-100 em, 144-146 em
36 2 98·100 em, 169-171 em
37 2 98·100 em, 160-162 CIT.
20·30 em, 30·40 em
39 4 &).70 em, 90·100 em
40 1 96-.98 em
41 2 98·100 em, 148·150 em
42 1 36-38 em
43 2 98-100 em, 158·160 em

TRAVERSE 2 51 Fossi I check 2 98·100 em, 198·200 em

54 2 98·100 em, 188·190 em
61 2 8O·90em,I50·164em
73 2 90·100 em, 19()'200cm
77 18·20 em

TRAVERSE 3 8 Fossil check 2 3O·35em.l00·l05cm

9 2 30-35 em. 80·90 em
II 2 30· 35 em, 100-105 em

(table 4), appears to thrive in the anomalous chemical FOSSIL OCCURRENCE

environment of the delta area. It is probable that the
large discharge of fresh water and sediment from the Fossil planktonic foraminifers are defined as (1) ex­
Mississippi River results in a correspondingly greater tinct species, or (2) species indicative of climatic con­
concentration of organic material in the area of ditions differing from those in Holocene water masses
traverse 1 producing the reducing conditions. How­ in a given basin or area. In the Gulf of Mexico at least
ever, data for organic content in carbon isotopes do five extinct planktonic foraminiferal species were
not appear to provide values or trends in values that noted in the deep-water ecology samples and at least
relate to faunal changes (see appendix B). three other planktonic species were found to be indica­
In view of the similar upper depth limits for a tive of cooler waters than those existing today (table
number of benthic foraminiferal species that occur in 6). Samples taken at depth in cores at several of the
highly disparate water masses, faunal depth limitations stations (table 7) show the presence of corroborating
expressed in terms of water pressure may be more im­ fossil or relic species for the stations listed in table 6.
portant than the other environmental factors here con­ Species indicating cooler water masses are thought to
sidered. Hydrostatic pressure varies directly with be relic forms occurring at sample locations receiving
water depth and it has been shown that the pressure little sedimentation during most of the Holocene;
tolerance of marine bacteria is related to their depth those stations with extinct later Neogene species are
habitat (ZoBell and Johnson, 1949). It appears that a areas of Holocene and at least in part Pleistocene non­
similar case may be made for depth limitations of deposition. For example, bottom photographs at sta­
benthic foraminifers. tion 12 (water depth of 9,204 feet) from traverse 1 show

(39)
evidence of bottom currents. Correspondingly, the Company, took the SEM photographs of foraminifers
sample from this station contained dextrally coiled and his assistance is appreciated.
specimens of Globigerina paehyderma (Ehrenberg)
and an abundance of sinistrally coiled specimens of REFERENCES
Globorotalia truneatulinoides, neither of which live in
AGIP MrNERARIA, 1957, Microfacies ltaliane: AGiP Mineraria. S.
the waters of the Gulf of Mexico today. Donato Milanese, Italy, 145 pIs.
Generally the nonliving planktonic populations from BANDY, O. L., 1953, Ecology and paleoecology of some California
samples along traverse 1 are characteristic of cooler Foraminifera, Pt. I The frequency distribution of Recent
waters and are not extinct forms. Traverse 2 has sev­ ForaminiferaoffCalifornta: Jour. Paleontology. v. 27, p. 161-182.
~.._~, 1956. Ecology of foraminifera in northeastern Gulf of
eral stations that contain significant numbers of extinct
Mexico: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 274-G, p. 179-204.
forms and others with species indicative of cooler _ _• 1960, General correlation offoraminiferal structure with en­
water masses; traverse 3 stations also show some mix­ vironment: Internal. Geol. Cong .. XXI Sess .. Norden, 1%0, Pt.
ture of the two groups. The greater prevalence of older XXII, p. 7-19.
fossil faunas in the rugged slope topography of the 1961, Distribution of Foraminifera, Radiolaria, and diatoms
western Gulfregion indicates that the rate of tectonism in sediments of the Gulf ofCalifornia: Micropaleontology, v. 7, p.
1-26.
in this region is greater than the rate of sedimentation.
_ _, 1963a, Larger living Foraminifera of the continental border·
In addition, some of the irregular distributions of land of southern California: Cushman Found. Foram. Research
planktonic foraminifers in the Gulf of Mexico reported Contr.. v. 14, pc 4, p. 121-126.
by Parker (1954) are due to the occurrences of relic 1963b, Dominant paralic foraminifera of southern California
popUlations. Parker later reported (Parker, 1965) that and the Gulf of California: Cushman Found. Foram. Research
Globorotalia inflata (d'Orbigny), G. hirsllta (d'Or­ Contr.• v. 14, pI. 4, p. 127-134.
1964a, Foraminiferal biofacies in sediments of Gulf of
bigny). G. crassa/ormis, and G. seitula (Brady) occur Batabano, Cuba, and their geologic significance: Am. Assoc.
in the eastern, but not the western, Gulf of Mexico. In Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 38, no. 10, p. 1666-1679.
this study, all of these species occur in the western _ _ ~, 1964b, Foraminiferal trends associated with deep-water
Gulf (appendix C). However, G. inflata is not living sands, San Pedro and Santa Monica Basins, California: Jour.
there today and is probably not living in the eastern Paleontology, v. 38, no. 1. p. 138-148.
Gulf. In addition, G. hirsuta is rare in the western Gulf BM-my, O. L., AND ARNAL. R. E., 1957, Distribution of Recent
foraminifera off west coast of Central America: Am. Assoc.
and was not reported living in tows from the eastern
Petroleum Geologists, BUll., v. 41, no. 9, p. 2037-2053.
Gulfby Parker (1954). The other two species, G. eras­ _ _ _, 1960, Concepts of foraminiferal paleoecology: Am. Assoc.
sa/armis and G. scitlila. are common in the western Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 44. no. 12, p. 1921-1932.
Gulf in contrast to the data by Parker. 1969, Middle Tertiary Basin Development, San Joaquin
Some benthic foraminiferal species occurring at sta­ Valley, California: GeoL Soc. America Bull., v. 80, no. 5, p.
783-820.
tions where fossil planktonic species are recorded may BANDY, O. L., ANDCHIERICI, M. A., 1966, Depth·temperature evalua­
likewise be fossil forms. It should be noted, however, tion of selected California and Mediterranean bathyal
that the fossil planktonic species represent very minor Foraminifera: Marine Geology, v. 4, p. 259-271.
faunal elements in the respective samples. Similarly, it BANDY, O. L., AND ECHOLS, R. J., 1964, Antarctic foraminiferal
is probable that fossil occurrences of benthic species zonation: Antarctic Research Series, Am. Geophys. Union, v. 1.
p.73-91.
are also minor faunal components. Nevertheless, the
BANDY, O. L, INGLE, 1. C, JR., AND RESIG, J. M .• 1964, Facies
benthic species used in the bathymetric zonation are trends, San Pedro Bay, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v.
forms that generally occur in continuous sample se­ 75, p. 403-423.
quences, and many of these were also living at the time BANDY, O. L., AND RODOLFO. K. S., 1964. Distribution offoraminif­
of collection (appendix D). era and sediments, Peru-Chile Trench area: Deep-sea Research,
v. 11, p. 817-837.
BE, A. W. H., 1960, Ecology of Recent planktonic foraminifera. Part
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS II - Bathymetric and seasonal distributions in the Sargasso Sea
off Bermuda: Micropaleontology, v. 6, p. 373-392.
Exxon Company, U.S.A., and Exxon Production BE, A. W. H., AND ERICSON, D. B., 1963, Aspects of calcification in
Research Company have granted permission to pub­ planktonic foraminifera (Sarcodina): New York Acad. Sci. An­
lish data contained herein. Excerpts of the paper were nals, v. 109, art. I, p. 65-81.
read at the Gulf Coast Association of Geological BERGER, W. H., 1967, Foraminiferal ooze: solution at depths: Sci­
ence, v. 156, no. 3773, p. 383-385.
Societies convention in Lafayette, Louisiana, October BRADSHAW, J. S., 1957, Laboratory studies on the rate of growth of
16-18, 1974. and their permission to publish is the foraminifer, "Streb/lls beccarii" (Linne) var. tepida
acknowledged. (Cushman): Jour. Paleontology, v. 31. p. 1138-\147.
Ralph D. Hockett, Exxon Production Research BRADY, H. B., 1884, Report on the Foraminifera dredged by H. M.

(40)
 S.Challenger, during the years 1873-1876: Reports of the Scien­ ORR. W. N., 1967, Secondary calcification in the foraminiferal genus
tific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, vol. 9 (Zool­ Globorotalia: Science, v. 157, no. 3796. p. 1554-1555.
ogy), 814 pp. PARKER, F. L., 1954, Distribution of the foraminifera in the north­
R. W., 1952, Significance of temperature on Foraminifera eastern Gulf of Mexico: Harvard Univ. Mus. Compo Zoology
from deep basins off southern California coast: Am. Assoc. Pet­ Bull., v. 111, no. 10, p. 453-588.
roleum Geologists Bull., v. 36, p. 807-843. _ _ _, 1958, Eastern Mediterranean foraminifera: Repts. Swedish
,",U,>nMn", J. A., AND VALENTINE, W. W., 1930, Shallow-water Deep-Sea Exped., v. 8, sediment cores from the Mediterranean
Foraminifera from the Channel Islands of southern California: Sea and the Red Sea No.4, p. 219-283.
Stanford Univ. Contr. Dept. Geol., v. I. no. I, p. 5-5\. _ _ _, 1965, Irregular distribution of planktonic Foraminifera and
"'JU"'''.n~. W. E., 1969, Scanning electron microscope analysis of the stratigraphic correlation: Pergamon Press, Progress in Oceanog­
homeomorphs Melonis pompilioides and Melonis soldani: raphy, v. 3, p. 267-272.
Wyoming Univ., Contr. Geology, v. 8, p. 43-45. PHLEGER, F. B., 1951, Ecology of foraminifera, northwest Gulf of
1970, Distribution &nd ecology of benthonic foraminifera in Mexico, Part I. Foraminifera distribution: Geol. Soc. America
sediments of the Andaman Sea: Cushman Found. Foram. Re­ Mem. 46, p. 1-88.
search Contr., v. 21, p. 123-147. ___, 1960, Ecology and Distribution of Recent Foraminifera:
.nw"~L'J\LI", T. F., AND MORKHOVEN. F. P. C. VAN, 1955, The ratio Johns Hopkins Press, 297 p .
between pelagic and benthonic foraminifera as a means of es­ PHLEGER, F. B., AND PARKER, F. L., 1951. Gulf of Mexico Foraminif­
timating depth of deposition of sedimentary rocks: World Pe­ era, Part II. Foraminifera species: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 46,
troleum Cong., 4th, Proc., Sec lie, p. 473-490. 64 pp.
H. w., 1955, The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters: ROGERS, M. A., AND KOONS, C. B., 1969, Organic carbon Il CI3
Cambridge Press, 224 p. values from Quaternary marine sequences in the Gulf of
LAI~KF'ORI). R. R., 1959, Distribution and ecology of Foraminifera Mexico: A reflection of paleotemperature changes: Gulf Coast
from east Mississippi delta margin: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Assoc. Geol. Socs. Trans., v. 19, p. 529-534.
Geologists Bull., v. 43, p. 2068-2099. TIPSWORD, H. L., SETZER, F. M., AND SMITH, F. L., JR .. 1966, In­
D. F., 1967, A sequence of current patterns in the Gulf of terpretation of depositional environment in Gulf Coast pe­
Mexico: Texas A&M Univ., Reference 67-9, p. 1-18, unpub. troleum exploration from paleoecology and related stratig­
manuscript. raphy: Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Socs. Trans., v. 16, p. 119-130.
G. F., 1964, Statistical investigations on the variability of WALTON, W. R., 1952, Techniques for the recognition of living
Bolivina argentea Cushman: Cushman Found. Foram. Re­ foraminifera: Cushman Found. Foram. Research Contr., v. 3, pI.
search Contr., v. 15, p. 105-116. 2, p. 56-60.
,J. B., AND RILEY, J. P., 1955, The spectrophotometric de­ ___ . 1964, Recent foraminiferal ecology and paleoecology, in
termination of nitrate in natural waters. with particular reference Approaches to Paleoecology, Imbrie, J .. and Newell. N. D.,
to sea water: Anal. Chim. Acta, v. 12, p. 464-480. eds., p. 151-237.
E. H., 1943, Life activities of foraminifera in relation to ZOBEL!., C. E., AND JOHNSON, F. H., 1949, Some effects of hydro­
marine ecology: Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., v. 85, p. 439-458. static pressure on the mUltiplication and morphology of marine
bacteria: Jour. Bacteriology, V. 60, p. 771-781.

(41)
 APPENDIX A

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL PROCEDURES

BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES GEOCHEMICAL PROCEDURES

Shipboard procedures, established by C. E. Pflum Alaminos cruise geochemical analyses were estab­
and G. A. Morales on the Alaminos cruise and C. E. lished by C. B. Koons and included shipboard mea­
Pflum on the Western Shoal cruise, consisted of sam­ surements for pH, Eh, and oxygen content, and
pling the uppermost five centimeters of each core laboratory measurements for chlorinity, nitrate, and
(table A-I); this sample was then washed on a inorganic phosphate content, organic carbon content
200-mesh screen (0.074 mm), stained in rose bengal for and carbon isotope ratios (table A-2). Core samples
ten minutes, rinsed, and stored in seawater. Upon were selected just below the biologic sample or from
return to the laboratory the samples were dried and approximately 5 to 10 cm below the top of the cores.
split with a microsplitter; one fraction was sent to O. Western Shoal cruise geochemical analyses, estab­
L. Bandy at the University of Southern California for lished by D. Perry, included shipboard measurements
frequency counts; the remaining sample was analyzed for pH and Eh in the sediment cores (at the water­
both quantitatively and taxonomically at EPR by W. sediment interface, three inches beneath the core top,
E. Frerichs and C. E. Pflum. one foot below the top and at the core bottom) and core
Frequency counts of 300 benthic specimens were sediment temperature (table A-3).
made by O. L. Bandy for most aliquots, unless the total Alaminos cruise pH and Eh measurements were
sample size was too small. Generally, all benthic made with a Beckman model M pH meter. For pH
specimens were counted in each aliquot. Planktonic measurements, the calomel and glass electrodes were
specimens were counted in selected grids on the count­ standardized with a pH 7 buffer. The electrodes were
ing slide and this number was then divided by the pro­ then used to measure the pH of the Nansen bottle water
portion of the grids counted to estimate the total number samples, the direct sediment pH, a 50:50 percent slurry
of planktonic specimens. In this way the planktonic/ of the sediment sample and distilled water, and the pH
benthic foraminiferal ratio of each sample was esti­ ofwater samples were made on 50:50 percent slurries of
mated. the sediment samples and distilled water. Probing the
An independent qualitative study of the assemblages intact sediment sample with the dual electrode system
was made at EPR by C. E. Pflum and W. E. Frerichs. did not give reproducible Eh readings; hence, the slurry
Their study was then combined with those from O. L. method was adopted. Expressed waters were obtained
Bandy to produce the final frequency tables. Rare with the use of a standard API mud filter press. About
species not occurring in the frequency counts of the 100 grams of core sediment was placed in the press and,
aliquots were added to the frequency tables. These with as low nitrogen pressure as possible to drive the
added species were considered to be represented by a system, sample water was expressed.
single specimen and hence were plotted with the fre­ Western Shoal cruise pH and Eh measurements were
quency value of less than 1 percent of the population. made with a Beckman model N pH meter. Measure­
The number of these added species ranged from 0 to as ments of pH were taken with a single, combination
many as 10 to 12 in individual traverses. electrode. This electrode has the advantage over
Live specimens, or those with protoplasm stained calomel and glass electrodes in that the calomel junc­
red by rose bengal (Walton, 1952), were picked from tion is located only a few millimeters from the glass
each sample of traverses 1 and 2 by a technician at EPR. element. Thus, the instrument is more sensitive and
These specimens were identified and recorded by O. L. provides a more stable reading. The electrode was
Bandy. Live counts were made directly from the sam­ washed with distilled water between readings and stan­
ples of traverse 3. Living specimens were considered to dardized frequently with a pH 7 buffer. Eh measure­
be those that took a red stain in at least part of one ments were made with a single, combination platinum­
chamber. The accuracy of this method of determining calomel electrode. The platinum surface was frequently
living specimens is highly SUbjective and hence burnished with a mild abrasive soap, cleaned with dis­
influences the data for live counts. In future studies of tilled water between readings, and standardized with
living foraminiferal populations, it is suggested that a freshly aerated sea water.
box corer be employed and the populations then A Sargent polarographic oxygen analyzer was used
stained, preserved, and studied wet. to determine the oxygen content of the Alaminos Nan­

(42)

 TABLE A-I

Deep-water ecology project core data.

TRAVERSE 1
SAMPLE OEPTH LOCATION TYPE OF SAMPLE OEPTH LOCATION TYPE OF

NUMBER (FEETI (LAT. LONG.! SAMPLE NUMBER (FEET! (LAT. LONG.1 SAMPLE

810 28° 39' N. 89° 58' W, Dredge 24 5,514 27° 48' N. 88° 44' W, Gravitv
43 498 28° 39' N. 89° 20'W, Gravitv 23A 5,880 27° 42' N. 8So 39' W, Gravity
42 762 28° 35' N. 89° 16' W. Gravity 23 6,176 27° 42' N, 88° 41'W. Gravity
41 984 28° 34' N. 89° IS' W. Gravitv 22 6,174 27° 36' N. 88° 37' W. Gravitv
40 1,230 28° 33' N. 89° 13' W. Gravity 21 6,726 27° 32' N. 88° 32' W. ewing
J9 1,410 28° 32' N, 89° 12'W, Ewing 20 6,864 27° 27' N. 88° 30' W, Gravity
38 1,722 28° 31' N. 89° 10' W. Gravity 19 6,972 27° 24' N. 88° 30' W. Gravity
37 1,962 28° 30' N. 89° OS· W. Gravity 18 7,590 27° 20' N, 88° 24'W. GravItY
36 2,178 28° 29' N. 89° 07' W. Gravity 17 7,650 27° 20' N. 88° 26'W. Gravity
35 2,358 28° 26' N. 89° 06' W, Gravity 16 8,010 27° 14' N. 88° 20'W. EWing
34 2,640 2ao 25' N. agO 05' W, Gravity 15 8,328 27° 11' N. 88° 18' W. Grav"ty
33 2,964 2ao 22' N. 89° 04' W. Gravity 14 8,874 26° 45' N. 88° II'W. Ewing
32 3,270 28° 19' N. 89°02' W. Gravity 13 8,712 26° 29' N. 88° OS' W, Gravity
31 3,636 28° 16' N. 89°01' W. Gravity 12 9,204 26° 17' N. 88° 03' W. Ewing
30 4,092 28° 14' N. 88° 59' W. Ewing 11 9,510 26° 09' N. 88° 02' W. Gravity
29 4,338 28° 12' N. 88° 58' W. Gravity 10 9,762 26° 03' N, 88° 01' W, Gravity
28 4,584 28° 10' N. 88° 57' W. Gravity 9 10,122 250 51'N. 87° 57' W. Gravity
27 4,778 28° 04' N. 8So 52' W. Gravity 8 10,446 25° 41' N. 87° 55' W. Ewing
26 5,130 28° 03' N. 88° 52' W. Gravity 7 10,728 25° 29' N. 87° 52'W, Gravity
25 5.436 27° 55' N. 88° 50' W. Ewing 6 11,442 25° 07' N. 87° 3B'W, Ewing

80 594 27° 52' N. 92° 10' W. Chmelik 61 3,078 27° 18' N. 92° 26' W. Gravity
80 624 27° 52' N. 92° 10' W. Gravity 60 3,816 27° 16' N. 92° 26' W. Gravity
79 918 27° 52.5' N, 92° 10' W. Gravlty 59 4,218 27° 14' N. 92° 25' W. Gravity
78 1,230 270SO'N. 92°'1'W. Ewing 58 4,524 26° 58' N. 92° 19' W. Gravity
77 1.212 27° 48' N. 92° 19' W. Gravity 57 5,268 26° 54' N. 92° 17.5' W. Gravity
76 1,536 27° 47' N, 92° IS' W. Gravity 56 6,492 26° 57' N. 92° 20' W. Ewing

75 1,842 27° 45' N. 92° 14'W. Gravity 55 6,234 26° 56' N, 92° 20' W, Gravity
74 1,572 27° 44' N. 9~ 13'W. Gravity 54 5,010 26° 54.5' N. 92° 17' W. Gravity
73 1,176 27° 41' N. 9~12'W. Ewing 54A 5,994 26° 55' N. 92° 20' W. Gravity

72 1.836 27° 37' N. 92° 13'W. Gravity 546 5,394 26' 54' N. 92° 20' W. Gravity
71 2,118 27° 37' N. 92° 13'W. Gravity 53 4,506 26° 53' N. 92° 17' W. Ewing

70 2.448 27° 36' N. 92° 13' W. Gravity 52 4,920 26° 52' N. 92° 17' W, Gravity

!B 2.724 27° 34.5' N. 92° 13' W. Gravity 51 5,622 260 51'N. 92° 16'W. Gravity

68 3.030 27° 34' N. 92° 14' W. GrClvity 51A 5,136 26 0 51'N. 92° 16' W. Gravity

3,318 27° 34' N. 92° 13·W. Ewing 49 6,054 26° 42' N. 92° 14'W. Gravity
67
3.078 27° 31' N. 92° 13.5' W. GravIty 47 6,624 26° 13' N, 92° OO'W, GraVity
66
27° 28' N. 92° 13' W. Gravity 46 7,482 26° 00' N. 91° 38' W. Gravity
65 2,328
64 3,102 27° 20.5' N. 92° 25' W. Gravity 45 10,800 25° 35' N. 91° 3O'W. GravIty

63 3,078 27° 19' N. 92° 27' W. Gravity 44 11,532 25° 00' N. 92° 00' W. Ewing

62 2.688 27° 19' N. 92° 27' W. Gravity

5 534 27° 39.0' 95° 46.5' Gravity

6 906 27° 37.5' 95° 45.0' Gravity

7 1,224 27° 36.5' 95° 44.0' Gravity
B 1,506 27° 35.0' 95° 43.5' Gravity
9 1,824 27° 34.8' 95° 42.5' Gravity
10 2.148 27° 31.5' 95° 41.0' Gravity
11 2,496 27° 30.0' 95° 39,8' Gravity
12 2,730 27° 27.5' 95° 38.5' Gravity
13 3.006 27° 24.5' 95° 36.0' Gravity
14 3,324 27° 22.5' 95° 35.0' GravIty
15 3.630 27° 20.5' 95° 34.0' Gravity
16 3.864 27° 16.5' 95° 31.2' Gravity

(43)

 TABLE A-2

Geochemical data of samples from traverses I and 2 (A iamillm)

CORE SAMPLES

-...
NO.
EII-coa,
''''''
66,11; n 6
1 lD.m
22"'01''''
~19''''
8,0:11"",
a"'51'WI!
",.
"
.,,..
.. ,.
1.' .,'",. 'OJ
,"
.:le.'
-13,1 ,.
"
." .., ...
7'!J>.I'N .140 ~ 2ll
10.446 g"-;>5l)'W
" ""
10,171
!U&:>
2!!I"~1'N
Will'i11
81"51'W
E"',ww..
t 21)4
210
1.'

..,
1.' '"'" 18,100 ...
."

.,.
0.'
9.510
9,104
881.
~oa'N
2fI'l11'N
~.5·N
1IIF00'W" lin
"'03'W. 18
""VW + 110
~ 1" ,."
.,"
·"'"'"
.. ..
1.'
'"'" ",300 '3l
..,
... '.
0,;{3
n.•
o.

.
1,3'28 zJO 11'N 1118""8'W H.B 00
'a,010
1,&SO
'1]fl It' hi
IT>2trH
"'lO'W
8!lf>26'W
• 1(18
"
""
1.1
1.1
.
III

- ,,' ,., ..
"
.,
18 7,S90 2T' xrN " ' 2 " W ' &6
l'O
11
6JI&iI
6.11f>
21"21''''
21"]1-",
r.P::k!'w
8IP12'w
1.1

1.'

,. .,,,
1,
. ,., .o.

.....

:i'1 6,174
fi.lH
2-,o3lll:'N
J;/l4'Z'fII
ae"JTW
aeo.,'w ~ IJ1 "'" ..'"
..,.
2' 5,5(4 1,.0,..,'". ...... '11'1 • l«l' ,lIS

"
~5' sa<' 5((W

.
1'!i ,,.lb 2.,0 N • 'OJ 1.0
~,130 '1ffJOJ'~ 1.'
.
16 ee"52'w '2.0
'"~ ",
. ..,
4,118 W040V 38"'52''''' 56
"
4S84 W 10'" 8It'51'W ':Z10
"
... .," m
..0.0 ,
.'"
.U 1""1:1-'" ~!ii6'W '1211

J1
",091
J,6]fi
),1tO
;;oaou'!'t
](f>1/li..
nc 19' N
""",'1'1'
W01'W
W' 02' w
12
",. ••
on
,,'
.., "
""
.qt
» 29M
:,,"6010
W'1:n..
2'fI"'lS'N
89""OoI'w
Bi~w ,. * 10"2
"
.," ,. '" 00

" 10
l,~ 10' "
35
:)f; V18
78"'2fn,.
:m"19'N
fIIY'()6'W
89"0/'11'1'
12
- lOll " ·· e." " " " .81 OJ

" ,.,
'"
...
1)'l6. 1r{'xr", W'08w
)J 11()
"" " "
" " 9J
"'" ,
10 00
, .."
,
" " ".,
.'
'"
U:xI "l1PJJ'" WiF'lJ'W
:nfI:,w'N
;nf'l5'N
W'!~'W
W'16'W )6
90 '19 s

... 11531 25 0 oo'N 9]000'W .,,.,

""

.0
,. .,
,.
'OJIOQ 25(\ 35. '" 9,Q 160

·,.
J(r '" •
74&2
6J;'].
26"'00",
1'6" lJ'k
]S"42',,"
91° Jirw
9:Pt)(rW
97' U'!IW
<\92

.. .\jJi

.,56
'"
...."

"

,..
!O

,"
"
"., .0

"
.
'!II'" 5"1:)& 2a"'!II'N 9i' 16 W • 186
!len
!I2 4920
W'Sl'k
l"ff'51'N
9t"lffW
97'l1W
'liIO
*180 " ., "
m '"
" "U

" "
,.
.0 .0
~
5010 2rf'!)4'N 92"11'W • I.
" "58
" "

SQ
6')(
{;,492
2ff!>6'1i
26~ 51" N
9r'Xfw
91'" 70 W
'216
• 2!12 111.§O(j '" 00
':II 16"'!.C'k 91"l8'W
• 186
'" 19100 00
508 }S°!:18 ~ 'nO 19' W "" " \9.600

"
4,'e +745
JAII6
11{J14'N 91",5'W
'9i'lf;rw
, ,,.
le.900

'" .,
)018 l"I" IS 'Ii
l1 c 19 IIj
92"U'W
9~21'W " 19,100
"" 0"
tol 2,688
"
u..
65
3100
2.318
}'1":r1'r..
nO 28' k 9T'ITW
."
"" ..
.,,,
..
'}.,u31',", 9i'14'W
92" t)·W
!J7"l__ 'W "" ",
n C )4'N

. .
10
W l,n' n"JS'1Ij
11" 16 N
92'" IJ'W
91" tJ' 'f'I
• 198
• 158 ., .0
'lie 3TN 9r* IT'"
go

..."
n"J1'1Ij 9,.013'10'1' 19,2m
"
;J 10e
l.e47
l1fJ"'N
n C .!I·!'f
9t:'12'W
97"14'", .,,, 1!I.700
18.900
l6' .,
1,536 2J"41"N
n"-48N
9;il15'W
9r't9'W
1e,SIX)
,,.sa ", "
9111
nC!,i(j',..

n"5J'N
21"52' N
!pC n· ...
92'" 10'W
9T' 10' W " ..,. .'
NANSEN WATER SAMPLES
l!1,OOO
1'9.100
19.(i(l) '"
"

...
.
T[-..r;:aA'TO'U , ..
rOCI iMYI

e.,u]fi W
." ' ,.,.
" ;.,. .0
81"57'W
" ""
~29'N

· ... J"
8,5X) flIPC6'w 00
n,oo 2"cJQ'N ae<'16'w
'"
" '" '" '", 00

'0
1.>,060 :;1":)&',..
"d' iIJ' N
,lj8<'37'W

"" ""
4,990
J'9" UrN
tllP51'w • HIO
·OJ " ."
'" no
3560ll
1 HIS "d' JJ'J'l
89"01 W
fIif-'!J'W '" " "" 00

.." 1!0" Jr.N

lff' 00' '"
91Dxrw
91 c J8'W
·.,,... " .,"
..
7.210
~~7'N 91"zo'w
" 39l"J
n,,, " ,.
5,019
S, ...... 7
5131
.,.
..
..'.000"" ·.., "
11 .," "
I XIJ
2,7131
2JO )4'1'0
.,.
"" "
'",.
19.~
IjJ,XIO

·.""...
19,JOO
Hil5
'"
5,.
2.943
J.211 ..." '"~
"
'9.JOO
'9,"C'X) 00

(44)
sen bottle water samples and the water samples ex­ TABLE A-3

pressed from the sediment cores. This water was con­ Geochemical data of sample\ fr.om traverse 3 (Wes/cl'll SIIO(I/).

ducted by tubing directly to the oxygen analyzer to

WATER OEPTH UMPERATURE CORE
minimize contact with atmospheric oxygen. iUNCORRECTEO, Ai TOP OF CORE RECOVERY
CORE NO, (FUn (OC) (tIljCHESI pH Eh
Chlorinity was determined volumetrically by titra­
OG 1-5 534 19 48 Top
tion with silver nitrate (chromate indicator). Nitrate in .3 "1 731

theA/amino,\' samples was estimated by (l) reducing the 1210.

80ltom
745
7 53
t

...
80
20
nitrate in the sample to nitrite with hydrazine-copper
906 16 44 Top 7.45 ~ 10
reagent, (2) diazotization of sulfanilic acid with the 3,n 138 3<J

produced nitrite and coupling with I-naphthylamine 12

Bottom
In 7.41
7 15
t 12

and (3) determining spectrophotometrically the con­

centration of the red azo compound which is propor­ 1.224 ,. 4, Top 730 ... 6
3," 1 2 8 ' " 18
tional to the nitrate concentration in the original sample 12in 788 - 100
Bottor'n 7.30 - 114
(see Mullin and Riley, 1955).
Inorganic phosphate of the A/aminos samples was 1,506
" Top
3m
estimated by the molybdenum blue method (see Har­ 12 In 7A2 24
BOHam , 32 108
vey, 1955). This method consists of (l) converting the
inorganic orthophosphate ion in the sample to phos­ 1,824 Top
3m
130
738
+258
23
phomolybdic acid and (2) reducing this intermediate to 12 In 7 , 4 5 ' : 36
Bottom 7 23 - 90
molybdenum blue. The intensity of the blue color pro­
duced is a measure of the inorganic phosphate in the 10 2.148 Top
3m
7 08
728
... 216
54
original sample and was determined spectrophotomet­ 121M 745 12
Bottom 150 108
rically.
Organic carbon content was measured by a combus­ 11 2,496 SB Top 739 "276
.3 m 7.45 t 6
tion method, after the inorganic carbon was leached 12m 7.30 -+ 18
Bonom L20 - 114
from the sample with acid solution.
The experimental procedures used in determining 12 2.730 125 31 Top 715 -t 120
3.n 720 12
the C13/C12 ratios are described by Rogers and Koons 12 m 725 30

(1969). The sediment samples were acidified to elimi­ Bottom 735 . 108

nate carbonate C02, dried and combusted over copper 13 3,006 48 TOp 750 + 72
3m 1.38 - 90
oxide at approximately 800°C. The C02 produced was 12 In 1.58 75
purified by passing it over dry ice to remove water and Bonom 1.30 - 108

over copper metal and manganese dioxide of 500°C to 14 48 Top 735 -+ 252

remove nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. 31\"1,

12 In
721
n50
0
30
The purified C02 samples were analyzed in a 60C Bottom 114

sector-type mass spectrometer. The mass spectromet­ 15 12 63 Top 129 t 132

ric analyses are reported as per mil deviations (0) J,n 740 24
11 In 734 - 36
from the C13/C12 ratio of the Cretaceous belemnite Be­ Bottom L12 96

lemnitella americana from the Peedee Formation of 16 3,864 61 Top 126 .. 132
South Carolina. In practice, a commercial lubricating 31n 7.60 -t ISO
'2 In 7.25 15
oil with the assigned value of -29.4 per mil relative to Bouom 120 114

the Peedee belemnite is used as a laboratory standard.

The results are reported thus:
Appropriate corrections for C02 background in the
8 C13 (in per mil) = mass spectrometer source, mixing of sample and stan­
dard due to leakage, and tailing under the mass 45 peak
C13/CI2 (sample) - C I3 /CI2 (standard)
were made. The precision for the complete analysis is
C13/C12 (standard)
±O.2 parts per thousand (;if.). The conclusions of this
study are based on differences greater than ±l.O
x 1000 (5 times precision).

(45)
 APPENDIX B

GEOCHEMICAL INTERPRETATION OF ALA MINOS

Al"lD WESTERlY SHOAL CRUISE DATA

C. B. KOONS AND DOUGLAS PERRY

Exxon Production Research Company

P. O. Box 2189

Houston, Texas 77001

EH MEASUREMENTS traverse 1. The deeper water sediments were tannish­

The Eh of an individual chemical system is a mea­ brown in color and graded toward a medium gray color
sure of the tendency of that system to accept electrons with decreasing water depth.
(reducing environment) or give up electrons (oxidizing The Eh measurements on the expressed water from
environment) relative to the standard hydrogen elec­ the sediments show the same general trend of decreas­
trode. In sediment samples the Eh depends on the ing Eh values with decreasing water depth, but it is
ratios of the concentration of the oxidized and reduced much less pronounced. It seems reasonable that in
components of many chemical systems. For this measuring the Eh, the entire system (gas-liquid-solid
reason, interpretation of sediment Eh values is dif­ phases) should be used rather than using just one Ef
Wi
ficult and quite debatable. phase, the liquid.
A decrease in sediment Eh probably reflects oxida­ The Eh measurements on the water samples taken
tion of organic matter by the easiest available oxidiz­ just above the water-sediment interface show less
ing agent present, i.e., the free oxygen dissolved in the positive Eh values at stations 31 and 40, which corre­ III
interstitial water. Upon utilization of this oxygen spond to the position of negative Eh values in the sedi­ ti
source, the chief remaining source is the oxygen in sul­ ments along traverse 1 (table A-2). Along traverse 2, n
fate ions. Sulfate-reducing bacteria can use this oxy­ the water samples show no trend in Eh.
gen to mineralize the remaining organic matter and re­ In summary, the Eh data from the Alaminos cruise
lease hydrogen sulfide to the sediments. In most sedi­ suggest that a reducing environment exists in the shal­
ments H2S first appears at the same approximate low sediment samples (about 15-20 centimeters below
depth as the first negative values of Eh. the sediment-water interface) from the upper part of
Along traverse 1, direct Eh values, or those from the continental slope, in particular along traverse 1.
sediment slurries, stay positive with no apparent trend This reducing environment is much less apparent
between station 6 (water depth 11,442 feet) and 28 (wa­ along traverse 2.
ter depth 4,584 feet), as shown in figure B-1. A de­ Eh measurements from the Western Shoal cores
creasing Eh trend begins at station 29 (water depth likewise show the correlation between increasing posi­
4,338 feet) and continues to station 41 (water depth 984 tive values of Eh with increasing depths of water; that
feet). The Eh becomes negative between stations 34 is, the ratio of the oxidized components to the reduced
and 35 at an approximate water depth of 2,500 feet. components of the sediment at the sediment-water in­
On traverse 2, the Eh change is not so pronounced. terface becomes greater with depths of water (fig.
It seems to begin between stations 70 and 72 (water B-2).
depth approximately 2,100 feet) and continues through A second correlation is noted between core sedi­
78 (water depth 1,230 feet). The Eh never becomes ment temperature (table A-3) and the Eh trend. The
negative along this traverse. temperature at the tops of the cores measured on ship­
One possible interpretation of these data on the Eh board as soon as the cores were brought aboard varied
of the cores is that the oxygen content in the interstitial from 19°C at a water depth of 84 fathoms to 10°C at 347
water of the sediment samples from the upper conti­ fathoms. These values represent maximum tempera­
nental slope is quite low, and essentially reducing con­ tures since the cores undoubtedly warmed during their
ditions exist very near the water-sediment interface, recovery.
especially along traverse 1. During sampling it was Eh and pH of sediments are known to be influenced
noted that a color change in the sediment samples by temperature, bacterial action, the presence of oxy­
coincided with the change in Eh, particularly along gen in interstitial water, organic matter in sediments,

(46)
 MILLIVOLTS

·"Xl - 100 '1 00 ' 100

TRAVERSE' Eh - EXPR E$SE D WATER TRAVERSE2 Eh-OtRfCT

FIGURE B-1
eas urement s of samples fro m traver ses 1 and 2 with in creasing water depth. Valu es are sho wn for both direct (slun'Y) and ex pressed

the rates of sedimentation. The positive correla­ slurries with distilled water) , the expressed waters
of temperature and Eh is suggested to have from the cores, and the Alaminos water samples show
!ted from a combination of these factors. For slight local variation but no recognizable trends among
'a nc e , the growth of bacteria which bring about re­ the two traverses (table A-2). All values are slightly
ing conditions , as well as rates of oxidation of or­ outlined (> 7.0). There seems to be little difference in
- matter would proceed more slowly where tem­ the pH for the core samples or the water expressed
~ ures are lower. Thus , oxidizing conditions would from the cores. These data seem to suggest that large
_i t at the sediment-water interface for longer amounts of C02 are not being generated in these sedi­
s of time in cold , deep water than in warm , shal­ ments by oxidation of carbohydrates and fat, and simi­
-a ter. larly, the NH3 and H 2S being produced are not being
er sediments were encountered in the Western rapidly oxidized to nitrate and sulfate ions.
I cores at core depths of 3 inches , 1 foot, and the
_ bottom. Eh measurements at these core depths
sent zones where there has been reduction of the WA TER
M I LL IVOL TS
-- : c hemical components which make up the sedi­ ZONE DEP TH
(FEE T) - 100 o ' 100 ' 300

due to the utilization of dissolved oxygen and N E RITI C

cterial action in the sediments. 1.00::1

r2­
~ 2,000
pH MEASUREMENTS 0
0
~

pH of a system is a measure of the abundance of BATH Y A L - J,OOO

gen ions. In sediment samples , low pH values oc

4,000

hydrogen ions) can be produced by C02 liber­ :<

3 ANAE RO BIC - ­ AEROBIC
5,000
uring the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats, tHJ S SYSTEM) ~O:O~C~ ~ :EYg2T6~
SU L FA) E IONS)
high pH values (less hydrogen ions) can result
e oxidation of proteins to form ammonia (NHa) FIGURE B-2
_d rogen sulfide (H2S). The NH 3 and H 2S can be
Eh me as urements of sample s from traver se 3 with inc reasing water
.~I oxidized to nitrate (N03l ions and sulfate
depth. Curves show measurements taken at the sediment-water in­
- ions, which lowers the pH again. terface , at a core depth of3 inc he s and 12 inches , and at the core bot­
-e p H values for the Alaminos core samples (50:50 to m.

(47)

'--··_--'W""'=T'=.- - - -.. -.~ .. ..

-~.--.-.~-.~ -~- ..
DfJ'TH
{fEETl 70 80 100

'.000

'.
BATHYAL '.000

u: 4J)(lO

,~

I,
5.0CXi

7000

ABVSSAL
•.000

11,000

NANSEN EXPRESSED WATER NANSEN

FIGURE B-3
Oxygen content in Nansen bottle samples and expressed waters of samples from traverses 1 and 2. Curves are shown with increas­
ing water depth.

Western Shoal sediment samples, however, show a teractions probably account for the local vanatIOns. mel
general increase of pH with core depth (table A-3). The chlorinities of the Nansen bottle water samples amI
This trend suggests the presence of a greater concen­ are much more constant, ranging from 19,300 to 20,000 aen
tration of dissolved C02 near the sediment surface at mglliter with an average of about 19,400. One water furt
these localities due to the oxidation of organic matter sample taken just below the atmosphere-water inter­ by
and the subsequent lower pH values. face was anomalously high (20,000 mglliter), but this anru
can probably be explained by the concentration of in­ tion
OXYGEN-CONTENT MEASUREMENTS organics by evaporation. No significant trends were mer
The oxygen content of the expressed waters from noted along the traverses or at different water depths sedi
the Alaminos core samples shows no recognizable at the same location (stations 56 and 67, table A-2). eve]
trends along traverses 1 and 2 (fig. B-3). However, grec
there does seem to be a slightly lower oxygen level in NITRATE MEASUREMENTS the
the samples from traverse 1; the difference, however, Nitrates are essential plant nutrients, chemical a pI
is slight. The oxygen contents of the Nansen bottle compounds that are needed for plant growth, but are 1-"
water samples shows a definite decrease with decreas­ sometimes present in such small concentrations at sea wat
ing water depth starting at 6,000 to 7,000 feet along that phytoplankton growth is limited. Other essential pIes
both traverses. This decrease seems to coincide with plant nutrients are phosphates and silica. The ultimate ILgl
decreasing Eh values in the sediments. source of nutrients is the land, but plants each year use Fro
more nutrients than are contributed to the oceans. A trat.
CHLORINITY MEASUREMENTS balance is provided, however, as most nutrients are re­ alth
The chlorinities of the expressed waters from the turned to the sea upon the death of the organism. dec:
Alaminos sediment samples show some variability, Deep waters are thus much richer in both nitrates tra\!
ranging from 17,900 to 19,800 mglliter (table A-2). and phosphates than surface waters because of the indi
However, the changes appear local in nature and no nutritional requirements of phytoplankton. As a result, pIe,
trends are evident along Alaminos traverses 1 and 2 or concentrations of both nitrates and phosphates tend to 78 t
between traverses. Certainly no anomalously high or be higher near river mouths and in areas of prominent thrc
low chlorinity values were encountered in these sedi­ upwelling. 2 nc
ment samples. Complex water-sediment interface in­ As soon as organic matter is deposited in the sedi­ and

(48)

 WATER NO} - N, f'WLITER (SED1MENT)

ZONE DEPTH
(FEET)
1-­ _ _-I'=4-----"1OOr--.~~.~-600-,---~~~____T_0---'T'---T-~'--T~-~'i~-~M
NERlTle

« 1,000
~

,is
~

I
2,000

3,000
BATHVAl

4,000
«

~ 5,000

6,000

1,000

',000

A8VSSAl 9,000

10,000

11,(('1()

TRAVERSE 2

FIGURE B-4

Nitrate measurements of expressed water of samples from traverses I and 2. Values shown with increasing water depth.

ment and oxidation of nitrogeneous matter begins, The nitrate/nitrogen data on the Nansen bottle
ammonia (NH3) forms as the first product. Under water samples do not show the wide variability noted
aerobic or oxidative conditions, the ammonia is in the expressed water samples (table A-2). The over­
further oxidized to nitrite (NOzl and nitrate (N03l all range is rather narrow, 305 to 407 ftg/liter with an
by bacteria (nitrobacteria). If conditions change to average of about 360 ftg/\iter. No significant trends
anaerobic or reducing, the reverse will occur. In addi­ with regard to station location are evident.
tion, the nitrate present in sea water above the sedi­
, ment will gradually diffuse into the interstices between PHOSPI-{ATE MEASUREMENTS
sediment grains and also be reduced to nitrite and The cycle of phosphate in the interstitial waters is
eventually ammonia. In summary, positive Eh and pH less complex than the cycle for nitrogen because there
greater than 8 favor a movement of nitrate ions from are no intermediate forms between the organic matter
the sediment into the water, whereas negative Eh and phosphorus and the inorganic orthophosphate dis­
apH less than 8 favor the reverse movement. solved in the water. As with nitrates, deep waters are
Nitrate values generally increase with increasing much richer than surface waters because of the nutri­
water depth along traverse 1 (fig. B-4). Sediment sam­ tional requirements of phytoplankton. Phosphate con­
ples from stations 41 through 28 average about 80 centrations also will tend to be higher near river
jLglliter of nitrate-nitrogen in the expressed waters. mouths and in areas of prominent upwelling. Varia­
From stations 27 through 6 a significant increase in ni­ tions of total phosphorus with increasing water depth
trate values is observed, averaging about 230 ftg/liter, probably are related more to grain size than to solution
although the nitrate values themselves increase and or deposition of phosphate because the content of
decrease irregularly. Nitrate values in samples from phosphorus in detrital sediments far exceeds the
traverse 2 show a similar change in value, although the amount present in organic matter deposited in the sed­
individual nitrate values are more irregular. For exam­ iments. Unlike that for nitrogen components, the con­
ple, the nitrate values average 90 ftglIiter for stations centration of dissolved phosphate is controlled by sol­
78 through 70 and about 270 ftg/liter for stations 69 ubility equilibria rather than by bacterial oxidation of
through 44. The basin and knoll topography of traverse organic matter. The Eh and pH of the sediments thus
2no doubt contributes to the irregularity of the nitrate will influence the movement of phosphate ions across
and phosphate values in these samples. the sediment-water interface. Positive Eh and pH less

(49)
 po. -P, >lIVLITER {SEDIMENTI ORGANIC-CARBON MEASUREMENTS
10 0 ,0
Organic carbon determinations were run on 19
Alaminos sediment samples (table A-2). The range of
organic carbon for all the samples was 0.23 percent to
1.34 percent and the average 0.88 percent. No ex­
tremes in organic carbon content, either low or high,
were found, and there did not appear to be trend with
water depth or geographic position. If reducing condi­
tions do exist on the upper part of the continental
slope, it is not reflected in the organic carbon content
of the samples analyzed.
C 13 /C12 RATIOS
B,OOO Studies by Rogers and Koons (1969) have shown
ABYSSAL 9JXX.l
that the B CI3 values for the organic matter in marine
sediments depend on two factors: (1) the marine ver­
10.000 sus terrestrial origin of the deposited organic matter
and (2) the water temperature of the overlying photo­
synthetic zone during deposition. Values of 0 from
TRAVERSE 2
-16 to -24 %0 would represent predominantly
FIGURE B-5 marine organic matter deposited below a relatively
Phosphate measurements of expressed waters of samples from
warm water photosynthetic zone (-25°C), whereas
traverses I and 2. values of (j from -24 to -28 1fr, would represent
either terrestrially derived organic matter of marine
organic matter deposited in relatively cold water (5° to
20CC).
than 8 favor movement of phosphate ions from the The (j C I3 values in samples from traverses 1 and 2
water into the sediment, whereas negative Eh and pH range from -21.1 to -25.9, with the values averaging
greater than 8 favor the reverse movement. -24.1 along traverse 1 and -22.2 along traverse 2 (table
Phosphate values from samples along both traverses A-2). The more negative values in the samples from
1 and 2 are irregular (fig. B -5); nevertheless, greater traverse 1, located off the Mississippi River, thus indi­
values are noted in samples from traverse 1. Phos­ cate either deposition in colder waters (relict cold
phate values in samples from both traverses show a fauna were found in many of these samples) or a greater
tendency to decrease with increasing water depth. contribution of terrestrially derived organic matter.

(50)

 APPENDIX C

BENTmC FORAMINIFERS FROM TRAVERSES 1, 2, AND 3

(51 )

BENTHONIC SPECIES OF TRAVERSE I LISTED ALPHABETICALLY WITHIN DEPTH INCREMENTS*

co
...
0>
...
'"
0>
...;
'"'"
0>
...;
...
<:>

'"
'"
0>
<:>
...
co
'".;
....;..'"

.;
Depth - feet

Station 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35
'"
34 33 32 31 30 29 28
27

496 FEET

Ammobaculites americanllS x x x x

Bolivina barbata 2 x x x x x x

Bolivina subaenariensis mexicana 51 11 23 3 x x x x

Buhrnina rna rglna ta 17 4 4 x x x x

Bulimina striata mexicana x 6 4 4 11 6 3 11 x 3 3 2

x

Cancris auricula x x

Cassidulina curvata x 17 6 x

Cassiduiina neocarinata 10 17 52 43 18 16 10 4 9
x

Cassidulinoides bradyi x x

Chilostomella ooHna x x x x x x x 2 6 3 x x
2

Cibicide9 moilis x

Cibicides f10ridanus

Cibicides umbonatus x 4 x x x x x x

Coryphostoma subspinescens x x

Cribrostomoides subglobosus x x x x x

Dentalina communls x x x x x x x x x x x x

Eponides regularis 2 x 4 x x x x

Globobulimina affinis x x x x x 6 2 3 2 4
x

Globobulimina ovula x x x x x 2 x

Gyrold ina umbonata x x x x

x

Hanzawaia berthelotl x x x

Hanzawaia concentrica x

Hoeglundina elegans x x x x x x 3 x x 2 2

Lagenamrnina difflugiforrnis x x x x x x x x

Lenticulina calcar x 4 x x x x x

Lenticulina gibba x x x x x x x x

LenticuHna orbicularis x 4 x x x x

Lenticulina "Peregrina x x x x x x x x x x x x

Marginulinopsis marginuHnoides x x x

Marginulinopsis subaculeata glabrata X x x x x x x x

Martinottiella occidentalis x x x x x x x x x x x
x

Neoeponides coryelli x x

Nonionella opima x x 2 x x

Oridorsalis tener stellatus x x x x x x x

PlanuHna foveolata x x

Rotorbinella basilica x x

(52)
 :I x X X X

X X x X

x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x X 4 20 X X

X X X

X X X X X X 2

X 8 22 10 6 28 24 10 20 10 17 X X 9

x X

X X x X X x X x X

x x X X X X x X

x X X X X X X x x X x

(53)
 ..'"'" :
'"
..,o N
N
to
.,... CD
..,on .,...
o o
to
.,..,
., N

'"
o
..,
'"
..,
N
...; '" N
N
.; .; .; .;
Depth - feet

Station 42 41 40 39 38 37 38
'"
35 34 33 32 31 30 29
28

SigmoilopsiS schlumbergeri x x x x x x x x x x

Siphonina bradyana x x x

Siphotextularia amnis x x x

Sphaeroidina buUoides x 13 7 14 9 5 13 18 15 x x
x
Spirosigmoilina distorta x x x x x x x x x

Triloculina tricarinata x x x x x x

Triloculina trigonula x

Uvigerina auberiana x x

Uvigerina peregrina «0.45 mml x 4 26 22 23

Valvulineria complanata x x 10 5 x x x x x

762 FEET

Alveovalvulinella po2onensis x x x

Ammonia beccarii x x

Amphlcoryna 8ublineata x x x

Anomalina corpulenta x x x x
x

Bolivina alata x x x x x x

Bolvina albatrossl 9 13 4 12 4 2 3

Bolivina lanceolata x x

Bulimina spicata x x x x x x x x x
x

CasBidulinoides mexicanus x x 3 2 x

Ciblcides deprlmus x

Cibicides cf. pseudoungerianus x x 7 3 6 3 7

x

Cribroelphidium discoidale x

Dentalina cuvieri x x x

Florilus atlanticus x x x x

Fursenkoina 8chreibersiana x x x x

Gaudryina nintH x x

Globobulimina pyrula spinescens x x x

Globocassidulina crasaa x x x x x x x

Globocassidullna subglobosa x x x 11 x x x

Gyroidina altilormls cushman! x x x 3 x 2 x x x

x x x x x x x x l
Haplophragmoides spbaeriloculus x

x x x x x x x x x. I

Karreriella bradyi x

Melanis barleeanus x

Nodosaria lamnu!ilera x

(54)
 ... .;,
.,..,.
~ ;;; ;:;
......'"
0 ~ 0 ~ N 0
<"> '"
<">

CO
~
N t- O>
0
'"
0 CO
::: ~
~
0
N N N
~
'" CO t- '"
CO 0>
'" '" 0 t- CO N
"' '"
t- '"
'"
• .,; .,; .,; .,; <D <D <D <D <D ,: ,: ,,; ,,; ,,; ,,; en .,; en 0 0 ..:
26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 19 18** 17-- 16** 15 u 13 ** 14 12·* II 10
8

-- X 4
X X X X X X X X X

X 4 X X X X X X

X X X X X X
X

X X X X X X

X X

X X

X
X X X X X

X X X

II X X X X X

x
X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X

x X X

5 8 X 19 12 12 12 II X X

X X X X X

]I; X

(55)
 Depth - feet
o
""
N

..:
o

..:
N
N
t-
..:
N

'"'"
..:
,...o
N
,.;
N
'"o =
to
.;

Station 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27

Pseudoclavuhna mexicana x x x x
Pseudonodosaria comatula

Pullenia bulloides x x x x
Pullenia quinqueloba x x x x x x x x
Pyrgo elongata x x x x x x x x x x x
Pyrgo sarsii x x
Pyrgo serrata x x x x x x x x
Reophax scorpiuru.s x x x x x x x x x x x x
Rosalina suezensis x x
Textularia fohacea occidentalis x
Textularia meXlcana

Tburammina papt1lata x x
Uvigerina nintH

Uvigenna peregrina mediterranea x x x x x

Valvulmeria laevigata x x x x x x x 4
x
984 FEET

Bultrnina barbata x x
Planulina ariminensis x x x x
Pyrgo murrhina (broad aperture) x x 13
Rotorbinella translucens x 10 11 x x x x
Uvigerina peregrina dirupta (O~ 67 mm) x x x 25 [3 11 9 12 9
3
1230 FEl::T

Adercotryma glornerata x x x x x x x x x x
2
Ammobaculites agglutinans x x x x x x
x
Ammodiscus planorbis x x x x x x x x
x
Bolivina minima x
Bohvina ordinar'la x x x x x
Bolivina quadrata x
Bulimina aculeata x 20 18 20 8 9 3[ 29 29
19
Buhmina rostrata alazanensis x x x x
Cibicides bantamensis x x x x x x x
Coryphostoma spinescens x x x
Cribrostomoides scitulus x x x x x x x x
Cribrostomoides wiesneri x x x x x x
Eggerella scabra x x
Glornospira charCJldes x x x x
Glomospira gordialis x x x x x x x x x

(56)
•. ., .,
...... ...;::. ... .,. ...
~
:!: <:> <0 N <:> 0 0 ~
~ ;;; N
......
<0 N
......
N

.. '"'" '"'" '"

t- t-
." ~
'"
t- en ."
."
'" 0 N N <:>
'" '"'"
.,; .,; .,; on ..0 ..0 ..0 ..0 <D" r: r: .; '"
.; .; '"
.; '" ." t-

'" '"
","

17 26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 19 IB 17 16 15 13 14 12 11 10

6 x x x x
x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x

IS X X X X X

X X X X

10 6 X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X

x X X

II 15 13 13 X 6 X

II X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X

(57)
 ...'"
0)
o
'"'"
...:
o
....
...: ...: ...:
N
m
o
....

CD

Depth - reet

Station 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31
'"

30 29 28 27 26

Haplophragmoides bradyi x x x x x x x
Karreriella apicularis x x x x x.
Pyrgo depressa x x x x x
Reophax distans delicatulus x x x
Reticulophragmium venezuelanum x x x x x x x x
Trochamroina Japonica x x x x x x x 2

Trochammina tasmanica x x x x
Valvulineria min uta x x x x x x x
1410 FEET

Amphicoryna hispida x
CycJammina cancellata x x x x x x x x x 2

Gyroidina orblcularis x x x x x x 3

Osangularia rugosa x x x x x
Pyrgoella sphaera x x x x x x x x
Quinqueloculina d Q. vulgaris x x x x x x x x x x
Trifarina bradyi x x x
Tritaxis conic3 x x
Tritaxis fusca x x
Trochamrnina globulosa x x x 8

1722 FEET

Ammodiscus tenuis x x x x x x x x x x
Eggerella propinqua x x x x x x
Globocassidulina murrhyna x x x
Pyrgo murrhina (circular aperture) x x x x x x
Recurvoides contortus (forma subglobosa) x x x
Reophax pilulHer x x x x x x x x
Textularia earlandl x x

1962 FEET

Eggerella brady! x x x x
Epistominella exigua 9 6 x x
Glandullna laevigata x
Hormosina ovicula x x
2178 FEET

Clbicides rugosus x x x x x x x x
Florilus scaphus x x
Horrnosina globulifera x x x x x
Laticarinina pauperata x x x x x x 3 6

(58)
I! 0
~ .'" ! .,'"'" ... ~
<.0 .. '" '" '",.:'" '"
;;; '"~ ~
.. N
..
""'" N
...
N

..'"
M l- N <.0 I- 0>

.; .; "'
.; .; .; .;
I-
,,; '"
,,; '"
.; "',: <.0
.;
'"
I- ro
.;
0
N
0

'"ti ""
t- "'
<.0
XC' ",'
C: ~

11 26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 !;~)
11 14 12 II 10
------_.

X X X X X X X X X X 20 X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X x

x X X X X X

12 6 X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X 6 X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X X

13 X X X X X X X

(59)
 '"CO N

~
'"
CO
0
'"
N N
::'" '" 0
;:; ""<­ '" N
;; '"ex> ......'" ;;:;
'N'"""
N

'" '" N t­
"" '" ~
'"0
'"N '"
,~

'"M
N
..: ..: ..: '"-' .,.
Depth - feet c, -N M .; .; .; ~

Station 43 42 41 40 3B 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26

Oolina longispina X X

Osangularia cultur X 8 6 !2

Reophax dentaliniforr.-Ils X X X X X X X

Stainforthia cor::planata X X X X

Tosaia weaveri X X

2:l5B FEET
~""'---------

BuLminella bassendorfens IS X

CiblCidf'S ruhertsor:.ianus X X
X X X X­ X X X

Rhabdammina ahyss0rurn X X
X
X X X

Rhabdammina linf'ans X X
X X X X X X X X

RobertinOlces brady! X X

Sa('coduza ramosa X X X X X X X

2640 FEET

AmmoglobigerinOldes df'hiscens X X

Astrononior, tumidum X X
"
C a sSldul:noides t!'nuis X X

X X
Cystarnmina paudluculata
" X

X
Efjomd('s poIlUs X X

\'alvuiin('ria " oplfna X

2864 F1·:n
- ­ .... ---­
X
Ammodiscolr\C'S turlJinatus X

X­ X
" X

Annmahna nU.'Xlcana

BoLvina tr<:lflslucc-ti::: X X ·x

X X X
Cribr o;;;tomoidcs nr.gf'::s

('yc!<.ir::mina tr-uHis!:3dta
"
X
X

l)nr()Ullo. pseudoturrlS X X

FurspnkOlna :,,;p!11:nUGa X
X

:\lal':->ipell,. e::mgat<l X
X X

Orit\()rsa:is tpner UmbOllo.tus X­ X X

Pullenia subsphaer:ca '\ X­ X X

"folypammlna schat~dt!1nt X X X X

UVlgenna spinkostata :\

3270 FEET

Bathys lphon flllformis :\ :\ X X

Clbic:des brady: X X

C~~Jicides wuellerstorfi X :\ X 4

(60)

., g <D 0 .,. .,. <D

.,. 0
~
0
'"
.,. ... N
.,..,.
<D
'""' '".,..,.
<- M
'"'" <- ~

'"
<D ~
:g ;; N N ~ 0 0
,0
<D
<-
.; .,; .,;
C-
'"W '"
W
<D
,;
M

cD
C­
'" N

,,; en
C-
,,; <> "'
0'
",' " ,' <D' W W <-' C-' " ,' ",'

27 26 25 24 23 A 23 22 21 20 18 1H 17 16 I ~ Li 14 12 11 10

9 13 x x

x x x x

x x x x

X x x X X x X X x X

x x x x x x x x X X X X

x X x x X X X X X

X X X

X x x X x x x X X

X X x x

X x x X X X X X x X x x x

x X X X x x X X

X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X

X X X X 20
X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X 8 10 X

11 13 16 14 16 25 X 15 28 2· 1 :1 1

(61)
 a
~
...:
0
;;
N
,..
N

...:
N

'"
'"...: '"'"
M
.,.
0

'"
.,.
~
~

'"
~
'"
OJ

'"
'".;
;;;
.,."'
.
co

.;
N
'"
",'
Depth - feet ~,

'"
~, ~

Stailon 43 42 41 40 30 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 2n 28
27
---
MlllOlmf>lla sub rotunda X

Saccamrrnna socialis X X

3636 FEET

Ammolagena clavata x X

Ina angulosa x

turgjdus x x X

Hypf'rammma fnablhs x

4092 FEET

AschC'monella ramuliformls x X

C lblcldes klllll'nb€ ' rgi X

Robertma o('('amca X

SiphotC'xtularia curta X

Slphotextulana rolshausem X
X

4338 FEET

Cribrostorr.oidps lobatus ., X

Cnoro·.tomo,des umtHI!l'dtu" X

GyrOldina altl[ormls acuta X

Lltuotuba htuifornlls X

4584 FEET

Rcophax nodulosa X

Slphotrnehammina squamata X

4778 FEET

Alabamlna d('corata
X

Eponides tumidulus
X

Noddlum membranau'um
x

Parafissurina lateralts
X

PseudotrochammWR mt"'Xlc;ana
x

Ps€ u dotrochammina trlloba

x

5130 FLET

AmmobaeulOldes cyltndnndf's

Boltvi;;a pus!.lla

Dentalina intorta

Flssurina formosa (it'ngth l~ 0 mm)

Flonlus c1avatus

HypC'rammlna laevigata

(62)
0
:; ..n'"'" :!: ~ ~ ;!: '"<-
N
.
'"<Xl
N
<-
0
0>
0

"'
<Xl
N N
~
.
0 0 N

'"
<­
..
'"
N

'"
...
N

.0 .n
<Xl

.n ",'
~ ~ ~
0>

~
"'
,: '"
,: ro '"ro <-
ro ro
N

cr: "'cr: cr: O·

'"O· ~

26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 13 14 12 11 10

X X X X X X

X X 11 17

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X 15 20 X 13 20 22

X X X x X

X X

X X X
X

X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X
X X

X X X X X X X X

(63)
 ;;; .,. co
=,0.
".
:3"
,­"''" ""'"
~
0
co
0 N
N
t­
N

"'..;
O> ""'" M
'"
".
<D ;g ""'" ~
<D 0
'"
'"
co
.f':;
". N
..; ..; N N o. or M ,; '"
.;: ,;
Depth feet '"
Station 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27

Lagena laevis

Pl{'urostomt'lla bolivinoide-;

Coryphostuma abruptd

Franceslta au vena

On-dorsalis tener tf'ner

Pullenia trimtatensis

Pyrgo lUf'crn'.diJ

tlvigcrin<l amp:.tllacae

i'vigerina hl,.;pvLi

6174 FEET
-~----

('assidulinOldes par ker:anus

6726-6072 FI::ET
-.---.~---.~--.~--

Ammomarginulma folJace;l

Bohva::ta quadrilato'd

BL:hm~nella t:xilis

(;yroidina soldan! i

I.agenarrrr,ina aHantli'd

\1('lonis pomptlioides

Hhizammloa sp~

t'vigcnna a~lber1ana var.

7590 FEET em
--.~-.~.~.~---.~~.~-
DEEI'EH

AplopH'rina angusta

Bohvina pseudophC'3ta

Conorbina orbkulans

Quinqurlocuim3 \/pnl:sta

TnJchammHl3 subturbinata

(64)

" :::... ::: ;;; ..

e-
...
e- '"r-
N ~
N
r-
co
a
oo
cO
0
cO
c
;; C') N
r-
;::
oo
...
g C
n
N

'"
CD
.,.'"
N

'"'"
~,

.,.'"
,,; .,., ,n '".n .; <D <D '"<D ","
..: '"r-" M

~ c,
,~

c a a
'" OJ
"'
26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 I,' I" 17 :ti :',-, 14 :2 II 10

X X X X

x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x
x

x x x
x x x x x

(65)
 00 N ... 0 <> ~ '"'" ...'" 0 ... ... ... 00
...'" '"t- '" '"'"..:: ... .... '"
'"'" '"'"
0
'" '"'" 00
'" ....
....
'"N'" '".;'" '"'"
O> <>
Depth - feet ..:: ..::
0>
..:: N N N '"
.; .; .; '"
.; ","

Station 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27

Total Benthonic Specimens 324 589 878 1279 2683 790 1102 870 664 839 458 600 510 193 322 282 390 3

Percent Arenaceous X 4 X II 15 20 18 4 12 16 41

Percent Porcelaneous X X X X X X X X

Percent Hyaline 99 96 99 98 98 94 93 88 84 93 79 81 95 94 87 83 58

Total Planktonic Foraminifera 66 1047 1324 646 1140 1091 1275 1240 824 865 1412 1204 1802 1112 1282 1582 3869 31 :

Percent Planktonic Foraminifera 17 64 60 34 30 58 54 59 55 51 76 67 78 85 80 85 91

Total Foraminifera 390 1636 2202 1925 3823 1881 2377 2110 1488 1704 1870 1804 2312 1305 1604 1864 3259 341

Occurrences cited as percent of total benthonic foraminifera. X denotes occurrences less than 1 percent.

(66)

 = ;;; 0 ... ... '"....

... ...
N 0
...
0 0 ..,.
'"'" ......
N

:"'
N
:!i
..,. :;:; '" N ~ '" ;!:
'"
'"'"
~
~ ~ ~ ~
N N
<; .... ....
•
~ ~

,,; ,,; ,,; '"

on .; .,; .; .; .; ....'" '",.: 00 '"
.,; 00
""00 Ii c' c' 0 '"
0 ..:
----~~~~---,.~--~~--~-~----------~--~--~--~---- -~~,------~--------

21 26 25 24 23A 23 22 21 20 19 18·· 17·· 16·· 15·11< J3** 14 12 *. 11 10 8

---~--~.-~- --~-----

390 333 255 127 214 149 180 125 126 176 27 64 98 91 16 127 75 149 191 103 138 105

41 18 10 13 14 24 19 16 10 20

X X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

58 81 90 85 93 91 90 94 93 83 76 81 82 89 80 96 97 92 94 98 94 92

3869 3133 4274 2085 5040 5591 6597 6058 6488 5463 2355 2985 3272 5416 96 5767 5269 8686 7810 9151 6694 4437

91 90 94 95 96 97 97 98 98 97 99 98 97 98 86 98 99 98 98 99 98 98

3259 3466 4529 2185 5254 5740 6777 6183 6614 5639 2382 3049 3370 5510 112 5894 5344 8835 8001 9254 6832 4542

(67)

 BENTHONIC SPECIES OF TRAVERSE II ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY

WITHIN DEPTH INCREMENTS*

'"
M
N
'"'"
'"
Depth feet ..: ..: ..: ..: ..: N

Station 80 79 73 77 78 76 72 71 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

594 FEET
=
Amphicoryna 5ublineata x x x x x
Angulogertna bella x x
Anomalina corpulenta. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Anomalina mexicana x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Bolivina albatrossi 10 11 12 15 8 19 25 6 12 16

Bolivina goesll 11 x x x
Boli vina lanceolata x x x x
BolIvina minima x x x x x x
Boh vina quadrata x x x x
Bohvina subaenariensis meXlcana 18 18 14 x x x x x
Bulimina marginata x x x
Bulimina spIC'ata x x x x x x x x x x
Bulimma stnata rnexicana x x
Cancris aurIcula x x
Cassldulina curvata 15 x x

Cassidulina neocarioata 4 2 x x
CassidulinOldes mexicanus x x x x x x x x x x
Chilostomella oolina x x x
Clbicides cf. pscudoungerianus x x x

Cibkides lObatulus x x
Cibicides umbonatus x 9 x x x
Coryphostoma subspinescens x x x x x x x x x x
Cribroelphidium poeyanum x
Dentalina commUnlS x x x x x x x x x x x

Dentalina cuvleri x x x x x x x
Eggerella bradyl x x x x x x x x x x x
Ehrenberglna spinea x x
Eponides regularis x x x x x x
Frondkulan3 sagittula x
Fursenkoina schretbersiana x x x
Gaudryina atlantica x x x x
Globobuhrnina affinis x x x x x x x x x
GlobocaSSldulina ('rassa x 14

GlobocaSSldulina subglobosa val's. x x

Gyroidina altiformis C'tlshmani x x x x x x x x x x
Gyroidina umbonata x x x x x x x x x
Hanzawaia bertheloti x x

(68)
,..'" 0
::; UO
'"~ ~
~
~ ~ N
" CO 0
g ;2
"'
~
N
':0 '" ~

;;; '" c:, 0' :;:

0
N ~
N
~ ~ '" '" 2 "'c ~ co
"'" '" .; .; .; cO .;; .r. ,n ,,; ,,; <D a
"' ""
",' ,0 CD
co
'"
-------------
5l 64 67 60 53 58 52 54 51/\ 57 54B :>1 54;'\ 49 ;):) 56 47 46 4:3 44

x x x x x x x x

x
[0 13 x

x x x x x
x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x
x x x

x x x x x x x
x x x x

x x x x x x X "\

x x x x x x x x x x

x x X

'\ '\ '\ X X X X X

x x x x

x x x x
X '( X X '\

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

(69)
 o o
M
'"o
Depth - feet ..:; ..:; '",..; ...; ..:; ..:;

Station
------------------------------------------------.----_.---------------­
so 79 73 77 78 76 74 72 7I 65 70 62 69 68 66 63
=
Hanzawaia strattoni x
Hoeglundina elegans x x x x x x x x x x x
Karreriella hradYl x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Lagenammina difflugiformis x x x x x x x x x x x x
Lcnticulina calcar x x x x
Lcnticullna glbba x x x x x x x x
Lenticulina orbH:ulans x x x x
Lentlcullna peregnna x x x x x x x x x x x
Jjebusella soldanil x
Marglnultna tenuis x x x x x
Marginullnopsis rnarginulinoides x x
:\1arginulinopsis subaculeata glabrata X x x x x
Martlnottiella occldent.alis x x x x x x x x
~~1e loois bar lee anus x x x x x
~eoeponides coryelli x x x x x
!'J'onioneHa opima x x x
Oridorsalis tener :;;tellatus x x x x x x
Orthomorphtna gUHifera x x x x x x
Pavomna atlantica x
Planulina foveolata

Pseudoclavuhna meX1C'ana x x x x x x x x
Pseudonodosaria comatula x x
Pullf'nia bulloides x x x x
Pullenia osloensis x x x x x x x x x x

Pullenia quinqueloba x x x x
x x x x

Pyrgo e longata x
x

Pyrgo murrhina (broad aperture) x x x x

x x x x x
Pyrgo sarsii x x x x
Pyrgo serrata x x
Quinqueloculina polygona x
QUinquelocuhna semlnulum x x
Ramulina globuHfera x
Reusse lla atlantica x
Robertinoides bradYl x x x x
Rosahna suezensis x
Rotorbinella translueens x 12 5 10 13 6 x
Sigmoilopsis sc hlumbergeri x x x x x x x

(70)
 .,. .,. ;.:
... N
'" :::. ::; "' ~
0 0
:::;
;:; OC
;;'"
N
'"'" ,0 '"'" N
.,.
CO N
.,."'a: '"0
~
N
0 ;? N
O?
0
.; ~ .; .;
~

.;
C'
.; .,; "'.n .,;
0
<D
N
",'
'"' ,.: 0
M M ~ <n <0
"" '"
~------. ­

61 64 67 60 5fl 53 58 52 54 511\ 57 54B 51 54,\ 4rl S:} 56 47 46 -45 H

- ------..
--------~-~--~-.-~
---~

X X t3 I1 X

X X X X X X X X X ;.;

X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X

X ;.; X X X ;.; X X X ;.; ;.;

x
X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X ;.; X X X X X X ;.; X
X X X
" X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

(71)
 o o
'"'"
'"
'"
'"
'"
'" '"
". '"'" '"
o
Depth feet
...: ...: ...: ...: ...: '"...: ".
N
'"
N .;

StatIon 80 79 73 77 78 76 71 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

Siphonina bradyana x x x =
Siphomna pukhra x x x
Stphotextularra affmis x x
Sphacroidina bulloides x 14 10 x
Spirdlina vivipara x
Spirolocuhna antillarum x
SpirosigmoUma cllstorta x x x x x x x x x x

Stomatorbma concentriC'a X

Techmtetla legumen X

Textularia candelana X

Textularia foliacea occidentahs X

fextularia meXH'ana x x
Textulariclla barre-Hi x
Trilocuhna trignnula x
Uvigerina auberiana x x
t!vlgcrina peregl'L';: 22 30 13 15 32 4 x x
x x x x x x x
Valvulint'ria mlOuta x x x x x x x x
918 FEET

Adercotryma glom('ratum x x x x x x x
Ammobaculites ar.;ericanus x x x
Amphicoryna hisplcta x x x x x x x x
Bathysiphon fihformis x x x x x x
Boltvina barbata x x x
Boli vina trans I ucens x x x x x x x x x x
Ciblcides depnmus x x x x
Dentahna into.ta x x x x x
Ehrenbergi na trigona x
Globobultmtna ovula x x x x
Globocassidultna pacifIca var. x x x x x x x x x
(;lomospira eharoili('s x x x x x x
lI}peramrnlna laevigata x x x x x x
Karreriel1a aplcularis x x x x x x
Reophax distans delicatulus x x x x x x x x x
Reophax scorplUrus x x x x x x
Stainforthia complanata x x x x x x x x x
Trifanna bradyi x x x x x x x x
Tritaxis comca x x x

(72)
., ... ... ... ... ...
...
0
M
N

'".;
~
.; .;
~
..;
'"'"
"'..;
~
"'..;
g
'"..;
'"
;;
.0
'"~
,,;
'"~
,,;
."
'"
,,;
~
'"," '"."
,,;
"''" '"'"'
..
N

'"
.;
N

'"
..,,:
N

'" '".,
CJ

0
'"'"
,~

,.;
"" "" ""
61 64 67 60 59 53 58 52 54 51A 57 54B 51 54A 49 55, 56 47 46 45 44

x
x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x
x

x x x x
x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x
x X

x X X X X X X

X X X X X

X X 6 X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X

(73)
 co co co ., .,., ., .,
". '"
t-
.,'" ". ~ t­ t­
'"
'" '".: ". co o o o
Depth - reet
.: .: .: N N ..; ..; ..;

StatIon 80 79 73 77 78 76 74 72 71 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

Trochammtna Japonlca x x x x x

UVIgerina peregrina dirupta x x x x x

UVigerina peregnna medlterranea x x x
1146-1212-1230 FEET

AmmosphaerOldlna sphaerOldlmformls x
Angulogenna angulosa x x x x x
BolIVIna alata x
BoliVIna ordinaria x x
Bulimina aculeata x
Buitmlna rostrata alazanensls x 14 13 11 32 12 21

C'assldulinOides tenUlS x x x x
ClblC'ldf'S bantamenSls x x x x x x x
C'oryphostoma Splflf'SCf'nS x x x x
CnbrostomOldes Wlf'Snen x x x x x x x
Eggerella proplnqua x x x x x x x x x x
Epistomlnella eXlgua x 12 16 10 21

Epomdes turgldus x x x x x
FursenkOlna semlnuda x x x x x x x x
Globobullmma pyrula splnescens x x
GyrOldma orbIcularis x x x x x
Haplaphragmoides bradYl x x x x
Lahcanmna pauperata x x x x x x x
Llngulina semlnuda x
Ondorsalis tf,'ner tener x x
Osangulana ['ugosa x x x x x x
Planuhna anrnlnenSlS x x x x
Rectobohvlfla dlmorpha x x x x x x x
Tosaia weaveri x x x x
Valvulmerla complanata x x
1536-1572 FEET

AmmodlSCOldes turbinatus x x x x x x
AmmodISCUS planorbis x x x x x x x x x
Ammolagena clavata x x x x x x x x x
Clbicldes bradYl x x x x x x
ClbiC'ldes robertsomanus x x x x x x x x x
ClbICldes wuellerstorfi x x x x x x x
Cnbrostomoldes scitulus x x x x x x x
Cnbrostomoides subglobosus x x x x x x x

(74)

 -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

., ... ... ... ... ...

'"
0 ::'" ;;; '"
'"..;
'"0
'"
N

'".;
0
N

'"
0
;; '""" '"'"'"or; '"""""or; '"
N

'"on '"'" '"0 ~

N

'"...<D '"
'" ..'"
CO
0
0

'"'
~
'"
..;

61
..;

64
..;

67 60
.;

59
..;

53 58
.;

52
or;

54
or;

51A 57 54B 51
.,;

54A
<ti

49
<ti

55 56
<ti

47
,.:

46
0

45
-
44

X X 5 X X X X X X

X X

11 9 18 10 6 4 X

14 12 12 5 X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X

10 X X

X X X

X X X

X 6 4 6 4 X

X X X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X
X 4 5 X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
12
X X X X X X

X X X X X X .X X X X X X X X X X X X

(75)
 '" '"...... .,'" o
'"o
'"<-o
Depth feet ..:: '"'" N '"N M

Station 80 79 73 77 78 76 74 72 71 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

Cyciammina cancellata x x x x x x x x x x
Cystammina pauciloculata x x x
Glandulina laevlgata x x x

Glomospira gordialis x x x x x
Gyroidina soldanii x
Haplophragm oide s s phae r 110cu1 us x x x x x x x x x
H·")rmosina carpenteri x x x x x
Nodosaria lamnuhfera x x
Reophax pilulifer x x x x x x x x x
Reticulophragmium venezuelanum x x x x x
Rhabdammlna Imearis x x x x x x x x x
Sac eorhiza ramosa x x x x x
Thurammina papillata. x x x x x

\836 FEET

CibH'ides kullenbergi x x x x x
Cribrostomoides lobatus x x x x x x x
Lituotuba lituiformis x x x x x x x x
M art mottle 11a comm unis x
Osangularia cultur x
Recurvoides contortus (subglobosus, x x x x x x x x
Reophax dentaliniformis x x x x x x x x x
Rhabdammina abyssorum x x x x x x

2118 FEET

Crlbrostomoldes ringens x x
Cnbrostomoides umbilicahts x x x
Dorothia pseudoturris x x x x x x x x
Gaudryina nllouta x x x x x x
Globocassidulma murrhyna x x
Hormosina globulif~'ra x x x x x x x
Hyperamrnina friabihs x x x
Oridorsalis H'ner umbonatus x x x x x
Pseudotrochammina mexicana x x
Textularia earlandi x
Tritaxis fusca x
Trochammina globulosa x x x x x x x
Uvigerina spltlicostata x x x x x

2328-2448 FEET

Ammodiscus tenuis x

(76)

 o
N
C
'"on '"'"
a:
M

.; ,,; '"

61 64 67 60 59 53 58 52 54 olA 57 54B 51 54/\ 55 56 46 45

- - ­..---.::---------~--------------

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x
x x
x

x x .\ x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x

x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x

x x x '( '( '( '(

x x x
'(

x x
x '(

x x
x x x x x '( '(

x x x x x
x

x x x x x

(77)
 ... '" '"::: ;:: 0 :;; '" '" '";;:J <Xl ., ... Q <0
'"
en
."
'" ,..: ,..:
M

'",..: '"
,..:
0-

'",..:
M
CO
,..: .; .;
....... '"'".; '"
0-
.;
M
0
..;
0-
<>
..;
0­
Q

..;
Depth - feet N

Station 80 19 13 77 18 76 74 72 11 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

Ammogloblgerinoides dehiscens X X X

Astrononion tumidum X X X X X X

Cibicides rugosus X X X X X X

Coryphostoma abrupta X X X

Ehrenbergina pupa X

Eponides polius X X X X

Node11um membranae-cum X X X

Pleurostomella bolivinoides X X X

Pseudotrochammina triloba X

Pul1enia trinitatensis X X X

Pyrgo murrhina {oval aperture} X

Recurvoides eontortus (scHuius) X X

Heophax distans X X X

Si photextula ria rolshauseni

Valvulineria " oplma " X X X X 2

2688-2724 FEET

Ammob,aculites agglutinans X X X

Ammobaculites filiformis X

Bolivina pusilla X

Cyclammina t1"u11i85ata X X

Fissurina tenuissima X

Florilus clavatus X

Pullenia subsphaerica 2

Quinqueloculina venusta X

Rhizammina algaeformis X X X

Saccammina socialis X

3030-3102 FEET

Allomorphina trigona

Anomalina globulosa X X

Gyroidina altiformis acuta X X

Lagena laevis X

Martinottiella (initial portion)

Oridorsalis sidebottomi X

Pyrgo depressa X X

Pyrgoella sphaE'ra ? X

Siphotrochmrnina cr. s. squamata X X

Tolypammina schaudmni X X

Triloculina tricarinata (displaced) X

(78)
,.. o
'".,'"o
N
N
o
..;
'" .;
ao
.;

61 64 67 60 59 53 58 52 54 51A 57 54B 51 54A 49 55 56 47 46 45 44

x x x x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x

4 10 6 4

x x x 4 x x 13

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x

x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x
x

x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x 6 8 x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x

x
x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x
x x x x x
x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x

(79)

•
 .,.
c;;,
.
YO

,.; ,.;
0
M
N
,.;
"'~
,.;
.,.,'"
'""
,.;
YO
r.
'".:; N'
on
N
M

N
......ao
N
co-
'"
"'
N
~
N
0
r.
c
eo
'"t-­
0

M
b
M

O<"pth - ff'd

79 73 77 78 76 74 72 71 65 70 62 69 68
Statton 80

33t8 FEET

No new SPPClf'S

Epomdt's tumH.blus

421H FEE'j

(ja~l(lrYlna fli~.tli

H'Jrmp;'ilna o\'lcula

4506-4')24 FEET

Ammonlarginullna [nllaCf'']

Holhlnd semlnuda var.

C;lol)fl('assl(~uL.na molu('('('nsi"3

Ilaplqpht'Zlgmoldes c:)"onatus

II.Y!Jerammtna ~'y];n(h ica

Pvrgn rnurrht::a

QUlnqu(,joculina

fhoophax nndulosa

lnbrostomOldf's can.:r,,-n"l"

ParafissuT'inu sp.

Qldr,quelo(' ~\lina vulga rlS

Slphott'xtulan3 curta

Trochammma subglabra

(80)
 N <::;
<::; <:>
<:> 00
o
61 64 67 60 59 53 58 52 54 51A 57 54B 51 54A 49 55 56 47 46 45 44

x x x x x x x
x x x x

x X II 17 14 13 11 :2 4 11 22 19 23

X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X

(81)
 ., ., ., .,'" ... ...'"
'"... ::: '"...
Q Q OJ
::! '"r- ...
N
'"0 r­
'" '""' '""" '"'" 0 0
.:: .::
N

.:: .:: '"..: .: '" '" ~ ~

Depth feet
'" '" '" '"
'"
._----­ '"
Station 80 79 73 77 78 76 74 72 71 65 70 62 69 68 66 63

Trochammina conglobata

L'vigerina ampullacea

Uvigerina auberiana var.

5622 FEET

Martinotuella occidentahs

Oolina longlspina

5994 -6492 FEET

Apiopterina angusta

Uvigerina senlisoca

Nodosaria calomorpha

6624 FEET

Melonis pompllioides

7482 FEET

Cassidulinoides tenuis var.

Francesita ad vena

Globotextularia anceps

l!:. 532 FEET

Apiopterina extensa

1057 925 565 1007 1230 705 529 704 573 1022 757 656 459 481
Total Benthonic Specimens 1614 678 1151

6 15 10 11 13 11 10
Percent Agglutinated

X X X 0 X 0 X
Percent Porcelaneous

93 96 96 85 89 89 94 87 89 90 92 9!
Percent Hyaline 97 96 94 91 99

4046 2501 17 56 3684 4742 2587 8802 3052 5927 2555 2604 3125 4688 675,
Total Planktonic Foraminifera 4483 1704 4673

79 73 76 79 80 79 94 81 91 71 78 83 91 9'
Percent Planktonic Foraminifera 74 72 80

4691 5972 3292 9331 3756 6500 3577 3361 3781 5147 7231
Total Foraminifera 6097 2382 5824 5103 3426 2321

100 282 200 117 50 150 280 83 250 20(

Benthonic Foraminifera/Ostracode 33 120 73

469 1496 3521 626 563 477 1120 465 2831 307!
Total Foraminifera/Ostracode 135 582 364

Occurrences cited as percent of total benthonic Forammifera. X denotes occurrences less than 1 percent.

(82)

 N
o "'
o
... o N N o

..; '"
.,:
'"'"
..;
o
.,;
N

'"
.,;
...'" o
'"C;
,.:

61 64 67 60 59 53 58 52 54 51A 57 J4B 51 54A 49 .55 56 47 46 45 44

x x
x x x x x
x x

x X

x x

10

x :-:
:-:

277 276 283 380 356 256 :lH2 284 251 333 314 215 155 262
481 221 482 43:1 343

20 22 26 23 22 21 26 22 28 20 27 37 21 21 30 15
10 21

:-: o x x x o

78 76 78 76 72 76 78 78 70 77 72 78 73 63 78 77 70
96 89 79

6757 2385 3427 4917 5780 7811 8727 6990 5966 7508 5862 5807 1091S 5649 7842 4870 9385 9195 8890 4608 12801

94 92 88 82 95 96 97 96 94 96 94 97 07 94 97 98 97 97 98

7238 2606 3909 5350 6057 8154 9003 7273 6346 7864 6261 6063 l1:l00 5B33 8003 5203 9699 9410 9169 4763 13063

ZOO 200 120 410 31 125 33 44 45 67 25 50 63 233 30 200 112 ISO 22 117

757 2718 1058 1131 755 1442 390 1182 1836 4944 971 3333 34,,3 6587 764 653
3076 2345 977 5350

(83)

.
BENTHIC SPECIES OF TRAVERSE III LISTED ALPHABETICALLY WITHIN DEPTH INCREMENTS OF

ABOUT 300 FEET

<0
Depth - feel "'o o
.g
'"
Station 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16

__ - -
5:14
... FEET

Ammobaculites amencanus X X X X

Ammoma beccaril tepicia X

Amphicoryna sublincata X X X 2 X

Angulogenna bella 22 18 X X

Anomahna corpulenta X X X X X X X X X

BolIvina barbata X X

Bolivma fragilis X X

Bollvma striatula spinata X

Bohvma :::;ubaen<J.rienais meXlcana 16 4 X X X X X

Buccella hannai X

l1ulimina marginat:l X X X X

Bulimina spiC'ata X X 2 4 2 9 5

Bulimina striata meXlcana X X X

Cane-ris auricula

Cassidulina curvata 2 2 X X X

Casslculina ne oc a rina ta 4 X 2 X X X

CassidulinoHJt:'s mexiC'anus X X X X X X X X

Cib icides cf. pseudun ge rian us X 2 5 4 2 X 2

Cibicidcs maIlis X

Cibicides floridanus 8

Cibicides umbonatus X X X X X X

Coryphostoma zanzlbarica X X X

C'ribroelphidium discoidale

Crlbroelphidium gunteri galvestonense X

Dentalina inornata bradyensis X X X X X X

Eponides regulans X X X X X

Florilus atlanticus X X X

Florilus scaphus X

Frondicularia sagittula X

Fursenkoina schreibersiana X X

(84)

,.

 ...
'""" '"'"", '""" '" '" '"""'" '"'"'"
00

Depth - feet '""" '"0m N <Xl "" m

'";; '"'"
'" N '"
N
'" '"
Station 10 II 12 13 14 15 16

Gyroidina altiforn.. is cushmani X X X X :-: \. X :-: \.

Gyroidina umbonata X X X X X

Han1.awaia bertheloti X X

Hanzawala concentrica 3 X

Haplophragmoides bradyi X X X X X X

Hoeglundina elegans X X X X X X

Lagena sulcata vat. X X :-:

Lenticulina calcar X X :-: X X

Lenticulina peregnna X X X X :-:

Marginulinopsis subaculeata glabrata X :-: X X :-:
ivlelonis barleeanus X X

Neoeponides coryelli X X X

Nonionella opima X X :-:

Oridorsalis tener steliatus X X X X X X

Planulina fove-olata X X

Pseudocla'1.'Ulina mCXlcana X X X X X

Pullenia osloensis X X X X

Pullenia quinquL,loba X X X X :-:

Pyrgo sarSll X X X X

Rectobolivina advena X

Reussefla atlantica X X

Rotorbinel1a basilica X X

Scutuloris sp. X X

Siphonina brad,,'ana X X X X

Siphonina pukhra X X

Siphotextularia affinis X X

Sphaeroid ina bulloides X X 8 Ii X

Spirosigmoilina distorta X X X :-: X X :-: :-:

Trifar'ina bradyi X X X X X

Uvigerina auberhlna 13 X

L'vigerina perf'gl'loa parvula « O. 45 mm; IB

(85)
 Depth rcet
.
~
'"0=eo ..
N
o. '"
;;
~
N
x '"..,.
~
g
<-
~
'"0g
E ~
~
~

'"
'"
0'

Statton 10 11 i2 13 14 15 16

Cvigcrir:J peregdna peregrina

« O. 45 mn:) X 30 11

Valvuliner:a laev:gd to X X X X X X X X X X

\"alvl£Uner'ia mm:lta X X X X X X X X

906 n:.J::J:
II II
Bolivina albatrossi

Bolivll1<i mltJlma X X

Ca:.;siduJinoides !:iradyi X

ChilostoOi.fc'lla oolina X

CilJicides deprimus X X X

I-is<-iurind tcn\li~sirnd X X

J-ul'::;cnk()t~,a pontoni X

X '(
(;s\Hlrvina dHantica
X
(;lobcbuILm;n8 :tfL:!!::; X

X X X
(,lobnl;ullrnir;a pv I' ulil "p:nes('t'n"

(;l.nhoca"s ,(l'J1JI13

Lagc:lar::1mtna d i rfl~jgif orrn is X X

X X X
Lentil'ulina orblcCli,aris

X '( X X X X X
;.lartinottiplla OCi.- i(jt'ntal-,;:; X

X
" X X
Pullpnia bulloidl-'s

Pvrgpdla sph,J"ra

q l~inquc l,)('utlILl. bnsciana fdi·-:.r iaced ) X

X X X X X
Hpophax 5l'OrplUrt-,:;

X X
Hntoruinclla trans:ucetis

X X X X X X X
Si.gmoUnpfdS s~:hiuml)prgpt'l

Tt'xtulariu c~,r.dl'iana X

Textularia X X

'lri"oculina tr'.gonula (ulsp1nC't>d) :<.

X X
X X

'l'l'ochamr:'lina Jd vpna

Valvull:10nll C'oJ,;)plar:ata X

(86)
 .,.
Depth fed
~ '"",
C N

'"
;;;'"
.,.
C'~
x
.,.'"
~.
'".,.
N
:2
"
N
'"""g '.,.. ~
~
~
<D
x

StatlOo ;0 II 12 \:1 14 15 16

1224 FELT

:\mmorl\s( U;O('s tlll'LllnatLLO-; X "­

Amp!:'lcoryna hi"p:da

Anomalt:la nh');\Cand
" " X X

:\ strononion tUH:H!LL1L
"
X
" " " '.
"
Bathv:-ilphoIJ

Rol:\'ina orulnarid
" " "
X
" "
" "
Bolivina qtiad ra ta
"
RutJn~ina IG !J 1h
:;cul('at:l
"
ba;)tJ.mcn";IS
Cibicl(lp:~

" " " "

Ikntalin'l l'UVJerl

Ehr.-ntH'rgina tl'lIJon;\
" "
"
Fh;;,j\Jnn~i j,d11j!fl;il.fW

char(lldl'S
"
"
( .lnnU),-;pll'a
" "­
GlonlO,,;plr:l conll;t;\:;

or];k!llarJ~~ ...;.1.
" " "
"
C"iI';,uJ!na

! le\ p!( Ipilrd grnou:.k s "phat-nioCllll!C-;

"
If'Tn,u'->ma dl:-lbn<.; <i(,jll ~ltulL
" " " " "
KdtTt'rtE>ila aplc\11~u"ls
" X
" " "
" " "
Kat't'tTlclIa X X X X

l,agena lclevu; X X X X

I,atic;.rinma paupt'rata X

\largHH-Ih!13 hantkc'n1 X

:i.l<'1rglniJ!Jna tf'llms X X

( In<inrsalts t.'nel t('fH"r X X X X X X X

"
()sani.!Ulilr,a rugl)sa X X X

I)!anulma a r I n~ UH -ns 1~ X X
"
I )_,;{'udoIJod~ )SlaT' id X

I's('ud(}trot'hanur: Ina nt{'1(J<~al!a X X X

Pyn::;o murrlnna (01,'31 aperture) X

" " X

Hf'oph,-o{ uFntdlinlfurmis X X

(87)
 '" ~

g; ;;; '" '"ro '"C, ;; '" ~

0
'"'"'
'"
~
Depth - feet
M

'" N '"
U')
N
;;; <-
N ;; M
'"
M
X

Station [0 I 1 12 13 14 15 16

Reophax guttlfer X X

H<,tin:lophragmlUnl venezuclrulutn X X X X

Sa,i"tll'i1iL.J r31nosa

S;-i! ,h'('rn;.ri·;l :taLcJ va,_ X

"'
\ "ilC'rl!u fH.'r·pg~':r,a dir'.l;-):a X 12 1:1

; '\-:~prina pP!'f'j:!r:na n~(':: Ite r ~'ar.ca >;

1 JOG l';:J:T

-\uPl':'{)tl'Yl'l3. gl(;n','ratun, X X

J~t1ilml;:;\ 1'\;...; t ~'~j t:-i. alc1.Z3n('nsl:~ I·] 10 11

ibi('~rI,'? b:'a,h X
"
( 1

, , '.
('t!!ir'ldc"

('nhl ()stumqidv'-.,
t'Oh(,I'tS<)nlanUS

" X X
"
\\ 1('''11\'1'1

" " X

,"
( y(:IClllllllin<l (':lIwelbL.l X X X

( ys t:.t rn n1 i ILl p.ll!cil1h'u\at;1

"
"

1:,Qg\'rv IL,

I
h t .IdYl

pi'":>b)]HIIH lL~
X
"
" " X
l';":lg!i~l

{;l!,h:)l:l';~';;FJ\JJi!u

-",;rL!lln8. P:l.C;fH X
" X

"
(, l'Jb'lCd

J-h,r n~\1"jL:.i g\,'bclhfpra

j;;:andH'lb norc\
X
"
JL:---tr .• iis

"
\\ ,',J \'('t'l

["ri>rh, n"nll1):l X

\',Il\'cliucri:!
"
:-;
" " "
X
" " " "
X >-:
" "
('or ,\ plt<)stnn'a SPH1P'-j' ,,-'os :-;

1:~;g('n-lld Pf'O!)lllq,la
" ~
'. :,
"
pnIiuf­ :-: :-:
:-:
" " "
«0, ,
X
"
X X
" "

(88)

 ... '" ... ~ '"~ ... 0 ...

""m0 '"'"~ ""m....
;:!;
Depth - feet .n
N
N
0

'"
N
a:
~
0 N
M '"'"
M
<.C

'"co
N
'"
Station 8 10 II 12 13 14 15 16

(;101;0(,3 ssIdul ina suhglnboRa X X X X X X

(;vrOldina soldanii X X X X x: X

Orthomo!'phlr.;) guttliera X

Osangularia I.."ultur 5 6 5

l>araLsl:iurina laterahs X

Hhabdammloa lmearis X X X X X X X

l"vlgel'ina spinico::;tata X X X X X X

2148 FEET
---- .. ------~

Boli v1na trans lu(,pr:s X X X

Cibiddes rugoslis X

CnQt'()stot11oidl':..o: :->ubgloho:-SllS X

FUf'SC]lko)n<J St'nllnudd X X X

()r i(~()rsa Ii s t('llPI' umbonatus X X

H!'ctpboli\-i:l<J dim1lj'pha X

HC'Clphax di:-;tan~ X X

Tnlypammina ~('l1au(!inn~ X X X X

24;j6
- - -1"liET
--
:\mmobgena (-lavat;) X X X

1IormoSt:l;:t c!Jl'!wnkt-j X X X X

:'13 rtinottu' lla (lniti:Jt portion) X X

'rnlChamrnin.:..t ta:,rnanll tt X X X X

21':~ 0 i'LET
~~------

t(':w is X

:\ tnnl0fdnllig('r' I n, l:dcs dt'hl;';('f'!1:-: X X X

( -nhl-ostol11\lidcs lobut"s X X X X

C dbrost~;m;;'h:t'.s :-;cttuhs X "- X "­

Lhrc::iwrgina pupa "

Fl:-';-;Ul':na orbtgnY:lna X

t;a utlrvlD2 n:Hnr::~;

"
Ifnrmosina tlvtcu:a X X X

(89)
 .,. <D .,. <D .,. .,.
co <D 0 CO .,. 0 .,.
'".,.
<> <> co
Depth - feet ~
0

'"
N

'" '"
N

'" ~
M
t- o
N

'" '"
co
'"
<Xl

'"
N
'" N
'"
Station 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Nodellum membranaceum X

Reophax bacillaris X

Slphotrocharnmina squamata X X X

Tritaxis fusca

- - -FEET
3006 _...... -

Dorothla pseudoturris X X

Florilus clavatus X X

Robertina oceanica X

Thurammina papillata X X

3324 FEET

Cibicides wuellerstorfi X X

Crib ros tomoidcs nngens X X

Pullenia subsphaerica X

Pullenia trinitatensis X X

Rhizammina algaeformis X

Trochamrnina globulosa

3630 FEET
-----
Fissurina tenuissima X

Gyroidina altiforrnis acuta X X

3864 FEET

Anomalina' giobulosa X

Heronallenia gcmmata X

Oridorsalis sidebottomi X

Uvigerina hispida X

Total Benthonic Foram inifera 1702 881 269 265 376 333 317 311 237 318 333 294

Percent Agglutinated X 10 14 7 27 28 28 35 31

Percent Porce)aneous X X X 0 0 X 0 X 0 0

Percent Hyaline 99 97 90 86 96 93 94 73 72 72 65 69

Total Planktonic FOI amlmft'ra 376 55,) 431 485 1078 H07 134B 1166 B4B 774 1633 2269

Percent Planktonic Fnraminifp!'(:l 18 62 65 74 73 69 7;) 78 71 83 89

Total Foraminifera 2078 1436 700 750 1454 1240 1;)65 1477 1085 1092 1966 2563

Benthonic f'orammifpl'l.l I( )strac-odf' 425 88 +265 :176 166 31:1 156 119 '316 333 288

Total Foran;int 1'('1'<1 /Ostt'a('ode 525 144 700 750+ 1454 620 1"65 543 1092 1966 2563

(90)
 APPENDIX D

LIVE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS FROM TRAVERSES 1, 2, AND 3

TRAVERSE 1

'."'"" '" ',..'"'"" ,..'"'" .."'"'" ..,..'" ..::; . ',.." '" '::;." ...:;; '" '" .. . .. .
io ;.
Water depth ..'" ;..'" ;..,'" ':.'"l '." ;.." '"'"
io
I-
~
M ;. io
~
~

:.'l
;.
~
:" ;. ;. ;. ;.
I-
I-
;. ;.
~ ~
:"
~
~
~
:" ;. ;..
I-

'" '" '" I-

;. ;.. :" ;. ;..
" '"oo ...'" ~ ~'" .,0 .,'"" ., ..." ;: '" '" "~ ...~" ":::
'" '" '"
I­
~ I-

.. . :t "'" ,..''"" '"., ,..... '"'" '" '".. '"'" '"" ;;; "''"'" '" ..... «:.'l ,.. ~ "' ::: '"
\.').

'" ...
\.') \.') :.:l \.') \.')
Stations
'"
\.')
N
:.:l \.') \.') \.') \.')
~
\.') \.') \.') \.') \.')
N
\.')
~
\.') \.')
::; ;!: ~N
\.') \.')
M M
:.:l \.') \.')
~ ~
\.')
':e" ~ ':!" :.:l::: "'
N
~
\.')
:0

Bolivina barbata
BoJivina subaenariensis mexicana
Bulimina marginata
Cassidulina neocarinata 14 8 2 1

Chilostomella oolina 13 2

Cibicides pseudoungerianus
Dentalina tilj€ o rmis
Dentalina inornata bradyensis
Eponides (neoeponides) regularis
Florilus atlanticus
Glandulina laevigata
Gtohobulimina ovuta 2433641

Lagena su)cata
Lenticulina calcar 1 3 I 1

Lenriculina cultrata
NonioneHa opima
Sphaeroidina buHoidcs 3 5 4 2 I , 5 5 [ I

Uvigerina peregrina «0,5 MM) 5 4 1 1

VaginuH.na suhaculeata glabrata

76, FEET

Bulimina striata mexican.a I 1

Cibicides umbonatus
Hoeglundina elegans I 1 [ 3

KarrerieUa brady!
ParadentaHna sp.
Pullenia buHoidcs I 1 I 1 1 2

Anomalina mexicana
Bolivina alata
Bolivina albatrossi I 2 2 4

Cassidulina curvata
Cassidulinoides mexicanus I 2

Cibiddes aff. floridanus 1 I 1 3

Flssurina
Lenticulina sp.

1230 FEET
-~---

Asta.;o'us.
Bulimina a(;uleata 8 [0 4 2 2 4 5 1 4 [ t 4

Fursenkoina pontoni
Rotorbinella translu(.'ens 6 4 3 I

Tosaia weaved

1410 FEET
-~---

Amphicoryna hispida

Reophax scorpiurus

(91)
 Water deplh . ..."" ~ ~ " "'"- ...'" ::: ~ ;;:'" '"s: '"::; "''"" .,'" ;.'" ......"'" "'" . '" ~'"'" ;..-:;; ... ~"... ".'"'" ...'"'" .- .-'" "'" '""" ."'" ., :;;'" "'" :;:'" ::.,."" ... ..,­
;,
O'
N

O' N ;;:
;..
~
N

;:;
;,
N ~
;. ;, :., N OC
-,
':; ~
~
~
;.
~
;. ' N
~
;,
0
;,
N 0-
;.. ;.
f:
N :"
N

'-' ..,
Slation~ '-'
;; :::., '-' '-' ;:'" '-' '-'.- '-'
;;: ~ ~ g ;1, ~., :::,., '-';;; '"g
(,) '-'
;:
'.,)
'"
'.,)
I-
'.,)
~ ''"" " ~
'.,) :.:>
~
'.,)
';:;" (,):;; :.;;" '-''" :.;;.- " ~
;u
"
)2, '" -- :.;;'"
N
::>
:.:>
'" .­ ~
"'"
M N ~ N N N N

1722 FEET

(ydammina cnncel1al3
Globobulimina affiois 54425112
Globocassjdulina crassa
Gyroidina alfiformis cushmani
Hapiophragmoides canariensis
Martinottiella occidenfalis
Oridorsalis tencr stcUatus
Osangularia rugosa
Planulina ariminensis
Reticulophragmium venczueianurtl 1 2

1962 FEET

Lagena gradllima
Lenticulina orbicularis
Pullenia quinqueloba
Pyrgo serrata 2

Reopha~ de ntalini form is 2 4

Va.!vulineria comp!anata

217B FEET
----
Ammodiscus tenu!s
Bulimina spicata
Epistominella exigua

235B FEET
- ---
Fissurina tenuissima
Lagena acuticosta Vat.
Lagenammina diffluglformis
Leoticutina peregrina

2640 FEET

Bulimina rostrala alalanensis

Cribrostomoides sdtulus
Gyroidina orbicularis 1 2
Hormosina globuHfera
Oridorsa!is umbonata

---.. FEET
2%4 -~-~

Adercotryma glomeratum
Astrononion tumidum
Clbiclde~ bantamensis
Cibkides k uUenbergi
Cihicides robertson Ian us 1 4
Cribrostomoides ringens
Hormosina ovicula
lagena distoma
Lvigerina peregrina dirupta 6 1

(92)
 Water depth

Stations

3300 FEET
- ---
AnomaJina corpulenfa
Anomalina globulosa
Cribrostomoides subelobosus
Eggerella propinqua
Hyperammirta subnodosa
lituola htuolinoidea
OoHna longispina
Osangularia culler I 2
Pyrgo depressa
Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri
Trochammina globulosa

3636 FEET

Cibiddes wuellerstorfi
laticarinina pauperata
f{hizammina algaeformls 2 2

4092 FEET

Saccorhiza ramosa

4338 FEET

Cribro~fOmojdes "profundus"

4584 FEET

Dorolhia p!>eudo1Urris

S730 FEEl

Ubiddes brad;.-i
Hyperammina friabilis
khabdammina linearis

5436 FEET

Ammodiscus planorbis
Ehrenbergina pupa
Globoca!>siduHna !>ubglobo!>a

588<) FEET

Apiopterina sp.

6174 EHT

Pyrgo lucernula

6"26 FEET

Haplophragmoides bradyi

UVI{!:erina cf hispida

(93)

 ;. <> ;. <> <> ;., ;. ;. ;. ;. ;. N ;.

Water depth
""
0­
N

~ '"" ''"" ':;:" '""­- .;:-

N
N

";;; "''"
<­ ~ "f
." ~ ;;: ,.,'" g "" '" ::: ~.... ~'J,
N

'" " V ""'" "f '"

~
" '"'" <­:;; <­:;; ....~ "" <­'" ~ ~ g .,., ~ ;::,. ;;e­
~ '" M

'" '" "

;;: N
0
~
N

~
:"
<T " N
V

'" !
"­ !
N N ~ ~ ~

'" "" "" '" O'

-" ­
"';;;.
".'" '" ':;:" ".., ::; 'Q" \? "'" ::; ":!: ~ ";:. "'" " "';:; ";; "- ;;- ~- -"" ~- '"­.,. ;.
<..)
" "~
<..) <..)
Stations N 0 '";?; ~ !:; ~
:.J
",..,
<..)
~
N
<..) <..)
N
OJ
~ '"' "-
M
"
0
:.J
" "
<!
'" N N N N N N

Bolivinita quadrilatcr3
Eponides poHus
Fissurina
Pleurostomel1a boUvinoides

8010 FEET

Gyroidina lamarddana

EggereUa bradyi

9204 FEET

Parafissurina lateraHs
Hormosina dis-tans delicatula

10446 FEET

f(eophax spiculifer

Mclonis pompilio ides

Raphanulina "fribba"

11442 FEET

Dentalina Intorta

..

(94)
 TRAVERSE 2

.,
.'" '" .,- '" ;;" :;: "" '" ",..,'" "'" "'"'" ..., ., :;;
;.
"" .., <-
::" ::" ~ ::" ;" '0 N
" '" - '" "' N
;" ;" ;" ;" ;" ;" ::" ::" ;" N
-
'",

- '""' '"
N
""
N

'".,
N
Water depth <- <- ::>
..,<- ;;;'" ;;;
M <-
~ ~
""" "'" :::; 0 '" ~
N N 0- M
N N N
0;
~ c
~
~
0- N
~
~ N

'" '"'" " " " '"

N
N N M M ." <- ::>

Q t> Q Q,
:,;
- '" v0 v v., v ;i Q :; < :;, v :;, ." '":;: .'"
:i. <
'" ~ ~
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q J.J
Stations ::> '" oo :;0
:;;
~ Q
'" '"'"
Q Q
:;,
~
<-
" '" " " ""
t-
"" '" '"t-
<-
t'- <- <- <- ""
<- <-
'" '" "'" '"
N

'" '"'" "'" '"

~ ~ ~
N
~ ~ ~
~

594 FEEl

Anomalinu corpulenta
Bolivina !>ubaenariensis mexicana
Can(:ris aurirulus
Cassidulina curvata IS
Cassidulinojdes mexkanus
Chilostomella oolina
Cibicides umbonatus
Dentalma cuvieri
Dentalina inornata bradyensis
Globobulirnina affinis
Hanzuwaia bertheloli
Hoeglundina eleguns 4 5 8
Lagena sf'''
Lenticuhna calcar
Lenticulina cultrata I 4
Lenticulina orbicularis
Llngulina seminuda
Oridorsalis tener stellatus
PseudogianduJina comJlula
Pullenia buUoides
Saracenaria sp,
Siphonina brady ana I 2
Siphon ina pulchra 4
Sphaeroid ina buUoides I 2
Uvigerina flm tii
Valvulineria laevigata

Bulimina spicata
Gyroidina altiformis cushmani
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea I 2 3
VaginuJina subacuJeata gtabrata I I

1212 HET

Bolivina albatrossi
Ehrenbergina trigona
Gaudryina atlantica
Orthomorphina guttifer
Trifarina bradyi

1230 FEET

Cibicides afL floridanus 2 I

Globobulimina ovula
Globocassidulina crassa
Uvigerina peregrina (0.4 MM)

1536 FEET

Bulimina aculeata 1 2 2 I I I 2 I 3 I

(95)
 ;, :c ;, ;, ;,. ;,. ;,.
,., C
;,. ;" ;,
" ~
'0
~ f, <t ;:;
N

:;; ~ -
;" N N
N
8.., ~ ".., c.., ...,- ...,
g ;:: " " '"oro " 5;"
'" "'-" -- -
N C£ C£ N

Water Jl'plh ';;, ;;:

N N ~. 0- N 0-
0 0'
'"~ ~ "'v.
"v. " "' "" '"
C ~ N

" " " '""

X ~

- - ~. N
N N " '" "N N N ~.
~.'"
v.
'" v; -C
­
... :.J
:.J ;.i .., '~
'"'"v. "","" '-:; "<- " ":0 " <:""' " " '" ..,
" '".,. ..,v;
"" ,- "" "i2 "" "'" ~'" ":c ~ ""
'-:;
C OJ

i: " ::: """ ""'" ::. '" '"'" '"

:.J
" "" " "
Sratl!>ns, 0-
;:' ~
N ~ N 0- <t
"-C '"
N
~ ;;; " " v. "
"
v. v;

"
-C -C -C
'" '"

1572 FH.T

Ammodiscus planorbis
l'assiduhna neocarinald
Cibkides bradyi
2: 4 5 () 3 6 S 2
Cibicides robertsonianus
Glandulina lat'vig'lt<!
Laticarinina paupera!a 4 2

1836 FEEl

Bulimina striaTa mexicana

Cribrostornoides subglobosus

2118FEET

Fissurina sp.
Osangularia culter
Heophax dent<Jliniformi"
Hcophax scorpiurus
Kobertinoides bradyi
Uvigerina peregrina dirupta 4 2 2 2 3 2 I

2328 FEET

Bathysiphon filiformis
RolorbineUa tranShl1.:enS

2448 FEET

Cribroswmoldes sp,
Cribrostomoides "profundus"
Crihrostomoidlts umbilicatulus
Cribrostomoides wlesneri
Cydammina cancellata vaL
Eggeretla propinq ua
Haplophragmoides sphaeriJoculus
Burmus-ina carpenteri
Hormosina globulifera
Lenticulina peregrina
Parafissurina
Reophax piluHfer
Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri

2724 FEET

Lituo!n. IituoHnoidea
Mn.rtinottit:Ua occidentalis vaL
Trochammina tasmanica

3030 FEET

CibiciJes kullenbergi
Haplophr.agmoides braJyi

(96)

 :" ';0 ;.,

~ ~ :"- ;, .,.,. ., ;., ;, ;.,
~ " "...;;: ~g '"
:" ~
:" ~ .,.
W;;ler J~pth "g., ;: - " N~ ~,
~
~,

=
-
N N
"
" :;"
"
"
~
~
~

~
~

~
" '"
~
~
- ., :;., .,. '"
~ ';
~

~
~
"
~,
x
-C

~
E;
~
~

"
.,.
~ :1; '.;
.,
"-e "'" ... ~ ­
X
0
~
~

'-< ". CJ CJ,

;0 ~ "'... f '"{'. i ~ ~ " '"

CJ
~
;2
" '" . -,"
.,. i1 CJ
~
CJ ; ~ :;
"'" '" " "" ~
CJ CJ
~ :;;
~, ~
<:
:;:. ~
if
-
'T
CJ
'" CJ;
'T
'.;;
~
'"'" .,... CO;: CJ
'T
'"
'T

"
3078 IFEl

Clhtudes ru;?n..us
Alvt'oi()V3Jvulindla pOlorlensis
{ilohura"SHiullrt;1 murrhyna

JI02JFf'I

AmmoJI;,('Old ... ;, turhjnatus

CornUsplfi.t
Fg~>;:rdla bra;lyi
£plst()mlnt'IIJ extgua
h'>Sllllrt:t

Cyrj)!dma ailiformi .. acura

L.:lgt' n:WlfU md :.hrnugiformh , 1
Lenrit.u]iIlJ

(~yr()Jdill,j ortKularis 2 1 1 I
llypt'rarnmina [rtahitl;,
Oridor'>alt." umhofutus {O.7 !101M I

K;llrertt'llJ apH:ul~rh

KaHt'Tidb hradyi
I'ullt'llia '-,uh"phileri..-<!

"mm\lha~'ul!lt'\ Jgglutin.m'l
Rhah"bl11minJ C'lfnu!a 2 I
HhiEammlna alg:aeformi;,

.lS24 t I'll

SOlO 1-1,[1

Lagt'na lat'vJ~

Onlina Jong:i\pin;J
Pyrgo murrhtrld

CYP'IJin;t lamJrtkiafla
fullt:lllLl "ub\ph<Jerica (S chamhers)

Ctlhro;,tmtlOllJe} ringt'ns
Hypt'f.Jmmma cylindri.. a

Apiop{erina I I
A~..:hemolldla GHt:nal.J , I I 3 I 1 2
rro,,'h:lmmina glnbulo.. a

\1 t"lon I' pllmpdioiJe:.

EponiJt,''- i fWf).:rl'!l1cl,,-, I polio"

(97)

 TRAVERSE 3

..
.., ... . ... .. .. ..
...co ......'" ..,'" .....,'" ..,.., ..,..,...'" ...co
Deplh . reel
'" '"
0-
N
N

-
''"" N
co
~ ;::: N
t"
N '"
N

'"
Slation 6 7 g 9 10 11 12 IJ 14 15 16

534 FEET

Amphicoryna sublineata

Angulogerina bell. 2 3

Anomalina corpulenta

Bolivina fragiHs
Bolivina striatula spinata
Bolivjna subaenariensis mexicana 2 3
Cancris auricula 2
Cassidulina cutvata 4 3 17
Cassidulina neocarinata
Cassidulinoides mexicanus
Cibicides florid.nus 3 2 3
Cibicides mollis
Cibicides pseudoungerianus 4 14
Coryphostoma zanzibarica
Eponides regul.ris 3

Neoeponides coryelli

Planulina foveolata 7

Pullenia osloeRsis

Reussell. atlantic.

Siphonina brady an. 6 3

Uvigerina auberiana 3

Uvigerina peregrina parvula 17

«OA5 mm)
Uvigerina peregrina peregrina 4 3 3
«OA5 mm)

906 FEET

Bolivina albatrossi 3 2 12 6 3 4 2

Bolivina barbola
Bulimina spicata 2 4
Bulimina striata mexicana 4 2 2 2
Chiloslomella oolin. 2 2
Cibicides umbonatus 7

Lentteulina peregrina

!'ullenia bulloides 2
Rosalina suezensis
Sphaeroidin. bulloides 3 2 2 6 3 2 3

1224 FEET

Bulimina marginata
Cassidulinoide. bradyi

Globocassidulina crassa 2

Reophax scorpiurus

Rolorbinella Icanslucen. 2 2
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea

1506 FEET

Cibicides robertsonianus 3
Dentalina inornata bradyensis

(98)
 Depth - feet ..'"
Station 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 IS 16

Ehrenbergina trigona
Florilus scaphus
Globohulimina pyrula spinescens
Gyroidina orbicularis s. 1.
Lagenammina diftlugiformis
Marganulina tenuis
Tos.aia weaver.
Trifarina bradyi

1824 FEET

Globobulirnina affinis
Orthomorphina guttifera
Uvigerina peregrina dirupta 2 4

2148 FEET

Bulimina acuJeata
3 2
Oridorsalis tener umbonatus 2
Osangutaria cutter 3 3 2
Trochammina g!obulos3

2496 FEET

Adercotryrna glometatum
Bulimina rostrata alazanensis 6
Eggerella brady; 2
EpistornjneUa exigu3
Gyroidina umbonata
Karreriella bradyi
Latkarinina pauperata
Trochammina advena

2730 FEET

Osangularia rugosa
Recurvoides contort us (subglobosus)
Saccorhh:a tamosa

3324 FEET

Planulina ariminensis

3630 FEET

Pullenia quinquelob.

3864 FEET

Cibicides rugosus
Cibiddes wuellerstorfi
Cyclammina canceHata
Hoeglundina elegans
Spirosigmoilina distorta

(99)

 APPENDIX E

PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERS FROM TRAVERSES 1, 2, AND 3

PLANKTONIC SPECIES, TRAVERSE I

'"
... co
..,.
co
.,
........
a
M

Depth - feet '"

"1' '" '"
------.-------­
41 40 39 38 37 3& 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 21 26
Station 43 42

Candeina nitida

x x x x x x
Globigerina bulloides (Fossil ?) 8 x 2

Globigerina calida x x 2 x x x x x x x x
x x x x
Globigerina digitata

Globlgerina falcone-nsts 9 10 4 5 23

x x x x x
Globigerina quinque-Ioba x x x x x
14
Globigerina rubeseens 15 18 11 10 15 11 10 13 10

Globlgerinella siphonifera x x x 4

4 4 4 6 x
Glohigerinita glutinata

Globigertnita uvula x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
GlobigerinOides conglobatus x x
Globigerinoides ruber 21 34 34 30 31 34 26 22 35 22 34 24 24 31 27 24 21

16 10 14 13 16
Globigerinoides sacculifer 18 13 13 10

x x x x x
Globorotalia crassaforrnis

Globorotalia menardii 2 8 6 10

Globorotalia scitula x x x x x x

Globorotalia truncatulinoides 21 14 13 19 11 16 11 11 10 >3 14

Globorotalia tumida x x x x x x x x
Globorotaloides hexagonus ? x x x x x x

Hastigerina pelagica

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei 10 13 13 10 6 11 10

Orbulina universa 3

Puileniatina obliquiloculata 2 12 11 10 6 16 10

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Neogloboquadrina pachyderm a (Fossil) x x x

Turborotalita humiHs x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Planktonic Foraminifera 66 1046 1323 638 1133 1066 1225 1155 699 826 937 994 1537 1077 1167 1485 3269 2791

Radiolaria 8 25 50 85 125 39 475 210 265 35 li5 95 600 342

Total Planktonic 66 1047 1324 646 1140 1091 1275 1240 824 865 1412 1204 1802 1112 1282 1580 3869 3133

(100)

 o
o '"::'o1
"
26 21 22 21 20 18 17 16 1:1 12 11 10

x
x
x
x x x
12 18 14 13

x x x
14 16 16 11 13 11 12 26 28 'W

x
6 x l:l 11

x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
17 27 40 33 31 58 411 42 21 31 211 17 II t7 21 31 11

16 17 12 14 12 11 8 24 23 2B 16 12 14 l:) 6 16

x x
13 10 20

x x x x x
x
x x x 6

x x
x x x
11 11

x x x
II

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x

2791 4249 20f}9 5019 5580 6584 6049 6478 2354 2984 3270 5413 5766 96 5260 8626 7808 9136 6654 4384

342 21 11 13 9 10 o 60 15 30 33

3133 4274 2085 ,,040 5591 6597 6058 6488 5463 2355 2985 3271 5414 5767 96 5269 8686 7810 9151 66B-\ HI;

(101)
 PLANKTONIC SPECIES, TRAVERSE II

o
'"
N
'".... '"...... .....
....
o
'"
o ..,'" '"ot- .. . .
'" ~ S
Depth feet N .; ..; ..; ..; .; ",' .;

Station 80 79 78 77 76 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 83

Candeina nitida x x X x
Globigerina bulloides
(Fossil? ) x x X X x X X x
Globigerina calida X x x X X X X X X x x X X X

Globigerina digitata X x x x
Globigerina falconensis II 11 16 19 22 9 13 9 28 10 14

Globigerina quinqueloba x x x x X

Globigerina rubescens 22 19 34 13 18 19 17 9 33 15 16 13 22 17 18 15

Globigerinella siphoniCera X x X X

Globigerinita glutmata 13 10 10 13 18 13 21 8 10 14 10 13 II 23 21 18

Globigerinita uvula X X X x X x
Globigerinoides conglobatus X x X x x x x X X x X X x
Globigerinoides Tuber 40 23 17 35 17 17 51 16 19 21 19 14 20 16 II 17 26

Globigerinoides sacculifer 3 6 6 5 6 4 4 4 9 5

Globorotalia crassaformis X X X x x X X X x X X x x X X X x
Globorotalia hirsuta x
Globorotalia inflata
(Fossil ?) x X

Globorotalia menardii 3 6 4 4 6

Globorotalia menardii
firnbriata X X x x x X X X

Globorotalia scitula x X x X X 2

Globorotalia truncatulinoides 5 8 6 4 3 9 11 11 6 4

Globorotalia tumida x x x X X X X x x X X X

Globorotaloides hexagonus (?) X X x

Hastigerina pelagic a X X X

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei 3 8 9 3 3 2 4

Orbulina uni versa x x X X X X X

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata 10 6 11 11 5 12 12 11 6

Sphaeroidinella deh'scen. x X X x X X x X x
Neogloboquadrina pachyderm a
(Fossil ?)

Turborotalita humilis

(102)

 o o o
'"'"'"
N
'"'" o
'"'"..;
N
o
N .,; '"
.,; '"o
62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 54A 54B 53 52 51 51A 49 47 46

x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
11 12 6 21 12 12 17 II 16 23

3 x 4 x 12

33 18 17 14 22 12 25 13 II 17 20 10 29 27 19 22 18 13 14

4 6

18 13 17 16 II II 23 II 18 10 11 18 11 13 14 11 22 27

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

30 18 19 18 32 17 12 16 12 25 21 10 21 12 13 16 14 13

8 10

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x
6 4 6 6 6

x x x x x x x x x
x 4 4

4 4 4

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
4 4

x
4 6 8 10 10 10 10 10

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x
x x x x x x x x x

(103)

 .,. ~ <t> :; g N
.,
'"on
0
M
N
M
N
.... "'~ "'.,
<n '"'"... '"N
.... '"e- '"
N 0 ....
<::>
'" N

...: ...: '"...: '"...: ...: ...: N N N

0
M M
0
'"
N ~
Depth feet "' ""
Station 80 79 78 77 76 H 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63

Globorotalia menardil ('lI>

Crystalline crust) 85 50 90 67 67 91 54 78 91 79 87
93 63 70 93 92

Pteropods

Radiolarians (% in total
Foram. -Radiolarian
Complex) 0 X X X X 21 2[ !7 !1 15 [6 [0
Planktonic Foraminifera 4463 ! 704 250! 4046 ! 756 3684 4673 4742 2587 3052 2555 2604 3427 3125 8602 2385 4688
Radiolaria 0 11 12 4[ 15 120 70 BOO 950 700 475 680 850 500 600
Total Planktonics
(Foram. + Rad.) 4483 1709 2509 4057 1768 3725 4688 4862 2657 3852 3505 3304 3902 3805 9652 2885 5288

(104)
 ;:;'" ~ ::: .,.
N '"~ '"...'" '"'" 0

'"'"
...
:;; '"
~
C N
.,'" '"
::;
. . N

'"... .,'"'" ~
'""'
N N

N '"
M cO .; "'.; .,; '"
",; '"
.,; '"
.,; .,; .; '"..; .,; .,; .,;
<0
"'..:
",' ",' ",'
;::'
-~------.--~-~.~~.--~.~-~.~~-~--- . .--~-~.-~-~.---. . ~---~-----~--~.----~--~-~--
62 6t 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 54A 54B 53 52 51 51A 49 47 46 45 44
-~-.-.~--~~----- ~-- . .--.----.~-----

75 38 76 60 45 41 47 70 50 37 85 43 42 53 57 42 27 29 64 50

11 16 12 10 6 14 12 15 21 16

5927 6757 4917 5780 8727 5862 9385 4870 5966 5649 5807 7811 6990 10918 7508 7842 9195 8890 4608 12801

775 200 1000 850 950 400 650 180 1000 250 140 600 1000 500 240 400 1600 2400 900 600

6702 6957 5917 6630 9677 6262 10035 5050 6966 5899 5947 8411 7990 11418 7748 8242 10795 11290 5508 1340t

(105)

 PLANKTONIC SPECIES, TRAVERSE III

Aden
Alaba
o Allon
'"""
Depth feet
N Alve<
Station
10 11 12
Amm
13 14 15
16

Amm
Arum
Glob:gertna bulloidp;.,
Amm
x
x x x x
x x
Amrr
GloblgCrtna CaH<!8 Amrr
x x x
x x
x x
X

Clobtgcrlna digltata Amrr

x x x x x
x x x
Amn
16 20
10
10 19 10

Amrr
13

Globigerina quinqueIoba
Amrr
x x X
x
Amrr
13 14 13 26
28 Amn
15 17 10

Gioblgermella slphonEera
Am~
x

(;tnblgt'rinita giuttnata
AmI
:8
11
Ang'
x
x
Ang
x

Globlgcrir:Olde~ conglobatus Ano

x
x x
x
Ano
Giobigl;rinn:df'S rUD('l' 42 29 12
12 23 20
10 14
Ano
Apic
Apic
Globorotalia {Ll
x
x x x
x x
Asc
x
Asc
Astl
x x x
x x
Ast
14
10 12

Bat:
12 '1
Bol
x
Bol
:\'eogltlboquadrha dutl?rtrei IfU
12

BoJ
x x
Bo
x

Bo
P:ll1C'niatlna oblIquiloculata Hn 15 24
14 13
12 13
Bo
x
Bo
x
Be
(:IOb"totdlia menard~: y, ith

cr;.-'staUi!~(: (,I'ust) (Ll

50 89 99

Be
70 60 90 78 H4 30
74
B(
Planktontc Vo!'ammiferd. 376
B.
555 431
485 1078
907 1348 llSS 848
774 1631 226,"
B,
Ha{i:olana
10

15 12 16
2'; 100

B
oJ!" Hadiolarians ll": total
B
Foram. ~HadiolZirian
x x
B
compif'x
x X
x

E
Total Planktonic
386 563 432

E
488 1085
922 1360 1182
799 1664 2369
E
I
]
J

(106)

 APPENDIX F

FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES FOUND IN THE DEEP-WATER-ECOLOGY STUDY

Adercotryma glomeratum Cassidulinoides mexicanus Frondicularia sagittula

Alabamina decorata Cassidulinoides parkerianus Fursenkoina p'ontoni
Allomorphina trigona Cassidulinoides tenuis Fursenkoina schreibersiana
Alveovalvulinella pozonesis Chilostomella oolina Fursenkoina seminuda
Ammobaculities agglutinans Cibicides bantamensis Francesita advena
Ammobaculities americanus Cibicides bradyi Gaudryina atlantica
Ammobaculities fIIiformis Cibicides deprimus Gaudryina flintii
Ammobaculoides cylindroides Cibicides floridanus Gaudryina minuta
Ammodiscoides turbinatus Cibicides kullenbergi Glandulina laevigata
Ammodiscus planorbis Cibicides lobatulus Globigerina bulloides
Ammodiscus tenuis Cibicides mollis Globigerina calida
Ammoglobigerinoides dehiscens Cibicides pseudoungerianus Globigerina digitata
Ammolagena clavata Cibicides robertsonianus Globigerina falconensis
Ammomarginulina foliacea Cibicides rugosus Globigerina quinqueloba
Ammonia beccarii Cibicides umbonatus Globigerina rubescens
Ammosphaeroidina sphaeroidiniformis Cibicides wuellerstorfi Giobigerinella siphonifera
Amphicoryna hispida Conorbina orbicularis Globigerinita glutinata
Amphicoryna sublineata Coryphostoma abrupt am Globigerinita uvula
Angulogerina angulosa Coryphostoma mayori Globigerinoides conglobatus
Angulogerina bella Coryphostoma spinescens Globigerinoides ruber
Anomalina corpulenta Coryphostoma subspinescens Globigerinoides sacculifera
Anomalina globulosa Coryphostoma zanzibarica Giobobulimina affinis
Anomalina mexicana Cribroelphidium discoidale Globobulimina ovula
Apiopterina angusta Cribroelphidium galvestonense G1obobulimina pyruJa spinescens
Apiopterina extensa Cribroelphidium poeyanum Globocassidulina crassa
Aschemonella ramuliformis Cribrostomoides canariensis Globocassidulina moluccensis
Aschemonella scabra Cribrostomoides lobatus GlobocassiduJina murrhyna
Astrononion tumidum Cribrostomoides ringens Globocassidulina pacifica s. I.
Astrononion sp. Cribrostomoides scitulus Globocassidulina subglobosa
Bathysiphon filiform is Cribrostomoides subglobosus Globorotalia crassaformis
Bolivina alata Cribrostomoides umbilicatus Globorotalia hirsuta
Bolivina albatrossi Cribrostomoides wiesneri Globorotalia inflata
Bolivina barbata Cyclammina cancellata Globorotalia menardii
Bolivina fragilis Cyclammina trullissata Globorotalia menardii fimbriata
Bolivina goesii Cystammina pauciloculata Globorotalia scitula
Bolivina lanceolata Dentalina communis Globorotalia truncatulinoides
Bolivina minima Dentalina cuvieri Globorotalia tumida
Bolivina ordinaria Dentalina inornata bradyensis Globorotaloides hexagonus
Bolivina pseudoplicata Dentalina intorta Globotextularia anceps
Bolivina pusilla Dentalina orthomorphina guttifera Glomospira charoides
Bolivina quadrata Dorothia pseudoturris Glomospira gordialis
Bolivina seminuda s. I. Eggerella bradyi Gyroidina altiformis acuta
Bolivina subaenariensis mexicana Eggerella propinqua Gyroidina altiformis cushmani
Bolivina translucens Eggerella scabra Gyroidina orbicularis
Botivinita quadrilatera Ehrenbergina pupa Gyroidina soldanii
Bucella hannai Ehrenbergina spinea Gyroidina umbonata
Bulimina aculeata Ehrenbergina trigona Hanazawaia berthelott
Bulimina barbata Epistominella exigua Hanazawaia concentrica
Bulimina marginata Eponides polius Hanazawaia strattoni
Bulimina rostrata alazanensis Eponides regularis Haplophragmoides bradyi
Bulimina spicata Eponides tumidulus Haplophragmoides coronatus
Bulimina striata mexicana Eponides turgidus Haplophragmoides sphaeriloculus
Buliminella bassendorfensis
Florilus atlanticus Hastigerina pelagica
Buliminella exilis
Florilus c1avatus Heronallenia gemmata
Cancris auricula
Florilus scaphus Hoeglundina elegans
Candeina nit ida
Fissurina aradasii Hormosina carpenteri
Cassidulina curvata
Fissurina formosa Hormosina distans delicatula
Cassidulina neocarinata
Fissurina orbignyana s. I. Hormosina globulifera
Cassidulinoides bradyi
Fissurina tenuissima Hormosina ovicula

(107)
Hyperammina cylindrica Pseudonodosaria comatula Siphonina bradyana
HYperammina friabilis Pseudotrochammina mexicana Siphonina pulchra
Hyperammina laevigata Pseudotrochammina triloba Siphotextularia affmis
Islandiella norcrossi australis Pullenia bulloides Siphotextularia curta
Karreriella apicularis Pullenia osloensis Siphotextularia rolshauseni
Karreriella bradyi Pullenia quinqueloba Siphotrochammia squamata
Lagena laevis Pullenia subsphaerica Sphaeroid ina bulloides
Lagena sulcata s. I. Pullenia trinitatensis Sphaeroidinella dehiscens
Lagenammina atlantica Pulleniatina obliquiloculata Spirillina vivipara
Lagenammina diftlugiformis Pyrgo depressa Spiroloculina antillarum
Laticarinina pauperata Pyrgo elongata Spirosigmoilina distort a
Lenticulina calcar Pyrgo lucernula Stainforthia complanata
Lenticulina gibba Pyrgo murrhina s. I. Stomatorbina concentrica
Lenticulina orbicularis Pyrgo sarsii Technitella legumen
Lenticulina peregrina Pyrgo serrata Textularia candeiana
Liebusella soldanii Pyrgoella sphaera Textularia earlandi
Lingulina seminuda Quinqueloculina bosciana Textularia foliacea occidental is
Lituotuba lituiformis Quinqueloculina polygona Textularia mexicana
Marginulina hantkeni Quinqueloculina seminula Textulariella barretti
Marginulina tenuis Quinqueloculina venusta Thurammina pap illata
Marginulinopsis marginulinoides Quinqueloculina vulgaris Tolypammina schaudinni
Marginulinopsis subaculeata glabrata Quinqueloculina weaved Tosaia weaveri
Marsipella elongata Ramulina globulifera Trifarina bradyi
Martinottielia communis Rectobolivina advena Triloculina tricarinata
Martinottiella occidentalis Rectobolivina dimorpha Triloculina trigonula
Melonis barleeanus Recurvoides contortus s. I. Tritaxis conica
Melonis pompilioides Reophax bacillaris Tritaxis fusca
Miliolinella subrotunda Reophax dentaliniformis Trochammina advena
Neoeponides coryelli Reophax dis tans Trochammina conglobata
Neogloboquadrina dutertrei Reophax distans delicatulus Trochammina globu los a
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Reophax guttifer Trochamminajaponica
Nodellum membranaceum Reophax nodulosa Trochammina subglabra
Nodosaria calomorpha Reophax pilulifer Trochammina subturbinata
Nodosaria lamnulifera Reophax scorpiurus Trochammina tasmanica
Nonionella opima Reticulophragmium venezuelanum Turborotalita humilis
Oolina longispina Reussella atlantica Uvigerina ampullacea
Orbulina universa Rhabdammina abyssorum Uvigerina auberiana
Oridorsalis sidebottomi Rhabdammina linearis Uvigerina mntii
Oridorsalis tener tener Rhizammina algaeformis Uvigerina hispida
Oridorsalis tener stellatus Rhizammina sp. Uvigerina peregrina
Oridorsal is tener umbonatu s Robertina oceanica Uvigerina peregrina dirupta
Orthomorphina guttifera Robertinoides bradyi Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea
Osangularia cultur Rosalina suezensis Uvigerina peregrina parvula
Osangularia rugosa Rotorbinella basilica Uvigerina senticosa
Parafissurina lateral is Rotorbinella translucens Uvigerina spinicostata
Parafissurina sp. Saccammina socialis Valvulineria complanta
Pavonina atlantica Saccorhiza ramosa Val vu lineria laev igata
Planulina ariminensis Saracenaria italica s. l. Valvulineria minuta
Planulina foveolata Scutuloris sp. Valvulineria opima
Pleurostomella bolivinoides Sigmoilopsis schlumbergeri
Pseudoclaulina mexicana Sigmoilina sigmoides

(108)

PLATES

(109)
 PLATE 1
Cyclammina caneel/ata Brady, Traverse 1, station 37, 7 Bolivina pusilla Schwager. Traverse 1, station 26, 5,130
1,962 feet. feet.
2 Karreriella apicularis (Cushman), Traverse 2, station 69, 8 Bulimina aeuleata d'Orbigny. Traverse 3, station 7, 1,224
2,724 feet, feet.
3,4 Pyrgo lucernula (Schwager). Traverse 1, station 23,6,174 9 Bulimina rostrata alazanensis Cushman. Traverse 2, sta­
station 19, 6,972 feet. tion 72, 1,836 feet.
5 Bolivina albatrossi Cushman. Megaspheric form, traverse 10 Latiearinina pauperata (Parker and Jones), Traverse 1,
1, station 34, 2,640 feet. station 30, 4,092 feet.
6 Bolivina albatrossi Cushman. Microspheric form, traverse
I, station 40, 1,230 feet.

(110)
 L-.-J
X45 2 X60 3 X40 250/J

4 X40 X85 7 X130

8 X67 9 X475 10 X24 500/J

 PLATE 2
1,2, 3 Eponides regularis Phleger and Parker. Traverse 1, sta­ 6, 7, 8 Cibicides kullenbergi Parker. Traverse 2, station 70,
tion 43, 498 feet. 2,448 feet.
4, 5 Eponides tumidullis (Brady). Traverse 2, station 59, 9 Cibicides cf. pseudoungerianus (Cushman). Traverse 1,
4,218 feet. station 40, 1,722 feet.

(112)
 X1BO 2 X 175 3 X 160

4 X21 5 5 X2 15 6 X65

7 X l00 8 X50 9 X50

 PLATE 3
1,2 Cibicides cf. pseudoungerianus (Cushman). Traverse 1, 6.7 Cibicides bradyi (Trauth). Traverse 2, station 66, 3,078
station 40, 1,722 feet. feet.
3,4,5 Cibicides robertsonianus (Brady). Traverse 2, station 8, 9 Cibicides rugosus Phleger and Parker. Traverse 1. sta­
66, 3,078 feet. tion 29. 4,338 feet.

(114 )
 X6 0 2 X60

5 X48 6 X 125

7 X120 8 X45 9 X35

 PLATE 4
Cibicides rugosus Phleger and Parker. Traverse 1, sta­ 6,7 Francesita ad vena (Cushman). Traverse 1, station 16,
tion 29, 4,338 feet. 8,010 feet.
2,3,4 Cibicides wuellerstorfi (Schwager). Traverse 1, station 8, 9 Gyroidina altiformis acuta Boomgaart. Traverse 2, sta­
28, 4,584 feet. tion 59, 4,218 feet.
5 Globocassidulina mollucensis (Germeraad). Traverse 1,
station 19 6,972 feet.

(116)
 X55 2 X75 150," 3 X6 0 20 0,"

4 X60 5 X 105 6 X105 100,"

7 X105 100,"
 PLATE 5
Gyraidina alli/ormis aClIia Boomgaart. Traverse 2, sta­ 5,6,7 Gyroidina orbicularis d'Orbigny. Traverse 1, station 38,

tion 59, 4,218 feet. 1,722 feet.

2,3,4 Gyraidina altl/armis cushman; Boomgaart. Traverse 2, 8,9 Oridorsalis tener stellatus (Silvestri). Traverse 1, station
station 73, 1,146 feet. 43, 498 feet.

(118)
 L-J
X90 lOOIJ 2 X95

4 X95 5 X l05
6 X 13 0

7 X 12 5
8 X 120 9 X 135

 PLATE 6
Oridorsalis tener stellatus (Silvestri). Traverse 1, station 5,6,7 Oridorsalis tener umbonatus (Reuss). Traverse 1, sta­
43, 498 feet. tion 26, 5,130 feet.
2,3,4 Oridorsalis tenet tener (Bradyi). Traverse 3, station 9, 8,9 Alabamina decorata (Phleger and Parker). Traverse I,
1,824 feet. station 25, 5,436 feet.

(120)
 X125 2 X130 100" 3 X110

4 X90 5 X63 6 X63 200 "

7 X63 200" 8 X220 9 X23 0

 PLATE 7
Alabamina decorata (Phleger and Parker). Traverse 1, 6 Melonis barleeanus (Williamson). Traverse 3, station
station 25, 5,436 feet. 5, 534 feet.
2, 3, 4 Osangularia rugosa (Phleger and Parker). Traverse 2, 7, 8 Melonis pompi/ioides (Fichtel and Moll). Traverse 1,
station 71, 2,118 feet. 3, aperture highlighted. station 19, 6,972 feet.
5 Melonis barleeanus (Williamson). Traverse 2, station 9 Uvigerina flintii Cushman. Traverse 1, station 42, 762
72, 1,836 feet. feet.

(122 )
 X22 0 2 X 13 0 3 X 180

4 X 1 30 1001' 5 X 125 6 X140

7 X 105 8 X 120 9 X60

 PLATE 8
Uvigerina peregrina mediterranea Hofker. Traverse 1, 1, station 33, 2,964 feet. 7. Traverse 1, station 25,
station 41, 984 feet. 5,436 feet. All costae broken into spines but are
2,3 Uvigerina peregrina peregrina Cushman. 2. Traverse still aligned.
1, station 43, 498 feet. 3. Traverse 1, station 41. 984 8,9, 10 Uvigerina hispida Schwager. 8. Traverse J, station 23A,
feet. Spines located on apertural neck. 5,880 feet. 9. Traverse 1, station 21, 6,726 feet. 10.
4,5 Uvigerina peregrina dirupta Todd. 4. Traverse 1, sta­ Traverse 1, station 17, 7,650 feet. Costae broken
tion 40, 1,230 feet. 5. Traverse I, station 35, 2,358 feet. into random spines over whole test.
Costae on last two chambers broken into spines. 11, 12 Uvigerina senticosa Cushman. 11. Traverse 1, station
6, 7 Uvigerina spinicostata Cushman and Jarvis. 6. Traverse 20,6,864 feet. 12. Traverse 1, station 11, 9,501 feet.

(124 )
 L-.......J

X70 145 11 2 X80

3 X100 4 X64

5 X60 6 X60 7 X58 20011 8 X 55

9 X 65 10 X6 0 11 X50 20011 12 X 45 30011