Reef Corals of The Raja Ampat Islands Pa PDF

Rapid Assessment Program
22
RAP Bulletin
of Biological
Assessment
Center for Applied Biodiversity

A Marine Rapid Assessment Science (CABS)
of the Raja Ampat Islands, Conservation International (CI)
Papua Province, Indonesia University of Cenderawasih
Indonesian Institute ofSciences

(LIPI)
Sheila A. McKenna, Gerald R. Allen,
Australian Institute of Marine
and Suer Suryadi, Editors Science
Western Australian Museum
RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 1

RAP Working Papers are published by:
Conservation International
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science
Department of Conservation Biology
1919 M Street NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20036
USA
202-912-1000 telephone
202-912-9773 fax
www.conservation.org
www.biodiversityscience.org
Editors: Sheila A. McKenna, Gerald R. Allen, and Suer Suryadi

Design/Production: Glenda P. Fábregas
Production Assistant: Fabian Painemilla
Maps: Conservation Mapping Program, GIS and Mapping
Laboratory, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International
Cover photograph: R. Steene
Translations: Suer Suryadi
Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section
501 c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.
ISBN 1-881173-60-7
© 2002 by Conservation International.
All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 2001098383
The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of Conservation International or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of
any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Any opinions expressed in the RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect those
of CI.
RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment was formerly RAP Working Papers. Numbers 1-13 of this series were published under
previous title.
Suggested citation: McKenna, S.A., G.R. Allen, and S. Suryadi (eds.). 2002. A Marine Rapid Assessment of the Raja Ampat
Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 22. Conservation International, Washington, DC.
Funding for this Marine RAP study and publication was generously provided by David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Henry
Foundation, and the Smart Family Foundation Inc.
Printed on recycled paper.
2 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Table of Contents
Participants .................................................................................... 4 Chapter 5 ..................................................................................... 66

Condition of Coral Reefs at the Raja Ampat
Organizational Profiles ................................................................... 5 Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia
Sheila A. McKenna, Paulus Bolis and Gerald R. Allen
Acknowledgments .......................................................................... 8
Chapter 6 ..................................................................................... 79
Ringkasan Eksekutif ...................................................................... 9 Exploitation of Marine Resources on the Raja Ampat
Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia
Executive Summary ..................................................................... 13 Jabz Amarumollo and Muhammad Farid
Overview ....................................................................................... 16 Images .......................................................................................... 87
Chapter 1 ..................................................................................... 26 Appendix 1 .................................................................................... 90

Reef corals of the Raja Ampat Islands, Checklist of Corals of eastern Indonesia and
Papua Province, Indonesia the Raja Ampat Islands
J.E.N. Veron
Part I. Overview of Scleractinia ................................................... 26
J.E.N. Veron Appendix 2 .................................................................................. 104
Coral Species recorded at individual sites in
Part II. Comparison of Individual Survey Sites ........................... 29 the Raja Ampat Islands
Douglas Fenner D. Fenner
Chapter 2 ..................................................................................... 37 Appendix 3 .................................................................................. 113

Molluscs of the Raja Ampat Islands, Molluscs recorded at the Raja Ampat Islands
Papua Province, Indonesia F.E. Wells
Fred E. Wells
Appendix 4 .................................................................................. 132
Chapter 3 ..................................................................................... 46 List of the reef fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands
Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands, G.R. Allen
Papua Province, Indonesia
Gerald R. Allen Appendix 5 .................................................................................. 186
List of target (commercially important) fishes
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................... 58 of the Raja Ampat Islands
A Basic Stock Assessment of Economically La Tanda
Important Coral Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands,
Papua Province, Indonesia Map ............................................................................................. 193
La Tanda

Participants
Gerald R. Allen, Ph. D. (Ichthyology and Douglas Fenner, Ph. D. (Reef Corals)
Science Team Leader) Australian Institute of Marine Sciences
Conservation International P.M.B. No. 3
1919 M St., N.W., Suite 600 Townsville, Queensland 4810,
Washington, DC 20036 USA Australia
Mailing address: Email: d.fenner@aims.gov.au
1 Dreyer Road
Roleystone, WA 6111 Sheila A. McKenna, Ph. D. (Reef Ecology,
Australia RAP Survey Team Leader)
Fax: (618) 9397 6985 Conservation Biology Department
Email: tropical_reef@bigpond.com Conservation International
1919 M St., N.W., Suite 600
Jabz Amarumollo (Community Liaison Team) Washington, DC 20036 USA
Conservation International Email: s.mckenna@conservation.org
Jalan Bhayangkara I, No. 33
Jayapura, Indonesia 99112 Roger Steene (Photographer)
Email: jzmarllo@n2nature.com P.O. Box 188
Cairns, Queensland 4870
Paulus Boli MSc. (Cenderawasih University, Australia
Manokwari, Coral Reef Ecologist)
Cenderawasih University John E. N. Veron, Ph. D. (Reef Corals)
Manokwari, Papua Province, Indonesia Australian Institute of Marine Sciences
Email: paul_boli@mailexcite.com P.M.B. No. 3
Townsville, Queensland 4810
Mohammed Farid (Community Liaison Team) Australia
Conservation International Email: j.veron@aims.gov.au
Jayapura, Indonesia 99112 Fred E. Wells, Ph. D. (Malacology)
Email: ci-irian@jayapura.wasantara.net.id Department of Aquatic Zoology
Western Australian Museum
La Tanda BSc. (Reef Fisheries) Francis Street
Development Center for Oceanology (LIPI) Perth, WA 6000
Biak Field Station Australia
Biak, Papua Province Email: wellsf@museum.wa.gov.au
Indonesia

Organizational Profiles
Conservation International University of Cenderawasih (UNCEN)
Conservation International (CI) is an international, University of Cenderawasih serves as a center of

non-profit organization based in Washington, DC. CI excellence for Papuan students and provides a range of
acts on the belief that the Earth’s natural heritage must educational services to the community. UNCEN’s
be maintained if future generations are to thrive mission is to train and enhance the technological and
spiritually, culturally, and economically. Our mission is human resources of Papua to the benefit of the Papuan
to conserve biological diversity and the ecological people and community. The focus has been on
processes that support life on earth and to demonstrate agriculture, economics, and fisheries. The Faculty of
that human societies are able to live harmoniously with Agriculture is based at Manokwari and includes the
nature. department of Fishery and Marine Science.
Conservation International University of Cenderawasih

1919 M St., N.W., Suite 600 Kampus Waena Jayapura
Washington, DC 20036 USA Jalan Sentani Abepura
(202) 912-1000 (telephone) Jayapura, Papua Province 99351
(202) 912-1030 (fax) Indonesia
http://www.conservation.org (62-967) 572-108 (telephone)
(62-967) 527-102 (fax)
Conservation International (Indonesia)
Jalan Taman Margasatwa 61
Jakarta, Indonesia 12540 Papua State University
(62-21) 7883-8624/26 (telephone),
(62-21) 7800265 (fax) The State University of Papua was formerly a branch of
http:// www.ci-indonesia@conservation.org UNCEN, but was recently granted status as a separate
institution. An integral part of its program involves
Conservation International (Papua Province) agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
Jayapura, Papua Province 99112 Papua State University
Indonesia (62-967) 523-423 (telephone and fax) Jalan Gunung Salju Amban
Manokwari, Papua Province
Indonesia
(62-986) 211-974 (telephone)
(62-986) 211-455 (fax)

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Research and Development Center for Oceanology
(RDCO)
The Indonesian Institute of Sciences is a non-
departmental institution that reports directly to the RDCO is one of the main branches in the LIPI organiza-
President of Indonesia. The main tasks of LIPI are to tion and is responsible for all aspects of marine science,
assist the President in organizing research and including oceanography, marine biology, marine resources,
development, and to provide guidance, services, and and conservation technology for the general marine
advice to the government on national science and environment.
technology policy. In order to accomplish its main tasks
LIPI was assigned the following functions: Research and Development Center for Oceanology
Jalan Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur
1. To carry out research and development of science and P.O. BOX 4801/JKTF
technology. Jakarta 11001, Indonesia
2. To encourage and develop science consciousness (62-21) 683-850 (telephone)
among the Indonesian people. (62-21) 681-948 (fax)
3. To develop and improve cooperation with national as http://www.oseanologi.lipi.go.id
well as international scientific bodies in accordance
with the existing laws and regulations.
4. To provide the government with the formulation of
national science policy.

Australian Institute of Marine Science Western Australian Museum
The mission of the Australian Institute of Marine Science The Western Australian Museum was established in
(AIMS) is to generate the knowledge to support the 1891 and its initial collections were geological,
sustainable use and protection of the marine environment ethnological and biological specimens. The 1960s and
through innovative, world-class scientific and technological 1970s saw the addition of responsibility to develop and
research. It is an Australian Commonwealth Statutory maintain the State’s anthropological, archaeological,
Authority established by the Australian Institute of Marine maritime archaeological and social and cultural history
Science Act of 1972 in recognition of a national need to collections. The collections, currently numbering over
manage Australia’s marine environment and marine two million specimens/artefacts, are the primary focus of
resources. research by the Museum’s own staff and others. The aim
is to advance knowledge on them and communicate it to
Australian Institute of Marine Science the public through a variety of media, but particularly a
Cape Ferguson, Queensland program of exhibitions and publications.
PMB No 3, Townsville MC QLD 4810
(61-7) 4753-4444 (telephone) Western Australian Museum
(61-7) 4772-5852 (fax) Francis Street
http://www.aims.gov.au Perth, WA 6000
Australia
(61-8) 9427-2716 (telephone)
(61-8) 9328-8686
http://www.museum.wa.gov.au

Acknowledgments
This Marine RAP survey was financed by generous We are grateful to the people of the Raja Ampat
donations from the David and Lucile Packard Islands who allowed us to conduct this survey and
Foundation, the Henry Foundation, and the Smart Family extended their wonderful hospitality. We thank the
Foundation Inc. Kepala Desa and people of the following villages for their
We are very grateful to the Rector of the University of assistance and sharing their knowledge: Waiweser,
Cenderawasih, Mr. F. A. Wospakrik, and the Rector of the Arefi, Yansawai, Marandan Weser, Sapokren, Yenbeser,
University of Papua, Dr. F. Wanggai for supporting this Friwen, Yenbuba, Waiweser, Yenbekwan, Yenwaupnoor,
project, and providing the necessary permits and excellent Sawinggrai, Kapisawar, Arborek, Lopintol, Wawiyai,
counterparts. Similarly, we thank Dr. Kurnaen Kabui, Waifoi, Fam, Mutus, Miosmanggare, Manyaifun,
Sumadiharga, Director of the Research and Development Selpele, and Salio. We also express our gratitude to Taher
Center for Oceanology of LIPI for his continued support of Arfan (Head of Kepulauan Raja Ampat Adat Council),
CI RAP surveys. The survey would not have been possible Fatah Abdullah (Head of Kecamatan Samate), Octavianus
without the additional support of the Research Institute of Mayor (Head of Kecamatan Waigeo Selatan), and our
the University of Cenderawasih, and the Biak Research guide Pak Mayor from Yenbuba village, who accompanied
Station of the Development Center for Oceanology. us on our visits to various villages.
We also appreciate the assistance of the Museum of Yuli Supriyanto and Maisyie helped us to obtain
Zoology (LIPI), particularly Dr. Siti N. Prijono (Director), permits and to gather information in Sorong. We were
Ristiyanti M. Marwoto (invertebrates), Ike Rachmatika capably assisted by CI-Indonesia staff, including the
(fishes), and Agus Tjakrawidjaja (fishes). Director Jatna Supriatna, Ermayanti, Myrna
We also thank the following government staff for Kusumawardhani, Mira Dwi Arsanty, and Hendrite Ohee.
providing permits and sharing data: John Piet Wanane Thanks are due Max Ammer, owner of Irian Diving,
(Head, Regency of Sorong), Joseph Kbarek (Head, Regency and his staff, for providing crucial logistic assistance
Planning Agency), Constant Karel Sorondanya (Head, during the RAP, and for sharing their extensive knowledge
Nature Conservation Agency), Ahmad Fabanyo (Head, of the underwater attractions of the region. Additionally,
Dinas Fisheries), A. Rahman Adrias (Head, Dinas Tourism), thanks to Max Ammer and the Raja Ampat Research and
S. Banjarnahor (Head, Dinas Trade), and Mr. Faisal (Head, Conservation Center for help with final map editing. We
Sorong Police Station). In addition, the Indonesian also thank the staff of P.T. Cendana Indopearls,
Department of Immigration kindly issued permits that particularly Project Manager Joseph Taylor and Assistant
enabled our RAP scientists to perform their survey and Manager David Schonell, for providing accommodation
training duties. during our stay at Alyui Bay on Waigeo Island. Mark
Allen assisted with color scanning and prepared the layout
for the color pages appearing in this report.

Ringkasan Eksekutif
Pendahuluan keanekaragaman hayati dan peluang konservasi di areal

yang telah ditentukan. Melalui inventarisasi bawah laut
Laporan ini memaparkan hasil penilaian lapangan secara selama tiga minggu, survei Marine RAP menghasilkan
cepat di Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Indonesia, yang terletak daftar-daftar spesies yang merupakan indikator kekayaan
di paling ujung barat Propinsi Papua dulu bernama Irian biologi secara keseluruhan, mencatat beberapa parameter
Jaya. Kepulauan ini terdiri dari beberapa pulau besar dan untuk menilai kualitas/kesehatan ekosistem secara
bergunung-gunung, yaitu Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati dan keseluruhan. Pada setiap survei, RAP juga memperhatikan
Misool serta ratusan pulau-pulau kecil di sekitarnya. dan menilai kebutuhan penduduk lokal, yang kemudian
Daratan dan lautan di sekelilingnya mencakup luas sekitar dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari rekomendasi akhir.
43.000 km2. Total populasi penduduk adalah 48,707 Dengan membandingkan hasil-hasil dari beberapa
atau 7 jiwa/ km2 berdasarkan sensus terakhir tahun 1998. survei, Marine RAP akhirnya difokuskan untuk
Pulau-pulau ini merupakan bagian dari “segitiga karang” memastikan bahwa perwakilan dari sampel
(Coral Triangle) yang terdiri dari Indonesia, Filipina, keanekaragaman hayati laut akan dikonservasi di kawasan
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Jepang dan Australia. lindung dan melalui berbagai upaya konservasi.
Kawasan tersebut mendukung kehidupan
keanekaragaman hayati laut terkaya di dunia, yang Kepulauan Raja Ampat
umumnya berpusat di habitat-habitat karang yang luas, Laut di sekitar Kepulauan Raja Ampat sangat kaya dengan
bakau dan padang lamun. organisme laut dan dihuni oleh terumbu karang paling asli
Survai ini dilakukan oleh Marine Rapid Assessment di Indonesia. Walaupun daerah yang disurvei jarang
Program (RAP) Conservation International (CI) penduduknya (sekitar 7.700 jiwa), dapat ditemukan
bekerjasama dengan Universitas Cenderawasih dan Pusat tanda-tanda kerusakan habitat yang tampaknya dilakukan
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi-Lembaga Ilmu oleh orang luar daerah yang sudah mempraktekkan
Pengetahuan Indonesia (P3O-LIPI). pengeboman dan peracunan ikan. Penebangan liar juga
terlihat dalam kawasan cagar alam di Pulau Waigeo. Jelas
sekali sangat dibutuhkan upaya konservasi untuk
melindungi ekosistem laut yang rentan dan menjamin
Gambaran Umum Marine RAP
adanya pemanfaatan sumberdaya yang berkelanjutan bagi
generasi mendatang.
Tujuan Marine RAP adalah untuk menghasilkan dan
menyebarluaskan informasi keanekaragaman hayati di
Survei Raja Ampat
daerah pesisir dan laut secara cepat untuk kepentingan
Survei Marine Rap di Kepulauan Raja Ampat dilakukan di
konservasi, dengan sebagian fokus untuk
45 lokasi selama 15 hari (27 Maret –10 April 2001).
merekomendasikan prioritas pembentukan kawasan
Secara umum lokasi yang akan dikunjungi telah
konservasi dan pengelolaannya. Marine RAP mengirim
ditentukan sebelumnya untuk memaksimalkan keragaman
tim multidisiplin ilmu yang terdiri dari ahli-ahli kelautan
habitat, sehingga memungkinkan diperolehnya daftar
dan sumberdaya pesisir untuk menilai tingkat
spesies keragaman hayati yang maksimal. Pada tiap lokasi,

inventarisasi bawah air dilakukan pada tiga kelompok lain di kawasan “Coral Triangle” termasuk Propinsi
satwa yang merupakan indikator keanekaragaman Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), Kepulauan
terumbu karang secara menyeluruh, yaitu karang Togean-Banggai (Indonesia) dan kepulauan
scleractinian, moluska dan ikan karang. Pengamatan Calamianes (Filipina).
tambahan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi
lingkungan di tiap lokasi, termasuk penilaian terhadap • Kondisi karang : Berdasarkan Indeks Kondisi Karang
berbagai parameter ancaman. Pengamatan dan data dari CI, diketahui bahwa 60 % dari terumbu karang
kegiatan perikanan karang juga dilakukan. yang disurvei dalam kondisi baik atau sangat bagus.
Daerah survei (lihat peta) mencakup sekitar 6.000 Lokasi-lokasi tersebut memiliki kombinasi
km2, meliputi karang-karang di Selat Dampier antara keragaman karang dan ikan yang terbaik, yang
Batanta Utara dan Waigeo. Areal survei juga mencakup relatif bebas dari gangguan dan penyakit.
Pulau Pam (penduduk setempat menyebutnya pulau Sebaliknya, 17% terumbu karang tergolong dalam
Pam) dan kelompok pulau Batang Pele, ujung barat kondisi jelek, tetapi terbatas pada teluk tersembunyi
Waigeo, termasuk Teluk Alyui, Pulau Kawe dan Wayag yang tingkat pengendapan lumpurnya tinggi.
yang jaraknya tidak jauh dari timur laut Waigeo. Ke 45
lokasi dicapai dengan perahu bermotor, berangkat dari
base camp di Pulau Kri dan teluk Alyui. Lokasi dua Rekomendasi Konservasi
terdiri dari dua habitat sehingga dipisahkan dengan
tanda 2a, karang tepi dan 2b karang laguna tersembunyi Kepulauan Raja Ampat menyokong kehidupan biota laut
di pulau Kri. Dengan demikian total jumlah lokasi yang kaya dan beragam. Terumbu karang dan ikan-ikan
survei adalah 45 walaupun jumlah yang disebutkan sangat kaya, bahkan mungkin jumlah spesiesnya terbanyak
adalah 44. dibandingkan kawasan lain yang sama luasnya di dunia.
Kepulauan ini juga memiliki pemandangan bawah air dan
daratan yang sangat indah. Walaupun kebanyakan lokasi
Ringkasan Hasil itu berada dalam kawasan cagar alam, tetap ditemukan
tanda-tanda kerusakan habitat, khususnya akibat ulah
Terumbu karang di Kepulauan Raja Ampat memiliki penangkap ikan illegal yang menggunakan bom dan
keanekaragaman hayati yang luar biasa dan umumnya sianida. Selain itu, ikan kerapu dan Napoleon merupakan
dalam kondisi fisik yang baik. Namun telah ada tanda- target perusahaan perikanan komersil sehingga jumlahnya
tanda kerusakan yang mengkhawatirkan, terutama akibat menurun drastis. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, tampak
praktek penangkapan ikan yang merusak. Catatan hasil jelas diperlukan upaya-upaya konservasi yang akan
dari survei ini adalah : melindungi kawasan dengan sumberdaya biologi yang
unik ini. Berdasarkan survei RAP ini, kami sampaikan
• Karang : tercatat 456 spesies karang keras, yang berarti beberapa rekomendasi sebagai berikut:
lebih dari setengah jumlah karang di dunia. Tak
satupun tempat dengan luas area yang sama memiliki 1. Melakukan kampanye penyadaran lingkungan.
jumlah spesies sebanyak ini. Penduduk lokal perlu menyadari keunikan hidupan
liar di sekitar mereka dan ketergantungannya pada
• Moluska : Keragamannya tergolong tinggi dengan habitat alami, juga manfaat konservasi dan
699 spesies. Jumlah ini melampaui semua hasil survei konsekwensinya jika tidak ada tindakan yang
RAP sebelumnya di sekitar kawasan, termasuk Papua dilakukan. Hal ini dapat dicapai dengan berbagai cara
New Guinea dan Filipina. seperti memasukkan materi dalam kurikulum SMP
dan SMU, mengundang pembicara dalam pertemuan
• Ikan karang: ditemukan 828 spesies, meningkatkan di kota, poster, video dan publikasi-publikasi
jumlah total spesies ikan yang diketahui di kepulauan bergambar.
ini menjadi 972 spesies. Teknik extrapolasi dengan
menggunakan enam famili indikator kunci 2. Meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam
menunjukkan bahwa di kawasan ini diharapkan perencanaan dan pengelolaan konservasi. Penduduk
terdapat sedikitnya 1.084 spesies. lokal memiliki peluang yang sangat bagus untuk
melakukan dan mengelola inisiatif konservasi yang
• Perikanan karang : terdapat 196 spesies, mewakili 59 akan berperan penting untuk memelihara
genus dan 19 famili yang dikategorikan sebagai keanekaragaman hayati laut di perairan sekitarnya.
spesies ikan target untuk konsumsi. Dugaan rata-rata Masyarakat harus bekerjasama untuk mewujudkan
total biomasa untuk lokasi-lokasi di Kepulauan Raja tujuan bersama dari konservasi terumbu karang
Ampat jauh lebih besar dibandingkan lokasi-lokasi

dalam jangka panjang. Pembentukan dewan semua aspek dari pengrusakan lingkungan dan
konservasi yang terdiri dari orang tua yang perikanan. Praktek-praktek penangkapan ikan
dipercaya dan dihormati dari seluruh desa dalam yang merusak seperti penggunaan sianida dan bom
kawasan ini akan menjadi ajang komunikasi yang adalah ilegal. Namun demikian, upaya
sangat baik. menghentikan praktek tersebut sebenarnya tidak
terjadi di kawasan seperti Kep. Raja Ampat.
3. Mengadakan program-program di masyarakat Masalah ini merajalela di seluruh Indonesia dan
untuk meningkatkan partisipasi dalam kegiatan dapat diatasi jika upaya konservasi yang benar-
konservasi. Partisipasi masyarakat dapat didorong benar efektif dilaksanakan. Pemerintah pusat dan
melalui bantuan dana untuk (melalui lembaga- daerah perlu mengalokasikan dana untuk kapal
lembaga pemerintah, perusahaan dan lsm) berbagai patroli, personil terlatih, dan sumber daya lainnya.
kegiatan di masyarakat seperti bantuan pendidikan, Selain itu, penegakan hukum yang efektif harus
pelayanan kesehatan dan perbaikan gereja. didukung oleh hukuman yang setimpal dalam
4. Mengadakan program –program pengembangan bentuk denda yang tinggi, penyitaan kapal dan
alternatif ekonomi berkelanjutan untuk peralatan penangkapan ikan, dan atau ancaman
menggantikan panangkapan ikan illegal. Jika penjara. Penebangan kayu ilegal di dalam kawasan
penduduk tidak memperoleh pendapatan dari konservasi juga merupakan masalah. Berbagai
menangkap ikan, maka harus ada alternatif yang ancaman bagi lingkungan pesisir berasal dari darat.
berkelanjutan untuk menghasilkan uang. Aktivitas Penebangan yang tidak terkontrol tidak hanya
yang mungkin dikembangkan adalah ekowisata dan menghilangkan sumber daya alam yang berharga, tapi
aktifitas lain yang terkait. Pengembangan ekowisata erosi dari lokasi penebangan menghasilkan endapan
terbatas merupakan cara yang sangat bagus untuk lumpur yang berpengaruh langsung pada terumbu
melaksanakan konservasi di tingkat lokal. Masyarakat karang.
dapat memperoleh keuntungan finansial melalui 8. Mendukung penelitian yang sangat penting bagi
pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan wisata sekaligus perencanaan konservasi lingkungan laut. Mengingat
berperan aktif menjaga terumbu karang. Terumbu keanekaragaman hayati laut dan darat yang sangat
karang yang kondisinya dijaga baik akan terus tinggi, maka diperlukan penelitian lanjutan yang
mendatangkan turis dan penduduk lokal akan mendalam, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan
memperoleh manfaat jika terumbu terus mendukung biota laut yang langka dan hampir punah.
kebutuhannya untuk sumber daya laut. Pembangunan stasiun biologi dan dukungan dana
5. Mengembangkan inisiatif konservasi darat dan laut bagi mahasiswa akan sangat membantu penelitian-
secara bersamaan. Kepulauan Raja Ampat penelitian yang diperlukan.
memberikan peluang langka untuk mengembangkan 9. Meningkatkan pengumpulan data-data penting
program konservasi darat dan laut. Ekosistem darat untuk perencanaan konservasi laut. Data utama
dan laut berhubungan erat di kawasan ini dan biologi dan pendukung non-biologi sangat penting
dampak dari daratan berpengaruh langsung pada untuk merancang strategi konservasi yang efektif.
habitat laut Tampaknya diperlukan serangkaian lokakarya, dimana
6. Mengkaji ulang tata batas cagar alam yang sudah ada. kelompok para ahli dan stakeholdernya menelaah
Batas-batas yang sudah ada perlu ditinjau kembali informasi yang tersedia untuk menghasilkan
untuk memastikan batas-batasnya dan efektif untuk kesepakatan berupa strategi yang dapat dilaksanakan.
melindungi perwakilan habitat utama di darat dan Hasil penting dari proses ini adalah teridentifikasinya
laut. Setiap usaha harus dibuat untuk mengubah kesenjangan informasi dan usulan untuk mengisi
“perlindungan di atas kertas” menjadi suaka yang kekosongan informasi itu.
dikelola baik dan diawasi oleh polisi hutan setempat. 10. Mengadakan program pemantauan lingkungan
7. Mengontrol atau mengurangi aktivitas ilegal yang jangka panjang. Masyarakat lokal perlu dilatih untuk
berdampak negatif bagi ekosistem alam. Pengrusakan memonitor terumbu karang secara berkala. Hal ini
sumber daya alam tak terkendali dan penangkapan mungkin dapat dicapai melalui kerjasama dengan
ikan yang berlebihan merupakan masalah di seluruh universitas di Papua dan LSM konservasi.
Indonesia. Akibatnya, diperlukan kepastian
hukum, khususnya di tingkat lokal yang mencakup

11. Mengadakan pelatihan menyelam bagi staf
universitas lokal dan organisasi konservasi. Masih
sedikit penyelam terlatih yang bekerja untuk LSM
dan universitas di propinsi Papua. Akibatnya,
terdapat keterbatasan minat untuk melakukan
konservasi laut. Sangat diperlukan promosi nilai-
nilai konservasi laut oleh ahli biologi dari Papua.
Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memperbaiki
kelemahan ini adalah melatih lebih banyak
penduduk lokal untuk menyelam, yang akan
membantu meningkatkan penghargaan terhadap
lingkungan bawah laut.
12. Mengadakan rapid assessment survei. Survei 2001
merupakan upaya awal yang sangat baik, tetapi
masih diperlukan survei tambahan. Khususnya,
perlu dilakukan survei di Misool, Salawati dan
Waigeo timur, kawasan yang tidak dikunjungi pada
RAP sebelumnya. Selain itu juga sangat baik untuk
melakukan satu kali atau lebih survei RAP terpadu
yang menggabungkan komponen laut, darat,
akuatik, dan sosial/ekonomi.

Executive Summary
Introduction areas. Through underwater inventories generally lasting

three weeks, Marine RAP surveys produce species lists
This report presents the results of a rapid field assessment that serve as indicators of overall biological richness, as
of the Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia, which lie immedi- well as recording several measurements to assess overall
ately off the extreme western tip of Papua Province, also ecosystem health. During each survey, RAP supports
known as Irian Jaya. The group consists of several large, parallel assessments of local human community needs
mountainous islands including Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati, and concerns, which become incorporated into the final
and Misool, and hundreds of small satellite islands. The recommendations.
land and surrounding sea occupy approximately 43,000 By comparing the results obtained from many
km2. Total population of the archipelago is 48,707 or 7 surveys, Marine RAP is ultimately focused on ensuring
persons per km2 of land, according to the last census in that a representative sample of marine biodiversity is
1998. The islands form an integral part of the “coral conserved within protected areas and through other
triangle,” composed of Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, conservation measures.
Papua New Guinea, Japan, and Australia. This region
supports the world’s richest marine biodiversity, mostly Raja Ampat Islands
concentrated in extensive coral reef, mangrove, and seagrass The seas surrounding the Raja Ampat Islands are exceed-
habitats. ingly rich for marine organisms and harbor some of the
The survey was implemented by the Marine Rapid most pristine reefs in Indonesia. Although the survey area
Assessment Program (RAP) of Conservation International is sparsely populated (about 7,700 residents), there are
(CI) in collaboration with the University of Cenderawasih disturbing signs of habitat destruction, apparently due to
and the Research and Development Center for Oceanol- encroachment by outsiders, who have introduced blast
ogy, a branch of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and cyanide fishing. Illegal logging was also observed
(LIPI). within the gazetted nature reserve on Waigeo Island.
There is clearly an urgent need for conservation initiatives
in order to protect fragile marine ecosystems and to insure
sustainable resources for future generations.
Overview of Marine RAP
The Raja Ampats Survey
The goal of Marine RAP is to rapidly generate and
The Marine RAP survey of the Raja Ampat Islands assessed
disseminate information on coastal and near-shore shallow-
45 sites over a 15-day period (27 March-10 April 2001).
water marine biodiversity for conservation purposes, with a
General site areas were selected prior to the actual survey in
particular focus on recommending priorities for conserva-
order to maximize the diversity of habitats visited, thus
tion area establishment and management. Marine RAP
facilitating a species list that incorporates maximum
deploys multi-disciplinary teams of marine scientists and
biodiversity. At each site, an underwater inventory was
coastal resource experts to determine the biodiversity
made of three faunal groups selected to serve as indicators
significance and conservation opportunities of selected
of overall coral reef biodiversity: scleractinian corals,

molluscs, and reef fishes. Additional observations were combination of coral and fish diversity and are
made on the environmental condition of each site, relatively free of damage and disease. In contrast,
including evaluation of various threat parameters. Observa- 17% of reefs were considered to be in poor condition,
tions and data on reef fisheries were also gathered. but these were mainly confined to sheltered bays with
The survey area (see map) covered approximately high levels of silting.
6,000 km2, encompassing reefs of the Dampier Strait
between northern Batanta and Waigeo. The area also
included the Fam (local people recognized it as Pam) and
Batang Pele Island groups, the westernmost tip of Waigeo, Conservation Recommendations
including Alyui Bay, as well as Kawe and the Wayag
Islands, lying a short distance to the northwest of Waigeo. The Raja Ampat Islands support a rich and varied marine
The 45 survey sites were reached by motor boats, fauna. Corals and fishes are particularly rich, with perhaps
operating from base camps at Kri Island and Alyui Bay. the greatest number of species than any other place in the
Site two consisted of two habitats and was split. The sites world of similar size. The islands also possess extraordinary
are denoted as 2a for the fringing reef and 2b for sheltered underwater and above-water scenery. Although much of
lagoon reef at Kri Island. Therefore the total number of the area lies within a gazetted nature reserve (cagar alam),
sites surveyed is 45 although the sites listed by number go there are disturbing signs of recent habitat destruction,
to 44. particularly by illegal fishers who use explosives and
cyanide. In addition, commercial fishing ventures are
targeting large groupers and Napoleon Wrasse, and stocks
appear to be dwindling rapidly. There is clearly a need for
Summary of Results conservation initiatives that will protect the regions unique
biological resources. As a result of our RAP survey we
Reefs of the Raja Ampat Islands harbor excellent make the following specific recommendations:
biodiversity and are mainly in good physical condition.
However, there are disturbing signs of degradation, 1. Implement an environmental awareness campaign.
primarily as a result of destructive fishing practices. Local residents need to become aware of the unique-
Notable results from the survey include: ness of their special wildlife and its dependence on
particular natural habitats, as well as the advantages of
• Corals: 456 species of hard corals were recorded, conservation and the consequences if no action is
which is more than half of the world’s total. No other taken. This can be achieved in a variety of ways
area of comparable size has this many species. including primary and secondary school curricula,
• Molluscs: Diversity was comparatively high with 699 guest speakers at town meetings, posters, videos, and
species. This total surpasses those from past RAP illustrated publications.
surveys in surrounding regions, including Papua New 2. Promote community participation in conservation
Guinea and the Philippines. planning and management. Local communities have a
• Reef Fishes: A total of 828 species were recorded, wonderful opportunity to implement and manage
raising the total known from the islands to 970 conservation initiatives that will play a critical role in
species. An extrapolation technique utilizing six key maintaining marine biodiversity in surrounding
indicator families reveals that at least 1,084 species can waters. Communities need to work together to
be expected to occur in the area. achieve the common goal of long-term reef conserva-
tion. The formation of a conservation council of
• Reef Fisheries: A total of 196 species, representing 59 trusted and respected elders representing all villages in
genera and 19 families, were classified as target species the area would greatly facilitate communication.
for reef fisheries. The mean total biomass estimate for
sites in the Raja Ampat Islands is considerably greater 3. Establish community outreach programs to provide
than for other previously sampled areas in the “coral extra incentives for participation in conservation
triangle” including Milne Bay Province (Papua New activities. Community participation could be
Guinea), Togean-Banggai Islands (Indonesia), and encouraged by establishing and helping to finance
Calamianes Islands (Philippines). (through government agencies, private corporations,
and NGOs) various outreach programs that involve
• Coral Condition: Using CI’s Reef Condition Index, it educational assistance, health care, and church
was noted that 60% of surveyed reefs were in good or improvements.
excellent condition. These are sites with the best

4. Establish programs to develop sustainable economic valuable natural resources, but the erosion of logged
alternatives to replace illegal fishing. If villagers are sites contributes to harmful silt deposition that
denied an income from fishing there must be directly affects coral reefs.
sustainable alternatives to earn cash. Possible activities
include eco-tourism and related activities. Limited 8. Facilitate studies that are essential for planning the
development of ecotourism is an excellent method to conservation of marine environments. Given the
implement conservation at the local level. Communi- extraordinary biodiversity of both marine and
ties can reap financial benefits through tourism- terrestrial systems there is a need for continued in-
related employment and also play an active part in depth studies, particularly with regards to potentially
conserving reefs. Reefs that are maintained in good rare and endangered marine wildlife. The establish-
condition will continue to draw tourists, and local ment of a biological field station and financial support
communities will naturally benefit if the reefs of university students would greatly facilitate the
continue to sustain their needs for marine resources. necessary studies.
5. Develop terrestrial and marine conservation initia- 9. Promote collection of data essential for marine
tives concurrently. The Raja Ampat Islands afford the conservation planning. A host of biological and
rare opportunity to develop terrestrial and marine supporting non-biological data are essential in
conservation programs. Land and sea ecosystems are designing an effective conservation strategy. It may
intimately linked in this area and terrestrial impacts prove worthwhile to convene a series of workshops in
have direct consequences on marine habitats. which a group of relevant experts and stakeholders
review existing information to achieve consensus on a
6. Review boundaries of existing wildlife reserves. workable strategy. Important results of this process
Current boundaries need to be reviewed to insure would be the identification of information gaps and
they can be justified and are effective for protecting a proposals for how to fill these gaps.
representative cross-section of all major marine and
terrestrial habitats. Every effort should be made to 10. Establish a long-term environmental monitoring
convert so called “paper parks” to meaningful reserves program. Local communities should be trained to
that are properly managed and patrolled by resident periodically monitor their reef resources. This could
rangers. perhaps be achieved through collaboration with
Papuan universities and conservation NGOs.
7. Control or eliminate illegal activities that negatively
impact natural ecosystems. Indiscriminate destruction 11. Provide dive training for staff of local universities and
of natural resources and over-fishing are problems conservation organizations. There are relatively few
throughout Indonesia. Consequently, it may be trained divers working for NGOs and universities in
necessary to enact more precise laws, particularly at the Papua Province. Consequently, there is limited
local level, covering all aspects of fishing and environ- enthusiasm for marine conservation. There is a
mental destruction. Destructive fishing practices such genuine need for promotion of marine conservation
as the use of cyanide and dynamite are illegal. values by Papuan biologists. One of the best ways to
However enforcement of these activities is virtually remedy this shortcoming is to train more local people
non-existent in areas such as the Raja Ampat Islands. to dive, which will foster a greater appreciation for the
This problem is rampant throughout Indonesia and undersea environment.
needs to be addressed if truly effective conservation 12. Conduct additional rapid assessment surveys. The
practices can be implemented. Local and national 2001 survey forms an excellent starting point, but
governments need to allocate funds for patrol boats, more surveys are required. In particular, there is a
trained personnel, and other resources. Additionally, need for surveys at Misool, Salawati, and eastern
effective enforcement needs to be backed up by Waigeo, areas that were not visited during the current
adequate penalties in the form of heavy fines, RAP. There is also excellent scope for one or more
confiscation of boats and fishing equipment, and/or integrated RAP surveys that incorporate marine,
jail sentences. Illegal logging within designated nature terrestrial, aquatic, and social/economic components.
reserves also poses a problem. A variety of threats to
coastal environments originate from land-based
sources. Uncontrolled logging not only depletes

Overview
Introduction Additional chapters present the results of fisheries and reef

condition surveys, as well as a study of marine resource use
The Raja Ampat Islands, situated immediately west of the by local communities. The purpose of this report is to
Birdshead Peninsula, are composed of four main islands document local marine biodiversity and to assess the
(Misool, Salawati, Batanta, and Waigeo) and hundreds of condition of coral reefs and the current level of fisheries
smaller islands, cays, and shoals. Much of the area consists exploitation in order to guide regional planning, marine
of gazetted wildlife reserve (cagar alam), but there remains conservation, and the use of sustainable marine resources.
a critical need for biological surveys. Delegates at the
January 1997 Conservation Priority-setting Workshop on Marine RAP
Biak unanimously agreed that the Raja Ampats are a high- There is an obvious need to identify areas of global
priority area for future RAP surveys, both terrestrial and importance for wildlife conservation. However, there is
marine. The area was also identified as the number one often a problem in obtaining the required data, consider-
survey priority in Southeast Asia at CI’s Marine RAP ing that many of the more remote regions are inadequately
Workshop in Townsville, Australia, in May 1998. Due to surveyed. Scarcity of data, in the form of basic taxonomic
its location near the heart of the “Coral Triangle” (the inventories, is particularly true for tropical ecosystems.
world’s richest area for coral reefs encompassing N. Hence, Conservation International has developed a
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea) technique for rapid biological assessment. The method
coupled with an amazing diversity of marine habitats, the essentially involves sending a team of taxonomic experts
area is potentially the world’s richest in terms of marine into the field for a brief period, often 2–4 weeks, in order
biodiversity. to obtain an overview of the flora and fauna. Although
The area supports some of the richest coral reefs in the most surveys to date have involved terrestrial systems, the
entire Indonesian Archipelago. The sparsely populated method is equally applicable for marine and freshwater
islands contain abundant natural resources, but environments.
unfortunately are a tempting target for exploitation. The One of the main differences in evaluating the
islands have long enjoyed a form of natural protection due conservation potential of terrestrial and tropical marine
to their remote location, but as fishing grounds have localities involves the emphasis placed on endemism.
become unproductive in areas to the west, the number of Terrestrial conservation initiatives are frequently correlated
visits by outside fishing vessels has increased. Particularly with a high incidence of endemic species at a particular
over the past two to three years, there has been a noticeable locality or region. Granted other aspects need to be
increase in the use of explosives and cyanide by both addressed, but endemism is often considered as one of the
outsiders and local people. most important criteria for assessing an area’s conservation
This report presents the results of a Conservation worth. Indeed, it has become a universal measure for
International Marine RAP (Rapid Assessment Program) evaluating and comparing conservation “hot spots.” In
survey of marine biodiversity in the Raja Ampat Islands, contrast, coral reefs and other tropical marine ecosystems
focusing on selected faunal groups, specifically reef- frequently exhibit relatively low levels of endemism. This
building (scleractinian) corals, molluscs, and fishes. is particularly true throughout the “coral triangle” (the

area including northern Australia, the Malay-Indonesian 1997 (Werner and Allen, 1998) and 2000 (Allen et al., in
Archipelago, Philippines, and western Melanesia), press), Calamianes Islands, Philippines in 1998 (Werner
considered to be the world’s richest area for marine and Allen, 2000), and the Togean and Banggai Islands,
biodiversity. The considerable homogeneity found in Indonesia in 1998 (Allen et al., in press).
tropical inshore communities is in large part due to the
pelagic larval stage typical of most organisms. For example Historical Notes
reef fish larvae are commonly pelagic for periods ranging The Raja Ampat Islands were one of the first areas in the
from 9 to 100 days (Leis, 1991). A general lack of East Indies to attract the attention of European explorers
physical isolating barriers and numerous island and naturalists. The French frigate L’Uranie under the
“stepping stones” have facilitated the wide dispersal of command of Captain Freycinet visited western New
larvae throughout the Indo-Pacific. Guinea and the Raja Ampats in 1819–1820. The
The most important feature to assess in determining surgeon-naturalists Quoy and Gaimard, who accompanied
the conservation potential of a marine location devoid of the expedition, published records of approximately 30 fish
significant endemism is overall species richness or species following their return to France in 1824. Another
biodiversity. Additional data relating to relative abundance French ship, the corvette La Coquille commanded by
are also important. Other factors requiring assessment Captain Duperrey, visited Waigeo in 1823, followed by a
are more subjective and depend largely on the observer. second visit by Quoy and Gaimard aboard L’Astrolabe in
Obviously, extensive biological survey experience over a 1826. These visits resulted in the description of about 40
broad geographic range yields the best results. This additional fishes. Quoy and Uranie islands, which lie off
enables the observer to recognize any unique assemblages the northwestern coast of Waigeo, bear testimony to these
within the community, unusually high numbers of early expeditions.
normally rare taxa, or the presence of any unusual Following the early French visits there was scant
environmental features. Finally, any imminent threats scientific interest in the area until the explorations of the
such as explosive fishing, use of cyanide, over-fishing, and famous British naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace. The Malay
nearby logging activities need to be considered. Archipelago (Wallace, 1869) gives an excellent account of
Reef corals, fishes, and molluscs are the primary his visit to Waigeo. After an epic 18 day voyage utilizing a
biodiversity indicator groups used in Marine RAP surveys. flimsy sailing canoe, he reached Waigeo on 4 July 1860.
Corals provide the major environmental framework for Wallace spent nearly three months there, but did not
fishes and a host of other organisms. Without reef- record any significant observations of marine life. Rather,
building corals, there is limited biodiversity. This is he was tirelessly occupied with the task of collecting birds
dramatically demonstrated in areas consisting primarily of and insects. Nevertheless, his accounts of the landscape
sand, rubble, or seaweeds. Fishes are an excellent survey and people of Waigeo are fascinating reading. In some
group as they are the most obvious inhabitants of the reef respects, there have been few changes since Wallace’s visit
and account for a large proportion of the reef ’s overall 141 years ago. For example, after negotiating the narrow
biomass. Furthermore, fishes depend on a huge variety channel (RAP Site 5) leading into Kabui Bay, Wallace
of plants and invertebrates for their nutrition. Therefore, noted in his book: we emerged into what seemed a lake,
areas rich in fishes invariably have a wealth of plants and but which was in fact a deep gulf having a narrow
invertebrates. Molluscs represent the largest phylum in the entrance on the south coast. This gulf was studded along
marine environment, the group is relatively well known its shores with numbers of rocky islets, mostly mushroom
taxonomically, and they are ecologically and economically shaped, from the water having worn away the lower part
important. Mollusc diversity is exceedingly high in the of the soluble coralline limestone, leaving them
tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, particularly in coral reef overhanging from ten to twenty feet. Every islet was
environments. Gosliner et al. (1996) estimated that covered with strange-looking shrubs and trees, and was
approximately 60% of all marine invertebrate species in generally crowned by lofty and elegant palms, which also
this extensive region are molluscs. Molluscs are particularly studded the ridges of the mountainous shores, forming
useful as a biodiversity indicator for ecosystems adjacent to one of the most singular and picturesque landscapes I have
reefs where corals are generally absent or scarce (e.g. mud, ever seen.
sand, seagrass beds, and rubble bottoms). Surprisingly, there has been little interest in the
It was decided at the Marine RAP Workshop in marine biology of the Raja Ampat Islands over the past
Townsville, Australia (May 1998) that CI would focus its century. Although Dutch scientists have long been familiar
survey activities on the “Coral Triangle,” because this is the with the area, most of their studies and collections focused
world’s richest area for coral reef biodiversity and also its on terrestrial and freshwater organisms. The small amount
most threatened. Accordingly the Marine RAP program of marine research mainly involved fishes and is outlined
has completed surveys at Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea in elsewhere (see Chapter 3 in this report).

Physical Environment Socio-economic Environment
The Raja Ampat Islands are situated immediately west of The Raja Ampat Archipelago is part of the Sorong
the Papua mainland, between 0°20’ and 2°15’ S latitude, Regency, which is composed of five districts: Salawati,
and 129°35’ and 131°20’ E longitude. The Archipelago Samate, Misool, South Waigeo, and North Waigeo. The
and surrounding seas occupy approximately 40,000 km2. population consists of 48,707 residents (17,516 families)
The diverse array of unspoiled coral reefs and superb inhabiting 89 villages, with approximately seven people
above-water scenery combine to produce one of the per km2. The inhabitants are mainly of Papuan origin,
world’s premier tropical wildlife areas. Seas are excep- although there is a significant Indonesian community on
tionally calm for most of the year due to the prevailing Misool (not visited during the present survey).
pattern of light winds and sheltering influence of large The actual survey area includes 23 villages (see
high islands. The area is a natural wonderland chapter 6) with a total population of about 5,726, (see
punctuated by an endless variety of islands from coconut- chapter 6) ranging in size from Arborek (98 people) to
studded coral cays that scarcely rise above sea level to the Fam (785). More than 90% of the adult population of
spectacularly steep rain-forested slopes of Batanta and this area is engaged in sustenance-level fishing. At most
Waigeo, soaring to an elevation of 600–1000 m. Marine villages there is relatively little commercial activity,
navigation charts reveal there are at least 1,500 small cays although some people collect sea cucumbers (holothurians)
and islets surrounding the four main islands. Perhaps the that are sold to merchants in Sorong, the nearest large
most spectacular aspect of the above-water scenery is the population center on the mainland. Fishers from at least
“drowned karst topography” characterized by hundreds seven villages are currently using cyanide-containing
of limestone islets that form a seemingly endless maze of chemicals to catch Napoleon Wrasse and large groupers.
“forested beehives and mushrooms” (especially well The chemicals are provided by Sorong merchants, who
developed on Waigeo Island at Kabui Bay and at the pay very low prices for the illegally captured fishes. Many
Wayag Islands). villagers expressed concern about various illegal fishing
The area experiences a typical monsoon regime of methods, but admitted it was one of the few ways they
winds and rainfall. The dry season extends from October could earn extra cash.
to March. The highest rainfall is generally between April
and September, although June and July are generally the
wettest. Average rainfall during the dry season is about 17
Survey Sites and Methods
cm per month and about 27 cm per month during the
wet season. Winds are generally from the southeast
General sites were selected by a pre-survey analysis that
between May and October, and mainly from the north-
relied on literature reviews, nautical charts (particularly
west between December and March. During November,
British Admiralty charts 3248, 3744, and 3745), and
April, and May, which are transitional periods, winds are
consultation with Max Ammer, owner and operator of
light and variable.
Irian Diving. In addition G. Allen was familiar with the
Maximum daily tide fluctuation is approximately 1.8
area, having made two previous visits in connection with
m, with an average daily fluctuation of about 0.9–1.3 m.
fresh water surveys. Detailed site selection was accom-
Periodic strong currents are common throughout the area,
plished upon arrival at the general area, and was further
especially in channels between islands. Sea temperatures
influenced by weather and sea conditions.
during the survey period were generally 27–28°C and
At each site, the Biological Team conducted underwa-
severe thermoclines or areas of upwelling were not
ter assessments that produced species lists for key coral reef
encountered.
indicator groups. General habitat information was also
Marine environments in the Raja Ampat Islands are
recorded, as was the extent of live coral cover at several
incredibly diverse and include extensive coral reefs,
depths. The main survey method consisted of direct
mangroves, and sea grass beds. Coral reefs are mainly of
underwater observations by diving scientists, who recorded
the fringing or platform variety. Fringing reefs are highly
species of corals, molluscs, and fishes. Visual transects were
variable with regards to exposure, ranging from open sea
the main method for recording fishes and corals in contrast
situations to highly sheltered bays and inlets. The
to the method for recording molluscs, which relied
northern coast of Batanta and western end of Waigeo in
primarily on collecting live animals and shells (most
particular are strongly indented with an abundance of
released or discarded after identification). Relatively few
sheltered bays. Mayalibit Bay, the large inlet separating
specimens were preserved for later study and these were
East and West Waigeo, is essentially a marine lake with a
invariably species that were either too difficult to identify
narrow channel at its south eastern extremity. It is mainly
in the field or were undescribed. Further collecting
bordered by mangroves, but there is limited reef develop-
details are provided in the chapters dealing with corals,
ment at the southern end and in the channel, where
molluscs, and fishes.
currents are frequently severe.

Table 1. Summary of survey sites for Marine RAP survey of the Raja Ampat Islands.
No. Date Location Coordinates

1 27/3/01 W. Mansuar Island 0q 36.815 S, 130q 33.538 E
2a 27/3/01 Cape Kri, Kri Island 0q 33.470 S, 130q 41.362 E
2b 31/3/01 Cape Kri Lagoon 0q 33.380 S, 130q 41.234 E
3 27/3/01 S Gam Island 0q 30.761 S, 130q 39.409 E
4 28/3/01 N Kabui Bay, W. Waigeo 0q 18.761 S, 130q 38.581 E
5 28/3/01 Gam-Waigeo Passage 0q 25.570 S, 130q 33.796 E
6 28/3/01 Pef Island 0q 27.030 S, 130q 26.444 E
7 29/3/01 Mios Kon Island 0q 29.901 S, 130q 43.531 E
8 29/3/01 Mayalibit Bay, Waigeo 0q 17.851 S, 130q 53.595 E
9 29/3/01 Mayalibit Passage 0q 19.056 S, 130q 55.797 E
10 30/3/01 Pulau Dua, Wai Reefs 0q 41.435 S, 130q 42.705 E
11 30/3/01 N Wruwarez I., Batanta 0q 45.448 S, 130q 46.260 E
12 30/3/01 SW Wruwarez I., Batanta 0q 47.103 S, 130q 45.865 E
13 31/3/01 Kri Island dive camp 0q 33.457 S, 130q 40.604 E
14 31/3/01 Sardine Reef 0q 32.190 S, 130q 42.934 E
15 1/4/01 Near Dayang I., Batanta 0q 47.916 S, 130q 30.274 E
16 1/4/01 NW end Batanta Island 0q 47.914 S, 130q 29.277 E
17 1/4/01 W end of Wai Reef complex 0q 42.212 S, 130q 38.847 E
18 2/4/01 Melissas Garden, N. Fam I. 0q 35.390 S, 130q 18.909 E
19 2/4/01 N Fam Island Lagoon 0q 34.202 S, 130q 16.358 E
20 2/4/01 N tip of N Fam Island 0q 32.755 S, 130q 15.007 E
21 3/4/01 Mikes Reef, SE Gam I. 0q 31.032 S, 130q 40.304 E
22 3/4/01 Chicken Reef 0q 27.939 S, 130q 41.931 E
23 3/4/01 Besir Bay, Gam Island 0q 39.005 S, 130q 34.724 E
24 4/4/01 Ambabee I., S Fam Group 0q 44.723 S, 130q 16.547 E
25 4/4/01 SE of Miosba I., S Fam Gp. 0q 35.246 S, 130q 15.338 E
26 4/4/01 Keruo Island, N Fam Group 0q 15.741 S, 130q 18.105 E
27 5/4/01 Bay on SW Waigeo Island 0q 08.328 S, 130q 23.196 E
28 5/4/01 Between Waigeo & Kawe Is. 0q 11.924 S, 130q 07.506 E
29 5/4/01 Alyui Bay, W Waigeo 0q 01.003 N, 130q 19.690 E
30 6/4/01 N end Kawe Island 0q 00.214 N, 130q 07.904 E
31 6/4/01 Equator Islands E side 0q 00.102 S, 130q 10.648 E
32 6/4/01 Equator Islands W side 0q 36.815 S, 130q 09.805 E
33 7/4/01 Alyui Bay entrance, Waigeo 0q 09.912 S, 130q 13.765 E
34 7/4/01 Alyui Bay entrance, Waigeo 0q 08.942 S, 130q 13.626 E
35 7/4/01 Saripa Bay, Waigeo Island 0q 07.002 S, 130q 21.866 E
36 8/4/01 Wayag Islands E side 0q 10.202 N, 130q 03.997 E
37 8/4/01 Wayag Islands W side 0q 10.310 N, 130q 00.591 E
38 8/4/01 Wayag Islands inner lagoon 0q 10.225 N, 130q 01.827 E
39 9/4/01 Ju Island, Batang Pele Group 0q 18.951 S, 130q 08.028 E
40 9/4/01 Batang Pele Island 0q 17.812 S, 130q 12.329 E
41 9/4/01 Tamagui I., Batang Pele 0q 19.373 S, 130q 14.720 E
Group
42 10/4/01 Wofah Island, off SW Waigeo 0q 15.259 S, 130q 17.564 E
43 10/4/01 Between Fwoyo & Yefnab 0q 24.359 S, 130q 16.200 E
Kecil Is.
44 10/4/01 Yeben Kecil Island 0q 29.256 S, 130q 20.329 E

Concurrently, the Fisheries and Reef Condition SW Waigeo (Site 42, 122 species), Kri Island (Site 13,
Team used a 50 m line transect placed on top of the 115 species), and Alyui Bay (Site 29, 98 species).
reef to record substrate details and approximate biomass Relatively exposed fringing reefs supported the highest
of commercially important (target) species, as well as number of coral species with an average of 86.3 species
observations on key indicator species (for assessing per site, compared to isolated platform reefs (79.7
fishing pressure) such as groupers and Napoleon species) and sheltered bays (66.8). In terms of
Wrasse. Additional information about utilization of geographic areas, the reefs of the Batanta-Wai region
marine resources was obtained through informal had the highest number of corals per site (87.3) and
interviews with villagers. those near the entrance of Mayalibit Bay had the lowest
The expedition used two small motor boats that number (34.5).
served as diving platforms and rapid transport between
sites. An additional motorized canoe was utilized to Molluscs – Mollusc diversity was higher than for any
transport the community liaison team. Irian Diving’s base previous RAP expedition and similar surveys conducted by
camp at Kri Island was used for the initial and latter the Western Australian Museum in Australia. A total of
portions of the survey (27 March–3 April and 9–10 699 species were recorded during the survey including
April), and the pearl farm operated by P.T. Cendana 530 gastropods, 159 bivalves, 3 chitons, 5 cephalopods,
Indopearls at Alyui Bay, West Waigeo, served as our base and 2 scaphopods. The fauna was typical of that found
between 4–8 April. on relatively sheltered reefs, with species associated with
Details for individual sites are provided in the reef more exposed oceanic conditions either scarce or absent.
condition section (Technical Paper 5 in this report). Table The most diverse families were gastropods: Conidae (54
1 provides a summary of sites. Their location is also species); Muricidae (49); Cypraeidae (44); Mitridae (33);
indicated on the accompanying map. and Terebridae (28). Veneridae (28) was the most diverse
bivalve family. The two richest sites for mollusc diversity
were Southwest Waigeo Island (Site 27) and the Wayag
Islands (Site 38) with 110 and 109 species respectively;
Results
site 36 at the eastern Wayag Islands had the lowest
diversity (36 species). A number of commercially impor-
Biological Diversity
tant molluscs (e.g. Tridacna and Strombus) occurred widely
The results of the RAP survey indicate an extraordinary
at the surveyed sites, but populations were invariably small.
marine fauna. Totals for the three major indicator groups
(Table 2) surpassed those for previous RAPs in Indonesia,
Reef fishes – A total of 828 species were recorded, raising
Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.
the total known from the islands to 970 species. An extra-
polation technique utilizing six key indicator families
Table 2. Summary of Raja Ampat Islands fauna recorded during the RAP survey.
reveals that at least 1,084 species can be expected to occur
Faunal Group No. Families No. Genera No. Species in the area. Several notable results were achieved for fishes
Reef corals 19 77 456 including the two highest counts (283 and 281 species)
Molluscs 94 242 699 ever recorded by G. Allen during a single dive anywhere
Fishes 93 323 970 in the world. These totals were achieved at Cape Kri (Site
2a) and at the Southern Fam Group (Site 25). A total of
Detailed results are given in the separate chapters for corals, 200 or more species per site is considered the benchmark
molluscs, fishes, reef fisheries, reef condition, and commu- for an excellent fish count. These figures was achieved at
nity use of marine resources, but the key findings of the 51% of Raja Ampat Sites, surpassing the previous high of
survey are summarized here. 42% of sites at Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, and well
in excess of the figures for previous RAPs at the Togean-
Corals – The islands have the highest known diversity of Banggai Islands (16.0%) and the Calamianes Islands,
reef corals for an area of its size. A total of 456 species plus Philippines (10.5%). The average number of fish species
up to nine potential new species or unusual growth forms per site was 183.6. Relatively exposed fringing reefs
were recorded. A remarkable 96% (565 of a total of 590) supported the highest number of species with an average
of all Scleractinia recorded from Indonesia are likely to of 208.5 species per site. Platform reefs were nearly as
occur in the Raja Ampat Islands. rich with 200.3 species per site. Sheltered Bays were
An average of 87 species per site was recorded with relatively poor for fishes (120 per site) owing to their poor
the four most diverse sites as follows: Ju Island, Batang diversity of micro-habitats. Geographically the richest
Pele Group (Site 39, 123 species), Wofah Island, off areas for fishes were the N. Batanta-Wai reefs (211.7
species per site) and the Fam Group (203.0 per site).

Fisheries – A total of 196 species, representing 59 genera Outstanding Sites
and 19 families, were classified as target species for reef The Raja Ampat Islands is generally an outstanding
fisheries. Stocks of edible reef fishes such as fusiliers area for beautiful scenery and rich coral reef diversity.
(Casionidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), jacks (Carangidae), However, the RAP survey identified a number of sites
and sweetlips (Haemulidae) were generally abundant. that deserve special mention:
Similar to the situation at nearly all other reef areas in
Indonesia, there was a scarcity of large groupers Cape Kri, Kri Island (Site 2a-b) – Lying off the eastern end
(Serranidae), Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), and of Kri Island, this location supports a diverse reef biota due
sharks. Although fishing pressure was judged to be light to its incorporation of several major habitats including an
on most reefs, there is good evidence that Napoleon Wrasse exposed steep drop off (to 45 m depth), algal ridge, reef
and groupers are being targeted by illegal fishers for the flat, and sheltered lagoon (to 28 m depth). A total of 283
lucrative live fish trade. Napoleon Wrasse, perhaps the fish species were noted at Site 2a, the most fishes recorded
paramount target of the restaurant fish trade, was seen at on a single dive by G. Allen from anywhere in the Indo-
only seven sites (usually one fish per site). The mean total Pacific. The lagoon has a rich coral fauna with extensive
biomass estimate for sites in the Raja Ampat Islands was growth of Acropora and foliose species. The site is further
considerably greater than for other previously sampled characterized by a coconut-palm beach with scenic forested
areas in the “coral triangle” including Milne Bay Province hills rising steeply from the coast.
(Papua New Guinea), Togean-Banggai Islands
(Indonesia), and Calamianes Islands (Philippines). Gam-Waigeo Passage (Site 5) - This narrow, sinuous
channel extends for about one kilometre and separates the
Reef Condition islands of Gam and Waigeo. It is bounded by highly
Reefs were generally in very good condition compared to eroded, steep limestone cliffs and richly forested hills that
most areas of Indonesia with high live coral diversity and provide a spectacular backdrop to a remarkable diving
minimal stress due to natural phenomenon such as experience. There is invariably a brisk current, which
cyclones, predation (i.e. crown-of-thorns starfish), and divers can “ride” to their advantage. A RAP team member
freshwater runoff. The relatively small human population described the experience as “travelling down a transparent
exerts only light fishing pressure, and other human- river studded with coral, sponges, gorgonians, with a
induced threats appear to be minimal. Nevertheless, use of profusion of brightly-colored fishes.” This is the same
explosives for fishing, is a disturbing trend that appears to channel that Alfred Russel Wallace sailed through when he
be increasing. Almost every village in the area complained entered Kabui Bay on 1 July 1860 (see remarks under
about dynamite fishing by outsiders (i.e. non-villagers) and Historical Notes).
explosive damage was noted at 13.3% of the survey sites.
Illegal logging (in designated nature reserve areas) and Mayalibit Passage and adjacent Mayalibit Bay (Sites 8-9) –
consequent siltation is also a concern. The survey team Although relatively poor for marine biodiversity, this is one
found evidence of this activity at two sites on western of the most scenic attractions in the area. A narrow,
Waigeo. winding channel bordered by high forested peaks leads
from the open sea to the almost land-locked Mayalabit
Community Issues Bay, a 38 km-long expanse of sheltered sea that separates
A random selection of villages was visited by RAP team the western and eastern halves of Waigeo Island. The
members, who conducted informal interviews, primarily channel supports limited reef development due to
to acquire information on the relationship between extremely strong currents, but harbors an abundance of
marine biodiversity and the general community. An sharks. Mangroves thrive in close proximity to shoreline
attempt was made to assess the importance of marine reefs in some sections (e.g. Site 9), and there is an abun-
resources to the economic livelihood and general well- dance of mushroom-shaped islets in the southern extrem-
being of local villagers. Poverty seemed to be the main ity of the Bay (e.g. Site 8).
concern of average villagers, and particularly the effect
of the continuing economic crisis, which appears to be Fam Islands (Sites 18-20 and 24-26) – The Fam Group
severely impacting their livelihood. Increased prices for occupies about 234 km2 and is situated at the western
basic goods such as rice and medicine are of major entrance to Dampier Strait, between Waigeo and Batanta.
concern. This problem has caused increased reliance The archipelago consists of two hilly islands, North Fam
on marine products for sustenance and capital, and in (16 km in length) and South Fam (6 km in length with an
some cases fishers have adopted illegal methods such as elevation of 138 m), and a host of small rocky islets and
dynamite and cyanide to provide extra income to keep low cays. Its waters were the clearest encountered in the
pace with inflation. Raja Ampats and harbor a wealth of marine life. The

lagoon on North Fam (Site 19) and submerged reef at Site 25 program that depends on the cooperation of local
were extraordinarily rich for corals and fishes respectively. communities, which is definitely the case at the
Raja Ampat Islands. Local residents need to
Equator Islands (Sites 31-32) – This group of small rocky become aware of the uniqueness of their special
islets lies off the northeastern side of Kawe Islands. It lacks wildlife, the wildlife’s dependence on particular
a name on marine charts, therefore we dubbed it the natural habitats, the advantages of conservation,
Equator Islands because of its geographic position. The and the consequences if no action is taken. This
area is extremely scenic with an abundance of marine can be achieved in a variety of ways including
organisms. Prominent features include an expansive primary and secondary school curricula, guest
shallow lagoon on the eastern side and spectacular speakers at town meetings, posters, videos, etc.
limestone “mushrooms” on the western side. One of the current problems in the Raja Ampats is
that many people involved with destructive
Saripa Bay (Site 35) – Saripa Bay forms a scenic, six- conservation practices such as dynamite fishing are
kilometer-long embayment near the northwestern tip of unaware of the long-term consequences of their
Waigeo Island. Unlike other highly sheltered bays in the actions. We need to inform villagers of the
area, it receives excellent tidal flushing and consequently consequences and also change their attitudes
supports a lush growth of corals and other sessile inverte- toward people who are depriving the community
brates. Its waters were also remarkably clear compared to by engaging in these practices.
similar habitats.
2. Promote community participation in
Wayag Islands (Sites 36-38) – The Wayag Islands lie conservation planning and management. Local
approximately 35 km northwest of the north western tip communities have a wonderful opportunity to
of Waigeo, and were certainly one of the highlights of the implement and manage conservation initiatives that
entire survey. The group consists of a veritable maze of will play a critical role in maintaining marine
large forested islands, tiny limestone “mushrooms,” and biodiversity in surrounding waters. Communities
sizeable domes or beehive-shaped islets. Marine habitats need to work together to achieve the common goal
include an excellent mix of mangroves, exposed drop offs, of long-term reef conservation. One way of
and highly sheltered reefs, resulting in a rich marine fauna. achieving this is to establish an effective team of
It was the unanimous opinion of team members that the trusted and respected elders. It is understood that
area is probably deserving of World Heritage status. It Max Ammer of Irian Diving has already taken
enjoys wonderful natural protection due to its remote steps to organize this group. There appears to be
location and lack of human inhabitants. considerable interest among local communities and
the plan has been endorsed by the local Camat
(regent), the highest-ranking government official in
the area. One of the principle tasks of the NGO
Conservation Recommendations would be to achieve an effective working
relationship between local communities and to
The Marine RAP survey confirms that the Raja Ampat resolve conflicts related to fishing rights. Essential
Islands support a rich and varied marine fauna. The area is tasks of this group would also include the
largely unspoiled, but there are disturbing signs of habitat arbitration of conflicts relating to marine resource
destruction and over-exploitation of certain resources. utilization, and prosecution of illegal-fishing
Although much of the area is already gazetted as a wildlife offenders. There is also a need to promote
reserve, there is no real enforcement of conservation laws. traditional knowledge of natural resource
There is an urgent need for marine and terrestrial conserva- utilization and conservation.
tion action. Unlike many other parts of Indonesia where
reefs are in bad condition and overfishing is rampant, the 3. Establishment of community outreach programs to
Raja Ampats hold real promise for successful conservation provide extra incentives for participation in conser-
due to its small human population, spectacular scenery, vation activities. Community participation could be
and extraordinary diversity of marine life. As a result of supported by establishing and helping to finance (via
our survey we make the following specific government, private corporations, and NGOs)
recommendations: various outreach programs that involve educational
assistance, health care, and church improvements.
1. Implement an environmental awareness This type of aid would certainly raise awareness of
campaign. This activity has proved successful in conservation and provide real rewards for villages that
many other areas and is critical to any conservation implement reef management programs.

4. Establish programs to develop sustainable economic they can be justified and are effective for protecting a
alternatives to replace illegal fishing. If villagers are representative cross-section of all major marine and
denied an income from fishing there must be terrestrial habitats. There may be grounds for
sustainable alternatives to earn cash. Possible activities altering the boundaries or adding additional reserves
include eco-tourism and related activities. The Raja after preliminary biodiversity surveys are completed.
Ampats has great potential for tourism. Members of Every effort should be made to convert so called
the RAP survey team were unanimous in their praise “paper parks” to meaningful reserves that are
of the area’s rich biodiversity, good reef condition, and properly managed and patrolled by resident rangers.
superb physical beauty. However, if steps are not
taken to halt illegal fishing practices, especially the use 7. Control or eliminate illegal activities that negatively
of explosives and cyanide, the environment will be impact natural ecosystems. A variety of threats to
seriously damaged. There are disturbing signs already coastal environments originate from land-based
and reliable sources indicate that destructive activities sources. During the Raja Ampats survey we noted at
have greatly increased over the past two years. least two illegal logging operations on western
Limited development of ecotourism is an excellent Waigeo Island. Uncontrolled logging not only
method to implement conservation at the local level. depletes valuable natural resources, but the erosion
Communities can reap financial benefits through of logged sites contributes to harmful silt deposition
tourism-related employment and also play an active that directly affects coral reefs. Terrestrial RAP
part in conserving reefs. Maintaining reefs in good surveys should be undertaken in order to properly
condition will continue to draw tourists and local evaluate the extent of both legal and illegal logging
communities will naturally benefit if the reefs operations on natural ecosystems of the Raja Ampat
continue to sustain their needs for marine resources. Islands. Indiscriminate destruction of natural
Alternatives for destructive fishing activities appear to resources and over-fishing are problems throughout
be the only real option to protect the area. Villages Indonesia. Consequently, it may be necessary to
could be assisted in setting up a variety of eco-tourist enact more precise laws, particularly at the local
activities such as bird watching, hiking, kayak tours, level, that cover all aspects of fishing and
guest houses, etc. Local guides would need to be environmental destruction.
properly trained so they are able to fully understand The overall goal of this legislation should be to
the expectations and demands of guests, including sustain natural resources and conserve the natural
familiarization with scheduling procedures, booking, environment for future generations. This might
and public relations. Activities could also be coordi- include laws dealing with type and quantity of gear,
nated with the research field station (see recommen- and catch quotas for various species based on sound
dation 8 below), once it was established, and also with biological information. Long-term catch monitoring
Sorong-based agencies as the mainland offers programs would provide essential information for
additional tourist possibilities. managing the fishery.
Destructive fishing practices such as the use of
5. Develop terrestrial and marine conservation cyanide and dynamite are illegal. However enforce-
initiatives concurrently. The Raja Ampat Islands ment of these bans is virtually non-existent in areas
afford a rare opportunity to develop both terrestrial such as the Raja Ampat Islands. This problem is
and marine conservation programs. Land and sea rampant throughout Indonesia and needs to be
ecosystems are closely linked in this area and terrestrial addressed if truly effective conservation practices can
impacts have direct consequences on marine habitats. be implemented. Local and national governments
Freshwater surveys in the Raja Ampats indicate a need to allocate funds for patrol boats, trained
diverse insect and fish fauna that includes a significant personnel, and other resources. Effective enforcement
endemic element. The same applies to the bird fauna, also needs to be backed up by adequate penalties in
although there is still incomplete knowledge. At least the form of heavy fines, confiscation of boats and
two species of bird-of-paradise (the Red and Wilson’s) fishing equipment, and/or jail sentences. Staff and
are unique to the area. There is an urgent need for equipment need to be provided to existing law
one or more terrestrial RAPs. Conservation planning enforcement agencies for the expansion of their
for the Raja Ampats should involve careful considera- activities into the marine environment. In practical
tion of both terrestrial and marine ecostystems. terms there is a critical need to monitor daily fishing
activities. An effective way to accomplish this would
6. Review boundaries of existing wildlife reserves. be to establish a network of manned observation posts
Current boundaries need to be reviewed to insure at strategically important locations. Due to the huge

size of the area, it would be best to implement this ecological, cultural, and socio-economic information.
scheme over a limited area initially. Then, depending All these factors need to be considered in defining a
on the success of the program, it could be expanded local conservation strategy. A viable option that has
to other areas, particularly if its initial success leads to worked elsewhere (e.g. Milne Bay, Papua New
increased government funding. One suggested Guinea and Togean Islands, Indonesia) would be to
priority area would include Mansuar, Gam, and convene a workshop where a group of relevant
North Fam Islands, which have apparently been experts and stakeholders review existing information
greatly affected by recent destructive fishing practices. to achieve consensus on a workable conservation
Each police unit would consist of a strategically strategy. An important result of this process would
located observation platform on a hill or tower, and be the identification of information gaps, and
would be equipped with living quarters, radio proposals for how to fill them.
communication, binoculars, a small jetty, and a small,
but rapid fiberglass patrol boat. Staff would be 10. Establish a long-term environmental monitoring
carefully selected from local villages so that all major program. Periodic surveys are recommended to
families with fishing rights in the particular area are monitor the status of reef environments, particularly
represented. Perhaps as many as five people could be those of special significance (e.g. sites of special
trained as rangers for each post. A team consisting of beauty, pristine representatives of major habitats, or
two local rangers and one police officer would man places that harbor rare species). If a biological
the lookout. According to Max Ammer of Irian research station is established in the area, its staff and
Diving, police officers can be hired for about US$60 visitors could play a critical role in this regard. In
per month. They would assist with observation duties addition, local communities should be involved in
and make any necessary arrests. Police presence is also the monitoring process after an initial training
necessary for protection, as offenders are known to period. Their involvement would necessitate the
carry weapons or frequently throw fish bombs if they design of simple, yet effective, monitoring protocols
are pursued. that could be implemented without the presence of
To make sure this system is effective, the scientific personnel.
offenders should be brought to the village that owns 11. Provide dive training for staff of local universities
the reef where the arrest was made. The boat would and conservation organizations. There are relatively
be immediately confiscated and held as bail, but the few trained divers working for NGOs and
offenders would be taken to the Sorong police station. universities in Papua. Consequently, there is limited
8. Facilitate studies that are essential for planning the enthusiasm for marine conservation. Until now,
conservation of marine environments. In view of most of the impetus has been provided by foreign
the extraordinary biodiversity of both marine and NGOs. There is a genuine need for promotion of
terrestrial systems, there is a need for continued in- marine conservation values by Papuan biologists.
depth studies, particularly with regards to potentially One of the best ways to remedy this shortcoming is
rare and endangered marine wildlife such as sharks, to train more people to dive, which will foster a
endemic reef organisms, dugongs, and sea turtles. greater appreciation for the undersea environment.
Financial support of university students would The best possible spokespersons for Papua reef
provide an incentive for these studies. In addition, conservation should be native Papuan people, rather
the establishment of a permanent biological field than foreigners.
station with links to government agencies, 12. Conduct additional rapid assessment surveys.
Indonesian and foreign universities, and There is an urgent need to conduct further marine
conservation NGOs is highly recommended. Such surveys and terrestrial surveys of the Raja Ampat
an installation would result in the long-term Islands. The area is vast and still relatively unknown
accumulation of biological knowledge that would be biologically. The 2001 survey forms an excellent
instrumental in developing sound conservation starting point, but more surveys are required. In
management. particular, there is a need for surveys at Misool,
9. Promote collection of data essential for marine Salawati, and eastern Waigeo, areas that were not
conservation planning. Biological data are not the visited during this RAP expedition. It is also
only type of information that is important for important to survey terrestrial habitats to complement
conservation planning. There is also an essential the marine work so that a coordinated plan for
need for additional layers of geophysical, political, conservation in the region can be designed and
implemented.

References
Allen , G. R., T. B. Werner, and S. A. McKenna (eds.).

In press. A Rapid Marine Biodiversity Assessment
of the coral reefs of the Togean and Banggai
Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bulletin of the Rapid
Assessment Program 20, Conservation Interna-
tional, Washington, DC.
Allen, G. R. and T. B. Werner (eds.). In press. A Rapid

Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay
Province, Papua New Guinea. Second survey (2000).
Bulletin of the Rapid Assessment Program, Conserva-
tion International, Washington, DC.
Gosliner, T. M, D. W. Behrens, and G. C. Williams. 1996.

Coral reef animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers,
Monterey California.
Leis, J. M. 1991. Chapter 8. The pelagic stage of reef

fishes: The larval biology of coral reef fishes. In: Sale,
P.F. (ed.). The ecology of fishes on coral reefs.
Academic Press, San Diego. Pp. 183–230.
Lesson, R. P. 1828. Description du noveau genre

Ichthyophis et de plusierus espéces inédites ou peu
connues de poissons, recueillis dans le voyage autour
du monde de la Corvette “La Coquille”. Mem. Soc.
Nat. Hist. Paris v. 4: 397–412.
Lesson, R. P. 1830–31. Poissons. In: Duperrey, L. (ed.)

Voyage austour du monde, …, sur la corvette de La
Majesté La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823,
124 et 1825, Zoologie. Zool. v. 2 (part 1): 66–238.
Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1824. Voyage

autour du monde, Enterpris par ordre du Roi
exécuté sur les corvettes de S. M. “L’Uranie” et “La
Physicienne” pendant les années1817, 1818,
1819, et 1820, par M. Louis de Freycinet. Zool.
Poissons: 183–401.
Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1834. Voyage de

découvertes de “L’Astrolabe” exécuté par ordre du
Roi, pendant les années1826-1829, sous le
commandement de M. J. Dumont d’Urville.
Poissons III: 647–720.
Werner, T. B. and G. R. Allen, (eds.). 2001. A Rapid

Marine Biodiversity Assessment of the Calamianes
Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines. Bulletin of
the Rapid Assessment Program 17, Conservation
International, Washington, DC.

Chapter 1
Reef corals of the Raja Ampat Islands,

Part I. Overview of Scleractinia
J.E.N. Veron
Ringkasan Editor’s Note

Reef-building corals are reported in the following two
• Sebanyak 456 spesies dari 77 genus berhasil sections. The first section by J.E.N. Veron presents an
ditemukan selama survei RAP di Kepulauan Raja overview of scleractinian corals observed or collected
Ampat during the survey (also refer to Appendix 1). The second
section by D. Fenner focuses on species inventories that
• Selain itu, terdapat 9 spesies yang belum diketahui were compiled for individual sites (also refer to Appendix
nama spesiesnya oleh penulis. Untuk mengetahuinya 2). The difference in total number of species (456 and
diperlukan penelitian lanjutan, dan beberapa dari 331) recorded by these authors reflects different objectives
jumlah tersebut kemungkinan merupakan taksa baru. of the two studies. Fenner was chiefly concerned with
• Sebanyak 490 spesies sebelumnya telah diketahui designated survey sites, whereas Veron aimed to compile a
berada di wilayah timur Indonesia dan sebanyak 581 species inventory of the whole area.
spesies telah tercatat berada di Indonesia . Tambahan
sembilan species yang belum diketahui itu menambah
jumlah spesies di Indonesia menjadi 590. Summary
• Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sebanyak 565
spesies (dari data sebelumnya, catatan terbaru dan 9 • A total of 456 described species and 77 genera were
spesies yang belum diketahui) berhasil dicatat, dan observed during the RAP survey at the Raja Ampat
atau berada di Kepulauan Raja Ampat. Islands.
• Disimpulkan bahwa 91% (565 dari total 590) • An additional nine species were observed that are
Scleractinia yang ada di Indonesia dapat ditemukan, unknown to the author. These await further study
dan 79% (465 dari total 590) tercatat keberadaannya and some are possibly new taxa.
di Kepulauan Raja Ampat. Persentase ini • A total of 490 species were previously recorded from
kemungkinan akan sedikit berkurang seiring dengan far eastern Indonesia and a total of 581 species have
penelitian lanjutan di wilayah Indonesia lainnya yang been recorded for all of Indonesia. The addition of the
memiliki keragaman karang tinggi. nine unknown species boosts the total to 590.
• This study concludes that a total of 565 species
(previous and new records plus nine unknown
species) have been recorded, and/or are likely to occur,
in the Raja Ampat Islands.

• It is concluded that 91% (565 of a total of 590) of
Discussion
all Scleractinia recorded in Indonesia may occur,
and 79% (456 of a total of 590) have been recorded
Biogeographic context of Raja Ampat Islands
at the Raja Ampat Islands. This percentage would
probably be slightly reduced with further study in
Note: the total numbers of species indicated for any given
other Indonesian regions with a high coral diversity.
region in Fig. 1 will likely be larger than that actually
recorded during any field study, including the present
study. Reasons for this are that the GIS database from
Methods which this map was generated.
Observations were recorded while utilizing scuba gear at 1. Include range extrapolations which are justified on
each dive site to a maximum depth of approximately 50 biogeographic grounds but which may not occur in
m. All records are based on visual identification made reality and
underwater, except where skeletal detail was required for 2. Effectively assume that all habitat types have been
species determination. In the latter case, reference surveyed. In this study, very high diversity was
specimens were studied at the Australian Institute of recorded in only a small (<5) number of sites. Thus
Marine Science. the total species diversity recorded was site dependent,
Sites were as listed elsewhere in this report except for as is normal for all such studies.
sites 36–44, which were not visited by this author due to
the necessity for an early departure. In the present study, 95 of a total of 454 species records
This author’s work concentrated on building a (21%) were outside the aforementioned species ranges
cumulative total of species for the entire island group recorded in Veron (2000) and represent range extensions.
rather than site comparisons (see Fenner, this report). In the present study also, 60 of a total of 490 species
References for this work are as listed in Veron (2000). records (12%) were predicted to occur at the Raja Ampat
Geographic information is derived from a GIS database Islands but were not found.
from which the maps in Veron (2000) were derived. This study clearly indicates that the Raja Ampat
Specimens of Porites and Montipora were collected for Islands are part of the global center of biodiversity, which
molecular studies, and results are not yet available. encompasses the Indonesian-Philippines Archipelago.
Conservation merit of Raja Ampat Islands

The province as a whole has:
Results
a. A very high proportion of all the corals of the
Results are presented in Appendix 1. They include visual
Indonesia-Philippines archipelago (in fact the
records made during the field work together with voucher
highest diversity ever recorded).
specimens that were studied at the Australian Institute of
Marine Science. They do not include nine additional
b. A majority of sites that are in good condition
species belonging to Goniopora, Acropora, Anacropora, and
compared to the majority of regions in Indonesia and
Montipora that require further study. Other genera,
the Philippines, with very little damage from
notably Porites, also warrant additional study.
explosive fishing and other human impacts.
McKenna et al. provide general site information
elsewhere in this report. Three sites were found that c. An extraordinary level of both underwater and
exhibited extraordinary coral diversity: Melissa’s Garden, terrestrial attractiveness.
Fam Islands (Site 18), North Fam Island Lagoon (Site 19),
and Saripa Bay, Waigeo Island (Site 35). Of these, the first These observations apply in part or in whole to other areas
was well surveyed during this study, but the second and of Indonesia and the Philippines. However, this cannot be
third warrant much more detailed work and are likely to said of any other very large area outside the reef region
contain species not included in this report. from eastern Sulawesi in the west to the Papua Province in
the east.

The Raja Ampat Islands can now be recognised as
References
being part of the centre of coral biodiversity, thus an
integral part of the Coral Triangle. Based on its high level
Veron J. E. N. 2000. Corals of the World Vols.1–3.
of diversity, overall reef condition, and general attractive-
Australian Institute of Marine Science.
ness, the area has extremely good potential for marine
conservation.
Figure 1 shows contours of diversity of zooxanthellate Scleractinia based on the GIS database of Veron. The map concentrates on areas most relevant
to this report.

Reef corals of the Raja Ampat Islands,
Part II. Comparison of Individual Survey Sites
Douglas Fenner
Ringkasan Summary
• Daftar spesies karang diperoleh dari 45 lokasi. Survei • A list of corals was compiled for 45 sites. The survey
ini menghabiskan waktu 51 jam penyelaman oleh D. involved 51 hours of scuba diving by D. Fenner to a
Fenner pada kedalaman maksimum 34 meter. maximum depth of 34 meters.
• Berhasil ditemukan sebanyak 331 spesies karang • A total of 331 species of stony corals in 76 genera
batu, mewakili 76 genus dan 19 famili. (294 and 19 families (294 species, 67 genera, and 15
spesies, 67 genus dan 15 famili merupakan families of zooxanthellate Scleractinia) were
zooxanthella Scleractinia. recorded.
• Jumlah spesies bervariasi dari 18 sampai 123, • Species numbers ranged from 18 to 123, with an
dengan rata-rata 87 per lokasi average of 87 per survey site.
• Acropora, Montipora dan Porites adalah genus-genus • Acropora, Montipora, and Porites were dominant
dominan, dengan masing-masing 64, 30 dan 13 genera, with 64, 30, and 13 species, respectively. This
spesies. Komposisi ini merupakan ciri khas/tipikal composition is typical of Indo-Pacific reefs, although
terumbu karang di Indo-Pasifik, namun jumlah the number of Acropora species is among the highest
spesies Acropora adalah yang tertinggi dari yang reported from any locality.
pernah dilaporkan di lokasi manapun.
• The overwhelming majority (95%) of corals were
• Mayoritas hewan karang terbanyak (95%) adalah zooxanthellate Scleractinia, with only a few non-
Zooxanthella Scleractinia, dengan hanya sedikit scleractinian and azooxanthellate species, which is
spesies non- sclearctinia dan azooxanthella, yang juga typical of Indo-Pacific reefs.
tipikal bagi karang-karang di Indo Pasifik.

(1996), Veron (1985, 1986, 1990, and 2000), Veron
Introduction
and Nishihira (1995),Veron and Pichon, (1976, 1980,
and 1982), Veron, Pichon, and Wijman-Best (1977),
The principle aim of the coral survey was to provide an
Wallace (1994, 1997a, and 1999), and Wallace and
inventory of reef-associated species (including those found
Wolstenholme (1998).
on sand or other sediments within and around reefs) with
special emphasis on comparisons of the fauna at the various
RAP sites. The primary group of corals is the
zooxanthellate Scleractinian corals. Also included are a Results
small number of zooxanthellate non-scleractinian corals
that produce large skeletons, (e.g., Millepora, Heliopora, A total of 331 species and 76 genera of stony corals (294
and Tubipora: fire coral, blue coral, and organ-pipe coral, species and 67 genera of zooxanthellate Scleractinia) were
respectively), and a small number of both azooxanthellate recorded during the survey (Appendix 2). All species are
scleractinian corals (Tubastrea, Dendrophyllia and illustrated in Veron (2000). The total coral species for the
Rhizopsammia), and azooxanthellate non-scleractinian Raja Ampat Islands slightly surpasses the totals resulting
corals (Distichopora and Stylaster). from previous RAP surveys, which used the same method-
The survey results facilitate a faunal richness compari- ology: 303 species at the Calamianes Islands, Philippines,
son of the Raja Ampat Islands with other parts of South- 315 species at the Banggai-Togean Islands, off central
east Asia and adjoining regions. However, the coral species Sulawesi, and 318 species at Milne Bay, Papua New
list presented below is still incomplete, due to the time Guinea.
restriction of the survey (15 days), the highly patchy
distribution of corals, and the difficulty in identifying General faunal composition
some species underwater. The coral fauna consists mainly of Scleractinia. The genera
with the largest numbers of species include Acropora,
Montipora, Porites, Fungia, Pavona, Leptoseris, Psammocora,
Astreopora, Echinopora, Favia, Echinophyllia, and
Methods
Platygyra. These 10 genera accounted for about 54% of
the total observed species (Table 1).
Corals were surveyed during 51 hours of scuba diving at
45 sites by D. Fenner to a maximum depth of 34 m. A list Table 1. Most speciose genera of Raja Ampat corals.
of coral species was recorded at 45 of these sites. The basic
method consisted of underwater observations, usually Genus Species
during a single, 70 minute dive at each site. The name of Acropora 68
each identified species was indicated on a plastic sheet on Montipora 30
which species names were preprinted. A direct descent was Porites 13
made in most cases to the reef base to or beyond the Fungia 11
deepest coral visible. The bulk of the dive consisted of a Pavona 11
slow ascent along a zigzag path to the shallowest reef point Leptoseris 8
or until further swimming was not possible. Sample areas Psammocora 7
Astreopora 6
of all habitats encountered were surveyed, including sandy
Echinopora 6
areas, walls, overhangs, slopes, and shallow reef. Areas
Favia 6
typically hosting few or no corals, such as grass beds, were
Echinophyllia 6
not surveyed. Many corals can be confidently identified to Platygyra 6
species level while diving, but others require microscopic
examination of skeletal features. References used to aid the
identification process included Best and Suharsono
The dominant genera are typical for western Pacific reefs
(1991), Boschma (1959), Cairns and Zibrowius (1997),
(Table 2). Although their order is variable, Acropora,
Claereboudt (1990), Dai (1989), Dai and Lin (1992),
Montipora, and Porites are generally the three most speciose
Dineson (1980), Fenner (in press), Hodgson 1985;
genera. The farther down the list one moves, the more
Hodgson and Ross, 1981; Hoeksema, 1989; Hoeksema
variable the order becomes, with both the number of
and Best (1991), Hoeksema and Best (1992), Moll and
species and the differences between genera decreasing.
Best (1984), Nemenzo (1986), Nishihira (1986), Ogawa
and Takamashi (1993 and 1995), Randall and Cheng
(1984), Sheppard and Sheppard (1991), Suharsono

Table 2. Dominant genera at various western Pacific localities including eastern Corals are habitat-builders and appear to have less
Australia (EA), western Australia (WA), Philippine Islands (PI), Japan Archipelago
niche-specialization than some other groups. Some
(JA), Calamianes Islands, Philippines (CI), Banggai-Togean Islands, Indonesia (BT),
Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea (MB), and the Raja Ampat Islands (RA). zonation occurs by depth and exposure to waves or
Data for Australia, Philippines and Japan are from Veron (1993) and the remainder currents. Thus, there are a few corals that are restricted to
represent results of various CI RAP surveys. zones such as very shallow areas, protected areas, deep
water, shaded niches, soft bottoms, or exposed areas.
Percentage of Fauna
However, many corals can be found over a relatively wide
EA WA PI JA CI BT MB RA range of exposure and light intensity. Corals are primarily
Acropora 19 18 17 19 13 16 22 21 autotrophic, relying on the products of the photosynthesis
Montipora 9 10 10 9 7 5 10 9
of their symbiotic algae, supplemented by plankton caught
Porites 5 4 6 6 3 3 6 4
by filter-feeding and suspension feeding. Most require
Favia 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 2
Goniopora 4 4 3 4 1 1 3 1 hard substrate for attachment, but a few grow well on soft
Fungia 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 substrates.
Pavona 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 Table 3 presents the average number of coral species
Leptoseris 2 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 according to reef types. Fringing reefs were slightly more
Cycloseris 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 speciose than platform reefs, with the fewest average
Psammocora 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 number of species occurring on sheltered reefs.
Table 3. Average number of species for major reef types.

About 95% of the species were zooxanthellate (algae-
Type of reef Average no. spp.
containing, reef-building) scleractinian corals. The
remaining corals were either azooxanthellate Scleractinia Fringing Reefs 86
Platform Reefs 80
(lacking algae; four species) or non-scleractinians (12
Sheltered Reefs 67
species). A total of 72 genera and 19 families were
recorded, including 64 genera and 15 families of
zooanthellate scleractinans. Coral reefs were sampled in seven different regions of the
Raja Ampat islands. Coral diversity was highest in the
Zoogeographic affinities of the coral fauna
Batang Pele to Pulau Yeben region, and lowest in the
The reef corals of the Raja Ampats Islands, and Papua in Mayalibit Bay area, as seen in Table 4.
general, belong to the overall Indo-West Pacific faunal
province. A few species span the entire range of the
province, but most do not. The Raja Ampat Islands are Table 4. Average number of coral species per site recorded for geographic
within the central area of greatest marine biodiversity, areas in the Raja Ampat Islands.
referred to as the Coral Triangle. The area of highest
Area No. sites Average no. spp.
biodiversity in corals appears to be an area enclosing the
Philippines, central and eastern Indonesia, northern New Batang Pele to 5 103
Pulau Yeben
Guinea (Hoeksema 1992), and eastern Papua New
Batanta-Wai 6 87
Guinea. Areas of lower diversity include eastern Australia’s
Alyui Bay 6 85
Great Barrier Reef, southern New Guinea, and the Fam Islands 6 78
Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan. Some evidence (Best, Gam-Mansuar 13 75
et al 1989) indicates western Indonesia may not be Kawe-Wayag Islands 7 69
included in the area of highest diversity. Mayalibit Bay 2 35
Reduction in species occurs in all directions away
from the Coral Triangle, reaching 80 species in the The majority of coral species have a pelagic larval stage,
Japanese Archipelago near Tokyo, 65 species at Lord Howe with a minimum of a few days pelagic development for
Island in the southwest Pacific, about 65 species in the broadcast spawners (a majority of species), and larval
Hawaiian Islands, and about 20 species on the Pacific coast settling competency lasting for at least a few weeks. In
of Panama. Species attenuation is significantly less to the addition, a few species release brooded larvae that have
west in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. About 300 species variable dispersal capabilities ranging from immediate
are currently known from the Red Sea, although this area settlement to a lengthy pelagic period.
is insufficiently studied to provide accurate figures.

Most corals occurring in the Raja Ampat Islands have Species were added to the overall list at a slow, but
relatively wide distributions in the Indo-Pacific; 89% have relatively steady rate after about 15 sites, indicating that
ranges that extend both to the east and west of Indonesia, sufficient sites were surveyed (Figure 1).
seven percent have ranges extending in two or three
directions from Indonesia, but not both east and west,
and five percent have ranges that extend away from Table 6. Number of coral species observed at each site during survey of the
Indonesia in only one direction. Only three percent of Raja Ampat Islands.
the Raja Ampat species are restricted to the coral triangle, Site Species Site Species Site Species
including two that are known only from Indonesia 1 86 15 92 30 80
(Echinophyllia costata and Halomitra meierae). Thus far, 2a 57 16 80 31 97
the Indonesian fauna includes ten possible endemics 2b 95 17 81 32 70
(Acropora suharsoni, A. togianensis, A. convexa, A. minuta, 3 64 18 91 33 80
A. pectinatus, A. parahemprichi, Pachyseris involuta, 4 48 19 41 34 62
Halomitra maeierae, Galaxea cryptoramosa, and 5 18 20 92 35 83
Echinophyllia costata), of which six were described in 6 94 21 71 36 55
2000. There is a good chance that many of these recently 7 97 22 85 37 85
described corals will subsequently be found in adjacent 8 39 23 57 38 49
. 9 30 24 84 39 123
regions with further collecting activity.
10 85 25 83 40 106
Diversity at individual sites
11 97 26 79 41 97
12 89 27 66 42 122
The ten richest sites for coral diversity are indicated in
13 115 28 50 43 90
Table 5. The three top sites 39, 42, and 13 had totals
14 93 29 98 44 97
exceeding 100 species. The number of species recorded
for every site is presented in Table 6.
Table 5. Ten richest coral sites during Raja Ampat survey. Wallace (1997b) reported 53 species of Acropora from the
Site No. Location Total spp.
Togean Islands, compared to 28-61 species (mean = 50.4
sp.) at four other areas of Indonesia. Further collecting at
39 Ju Island, Batang Pele Group 123 the Togeans resulted in a total of 61 species (Wallace,
42 Wofah Island, off SW Waigeo 122 1999a), the highest total for this genus recorded from a
13 Kri Island dive camp 115 limited area. Moreover, Wallace (personal communication)
29 Alyui Bay, W Waigeo 98
added several additional species on a recent visit. Previous
7 Mios Kon Island 97
CI RAP surveys by the author revealed 40 species of
11 N Wruwarez I., Batanta 97
31 Equator Islands E side 97
Acropora in the Calamianes Islands (Philippines), 52
41 Tamagui I., Batang Pele Group 97 species at the Banggai-Togean Isands, (Indonesia), 61
44 Yeben Kecil Island 97 species at Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), and 68 species
2b Cape Kri Lagoon 95 during the current survey. Thus, the Raja Ampat Islands
have one of the richest Acropora faunas in the world.
Species of special interest

At least nine unidentified species between coral and were
Cumulative corals species with dives collected during the survey, including several that are
potentially undescribed species. In addition, 12 recently
350
300
described species (Veron, 2000) were recorded (Table 7).
250 Other notable species included Montipora confusa,
Species
200
150
Series1 Montipora florida, Pachyseris foliosa, and Oxypora
100 crassispinosa, which were previously reported only from the
50
0
Philippines, and were presumed to be endemics. At the
Raja Ampat Islands, the first two species were common,
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
Dives and the latter two were uncommon. An additional two

species, Halomitra meierae and Echinophyllia costata, are
Figure 1. Coral species accumulation curve for Raja Ampats RAP survey. known only from Indonesian seas, but as both were
recently described (Veron, 2000), it is likely they will
eventually be collected elsewhere.

Table 7. Recently described species recorded from the Raja Ampat Islands. Table 8. Coral species recorded from the Raja Ampat Islands that have not
been previously reported in the literature from Indonesia. Species previously
Species Previous known locality known only from the Philippines (and thus thought to be endemic there), rare
Montipora hodgsoni Philippines and Indonesia species, and species previously found during the 1998 RAP of the Banggai
Montipora palawanensis Philippines and Papua New and Togean Islands are also indicated.
Guinea
Montipora verruculosus Philippines and Papua New Species Philippines Rare Banggai -
Guinea Togeans
Acropora cylindrica Papua New Guinea Seriatopora aculeata
Porites rugosa Sulawesi, Indonesia Stylophora subseriata
Cycloseris colini Palau Islands Montipora altisepta
Halomitra meierae Bali, Indonesia Montipora cactus x
Acanthastrea subechinata Philippines and Indonesia Montipora capitata x
Favia truncatus Widespread Indo-W. Pacific Montipora cebuensis
Favites paraflexuosa Widespread Indo-W. Pacific Montipora confusa
Platygyra acuta Widespread Indo-W. Pacific Montipora florida x x
Montipora gaimardi
Montipora mactanensis
Montipora samarensis
A total of 46 species, which have not been previously Acropora cophodactyla
reported from Indonesia in published reports (Tomascik, Acropora pinguis
1997; Wallace, 1999), were observed or collected. Some Acropora rosaria
Acropora vermiculata
of these were recorded during the Banggai-Togeans RAP in
Astreopora randalli x
1998. These species are presented in Table 8.
Astreopora suggesta x
Porites attenuata x
Overview of the Indonesian coral fauna Porites evermanni x
The Indonesian coral fauna is undoubtedly one of the Porites monticulosa x
richest in the world. The only other countries with Goniopora pendulus x
comparable coral diversity are the Philippines and Papua Pavona bipartita x
New Guinea. Pavona minuta x
The total number of species found in this study, 330, (=xarife)
is slightly less than that (334) reported in the most Pachyseris foliosa x x
thorough single study of Indonesian corals yet reported Pachyseris gemmae x
Cycloseris colini x
(Best et al., 1989), and significantly more than a brief
Fungia klunzingeri x
study of reefs near Jakarta (Moll & Suharsono, 1986),
Halomitra meierae x
where 193 species were found, and a previous study near Galaxea paucisepta x
Jakarta (Brown, et al. 1985) where only 88 species were Pectinia maxima
recorded (the first two studies reported only zooxanthellate Pectinia teres x
Scleractinia) A recent literature review of Indonesian corals Hydnophora pilosa x
(Tomascik, 1997) reported a total of 384 species, Echinophyllia patula
excluding Acropora. Wallace (1994, 1997a, 1998, 1999) Mycedium mancaoi x
reported 94 Acropora from Indonesia. In addition, 46 Oxypora crassispinosa x x
named species were found in this study, which have not Oxypora glabra x
been previously reported from Indonesia in published Blastomussa wellsi
studies (see Table 8), although 28 of these species were Acanthastrea hemprichi
Lobophyllia robusta x
reported during a previous RAP in the Banggai-Togean
Symphyllia hassi x
Islands. Echinopora pacificus x
Including the present report, some 488 species of Montastrea salebrosa x
Scleractinia (and a total of 544 species of stony corals) have Euphyllia paradivisa x x
been reported from Indonesia. Additional species are Euphyllia yaeyamensis x
undoubtedly recorded in unpublished records held by Stylaster sp. 1 x
J. E. N. Veron. Eastern Indonesia, including the Raja Distichopora violacea x
Ampats, are clearly within the area of maximum coral
diversity in the Western Pacific (although western
Indonesia may be outside this area—See Best et al., 1989).

Corals have been extensively surveyed in the Philippines, Borel Best, M., B. W. Hoeksema, W. Moka, H. Moll,
where the most recent published count (Veron & Suharsono and I. Nyoman Sutarna. 1989. Recent
Hodgson, 1989) of 411 Scleractinia is less than that for scleractinian coral species collected during the Snellius-
Indonesia, but additional unpublished data raise this total II Expedition in eastern Indonesia. Netherlands J. Sea
considerably. The CI RAP report for Milne Bay, con- Res. 23: 107–115.
cluded that about 487 Scleractinia and 500 stony corals
are currently known from Papua New Guinea. It is clearly Boschma, H. 1959. Revision of the Indo-Pacific species of
evident that Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the the genus Distichopora. Bijd. tot de Dier. 29: 121–
Philippines all possess rich coral faunas and the collective 171.
region represents the center of diversity. However, there is
no localized area within this region of high diversity that Brown, B.E., M. C. Holley, L. Sya’rani and M. Le Tissier.
has been completely inventoried. 1984. Coral diversity and cover on reef flats sur-
Despite the incomplete nature of collections through- rounding Pari Island, Java Sea. Atoll Res. Bull. 281:
out the Coral Triangle, it is interesting to compare the 1–17.
results of the Raja Ampats survey with data from CI’s
previous RAP expeditions. The total number of species Cairns, S. D. and H. Zibrowius. 1997. Cnidaria
found at the various locations was similar: 330 species at Anthozoa: Azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the
the Raja Ampats, 311 species at the Banggai-Togeans, 304 Philippines and Indonesian regions. In: A. Crozier
species at the Calamianes Islands, and 318 species at Milne and P. Bouchet (eds.), Resultats des Campagnes
Bay. Similarly, 72 genera were found in the Raja Ampats, Musorstom, Vol 16, Mem. Mus. nat. Hist.nat. 172:
76 at the Banggai-Togeans, 75 at the Calamianes Islands, 27–243.
and 77 at Milne Bay. Thus, the Raja Ampats had the
highest number of species, in the lowest number of genera, Claereboudt, M. 1990. Galaxea paucisepta nom. nov. (for
of the four locations. An average of 87 species per site was G. pauciradiata), rediscovery and redescription of a
recorded for the Raja Ampats compared to, 70 species for poorly known scleractinian species (Oculinidae).
the Banggai-Togean Islands, 93 species for the Calamianes Galaxea. 9: 1–8.
Islands and 81 species for Milne Bay.
Although each CI Marine RAP utilized the same Dai, C-F. 1989. Scleractinia of Taiwan. I. Families
methodology, they involved different numbers of sites. Astrocoeniidae and Pocilloporiidae. Acta Ocean.
Therefore, it is possible that those with the most sites may Taiwan. 22: 83–101.
have produced more extensive species lists. The smallest
number of sites for all RAP to date is 37, for the Dai, C-F. and C-H. Lin. 1992. Scleractinia of Taiwan III.
Calamianes Islands, Philippines, where 304 species were Family Agariciidae. Acta Ocean. Taiwan. 28: 80–101.
recorded. In comparison, after 37 sites a total of 291
species was recorded at the Banggai-Togean Islands, 290 Dineson, Z. D. 1980. A revision of the coral genus
species at Milne Bay, and 311 species at the Raja Ampat Leptoseris (Scleractinia: Fungiina: Agariciidae). Mem.
Islands. These figures indicate that the Raja Ampat Islands Queensland Mus. 20: 181–235.
may be just slightly more diverse than the other sites.
Fenner, D. In press. Corals of Hawaii. Sea Challengers,
Monterey.
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with guide to identification- II. Genus Dendrophyllia. Eastern Australia. IV. Family Poritidae. Australian
Nankiseibutu: Nanki Biol. Soc. 37: 15–33. (in Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series 5: 1–
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Randall, R. H. and Y-M. Cheng. 1984. Recent corals of Veron, J. E. N., M. Pichon, and M. Wijsman-Best. 1977.
Taiwan. Part III. Shallow water Hydrozoan Corals. Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. II. Families Faviidae,
Acta Geol. Taiwan. 22: 35–99. Trachyphyllidae. Australian Institute of Marine
Science Monograph Series 3: 1–233.
Sheppard, C. R. C. and A. L. S. Sheppard. 1991. Corals
and coral communities of Arabia. Fauna Saudi Arabia
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Eastern Australia. V. Family Acroporidae. Australian
Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series
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Wallace, C. C. 1994. New species and a new species-

group of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia:
Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) from Indo-Pacific
locations. Invert. Tax. 8: 961–88.
Wallace, C. C. 1997a. New species of the coral genus

Acropora and new records of recently described species
from Indonesia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 120: 27–50.
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diversity re-examined at species level. Proc. 8th Int.
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the coral genus Acropora in Indonesia. Zool. J. Linn.
Soc. 123: 199–384.

Chapter 2
Molluscs of the Raja Ampat Islands,

Fred E. Wells
Ringkasan • Moluska yang dijumpai di Raja Ampat dikategorikan

ke dalam 7 region sebaran geografi. Teluk Majalibit
• Laporan ini memberikan informasi tentang moluska memiliki paling sedikit spesies (rata-rata 48,0), karena
di 44 lokasi survei di Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Propinsi hanya 2 lokasi. Enam lokasi di Kepulauan Fam juga
Papua dari tanggal 27 Maret sampai 10 April 2001. tergolong sedikit (rata-rata 60,1). Rata-rata jumlah
Sebanyak mungkin habitat diteliti pada tiap lokasi spesies di 5 region geografi lainnya berkisar 71,6
untuk memperoleh daftar spesies moluska spesies di Kae – Wayag sampai 86,2 spesies di Batang
selengkapnya dalam waktu singkat. Pele hingga Yeben.
• Ditemukan Sebanyak 699 spesies moluska: 530 • Terdapat sedikit variasi keragaman moluska di tiga
Gastropoda, 159 kerang/bivalvia, 2 Scafopoda, 5 habitat utama terumbu karang di Kep. Raja Ampat;
Cefalopoda dan 3 Chiton. Keragaman spesiesnya sheltered bay/teluk tersembunyi memiliki spesies paling
tinggi, dan menunjukkan konsistensi keragaman sedikit (rata-rata 71,8); platform reefs/karang rata
spesies moluska di daerah Coral Triangle yang pernah memiliki jumlah sedang (rata-rata 73,2) dan fringing
disurvey, dengan jumlah hari yang sama. reefs/karang tepi memiliki jumlah spesies paling banyak
• Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan per lokasi survei (76,3).
berkisar 36 - 110 spesies, dengan rata-rata 74,1 ± 2,9. • Sebaran 258 spesies yang umum dikenal digunakan
Keragaman spesies lebih tinggi diperoleh pada lokasi untuk menentukan pola sebaran biogeografi.
dengan tipe habitat yang lebih bervariasi. Sebagian besar spesies yang diteliti, 203 (79 %) dari
• Kebanyakan spesies (502 atau 72%) terdapat di 5 258 tersebar luas di Indo-Pasifik Barat. Lima puluh
lokasi atau kurang. Sejumlah kecil spesies (15) empat spesies (23 %) tersebar luas di bagian barat
ditemukan di 25 lokasi atau lebih: 9 Bivalvia dan 6 Samudera Pasifik, bagian tengah dan barat Pasifik,
Gastropoda. Beberapa spesies, seperti Coralliophila atau bagian barat Pasifik dan bagian timur Samudera
neritoidea dan Tridacna squamosa dijumpai di karang India. Hanya satu spesies (Terebra caddeyi) yang saat
atau berasosiasi dekat dengan karang, dan spesies ini diketahui, memiliki sebaran hanya di pesisir utara
lainnya (Pedum spondyloidaeum, Lithopaga sp, Arca New Guinea.
avellana dan Tridacna crocea) bersembunyi di dalam • Jumlah spesies moluska yang bernilai komersial
karang. Rhinoclavis asper hidup di areal berpasir di ditemukan tersebar luas pada lokasi-lokasi survei.
antara karang. Populasinya sedikit dan kuantitas komersil tidak
• Spesies yang paling melimpah pada setiap lokasi dijumpai. Tridacna crocea dan Strombus luhuanus
umumnya adalah Pedum spondyloidaeum, Lithophaga melimpah pada tingkat lokal, dengan kepadatan
sp dan Coralliophila neritodea. Tridacna crocea populasi yang tidak besar.
melimpah di beberapa lokasi.

• The ranges of 258 well known species were used to
Summary
examine biogeographical distribution patterns. The
great majority of the species studied, 203 (79%) of
• The present report presents information on the
the 258, are widespread throughout the Indo-West
molluscs collected at 44 sites surveyed in Raja Ampat
Pacific. Fifty-four species (23%) are widespread in
Islands, Papua Province, from 27 March to 10 April
the western Pacific Ocean, the central and western
2001. As many habitats as possible were examined at
Pacific, or the western Pacific and eastern Indian
each site to develop as comprehensive a species list as
Oceans. Only one species (Terebra caddeyi) has a
possible of the molluscs present in the limited time
distribution that is presently known only from the
available.
north coast of New Guinea.
• A total of 699 species of molluscs were collected:
• A number of commercially important molluscs
530 gastropods, 159 bivalves, 2 scaphopods, 5
occurred widely at the surveyed sites. Populations
cephalopods, and 3 chitons. Diversity was high, and
were small, and commercial quantities were never
consistent with molluscan diversity recorded on other
found. Tridacna crocea and Strombus luhuanus were
surveys in the Coral Triangle that were undertaken
locally abundant, but even for these species, popula-
over a similar number of collecting days.
tion densities were not great.
• The number of species collected per site ranged from
36 to 110, with a mean of 74.1 ± 2.9. Higher
diversity was recorded at sites with more variable
habitat types. Introduction
• Most species (502 or 72%) occurred at five or fewer In October 1997, Conservation International conducted a
sites. A small number of species (15) were found at Marine Rapid Assessment survey of the fauna of coral reefs
25 or more sites: 9 bivalves and 6 gastropods. Some, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. The goal of
such as Coralliophila neritoidea and Tridacna the expedition was to collect information on the
squamosa, live on or in close association with corals, biodiversity of three key animal groups—corals, fishes and
and others (Pedum spondyloidaeum, Lithophaga sp., molluscs—for use in assessing the importance of the reefs
Arca avellana, and Tridacna crocea) actually burrow for conservation purposes. Goals, methodology, and
into coral. Rhinoclavis asper lives in sandy areas results of the expedition are described in Werner and Allen
between the corals. (1998); Wells (1998) described the molluscs. Following
• The most abundant species at each site were generally the success of the initial survey, additional surveys were
burrowing arcid bivalves, Pedum spondyloidaeum, conducted in the Calamianes Islands, Philippines (1998),
Lithophaga sp., and Coralliophila neritoidea. Tridacna the Togean-Banggai Islands of Indonesia (1998), and a
crocea was abundant at several of the sites. second expedition to Milne Bay Province (2000).
Molluscs are described by Wells (in press a, b). The
• Molluscs were categorized as occurring in seven present report describes molluscs collected or observed
geographical regions of the Raja Ampat Islands. during the RAP survey of the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua
Mayalibit Bay had the fewest species (mean of 48.0), Province, undertaken in March and April 2001.
but included only two sites. The six sites at the Fam In addition to their importance for conservation
Islands were also impoverished (mean = 60.1). The purposes, Marine Rap surveys provide an increasing
mean species number in five of the remaining dataset on biodiversity of the three target groups on reefs
geographical regions ranged from 71.6 at Kawe- in the Indo-West Pacific. This complements work done in
Wayag to 86.2 at Batang Pele to Pulau Yeben. a variety of areas of the eastern Indian Ocean by the
• There was little variation between diversity of Western Australian Museum.
molluscs in the three major coral reef habitats in the There appear to be no previously published reports
Raja Ampat Islands: sheltered bays had the fewest on the marine molluscs of the Raja Ampat Islands.
species (mean of 71.8); platform reefs were intermedi- However, Oostingh (1925) provided a detailed report on
ate (73.2); and fringing reefs had the greatest mean the molluscs of the nearby Obi Major and Halmahera
diversity (76.3). Islands, where 298 species were recorded. In addition,
Oostingh provided a history of malacological work in the
area to 1925.

ing reliable assessments of their actual occurrence. How-
Methods
ever, there are monographs or books covering a number of
groups that have reliable distribution maps. The biogeo-
The survey was conducted from 27 March to 10 April
graphical distributions of 227 of these species were
2001, with a total of 45 sites being examined (details
determined using the following references: Strombidae
provided in other sections of this report). Site 2 was
(Abbott, 1960; 1961); Terebridae (Bratcher &
examined in two separate, but nearby areas, referred to in
Cernohorsky, 1987); Phyllidiidae (Brunckhorst, 1993);
this report as 2a and 2b. All sites were surveyed by scuba
Cypraeidae (Burgess, 1985); Mitridae (Cernohorsky,
diving. Each site was examined by starting at depths of
1976; 1991); Nassariidae (Cernohorsky, 1984); Muricidae
20-40 m and working up the reef slope into the shallows.
(Emerson & Cernohorsky, 1973; Radwin & D’Attilio,
Most of the time was spent in shallow (<6 m) water, as the
1976; Ponder & Vokes, 1988; Houart, 1992); Cerithiidae
greatest diversity of molluscs occurs in this region and
(Houbrick, 1978; 1985; 1992); Conidae (Röckel et al.
diving time is also maximized. All habitats encountered at
1995); and Tridacnidae (Rosewater, 1965). This informa-
each site were examined for molluscs in order to obtain as
tion was utilized to determine zoogeographic affinities of
many species as possible: living coral, the upper and lower
the Raja Ampats fauna.
surfaces of dead coral, shallow and deep sandy habitats,
and intertidal habitats. For the same reason, no differentia-
tion was made between species collected alive or as dead
shells, as the dead shells would have been living at the site. Results
Beach drift collections were made at a small number of sites
during lunch breaks or dive intervals. These collections Despite the short time period available for the survey (15
can significantly increase the number of species recorded at collecting days), a diverse molluscan fauna was collected
a site. Unfortunately, time available for these collections (Appendix 3). This consisted of a total of 699 species
was very limited during the expedition. representing 5 molluscan classes: 530 gastropods, 159
This collecting approach allows the rapid assessment bivalves, 2 scaphopods, 5 cephalopods, and 3 chitons
of species diversity over a wide variety of mollusc species. (Table 1).
However, it is not complete. For example, no attempt was
made to break open the corals to search for boring species, Table 1. Taxonomic characteristics of molluscs collected during the survey.
such as Lithophaga. Similarly, arcid bivalves burrowing
into the corals were not thoroughly examined; nor were Class Number of Number of Number of
micro molluscs sampled. However, as the same person families genera species
undertook the sampling of molluscs on all five Conserva- Gastropoda 61 159 530
Bivalvia 27 76 159
tion International trips, and many of those of the Western
Scaphopoda 1 1 2
Australian Museum, there is a good indication of relative
Cephalopoda 4 4 5
diversity of molluscs collected on the expeditions to the Chitons 1 2 3
various areas. Total 94 242 699
A variety of standard shell books and field guides were
available for reference during the expedition. Most species
were identified according to these texts, which included: The survey compares favorably with the previous Marine
Cernohorsky (1972); Springsteen and Leobrera (1986); Rap surveys, where a range of 541 to 651 species was
Lamprell and Whitehead (1992); Gosliner et al. (1996); collected (Table 2). The Raja Ampats expedition recorded
and Lamprell and Healy (1998). the greatest number of species (699) of any of the five
Specimens of small species were retained in plastic Conservation International Marine RAP surveys; in
vials or bags and the tissue removed with bleach. These particular, the number exceeded the 638–651 species
were taken to the Western Australian Museum where they collected during the two Milne Bay and Calamianes
were identified using the reference collections of the expeditions. However, the Raja Ampat expedition had
Museum and specialist texts and papers on particular only 15 collecting days in contrast to the 19 days on the
groups. Representatives of these species were deposited in first Milne Bay survey and 16 days on the Calamianes
the WA Museum. A set of reference materials of a number expedition. In contrast, 643 species were collected during
of the small species was also deposited in the LIPI the 11 days of the second Milne Bay expedition.
Oseanologi collections in Jakarta. The present Raja Ampats survey also exceeds the
The many distributions of the species collected have results of similar collections, which have been made in
been inadequately reported in the literature, thus prevent- Western Australia and nearby areas by the Western

Australian (WA) Museum. Diversity recorded during Table 3. Total number of mollusc species collected at each site.
the Raja Ampats expedition was higher than all of the
WA Museum surveys. The closest was 655 species Site Number of Site Number of Site Number of
species species species
collected in the Muiron Islands and eastern Exmouth
1 88 15 86 30 76
Gulf, a shorter expedition of only 12 collecting days. It 2a 79 16 105 31 57
should be noted that the Muiron Island survey not only 2b 88 17 48 32 72
examined molluscs in the coral reefs of the Muiron 3 59 18 77 33 77
Islands but also the extensive shallow mudflats and 4 44 19 56 34 74
mangrove communities of the eastern portion of 5 78 20 74 35 64
Exmouth Gulf. 6 66 21 101 36 36
7 88 22 76 37 85
Table 3 shows the total number of molluscs collected
8 57 23 45 38 109
at each site ranged from 36 to 110 with a mean of 74.1 ± 9 39 24 44 39 106
2.9. Higher diversity was recorded at sites with more 10 79 25 57 40 86
variable habitat types. The sites with the greatest diversity 11 95 26 53 41 63
of molluscs (Table 4) were those with the greatest habitat 12 90 27 110 42 75
diversity. In particular these sites had shallow sand in 13 93 28 66 43 87
14 56 29 73 44 100
additional to the subtidal corals and intertidal rocks.
Shallow sand is important both because of the species
which live within it, and because dead shells are washed in
from adjacent coral habitats and accumulate in the sand.
Table 2. Numbers of mollusc species collected during previous Marine Rap surveys undertaken by Conservation International and similar
surveys by the Western Australian Museum.
Location Collecting days Mollusc species Reference

Raja Ampat Islands 15 665 Present survey
Togean-Banggai Islands, 11 541 Wells, in press b
Indonesia
Calamianes Group, 16 651 Wells, in press a
Philippines
Milne Bay, Papua New 19 638 Wells, 1998
Guinea
Milne Bay, Papua New 11 643 Wells, in press c
Guinea
Western Australian Museum Surveys
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 20 380 on survey; total Abbott, 1950; Maes, 1967;
known fauna of 610 Wells, 1994
species
Christmas Island 12 plus 313 on survey; Iredale, 1917; Wells et al., 1990;
(Indian Ocean) accumulated data approx. 520 total Wells and Slack-Smith, 2000
Ashmore Reef 12 433 Wells, 1993;
Willan, 1993
Cartier Island 7 381 Wells, 1993
Hibernia Reef 6 294 Willan, 1993
Scott/Seringapatam Reef 8 279 Wilson, 1985; Wells and Slack-
Smith, 1986
Rowley Shoals 7 260 Wells and Slack-Smith, 1986
Montebello Islands 19 633 Preston, 1914; Wells et al., 2000
Muiron Islands and 12 655 Slack-Smith and Bryce, 1995
Exmouth Gulf
Bernier and Dorre 12 425 Slack-Smith and Bryce, 1996
Islands, Shark Bay
Abrolhos Islands Accumulated data 492 Wells and Bryce, 1997
Other surveys
Chagos Islands Accumulated data 384 Shepherd, 1984

The distributions of molluscs in the various areas of the As with the other groups examined, molluscs were
Raja Ampats were variable, with no apparent pattern. categorized as occurring in seven geographical regions of
The most diverse sites for molluscs (Table 4) and the the Raja Ampat Islands (Table 6). Mayalibit Bay had the
least diverse sites (Table 5) were widely spread over the fewest species, with a mean of 48.0. However, only two
archipelago. sites were examined in this area, so the validity of the data
is questionable. The six sites at the Fam Islands were also
Table 4. Twelve richest sites for mollusc diversity in the Raja Ampat Islands. impoverished, with a mean of 60.1 species per site. The
mean species number in the five remaining geographical
Site Location Number of
regions ranged from 71.6 at Kawe-Wayag to 86.2 at
species
Batang Pele to Palau Yeben.
27 Bay on Southwest Waigeo Island 110
38 Wayag Islands inner lagoon 109
The mollusc data were also separated into the three
39 Ju Island, Batang Pele Group 106 main coral reef habitats occurring in the Raja Ampat
16 Northwest end Batanta Island 105 Islands (Table 7). Surprisingly, there was little variation
21 Mikes Reef, Southeast Gam I. 101 between habitats: sheltered bays had the fewest species
44 Yeben Kecil Island 100 (mean of 71.8); platform reefs were intermediate (73.2);
11 Northern Wruwarez I., Batanta 95 and fringing reefs had the greatest mean diversity (76.3).
13 Kri Island dive camp 93 The small degree of variation between the primary habitats
12 Southwest Wruwarez I., Batanta 90 is probably explained by the extensive small-scale variabil-
7 Mios Kon Island 88 ity that occurred at each dive site. Corals offer a variety of
1 West Mansuar Island 88 niches for molluscs: on, in or under dead and/or living
2b Cape Kri Lagoon 88
corals. In addition there are sand patches between the
corals that have varying components of silt. The shells of
molluscs and other organisms offer sites for a number of
Table 5. Eleven poorest sites for mollusc diversity in the Raja Ampat Islands. species to live on.
Site Location Number of A selection of molluscs for which there is adequate
species distributional data (as determined by recent revisions) were
36 Wayag Islands Eastern side 36 separated into major groups based on geographical
9 Mayalibit Passage 39 distribution (Table 8). The great majority of the species
4 N Kabui Bay, West Waigeo 44 studied, 199 (79%) of the 258, are widespread through-
24 Ambabee Is., South Fam Group 44 out the Indo-West Pacific. Fifty-four species (21%) are
23 Besir Bay, Gam Island 45 widespread in the western Pacific Ocean, the central and
17 West end of Wai Reef complex 48
western Pacific, or the western Pacific and eastern Indian
26 Keruo Island, North Fam Group 53
19 Northern Fam Island Lagoon 56
Oceans. Only one of the species (Terebra caddeyi Bratcher
14 Sardine Reef 56 & Cernohorsky, 1982) has a restricted distribution, being
25 Southeast of Miosba Is., South Fam 57 presently known only from the north coast of New
Group Guinea. However, it was only described recently and
31 Equator Islands East side 57 further collecting may expand its range.
Table 6. Distribution of molluscs in the seven areas covered by the survey.
Geographic area Sites Number of species

Minimum Maximum Mean ± 1 S.E.
Gam-Mansuar 1–7, 13, 14, 21–23 44 101 73.9 ± 5.1
Batanta-Wai 10–17 48 105 83.2 ± 8.3
Mayalibit Bay 8, 9 39 57 48.0
Fam Islands 18–20, 24–26 44 77 60.1 ± 5.3
Alyui Bay 27, 29, 33-35, 42 64 110 78.8 ± 6.5
Kawe-Wayag 28, 30, 31, 32, 36– 36 109 71.6 ± 8.6
38
Batang Pele to Palau 39–44 63 106 86.2 ± 6.5
Yeben
Total survey 1-44 36 110 74.1 ± 2.9

Table 7. Habitat distribution of molluscs in the Raja Ampat Islands.
Habitat Sites Number of species

Minimum Maximum Mean ± 1 S.E.
Fringing reefs 1, 2a, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 36 106 76.3 ± 3.7
16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 30-
33, 36, 37, 39, 41-44
Sheltered bays 2b, 4, 8, 9, 12, 19, 23, 39 110 71.8 ± 7.1
27, 29, 35, 38, 40
Platform reefs 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, 25, 48 101 73.2 ± 5.2
28, 34, 43
Total survey 1-44 36 110 74.1 ± 2.9
As indicated above, a total of 45 sites were examined A number of commercially important mollusc species
during the survey. Most species (502, or 72%) occurred occurred widely at the surveyed sites. These include
at five or fewer sites. However, a small number of abalone (Haliotis), spider shells (Lambis), conchs
species (15) were found at 25 or more sites: nine bivalves (Strombus), Murex ramosus, pen shells (Pinna and Atrina),
and six gastropods (Table 9). These species can be used and giant clams (Tridacna and Hippopus). Populations of
to characterise the dominant species on the reef. Some, all of these groups were small, and commercial quantities
such as Coralliophila neritoidea and Tridacna squamosa were never found. Many species were found at only a few
live on or in close association with the coral, and others sites, with a high proportion of the records being only
(Pedum spondyloidaeum, Lithophaga sp., Arca avellana, dead shells. Tridacna crocea and Strombus luhuanus were
and Tridacna crocea) actually burrow into the coral. locally abundant, but in low densities.
Rhinoclavis asper lives in sandy areas between the corals.
The fact that these species were each found at 25 or Table 9. Most widespread species of molluscs at sites at the Raja
more sites does not mean that they were all abundant, as Ampat Islands.
many of the records are based on one or only a few dead
shells found at the site. Many of the species (for example Species Class Number of
Gloripallium radula, Antigona restriculata, Venus toreuma, sites
Lima lima, and Gloripallium pallium) were represented Arca avellana Bivalvia 35
Gloripallium radula Bivalvia 35
largely or entirely by dead shells. The most abundant
Tridacna squamosa Bivalvia 34
species at each site were generally burrowing arcid bivalves,
Antigona restriculata Bivalvia 32
Pedum spondyloidaeum, Lithophaga sp., and Coralliophila Lithophaga sp. Bivalvia 32
neritoidea. Tridacna crocea was abundant at several of the Pedum Bivalvia 31
sites. spondyloidaeum
Coralliophila Gastropoda 31
Table 8. Geographical distribution of selected species of molluscs collected neritoidea
during the Raja Ampats survey. Venus toreuma Bivalvia 30
Geographic area Number of Percentage Tridacna crocea Bivalvia 30
species Gloripallium Gastropoda 26
pallium
Indo-West Pacific 203 79
Lima lima Bivalvia 28
Western Pacific 34 13
Rhinoclavis asper Gastropoda 28
Central and western Pacific 12 5
Oliva annulata Gastropoda 26
Western Pacific and east 8 3
Tectus pyramis Gastropoda 26
Indian Ocean
Strombus Gastropoda 25
Endemic to Papua New 1 0
microurceus
Guinea and the Coral Sea
Total 258 100

Abbott, R. T. 1960. The genus Strombus in the Indo-
Discussion
Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(2): 33–144.
The survey of the Raja Ampat Islands indicates there is a
Abbott, R. T. 1961. The genus Lambis in the Indo-
diverse molluscan biota on the coral reefs of the archi-
Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(3): 147–174.
pelago. Clearly in a survey of only 15 days duration it is
not possible to inventory all species, nor have all species at
Bratcher, T. and W. O. Cernohorsky. 1987. Living
each site been recorded. However, the work demonstrates
terebras of the world. Burlington, Massachusetts:
that there is excellent species diversity in the area that is
American Malacologists.
well worth conserving.
There was no clear pattern of regional hotspots of
Brunckhorst, D. J. 1993. The Systematics and phylogeny
molluscan diversity. Instead, the results reveal that sites
of phyllidiid nudibranchs (Doridoidea). Records of
with high species diversity are intermingled with those of
the Australian Museum, Supplement 16: 1–107.
much lower diversity. Variations occur on a small scale.
Three major habitats were investigated: sheltered bays,
Burgess, C. M. 1985. Cowries of the world. South Africa:
platform reefs, and fringing reefs. There was little differ-
Gordon Verhoef, Seacomber Publications.
ence in the mean number of species in the three habitats,
ranging from 67.3 in sheltered bays to 74.5 on fringing
Cernohorsky, W. O. 1972. Marine shells of the Pacific.
reefs.
Volume 2. Sydney, New South Wales: Pacific
The Raja Ampats were divided into seven geographi-
Publications.
cal regions. Mayalibit Bay had the fewest species, with a
mean of 47.0, but this was based on only two sites.
Cernohorsky, W. O. 1976. The Mitridae of the world.
Diversity was also low at the six sites of the Fam Islands
Part I. The subfamily Mitrinae. Indo-Pacific Mollusca
(mean = 57.0). There was little variation in the five
3(17): 373–528.
remaining areas, with mean diversity ranging from 67.3 at
Kawe-Wayag to 81.8 at Batang Pele to Palau Yeben.
Cernohorsky, W. O. 1984. Systematics of the family
The lack of a clear pattern of high biodiversity areas
Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bulletin of the
suggests that marine areas of the Raja Ampats should be
Auckland Institute and Museum 14: 1–356.
conserved in such a way that a representative cross section
of all major habitats is included. However, more detailed
Cernohorsky, W. O. 1991. The Mitridae of the world.
surveys are necessary before a definitive plan can be
Part 2. The subfamily Mitrinae concluded and
considered.
subfamilies Imbricariinae and Cylindromitrinae.
Monographs of Marine Mollusca 4: 1–164.
Acknowledgments Emerson, W. K. and W. O. Cernohorsky. 1973. The

genus Drupa in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific
I would like to warmly acknowledge the support of the Mollusca 3(13): 1–40.
other survey participants for their help in collecting
specimens, exchanging ideas, and providing an enjoyable Gosliner, T. M., D. W. Behrens and G. C. Williams. 1996.
time. In addition, I very much appreciate the assistance Coral reef animals of the Indo-Pacific. Monterey,
provided by Mrs. Glad Hansen and Mr. Hugh Morrison California: Sea Challengers.
of the Western Australian Museum in identifying speci-
mens. Houart, R. 1992. The genus Chicoreus and related genera
(Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Indo-West Pacific.
Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Zoologie (A) 154: 1–188.
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Western Australian Museum, Supplement 59: 29–46.

Chapter 3
Reef Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands,

Gerald R. Allen
Ringkasan • Walaupun keanekaragamannya relatif tinggi, terdapat

tanda-tanda adanya penangkapan ikan yang
• Daftar spesies ikan diperoleh dari 45 lokasi di berlebihan. Napoleon/maming, yang merupakan
Kepulauan Raja Ampat. Survei ini menghabiskan indikator yang baik untuk mengetahui adanya
waktu 60 jam penyeleman dengan kedalaman tekanan, jarang ditemukan. Hanya tujuh individu
maksimum 46 meter. yang teramati, kebanyakan berukuran kecil.
• Di Kepulauan Raja Ampat terdapat kekayaan spesies • Formasi karang di Selat Dampier yang terletak di
ikan karang tertinggi di dunia, sedikitnya terdapat antara bagian utara Pulau Batanta dan bagian selatan
970 spesies. Sebanyak 828 spesies (85%) dijumpai Pulau Waigeo-Gam merupakan daerah yang sangat
dan dikoleksi selama survei ini. Jumlah tersebut kaya dengan spesies ikan karangnya, rata-rata 212
termasuk 4 taksa baru dari famili Pseudochromidae, spesies per lokasi.
Apogonidae dan Gobiidae.
• Karang-karang tepi/Fringing reefs di sekitar pulau-
• Rumus untuk menduga jumlah total spesies ikan pulau besar dan kecil memiliki keragaman spesies ikan
karang berdasarkan jumlah spesies dari 6 famili yang sangat tinggi dengan rata-rata 208 spesies per
indikator kunci, menunjukkan sekurang-kurangnya lokasi. Habitat umum lainnya termasuk karang-
1.084 spesies diharapkan terdapat di Kepulauan Raja karang datar/Platform reefs mengandung 200 spesies
Ampat. per lokasi dan sheltered bay/teluk tersembunyi 120
spesies per lokasi.
• Ikan-ikan gobi (Gobiidae), ikan damsel
(Pomacentricae), dan ikan keling/maming (Labridae) • Sejauh ini terdapat 6 spesies yang hanya dijumpai di
adalah kelompok dominan di Kepulauan Raja Ampat karang-karang Kepulauan Raja Ampat; Hemiscyllium
dalam jumlah spesies (secara berturut-turut 110, 109 freycineti (Hemiscyllidae); Pseudochromis n. sp.
dan 98) dan jumlah individu. (Pseudochromidae), dua spesies Apogon yang belum
dideskripsikan (Apogonidae), Meiacanthus crinitus
• Jumlah spesies yang ditemukan berdasarkan (Blennidae) dan Eviota n. sp (Gobiidae).
pengamatan langsung pada survei tahun 2001,
bervariasi antara 81 sampai 283, dengan rata-rata • Kawasan dengan konsentrasi keragaman ikan yang
183,6 spesies. sangat tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya
konservasi yaitu : Tanjung Kri dan laguna di
• Mencatat 200 spesies atau lebih per lokasi merupakan sekitarnya, Kepulauan Fam, Kepulauan Equator dan
tanda penghitungan ikan yang sangat bagus dalam ujung barat dari utara Pulau Batanta.
suatu survei. Kondisi itu terjadi di 52% lokasi
survei di Raja Ampat sedangkan di Milne Bay,
Papua New Guinea hanya 42% (2000), 19% di
Kepulauan Togean –Banggai, Indonesia (1998) dan
10.5% di Kepulauan Calamianes, Filipina (1998)

• Areas with the highest concentration of fish
Summary
diversity and consequent high conservation
potential include: Cape Kri and adjacent lagoon,
• A list of fishes was compiled for 45 sites in the Raja
Fam Islands, Equator Islands, and western end of
Ampat Islands. The survey involved 60 hours of
northern Batanta Island.
scuba diving to a maximum depth of 46 m.
• The Raja Ampat Islands have one of the world’s
richest coral reef fish faunas, consisting of at least 970
species of which 828 (85%) were observed or Introduction
collected during the present survey. The total includes
at least four new taxa belonging to the families The primary goal of the fish survey was to provide a
Pseudochromidae, Apogonidae, and Gobiidae. comprehensive inventory of reef species inhabiting the
Raja Ampat Islands. This segment of the fauna includes
• A formula for predicting the total reef fish fauna fishes living on or near coral reefs down to the limit of safe
based on the number of species in six key indicator sport diving or approximately 50 m depth. It therefore
families indicates that at least 1,084 species can be excludes deepwater fishes, offshore pelagic species such as
expected to occur at the Raja Ampat Islands. flyingfishes, tunas, billfishes, and most estuarine forms.
Survey results facilitate comparison of the Raja
• Gobies (Gobiidae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), and Ampat’s faunal richness with adjoining regions in the
wrasses (Labridae) are the dominant groups at the Indo-Australian Archipelago (“Coral Triangle”). However,
Raja Ampat Islands in both number of species (110, the list of Raja Ampat fishes is still incomplete, due to
109, and 98 respectively) and number of individuals. the rapid nature of the survey and secretive nature of
• Species numbers at visually sampled sites during the many small reef species. Nevertheless, a basic knowledge
2001 survey ranged from 81 to 283, with an average of the cryptic component of the fauna in other areas,
of 183.6. coupled with an extrapolation method utilizing key
“index” families, can be used to predict the Raja Ampat’s
• 200 or more species per site is considered the overall species total.
benchmark for an excellent fish count. This figure was
achieved at 52% of Raja Ampat sites compared to
42% of sites at Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea
(2000), 19% at the Togean-Banggai Islands, Indone- Methods
sia (1998), and 10.5% at the Calamianes Islands,
Philippines (1998). The fish portion of this survey involved 60 hours of scuba
diving by G. Allen to a maximum depth of 46 m. A list of
• Although fish diversity was relatively high, there were fishes was compiled for 45 sites. The basic method
signs of overfishing. Napoleon wrasse, which are a consisted of underwater observations made during a single,
good indicator of fishing pressure, were relatively rare. 60–90 minute dive at each site. The name of each
Only seven, mainly small, individuals were observed. observed species was recorded in pencil on a plastic sheet
attached to a clipboard. The technique usually involved
• The reefs in the Dampier Strait region between
rapid descent to 20–46 m, then a slow, meandering ascent
northern Batanta Island and southern Waigeo-Gam
back to the shallows. The majority of time was spent in
Island was the richest area for reef fishes with an
the 2–12 m depth zone, which consistently harbors the
average of 212 species per site.
largest number of species. Each dive included a repre-
• Fringing reefs around large and small islands con- sentative sample of all major bottom types and habitat
tained the highest fish diversity with an average of situations, for example rocky intertidal, reef flat, steep
208 species per site. Other major habitats include drop-offs, caves (utilizing a flashlight if necessary), rubble
platform reefs (200 per site), and sheltered bays (120 and sand patches.
per site). Only the names of fishes for which identification was
absolutely certain were recorded. However, very few, less
• The following six species are known thus far only than 1% of those observed, could not be identified to
from reefs of the Raja Ampat Islands: Hemiscyllium species. This high level of recognition is based on more
freycineti (Hemiscyllidae); Pseudochromis n. sp. than 25 years of diving experience in the Indo-Pacific and
(Pseudochromidae), two undescribed Apogon an intimate knowledge of the reef fishes of this vast region
(Apogonidae), Meiacanthus crinitus (Blenniidae), and as a result of extensive laboratory and field studies.
Eviota n. sp. (Gobiidae).

The visual survey was supplemented with occasional not adequately collected, due to the small size and cryptic
small collections procured with the use of the ichthyocide habits of many species. Similarly, the moray eel family
rotenone and several specimens collected with a rubber- Muraenidae is consistently among the most speciose
propelled, multi-prong spear. The purpose of the rotenone groups at other localities, and is no doubt abundant in
collections was to flush out small crevice and sand-dwelling Papua Province. However, they are best sampled with
fishes (for example eels and tiny gobies) that are difficult to rotenone due to their cryptic habits.
record with visual techniques.
Fish community structure
The composition of local reef fish communities in the
Indo-Pacific region is dependent on habitat variability.
Results
The incredibly rich reef fish fauna of Indonesia directly
reflects a high level of habitat diversity. Nearly every
The total reef fish fauna of the Raja Ampat Islands
conceivable habitat situation is present from highly
reported herein consists of 970 species belonging to 323
sheltered embayments with a large influx of freshwater to
genera and 93 families (Appendix 4). A total of 828
oceanic atolls and outer barrier reefs. To a certain degree,
species were actually recorded during the present survey.
the Raja Ampat Islands present a cross-section in miniature
An additional 142 species were recorded by the author
of this impressive array of reef environments. However,
during two preliminary visits in 1998–1999. Allen (1993
due to prevailing weather conditions and the protective
and 1997), Myers (1989), Kuiter (1992), and Randall et
influence of the large islands of Waigeo and Batanta,
al. (1990) illustrated the majority of species currently
much of the surrounding sea is inordinately calm for most
known from the area.
of the year. Therefore, fishes usually associated with
sheltered reefs are perhaps over-represented. For example,
General faunal composition
among the 108 species of pomacentrids, 34% are generally
The fish fauna of the Raja Ampat Islands consists mainly
found in sheltered waters, compared with a figure of 25%
of species associated with coral reefs. The most abundant
for Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, where there is
families in terms of number of species are gobies
significantly more exposed outer reef habitat.
(Gobiidae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), wrasses
Similar to other reef areas in the Indo-Pacific, most
(Labridae), cardinalfishes (Apogonidae), groupers
Raja Ampat fishes are benthic (or at least living near the
(Serranidae), butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae),
bottom) diurnal carnivores with 79% and 62% of species
surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), blennies (Blenniidae),
being assigned to these respective categories. Approxi-
parrotfishes (Scaridae), and snappers (Lutjanidae). These
mately 10% of Raja Ampat fishes are nocturnal, 4% are
10 families collectively account for 61% of the total reef
cryptic crevice dwellers, 4% are diurnal mid-water
fauna (Fig. 1).
swimmers, and about 3% are transient or roving predators.
The relative abundance of Raja Ampat fish families is
In addition to carnivores, the other major feeding catego-
similar to other reef areas in the Indo-Pacific, although the
ries include omnivores (15.1%), planktivores (14.7%),
ranking of individual families is variable as shown in Table
and herbivores (8.2%).
1. Even though Gobiidae was the leading family, it was
Lutjanidae
Scaridae
Bleniidae
Acanthuridae
Chaetodontidae
Serranidae
Apogonidae
Labridae
Pomacentridae
Gobiidae
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
No. species
Figure 1. Ten largest families of Raja Ampat fishes

Table 1. Family ranking in terms of species number for various localities in the Indo-Pacific region. Data for Mine Bay, Papua New
Guinea, is from Allen (in press), Togean-Banggai Islands, Indonesia, from Allen (in press a), for Calamianes Islands, Philippines, from
Allen (2001), for the Chagos Archipelago from Winterbottom et al. (1989), and for the Marshall Islands from Randall and Randall (1987).
Family Raja Ampats Milne Bay Togean-Banggai Calamianes Chagos Marshall
Province Islands Islands Archipel. Islands
Gobiidae 1st 1st 1st 3rd 1st 1st
Pomacentridae 2nd 3rd 3rd 1st 3rd 4th
Labridae 3rd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd
Apogonidae 4th 4th 4th 4th 6th 8th
Serranidae 5th 5th 5th 5th 4th 3rd
Chaetodontidae 6th 6th 7th 6th 11th 8th
Acanthuridae 7th 8th 8th 7th 8th 7th
Blenniidae 8th 6th 6th 8th 9th 6th
Scaridae 9th 10th 10th 10th 12th 10th
th
Lutjanidae 10th 9th 9th 9th 7th 18
Table 2. Number of fish species observed at each site during survey of the Table 3. Ten richest fish sites during Raja Ampat survey.
Raja Ampat Islands.
Site Species Site Species Site Species Site Location Total fish
220 219 210 No. spp.
# !
= 283 $ 246 ! 258 2a Cape Kri, Kri Island 283
> 150 % 184 ! 205 25 SE of Miosba I., S Fam Is. 281
! 190 & 213 !! 208 26 Keruo Island, N Fam Is. 263
31 Equator Islands E side 258
" 89 ' 86 !" 141
16 NW end Batanta Island 246
# 113 214 !# 117
13 Kri Island dive camp 244
$ 209 208 !$ 156 14 Sardine Reef 226
% 223 199 !% 209 11 N Wruwarez Is., Batanta 225
& 105 ! 88 !& 113 7 Mios Kon Island 223
' 158 " 164 !' 202 1 W. Mansuar Island 220
213 # 281 " 131
225 $ 263 " 167
183 % 81 " 201
! 246 & 159 "! 185
" 210 ' 142 "" 202
The number of species found at each site is indicated Macolor macularis, M. niger, Plectorhinchus chrysotaenia, P.
in Table 2. Totals ranged from 81 to 283, with an average polytaenia, and four species each of Caesio and Pterocaesio.
of 183.6 per site. Although silty bays (often relatively rich for corals),
mangroves, seagrass beds, and pure sand-rubble areas were
Richest sites for fishes consistently the poorest areas for fish diversity, sites that
The total species at a particular site is ultimately dependent incorporate mixed substrates (in addition to live coral)
on the availability of food and shelter and the diversity of usually support the most fish species. Sites that encompass
substrata. Well developed reefs with relatively high coral both exposed outer reefs and sheltered back reefs or
diversity and significant live coral cover were usually the shoreline reefs are also correlated with higher than average
richest areas for fishes, particularly if the reefs were exposed fish diversity.
to periodic strong currents. These areas provide an The 10 most speciose sites for fishes are indicated in
abundance of shelter for fishes of all sizes and the currents Table 3. The average total for all sites (183.6) was high,
are vital for supporting numerous planktivores, the smallest especially considering that 12 sites were located in highly
of which provide food for larger predators. Site 14 sheltered waters of deep bays, with relatively impoverished
(Sardine Reef ) is a good example of this situation. I have fish communities (average of 120 species per site). The
rarely witnessed such a dense concentration of reef fishes. total for sites 2a and 25 are the highest recorded by the
Especially prominent were large shoals of Lutjanus bohar, author for a single dive anywhere in the Indo-Pacific.

Table 4 presents a reef fish fauna comparison of the major The CFDI regression formula is particularly useful
geographical areas that were surveyed. The highest average for large regions, such as Indonesia and the Philippines,
number of species (212) was recorded for northern Batanta where reliable totals are lacking. Moreover, the CFDI
and the adjacent island and reef complex in the vicinity of predictor value can be used to gauge the thoroughness of a
Wai Island. The lowest value was for the highly sheltered particular short-term survey that is either currently in
reefs inside Mayalibit Bay on Waigeo Island. progress or already completed. For example, the CFDI
for the Raja Ampat Islands now stands at 326, and the
Table 4. Average number of fish species per site recorded for geographic areas
in the Raja Ampat Islands. appropriate regression formula (3.39 x 326 - 20.595)
predicts an approximate total of 1,084 species, indicating
Area No. sites Average no. that approximately 114 more species can be expected.
spp. On a much large scale the CFDI can be used to
Batanta-Wai 6 186.4 estimate the reef fish fauna of the entire Indo-west Pacific
Fam Islands 6 203.0 region, a frequent subject of conjecture. This method
Kawe-Wayag Islands 7 187.1
estimates a faunal total of 3,764 species, a figure that
Gam-Mansuar 13 186.4
Batang Pele to Pulau Yeben 5 177.4 compares favorably with the approximately 3,950 total
Alyui Bay 6 148.3 proposed by Springer (1982). Moreover, Springer’s figure
Mayalibit Bay 2 131.5 covers shore fishes rather than reef fishes and therefore
includes species not always associated with reefs (e.g.
estuarine fishes).
The total CFDI for the Raja Ampat Islands has the
Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) following components: Labridae (108), Pomacentridae
Allen (1998) devised a convenient method for assessing (100), Chaetodontidae (42), Acanthuridae (34), Scaridae
and comparing overall reef fish diversity. The technique (28), and Pomacanthidae (25). Table 5 presents a ranking
essentially involves an inventory of six key families: of Indo-Pacific areas that have been surveyed to date based
Chaetodontidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, on CFDI values. It also includes the number of reef fishes
Labridae, Scaridae, and Acanthuridae. The number of thus far recorded for each area, as well as the total fauna
species in these families is totalled to obtain the Coral Fish predicted by the CFDI regression formula.
Diversity Index (CFDI) for a single dive site, relatively The world’s leading country for reef fish diversity,
restricted geographic areas (e.g. Raja Ampat Islands) or based on CFDI values, is Indonesia. A recent study by
countries and large regions (e.g. Indonesia). Allen and Adrim (in progress), which lists a total of 2,027
CFDI values can be used to make a reasonably species from Indonesia, strongly supports this ranking.
accurate estimate of the total coral reef fish fauna of a Table 6 presents CFDI values, number of shallow reef
particular locality by means of regression formulas. The fishes recorded to date, and the estimated number of
latter were obtained after analysis of 35 Indo-Pacific species based on CFDI data for selected countries or
locations for which reliable, comprehensive species lists regions in the Indo-Pacific. In most cases the predicted
exist. The data were first divided into two groups: those number of species is similar or less than that actually
from relatively restricted localities (surrounding seas recorded, and is thus indicative of the level of knowledge.
encompassing less than 2,000 km2) and those from much For example, when the actual number is substantially
larger areas (surrounding seas encompassing more than less than the estimated total (e.g. Sabah) it indicates
50,000 km2). Simple regression analysis revealed a highly incomplete sampling. However, the opposite trend is
significant difference (P = 0.0001) between these two evident for Indonesia, with the actual number being
groups. Therefore, the data were separated and subjected significantly greater than what is predicted by the CFDI.
to additional analysis. The Macintosh program Statview The total number of species for the Philippines is yet to be
was used to perform simple linear regression analyses on determined and therefore is excluded from Table 6.
each data set in order to determine a predictor formula,
using CFDI as the predictor variable (x) for estimating the Zoogeographic affinities of the Raja Ampats fish fauna
independent variable (y) or total coral reef fish fauna. The Papua belongs to the overall Indo-west Pacific faunal
resultant formulae were obtained: 1. total fauna of areas community. Its reef fishes are very similar to those
with surrounding seas encompassing more than 50,000 inhabiting other areas within this vast region, stretching
km2 = 4.234(CFDI) - 114.446 (d.f = 15; R2 = 0.964; P = eastward from East Africa and the Red Sea to the islands of
0.0001); 2. total fauna of areas with surrounding seas Micronesia and Polynesia. Although most families and
encompassing less than 2,000 km2 = 3.39 (CFDI) - many genera and species are consistently present across the
20.595 (d.f = 18; R2 = 0.96; P = 0.0001). region, the species composition varies greatly according to
locality.

The Raja Ampat Islands are part of the Indo- the world. Indeed, only a few countries can match this
Australian region, the richest faunal province on the globe number (see discussion at end of this section).
in terms of biodiversity. The nucleus of this region, or Figure 2 presents the major zoogeographic categories
Coral Triangle, is composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and for reef fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands. The largest
Papua New Guinea. Species richness generally declines segment of the fauna consists of species that are broadly
with increased distance from the Triangle, although the distributed in the Indo-west and Central Pacific region
rate of attenuation is generally less in a westerly direction. from East Africa to the islands of Oceania. This is not
The damselfish family Pomacentridae is typical in this surprising as nearly all coral reef fishes have a pelagic larval
regard. For example, Indonesia has the world’s highest total stage of variable duration, depending on the species.
with 138 species, with the following totals recorded for Dispersal capabilities and length of larval life of a given
other areas (Allen, 1991): Papua New Guinea (109), species are usually reflected in its geographic distribution.
northern Australia (95), W. Thailand (60), Fiji Islands A substantial percentage of Raja Ampat fishes are confined
(60), Maldives (43), Red Sea (34), Society Islands (30), to the species-rich Indo-Australian Archipelago. These are
and Hawaiian Islands (15). The damselfishes also provide mainly species that seem to lack efficient dispersal capabili-
evidence that the Raja Ampat Islands are very close to the ties and are therefore unable to exploit oceanic habitats.
much-debated center of marine diversity. Its total of 108
species is the highest recorded for any similar-sized area in
Table 5. Coral fish diversity index (CFDI) values for restricted localities, number of coral reef fish species as determined by
surveys to date, and estimated numbers using the CFDI regression formula (refer to text for details).
Locality CFDI No. reef fishes Estim. reef fishes

Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea 337 1109 1313
Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia 333 1111 1107
Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia 326 972 1084
Togean and Banggai Islands, Indonesia 308 819 1023
Komodo Islands, Indonesia 280 722 928
Madang, Papua New Guinea 257 787 850
Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea 254 687 840
Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia 249 624 823
Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef 232 803 765
Ashmore/Cartier Reefs, Timor Sea 225 669 742
Kashiwa-Jima Island, Japan 224 768 738
Scott/Seringapatam Reefs, Western. Australia 220 593 725
Samoa Islands, Polynesia 211 852 694
Chesterfield Islands, Coral Sea 210 699 691
Sangalakki Island, Kalimantan, Indonesia 201 461 660
Bodgaya Islands, Sabah, Malaysia 197 516 647
Pulau Weh, Sumatra, Indonesia 196 533 644
Izu Islands, Japan 190 464 623
Christmas Island, Indian Ocean 185 560 606
Sipadan Island, Sabah, Malaysia 184 492 603
Rowley Shoals, Western Australia 176 505 576
Cocos-Keeling Atoll, Indian Ocean 167 528 545
North-West Cape, Western Australia 164 527 535
Tunku Abdul Rahman Is., Sabah 139 357 450
Lord Howe Island, Australia 139 395 450
Monte Bello Islands, W. Australia 119 447 382
Bintan Island, Indonesia 97 304 308
Kimberley Coast, Western Australia 89 367 281
Cassini Island, Western Australia 78 249 243
Johnston Island, Central Pacific 78 227 243
Midway Atoll, Pacific, U.S.A. 77 250 240
Rapa, Polynesia 77 209 240
Norfolk Island, Australia 72 220 223

Table 6. Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) for regions or countries with figures The species was commonly sighted on rubble bottoms at
for total reef and shore fish fauna (if known), and estimated fauna from CFDI
the base of steep slopes in about 18 to 20 m depth. It
regression formula.
occurs alone or in pairs.
Locality CFDI No. reef Estim.
Apogon sp. 1 (Apogonidae) – About 15 individuals were
fishes Reef fishes
sighted at Sites 12 and 37 at depths between 12–15 m.
Indonesia 504 2027 2019
Australia (tropical) 401 1627 1584 Three specimens were collected by spear. This new species
Philippines 387 ? 1525 will be named “leptofasciatus” and the description has
Papua New Guinea 362 1494 1419 been submitted for publication (Allen, in press b). It is
S. Japanese Archipelago 348 1315 1359 most similar to A. nigrocinctus Smith and Radcliffe
Great Barrier Reef, 343 1325 1338 (northern Australia to the Philippines) and A. jenkinsi
Australia Evermann and Seale (Australia to Japan), both of which
Taiwan 319 1172 1237 possess black markings on the dorsal fins and caudal-fin
Micronesia 315 1170 1220 base that are also evident on the new species. However,
New Caledonia 300 1097 1156 adults of these species lack narrow stripes on the upper
Sabah, Malaysia 274 840 1046
body, and A. jenkinsi also differs in having a black spot on
Northwest Shelf, Western 273 932 1042
each side of the nape. The new species further differs from
Australia
Mariana Islands 222 848 826 these two species in having fewer developed rakers on the
Marshall Islands 221 795 822 first branchial arch (18 versus 22–25).
Ogasawara Islands, Japan 212 745 784
French Polynesia 205 730 754 Apogon sp. 2 (Apogonidae) – Only three specimens of this
Maldive Islands 219 894 813 undescribed species were seen during the survey and a
Seychelles 188 765 682 special effort was made to collect them. The fish were
Society Islands 160 560 563 sighted in 45–50 m depth at Pef Island (Site 6). They
Tuamotu Islands 144 389 496 were hovering a short distance above a Halimeda-covered
Hawaiian Islands 121 435 398 rubble bottom among a large aggregation of Apogon
Marquesas Islands 90 331 267
ocellicaudus. This is another new species and will be named
“oxygrammus” by the author (Allen, in press b). It differs
Endemism from all known species in the genus on the basis of colour
Considering the broad dispersal capabilities via the pattern (overall whitish with tapering black mid-lateral
pelagic larval stage of most reef fishes, it is not surprising stripe that extends onto the caudal fin) and jaw dentition
that relatively few fish species are endemic to the Raja (enlarged teeth in relatively few rows).
Ampat Islands. Six species are presently classified as
endemics, but this status is provisional, pending further Meiacanthus crinitus Smith-Vaniz, 1987 (Blenniidae) –
collecting in adjacent areas, particularly Halmahera, and This species was previously known on the basis of 11
the adjacent mainland of the Birdshead Peninsula. All of specimens collected in 1979 from the vicinity of Batanta
these species belong to families that exhibit parental care Island. During the present survey it was occasionally
and presumably have brief larval stages. The “endemic” sighted throughout the survey area, usually on sheltered
species are discussed in the following paragraphs. reefs with abundant live coral in 1–20 m depth.
Meiacanthus possess poison fangs and are frequently
Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) mimicked by other fishes (Smith-Vaniz, 1976). Juveniles
(Hemiscyllidae) - A single specimen was photographed and of the threadfin bream Pentapodus trivittatus
collected at Kri Island (near Site 2b). The species was (Nemipteridae) are very similar in appearance to M.
previously known on the basis of five specimens deposited crinitus, and Smith-Vaniz, Satapoomin, and Allen (in
at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. press) suggest that mimicry is involved.
French naturalists collected these between 1817 and 1825
in the vicinity of Waigeo Island. The species is relatively Eviota sp. (Gobiidae) – This tiny, mid-water hovering
common on shallow reefs of the Raja Ampat Islands, and is goby was seen at seven sites (6, 19, 23, 35, 42–44), where
mainly seen at night. it was locally common (16 specimens collected). It
represents a new species and will be named “raja” (Allen, in
Pseudochromis sp. (Pseudochromidae) – Several specimens press c). It is closely related to E. bifasciata, a sympatric
were collected by the author during the present survey and species that is distributed across the Indo-Australian
also in 1998. The species is apparently new and closely Archipelago. The two species differ in colour pattern, most
related to P. eichleri Gill and Allen from the Philippines. notably the mid-lateral stripe (white in E. bifasciata, yellow

in the new species) and the dark markings at the upper Museum, recorded 28 species from the island of Misool,
and lower caudal-fin base (horizontal streaks in E. during the cruise of the “Curacao” in 1865 (Günther,
bifasciata, vertically elongate spots in the new species). 1873). The Dutch ichthyologists Weber and de Beaufort
They also differ in counts for segmented rays in the second were keenly interested in New Guinean freshwater and
dorsal fin and lateral scale rows (usually 9 and 22 respec- marine fishes and contributed to our knowledge of Raja
tively for E. bifasciata and 10 and 25 in the new species). Ampat fishes during the first half of the past century. The
work of de Beaufort (1913), in particular, is the most
Historical background extensive effort on Raja Ampat fishes until recent times,
The seas surrounding the Raja Ampat Islands have long and includes accounts of 117 species based on 748
held a fascination for research scientists and explorers, specimens. These were obtained by de Beaufort during a
although until recently there have been relatively few visit to the East Indies in 1909–1910, and were mainly
comprehensive observations or collections of coral reef collected at Waigeo in the vicinity of Saonek Island and
fishes. Waigeo Island, in particular, was the focus of early Mayalibit Bay. Weber and De Beaufort and various
French visits by several vessels including L’Uranie (1818- coauthors including Koumans, Chapman, and Briggs
1819), La Coquille (1823), and L’Astrolabe (1826). included an additional 67 records from Waigeo and Misool
Consequently, approximately 70 fish species were in the Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (E.J. Brill,
recorded, and Waigeo is an important type locality for a Leiden; 11 volumes published between 1921–1962).
variety of fishes described mainly by Quoy and Gaimard The Denison-Crockett South Pacific Expedition made
(1824 and 1834), Lesson (1828–1830), and Cuvier and small collections at Batanta and Salawati consisting of 29
Valenciennes (1828–1849). Fishes that were originally species that were reported by Fowler (1939). The only
described from Waigeo by early French researchers include other fish collection of note was that by Collette (1977)
such well-known species as the Black-tipped Shark who reported 37 species from mangrove habitats on
(Carcharhinus melanopterus), Bluefin Trevally (Caranx Misool and Batanta.
melampygus), Bigeye Trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus), Semicir- The present author made the first comprehensive
cular Angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus), and Sergeant observations of coral reef fishes during two brief visits
Major (Abudefduf vaigiensis). during (1998–1999). Although the main focus was to
Following the early French explorations, most document the freshwater fauna, approximately 20 hours
ichthyological activity was provided by Dutch researchers. of scuba and snorkel diving yielded observations of more
The famous surgeon-naturalist Pieter Bleeker periodically than 500 coral reef fishes. These are incorporated in the
received specimens from government agents and in 1868 list appearing as Appendix 4 of this report.
published on a collection of Waigeo fishes that included The known coral reef fauna until then consisted of
88 species. He added a further 12 species in subsequent approximately 236 species. This total includes the
papers. Albert Günther, the Curator of Fishes at the British following 47 species that were not recorded either during
New Guinea-Australia
New Guinea
Indo-Philippines
Indonesia
Circumtropical
Undetermined
Indo-Pacific to Americas
W. & C. Pacific
E. Indian & W. Pacific
Indo-Aust. Archipelago
W. Pacific
Indo-W. Pacific
Indo-W. & C. Pacific
0 50 100 150 200 250
# species
Figure 2. Zoogeographic analysis of Raja Ampat fishes

the 1998-1999 visits or during the current survey: past glacial periods, preventing mass extinctions that
Moringua abbreviatus, M. javanicus, M. macrochir, occurred elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific; 2) The huge
Muraenichthys macropterus, M. gymnopterus, Enchelynassa contiguous area of Indonesia and large number of island
canina, Ecidna delicatula, E. zebra, Gymnothorax boschi, G. stepping-stones have formed a “buffer” against extinction;
meleagris, G. chilopilus, G. richardsoni, Ophichthys misolensis, 3) The area is populated by numerous species with
Encheliophis homei, E. gracilis, Antennarius hispidus, A. relatively short larval periods that are unable to cross deep-
nummifer, A. striatus, Hyporhamphus quoyi, Atherinomorus water oceanic barriers; 4) Some species have evidently
endrachtensis, Micrognathus brevirostris, Parascorpaena evolved in peripheral regions and were subsequently
bandanensis, Scorpaenodes guamensis, Scorpaenopsis diabolis, transported to Indonesia via ocean currents, adding to the
Richardonichthys leucogaster, Centrogenys vaigiensis, overall species richness; and 5) Lowered sea levels during
Epinephelus undulosus, E. quoyanus, Apogon melas, past glacial periods have formed barriers that divided
Carangoides dinema, Lutjanus sebae, Gerres abbreviatus, populations that eventually evolved into numerous
Lethrinus nebulosus, Upeneus sulphureus, Halichoeres geminate species pairs. Randall presented examples of 52
timorensis, Calotomus spinidens, Alticus saliens, Blenniella such pairings.
bilitonensis, Istiblennius edentulus , Paralticus amboinensis, Judging from the present RAP and a number of
Salarias guttatus, Synchiropus picturatus, Eviota zonura, additional surveys completed by the author since 1974, it
Bathygobius fuscus, Gladigobius ensifer, Siganus vermiculatus, appears that the area extending from central and northern
and Chelonodon patoca. These species are either intimately Sulawesi to the western tip of Papua is possibly the richest
associated with coral reefs or are fringe dwellers more area for reef fishes in Indonesia. The Raja Ampat Group
commonly found in adjacent habitats (e.g. mangroves). are especially rich and seem to be a “cross-roads,”
containing faunal elements from Papua New Guinea and
Overview of the Indonesian fish fauna the Solomons to the east, Palau and the Philippines to the
The Indonesian Archipelago is the world’s premier area for north, and the Moluccas and rest of the Indonesian
marine biodiversity, mainly due to the extraordinary Archipelago to the west.
wealth of coral reef organisms. Until now, there have been Although most of Indonesia’s reef fish fauna consists
scant details on the extent of the reef fish fauna, although of widely distributed species (largely due to pelagic larval
there is nearly unanimous agreement that Indonesia has dispersal as already mentioned), there is a significant
more coral fishes than any other region of the globe. endemic element, consisting of at least 90 species. The
Various family and generic revisions provide the best endemics are scattered widely around the Archipelago, but
supporting evidence. For example, my own work on there appear to be several “hotspots” including the Java
pomacentrids reveals about 145 species for the Indonesian Sea, Lesser Sunda Islands (especially the Komodo area),
Archipelago, easily more than any other region. This total northern Sulawesi, and the Raja Ampat Islands (Allen and
represents about 40% of the world’s total. In conjunction Adrim, in prep.). Most of the endemics, or about 83%,
with Mohammad Adrim of Indonesia’s National are included in just eight families; particularly prominent
Oceanographic Institute (LON), I am now preparing a are the pseudochromids, blenniids, and pomacentrids.
checklist of shallow (to 60 m depth) reef fishes of the Well over half the species are confined to just nine genera.
Archipelago. Although species will continue to be added, With the exception of the wrasse genus Cirrhilabrus, these
the list currently contains 2,027 species. This total is are fishes that invariably exhibit parental egg care with a
compared with other leading countries in Table 9. relatively short pelagic larval stage or in a few exceptional
Randall (1998) proposed the following factors to account cases have completely abandoned the pelagic stage.
for the extraordinary richness of the Indo-Australian More than any other person, the great Dutch
region: 1) Sea temperatures have been very stable during ichthyologist, Pieter Bleeker, is responsible for our present
knowledge of Indonesian fishes. His extensive work in the
country between 1842 and 1862 formed a sturdy
Table. 9. The world’s leading countries for reef fish diversity foundation for following generations. The importance of
(from Allen, in press d).
his voluminous research can’t be understated. Considering
Country No. species he was employed as an army surgeon during his 18-year
Indonesia 2,027 stay in Indonesia, the extent of his ichthyological activity
Australia 1,627 was remarkable. During an actual working career that
Philippines 1,525* spanned some 36 years Bleeker published 500 papers that
Papua New Guinea 1,494 include descriptions of an incredible number of new taxa:
Japan 1,315 529 genera and 1,925 species. Bleeker described approxi-
Palau 1,254 mately one of every six reef species presently recognized
* Estimated.
from Indonesia. His knowledge of the fauna, both fresh

water and marine, was outstanding. Revisions of various (Table 10). With the exception of two large (> 100 cm)
groups of Indo-Pacific fishes by modern researchers adults, most of the Napoleon Wrasse seen at the Raja
frequently attest to Bleeder’s uncanny intuition and astute Ampats were juveniles under 30 cm in length.
understanding of natural relationships. Table 11 presents the average number of species per
site, number of sites where more than 200 species were
observed, and the greatest number seen at a single site for
all Marine RAP surveys to date. Despite a deliberate
Discussion and Recommendations
attempt to sample all habitats, including a relatively high
proportion of sheltered environments where fishes are
There appears to be less impact from illegal fishing
relatively poor, the Raja Ampats sites exhibited extraordi-
methods in the Raja Ampat Islands compared to other
nary faunal richness. A total of 200 or more species is
parts of Indonesia. The majority of sites visited were in
generally considered by the author as the benchmark for
good condition with an abundance of fishes of all sizes,
an excellent fish count at a given site. This figure was
although explosive damage was noted at seven locations.
obtained at 51% of Raja Ampat sites, well over twice as
Villagers also informed us that cyanide is sometimes used
many times as its nearest Indonesian rival, the Togean-
to catch groupers and Napoleon wrasse for the live fish
Banggai Islands.
trade. Our observations of Napoleon Wrasse, a conspicu-
Table 12 lists the 10 leading sites for fishes recorded
ous indicator of fishing pressure, show that it is indeed
by the author, during nearly 30 years of survey work in the
heavily exploited, a typical situation in Indonesia. It was
Indo-Pacific region. Five of the ten all-time best sites were
far more common at Milne Bay Province, Papua New
recorded during the present RAP.
Guinea, where illegal fishing methods are seldom used
Table 10. Frequency of Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) sightings during five Marine RAPs.
Location No. sites where seen % of total sites Approx. no. seen
Milne Bay, PNG 2000 28 49.12 90
Milne Bay, PNG 1997 28 52.83 85
Raja Ampat Islands 2001 7 15.55 7
Togean/Banggai Islands 1998 6 12.76 8
Weh Island, Sumatra 1999 0 0.00 0
Calamianes Islands 3 7.89 5
Philippines 1998
Table 11. Comparison of site data for Marine RAP surveys 1997–2001.
Location No. sites Average spp./site No. 200+ sites Most spp. one site
Milne Bay, PNG 110 192 46 (42%) 270
Raja Ampat Islands 45 184 23 (51%) 283
Togean/Banggai Is., Sulawesi 47 173 9 (19%) 266
Calamianes Is., Philippines 21 158 4 (10.5%) 208
Weh Is., Sumatra 38 138 0 186
Table 12. G. Allen’s 10 all-time best dive sites for fishes. MBP denotes Milne Bay
Province while PNG denotes Papua New Guinea.
Rank Location No. spp.

1 Kri Island, Raja Ampat Is. 283
2 SE of Miosba Is., Fam Is., Raja Ampat Is. 281
3 Boirama Island, MBP, PNG 270
4 Irai Island, Conflict Group, MBP, PNG 268
5 Dondola Island, Togean Is., Indonesia 266
6 Keruo Island, Fam Is., Raja Ampat Is. 263
7 Pos II Reef, Menjangan Is., Bali, Indonesia 262
8 Equator Islands, Raja Ampat Is. 258
9 NW end Batanta Island, Raja Ampat Is. 246
10 Wahoo Reef, East Cape, MBP, PNG 245

Allen, G. R. In press a. Reef Fishes of Milne Bay
Conservation
Province, Papua New Guinea. In: Allen, G. R. and
T. B. Werner (eds.) A Rapid Marine Biodiversity
Every effort should be made to conserve the reefs of the
Assessment of Milne Bay Province, Papua New
Raja Ampat Islands. Although the present survey was by
Guinea. Bulletin of the Rapid Assessment Program
no means comprehensive, the very rich fauna that was
17, Conservation International, Washington, DC.
documented over a relatively short period of time indicates
an area of extraordinary fish diversity. The author has wide
Allen, G. R. In press b. Two New Species of
experience throughout the Indonesian Archipelago, and it
Cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) from the Raja Ampat
is my opinion that no other area has as much potential for
Islands, Indonesia. Aqua, J. Ichthyol. Aquatic Biol.
marine conservation. There are several reasons for this
opinion:
Allen, G. R. In press c. Description of Two New Gobies
(Eviota, Gobiidae) from Indonesian Seas. Aqua, J.
• The exceptional habitat diversity and consequent rich
Ichthyol. Aquatic Biol.
fish fauna.
• Good condition of reefs compared to most other parts Allen, G. R. In press d. Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes as
of Indonesia. indicators of conservation hotspots. Proc. Ninth
Intern. Coral Reef Symp.
• A high aesthetic value based on the area’s superb
above-water and underwater scenery. Allen, G. R. and M. Adrim. In preparation. Reef fishes of
• A relatively low human population. Indonesia.
• Cultural values by indigenous Papuan people that are Bleeker, P. 1868. Notice sur la faune ichthyologique de
highly compatible with reef conservation. l’ile de Waigiou. Versl. Akad. Amsterdam (2) II: 295–
301.
• A rich and unique (many endemics) terrestrial fauna,
Collette, B. B. 1977. Mangrove fishes of New Guinea.
which affords a rare opportunity to implement both
In: Teas, H. J. (ed.) Tasks for vegetation science. W.
marine and terrestrial conservation at the same time.
Junk Publishers, The Hagure: 91–102.
Cuvier, G. and A. Valenciennes. 1828–1849. Histoire

References naturelle des poissons. 22 volumes. Paris.
Allen, G. R. 1991. Damselfishes of the world. Aquarium de Beaufort, L. F. 1913. Fishes of the eastern part of the
Systems, Mentor, Ohio. Indo-Australian Archipelago with remarks on its
zoogeography. Bijd. Neder. Dierk., Amsterdam 19:
Allen, G. R. 1993. Reef fishes of New Guinea. 95–163.
Christensen Research Institute, Madang, Papua New
Guinea Publ. No. 8. Fowler, H. W. 1939. Zoological results of the Denison-
Crockett South Pacific Expedition for the Academy of
Allen, G. R. 1997. Marine Fishes of tropical Australia and Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1937–1938. Part
South-east Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. III. – Fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 91:
77–96.
Allen, G. R. 2001. Reef and Shore Fishes of the
Calamianes Islands, Palawan Province, Philippines. In: Kuiter, R. H. 1992. Tropical reef fishes of the Western
Werner, T. B. and G. R. Allen , (eds.). A Rapid Marine Pacific-Indonesia and adjacent waters. Percetakan PT
Biodiversity Assessment of the Calamianes Islands, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Palawan Province, Philippines. Bulletin of the Rapid
Assessment Program 17, Conservation International, Lesson, R. P. 1828. Description du noveau genre
Washington, DC. Ichthyophis et de plusierus espéces inédites ou peu
connues de poissons, recueillis dans le voyage autour
du monde de la Corvette “La Coquille.” Mem. Soc.
Nat. Hist. Paris v. 4: 397–412.

Lesson, R. P. 1830–31. Poissons. In: Duperrey, L. (ed.)
Voyage austour du monde, …, sur la corvette de La
Majesté La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823,
124 et 1825…, Zoologie. Zool. v. 2 (part 1): 66–
238.
Myers, R. F. 1989. Micronesian reef fishes. Coral

Graphics, Guam.
Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1824. Voyage autour

du monde, Enterpris par ordre du Roi exécuté sur les
corvettes de S. M. “L’Uranie” et “La Physicienne”
pendant les années1817, 1818, 1819, et 1820, par
M. Louis de Freycinet. Zool. Poissons: 183–401.
Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1834. Voyage de

découvertes de “L’Astrolabe” exécuté par ordre du Roi,
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of the Great Barrier Reefand Coral Sea. Crawford
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tribe Nemophini (Pisces: Blenniidae). Monograph
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Chapter 4
A Basic Stock Assessment of

Economically Important Coral Reef
Fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands,
La Tanda
Ringkasan • Counts of target species at individual sites ranged

between 14–72 (mean = 42.0 ± 1.8). Counts of
• Pendugaan stok ikan-ikan karang dilakukan di individual target fishes at a single site ranged
Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Kabupaten Sorong, Papua between 79 to 2760 (mean = 810.6 ± 94.18).
pada bulan Maret – April 2001 Estimated target fish biomass at a single site ranged
between 27.09–1031.8 ton/km2 (mean =208.97 ±
• Sebanyak 196 spesies, mewakili 59 genus dan 19 27.83 ton/km2).
famili dikategorikan sebagai kelompok ikan karang
target untuk perikanan. Dua spesies ikan yang • The mean total biomass estimate for sites in the Raja
banyak dijumpai adalah Pterocaesio pisang dan Caesio Ampat Islands is considerably greater than for other
cuning. previously sampled areas in the “coral triangle”
including Milne Bay Province (Papua New Guinea),
• Penghitungan spesies ikan target pada tiap lokasi Togean-Banggai Islands (Indonesia), and Calamianes
berkisar antara 14–72 (rata-rata = 42.01±1,78). Islands (Philippines).
Jumlah individu ikan target berkisar 79–2760 (rata-
rata = 810,64±94,18). Perkiraan biomassa ikan target
di satu lokasi berkisar antara 27,09–1031,8 ton/km2
(rata-rata = 208,97±27,83 ton/km2). Introduction
• Rata-rata total pendugaan biomassa ikan-ikan target di
Coral reefs are vitally important to Indonesian communi-
semua lokasi survei di Kep. Raja Ampat sangat tinggi
ties. More than 30 million people live in close proximity
dibandingkan kawasan lain di “Coral Triangle” yang
to the sea and rely heavily on marine resources for food and
pernah disurvei, seperti Propinsi Milne Bay (Papua
income. Reefs provide necessary shelter and breeding
New Guinea), Kepulauan Togean-Banggai (Indone-
grounds for a variety of marine organisms. They also form
sia) dan Kepulauan Calamianes (Filipina).
a protective barrier, sheltering coastal villages from the
onslaught of oceanic waves. Moreover, coral organisms
represent a valuable source of medicinal ingredients, and
Summary are also used in the manufacture of ornamental jewellery.
Coral reefs are often an important source of extra income
• A stock assessment of coral reef fishes was undertaken through benefits derived from eco-tourism. Unfortu-
at the Raja Ampat Islands, Sorong District, Papua nately, Indonesian coral reefs are currently being over-
Province in March-April 2001. exploited at an alarming rate. Destructive fishing methods,
• A total of 196 species, representing 59 genera and particularly the use of explosives and cyanide, are especially
19 families, were classified as target species for reef prevalent. Previous survey results revealed that only about
fisheries. Two species, Pterocaesio pisang and 6% percent of Indonesian reefs were classified as being in
Caesio cuning (Family Caesionidae) were particularly good condition, and about 40% were classified in poor
abundant. condition (Suharsono, 1999). The simple truth is that reef

habitat is rapidly disappearing. As Indonesia’s important in both commercial and artisenal catches.
population continues to spiral, there is increased pressure Numbers of individuals and average size were recorded
on marine resources, especially the species-rich and for every target species that was observed. Data for
highly productive coral reef environment. Therefore, it numbers of individuals were obtained by actual count,
is extremely important to identify and protect the except when fish occurred in large schools, in which case
nation’s remaining areas of rich coral reef biodiversity. rough estimates were made to the nearest 50–100 fish.
Hopefully, these will form a network that will ensure the Average sizes were estimated to the nearest five cm.
long-term survival of Indonesia’s extraordinary wealth of These data were used to calculate fish biomass
reef organisms. (expressed in ton/km2). Average length was converted into
The primary goal of the current study was to collect weight using the cubic law:
essential information on marine resources that are utilized
by local communities in the Raja Ampat Islands. Hopefully Weight = 0.05(Length)3 Units: Weight in grams (g)
this data will assist in the management of sustainable coral Length in centimeters (cm)
reef resources so that they can be wisely exploited by
future generations. Identification references included Kuiter (1993), Allen
(1997), and Matsuda and Allen (1987).
Material and Methods

Results and Discussion
Observations were carried out in March-April 2001 at 45
sites in the Raja Ampat Islands. Data were collected A total of 196 species representing 56 genera and 19
visually while SCUBA diving and recorded with pencil on families were recorded (Appendix 5). Slightly over half of
waterproof plastic paper. The visual census methodology this total is composed of the families Acanthuridae,
outlined by Dartnall and Jones (1986) was employed with Serranidae, Scaridae, Lutjanidae, and Caesionidae (Fig. 1).
some modifications. Observations were made while slowly The most commonly observed target species (percent-
swimming along a 10-m wide “corridor” centered on a ages of occurrence in parentheses) were as follows:
100-m tape measure that was placed on the bottom along Parupeneus multifasciatus (90.91), Ctenochaetus striatus and
a predetermined depth contour, forming a survey area of Chlorurus bleekeri (84.09), Cheilinus fasciatus (81.82),
approximately 1000 m2 per transect. The time spent on Parupeneus barberinus (79.55), Zebrasoma scopas (68.18),
each transect ranged from 20–35 minutes. Data were Acanthurus pyroferus, Scolopsis bilineatus and Siganus
collected for three transects at most sites: deep (18–20 m), corallinus (65.91), Monotaxis granduculus and
moderate (10–13 m), and shallow (4–6 m). Plectorhinchus polytaenia (63.64), Pterocaesio pisang and
Target species are defined as edible fishes that live on Naso hexacanthus (56.82).
or near coral reefs. They include fishes that are
Nemipteridae Siganidae Holocentridae

6% 6% 6%
other*
Caesionidae 6%
Carangidae
7%
5%
Labridae
Lutjanidae 5%
10% Other
M ullidae
22%
5%
Scaridae Haemulidae
11% 4%
Lethrinidae
Serranidae Acanthuridae 4%
12% 13%
Figure 1. Percentages of target species belonging to different families. (*Other families are those
with less than five species recorded.)

Caesionids, commonly known as fusiliers, were the Summary of data for Raja Ampat sites (refer to Table
most abundant fishes at most sites. Indeed, they com- 1): Counts of target species ranged from 5–37 (mean =
prised nearly 66% of the total ‘target’ fish count (Fig. 2). 20.77 ± 1.76) for deep transects, from 9–39 (mean =
Given their dominance regarding number of individuals, it 25.10 ± 1.19) for moderate transects and 14–38 (mean =
was not surprising that caesionids represented the largest 25.26 ± 0.99) for shallow transects. Therefore, the data
segment of the total biomass as well (Fig. 3). Other indicate that target species are slightly more numerous in
important families in this regard included Acanthuridae, shallow water. If the counts for target species from the
Lutjanidae, and Scaridae (Fig. 3). Families with less than various depth zones at each site are combined, the
five species seen during the entire survey ( labeled as numbers range from 14–72 (mean = 42.02 ± 1.78).
“other” in Figs. 1, 2, and 3) contributed only 2% of the
overall biomass.

2% 2% 3%
*other
1%
Carangidae
1%
Caesionidae
64% Labridae
1%
Other Mullidae
4% 2%
Haemulidae
1%
Lethrinidae
Acanthuridae
1%
12%
Scaridae Serranidae
Lutjanidae 3% 2%
5%
Figure 2. Composition of fish counts for Raja Ampat families. (*Other families are those which had
less than five species recorded.)

1% 2% 2%
Caesionidae other* Carangidae

52% 2% 1%
Labridae
1%
Mullidae
Other 2%
8% Haemulidae
3%
Lethrinidae
1%
Lutjanidae Acanthuridae
6% 18%
Scaridae Serranidae
6% 3%
Figure 3. Composition of biomass for Raja Ampat families. (*Other families are those which had
less than five species recorded.)
60 CONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Transect 1 (18-20 m) Transect 2 (10-13 m) Transect 3 (4-6 m) Site Total Most abundance species
Site No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass (% of total fish count)
species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2)
27 12 130 84.63 15 84 67.25 18 103 94.31 27 317 82.06 Caesio cuning (61.51 %)
28 ---- ---- ---- 22 308 324.52 31 378 208.63 39 686 266.58 Pterocaesio tile (40.09 %)
29 ---- ---- ---- 17 307 44.87 28 602 280.07 35 909 162.47 Lutjanus biguttatus (55.01 %)
30 18 122 80.67 23 226 162.42 ---- ---- ---- 32 348 121.55 Acanthurus blochii (21.84 %)
31 26 151 66.92 19 89 104.39 22 655 225.83 42 893 132.26 Pterocaesio pisang (64.38 %)
32 ---- ---- ---- 29 1162 622.94 19 310 107.44 39 1472 365.19 Pterocaesio pisang (33.96 %)
33 11 60 35.82 29 553 375.27 21 113 87.36 43 726 166.15 Pterocaesio marri (34.44 %)
34 ---- ---- - 24 315 225.79 26 297 240.99 35 612 233.39 Pterocaesio marri (44.93 %)
Table 1. Summary of coral reef fish stock assessment.*
35 5 6 3.76 23 66 48.32 14 37 29.17 30 109 27.09 Caesio cuning (22.94 %)

36 28 387 413.96 9 125 88.75 ---- ---- ---- 31 512 251.35 Caesio cuning (34.18 %)
RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two

37 ---- ---- ---- 31 158 109.61 29 500 89.41 44 658 99.51 Caesio lunaris (45.89 %)
38 18 82 39.89 15 113 44.61 21 111 55.91 37 306 46.8 Caesio cuning (42.48 %)
39 36 223 235.61 25 185 140.22 35 477 129.94 63 884 168.14 Caesio teres (39.59 %)
40 ---- ---- ---- 21 92 2305 32 281 73.84 44 373 48.44 Caesio caerulaurea (40.21 %)
41 14 48 28.05 21 68 29.69 26 756 487.92 43 872 181.89 Caesio cuning (42.43 %)
42 27 501 160.62 31 139 141.15 25 167 111.66 45 640 100.59 Pterocaesio pisang (31.21)
Ranking of most abundant

N 26 26 26 41 41 41 39 39 39 44 44 44
species
Min 5 6 3.76 9 20 23.05 14 37 29.17 14 79 27.09
Max. 37 1216 800.66 39 1544 1256.29 38 1198 690.21 72 2760 1031.8 1. Caesio cuning (34 sites)
Avg. 20.77 304.42 180.39 25.10 389.17 249.56 25,26 326,85 175.31 42.02 810.64 208.97 2. Pterocaesio pisang (26 sites)
S.E. 1.76 65.00 37.25 1.19 55.73 39.04 0.99 39.85 25.77 1.78 94.18 27.83
*continued on page 62.
April 2002
61
62
Transect 1 (18-20 m) Transect 2 (10-13 m) Transect 3 (4-6 m) Site Total Most abundance species
Site No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass No. target Approx. Biomass (% of total fish count)
species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2) species fish count (ton/km2)
27 12 130 84.63 15 84 67.25 18 103 94.31 27 317 82.06 Caesio cuning (61.51 %)
28 ---- ---- ---- 22 308 324.52 31 378 208.63 39 686 266.58 Pterocaesio tile (40.09 %)
29 ---- ---- ---- 17 307 44.87 28 602 280.07 35 909 162.47 Lutjanus bigu ttatus (55.01 %)
30 18 122 80.67 23 226 162.42 ---- ---- ---- 32 348 121.55 A canthurus blochii (21.84 %)
C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL
33 11 60 35.82 29 553 375.27 21 113 87.36 43 726 166.15 Pterocaesio m arri (34.44 %)
34 ---- ---- - 24 315 225.79 26 297 240.99 35 612 233.39 Pterocaesio m arri (44.93 %)
35 5 6 3.76 23 66 48.32 14 37 29.17 30 109 27.09 Caesio cuning (22.94 %)
36 28 387 413.96 9 125 88.75 ---- ---- ---- 31 512 251.35 Caesio cuning (34.18 %)
37 ---- ---- ---- 31 158 109.61 29 500 89.41 44 658 99.51 Caesio lunaris (45.89 %)
38 18 82 39.89 15 113 44.61 21 111 55.91 37 306 46.8 Caesio cuning (42.48 %)
39 36 223 235.61 25 185 140.22 35 477 129.94 63 884 168.14 Caesio teres (39.59 %)
40 ---- ---- ---- 21 92 2305 32 281 73.84 44 373 48.44 Caesio caerulaurea (40.21 %)
41 14 48 28.05 21 68 29.69 26 756 487.92 43 872 181.89 Caesio cuning (42.43 %)
42 27 501 160.62 31 139 141.15 25 167 111.66 45 640 100.59 Pterocaesio pisang (31.21)
Ranking of most abundant

N 26 26 26 41 41 41 39 39 39 44 44 44
species
Min 5 6 3.76 9 20 23.05 14 37 29.17 14 79 27.09
Max. 37 1216 800.66 39 1544 1256.29 38 1198 690.21 72 2760 1031.8 1. Caesio cuning (34 sites)
Avg. 20.77 304.42 180.39 25.10 389.17 249.56 25,26 326,85 175.31 42.02 810.64 208.97 2. Pterocaesio pisang (26 sites)
S.E. 1.76 65.00 37.25 1.19 55.73 39.04 0.99 39.85 25.77 1.78 94.18 27.83

Numbers of individuals for various target fishes the Calamianes Islands (Philippines). It is particularly
ranged from 6 to 1,216 (mean = 304 ± 65.0) on deep notable that the figure for the Raja Ampat Islands is
transects, from 20 to1,544 (mean = 389.2 ± 55.73) on three times greater than that of the Togean-Banggai
moderate transects and from 37 to 1,198 (mean = 326.8 ± Islands. The order of magnitude of this difference no
39.85) on shallow transects. Thus, the data show there is a doubt reflects the much lower fishing pressure in the
greater abundance of target fish on moderate-depth Raja Ampats compared to other parts of Indonesia.
transects. The Serranidae was the most speciose of the target
The estimated target fish biomass ranged from 3.76 families in the Raja Ampat Islands. A total of 52 species
to 800.66 ton/km2 (mean = 180.4 ± 37.25ton/km2) on were recorded, including 25 that are considered as target
deep transects, from 23.05 to 1256.29 ton/km2 (mean = species. The larger members of this family are among the
249.6 ± 39.04 ton/km2) on moderate transects and 29.17 most sought after of fishes by Indonesian fishers due to
to 690.21 ton/km2 (mean = 175.3 ± 25.77 ton/km2) on their size and good-eating qualities. Consequently, they
shallow transects. Total biomass for each site ranged from have a very high economic value.
27.1 to 1,031.8 ton/km2 (mean = 209 ± 27.8 ton/km2).
The best-ranked sites for the three data categories are
indicated in Table 2. Biomass is the most important Table 2. Best sites for target fishes in three data categories at the Raja Ampat
category from a fisheries perspective. The small group of Islands.
islets (Melissa’s Garden, site 18) off the southeastern side of
Number of target Approximate Estimated biomass
North Fam Island was by far the richest area for target Rank
species fish count (ton/km2)
species biomass. The main fishes responsible for its
Site Value Site Value Site Value
extraordinary value were fusiliers (Caesio cuning, Pterocaesio
tesselata, and Pterocaesio pisang) and surgeonfishes 1 14 72 18 2760 18 1031.80
(Acanthurus mata, Naso hexacanthus, and Naso vlamingi). 2 39 63 14 2237 14 607.91
These species formed large shoals over a predominately 3 44 62 21 2101 21 530.88
live-coral substratum at depths between about 10–20 m. 4 16 61 16 1989 17 429.16
Figure 4 compares the Raja Ampats with three other 5 2a 54 43 1822 43 412.58
areas previously surveyed by Conservation International. 6 25 53 10 1788 16 386.98
The mean estimated biomass for all sites was significantly 7 24 52 32 1472 32 365.19
greater than that recorded at Milne Bay (Papua New 8 17 50 7 1308 7 324.26
Guinea), the Togean-Banggai Islands (Indonesia), and
250.00
200.00
Biomass (ton/km2)
150.00
208.97
100.00
123.56
50.00
66.49
16.94
0.00
Raja
Raja AmpatIs.,
Ampat Is., MilneBay
Milna Bay Province,
Province TTogean-Banggai
ogian-BanggaiIs.,
Is., Busuanga-Culion
Busuanga-CulionIs.,
Is.,
Indonesia,
Indonesia, 2001
2001 PNG, 2000†
PNG, 2000" Indonesia,
Indonesia,1998*
1998* Philippines,
Philippines,1998^
1998^
Figure 4. Comparison of mean “site total” biomass for past and present CI RAP surveys. (sources: †Allen et al., 2000; *La Tanda, 1998;
^Ingles, 1998)

Sites in Raja Ampat Islands appear to have a (Allen et al., in press). The density of Raja Ampat
significantly greater mean density of target serranids groupers per 1000 m2 ranged between 0.67 to 17.0
(Fig. 5). However, typical of other locations in the Coral individuals with the highest density recorded at sites 23
Triangle, the average size of groupers in the Raja Ampats and 44 (Table 3).
was relatively small (about 25 cm). However, fishes The Napoleon Wrasse was rarely observed during the
(mainly Plectropomus and Variola) of 40 cm or longer present survey. Allen (chapter in this report) noted its
were encountered at many sites. The average value at presence at only seven sites, and in most cases individuals
the Calamianes Islands, Philippines, was typically less were under 30 cm in length. This species, which may
than 20 cm (Ingles, 1998) and slightly greater than 20 reach a size well in excess of 1 m, is intensively harvested
cm at sites at the Togean-Banggai Islands, Indonesia (La for export in the live-fish restaurant trade. It is sold
Tanda, 1998). By contrast, the mean value for Milne locally to Sorong merchants for about $20 USD/kg.
Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, exceeded 30 cm
4
Density (n/1000 m2)
3
5.45
2
3.03 2.69 2.87
0
Raja Ampat Is.,
Raja Ampat Is.,
Milna Bay Province,
Milne Bay Province
Togian-Banggai Is.,
Togean-Banggai Is.,
Busuanga-Culion Is.,
Busuanga-Culion Is.,
Indonesia, 2001
Indonesia, 2001 PNG,PNG, 2000
2000† Indonesia,
Indonesia, 1998
1998* Philippines,1998^
Philippines, 1998
Figure 5. Comparison of mean density of groupers at sites for past and present CI RAP surveys.(sources: †Allen et al., in
press; * La Tanda, 1998; ^ Ingles, 1998).
Table 3. Density of groupers for 44 sites at the Raja Ampat Islands.
Site Density Site Density Site Density

No. (ind/1000m)2 No. (ind/1000m)2 No. (ind/1000m)2
1 11.3 16 5.00 31 1.67
2a 8.00 17 5.50 32 2.50
2b 0.67 18 4.00 33 5.67
3 4.00 19 1.33 34 3.50
4 10.00 20 16.50 35 1.67
6 9.00 21 2.50 36 2.50
7 6.00 22 4.50 37 5.00
8 2.00 23 17.00 38 3.67
9 0.00 24 4.00 39 1.33
10 3.67 25 5.00 40 1.50
11 2.00 26 2.33 41 4.33
12 5.33 27 2.33 42 4.00
13 2.33 28 7.00 43 13.50
14 11.00 29 5.50 44 17.00
15 7.67 30 6.00

Allen, M., J. Kinch and T.B. Werner. In press. A Basic
Conclusions Stock Assessment of the Coral Reef Resources of
Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Including
• Target species diversity observed during this survey a Study of Utilization at the Artisan Level. In: G.R.
was greatly variable according to site, but was Allen and P. Seeto (eds.). A Rapid Marine
generally higher than observed by the author at other Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay Province,
reef areas in Indonesia. Local coral reef diversity was Papua New Guinea second survey. Bulletin of the
augmented by adjacent ecosystems, particularly Rapid Assessment Program, Conservation Interna-
mangroves and seagrass beds. tional, Washington, DC.
• The present RAP survey and work that is planned for
the future by CI fill a critical gap of knowledge and Dartnall, H.J. and M. Jones. 1986. A manual of survey
represent important steps in the overall conservation methods of living resources in coastal areas. ASEAN-
of the area’s marine biodiversity. These studies are not Australia Cooperative Programme on Marine Science
designed to include just biological parameters, but Handbook. Australian Institute of Marine Science,
also strongly emphasize the exploitation of marine Townsville. 167 pp.
resources and the resulting socio-economic implica-
tions. The overall goal of these activities is to create a Kuiter, R.H. 1992. Tropical Reef-Fishes of the Western
workable balance between conservation and the Pacific. Indonesia and Adjacent Waters. Gramedia,
utilization of resources. Jakarta. 314 pp.
La Tanda. 1998. Species composition, distribution and

abundance of coral fishes in the Togean and Banggai
References Islands. In: Werner, T.B., G.R. Allen , and S.A.
McKenna (eds.). A Rapid Marine Biodiversity
Ad rim, M. and Yahmantoro. 1993. Studi pendahuluan Assessment of the Togean and Banggai Islands,
terhadap fauna ikan karang di perairan P.P. Tiga, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Bulletin of the Rapid Assessment
Sulawesi Utara. Wisata Bahari Pulau-Pulau Tiga Program, Conservation International, Washington,
(Tundonia, Tengah , Paniki) Sulawesi Utara. Lembaga DC.
Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Puslitbang Oseanologi.
Proyek Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Suharsono, R. Sukarno, M. Adrim, D. Arief, A.
Laut. Jakarta: 29–44. Budiayanto, Giyanto, A. Ibrahim and Yahmantoro,
1995. Wisata Bahari Kepulauan Banggai. Lembaga
Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Puslitbang Oseanologi.
South-East Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. Proyek Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya
292 pp. Laut. Jakarta. 44 pp.
Allen, G.R. and R.C. Steene. Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Werner, T.B. and G.R. Allen (eds.). 1998. A Rapid
Guide. Tropical Reef Research, Singapore. 378 pp. Marine Biodiversity Assessment of Milne Bay
Province, Papua New Guinea. Bulletin of the Rapid
Assessment Program 17, Conservation International,
Washington, DC.

Chapter 5
Condition of Coral Reefs at the Raja Ampat

Islands, Papua Province, Indonesia
Sheila A. McKenna, Paulus Boli, and Gerald R. Allen
Ringkasan • Nilai RCI tertinggi (242,90) terdapat di pulau

Wofah, sebelah barat daya Waigeo. Daerah geografi
• Kondisi terumbu karang adalah istilah mengenai utama yang memiliki nilai rata-rata RCI tertinggi
kondisi “kesehatan” umum suatu lokasi adalah Kepulauan Fam (212,48), Batang Pele hingga
berdasarkan penilaian beberapa parameter kunci, Pulau Yeben (210,46), dan pulau Batanta Wai
antara lain kerusakan lingkungan yang (207,93).
disebabkan manusia dan alam, dan
keanekaragaman hayati umum ditentukan • Rata-rata nilai RCI untuk Raja Ampat (196,54 +
berdasarkan kelompok indikator utama (karang 4,89) sedikit lebih rendah walau hampir menyamai
dan ikan). nilai di Milne Bay (199,32 + 3,76). Nilai tersebut
secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan nilai di
• Terdapat 45 lokasi di Raja Ampat yang kondisi Kepulauan Togean-Banggai, Indonesia (179,87 +
terumbu karangnya diteliti, termasuk di sekitar 4,02), satu-satunya daerah lain yang data RCI-nya
Pulau-pulau Batanta, Kri, Fam, Gam, Wayag, tersedia.
dan Kelompok Batang Pele.
• Ancaman atau kerusakan pada karang yang paling
• Nilai Indeks Kondisi Karang atau Reef Condition sering teramati di seluruh kawasan survei adalah
Index (RCI) dihitung untuk tiap lokasi. Nilai itu tekanan penangkapan ikan, terdapat pada 73% dari
berasal dari tiga komponen yang diukur, yaitu seluruh lokasi. Tingkat tekanan pemanfaatan ikan
keragaman karang, keragaman ikan, dan tergolong kecil pada lokasi-lokasi tersebut kecuali
kerusakan relative akibat kegiatan manusia dan lokasi 11. Bukti pengeboman ikan ditemukan pada
penyebab alami. Katagori yang terakhir juga 13,3% dari seluruh lokasi.
memperhitungkan persentase tutupan karang
hidup. • Tekanan terbesar kedua yang teramati pada karang
adalah pengendapan. Ditemukan pada 35,6% dari
• Nilai hipotesa maksimum RCI untuk karang seluruh lokasi survei.
yang masih asli adalah 300; nilai RCI beguna
untuk memahami kondisi karang sehingga dapat • Eutrofikasi/polusi teramati pada 17,8% dari seluruh
dibandingkan antar lokasi. Berdasarkan nilai RCI- lokasi survei. Lokasi-lokasi tersebut letaknya dekat
nya, lokasi -lokasi tersebut dapat dikelompokkan dengan pantai.
sebagai luar biasa, sangat bagus, bagus, sedang,
jelek, dan sangat jelek. Frekuensi di lokasi-lokasi • Sangat sedikit pemangsa karang teramati di daerah
Raja Ampat adalah sebagai berikut: Luar Biasa survey. Bintang laut (Acanthaster planci) atau bukti
(0), Sangat bagus (17), bagus (10), sedang (10), kehadirannya terlihat sebanyak 6,7% dari lokasi
buruk (6), dan sangat buruk (2). survei. Moluska pemakan karang Drupella cornus
hanya terlihat pada satu lokasi terumbu.

• Sedikit sekali ditemukan (5,6% dari seluruh lokasi Togean-Banggai Islands of Indonesia, the only other
survey) pemutihan karang di lokasi terumbu. Tidak area for which RCI data is available.
ada kerusakan serius atau kondisi pemutihan masal
pada semua terumbu yang disurvei. Menariknya, • The most frequent threat or damage observed on reefs
menurut masyarakat lokal tidak pernah ada throughout the survey region was fishing pressure,
pemutihan masal di daerah penelitian dimasa lalu. recorded at 73% of the sites. The extent of fishing
pressure was slight at these sites with the exception of
• Hanya ditemukan sedikit (4,5% dari lokasi survei) site 11. Evidence of blast fishing was found at
penyakit karang pada beberapa terumbu tapi tidak 13.3% of the sites.
tersebar luas. Penyakit karang yang umum ditemukan
adalah penyakit pita hitam dan putih. • The second most frequent stressor on the reefs was
siltation. This was evident at 37.8% of the sites
• Satwa laut karismatik yang teramati selama survey surveyed.
adalah ikan pari, hiu, penyu, dan paus.
• Eutrophication/pollution was observed at 17.8% of
the sites surveyed. These sites were all located close to
shore.
Summary
• Very few coral predators were observed throughout
the sites surveyed. Crown-of-thorns starfish
• Reef condition is a term pertaining to the general
(Acanthaster planci) or evidence of its presence was
“health” of a particular site as determined by assess-
seen at 6.7% of the sites surveyed. The coral-feeding
ment of key variables including natural and human-
mollusc Drupella cornus was only seen at one reef site.
induced environmental damage, and general
biodiversity as defined by major indicator groups • Very low incidence (5.6% of the sites surveyed) of
(corals and fishes). coral bleaching was recorded on reef sites. No serious
or mass bleaching events noticed at any of the reef
• Reef condition was assessed at 45 sites in the Raja
sites surveyed. Interestingly, locals recall no past major
Ampat Islands, including reefs off of the islands of
bleaching events on the reef areas studied.
Batanta, Kri, Fam, Gam, Wayag, and Batang Pele
Group. • Minor incidence (4.5% of sites surveyed) of coral
pathogens on several reef sights with no major coral
• A Reef Condition Index (RCI) value was calculated
disease outbreaks was noted. Common coral diseases
for each site. The value is derived from three equally
noted included white and black band disease.
weighted components: coral diversity, fish diversity,
and relative damage from human and natural causes. • Charismatic marine fauna observed during the survey
The latter category also incorporated the percentage of were manta rays, sharks, turtles, and short finned pilot
live coral cover. whales.
• The hypothetical maximum RCI for a pristine reef is
300; RCI values are useful for interpreting reef
condition and comparing sites. Depending on their Introduction
RCI, sites can be classified as extraordinary, excellent,
good, moderate, poor, and very poor. The frequency Indonesia holds approximately 50,000 km2 of coral reef
of Raja Ampat sites was as follows: extraordinary (0), habitat stretching 5,000 km from east to west (Spalding et
excellent (17), good (10), moderate (10), poor (6), al. 2001). The reefs are identified as one of the most
and very poor (2). biologically diverse and threatened (Bryant et al. 1998).
Interestingly, some reefs of the vast Indonesian archipelago
• The highest RCI value (242.90) was recorded for remain undescribed. One such region lies off the coast of
Wofah Island off of southwest Waigeo. Major Papua. This study focused on the reefs off of Bird Head’s
geographic areas with the highest mean RCIs include peninsula, mainly the Raja Ampat Islands. Forty-five reef
Fam Islands (212.48), Batange Pele to Pulau Yeben sites and their condition are described for the major
(210.46), and Batanta Wai Island (207.93). geographica areas surveyed. These areas included Fam
Islands, Batang Pele to Pulau Yeben, Batanta – Wai Island,
• The mean RCI value for Raja Ampat (198.04 + 4.89)
Kawe – Wayag Islands, Alyui Bay, Gam-Mansuar, and
is slightly less although similar to that of Milne Bay
Mayalibit Bay (see map).
(199.32 + 3.76). These values are significantly greater
than the value (179.87 + 4.02) obtained for the

Stressors to coral reefs are often multiple and synergistic. Parameter 1 2 3 4
Regardless of the cause, damage or stress to a reef can lead 1. Explosive/Cyanide damage X
to loss of habitat ecosystem functioning and ultimately to 2. Net damage X
3. Anchor damage X
the tragic extinction of species. Reef condition is a term
4. Cyclone damage X
used to indicate the general “health” of a particular site as 5. Pollution/Eutrophication X
determined by an assessment of several variables. These 6. Coral bleaching X
include biodiversity as defined by key indicator groups 7. Coral pathogens/predators X
(corals and fishes) and relative damage or stress from 8. Freshwater runoff
human and natural causes. The latter category also 9. Siltation X
10. Fishing pressure X
incorporates the percentage of live coral cover.
11. Coral Cover X
BONUS/PENALTY POINTS -20 -10 +10 +20
TOTALS -20 -20 +30 +80
Materials and Methods
Reef Condition Index

RAP surveys provide an excellent vehicle for rapid Each of 10 threat parameters and the coral cover category
documentation of biodiversity of previously unstudied (11) is assigned various bonus or penalty points, utilizing a
sites. They also afford an opportunity to issue a “report 4-tier system that reflects relative environmental damage:
card” on the status or general condition of each reef site. 1) excessive damage (-20 points), 2) moderate damage (-
However, this task is problematical. The main challenge is 10 points), 3) light damage (+ 10 points), 4) no damage
to devise a rating system that is not overly complex, and (+ 20 points). Coral cover is rated according to percentage
accurately reflects the true situation, thus providing a of live hard coral as determined by 100 m line transects
useful tool for comparing all sites for a particular RAP or and is scored as follows: 1) < 26 %, 2) 26–50 %, 3) 51–
for comparing sites in different regions. CI’s Reef Condi- 75 %, 4) 76–100 %. In the example above, the resultant
tion Index (RCI) has evolved by trial and error, and point total is 110. The maximum possible value of 220
although not yet perfected, shows promise of meeting (pristine reef with all parameters rated as category 4) is used
these goals. The present method was trialed during the to achieve equal weighting. The points total for each site is
Togean-Banggai RAP in 1998 and the second survey of adjusted for equal weighting by multiplying it by 100 and
Milne Bay in 2000. Data are now available for 104 sites, dividing the result by 220. Therefore, for this example the
including those from the current survey. Basically, the data adjusted figure is 50.
consist of three equal components: fish diversity, coral
diversity, and condition factors. Calculation of Reef Condition Index – The sum of the
adjusted total for each of the three main components
Fish diversity component – Total species observed at each described above. Each component contributes one third of
site. A hypothetical maximum value of 280 species is the RCI, with a maximum score of 100 for each. There-
utilized to achieve equal weighting. Therefore, the species fore, the top RCI for a totally pristine reef with maximum
total from each site is adjusted for equal weighting by fish and coral diversity would be 300. Of course, this
multiplying the number of species by 100 and dividing situation probably does not exist.
the result by 280.
Interpretation of RCI values – The interpretative value of
Coral diversity component – Total species observed at each RCI will increase with each passing RAP. Thus far the
site. A hypothetical maximum value of 130 species is complete data set contains 149 sites, 47 from the Togean-
utilized to achieve equal weighting. The species total from Banggai Islands, 57 from Milne Bay Province, and 45
each site is adjusted for equal weighting by multiplying the from the Raja Ampat Islands. Table 1 provides a general
number of species by 100 and dividing the result by 130. guide to interpretation, based on the data accumulated
thus far.
Reef condition component- This is the most complex part of
RCI formula and it is therefore instructive to give an
example of the data taken from an actual site (site 1):

Table 1. Interpretation of RCI values based on 109 sites. 2a. Cape Kri, Kri Island
General reef RCI value No. sites % of sites Time: 1300 hours, dive duration 120 minutes; depth
condition range 1–40 m; visibility 10 m at depth range of 0–19m
Extraordinary >243 5 3.36 and 15–20 m at depth > 20 m; temperature 28 0C; very
Excellent 214–242 24 16.11 strong current, at times high wave energy; slight turbidity;
Good 198–213 40 26.85 site description: fringing reef off of a small high island, very
Moderate 170–197 46 30.87 diverse amount of coral species with no dominant species
Poor 141–169 30 20.13 noted from depth range of 5–20 m; dominant coral
Very poor <140 4 2.68 species Acropora robusta, A. abrotanoides, and Pocillopora
eydouxi at 0–4 m depth range; hard coral cover 40% at
4–6 m, 19% at 12–15 m and 25% at 20–25 m; average
Coral cover coral cover 28%; other dominant substrata included
Data were collected at each site with the use of scuba- rubble and sand followed by sponges, crustose coralline
diving equipment. The main objective was to record the algae, and soft corals; presence of urchins, crinoids and
percentage of live scleractinian coral and other major brittle stars, Drupella observed; no threats or damage
substrates including dead coral, rubble, sand, soft corals, observed; two black tip reef sharks observed at 35 m
sponges, and algae. A 100-m measuring tape was used for depth. RCI = 231.28.
substrate assessment in three separate depth zones at most
sites, usually 4–6, 12–15 and 20–25 m. On several 2b. Cape Kri Lagoon, Kri Island
occasions there was only one or two transects were done. Time: 0930 hours, dive duration 1:45minutes; depth
This was due to either insufficient depth, extremely strong range 1–26 m; visibility 15 m at depth of 1–19 m and 20
current, or the presence of only one type of substrata (e.g. m at depth of 20 m; temperature 28 0C; current none;
mud). Substrate type was recorded at 1 meter intervals turbidity slight; site description: lagoon/sheltered bay with
along the tape measure, resulting in direct percentages of fringing reef outside (see site 2a) of small high island;
the various bottom types for each zone. For the purpose of dominant coral included strands of Acropora spp. at 18 m
calculating RCI, the average percentage of coral cover was depth with foliose corals dominating along slope at
used if more than one transect per site was involved. approximately 15 m depth; seagrass bed with patches of
sand and rubble found inshore shallows at approximate 2–
Charismatic marine fauna 4 m depth, hard coral cover 39% at 4–6 m and 47% at
During the dive survey and while on route to and from 12–15m, no transect done at 20– 25m as mostly sand;
sites, all participants noted any “charismatic” marine fauna. average coral cover 43%, other dominant substrata was
Charismatic marine fauna includes any marine species that sand and rubble, strands of rubble covered with
appeal to non-scientists. Examples of these would include cyanobacteria and turf algae at 4–6 m depth; Other fauna
cetaceans, billfish, sea turtles, groupers (other large fish), included the giant clam, Tridacna spp. and the upside
rays, and sharks. These are listed under the sites where the down jellyfish, Cassiopea, echinoderms (crinoids, urchins,
animals were seen and also in a separate section where sea cucumbers) and tunicates. Slight incidence of coral
sightings occurred while the boat was underway. pathogens (white and black band disease). RCI = 170.56.
3. Mangrove Bay, South Gam Island

Individual site descriptions Time: 1600 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
1–24 m; visibility 5 m at 1–19 m depth and 15 m at 20
1. West end of Mansuar Island m depth; temperature 28 0C; current none; moderate to
Time: 0910 hours, dive duration 65 minutes; depth range heavy turbidity; site description: fringing reef off of small
1–48.5 m; visibility 25–30m; temperature 28 0C; current high island with mangroves on shore; no transects done
none, relatively sheltered; visibility 25–30 m at all depths; due to little coral coverage that ranged approximately from
site description: island fringing reef that is relatively 10–20% at 1–19 m depth with sand found only at 20–
sheltered; low diversity of Acropora; no dominant coral 25 m depth, other common biota included algae, sponges,
species noted across all zones; hard coral cover 34% at 4–6 echinoderms and tunicates; slight natural siltation noted
m, 64% at 12–15 m and 52% at 20–25 m; average coral on reef with little fishing pressure evident. RCI = 189.82.
cover 50%; other substrata included patches of rubble and
sand, soft corals, sponges, and tunicates; light fishing 4. North Kabui Bay, West Waigeo
pressure with only moderate damage caused by fishing Time: 1015 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth
nets; one blacktip reef shark observed. RCI = 212.91. range 1– 24 m; visibility 5 m at depth of 1–19 m and

15 m at depth of 20 m; temperature 28 0C; current none; Pavona, and Diploastrea, at greater depth patches of coral
turbidity moderate; site description: sheltered fringing reef species mixed with soft coral and sponges interspersed with
off of undercut limestone island with mangroves on shore, patches of sand and rubble, hard coral cover 11% at 4–6
reef slopes approximately 15 degrees levelling off at 5m; m, 10% at 12–15 m and 19% at > 20 m; average coral
dominant coral was Pachyseris and Galaxea at 1–6 m cover 13.3%; other common substrata along transects
depth; two transects were done at depth of 2–4 m and 4– included rubble and sand; other common biota noted
6 m respectively as substrata consisted solely of mud past 6 included tunicates, sea stars, and sea cucumbers; slight
m depth; hard coral cover 20% at 2– 4 m and 72% at 4– siltation and fishing pressure with little incidence of coral
6 m; average coral cover 46%; other biota included bleaching noted on top surface of Leptoria phrygia. and
sponges, tunicates, and soft coral; slight freshwater run off Goniastrea sp. RCI = 222.44.
and siltation; RCI = 141.44.
8. Mayalibit Bay, Waigeo Island
5. Gam – Waigeo Passage Time: 1200 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth
Time: 1400 hours, dive duration 85 minutes; depth range range 1–21 m; visibility 5 m across depths; temperature
1 – 20 m; visibility 5 m at all depths (1–20 m); tempera- 280C; current strong; turbidity heavy; site description:
ture 28 0C; current strong with low exposure to wave fringing reef in sheltered bay off of small high island with
energy; turbidity moderate to heavy; site description: mangroves, high siltation area; dominant substrata mixture
fringing reef in passage between two islands with man- of sand and silt with sponges and debris fields of dead
groves along shore; dominant coral at 5–19 m depth was coral and shells; dominant biota was sponges, Phyllospongia
Acropora florida; other common coral was Tubastrea spp.; lamellosa with some Dysidea sp, hard coral cover 4% at 4–
no transects done due to strong current; coral cover 6m, 18% at 12–15m and 0% at > 20 m; average coral
estimated at site to range from > 1% in some areas to cover 7.3%; other common biota included algae, tunicates,
100% coral cover in strands of A. florida; other common sea stars, and crinoids; slight freshwater runoff with
fauna included tunicates, sponges, starfish, and soft coral; moderate siltation stress; RCI = 131.14
little to no fishing pressure, slight damage from pollution/
eutrophication and presence of coral bleaching and 9. Mayalibit Passage, Waigeo Island
pathogens; one manta ray, two cuttlefish, and schools of Time: 1530 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
sweetlips seen. RCI = 122.39. 1–20 m; visibility 5 m across depths; temperature 280C;
current strong; turbidity heavy; site description: fringing
6. Pef Island sheltered reef in wedge of small high island with man-
Time: 1600 hours, dive duration 60 minutes; depth range groves, shallow reef flat with sea grass bed, reef slopes 30–
1–42 m; visibility 15 m at 1–4 m depth, 20 m at 19 m 45° angle that levels off at 20m with rubble, pebbles, and
depth and 25 m at depth > 20 m; temperature 28 0C; silt covering subtrata; no dominant coral species, but coral
current none; site description: fringing reef off of small high is exposed at low tide; hard coral cover 11% at 4–6 m and
island subject to some wave action, the inshore shallows 21% at 12–15 m, no transect done at 20–25 m as no
have seagrass beds with patches of Sargasso; reef slopes at coral or other biota; average coral cover 16%; other
30–35 0 angle to depth of 42 m where algae, mostly common substrata of transects included sponges, soft coral,
Halimeda spp.; and a few isolated boulders with small coral and turf algae; other common biota noted included
colonies occur; no dominant coral across depths, however tunicates, sea stars, and brittle stars; some damage was
high diversity of Goniopora spp., hard coral cover 53% at noted from explosive /cyanide fishing; slight fishing
4–6 m, 33% at 12–15 m, no transect was done at > 20 m pressure; natural siltation evident with little freshwater
because transect tape broke; average coral cover 43%; other runoff. RCI = 143.14
common substrata/biota of transects included rubble, soft
coral, and sponges; only light fishing pressure noted; other 10. Pulau Dua, Wai Reefs
common fauna included lobsters, crinoids, sea stars Time: 1000 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
(including Acanthaster planci), and urchins. RCI = 1–23 m; visibility 15–20 m at 1–20 m depth and 20+ m
228.77. at > 20 m depth; temperature 28 °C; wave exposure on
south side; site description: platform reef with coral cays on
7. Mios Kon Island platform, reef slope varies from 30–40° angle; dominant
Time: 0900 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range coral is Acropora spp. in 5 m depth with huge colonies of
3–35 m; visibility 10–15 m across depths; temperature 28 Pavona and Porites present; hard coral cover 40% at 4–6
0
C; current none; site description: platform reef off of small m, 17% at 12–15 m and 17% at 20–25 m; average coral
high island exposed to moderate wave energy, reef slopes at cover 24.7%; other common substrata/biota of transects
25–300 angle; dominant coral at 4–8 m depth is Acropora, included rubble, sand, and sponges, other common biota

noted included algae, sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, fishing pressure, anchor damage, siltation, and pollution/
tunicates, and crinoids; slight fishing pressure noted, eutrophication noted; slight incidence of coral pathogens.
evidence of blast fishing noted in other areas of this reef RCI = 235.41.
site not surveyed during this dive. RCI = 218.73.
14. Sardine Reef (Mios Kon between Koh Island)
11. North Wruwarez Island, (off of North Central Coast Time: 1615 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
of Batanta Island) 1–26 m; visibility 5 m at 1–19 m depth and 5–8 m at >
Time: 1205 hours, dive duration 100 minutes; depth 20 m depth; temperature 28 °C; exposed to strong current
range 1–32 m; visibility 15 m average across depths; at times; site description: platform reef; mixed coral species
temperature 28 °C; sheltered, little to no wave exposure; across depths, hard coral cover 23% at 4–6 m, 24% at
site description: fringing reef off of small high island, reef 12–15 m, and 16% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 21%;
slope varies from 30–40° angle; dominant coral of shallow other common substrata/biota of transects included
depths (0–4 m) is Montipora spp. with deeper depths rubble, sand, and sponges; other common biota included
dominated by foliose coral; hard coral cover 56% at 4–6 m algae and echinoderms; slight fishing pressure and coral
and 35% at 12–15 m, no transect done at 20–25 m pathogens; two sharks (tawny and wobbegong) seen. RCI
depth as transect tape broke; average coral cover 45.5%; = 210.17.
other common substrata of transects included rubble and
sand; other common biota noted included algae, sponges, 15. Near Dayang Island (off of Batanta Island)
sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, tunicates, and Time: 940 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
crinoids; sea grass present inshore; moderate fishing 1–41 m; visibility 10–15 m across depths; temperature 28
°
pressure noted, some evidence of blast fishing, pollution/ C; protected, however exposed to strong current at times;
eutrophication, coral bleaching, freshwater runoff and site description: fringing reef with complex topography in
siltation. RCI = 204.97. channel between two islands; dominated by soft corals
with some patches of foliose corals present at
12. South West Wruwarez Island, (off of North Central approximately 15m depth, sand and mud mixed with
Coast of Batanta Island) cyanobacteria at 20 m depth, black coral noted at depths >
Time: 1500 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range 20 m, hard coral cover 4% at 4–6 m, 7% at 12–15 m,
1–32 m; visibility 5 m at 1–20 m depth and 12 m at > 20 and 8% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 6.3%; common
m depth; temperature 28 °C; site description: fringing reef substrata/biota of transects included soft coral, silt/mud,
off of small high island within sheltered bay, mangroves sand, and sponges; common sponges were Dysidea and
present on shore, sand and then sea grass bed in shallows, Phyllospongia; other common biota included algae, some
reef slope varies from 30–40° angle; hard coral cover 36% echinoderms (i.e. sea stars, crinoids, urchins), and tunicates;
at 4–6 m, 18% at 12–15 m, and 6% at 20–25 m; average slight fishing pressure, net damage, siltation, freshwater
coral cover 20%; other common substrata of transects runoff, and pollution/eutrophication. RCI = 210.17.
included sand and rubble; other common biota noted
included algae, sponges, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and 16. North West end of Batanta Island
tunicates; common algae was Padina sp. covered with Time: 1330 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
cyanobacteria; coral Porites cylindrica noted to have 1–42 m; visibility 20+ m average across depths; tempera-
parasitic flatworms, slight fishing pressure, siltation, ture 28 °C; sheltered with exposure to current at times; site
freshwater run off, and pollution/eutrophication noted; description: fringing reef off of small high island; dominant
close human population. RCI = 179.27. coral species was Lobophyllia, hard coral cover 50% at 4 –
6 m, 45% at 12–15 m, and 49% at 20–25 m; average
13. Kri Island (site of dive camp) coral cover 48%; other common substrata/biota of
Time: 1130 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth transects included sand, hydroids, and sponges; other
range 1–34 m; visibility 20 m average across depths; common biota included sea grass, tunicates, and
temperature 28 °C; exposed to strong current at times; site echinoderms (i.e. Acanthaster plancii, crinoids, brittle stars);
description: fringing reef with extensive reef flat filled with slight fishing pressure and siltation with evidence of
seagrass, soft corals, sponges, and patches of Acropora, reef explosive/cyanide damage (one bomb scar); one
slope ranges from 30–40° angle; slope of reef consists of wobbegong shark seen. RCI = 222.12.
mixed fields of rubble and sand with strands of live corals,
mostly Acropora spp.; hard coral cover 41% at 4–6 m, 17. West end of Wai Reef complex
41% at 12–15 m, and 29% at 20–25 m; average coral Time: 1545 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range
cover 37%; other common substrata/biota of transects 1–25 m; visibility 7 m average across depths; temperature
included rubble, sand, sponges, and dead coral; some 28 °C; exposed to strong current; site description: elongated

ribbon-like platform reef; diverse coral species across 21. Mike’s Reef, SE Gam Island
depths, hard coral cover 54% at 4–6 m, 32% at 12–15 m, Time: 0930 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range
and 41% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 42.3%; other 1–25 m; visibility 7 m average across depths; temperature
common substrata/biota of transects included soft coral, 28 °C; site description: platform reef off of rocky islet;
sponges, sand rubble; other biota present included algae, strands of Acropora florida at 4 m depth, hard coral cover
echinoderms (crinoids, urchins, sea-stars, and brittle stars), 19% at 4–6 m, 11% at 12–15 m, and 6% at 20–25 m;
tunicates, and lobsters; slight fishing pressure noted. RCI average coral cover 12%; other common substrata/biota of
= 209.84. transects included soft coral, sand, sponges, and turf algae;
other common biota included sea whips, tunicates, sea
18. Melissa’s Garden, North Fam Island stars, sea cucumbers; slight fishing pressure with some
Time: 0930 hours, dive duration 120 minutes; depth damage from explosive fishing (bomb scar at 7 m depth)
range 1–40 m; visibility 15–20+ m average across depths; and fishing nets and line. RCI = 197.08.
temperature 28 °C; sheltered with exposure to current at
times; site description: fringing reef surrounded by three 22. Chicken Reef
small high islands; coral species diverse across depths; hard Time: 1230 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range
coral cover 53% at 4–6 m, 40% at 12–15 m, and 17% at 1–25 m; visibility 35 m average across depths; temperature
20–25 m; average coral cover 36.7%; other common 28 °C; site description: platform reef with slope varying
substrata/biota of transects included sand, soft coral, and from 30°–40°; extensive rubble covered with turf algae
sponges (especially the boring sponge Cliona spp.); other and tunicates, strands of Acropora florida dominant at 4 m
biota present included seagrass, tunicates, and echinoderms depth, hard coral cover 42% at 4–6 m, 26% at 12–15 m,
(sea cucumbers, urchins, sea-stars, brittle stars); slight and 5% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 24.3%; other
fishing pressure and coral pathogens evident. RCI = common substrata/biota of transects included soft coral,
223.34. rubble, sand, and dead coral; other common biota
included tunicates, sponges, and echinoderms (crinoids,
19. North Fam Island Lagoon brittle stars, sea star, sea cucumbers), evidence of
Time: 1145 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range Acanthaster plancii present on reef although no individuals
1–32 m; visibility 10 m average across depths; temperature observed; slight fishing pressure and some incidence of
28 °C; site description: sheltered fringing reef in bay coral pathogens; RCI = 200.09.
surrounded by small beehive islets around lagoon,
mangroves present; diverse coral diversity with fields of 23. Besir Bay, Gam Island
Oxypora glabra dominant at approximately 20+ m depths; Time: 1600 hours, dive duration 80 minutes; depth range
hard coral cover 50% at 4–6 m, 45% at 12–15 m, and 1–25 m; visibility 7 m average across depths; temperature
49% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 48%; other common 28 °C; sheltered with little to no exposure to waves; site
substrata/biota of transects included sand, hydroids, and description: fringing reef under small high island inside
sponges; other common biota included sea grass, tunicates, cove like bay with mangroves, reef slopes at 25–30 degrees
and echinoderms (i.e. Acanthaster planci, crinoids, brittle levelling off into sand/mud/silt fields; hard coral cover
stars); slight fishing pressure and some incidence of coral 57% at 4–6 m and 41% at 12–15 m with no transect
pathogens. RCI = 139.53. done 20–25 m due to sand/mud/silt at depth > 20m;
average coral cover 49%; other common substrata/biota of
20. North tip of North Fam Island transects included algae, dead coral, rubble, and sand;
Time: 1545 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range other biota seen included tunicates, urchins, and sponges;
1–25 m; visibility 35 m average across depths; temperature light siltation, slight fishing pressure with some incidence
28 °C; periodic exposure to surge and small breaking of coral pathogens. RCI = 148.00.
waves; site description: fringing reef off of small high island
with mangroves adjacent to site; hard coral cover 38% at 24. Ambabee Island, South Fam Group
4–6 m, 26% at 12–15 m, and 23% at 20–25 m; average Time: 1000 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth
coral cover 29%; other common substrata/biota of range 1–42 m; visibility 20 m average across depths;
transects included soft coral, rubble, sand (often mixed temperature 28 °C; site description: fringing reef off of small
with silt), and sponges; other common biota included sea high islands, reef slopes 20° with extensive coral coverage
grass, tunicates, and echinoderms (crinoids, brittle stars, sea on reef flat with diverse species of coral across depths; hard
stars); slight fishing pressure; a shark and a hawksbill turtle coral cover 57% at 4–6 m, 19% at 12–15 m and 4% at
seen (approximate length 0.5 m). RCI = 229.02. 20–25 m ; average coral cover 26.7%; other common
substrata/biota of transects included soft coral, sand,
rubble, and dead coral; other biota seen included tunicates,

sea cucumbers, and sea stars; slight fishing pressure with with low diversity; no threats or damage noted; two manta
some incidence of coral pathogens. RCI = 200.46. rays seen. RCI = 177.07.
25. Southeast of Miosba Island, South Fam Island Group 29. Alyui Bay, West Waigeo
Time: 1230 hours, dive duration 120 minutes; depth Time: 1600 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth
range 1–50 m; visibility 12 m average across depths; range 1–25 m; visibility 5–7 m across depth; temperature
temperature 28 °C; site description: platform reef sloping in 28 °C; sheltered; site description: reef far within sheltered
35–40 °; Acropora abrotanoides dominat coral at 1–4 m bay with mangroves onshore, reef slopes approximately
depth, hard coral cover 11% at 4–6 m, 11% at 12–15 m 20° with patches of hard and soft corals, sponges, and
and 5% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 9%; other tunicates, strands of Acropora spp. dominate shallows at
common substrata/biota of transects included tunicates, 1–2 m depth, hard coral cover 17% at 4–6 m, 28% at
rubble, sand, soft coral, and sponges; other common biota 12–15 m, and 5% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 16.6
included algae, sea cucumbers, and sea stars; slight fishing %; other common substrata/biota of transects included soft
pressure. RCI = 241.48. coral, rubble, sand, and algae; other common biota seen
included sponges, sea-stars, crinoids, and sea cucumbers;
26. Keruo Island, North Fam Group presence of lobsters, tunicates, and brittle stars noted; one
Time: 1545 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range Acanthaster plancii seen; slight fishing pressure, siltation,
1–36 m; visibility 10 m at 1–4 m depth and 15 m at 5 – pollution/eutrophication with light incidence of coral
20+ m depth; temperature 28 °C; depending on area pathogens. RCI = 180.64.
within site, exposure ranges from sheltered to exposed; site
description: fringing reef 200 m from site 25 out to sea, 30. North end Kawe Island
more exposed with some areas sheltered; slope dominated Time: 0930 hours, dive duration 100 minutes; depth
by Montipora florida and Acropora spp., hard coral cover range 1–31 m; visibility 12 m across depth; temperature
48% at 4–6 m, 62% at 12–15 m and 50% at 20–25 m; 28 °C; medium to high wave energy; site description:
average coral cover 53.3%; other common substrata/biota fringing reef sloping approximately 10° peppered with a
of transects included soft coral, rubble, and sand; other mix of sand, hard coral, soft coral, and rubble, mix of coral
common biota seen included algae, brittle stars, tunicates, species, hard coral cover 19% at 4–6 m, 18% at 12–15 m,
and sponges, presence of sea-stars and sea cucumbers and 2% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 13%; other
noted; at reef edge schools of planktovirous fish; slight common substrata/biota of transects included rubble,
fishing pressure with blast fishing. RCI = 241.06. algae, and sand; presence of crinoids, urchins, sea stars, sea
cucumbers, brittle stars, and tunicates noted; slight fishing
27. Bay on Southwest Waigeo Island pressure. RCI = 213.81.
Time: 0850 hours, dive duration 85 minutes; depth range
1–25 m; visibility 7 m average across depth; temperature 31. Equator Islands (east side)
28 °C; sheltered; site description: sheltered fringing reef in Time: 1145 hours, dive duration 150 minutes; depth
bay with mangroves onshore, hard coral cover 32% at 4–6 range 1–50 m; visibility 20–25 m across depth; tempera-
m, 26% at 12–15 m and 11% at 20–25 m; average coral ture 28 °C; site description: fringing reef, reef slopes ranges
cover 23%; other common substrata/biota of transects 20–35°, mix of Heliphora and Porites cylindricus dominant
included rubble, silt, sand, and algae (mainly Halimeda coral at approximately 3 m, large strands of foliose coral
and Padina); other common biota seen included brittle found at 20 m depth, hard coral cover 32% at 4–6 m,
stars, tunicates, and sponges, presence of crinoids and 19% at 12–15 m, and 20% at 20–25 m; average coral
urchins; slight siltation and eutrophication. RCI = 152.43. cover 23.7%; other common substrata/biota of transects
included algae, sand, rubble, and in areas solid banks of
28. Channel Between Waigeo and Kawe rubble covered with turf algae; other biota seen included
Time: 1230 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range sponges, crustose coralline algae, and cyanobacteria; slight
1–35 m; visibility 10 m across depth; temperature 28 °C; fishing pressure with blast fishing evident, slight siltation
strong current with some sheltered areas; site description: and eutrophicaiton, light incidence of coral bleaching,
platform reef in channel off of three small high islands adjacent lagoon had mangroves. RCI = 230.39.
(beehive in shape), soft corals and crinoids dominant on
substrata, hard coral cover 4% at 4–6 m, 4% at 12–15 m, 32. Equator Islands (west side)
and 8% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 5.3%; other Time: 1505 hours, dive duration 105 minutes; depth
common substrata/biota of transects included soft coral, range 1–32 m; visibility 18–20 m across depth; tempera-
algae, and sand; other biota present included brittle stars, ture 28 °C; sheltered with little wave action on upper reef;
tunicates, sea cucumbers, and sponges; high density of fish site description: fringing reef off of rocky islets, reef slope

ranges 35–40°, mix of coral species, hard coral cover other common substrata/biota of transects included soft
31% at 4–6 m, 10% at 12–15 m, and 11% at 20–25 m; coral, sand, and algae; presence of sponges, tunicates, sea
average coral cover 17.3%; other common substrata/biota stars, crinoids, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and urchins; no
of transects included soft coral, sponges, rubble, sand, and threat or damage evident. RCI = 179.84.
algae; only slight fishing pressure noted. RCI = 204.33.
37. Wayag Islands (west side)
33. Alyui Bay entrance, Waigeo Island Time: 1130 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
Time: 0900 hours, dive duration 95 minutes; depth range 1–32 m; visibility 15 m across depth; temperature 28 °C;
1–40 m; visibility 10 m across depth; temperature 28 °C; site description: fringing reef near entrance to lagoon of
subject to strong current in some areas; site description: Wayag Island, reef slopes at a 15–20°angle, the coral
fringing reef off of small high island, from approximately species, Acropora palifera dominates with strands of
28–35 m reef levels off where it undercuts island then Heliophora in some areas, hard coral cover 49% at 4–6 m,
continues incline with reef slope at 30° angel, hard coral 20% at 12–15 m, and no transect done at 20–25 m;
cover 8% at 4–6 m, 9% at 12–15 m, and 3% at 20–25 average coral cover 34.5%; other common substrata/biota
m; average coral cover 6.7%; other common substrata/ of transects included sponges, soft coral, and rubble;
biota of transects included soft coral, sponges, and algae; presence of algae, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and tunicates,
presence of sea stars, crinoids, urchins, and tunicates noted; some damage from blast fishing. RCI = 221.85.
no evidence of threats or damage. One wobbegong shark
seen. RCI = 217.64. 38. Wayag Islands (inner lagoon)
34. Alyui Bay entrance, Waigeo Island 1–25 m; visibility 8 m across depth; temperature 28 °C;
Time: 1135 hours, dive duration 85 minutes; depth range sheltered; site description: reef in sheltered lagoon, reef
1–30 m; visibility 10–12 m across depth; temperature slopes at a 30–40 ° angle, hard coral cover 25% at 4–6 m,
28 °C; site description: platform reef near tiny island at 24% at 12–15 m, and 16% at 20–25 m; average coral
entrance of Alyui Bay, mix of coral species with abundance cover 21.7%; other common substrata/biota of transects
of sponge (likely to be Ianthella spp.), hard coral cover included sponges, sand, rubble, and algae; presence of sea
16% at 4–6 m, 29% at 12–15 m, and 13% at 20–25 m; stars, sea cucumbers, and tunicates; no damage or threats
average coral cover 19.3%; other common substrata/biota observed. RCI = 159.87.
of transects included soft coral, sponges, rubble and sand;
other common biota included crinoids, urchins, and 39. Ju Island, Batang Pele Group
tunicates with some algae present; no evidence of threats or Time: 0915 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
damage. RCI = 179.87. 1–38 m; visibility 12–15 m across depth; temperature
28 °C; medium to light wave exposure; site description:
35. Saripa Bay, Waigeo Island fringing reef, shallows (1–2 m depth) consists mostly of
Time: 1505 hours, dive duration 95 minutes; depth range rubble and rock mix with some Acropora spp., reef slopes at
1–35 m; visibility 7 m at 1–4 m depth and 10 m at 5– 35° angle that has large strands of soft coral, mix diversity
>20 m depth; temperature 28 °C; sheltered; site description: of coral, hard coral cover 41% at 4–6 m, 35% at 12–15
reef in sheltered bay with mangroves onshore, reef slopes at m, and 16% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 30.7%;
40°angle, mix of coral species with beds of foliose corals at other common substrata/biota of transects included soft
15+ m, hard coral cover 46% at 4–6 m, 50% at 12–15 m, coral, rubble, algae, and dead coral; common biota
and 59% at 20–25 m; average coral cover 51.7%; other tunicates and brittle stars, slight fishing pressure with some
common substrata/biota of transects included algae, incidence of coral bleaching and pathogens. RCI =
sponges, rubble, and sand; slight fishing pressure with 239.49.
siltation. RCI = 192.00.
40. Batang Pele Island
36. Wayag Islands (east side) Time: 1137 hours, dive duration 117 minutes; depth
Time: 0900 hours, dive duration 85 minutes; depth range range 1–23 m; visibility 5 m across depth; temperature
1–50 m; visibility 25 m across depth; temperature 28 °C; 28 °C; sheltered; site description: sheltered fringing reef that
exposed to high wave energy; site description: fringing reef slopes at 20° angle, sea grass and mangroves present, reef
off of small high island, reef slope varies from being sheer levels off at approximately 15 m depth into sand bottom
from 40–45 degree angle to gently sloping at approxi- with a few coral patches, hard coral cover 19% at 4–6 m
mately a 10 degree angle, hard coral cover 22% at 12–15 and 13% at 12–15 m, and no transect done at 20–25 m
m, and 15% at 20–25 m with no transect done at 4–6 m due to only sand present; average coral cover 16%; other
depth due to heavy surge; average coral cover 18.5%; common substrata/biota of transects included algae

(mainly Padina and Halimeda), sponges, rubble, silt/sand; platform reef with no cay or islet, slope ranging from
other biota included sea stars, brittle stars, and tunicates, 25–30° angle, coral present to depth of approximately
slight fishing pressure with evidence of blast fishing, some 20 m with sand and rubble dominate > 20 m, coral
incidence of coral bleaching and pathogens, some freshwa- species mixed across depth, hard coral cover 0% at 4–6
ter run off and siltation. RCI = 173.78. m, 27% at 12–15 m, and 45% at 20–25 m; average
coral cover 24%; other common substrata of transects
41. Tamagui Island, Batang Pele Group included sand, rubble, and sponges; presence of algae
Time: 1445 hours, dive duration 75 minutes; depth range (mainly Padina), sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins,
1–32 m; visibility 8 m across depth; temperature 28 °C; and tunicates; slight fishing pressure and light incidence
light to medium wave exposure; site description: fringing of bleaching. RCI = 208.03.
reef with slope ranging from 35–40° angle, mangroves
present inshore hard coral cover 40% at 4–6 m, 29% at 44. Yeben Kecil Island
12–15 m, and 16% at 20–25 m; average coral cover Time: 1400 hours, dive duration 90 minutes; depth range
28.3%; other common substrata/biota of transects 1–30 m; visibility 15 m across depth; temperature 28 °C;
included sponges, sand, rubble, and algae; presence of sea light wave exposure; site description: fringing reef off of
stars, sea cucumbers, and tunicates; no damage or threats small high island, reef slopes ranges from 20° angle to sheer
observed. RCI = 202.44. spots up to 45° angle 40, cluster of mangrove trees present
inshore, Acropora florida dominate at 6 m depth with
42. Wofah Island, off Southwest Waigeo patched of Padina and cyanobacteria, hard coral cover
Time: 0905 hours, dive duration 100 minutes; depth 37% at 4–6 m, 45% at 12–15 m, and 33% at 20–25 m;
range 1–42 m; visibility 12–15 m across depth; tempera- average coral cover 38.3%; other common substrata/biota
ture 28 °C; sheltered exposure; site description: fringing reef of transects included sand, rubble, dead coral, soft coral,
off of small high island with undercut limestone, from sponges, and algae; presence of sea stars, sea cucumbers,
approximately 0.5 to 5 m depth dominated by the corals crinoids, tunicates, and sea grass; slight fishing pressure.
Galaxae spp., Acropora bruggemaani, and A. palifera, mixed RCI = 228.58.
coral diversity at deeper depths (6– >20 m), hard coral
cover 45% at 4–6 m, 53% at 12–15 m, and 43% at 20–
25 m; average coral cover 47%; other common substrata/
Results
biota of transects included rubble and sponges; other
common biota included crinoids, sea cucumbers with some
Reef condition
presence of brittle stars, sea grass, and tunicates; slight
The hypothetical maximum RCI, as explained previously,
fishing pressure and light incidence of bleaching. RCI =
is 300. During the current survey, values ranged between
242.9.
123.49 and 258.82. The top 10 sites for reef condition
are presented in Table 2. These are sites that have the best
43. Between Fwoyo and Yefnab Kecil Island
combination of coral and fish diversity, as well as being
relatively free of damage and disease.
1–23 m; visibility 18–20 m across depth; temperature 28
°
C; protected with little to no exposure; site description:
Table 2. Top 10 sites for general reef condition.
Site No. Location Fish species Coral species Cond. points RCI
42 Wofah Island, off SW Waigeo 201 122 170 242.90
25 SE of Miosba I., S Fam Gp 281 83 170 241.48
26 Keruo Island, N Fam Group 263 79 190 241.06
39 Ju Island, Batang Pele Group 202 123 160 239.49
13 Kri Island dive camp 246 115 130 235.41
2a Cape Kri, Kri Island 283 57 190 231.28
31 Equator Islands E side 258 97 140 230.39
20 N tip of N Fam Island 214 92 180 229.02
6 Pef Island 209 94 180 228.77
44 Yeben Kecil Island 202 97 180 228.58

More than 50% of the reef sites surveyed during this and Kawe) and a high of 53.3% at site 26 (a fringing reef
expedition were ranked excellent to good. A summary of on Keruo Island, North Fam Island Group). Coral cover
the frequency distribution for relative condition categories was generally higher at the shallower depth of 4–6 m. The
(see Methods section above for explanation) is provided in highest number of coral species was 123 recorded at site
Table 3. 39 (a fringing reef off of Ju Island, Batang Pele Group).
The lowest coral diversity occurred at site 5 (fringing reef
Table 3. Distribution of relative condition categories based in passage between the islands of Gam and Waigeo) with
RCI values for the reefs surveyed. only 18 species of coral.
Relative condition No. sites % of sites Coral bleaching,

Extraordinary 0 0.00 Very low incidence of coral bleaching on reef sites (5, 7,
Excellent 17 37.77
11, 31, 39, 40, 42, and 43). No serious or mass bleaching
Good 10 22.22
Moderate 10 22.22 event noticed at any of the reef sites surveyed. Interest-
Poor 6 13.33 ingly, locals recall no past major bleaching events on the
Very Poor 2 4.44 reef areas studied.
Pathogens and predators

By the seven geographical regions surveyed, the sites of Coral pathogens observed on ten reef sites (5, 13, 14, 18,
Pam Islands had the highest average RCI value of 212.48 22, 23, 24, 29, 39, and 40) with no major coral disease
(Table 4). The lowest average RCI value by geographical outbreaks noted. Common coral diseases noted included
area was for sites within Mayalibit Bay. However, it is white and black band disease.
important to note that only two sites were surveyed within Very few coral predators observed. The coral-feeding
the bay. mollusc Drupella cornus was only seen at reef site 2a
(fringing reef off of Cape Kri Island). Crown-of-thorns
starfish (Acanthaster planci) or evidence of its presence was
Table 4. Average RCI values for major geographic areas surveyed. seen at three sites (6, 16, and 19).
Geographic area No. sites Avg. RCI Siltation

Fam Islands 6 212.48 Seventeen reef sites (2b, 3, 4, 7 – 9, 11 – 13, 15, 16, 23,
Batang Pele to Pulau Yeben 5 210.46 27, 29, 31, 35, and 40) surveyed had siltation. Seven sites
Batanta Wai Island 6 207.93
Kawe Wayag Islands 7 198.17
(4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 40) had freshwater runoff as well.
Alyui Bay 6 194.25 Nine of the sites with siltation stress were found in
Gam-Mansuar 13 193.10 sheltered areas while seven of them were fringing reefs
Mayalibit Bay 2 137.14 located close to shore. Only one platform reef, site 7, was
found to have slight siltation stress. This reef was located
in close proximity to a small high island. With the
By habitat type, fringing reefs had the highest average RCI exception of site 8, all sites had slight siltation stress. Site 8
values followed by platform reefs and sheltered bays consisted of a reef located in Majabilt Bay of Waigeo Island
(Table 5). and had moderate siltation stress.
Table 5. Average RCI values for major habitat types surveyed. Eutrophication/pollution
Slight evidence of eutrophication/pollution was observed
Major habitat type No. sites Avg. RCI at eight sites (5, 11-13, 15, 27, 29, and 31). All these sites
Fringing reefs 23 214.58 were situated close to shore and included three sheltered
Platform reefs 10 206.48 bay reef sites (12, 27, and 29) and five fringing reefs sites
Sheltered bays 12 159.32
(5, 11, 13, 15, and 31).
Coral cover Fishing

Coral cover ranged from a low of 5.3% at site 28, (the Slight fishing pressure was evident at 32 sites (1, 3, 5–7,
platform reef in channel between the islands of Waigeo 10, 12–32, 35, 39, 40, 42–44) with moderate pressure

observed at one site (11, fringing reef off of North platform reef habitats had higher average RCI values
Wruwarez Island). Evidence of various fishing methods than the sheltered bays. This can be expected as sheltered
was observed at a total of 11 sites. These included eight reef sites are usually subject to more natural siltation
sites (10, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 37, and 40) for blast fishing, from land and low flushing rate or water exchange in the
two sites (21) for the use of nets and one site (1) for the bays.
use of line. The most frequent observed stress or damage observed on
reefs through out the survey region was fishing pressure.
Sightings of “charismatic” marine fauna This is not surprising given that 90% of the inhabitants of
Sharks, rays, and turtles were the only charismatic marine Raja Ampat depend on marine resources for survival.
fauna observed at the survey sites. A total of four black tip Additionally, commercial fishing activities are also taking
sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were observed: one at place throughout the region. Evidence of destructive
sites 1 and 20 and two at site 2a. One tawny shark, fishing practices at 13.3% of the sites surveyed is particu-
Nebrius ferrugineus, was seen at site 14. A total of two larly disturbing given the resulting damage and habitat
wobbegong sharks were seen at sites 14 and 16. At site loss. The use of destructive fishing methods involving
28, two manta rays, Manta birostris, were observed while cyanide and dynamite is reported by the local community
one was seen at site 5. One hawksbill turtle, Erectmochelys to have increased in frequency over the past two years.
imbricata, was observed at site 20. Other marine fauna Blast fishing is reported to be done by non-locals. The use
observed whilst underway were a pod (approximately 10 of cyanide is reported to be by local villagers who are
individuals) of short finned pilot whales, Globicephala supplied the cyanide and squirt bottles by non-local
macrorhynchus, and several (approximately seven individu- merchant fishers of the live food fish trade (see chapter 6).
als) of manta rays, Manta birostris. Although blast and cyanide fishing is illegal, the activity
occurs due to the difficulty with enforcement. As fish
stocks are depleted throughout the western part of
Indonesia and other Asian areas, fishers have ventured
Discussion
farther east to fish.
The average Reef Conditon Index (RCI) for the 45 sites
The low number of sharks seen during the survey
surveyed in Raja Ampat is similar to the RCI value for the
most likely reflects the heavy shark finning activities taking
47 reefs examined during the second Milne Bay survey in
place throughout Indonesia and globally. Sharks are
2000. Both these average RCI values are significantly
heavily targeted for their fins, a key ingredient in the
greater than the average RCI value for the 47 sites of the
highly coveted shark fin soup that is considered a delicacy
Togean Banggai survey (Figure 1). Like the Togean
in Asia.
Banggai sites, no reef sites examined during the Raja
A potentially even greater threat to the coral reefs and
Ampat survey had average RCI values ranked as
other marine habitats of Raja Ampat is from poor land-use
extraordinary. However six reefs surveyed in Milne Bay
practices. Logging activities are occurring on the islands of
(second expedition) had RCI values classified as
Gam, Waigeo, and Batanta. The resulting deforestation
extraordinary. A plausible reason for the average RCI
from logging activity greatly compromises watershed
values being greater at the Milne Bay and Raja Ampat sites
integrity. Watersheds are a critical ecological link between
compared to the Togean Banggai sites could be remoteness
land and sea. Poor land-use practices can result in water
and population. The reef sites of the Togean Banggai
run-off carrying sediments, chemicals, pathogens (viruses
Islands have a higher human population and are more
and bacteria), and other pollutants to the reef. These
accessible for marine resource exploitation, resulting in
compounds and substances introduced into the coastal
greater damage and reduced reef viability as indicated by
waters can harm and kill coral and other reef organisms.
their RCI values.
Further, water quality and habitat conditions can be
Remoteness and low population may also explain
altered whereby a competitive advantage is provided to
some of the patterns observed for the average RCI values
opportunistic non-reef building organisms (e.g. some
within the seven major geographic areas surveyed during
species of algae and sponges). Mining is another land-
this expedition. The Fam Islands, wich have the highest
based activity that is extremely harmful to the vitality of
average RCI value, are located southwest of Gam Island
coral reefs. Nickel mining is proposed on Gag Island of the
and southeast of Batanta Island (see map). The Fam
Raja Ampat and would have a devastating effect on the
Islands are uninhabited and located a fair distance from
reefs if allowed to occur.
the larger and populated islands of Batanta, Gam, and
Other stressors and threats to reef vitality such as
West Waigeo.
bleaching, coral diseases, and predators were observed
In addition to location, habitat type also influences
sporadically on the reefs surveyed and were not extensive
the condition of the reef or RCI value. The fringing and
on the reefs where noted to occur. Locals when

interviewed could not recall any mass bleaching event,
widespread diseases or population outbreaks of coral
predators on the reefs in the region. This is welcoming
news given the increase and intensity of bleaching events
such as the one that occurred north of the Raja Ampat
Islands in Palau during the summer of 1998.
Conclusions
The majority of the reef sites surveyed during this

expedition were in excellent to good reef condition. No
damage or stress was noted on seven reef sites or 15.5% of
the sites surveyed. Stress and damage was found on
84.5% of the reef sites surveyed. With the exception of
three sites that had moderate levels of damage and stress, all
other sites had minor damage and stress. The biggest
threats to the reefs of the Raja Ampat Islands are from
fishing intensity and use of destructive fishing practices.
Current and proposed land-based activities such as logging
and mining pose a serious threat to the reefs. Land use
must be carefully planned and kept to a minimum if
possible in order to keep the integrity of the watershed
intact and to avoid excess siltation on the reefs. Results
suggest that the reefs have incredible biodiversity and are
under threat from anthropogenic activities. Marine and
other natural resource exploitation of the islands will most
likely increase unless proper conservation measures (e.g.
education, management, enforcement, best practises) are
taken and implemented as soon as possible. These
activities should involve all stakeholders to preserve the
incredible natural resources of the Raja Ampat Islands.
References
Bryant, D., L. Burke, J. McManus, and M. D. Spalding

1998. Reefs at Risk. World Resource Institute. 56 pp.
Spalding, M. D., C. Ravilious, and E. P. Green. 2001.

World Atlas of Coral Reefs. Prepared at the UNEP
World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of
California Press, Berkeley, U.S.A. 272-280.

Chapter 6
Exploitation of Marine Resources on

the Raja Ampat Islands, Papua
Province, Indonesia
Jabz Amarumollo and Muhammad Farid
Ringkasan Summary
• Sekitar 90% penduduk di Kepulauan Raja Ampat • Nearly 90% of the inhabitants of the Raja Ampat
hidup di daerah pesisir dan menggantungkan Islands dwell in coastal areas and depend on marine
hidupnya pada sumberdaya laut. resources for survival.
• Masyarakat menggunakan beberapa metode • The communities use several fishing methods. These
penangkapan ikan, yaitu pukat/jaring, racun, busur include nets, poisons, bows and arrows, explosives,
dan panah, bahan peledak, dan jerat ikan (jerat tetap and fish traps (both small and large stationary traps).
berukuran kecil dan besar).
• Marine resources are also used for commercial
• Sumberdaya laut juga dimanfaatkan untuk tujuan purposes. However this depends on market demand
komersil. Namun hal itu bergantung pada keadaan and cost.
permintaan pasar dan harga.
• High prices for marine goods and services relative to
• Tingginya harga jual hasil laut dan manfaat lainnya traditional community income provide a strong
dibandingkan pendapatan masyarakat tradisional incentive for illegal overuse of marine resources.
memberikan insentif yang kuat untuk secara ilegal
memanfaatkan sumberdaya laut secara berlebihan. • The high demand and market price of live food fish
has resulted in high fishing pressure. Targeted fish for
• Tingginya permintaan dan harga jual ikan hidup this trade include carnivorous fishes including fishes
menyebabkan tingginya tekanan penangkapan ikan. of the family serranidae (groupers locally referred to as
Ikan target yang diperdagangkan adalah ikan karnivor kerapu or geropa) and of the family labridae (i.e. the
dari famili Serranidae (kerapu) dan famili Labridae Napoleon wrasse).
(ikan maming/napoleon).
• Fundamental problems for the community are the
• Permasalahan mendasar bagi masyarakat adalah urgent need for income, the lack of knowledge of
desakan kebutuhan ekonomi; kurangnya pemahaman conservation laws, and little awareness of conservation
tentang hukum konservasi dan rendahnya kesadaran needs.
tentang perlunya konservasi.
• Excessive logging operations are found in the area,
• Banyak operasi pembalakan kayu dijumpai di daerah which threaten terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
ini yang dapat mengancam ekosistem darat dan laut.
• The Raja Ampat Islands have potential for tourism
• Kepulauan Raja Ampat memiliki potensi untuk development in both the marine and terrestrial sector.
pengembangan wisata laut dan darat.

Introduction Table 1. List of villages visited with location coordinates in the Raja Ampat
Islands during the study.
The Raja Ampat Archipelago is one of the island ranges
in the western part of bird’s head Papua (Indonesia). It Name of village Name of The Island Coordinates
covers approximately 6,962 km2 or about 16.14% of the Waiweser North Batanta 00q4504.6 S ;
total area of Sorong Regency (43,127 km2). The four 130q4659.1 E
large islands of Raja Ampat include Salawati, Batanta, Arefi North Batanta 00q4733.2 S ;
Waigeo, and Misool. The archipelago is broken down
130q4207.5 E
into the five districts of Salawati, Samate, Misool, South
Yansaway North Batanta 00q4812.3 S ;
Waigeo, and North Waigeo. These five districts have a
total of 89 villages with a population of 48,707 and a 130q4038.4 E
population density of seven people per km2 (Papua Marandan North Batanta 00q4748.6 S ;
Weser
Province, census 2000). 130q3430.9 E
Ethnic diversity in Raja Ampat is determined by Saporkren West Waigeo 00q2614.7 S ;
“language families” or ethno-linguistic group. There are 130q3958.1 E
eight language family groups 1 in the islands. Most of the Yenbeser Gam 00q2758.1 S ;
languages are grouped into Austronesian. A few found in
130q4055.6 E
the western part of Salawati Island are classified as West
Friwen Friwen 00q2814.1 S ;
Papuan.
There are five conservation areas (Nature Reserve or 130q4113.5 E
NR, known as a Cagar Alam in Indonesia) in Raja Ampat. Yenbuba Gam 00q3416.5 S ;
These include West Waigeo NR, East Waigeo NR, West 130q3914.8 E
Batanta NR, North Salawati NR, South Misool NR, and Yenbekwan Gam 00q3429.3 S ;
the Raja Ampat Archipelago WS (Wildlife Sanctuary or 130q3750.0 E
WS, known as Suaka Margasatwa in Indonesia; BKSDA I, Yenwaupnoor Gam 00q3141.1 S ;
1999). The conservation areas cover a total of 797,716
130q3914.8 E
hectares consisting of 676,580 hectares of land and
Sawinggrai Gam 00q3202.2 S ;
121,136 hectares of sea. Raja Ampat was identified as a
“high-priority area” for terrestrial and marine biological 130q3451.3 E
surveys by participants at the Irian Jaya Biodiversity Kapisawar Gam 00q3153.0 S ;
Conservation Priority–Setting Workshop in Biak, 130q3431.6 E
Indonesia (1997), and at CI’s Coral Reef Priority Setting Arborek Arborek 00q3351.7 S ;
Workshop in Townsville, Australia (1998). Conservation 130q3107.6 E
and economic activities within the region need to be Wawiyai West Waigeo 00q1800.0 S ;
balanced between long term sustainability of marine
130q39q58.1 E
resources and the economy. Due to economic pressure,
marine resource use, including destructive fishing practices, Kabui Gam 00q2717.1 S ;
is increasing in Raja Ampat. This will likely result in more 130q3306.0 E
threats to marine biodiversity and impede conservation Lopintol West Waigeo 00q1858.6 S ;
and management activities for sustained multiple use of 130q5344.5 E
the area by stakeholders. Waifoi East Waigeo 00q0604.4 S ;
130q4249.0 E
Fam Fam 00q4013.8 S ;
Survey Method 130q1744.7 E
Mutus Batang Pele group 00q2042.6 S ;
Basic survey methods were used and consisted of Focus
130q2047.6 E
Group Discussion (FGD) and Direct Observation
Miosmanggara Batang Pele group 00q2340.6 S ;
(Margoluis and Salafsky, 1998). An emphasis was placed
on marine resource use by fishermen in the Raja Ampat 130q1527.5 E
Archipelago. Manyaifuin Batang Pele group 00q1952.8 S ;
130q1300.9 E
1
The languages are “Maden, Palamul, Ma’ya” in Salaswati Island; “Legenyem, Waigeo, Biak” in Selpele West Waigeo 00q1215.8 S ;
Waigeo Island; “Kawe” in Batanta island; and “Matbat” in Misool Island (Based on Global Mapping
Institute/Leontine Visser, 1998 in Workshop Map on Conservation Priority in Irian Jaya). Some languages 130q1325.2 E
have dialect similarity such as “Legenyem” in Waigeo and “Kawe” in Batanta island (Berry K., 2000). Salio West Waigeo 00q0725.4 S ;
130q1731.0 E

Table 2. Names of fishing companies that use marine resources of Raja Ampat of fishery companies located in Sorong are given in Table
with a listing of commodity (taxonomic family name is given in parentheses
2 along with commodity and production rate.
below the common name) and production rate (tons/year) for 1999. (PT. denotes
limited company while CV. denotes a small company that is usually family Total fishery production was 40,828.72 tons per year
owned.) for 1999 in Sorong Regency. Of this total, 13,964.6 tons
or about 34.20% was composed of tuna and a large
No. Company Names Commodity Production number of carnivorous fishes. Also that year (1999), pearl
(Tons/year) production originating from Raja Ampat was 10.20 tons
1. PT. Usaha Mina Mackerels/Tuna 6,063.4 in Sorong Regency. Internationally, the products were
(Scombridae) exported to America, Hong Kong, Japan, China, and
2. PT. Ramoi Mackerels/Tuna 3,559.9 Europe. Domestically the pearl products are sent and
(Scombridae) marketed in Jakarta, Surabaya Makasar, Bali, and Jayapura,
3. PT. Citra Raja Mackerels/Tuna 2,199.5
while local distribution takes place in the vicinity of
Ampat Canning (Scombridae)
Sorong.
4. PT. Keselamatan Mackerels/Tuna 2,092.4
Cinta Bahari (Scombridae) Nearly 90% of the population dwells along the coast
5. PT. Ponco Ikan Kerapu 3.0 and depends on marine resources for survival. Traditional
Susetyo Sakti (Serranidae) fishing methods are used and usually take place in shallow
6. PT. Citra Karya Ikan Kerapu 7.3 water areas within 200 m depth. Various simple methods
Permai (Serranidae) for catching fish are used by the inhabitants. Generally,
7. PT. Hasuda Ikan Kerapu 4.5 marine resources are obtained in two ways. These include
Mina Bahari (Serranidae) hunting in order to catch fish and mariculture 2.
8. CV. Winka Ikan Kerapu 34.6
(Serranidae)
13,964.6
Fishing
9. PT. Arta pearl
Samudra 10.20 Surface fish, coral reef fish, pelagic fish, shells, and other
10. PT. Megapura pearl molluscs are caught by local inhabitants in shallow areas,
Aru Mutiara usually less than 200 meters from shore. Large-scale fish
11. PT. Yellu pearl companies use modern fishing techniques in the open
Mutiara ocean. Inhabitants generally use marine resources for
Total 13,974.8 family consumption. However some fish for commercial
Source: Fishery Departement of Sorong, 2000 purposes. The amount of fishing for commercial purposes
varies depending on market demand. Presently, there is a
high demand for Napoleon Wrasse, Crustaceans (lobster),
and shark. Other organisms such as holothuroids (sea
A total of 23 villages (Table 1) consisting of four cucumbers), Trochus niloticus (trochus), and Pinctada spp.
villages on North Batanta Island and 19 villages on South (Japing-japing or pearl oysters) are also in demand on the
Waigeo Island were visited and surveyed from 26 March to market.
11 April 2001. The combined population of these 23 Napoleon Wrasse and serranids (sea basses and
villages is 5,726, ranging from 98 in Arborek village to groupers) are caught alive for commercial purposes. These
785 in Fam village. Data collected included people’s fishes have a high market price and are easy to capture.
marine resource use activities and socio-economic views The fish are caught alive by stunning them with poison-
(e.g. type of marine biota captured, tools and techniques ous chemicals such as cyanide. The practice originated
used, threats and conservation efforts and, marine outside of Raja Ampat and was introduced to the local
management and conservation knowledge). communities who are now using it. Facilities with
Results and discussion on marine resource use in Raja underwater holding pens to store the cyanide-caught live
Ampat is generally divided into two socio-economic fish are found in the villages of Fam, Miosmanggara,
patterns, namely traditional and modern sectors. The Mutus, Yembekwan, Arefi, and Arborek. The fish are
majority of marine resource use falls into the modern sector, usually loaded and shipped from the villages of Mutus and
as Raja Ampat becomes a fishing base (for traditional Miosmanggara, where there are loading ports. The various
fisherman as well as commercial companies). The name techniques for catching fish are listed and described in
Table 3.
2
People of Wawiyai cultivated sea slugs in 30-metre square areas using a traditional method called
“warin purin.” The slugs were caught at night using a kerosene lantern called a lobe and raised in
the places provided. Five hundred individuals were raised. They failed to harvest from their
activities, however, because people abandoned the process and were lacking in knowledge of
cultivation techniques.

Table 3. Fishing methods used in the Raja Ampat Islands. The tools used for the fishing methods along with the marine biota targeted are given with remarks.
Tools used to capture Descriptions Targeted biota Remarks

marine biota
Indigenous subsistence level fishing methods
Hook and line A line is tied with one to Pelagic and demersal fish (e.g. Technique involves setting
many fish hooks that vary in tuna, groupers, mackerels, a long line or a drift long
size. jacks and, coral fish). line. Locally called
throwing lot and
throwing hook.
Spears and bows Iron spears are tied on long Pelagic and demersal fish. Local method is called lobe
wood poles about 2-3 m in and is done at night using
length. Spears are thrown by row boats and kerosene
hand from the surface or pressure lanterns. The
underwater while diving. If spears used either have
used underwater, a rubber many arrows (Kalawae) or
sling shot provides one arrow (acu). Method
propulsion. sometimes used without
snorkeling or diving
equipment.
Legal commercial fishing methods
Hook Techniques are the same as Pelagic fish such as kembung Motorboats are used at
mentioned for hook and line (mackerel) tuna, ray fish, oil speeds of 5-25 knots.
except the hook(s) are sardine; demersal fish such as Number ropes deployed off
attached to a rope. bubara (pompano), shark, boat stern depends on
Commonly used as method kurisi (Nemipterus need; usually 5-10 ropes are
of fishing from the surface nematophorous), bulanak used.
on boats while underway or (Valamugil sp.), and serranids.
trowling.
Nets Cast into the water above Pelagic fish such as kembung Used by non-locals to catch
from surface or set (striped mackerel), shark, schools of fish.
underwater. lalosi (fusilers), samandar, and
baronang(Siganus spp.), and
demersal fish such as serranids
and coral reef fish.
Large fish trap (Sero) The trap is made of bamboo Pelagic fish such as bubara This is not widely used but
and is triangular in shape. It (pompano), lalosi (fusilers), is an effective method.
is used in shallow reef areas and other coral reef fish.
and set to work with the
rise and fall of the tide.
Fish trap (bagan) This type of trap is made of Pelagic such as teri (a kind of This method causes over-
net and bamboo. A light is small baitfish), kembung fishing.
used to attract fish. (striped makerel), lalosi
(fusilers), etc.
Illegal commercial fishing methods
Poison This method uses poisonous Generally used to catch From squirt bottles, poison
chemicals such as cyanide carnivorous bony fishes and is applied directly into the
and potassium chloride. It is serranids, demersal fish, and water near the targeted fish
used to stun the fish and lobster, etc. (e.g. coral crevices where
often leads to death of the fish hide). Compressor or
fish and the coral. hookah system is used to
assist divers.
Bomb/explosive material Explosive materials used are Schooling pelagic fish such as Fishermen from Sorong
urea-based fertilizers, bubara (pompano), lalosi commonly use this method;
matches sulfur, poisonous (fusilers), kembung (striped however local communities
bullets that are tightly mackerel), etc. are also using it.
packed into bottles with
wicks for fuse.

Prices exported ranges from 5–100 kilograms per month.
Prices quoted are for the selling of the fish by the Income for fishers selling sea cucumbers to exporters ranges
fishermen to the fish merchants. Seabasses and groupers from Rp. 50,000–600,000 every month depending on
(serranids) and the Napoleon Wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) kind and quality of sea cucumbers sold. Collectors go to
cost about Rp. 3,000 per kilogram Serranids can sell for buy sea cucumbers from the fishermen either once a
Rp. 80,000 per kilogram while Naploean wrasse can sell month or once every three months. The irregularity in the
for Rp. 130,000. Only seven Napolean Wrasse (Cheinilus visits from the collectors can cause a disruption in income
undulatus) were seen during the survey, which may for fishermen selling in Sorong.
indicate a decline in their population numbers. Shipping
capacity of fish was 100 – 5000 kilograms per export load Lobster
from Miosmanggara village and 200 – 400 kilograms per Lobster sells for Rp. 55,000 to 60,000 in Sorong. The
export load in Mutus village. Exporting of fish usually amount of lobsters exported ranges from seven kilo grams
takes place every two to three months. In 1999, two to 20 kilo grams per month, which is equivalent to a cash
shipments took place from Misomanggara while three took payment of approximately Rp. 400,000–1,000,000 per
place from Mutus. Groupers (known locally as Tongseng Is month depending on the amount of fishing activity. Local
and Saisseng Is or scientifically as Plectropomus leopardus and people only sell to collectors for fear of being arrested, as
P. areolatus) are transported from Bitung, Ternate, and town people say lobsters are protected.
Sorong to Hong Kong by grouper tradesmen.
Commercially, marine goods are sold locally in Sorong Japing-japing (Pinctada spp. or pearl oysters)
by merchants from the villages of Makasar and Buton. Depending on market demand, japing-japing ranges in
Average prices of these commodities are as follows: price from Rp. 3,500 to 5,000 per kilogram in Sorong.
The amount of japing-japing exported ranges from 5–20
Teripang kg per month or a cash equivalent of approximately Rp.
Sea cucumber (teripang) are sold for about Rp. 15,000– 3000–50,000- per month. People view the selling of
80,000 per kilogram and depending on species can sell for oysters as a secondary activity because of selling difficulty
Rp. 130,000 per kg. The amount of sea cucumbers in Sorong.
Table 4. Activities that threaten marine resources in the Raja Ampat Islands. The village where the activity takes place is given by number as listed in Table
1, along with the impact and comments.
Threat Type Village Location Impact Comments

Explosive/blast fishing 1-5, 12, 18-23 Damages and kills coral and Agents are usually from
pelagic fish. Sorong and use long boats.
Cyanide fishing 2, 3, 6, 9, 18-22 Kills coral and demersal fish. Intended to stun marine
biota (serranids and
lobsters) to catch for live
food fish trade; fishers often
aided by compressors.
Over fishing 2, 3, 6, 9, 11-14, 16, Decrease in populations of Fishing intensity is high
18-23 serranids, teripang (sea depending on market
cucmber), lola (trochus), demand.
and teri.
Government planned 5, 14, 15 Clearing land for building Developmental planning for
buildings and construction purposes. Raja Ampat Regency is
Results in coastal erosion scheduled for the future by
and sedimentation to the Local Planning Board in
marine ecosystems. Sorong.
Logging3 5, 11-17, 23 Clear cutting of forests High intensity logging done
causes coastal erosion and by companies and local
sedimentation on the coral people.
reefs. Also a source of social
conflict.
3
Not only in Waigeo Island, Batanta Island in Yenanas village, and Salawati Island, but also the activity has been done in villages of Kaliam, Solol, Kapatlap, Samate, Kalobo, and Waijan.

Shark fin Other marine biota
Shark fin ranges in price from Rp. 50,000 to 80,000 per Other marine biota used by the local people include
kg per month depending on supply. Even though the mangroves for house construction, molluscs, crabs, and
shark fin trade can contribute substantial income for the shrimps for food. This biota is limited solely to family use
fishermen, few engage in the activity due to the high cost and has not been commercialized, although quantitatively
of tools, the large time and energy commitment, and the there is potential.
need for special skills. The selling of shark fins to exporters
is usually done locally in the villages, then transported to Threats to marine resources of Raja Ampat
Sorong. Various direct and indirect threats to marine resources were
identified during the survey and are listed in Table 4.
Ikan teri Several factors contribute to the use of illegal fishing
These small silvery fishes (ikan teri) usually include methods. First, local people sell their fish products at low
members of the families Engraulidae (anchovies) and prices; however goods and services are purchased at high
Clupeidae (herrings). Depending on type and quality of prices. This results in a deficit in family finance and an
ikan teri, prices can ranges from Rp. 3,000 to 7,000 per increase for basic needs.
kg. The amount of ikan teri that is supplied to consumers Second, some regions are classified as of low economic
per month varies from 1/2 to 1 ton or a cash equivalent of standard. These regions continuously exploit marine and
Rp. 200,000 – 3,000,000 depending on availability of coastal resources illegally, as it is the only way for them to
tools in such villages as Wawiyai. Fishing for ikan teri is meet their needs. Of the 23 villages surveyed in Raja Ampat,
limited in practice due to the high cost of boats and 96.4% or 898 families in 19 villages of South Waigeo were
supplies used (Rp. 3,000,000 – 5,000,000 per equipped categorized as pre-prosperous group. Twenty-three villages
boat or bagang). In addition to the bagang, nets, and are still actively using illegally fishing methods for both
kerosene lamps are needed for ikan teri fishing. Ikan teri is family and commercial purposes.
sold locally to collectors who visit on a regular monthly
basis.
Conservation efforts
Ikan asin
Salted fish (ikan asin) consists of tenggiri or makerel
The forest, marine, and coastal ecosystems of the Raja Ampat
(Scromberomorus spp.) and ikan batu (demersal and coral
Islands are biologically rich with abundant natural resources.
fishes). Depending on the quality, tenggiri is sold for Rp.
The government has allocated 797.72 hectares of these
10,000 – 12,000 per kg in the villages and Rp. 15,000 –
ecosystems as a nature conservation area. This area can be
20,000 per kg in Sorong. The market price of ikan batu
divided by ecosystem into 676.58 hectares (84.8%) of forest
ranges from Rp. 5,000 – 6,000 per kg in the local villages
and 121.14 hectares (15.2%) of coastal and marine habitat
and Rp. 6,000 – 8,500 per kg in Sorong. Local collectors
spanning over five districts in Raja Ampat.
also buy fresh fish from the communities at a price of Rp.
3,000 per kg for tenggiri and Rp. 2,000 per kg of coral
The following stipulations 4 were made by the local govern-
fish. Production capacities for a mixture of both types
ment of Sorong Regency in an effort to protect marine
range from 25 to 500 kg per month depending on
resources:
catching intensities and seasons or cash payment ranging
from Rp. 45,000 to 800,000 per month based on kinds
1. Limit number of Teri catching licenses that use large
and qualities. The ikan asin trade is commonly done by
fish traps. These traps were responsible for an estimated
Raja Ampat people because it demands little money and
95% of the over fishing or an equivalent of 1.15 tons
follows very simple methods from fishing to salting to
per year.
marketing.
2. Prohibited use of compressors (hookah) and scuba to
Pearl catch marine biota such as large carnivorous fishes,
Pearls locally cost Rp. 7,000 each. Maximum production is serranids, Napoleon wrasse, and lobsters. This activity
2,000 pearls per month or a cash equivalent of Rp. usually involved the use of poisons such as potassium
14,000,000. This biota is directly taken from nature by cyanide.
divers with or without the use of a compressor. This
activity occurs only in Lopintol village where pearl 3. Limit number of large carnivorous fishes (including
entrepreneurs have supplied the tools and take care of serranids and Napoleon wrasses) and lobsters that can
marketing. be caught.
4
The stipulations were made in consideration of the negative impact caused by outsiders
(fishermen) extracting marine resources (Local Fishery Office Sorong, 2000; Yearly Report by
Fishery Office Sorong, 1999).

Table 5. Marine resource use of Miosmanggara village. Commodity, production, price, and remarks are given.
Commodity Production (kg/month) Price (Rp)* Remarks

Carnivorous fishes 100500 5,00060,000 Consists of various kinds
including serranids and classes
Teripang (sea cucumbers) 100500 60,00080,000 Consists of various kinds
and classes
Salty fish 100500 5,00010,000 Tenggiri and coral fish
Lobster 10 15,00050,000 Consists of various kinds
and classes
Lola (trochus) 520 15,000 Consists of several kinds
Shark fin 510 50,000350,000 Consists of various kinds
and classes
*Ranges of price are based on reports from local fishermen.
4. Issue permits for catching of carnivorous fishes problems by local government officials in the Districts.
including serranids, Napoleon wrasses, and lobsters During our survey one local person, Taher Arfan, 5 said
under conditions below: that problems occur as a result of natural resource use by
outsiders even though the Local Traditional Board still
a. Collectors consist of members from the local functions (Personal communication, 2001).
community. The permit holders can be outsiders In general, local people’s knowledge or understanding
who reside in the local village. about natural resources conservation is very limited. Often
b. Local fishermen are informed of their fishing this results in protected marine biota, such as turtle, lola,
activities. batu laga, and Napoleon wrasses being exploited. There
c. Create good cooperation with fishermen (PIR are little to no conservation awareness activities due to the
patterns), system where entrepreneur buys tools geographical isolation and resource limitations (e.g.
for local fishermen. The catch from fishing educational tools and trained personnel) of the area.
activities is split into equal shares, one for the
fisherman and one for the entrepreneur. When Community’s perspective
the tools are fully paid by the fishing activities, Several issues are very important to the people in Raja
the fisherman owns the tolls. Ampat regarding natural resource use of forest, marine, and
coastal ecosystems. The people interviewed in
Only two villages, Arefi and Yansaway on Batanta Island, Miosmanggara village were critical, honest, and at times
expressed interest in re-instituting the traditional contradictory regarding the use of marine resources and the
conservation policy known locally as “sasi gereja.” These accompanying socio-economics.
villages believe “sasi gereja” is effective over the local Miosmanggara is a village with a population of 220
community as it involves traditional law as well as the and a density of 0.04 people per km2 located within the
church. Due to the considerable decline in marine Batang Pele Island Group. Approximately 84.6% of the
resources and environmental quality, traditional population are categorized as pre-prosperous or at poverty
conservation policy will be re-instituted on Way Island. level. In this village, people are widely known to actively
Way Island is the site visited by these two villages as this engage in destructive fishing methods such as cyanide and
island is rich in marine resources (mainly fish, sea blast fishing. Commodities associated with the villagers’
cucumber, clams, and lobsters). marine resource use, production, and price are given in
In order to implement “sasi gereja,” a church service is Table 5.
conducted whereby alms are presented to announce “sasi” The social economic data gives the impression that the
or a moratorium on fishing activities. A service is then held village’s standard of living is good when in fact their
after an extended period of time based on the assumption monthly cash income ranges from 50,000 to 250,000 rps
that the natural resources have had enough time to recover. per month. However this contradicts the entrepreneurs
Penalties are given to those that do not follow the “sasi who state that they spend 13,000,000 to 15,000,000 to
gereja.” buy live fish alone not including any other associated
Traditional laws are not effectively used by local business expenses (e.g. gasoline for transport to
communities to solve problems regarding natural resource Miosmanggara village, staff of live fish merchant
use. Instead local communities wait for solutions to the companies).
5
The head of Raja Ampat Indigenous People Board “Kalanafat.”

According to the villagers, they can get enough development on the Raja Ampat Islands is very poor in
income to support themselves. They therefore said: comparison to other places such as Bunaken Island in
“We can stop the use of illegal catching methods, if we are North Sulawesi, even though Raja Ampat has a more
given compensation or other alternative that allows us to meet diverse fauna. Furthermore, many potential sites for
our needs now. We know that what we are doing is illegal; diving and snorkeling were identified by the Marine
however as long as there are no alternatives, we will continue. RAP team. These included dive sites on the islands of
After we eat enough then punish us. If there are any alterna- Kri and Wei.
tives such as job opportunities with good salary then we will The local office of tourism in Sorong Regency
let entrepreneurs (either loggers or tourism businesses) operate revealed that only one company, Irian Diving, has been
here. We will give them a low rental price for use of our land. legally operating as a dive tourist center. This company
The most important issue to us is for the entrepreneurs to continues to develop and promote tourism in the Raja
provide skill training for our youths. That way our young Ampat Islands. The local office of tourism reported that
people can work in the companies that operate here.” there were 184 tourists in 2000 with Raja Ampat as their
Threats to the forest ecosystems are caused by large- destination. While the company, 7 Irian Diving reported
scale logging activities by a conglomerate of companies 6 or that visitors have been progressively increasing. For
by the community. Some villages (Arborek, Sawinggrai, example, in 1999 and 2000 respective totals of 66 and
Kapisawar, Wawuyai, and Sapokren) have suffered the 201 tourists were reported. Most of the visitors were
consequences of these activities as they often create Americans who stayed at the center for one to three weeks.
conflicts, especially social ones involving traditional land The local governmental planning board of Sorong
ownership. Often a logging businessman makes an Regency in collaboration with local office of Tourism in
agreement with the village head (locally called kepala desa) Sorong plans to develop tourism with an emphasis on
to allow logging activities in the area. In exchange, the nautical tourism for the Raja Ampat Islands. It is hoped
businessmen promises to build a community center, that the results from the Marine RAP and the associated
church, or house for the village. Sometimes the full details follow up activities will help contribute to tourism
of the agreement are not revealed to all the villagers, development (Soedirman 8, Personal communication).
leading to confusion. Reports of the villagers not receiving
the promised deliverable (e.g. building) from the
Reference
businessman occur. The exact details of these events are
not clear as the agreement is often not fully disclosed to all
Berry K., Community Report, PT. Cendana Indopearls,
stakeholders.
Selpele and Salio.
Tourism development in Raja Ampat
BPS Irian Jaya, 2000. Irian Jaya Dalam Angka. Balai Pusat
Raja Ampat has amazing ecosystem diversity. Within these
Statistik Irian Jaya.
ecosystems ( forest, marine, and coastal) lies incredible
biodiversity, some of which has yet to be documented. For
Margoluis, R. and N. Salafsky, 1999. Measure of
example, on the land many plant species are endemic. The
Success. Island Press, Washington DC.
forests contain endemic and rare bird species such as
Waigeo Brush Turkey (Aepypodius bruijnii), Red Bird-of-
Dinas Perikanan Sorong, 2000. Annual Report of Fishery
Paradise (Paradisaea rubra), Wilson’s Bird-of-Paradise
Department Sorong Regency (unpublished)
(Diphyllodess respublica), Northern Cassowary (Casuarius
unappendiculatus), and the Western Crowned Pigeon
(Goura cristata).
In addition to the forests, the marine ecosystems of
Raja Ampat have remarkable potential to draw tourists.
Biologically, the marine biota such as corals, molluscs, and
fishes are phenomenal. Ecological tourism
6
Timber industry actively operates 9 companies, while the people operate 8 companies.
7
PT Irian Diving, a diving tourism service company operating in Raja Ampat and based on Kri Island,
South Waigeo District.
8
Section head of physics and infrastructure of Local Planning Board, Sorong Regency.

Appendices
APPENDIX 1 ....................................................................... 90
Checklist of Corals of eastern Indonesia
and the Raja Ampat Islands
J.E.N. Veron
APPENDIX 2 ..................................................................... 104

Coral species recorded at individual sites
in the Raja Ampat Islands
D. Fenner
APPENDIX 3 ..................................................................... 113

Molluscs recorded at the Raja Ampat Islands
F.E. Wells
APPENDIX 4 ..................................................................... 132

List of the reef fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands
G.R. Allen
APPENDIX 5 ..................................................................... 186

List of Target (commercially important) fishes
of the Raja Ampat Islands
La Tanda

Appendix 1
APPENDIX 1
Checklist of corals of eastern Indonesia and the Raja Ampat Islands
J.E.N. Veron
Zooxanthellate Scleractinia Recorded in eastern Indonesia Recorded in Raja

(Veron, 2000)1 Ampat Islands
Family Astrocoeniidae
Stylocoeniella armata (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Stylocoeniella guentheri Bassett-Smith, 1890 X X
Madracis kirbyi Veron and Pichon, 1976 X
Palauastrea ramosa Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941 X X
Family Pocilloporidae
Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) X X
Pocillopora danae Verrill, 1864 X X
Pocillopora eydouxi Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860 X X
Pocillopora kelleheri Veron, 2000 X X
Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 X X
Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786) X X
Pocillopora woodjonesi Vaughan, 1918 X X
Seriatopora aculeata Quelch, 1886 X X
Seriatopora caliendrum Ehrenberg, 1834 X X
Seriatopora dendritica Veron, 2000 X X
Seriatopora guttatus Veron, 2000 X X
Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846 X X
Seriatopora stellata Quelch, 1886 X
Stylophora pistillata Esper, 1797 X X
Stylophora subseriata (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Family Acroporidae
Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora altisepta Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Montipora angulata (Lamarck, 1816) X
Montipora australiensis Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora cactus Bernard, 1897 X
Montipora calcarea Bernard, 1897 X
Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846) X X
Montipora capitata Dana, 1846 X X
Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985 X X
Montipora cebuensis Nemenzo, 1976 X X
Montipora cocosensis Vaughan, 1918 X
Montipora confusa Nemenzo, 1967 X
Montipora corbettensis Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897 X

Appendix 1

Montipora danae (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851) X X
Montipora delicatula Veron, 2000 X
Montipota digitata (Dana, 1846) X X
Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora effusa Dana, 1846 X
Montipora florida Nemenzo, 1967 X
Montipora floweri Wells, 1954 X X
Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766) X X
Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846) X
Montipora friabilis Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora gaimardi Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora hirsuta Nemenzo, 1967 X
Montipora hispida (Dana, 1846) X X
Montipora hodgsoni Veron, 2000 X X
Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 X X
Montipora incrassata (Dana, 1846) X X
Montipora informis Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora mactanensis Nemenzo, 1979 X X
Montipora malampaya Nemenzo, 1967 X
Montipora meandrina (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Montipora millepora Crossland, 1952 X X
Montipora mollis Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora monasteriata (Forskäl, 1775) X X
Montipora niugini Veron, 2000 X
Montipora nodosa (Dana, 1846) X X
Montipora orientalis Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Montipora palawanensis Veron, 2000 X X
Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora porites Veron, 2000 X X
Montipora samarensis Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Montipora setosa Nemenzo, 1976 X
Montipora spongodes Bernard, 1897 X
Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 1816) X
Montipora stellata Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 X X
Montipora turtlensis Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Montipora undata Bernard, 1897 X
Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) X
Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Montipora verruculosus Veron, 2000 X X
Montipora vietnamensis Veron, 2000 X
Anacropora forbesi Ridley, 1884 X X

Appendix 1

Anacropora matthai Pillai, 1973 X X
Anacropora pillai Veron, 2000 X
Anacropora puertogalerae Nemenzo, 1964 X X
Anacropora reticulata Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Anacropora spinosa Rehberg, 1892 X
Acropora abrolhosensis Veron, 1985 X X
Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) X X
Acropora akajimensis Veron, 1990 X
Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893) X X
Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora austera (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora awi Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998 X X
Acropora batunai Wallace, 1997 X X
Acropora bifurcata Nemenzo, 1971 X
Acropora brueggemanni (Brook, 1893) X X
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora caroliniana Nemenzo, 1976 X X
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora convexa (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora cophodactyla (Brook, 1892) X
Acropora copiosa Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Acropora crateriformis (Gardiner, 1898) X
Acropora cuneata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora cylindrica Veron and Fenner, 2000 X
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora dendrum (Bassett-Smith, 1890) X X
Acropora derawanensis Wallace (1997) X X
Acropora desalwii Wallace, 1994 X X
Acorpora digitifera (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora donei Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora efflorescens (Dana, 1846) X
Acropora elegans (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860) X
Acropora elseyi (Brook, 1892) X X
Acropora exquisite Nemenzo, 1971 X X
Acropora fastigata Nemenzo, 1967 X
Acropora fenneri Veron, 2000 X
Acropora florida (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) X X

Appendix 1

Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) X X
Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora gomezi Veron, 2000 X
Acropora grandis (Brook, 1892) X X
Acropora granulosa (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860) X X
Acropora hoeksemai Wallace, 1997 X X
Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora indonesia Wallace, 1997 X X
Acropora inermis (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora insignis Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Acropora irregularis (Brook, 1892) X
Acropora jacquelineae Wallace, 1994 X
Acropora kimbeensis Wallace, 1999 X X
Acropora kirstyae Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora lianae Nemenzo, 1967 X
Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893) X
Acropora loisetteae Wallace, 1994 X
Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994 X X
Acropora longicyathus (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860) X X
Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892) X X
Acropora lovelli Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952 X
Acropora macrostoma (Brook, 1891) X
Acropora meridiana Nemenzo, 1971 X X
Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1859) X X
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Acropora mirabilis (Quelch, 1886) X X
Acropora monticulosa (Brüggemann, 1879) X X
Acropora mulitacuta Nemenzo, 1967 X
Acropora nana (Studer, 1878) X X
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora navini Veron, 2000 X
Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora orbicularis Brook, 1892 X
Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 X
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 X X
Acropora papillarae Latypov, 1992 X
Acropora parahemprichii Veron, 2000 X
Acropora parilis (Quelch, 1886) X X

Appendix 1

Acropora pectinatus Veron, 2000 X
Acropora pichoni Wallace, 1999 X
Acropora pinguis Wells, 1950 X
Acropora plana Nemenzo, 1967 X
Acropora plumosa Wallace and Wolstenholme, 1998 X X
Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora prostrata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora proximalis Veron, 2000 X
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora rambleri (Bassett-Smith, 1890) X X
Acropora retusa (Dana, 1846) X
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora rosaria (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora russelli Wallace, 1994 X
Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora sarmentosa (Brook, 1892) X X
Acropora scherzeriana (Brüggemann, 1877) X
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878) X X
Acropora sekiseinsis Veron, 1990 X
Acropora selago (Studer, 1878) X X
Acropora seriata (Ehrenberg, 1834) X
Acropora solitaryensis Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Acropora speciosa (Quelch, 1886) X X
Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846) X
Acropora stoddarti Pillai and Scheer, 1976 X
Acropora striata (Verrill, 1866) X
Acropora subglabra (Brook, 1891) X X
Acropora subulata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora tenella (Brook, 1892) X
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866) X
Acropora tizardi (Brook, 1892) X
Acropora torihalimeda Wallace, 1994 X
Acropora tortuosa (Dana, 1846) X
Acropora tumida (Verrill, 1866) X
Acropora turaki Wallace, 1994 X
Acropora tutuilensis Hoffmeister, 1925 X
Acropora valenciennesi (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860) X X
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) X X
Acropora variabilis (Klunzinger, 1879) X
Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954 X X
Acropora vermiculata Nemenzo, 1967 X X
Acropora verweyi Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Acropora walindii Wallace, 1999 X X

Appendix 1

Acropora wallaceae Veron, 1990 X
Acropora willisae Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Acropora yongei Veron and Wallace, 1984 X X
Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980 X
Astreopora expansa Brüggemann, 1877 X X
Astreopora gracilis Bernard, 1896 X X
Astreopora incrustans Bernard, 1896 X
Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896 X X
Astreopora macrostoma Veron and Wallace, 1984 X
Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Astreopora ocellata Bernard, 1896 X X
Astreopora randalli Lamberts, 1980 X X
Astreopora suggesta Wells, 1954 X X
Family Euphilliidae
Catalaphyllia jardinei (Saville-Kent, 1893) X
Nemenzophyllia turbida Hodgson and Ross, 1981 X
Euphyllia ancora Veron and Pichon, 1980 X X
Euphyllia cristata Chevalier, 1971 X X
Euphyllia divisa Veron and Pichon, 1980 X X
Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821) X X
Euphyllia paraancora Veron, 1990 X
Euphyllia paradivisa Veron, 1990 X
Euphyllia yaeyamaenisis (Shirai, 1980) X X
Physogyra lichentensteini (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851) X X
Plerogyra discus Veron and Fenner, 2000 X
Plerogrya simplex Rehberg, 1892 X
Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) X X
Family Oculinidae
Galaxea acrehelia Veron, 2000 X X
Galaxea astreata (Lamarck, 1816) X
Galaxea cryptoramosa Fenner and Veron, 2000 X
Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) X X
Galaxea horrescens (Dana, 1846) X X
Galaxea longisepta Fenner and Veron, 2000 X X
Galaxea paucisepta Claerebaudt, 1990 X X
Family Siderasteridae
Coscinaraea columna (Dana, 1846) X X
Coscinaraea crassa Veron and Pichon, 1980 X
Coscinaraea exesa (Dana, 1846) X X
Coscinaraea wellsi Veron and Pichon, 1980 X
Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797) X X
Psammocora digitata Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Psammocora explanulata Horst, 1922 X X

Appendix 1

Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Psammocora nierstraszi Horst, 1921 X X
Psammocora obtusangula (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Psammocora profundacella Gardiner, 1898 X X
Psammocora stellata Verrill, 1864 X
Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898 X X
Pseudosiderastrea tayami Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935 X
Siderastrea savignyana Milne Edwards and Haime, 1850 X
Family Agariciidae
Coeloseris mayeri Vaughan, 1918 X X
Gardineroseris planulata Dana, 1846 X X
Leptoseris explanata Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941 X X
Leptoseris foliosa Dineson, 1980 X X
Leptoseris gardineri Horst, 1921 X X
Leptoseris hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907 X X
Leptoseris incrustans (Quelch, 1886) X
Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954 X X
Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846) X X
Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 X X
Leptoseris solida (Quelch, 1886) X
Leptoseris striata Fenner and Veron, 2000 X X
Leptoseris tubulifera Vaughan, 1907 X X
Leptoseris yabei (Pillai and Scheer, 1976) X X
Pachyseris foliosa Veron, 1990 X X
Pachyseris gemmae Nemenzo, 1955 X X
Pachyseris involuta (Studer, 1877) X
Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801) X X
Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846) X X
Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980 X X
Pavona cactus (Forskål, 1775) X X
Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846) X X
Pavona danae Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860 X
Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846) X X
Pavona duerdeni Vaughan, 1907 X X
Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Pavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816) X
Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) X X
Pavona minuta Wells, 1954 X X
Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 X X
Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Family Fungiidae
Ctenactis albitentaculata Hoeksema, 1989 X X
Ctenactis crassa (Dana, 1846) X X
Ctenactis echinata (Pallas, 1766) X X

Appendix 1

Cycloseris colini Veron, 2000 X
Cycloseris costulata (Ortmann, 1889) X X
Cycloseris curvata (Hoeksema, 1989) X X
Cycloseris cyclolites Lamarck, 1801 X X
Cycloseris erosa (Döderlein, 1901) X
Cycloseris hexagonalis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) X X
Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923) X X
Cycloseris sinensis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851) X X
Cycloseris somervillei (Gardiner, 1909) X X
Cycloseris tenuis (Dana, 1846) X X
Cycloseris vaughani (Boschma, 1923) X X
Diaseris distorta (Michelin, 1843) X
Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893 X X
Cantharellus jebbi Hoeksems, 1993 X
Fungia concinna Verrill, 1864 X X
Fungia corona Döderlein, 1901 X
Fungia danai Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Fungia fralinae Nemenzo, 1955 X X
Fungia fungites (Linneaus, 1758) X X
Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879 X X
Fungia horrida Dana, 1846 X X
Fungia klunzingeri Döderlein, 1901 X X
Fungia moluccensis Horst, 1919 X X
Fungia paumotensis Stutchbury, 1833 X X
Fungia repanda Dana, 1846 X X
Fungia scabra Döderlein, 1901 X X
Fungia scruposa Klunzinger, 1879 X X
Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1801 X X
Fungia spinifer Claereboudt and Hoeksema. 1987 X X
Halomitra clavator Hoeksema, 1989 X
Halomitra meiere Veron and Maragos, 2000 X
Halomitra pileus (Linnaeus, 1758) X X
Heliofungia actiniformis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833) X X
Herpolitha limax (Houttuyn, 1772) X X
Herpolitha weberi Horst, 1921 X X
Lithophyllon mokai Hoeksema, 1989 X X
Lithophyllon undulatum Rehberg, 1892 X X
Podabacia crustacea (Pallas, 1766) X X
Podabacia motuporensis Veron, 1990 X X
Polyphyllia talpina (Lamarck, 1801) X X
Sandalolitha dentata Quelch, 1884 X X
Sandalolitha robusta Quelch, 1886 X X
Zoopilus echinatus Dana, 1846 X X

Appendix 1

Family Pectinidae
Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis and Solander, 1788) X X
Echinophyllia costata Fenner and Veron, 2000 X X
Echinophyllia echinata (Saville-Kent, 1871) X X
Echinophyllia echinoporoides Veron and Pichon, 1980 X X
Echinophyllia orpheensis Veron and Pichon, 1980 X X
Echinophyllia patula (Hodgson and Ross, 1981) X X
Echinophyllia pectinata Veron, 2000 X
Echinophyllia patula (Hodgson and Ross, 1982) X X
Echinomorpha nishihirai Veron, 1990 X
Mycedium elephatotus (Pallas, 1766) X X
Mycedium mancaoi Nemenzo, 1979 X X
Mycedium robokaki Moll and Borel-Best, 1984 X X
Oxypora crassispinosa Nemenzo, 1979 X X
Oxypora glabra Nemenzo, 1959 X X
Oxypora lacera Verrill, 1864 X X
Pectinia alcicornis (Saville-Kent, 1871) X X
Pectinia aylini (Wells, 1935) X
Pectinia elongata Rehberg, 1892 X X
Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766) X X
Pectinia maxima (Moll and Borel-Best, 1984) X X
Pectinia paeonia (Dana, 1846) X X
Pectinia pygmaeus Veron, 2000 X
Pectinia teres Nemenzo and Montecillo, 1981 X X
Family Merulinidae
Paraclavarina triangularis (Veron and Pichon, 1980) X
Hydnophora bonsai Veron, 1990 X
Hydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766) X X
Hydnophora grandis Gardiner, 1904 X X
Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Hydnophora pilosa Veron, 1985 X X
Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846) X X
Merulina ampliata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) X X
Merulina scabricula Dana, 1846 X X
Scapophyllia cylindrica Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 X X
Family Dendrophylliidae
Turbinaria frondens (Dana, 1846) X X
Turbinaria irregularis, Bernard, 1896 X X
Turbinaria mesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Turbinaria patula (Dana, 1846) X
Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794) X X
Turbinaria reniformis Bernard, 1896 X X
Turbinaria stellulata (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Heteropsammia cochlea (Spengler, 1781) X

Appendix 1

Heterocyathus aequicostatus Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848 X
Family Mussidae
Micromussa amakusensis (Veron, 1990) X X
Micromussa minuta (Moll and Borel-Best, 1984) X X
Acanthastrea bowerbanki Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Acanthastrea brevis Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 X
Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846) X X
Acanthastrea faviaformis Veron, 2000 X
Acanthastrea hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) X
Acanthastrea hillae Wells, 1955 X
Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Veron, 1990 X X
Acanthastrea lordhowensis Veron and Pichon, 1982 X
Acanthastrea regularis Veron, 2000 X X
Acanthastrea rotundoflora Chevalier, 1975 X X
Acanthastrea subechinata Veron, 2000 X
Australomussa rowleyensis Veron, 1985 X X
Blastomussa merleti Wells, 1961 X
Blastomussa wellsi Wijsman-Best, 1973 X X
Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) X X
Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forskål, 1775) X X
Lobophyllia dentatus Veron, 2000 X X
Lobophyllia diminuta Veron, 1985 X X
Lobophyllia flabelliformis Veron, 2000 X X
Lobophyllia hataii Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936 X X
Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Lobophyllia pachysepta Chevalier, 1975 X
Lobophyllia robusta Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936 X X
Lobophyllia serratus Veron, 2000 X
Scolymia australis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) X
Scolymia vitiensis Brüggemann, 1877 X
Symphyllia agaricia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 X X
Symphyllia hassi Pillai and Scheer, 1976 X X
Symphyllia radians Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 X X
Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846) X X
Symphyllia valenciennesii Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 X X
Family Faviidae
Caulastrea curvata Wijsman-Best, 1972 X
Caulastrea echinulata (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) X
Caulastrea furcata Dana, 1846 X X
Caulastrea tumida Matthai, 1928 X
Cyphastrea agassizi (Vaughan, 1907) X X
Cyphastrea chalcidium (Forskål, 1775) X X
Cyphastrea decadia Moll and Borel-Best, 1984 X X

Appendix 1

Cyphastrea japonica Yabe and Sugiyama, 1932 X X
Cyphastrea microphthalma (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Cyphastrea ocellina (Dana, 1864) X X
Cyphastrea serailea (Forskål, 1775) X X
Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Echinopora ashmorensis Veron, 1990 X
Echinopora gemmacea Lamarck, 1816 X X
Echinopora hirsuitissima Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 X X
Echinopora horrida Dana, 1846 X X
Echinopora lamellosa (Esper, 1795) X X
Echinopora mammiformis (Nemenzo, 1959) X X
Echinopora pacificus Veron, 1990 X X
Favia danae Verrill, 1872 X X
Favia favus (Forskål, 1775) X X
Favia helianthoides Wells, 1954 X X
Favia laxa (Klunzinger, 1879) X X
Favia lizardensis Veron and Pichon, 1977 X X
Favia maritima (Nemenzo, 1971) X X
Favia matthai Vaughan, 1918 X X
Favia maxima Veron and Pichon, 1977 X X
Favia pallida (Dana, 1846) X X
Favia rotumana (Gardiner, 1899) X X
Favia rotundata (Veron and Pichon, 1977) X X
Favia speciosa Dana, 1846 X X
Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846) X X
Favia truncatus Veron, 2000 X X
Favia veroni Moll and Borel-Best, 1984 X X
Favia vietnamensis Veron, 2000 X
Barabattoia laddi (Wells, 1954) X X
Favites abdita (Ellis and Solander, 1786) X X
Favites bestae Veron, 2000 X X
Favites chinensis (Verrill, 1866) X X
Favites complanata (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Favites flexuosa (Dana, 1846) X X
Favites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Fabites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Favites micropentagona Veron, 2000 X X
Favites paraflexuosa Veron, 2000 X
Favites pentagona (Esper, 1794) X X
Favites russelli (Wells, 1954) X X
Favites stylifera (Yabe and Sugiyama, 1937) X X
Favites vasta (Klunzinger, 1879) X X
Goniastrea aspera Verrill, 1905 X X
Goniastrea australensis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1857) X X

Appendix 1

Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971 X X
Goniastrea favulus (Dana, 1846) X X
Goniastrea minuta Veron, 2000 X
Goniastrea palauensis (Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936) X
Goniastrea pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Goniastrea ramosa Veron, 2000 X
Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Leptastrea bewickensis Veron and Pichon, 1977 X
Leptastrea bottae (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) X
Leptastrea inaequalis Klunzinger, 1879 X
Leptastrea pruinosa Crossland, 1952 X X
Leptastrea purpurea (Dana, 1846) X X
Leptastrea transversa Klunzinger, 1879 X X
Leptoria irregularis Veron, 1990 X
Leptoria phrygia (Ellis and Solander, 1786) X X
Montastrea annuligera (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) X X
Montastrea colemani Veron, 2000 X X
Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846) X X
Montastrea magnistellata Chevalier, 1971 X X
Montastrea multipunctata Hodgson, 1985 X
Montastrea salebrosa (Nemenzo, 1959) X X
Montastrea valenciennesi (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848) X X
Moseleya latistellata Quelch, 1884 X
Oulastrea crispata (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Oulophyllia bennettae (Veron, Pichon, 1977) X X
Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Oulophyllia levis (Nemenzo, 1959) X
Platygyra acuta Veron, 2000 X
Platygyra contorta Veron, 1990 X
Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786) X X
Platygyra sp green
Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) X X
Platygyra pini Chevalier, 1975 X X
Platygyra ryukyuensis Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936 X X
Platygyra sinensis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) X X
Platygyra verweyi Wijsman-Best, 1976 X X
Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816) X X
Family Trachyphyllidae
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Audouin, 1826) X X
Family Poritidae
Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925 X
Alveopora catalai Wells, 1968 X X
Alveopora daedalea (Forskål, 1775) X

Appendix 1

Alveopora fenestrata (Lamarck, 1816) X
Alveopora gigas Veron, 1985 X X
Alveopora marionensis Veron and Pichon, 1982 X X
Alveopora spongiosa Dana, 1846 X X
Alveopora tizardi Bassett-Smith, 1890 X
Alveopora verrilliana Dana, 1872 X
Goniopora albiconus Veron, 2000 X
Goniopora burgosi Nemenzo, 1955 X
Goniopora columna Dana, 1846 X X
Goniopora djiboutiensis Vaughan, 1907 X X
Goniopora eclipsensis Veron and Pichon, 1982 X
Goniopora fruticosa Saville-Kent, 1893 X X
Goniopora lobata Milne Edwards and Haime, 1860 X X
Goniopora minor Crossland, 1952 X X
Goniopora palmensis Veron and Pichon, 1982 X X
Goniopora pandoraensis Veron and Pichon, 1982 X X
Goniopora pendulus Veron, 1985 X
Goniopora polyformis Zou, 1980 X
Goniopora somaliensis Vaughan, 1907 X X
Goniopora stokesi Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Goniopora stutchburyi Wells, 1955 X X
Goniopora tenella (Quelch, 1886) X X
Goniopora tenuidens (Quelch, 1886) X X
Porites annae Crossland, 1952 X X
Porites attenuata Nemenzo 1955 X X
Porites australiensis Vaughan, 1918 X X
Porites cumulatus Nemenzo, 1955 X
Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 X X
Porites deformis Nemenzo, 1955 X X
Porites densa Vaughan, 1918 X
Porites eridani, Umbgrove, 1940 X
Porites evermanni Vaughan, 1907 X X
Porites flavus Veron, 2000 X
Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 X X
Porites latistellata Quelch, 1886 X X
Porites lichen Dana, 1846 X X
Porites lobata Dana, 1846 X X
Porites lutea Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851 X X
Porites mayeri Vaughan, 1918 X X
Porites monticulosa Dana, 1846 X X
Porites murrayensis Vaughan, 1918 X X
Porites napopora Veron, 2000 X
Porites negrosensis Veron, 1990 X
Porites nigrescens Dana, 1846 X X

Appendix 1

Porites ornata Nemenzo, 1971 X
Porites profundus Rehberg, 1892 X
Porites rugosa Fenner & Veron, 2000 X
Porites rus (Forskal, 1775) X X
Porites sillimaniana Nemenzo, 1976 X X
Porites solida (Forskäl, 1775) X X
Porites stephensoni Crossland, 1952 X X
Porites tuberculosa Veron, 2000 X X
Porites vaughani Crossland, 1952 X X
Nine unidentified species 9
TOTAL 565 490 465

Appendix 2
Coral species recorded at individual sites in the Raja Ampat Islands
D. Fenner
SPECIES SITE RECORDS

Family Astrocoeniidae
Stylocoeniella armata (Ehrenberg, 1834) 1,6, 16, 37, 39, 42, 43
Stylocoeniella guentheri Bassett-Smith, 1890 1, 2b, 7, 8, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24, 42, 43, 44
Family Pocilloporidae
Palauastrea ramosa Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 11, 29, 31, 35, 42
Pocillopora ankeli Scheer & Pillai, 1974 7, 14
Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44
Pocillopora eydouxi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30,
1860 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 44
Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28,
30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 39, 41
Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24,
25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Seriatopora aculeata Qluelch, 1886 10, 15, 31, 34, 37, 42
Seriatopora caliendrum Ehrenberg, 1834 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846 1, 2b, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 1, 19, 22, 23, 34, 35, 36,
37, 39, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Stylophora subseriata Ehrenberg, 1834 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 30, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30,
31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Family Acroporidae
Acropora abrolhosensis Veron,1985 2b, 20, 24, 26, 31, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44
Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) 2a, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, 25, 30, 32, 37, 39, 41
Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846) 41, 42, 43
Acropora austera (Dana, 1846) 10, 15, 17, 18, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 43
Acropora brueggemanni (Brook, 1893) 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 39, 41, 42, 44
Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846) 2b, 12, 13, 20, 40, 44
Acropora carolineana Nemenzo, 1976 19, 24
Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) 10, 13, 15, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40,
42, 43
Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40
Acropora cophodactyla (Brook, 1842) 2a, 7, 18, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 44
Acropora cuneata (Dana, 1856) 2, 3
Acropora cylindrica Veron & Fenner, 2000 27, 38
Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846) 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 30, 33,
36, 42
Acropora sp. 1 danai-like 39, 43
Acropora desalwii Wallace, 1994 Several
Acorpora digitifera (Dana, 1846) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 37,
39, 41, 42, 44

Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) 1, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 28, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43
Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846) 2b, 26, 35
Acropora efflorescens several
Acropora elegans (Milne Edwards and Haime, 35, 40, 41, 42
1860)
Acropora florida (Dana, 1846) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22,
24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) 1, 2b, 7, 10, 13, 15, 21, 24, 29, 30, 35, 39, 42
Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) 2a, 3, 6, 10, 11, 14, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42
Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846)(?) several
Acropora grandis (Brook, 1892) 2b
Acropora granulosa (Milne Edwards & Haime, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 20, 22, 28, 30, 42
1860)
Acropora hoeksemai Wallace, 1997 10, 17, 22, 26
Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846) 2b, 6, 11, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, 35, 40, 41
Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) 1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 37,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) 2b, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25,
26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora indonesia Wallace, 1997 6, 10, 11, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 37, 41, 42, 43
Acropora kirstyae Veron & Wallace, 1984 29, 35, 40
Acropora latistella (Brook, 1891) 2b, 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39,
41, 42, 43
Acropora lokani Wallace, 1994 27, 35
Acropora longicyathus (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 2b, 6, 29, 40, 41, 44
1860)
Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 24,
25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Acropora lutkeni Crossland, 1952(?) 25, 32, others
Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1859) 18
Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29,
30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora monticulosa (Bruggemann, 1879) 1, 2, 7, 14, 24, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41, 44
Acropora mulitacuta Nemenzo, 1967 38
Acropora nana (Studer, 1878) 13, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36
Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) 1, 6, 11, 12, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41,
42, 44
Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) 7, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 37,
Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1816) 1,2b, 3, 6, 10,11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 10, 11, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37,
39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Acropora papillarae Latypov, 1992 6, 13, 40, 44
Acropora pinguis Wells, 1950 1, 30, 31, 33, 39, 44
Acropora plumosa Wallace & Wolstenholme, 6, 26, 29, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44
1998
Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891) 6, 13, 42
Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) 6, 7, 14, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39,
43, 44
Acropora rosaria (Dana, 1846) 27

Appendix 2

Acropora samoensis Brook, 1891) 4, 6, 12, 18, 20, 21 ,24, 25, 27, 29, 35, 39, 40, 42
Acropora secale (Studer, 1878) 6, 7, 22, 24, 31, 44
Acropora selago (Studer, 1878) 7, 14, 16, 20, 24, 25, 29, 39, 41, 43, 44
Acropora sp. selago-like 3, 4
Acropora solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39
Acropora speciosa (Quelch, 1886) 13
Acropora sp. subulata-like 7, 18, 20, 21, 29, 30, 34, 39, 41, 42
Acropora subglabra (Brook, 1891) 7, 12, 13, 22, 39, 42, 44
Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22,
24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44
Acropora valenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24,
1860) 25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 41, 43
Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) 17, 18, 20, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 41, 44
Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 26, 41, 43
Acropora walindii Wallace, 1999 11, 29
Acropora yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 2b, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 31,
39, 43
Acropora sp yongei-like 32, 33, 39
Anacropora forbesi Ridley, 1884 3, 12, 44
Anacropora matthai Pillai, 1973 2b, 11, 18, 29, 44
Anacropora puertogalerae Nemenzo, 1964 2b, 12, 26, 29, 40
Anacropora reticulata Veron & Wallace, 1984 2b, 26, 29, 38
Anacropora spinosa Rehberg, 1892 2b
Astreopora expansa Bruggemann, 1877 1
Astreopora gracilis Bernard, 1896 2, 7, 10, 22, 27, 35, 36, 39
Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896 19, 23, 35
Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 1, 2, 3, 10, 12, 13, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 36, 39,
40, 42, 43, 44
Astreopora randalli Lamberts, 1980 7, 12, 16, 23, 35, 38, 42
Astreopora suggesta Wells, 1954 8, 18, 36
Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 8, 15, 39, 43
Montipora altisepta Nemenzo, 1967 9, 11, 13, 23, 26, 40
Montipora sp. brown ridge 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43
Montipora cactus Bernard, 1897 2b, 12, 15, 16, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846) 27, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43
Montipora capitata Dana, 1846 2b, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 43
Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985 11, 12, 13, several others
Montipora cebuensis Nemenzo, 1976 2, 7, 11
Montipora confusa Nemenzo, 1967 1, 2a, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26,
28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 7, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Montipora corbettensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 15, 18, 22, 41, 43
Montipora danae (Milne Edwards and Haime, 37
1851)
Montipora delicatula Veron, 2000 11, 12, 18
Montipora florida Nemenzo, 1967 2b, 4, 11, 12, 19, 26, 27, 29, 35, 40, 42
Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766) 11, 18, 20, 32, 37, 39
Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846) 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36
Montipora gaimardi Bernard, 1897 2b, 5
Montipora hispida Dana, 1846 1, 2b, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 39,
40, 42

Appendix 2

Montipora informis Bernard, 1897 7, 10, 11, 13, 17, 26, 27, 30, 31, 39, 42
Montipora mactanensis Nemenzo, 1979 27
Montipora mollis Bernard, 1897 2a, 2b, 5, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 33
Montipora palawanensis Veron, 2000 1, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 31, 33, 41
Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897 10
Montipora samarensis Nemenzo, 1967 2b, 11, 27, 31
Montipora stellata Bernard, 1897 2b, 8, 9, 29
Montipora tuberculosa Lamarck, 1816) 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32,
34, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Montipora undata Bernard, 1897 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 32, 34, 43
Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 10, 41
Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 30, 36, 38, 43
Montipora verruculosus Veron, 2000 12, 26, 29, 35, 34, 40, 42
Montipora vietnamensis Veron, 2000 11
Family Poritidae
Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925 15
Alveopora catalai Wells, 1968 26, 40, 42
Goniopora pendulus Veron, 1985 15, 33
Goniopora tenuidens (Quelch, 1886) 16
Porites annae Crossland, 1952 25
Porites attenuata Nemenzo 1955 17,37
Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25,
26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43
Porites densa Vaughan, 1918 35, 39, 42, and others
Porites evermanni Vaughan, 1907 18, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 43
Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 8, 12, 19, 23, 26, 27, 38, 44
Porites lichen Dana, 1846 22, 33
Porites monticulosa Dana, 1846 27, 31, 38, 40, 41
Porites murrayensis Vaughan, 1918 several
Porites rugosa Fenner & Veron, 2000 6
Porites rus (Forskal, 1775) 1, 2b, 3, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 35,
36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42
Porites stephensoni Crossland, 1952 several
Porites vaughani Crossland, 1952 6, 12, 39, 41, 42
Family Siderasteridae
Coscinaraea columna (Dana, 1846) 20, 23, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37
Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797) 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 41, 43, 44
Psammocora digitata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 24, 26, 29, 35, 40, 41, 43, 44
1851
Psammocora explanulata van der Horst, 1922 2a
Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 4, 10, 43
1851
Psammocora nierstraszi van der Horst, 1921 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 32, 36,
38, 39, 41, 44
Psammocora profundacella Gardiner, 1898 1, 13, 15, 22, 25, 26, 29, 34, 40, 41, 44
Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898 2b, 4, 8, 12, 13, 41, 42
Family Agariciidae
Coeloseris mayeri Vaughan, 1918 1, 2b, 3, 6, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 38,
39, 43, 44

Appendix 2

Gardineroseris planulata Dana, 1846 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26,
29, 32, 33, 39, 40, 411, 42, 43
Leptoseris explanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29, 35,
36, 39, 41, 42, 44
Leptoseris foliosa Dineson, 1980 27, 35
Leptoseris gardineri Horst, 1921 11, 19, 27, 29, 35, 38, 40
Leptoseris hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907 1, 2a, 6, 7, 9, 14, 18, 20, 22, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44
Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 8, 9, 12, 17, 20, 22, 30, 39, 41, 42
Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846) 2b, 11, 13, 16, 42, 44
Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 26, 27, 29, 39, 44
Leptoseris yabei (Pillai & Scheer, 1976) 6, 11, 20, 40
Pachyseris foliosa Veron, 1990 2b, 9, 12, 26, 40, 42, 44
Pachyseris gemmae Nemenzo, 1955 2b, 27, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44
Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801) 3, 6, 13, 16, 17, 22, 23, 31, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42
Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846) 1, 2b, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980 1, 2a, 5, 6, 15, 17, 28, 33, 35, 39, 40, 41, 44
Pavona cactus (Forskal, 1775) 1, 2b, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 29, 35,
37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44
Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846) 1, 2b, 3, 4, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 26, 35, 37, 41, 44
Pavona danae Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860? 2b
Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846) 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 32, 42, 43, 44
Pavona duerdeni Vaughan, 1907 17
Pavona sp duerdeni-like 1, 5, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 44
Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816) 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29,
30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Pavona minuta Wells, 1954 13, 28, 29, 41
Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,
39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 19, 25, 27, 29, 31, 37, 41, 44
Family Fungiidae
Ctenactis albitentaculata Hoeksema, 1989 2b, 6, 11, 12, 13, 16, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 40, 42
Ctenactis crassa (Dana, 1846) 2b, 6, 11, 12, 16, 27, 33, 40, 41, 42, 44
Ctenactis echinata (Pallas, 1766) 1, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29,
37, 40, 42, 43, 44
Cycloseris colini Veron, 2000 38
Cycloseris cyclolites Lamarck, 1801 8, 13
Cycloseris somervillei (Gardiner, 1909) 35
Cycloseris vaughani (Boschma, 1923) 1, 18, 27
Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893 29
Fungia concinna Verrill, 1864 2b, 3, 4, 8, 12, 15, 23, 39, 43
Fungia fralinae Nemenzo, 1955 27, 29, 40, 42
Fungia fungites (Linneaus, 1758) 1, 2b, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 37,
39, 40, 42, 43, 44
Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879 2b, 10, 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 33, 34, 37, 42, 43
Fungia horrida Dana, 1846 1, 2a, 2b, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 25, 29, 31, 37, 39,
40, 41, 42, 44
Fungia klunzingeri Doderlein, 1901 1, 2b, 4, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 27, 31, 37, 39
Fungia moluccensis Horst, 1919 19, 29, 42

Appendix 2

Fungia paumotensis Stutchbury, 1833 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43
Fungia repanda Dana, 1846 2b, 7, 22, 24, 41
Fungia scruposa Klunzinger, 1816 2b, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 29, 31, 39,
40, 42, 43, 44
Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1816 1, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39,
43
Halomitra clavator Hoeksema, 1989 11, 27
Halomitra meiere Veron & Maragos, 2000 34, 39
Halomitra pileus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2b, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 30, 31, 40, 41,
43, 44
Heliofungia actiniformis Quoy & Gaimard, 1837 2b, 4, 8, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42,
44
Herpolitha limax (Houttuyn, 1772) 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Herpolitha weberi Horst, 1921 27
Lithophyllon mokai Hoeksema, 1989 27, 35, 38, 40
Podabacia crustacea (Pallas, 1766) 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 16, 19, 21, 25, 26, 35, 40, 42
Podabacia motuporensis Veron, 1990 1, 7, 8, 12, 16, 21, 22, 23, 29, 41, 44
Polyphyllia talpina Lamarck, 1801 2b, 3, 7, 11, 12, 21, 24, 29, 34, 40
Sandalolitha dentata Quelch, 1884 14
Sandalolitha robusta Quelch, 1886 1, 2a, 2b,3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42,
44
Zoopilus echinatus Dana, 1846 11, 16, 26, 29, 31, 40, 42, 44
Family Oculinidae
Galaxea astreata (Lamarck,. 1816) 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 37,
40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35
Galaxea horrescens (Dana, 1846) 2b, 9, 11, 13, 19,, 26, 27, 31, 38, 40, 41
Galaxea paucisepta Claerebaudt, 1990 1, 2b, 3, 6, 11, 12, 26, 27, 29, 35, 40
Family Pectinidae
Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis & Solander, 1788) 1, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 17, 21, 23, 25, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40,
42
Echinophyllia costata Fenner & Veron, 2000 11, 26, 27, 40, 42
Echinophyllia echinata (Saville-Kent, 1871) 27, 35
Echinophyllia echinoporoides Veron & Pichon, 4, 9, 23
1979
Echinophyllia orpheensis Veron & Pichon, 1980 23
Echinophyllia patula (Hodgson & Ross, 1982) 1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 31, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42
Mycedium elephatotus (Pallas, 1766) 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 31,
32, 34, 36, 39, 42, 44
Mycedium mancaoi Nemenzo, 1979 2, 6, 12, 31, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42
Mycedium robokaki Moll & Borel-Best, 1984 1, 2b, 3, 6, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Oxypora crassispinosa Nemenzo, 1979 1, 2b, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 31, 35, 37, 38, 40,
42, 44
Oxypora glabra Nemenzo, 1959 11, 19, 27, 29, 35, 40
Oxypora lacera Verrill, 1864 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26,
28, 30, 31, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44

Appendix 2

Pectinia aylini (Wells, 1935) 1, 12, 23, 25, 31, 42
Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Pectinia maxima (Moll and Borel-Best, 1984) 9, 23
Pectinia paeonia (Dana, 1846) 12, 19, 27, 42
Pectinia teres Nemenzo, 1981 2b, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 23, 38, 40, 41, 42
Family Mussidae
Acanthastrea brevis Milne Edwards and Haime, 31, 35
1849
Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846) 24, 26, 30, 36
Acanthastrea hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 36
Acanthastrea subechinata Veron, 2000 29, 33, 34
Australomussa rowleyensis Veron, 1985 2b, 4, 6, 7, 12, 20, 23, 27, 29, 38, 42, 43
Blastomussa wellsi Wijsman-Best, 1973 29
Cynarina lacrymalis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 4, 29, 35
1848)
Lobophyllia corymbosa Forskal, 1775 27, 35, 42
Lobophyllia flabelliformis Veron, 2000 4, 7, 12, 14, 40
Lobophyllia hataii Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 18
Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 1, 2b, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25,
26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43
Lobophyllia robusta Yabe & Sugiyama, 1936 2b, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 31, 32, 34, 39, 40,
41, 42
Scolymia vitiensis Haime, 1852 38
Symphyllia agaricia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 31,
1849 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 44
Symphyllia hassi Pillai & Scheer, 1976 12, 41, 42, 44
Symphyllia radians Milne Edwards & Haime, 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30,
1849 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846) 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32, 33, 37,
38, 39, 40, 43
Symphyllia valenciennesii Milne Edwards & 2, 13
Haime, 1849
Family Merulinidae
Hydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766) 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
40, 42, 44
Hydnophora grandis Gardiner, 1904 3, 7, 11, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 42,
43
Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 111, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22,
24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44
Hydnophora pilosa (Veron, 1985) 2b, 11, 15, 16, 18, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 40
Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24, 2,
30, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
27, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Merulina scabricula Dana, 1846 1, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29,
30, 311, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44
Scapophyllia cylindrica Milne Edwards & Haime, 3, 22, 24, 25, 26, 32
1848

Appendix 2

Family Faviidae
Caulastrea echinulata (Milne Edwards & Haime, 16, 24, 40
1849)
Caulastrea furcata Dana, 1846 16, 35
Cyphastrea agassizi (Vaughan, 1907) 38
Cyphastrea decadia Moll and Borel-Best, 1984 2b, 11
Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) 2a, 2b, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Echinopora gemmacea Lamarck, 1816 2b, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32,
34, 35, 37, 42
Echinopora hirsuitissima Milne Edwards & 7, 10, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39
Haime, 1849
Echinopora horrida Dana, 1846 2b, 11, 13, 25, 26, 31, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42
Echinopora lamellosa (Esper, 1795) 1, 2b, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 37, 40, 41,
42, 44
Echinopora mammiformis (Nemenzo, 1959) 2b, 11, 12, 19, 23, 27, 35, 38, 39
Echinopora pacificus Veron, 1990 35, 42
Favia laxa (Klunzinger, 1879) 19, 35, 38
Favia maxima Veron & Pichon, 1977 1, 21
Favia pallida (Dana, 1846) 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 20, 24, 25, 29, 32, 39, 44
Favia rotundata Veron & Pichon, 1977 4, 6, 12, 23, 29, 35, 38
Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846) 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37,
39, 40, 41, 43, 44
Favia truncatus Veron, 2000 11, 43
Favites abdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25,
30, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Favites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) 1, 4, 12, 19, 23, 35, 43, 44
Favites paraflexuosa Veron, 2000 7, 15, 17, 20, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 33
Favites pentagona (Esper, 1794) 43
Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971 3, 7, 12, 13, 19, 23, 25
Goniastrea pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) 1, 2b, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36,
37, 40, 44
Goniastrea ramosa Veron, 2000 44
Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816) 2b, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37,
39, 40, 44
Leptastrea bewickensis Veron & Pichon, 1977
Leptastrea pruinosa Crossland, 1952 1, 3, 14, 23, 25, 30, 35, 36, 42
Leptastrea purpurea (Dana, 1846) 2a, 2b, 4, 8, 12, 19, 23, 24, 27, 31, 38, 39, 43, 44
Leptastrea transversa Klunzinger, 1879 1, 4, 6, 7, 19, 20, 30, 39
Leptoria phrygia (Ellis & Solander) 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 30, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41,
43
Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846) 22, 31, 36, 44
Montastrea magnistellata Chevalier, 1971 3, 15, 18, 23, 24, 26, 43
Montastrea salebrosa (Nemenzo, 1959) 35, 42
Oulastrea crispata (Lamarck, 1816) 4, 13, 14
Oulophyllia bennettae Veron, Pichon, & 4, 12, 20, 27, 29, 33, 35, 40
Wijsman-Best, 1977
Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816) 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44

Platygyra acuta Veron, 2000 7, 10, 14, 15, 21, 32, 33
Platygyra daedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 30,
31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Platygyra sp green 16, 27
Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 11, 12, 17, 19, 23, 27, 35, 38
Platygyra sinensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 15
1849)
Platygyra verweyi Wijsman-Best, 1976 23
Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816) 1, 2, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 21, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 41
Family Trachyphyllidae
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Audouin, 1826 4, 29
Family Euphilliidae
Euphyllia ancora Veron & Pichon, 1979 2b, 7, 12, 15, 16, 26, 29, 40, 41, 42
Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 4, 11, 15, 16, 18, 26, 28, 29, 40, 42, 43
1821)
Euphyllia paradivisa Veron, 1990 4, 15
Euphyllia yaeyamaenisis (Shirai, 1980) 16, 29, 38, 40, 42
Physogyra lichentensteini Milne Edwards & 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26,
Haime, 1786 27, 28, 29, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 23, 27, 29, 33, 35, 40, 41
Family Dendrophylliidae
Dendrophyllia coccinea 14, 18, 39
Rhizopsammia verrilli 1, 2, 10, 14, 18, 28, 32, 39, 44
Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1829 1, 2, 5, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32, 33, 37, 39, 43
Tubastraea micranthus Ehrenberg, 1834 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 28, 33, 39, 42, 43
Turbinaria frondens Dana, 1846 2, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 28, 34, 39
Turbinaria mesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36, 40,
42, 44
Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794) 1, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 34, 36,
37, 43
Turbinaria reniformis Bernard, 1896 2, 6, 12, 16, 28, 35, 36, 42
Turbinaria stellulata (Lamarck, 1816) 7, 30, 33, 35, 38
Family Heliporidae
Heliopora coerulea 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 26, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44
Family Clavulariidae
Tubipora musica Linnaeus, 1758 3, 13, 15, 17, 21, 29, 30
Tubipora sp. 1 large feathery 11, 13, 27, 39, 41, 42
Tubipora sp. 2 grey center 13, 33
Tubipora sp. 3 smooth large 13, 15, 16, 37
Family Milleporidae
Millepora dichotoma 2, 5, 9, 10, 13, 22, 30, 31, 35, 37
Millepora exaesa 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31,
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44
Millepora intricata 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44
Millepora platyphylla 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, 20, 25, 31, 33, 37, 39, 41, 43
Family Stylasteridae
Stylaster sp. 1 orange or pink 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 39, 43
Distichopora violacea (Ellis & Solander, 1788) 14, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36

Appendix 3
Molluscs recorded at the Raja Ampat Islands.

The letter B appearing after the site number indicates that specimen was collected in beach drift
F.E. Wells

CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA
Family Chitonidae
Acanthopleura gemmata (Blainville, 1825) 1, 4, 5, 16 ,20 ,23 ,24 ,28 ,31 ,38 ,42 ,44
Acanthopleura spinosa (Bruguière, 1792) 5
Tonica lamellosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) 3
CLASS GASTROPODA
Family Patellidae
Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791) 20, 21, 25, 44
Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 38, 44
Patella flexuosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 19
Family Acmaeidae
Patelloida conodialis (Pease, 1868) 1
Patelloida saccharina (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 13, 19, 20, 44
Patelloida striata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) 20,25 ,32 ,38
Family Haliotidae
Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 12, 17, 44
Haliotis crebrisculpta Sowerby, 1914 6, 40
Haliotis ovina Gmelin, 1791 1-3, 5, 11, 16-18, 20, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44
Haliotis planata Sowerby, 1833 2a, 7
Haliotis varia Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 11
Family Fissurellidae
Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850) 2b
Hemitoma panhi (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) 27
Suctus unguis (Linnaeus, 1758) 13, 22, 39, 40
Family Turbinidae
Astralium calcar (Linnaeus, 1758) 23, 26, 29, 34
Astralium rhodostomum (Lamarck, 1822) 11, 13, 16, 17, 39
Bolma erectospinosa (Habe & Okutani, 1980) 16B
Monodonta labio (Linnaeus, 1758) 8
Phasianella solida (Born, 1778) 25
Turbo argyrostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21-23, 25, 33, 34, 41, 43
Turbo chrysostoma (Linnaeus, 1758) 30
Turbo cinereus Born, 1778 16B
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2b, 12, 15, 16, 24, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34-36, 39, 41, 43,
44
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791 26, 30, 36, 40

Appendix 3

Family Trochidae
Angaria delphinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 9, 19b ,29
Calthalotia sp. 13
Cantharidus sp. 37
Chrysostoma paradoum (Born, 1780) 2a 9, 10-12, 22, 25, 26, 29, 35, 44
Clanculus atropurpureus (Gould, 1849) 16B
Clanculus margaritius Philippi, 1847 42
Ethalia cf. guamensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) 25, 27
Euchelus cf. instriticus (Gould, 1849) 42
Herpetopoma atrata (Gmelin, 1791) 38, 42
Liotina peronii (Kiener, 1839) 16B
Stomatella varia (A. Adams, 1850) 37, 40, 44
Stomatia phymotis Helbling, 1779 4b, 18, 44
Tectus conus (Gmelin, 1791) 5, 7, 10, 19, 23, 27, 38, 40
Tectus fenestratus Gmelin, 1790 2b, 4, 6, 16, 27, 38
Tectus maculatus Linnaeus, 1758 17, 21, 23, 32, 38
Tectus niloticus Linnaeus, 1767 2a, 7, 15, 21, 26, 38, 40
Tectus pyramis Born, 1778 1-3, 6, 7, 10-13, 15-19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 33-35, 40-42, 44
Tectus triserialis (Lamarck, 1822) 38, 40
Trochus hanleyanus (Reeve, 1843) 27
Trochus lacianatus 40, 41
Trochus sp. 31
Family Neritidae
Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 6, 16, 32, 44
Nerita chamaeleon Linnaeus, 1758 39
Nerita costata Gmelin, 1791 39, 42, 44
Nerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758 1, 6, 13, 15, 16, 26, 32, 37, 39, 44
Nerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 16, 39, 44
Nerita reticulata Karsten, 1789 16B, 44
Nerita undata Linnaeus, 1758 16, 18, 23, 38, 42, 44
Family Cerithiidae
Cerithium alveolus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854 13, 44
Cerithium balteatum Philippi, 1848 2b, 6, 7, 12, 13, 25, 27, 35, 38, 40-43
Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1834 1, 2a ,6, 10, 21, 39, 41
Cerithium echinatum (Lamarck, 1822) 44
Cerithium lifuense Melvill & Standen, 1895 27, 42, 44
Cerithium munitum Sowerby, 1855 9, 19, 42
Cerithium nesioticum Pilsbry & Vanetta, 1906 2, 16, 18, 38
Cerithium nodulosus (Bruguière, 1792) 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 11, 18, 20, 21, 26, 30, 33, 38
Cerithium rostratum Sowerby, 1855 2a, 13, 15, 21, 23, 26, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38
Cerithium salebrosum Sowerby, 1855 2b, 6, 7, 13, 22, 23, 31, 33, 35, 41
Cerithium tenellum Sowerby, 1855 4, 8, 16
Cerithium tenuifilosum Sowerby, 1866 18
Cerithium trailli (Sowerby, 1855) 4, 9, 23, 27

Appendix 3

Cerithium zonatum (Wood, 1828) 38
Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kosuge, 1966 4, 7, 8, 25
Clypeomorus moniliferum (Kiener, 1841) 4
Pseudovertagus aluco (Linnaeus, 1758) 15, 38
Rhinoclavis articulata (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 18, 25, 27, 28, 30, 37B, 38, 42, 44
Rhinoclavis aspera (Linnaeus, 1758) 2a, 3, 5, 7, 10-13, 15, 16, 18, 20-25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,
35, 38, 39, 41-43
Rhinoclavis fasciatus (Bruguière, 1792) 2b, 11, 18, 20, 22, 25, 37, 38, 43, 44
Rhinoclavis kochi (Philippi, 1848) 21
Rhinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 15, 18, 28, 31-33, 37, 39
Family Planaxidae
Planaxis niger Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 27
Family Potamididae
Cerithidea cingulata (Gmelin, 1791) 11
Terebralia sulcata (Born, 1778) 27
Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) 13
Family Modulidae
Modulus tectum (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 11, 27, 28, 30, 37, 44
Family Littorinidae
Littoraria sp. 8, 9, 13, 19, 23, 44
Littorina undulata Gray, 1839 8, 15, 25, 28, 42, 44
Tectarius grandinatus (Gmelin, 1791) 13
Family Rissoinidae
Rissoina reticulata (Sowerby, 1824) 11, 13
Family Rissoidae
Zebina gigantea (Deshayes, 1850) 2b, 11
Family Strombidae
Lambis chiragra (Linnaeus, 1758) 2a-3, 7, 31
Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 ,13, 23, 33, 37, 40, 44
Lambis millepeda (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 3
Lambis scorpius (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 7, 10, 13, 17, 26, 28, 36, 39, 44
Lambis truncatus (Humphrey, 1786) 2a, 19
Strombus bulla (Röding, 1798) 43
Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758 4
Strombus dentatus Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 2b, 22
Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 3, 6, 11-13, 19, 20, 26, 29, 37B , 44
Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758 3, 13, 26, 44
Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 6, 7, 10, 11, 20, 24, 26, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44
Strombus microurceus (Kira, 1959) 1-2b, 4, 6, 7, 10-13, 16, 21, 24-28, 30-34, 37-39
Strombus minimus Linnaeus, 1771 43
Strombus sinuatus Humphrey, 1786 2b
Strombus urseus Linnaeus, 1758 8, 12, 19, 27, 31, 44
Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 43
Terebellum terebellum (Linnaeus, 1758) 6-8, 10-12, 19, 22, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 38

Appendix 3

Family Vanikoridae
Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck, 1822) 21, 22
Family Hipponicidae
Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817) 2b, 11, 15-17, 20, 27, 30, 32-34, 36, 43
Family Calyptraeidae
Calyptraea extinctorium Lamarck, 1822 29
Family Capulidae
Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 12, 13, 30, 34, 38, 39, 44
Family Vermetidae
Serpulorbis colubrina (Röding, 1798) 2, 5, 6, 10, 12-14, 16-18, 20-24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 37-44
Vermetus cf. tokyoensis Pilsbry, 1895 8, 11, 13
Family Cypraeidae
Cypraea annulus Linnaeus, 1758 17, 19, 26, 29, 44
Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 2b, 4, 5, 10, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 37
Cypraea argus Linnaeus, 1758 2, 10, 36
Cypraea asellus Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35,
42, 44
Cypraea becki Gaskoin, 1836 17, 42
Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 1, 16B
Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 3, 5, 7, 10-12, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 28, 34, 36-
39, 41
Cypraea chinensis Gmelin, 1791 1
Cypraea cicercula Linnaeus, 1758 7, 14, 42
Cypraea cribraria Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 10, 17, 18, 28, 32, 33, 36, 39-41
Cypraea contaminata Sowerby, 1832 30
Cypraea cylindrica Born, 1778 1-2b, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 35, 38, 40, 42
Cypraea depressa Gray, 1824 34
Cypraea eglantina (Duclos, 1833) 39, 42
Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758 2b ,8, 18, 21, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36-38, 40, 41, 44
Cypraea errones Linnaeus, 1758 4, 42
Cypraea felina Gmelin, 1791 1, 5
Cypraea fimbriata Gmelin, 1791 17, 18, 21, 22, 31, 34, 37, 39, 43
Cypraea gracilis Gaskoin, 1849 42
Cypraea globulus Linnaeus, 1758 38
Cypraea helvola Linnaeus, 1758 1, 7, 10, 16B, 21, 33
Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 8, 9, 14-16, 21, 22, 25, 31, 32, 36, 39, 44
Cypraea kieneri Hidalgo, 1906 27
Cypraea labrolineata Gaskoin, 1848 7, 8, 13, 15, 18, 43
Cypraea limacina Lamarck, 1810 9, 12
Cypraea lutea Gmelin, 1791 30
Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 3-5, 7, 8, 10-13, 15-17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 29, 30, 36,
38-40,43
Cypraea mappa Linnaeus, 1758 15
Cypraea mauritania Linnaeus, 1758 34
Cypraea minoridens Melvill, 1901 26

Appendix 3

Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 4, 6, 11-13, 15, 16, 20, 25, 26, 31, 34, 35, 38, 42
Cypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758 2, 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 27, 44
Cypraea ovum Gmelin, 1791 4, 11
Cypraea pallidula Gaskoin, 1849 23
Cypraea punctata Linnaeus, 1758 27, 39
Cypraea quadrimaculata Gray, 1824 12, 13, 17, 38, 39, 40
Cypraea scurra Gmelin, 1791 32
Cypraea staphylaea Linnaeus, 1758 20, 28, 42
Cypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758 7, 32
Cypraea teres Gmelin, 1791 2, 21, 26
Cypraea testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758 32
Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, 1758 4, 10, 13, 15, 18, 23, 41, 43, 44
Cypraea ursellus Gmelin, 1791 40
Cypraea vitellus Linnaeus, 1758 13, 15, 27
Family Ovulidae
Calpurneus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 28, 32, 40
Diminovula punctata (Duclos, 1831) 20
Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 10, 43
Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby, 1828) 27, 30
Family Triviidae
Trivia oryza (Lamarck, 1810) 1, 6, 11, 13, 17, 19, 28, 29, 33, 39, 41
Family Lamellariidae
Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824 27
Family Naticidae
Natica gualteriana Récluz, 1844 33, 34, 37B
Natica onca (Röding, 1798) 39
Natica phytelephas Reeve, 1855 6
Natica violacea Sowerby, 1825 27, 30, 39, 42
Natica stellata Hedley, 1913 12
Natica vitellus (Linnaeus, 1758) 12
Polinices flemingianus (Récluz, 1844) 16B
Polinices aurantius (Röding, 1798)
Polinices melanostomus (Gmelin, 1791) 6, 12, 13, 28, 39, 44
Polinices peselephanti (Link, 1807) 6, 7, 27, 42
Polinices tumidus (Swainson, 1840) 5, 7, 27, 32, 35, 37B, 38, 41
Family Bursidae
Bursa cruentata (Sowerby, 1835) 31
Bursa granularis (Röding, 1798) 2 ,5, 13, 31, 32, 34, 37, 42
Bursa lamarckii (Deshayes, 1853) 2 ,13 ,34 ,41
Bursa leo Shikama, 1964 16B
Bursa rhodostoma Sowerby, 1840 7, 25, 27, 30, 34, 40
Bursa rosa Perry, 1811 28
Bursa tuberossissima (Reeve, 1844) 7, 14, 20
Tutufa rubeta (Linnaeus, 1758) 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 20, 34, 39

Appendix 3

Family Cassidae
Casmaria erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 27, 34, 41-44
Cassis cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758) 5
Family Ranellidae
Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus, 1758) 22, 26
Cymatium aquatile (Reeve, 1844) 16, 35
Cymatium flaveolum (Röding, 1798) 21
Cymatium hepaticum (Röding, 1798) 35
Cymatium lotorium (Linnaeus, 1758) 21, 33, 34
Cymatium mundum (Gould, 1849) 16B
Cymatium nicobaricum (Röding, 1798) 7, 11
Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 35
Cymatium pyrum (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 14, 20, 34
Cymatium rubeculum (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 13
Cymatium succinctum (Linnaeus, 1771) 2a
Distorsio anus (Linnaeus, 1758) 10, 28
Gyrineum cuspidatum (Reeve, 1844) 39
Gyrineum gyrinum (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 21, 35, 39, 41
Gyrineum pusillum (A. Adams, 1854) 8, 12, 39
Linatella succincta (Linnaeus, 1771) 41
Ranularia muricinum (Gmelin, 1791) 16B, 44
Septa gemmata (Reeve, 1844) 14 ,17
Septa vespacea (Lamarck, 1822) 27
Family Tonnidae
Malea pomum (Linnaeus, 1758) 30, 41
Tonna allium (Dillwyn, 1817) 2b
Tonna cepa (Röding, 1798) 35
Tonna cumingii (Reeve, 1849) 19
Tonna perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 11, 34
Family Cerithiopsidae
Cerithiopsid sp. 1 39
Eulimidae
Thyca crystallina (Gould, 1846) 7, 11, 13, 14, 21, 24, 35, 39
Family Muricidae
Atilliosa nodulifera (Sowerby, 1841) 16, 31
Chicoreus brunneus (Link, 1810) 2b, 7, 15, 18, 20, 21, 30, 32, 37, 40
Chicoreus cumingii (A. Adams, 1853) 25
Chicoreus lacianatus (Sowerby, 1841) 27, 30
Chicoreus microphyllus (Lamarck, 1816) 7, 15, 21, 38
Chicoreus palmarosae (Lamarck, 1822) 39
Chicoreus strigatus (Reeve, 1849) 11
Coralliophila costularis (Lamarck, 1816) 2, 6, 11, 41
Coralliophila erosa (Röding, 1798) 18, 27

Appendix 3

Coralliophila neritoidea (Lamarck, 1816) 2a, 2b, 7-14, 16, 17, 20-22, 24-26, 29, 31-35, 37, 39-44
Cronia contracta (Reeve, 1846) 4
Cronia margariticola (Broderip, 1833) 8, 37B ,38
Drupa grossularia (Röding, 1798) 1-2b, 7, 13, 14, 16-18 ,22, 24, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41
Drupa morum (Röding, 1798) 1, 21, 26, 31
Drupa ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1-2b, 10, 13, 16, 18, 24, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41
Drupa rubusidaeus (Röding, 1798) 1-2b, 7, 15, 16, 21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 37, 39
Drupella cariosa (Wood, 1828) 2a-4, 6, 12, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 27, 38, 40, 44
Drupella cornus (Röding, 1798) 1-2b, 11, 12, 15-17, 21, 22, 26, 28-30, 36, 37
Drupella ochrostoma (Blainville, 1832) 1-2b, 8, 11, 13, 15, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 41, 43
Drupella rugosa (Born, 1778) 2, 11, 20
Favartia sp. 9, 34
Homalocantha scorpius (Linnaeus, 1758) 43
Maculotriton sculptile (Reeve, 1844) 33
Morula anaxeres (Kiener, 1835) 1-2b, 10, 14, 16, 17, 22, 25, 30, 32, 34, 39
Morula aurantiaca (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) 12, 19
Morula biconica (Blainville, 1832) 16
Morula dumosa (Conrad, 1837) 20, 38
Morula granulata (Duclos, 1832) 1, 4, 13, 16B, 18, 20, 23, 34, 39, 42, 44
Morula margariticola (Broderip, 1832) 5, 8, 23, 38
Morula musiva (Kiener, 1836) 4, 9, 40
Morula nodulifera (Menke, 1829) 33
Morula spinosa (H. & A. Adams, 1855) 1,2b, 11, 15-17, 27, 32, 35, 39, 42
Morula uva (Röding, 1798) 1, 2b, 3, 15, 16, 36, 41
Murex ramosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 6
Naquetia triquetra (Born, 1778) 30-32
Nassa francolina (Bruguière, 1789) 43
Nassa serta (Bruguière, 1789) 33, 34
Pterynotus barclayanus (A. Adams, 1873) 16
Pterynotus tripterus (Born, 1778) 41
Quoyola madreporarum (Sowerby, 1832) 2a, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, 27, 32, 40, 43
Rapa rapa (Gmelin, 1791) 18, 21, 28, 39
Thais alouina Röding, 1798 4, 18, 36
Thais armigera (Link, 1807) 1, 20, 30, 32-34, 36
Thais echinata Blainville, 1832 15
Thais kieneri (Deshayes, 1844) 13, 18, 24, 39
Thais mancinella (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 21, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32
Thais savignyi (Deshayes, 1844) 13, 21
Thais tuberosa (Röding, 1798) 16, 20, 21, 44
Vitularia milaris (Gmelin, 1791) 5, 9, 12
Family Turbinellidae
Vasum ceramicum (Linnaeus, 1758) 31
Vasum tubiferum (Anton, 1839) 32
Vasum turbinellus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2a, 3, 6, 13, 16, 19, 20, 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41

Appendix 3

Family Buccinidae
Colubraria cf. antiquata (Hinds, 1844) 34
Colubraria castanea Kuroda & Habe, 1952 44
Colubraria nitidula (Sowerby, 1833) 2, 7, 14, 28, 34
Colubraria tortuosa (Reeve, 1844) 12
Cantharus iostomus (Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 18, 31, 38, 39
1834)
Cantharus pulcher (Reeve, 1846) 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 25, 38, 43
Cantharus undosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1-2b, 6, 7, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 29, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40
Cantharus wagneri (Anton, 1839) 3, 11, 13
Crassicantharus noumeensis (Crosse, 1870) 14
Engina alveolata (Kiener, 1836) 1, 38
Engina contracta (Reeve, 1846) 25, 38
Engina incarnata (Deshayes, 1834) 1, 11, 22, 30, 33, 39-42, 44
Engina lineata (Reeve, 1846) 1, 2b
Engina mendicaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 13, 37, 39, 44
Engina obliquicostata 27
Engina zonalis (Lamarck, 1822) 37B
Phos sculptilis Watson, 1886 28
Phos textum (Gmelin, 1791) 1-2b, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19-22, 24-28, 30-33, 38, 39, 43,
44
Pisania gracilis (Reeve, 1846) 18, 31, 39
Caducifer decapitatus decapitatus (Reeve, 1844) 27
Family Columbellidae
Mitrella albina (Kiener, 1841) 33, 38, 43
Mitrella ligula (Duclos, 1840) 2b, 5, 7, 27, 33, 34, 39, 42
Mitrella cf. margarita (Reeve, 1859) 10
Mitrella marquesa (Gaskoin, 1852) 33
Mitrella sp. 2b
Pyrene deshayesii (Crosse, 1959) 40
Pyrene flava (Bruguière, 1789) 7, 13, 21, 38
Pyrene livescens (Reeve, 1859) 27, 31, 34, 39
Pyrene ocellata (Link, 1807) 13, 37B, 39
Pyrene punctata (Bruguière, 1789) 1, 2b, 7, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34,
36, 39, 41, 43, 44
Pyrene scripta (Lamarck, 1822) 1, 6, 34, 42
Pyrene testudinaria (Link, 1807) 2b, 21
Pyrene turturina (Lamarck, 1822) 7, 12, 13, 17, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39,
40, 43
Pyrene varians (Sowerby, 1832) 16, 33, 34
Family Nassariidae
Hebra horrida (Dunker, 1847) 2b, 43
Nassarius acuticostus (Montrouzier, 1864) 7, 16B
Nassarius albescens (Dunker, 1846) 7, 33
Nassarius arcularius (Linnaeus, 1758) 7, 16B, 37B
Nassarius callospira (A. Adams, 1852) 7, 16B

Appendix 3

Nassarius comptus (A. Adams, 1852) 40
Nassarius concinnus (Powys, 1835) 13, 23, 29
Nassarius distortus (Adams, 1852) 7
Nassarius glans (Linnaeus, 1758) 33, 37
Nassarius granifer (Kiener, 1834) 27
Nassarius luridus (Gould, 1850) 16B
Nassarius margaratifer (Dunker, 1847) 19b
Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850) 7, 29, 42
Nassarius pullus (Linnaeus, 1758) 7, 27
Nassarius quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1904) 43
Nassarius reevianus (Dunker, 1847) 15,16B
Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852) 40
Nassarius venustus (Dunker, 1847) 16B
Family Fasciolariidae
Dolicholatirus lancea (Gmelin, 1791) 1, 10, 20, 32, 38, 42
Latirolagena smaragdula (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 18, 24, 28, 30, 34
Latirus belcheri (Reeve, 1847) 3, 16
Latirus gibbulus (Gmelin, 1791) 22
Latirus lanceolatus (Reeve, 1847) 21, 22
Latirus nodatus (Gmelin, 1791) 1, 2, 5, 11, 14, 16-18, 20, 21, 28, 30, 34, 37
Latirus pictus (Reeve, 1847) 2b, 12, 22, 41-43
Latirus polygonus (Gmelin, 1791) 20
Latirus turritus (Gmelin, 1791) 1, 2b, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, 28
Peristernia incarnata (Deshayes, 1830) 11
Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck, 1822) 16B, 22, 25, 30, 33, 36, 37
Peristernia ustulata (Reeve, 1847) 9, 15, 29, 40
Pleuroploca filamentosa (Röding, 1798) 1, 5, 18, 43
Pleuroploca trapezium (Linnaeus, 1758) 25
Family Volutidae
Cymbiola aulica (Sowerby, 1825) 13, 19, 23
Cymbiola vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) 27 ,38
Melo sp 6
Family Olividae
Oliva annulata (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 6, 7, 11, 13-17, 20-22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30-35, 37-39,
43
Oliva carneola (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 7, 18, 20, 22, 29, 33, 35, 39, 42-44
Oliva lignaria Marrat, 1868 44
Oliva miniacea Röding, 1798 20
Oliva parkinsoni Prior, 1975 15, 18, 21, 26, 27, 30, 39, 41
Oliva tessellata Lamarck, 1811 2b, 28
Oliva tremulina Lamarck, 1810 20, 38, 44
Oliva tricolor Lamarck, 1811 44
Family Harpidae
Harpa amouretta Röding, 1798 1, 10, 25

Appendix 3

Family Mitridae
Cancilla fulgetrum (Reeve, 1844) 2
Cancilla gloriola Cernohorsky, 1970 21
Cancilla sp. 40
Imbricaria olivaeformis (Swainson, 1821) 2b, 10, 22, 23, 25-27, 33, 35, 37, 43
Imbricaria punctata (Swainson, 1821) 6, 16, 33
Imbricaria vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 6
Mitra acuminata Swainson, 1824 20, 33
Mitra aurantia (Gmelin, 1791) 10
Mitra coarctata Reeve, 1844 43
Mitra contracta Swainson, 1820 30, 32, 37-39
Mitra coronata Lamarck, 1811 41
Mitra cucumerina Lamarck, 1811 1, 13
Mitra decurtata Reeve, 1844 39
Mitra fraga (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 1, 6, 11, 22, 38, 42
Mitra imperialis Röding, 1798 5
Mitra litterata Lamarck, 1811 34
Mitra luctuosa A. Adams, 1853 15, 18, 28
Mitra lugubris Swainson, 1822 38
Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) 11, 16, 33
Mitra cf. pelliserpentis Reeve, 1844 20
Mitra punticulata Lamarck, 1811 5
Mitra retusa Lamarck, 1811 37, 39
Mitra rosacea Reeve, 1845 21, 38
Mitra scutulata (Gmelin, 1791) 18
Mitra stictica (Link, 1807) 14, 25
Mitra turgida Reeve, 1845 30
Mitra ustulata Reeve, 1844 30
Mitra vexillum Reeve, 1844 38
Neocancilla clathrus (Gmelin, 1791) 26
Neocancilla papilio (Link, 1807) 20, 30, 33, 41-43
Pterygia eximia (A. Adams, 1853) 33
Pterygia scabricula (Linnaeus, 1758) 25, 26
Scabricola desetangsii (Kiener, 1838) 33
Family Costellariidae
Vexillum amanda (Reeve, 1845) 40
Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844) 10
Vexillum citrinum (Gmelin, 1791) 9, 12
Vexillum consangiuneum (Reeve, 1844) 29
Vexillum costatum (Gmelin, 1791) 27
Vexillum crocatum (Lamarck, 1811) 2a, 21, 29
Vexillum curviliratum (Sowerby, 1874) 40
Vexillum dennisoni (Reeve, 1844) 9, 22
Vexillum deshayesii (Reeve, 1844) 27
Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 12, 20, 35, 42, 44

Appendix 3

Vexillum granosum (Gmelin, 1791) 19, 29, 44
Vexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811) 36, 40
Vexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845) 16
Vexillum pacificum (Reeve, 1845) 7, 8, 10, 33, 37
Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758) 7, 37B
Vexillum polygonum (Gmelin, 1791) 13, 26
Vexillum semicostatum (Anton, 1838) 5
Vexillum turrigerum (Reeve, 1845) 2b, 13, 20, 42
Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) 23, 29
Family Turridae
Clavus canalicularis (Röding, 1798) 12
Clavus exasperatus (Reeve, 1843) 13, 40
Clavus laetus (Hinds, 1843) 33
Clavus pica (Reeve, 1843) 3, 5
Clavus sp. 1 13
Clavus unizonalis (Lamarck, 1822) 7, 12, 33
Gemmula sp. 8
Inquisitor varicosa (Reeve, 1843) 43
Lienardia nigrocincta (Montrouzier, 1872) 33
Ptychobela flavidula (Lamarck, 1822) 37
Turridrupa astricta (Reeve, 1843) 26, 27
Turridrupa bijubata (Reeve, 1843) 21, 40
Turridrupa cerithina (Anton, 1839) 15, 16, 21, 25, 27, 28
Turridrupa sp. 39
Turris crispa (Lamarck, 1816) 40
Xenoturris cingulifera (Lamarck, 1822) 20, 27, 33, 35, 44
Family Terebridae
Hastula lanceata (Linnaeus, 1767) 18, 32, 33, 38
Hastula penicillata (Hinds, 1844) 38
Hastula solida (Deshayes, 1857) 38
Hastula strigilata (Linnaeus, 1758) 25
Terebra affinis Gray, 1834 2b, 6, 10, 11, 16-18, 20-22, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 43
Terebra areolata (Link, 1807) 2b, 12, 22, 42, 44
Terebra argus Hinds, 1844 20, 32, 38
Terebra babylonia Lamarck, 1822 2b, 6, 10, 11, 20, 22, 43, 44
Terebra caddeyi Bratcher & Cernohorsky, 1982 29, 43
Terebra cerithina Lamarck, 1822 15, 34
Terebra chlorata Lamarck, 1822 32, 38
Terebra cf. circumcincta Deshayes, 1857 38
Terebra cf. columellaris Hinds, 1844 26
Terebra crenulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 21
Terebra cumingi Deshayes, 1857 29
Terebra dimidiata (Linnaeus, 1758) 16B, 22
Terebra felina (Dillwyn, 1817) 7, 10, 14, 16B, 18, 30

Appendix 3

Terebra funiculata Hinds, 1844 2b, 10, 20, 38
Terebra guttata (Röding, 1798) 32
Terebra cf. jenningsi R.D. Burch, 1965 20
Terebra laevigata Gray, 1834 2b, 20, 22, 38, 39, 43, 44
Terebra maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 13, 20, 22, 24
Terebra nebulosa Sowerby, 1825 7, 27, 30, 37
Terebra cf. parkinsoni Bratcher & Cernohorsky, 1976 11, 29
Terebra pertusa (Born, 1778) 25
Terebra solida Deshayes, 1857 32
Terebra undulata Gray, 1834 2b, 11, 22, 25, 43, 44
Terenolla pygmaea (Hinds, 1844) 30
Family Conidae
Conus ammiralis Linnaeus, 1758 36
Conus arenatus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 2b, 10-14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 29-31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41,
42,44
Conus auricomus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 28
Conus balteatus Sowerby, 1833 30
Conus biliosus (Röding, 1798) 32
Conus canonicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 15
Conus capitaneus Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 26-30, 32-34, 37-39, 42
Conus catus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 2b
Conus circumcisus Born, 1778 1
Conus consors Sowerby, 1833 43
Conus coronatus (Gmelin, 1791) 1, 2, 10, 14-16, 18, 28
Conus cylindraceus Broderip & Sowerby, 1833 41
Conus distans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 2b, 31, 34-36
Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 15, 34
Conus flavidus Lamarck, 1810 1, 5, 7, 8, 30, 33, 34
Conus frigidus Reeve, 1843 26, 39
Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 18, 21, 28
Conus glans Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 17, 27
Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 2b, 10, 14-16, 21, 26, 30-34, 43
Conus leopardus Röding, 1798 7, 10
Conus litoglyphus Röding, 1798 25, 26, 34, 38
Conus litteratus Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 7, 10, 13, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 37, 43, 44
Conus lividus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 7, 15-17, 21, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36
Conus luteus Sowerby, 1833 15
Conus magus Linnaeus, 1758 3, 4, 5, 27, 37
Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 3, 13, 22, 40
Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758 1, 2a, 3, 6, 10, 11, 13-18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 34,
37, 39, 43
Conus miliaris Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 2, 30, 33
Conus moreleti Crosse, 1858 1, 2a, 7, 12, 14, 18, 22, 28, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37
Conus mucronatus Reeve, 1843 16

Appendix 3

Conus muriculatus Sowerby, 1833 2a, 2b, 4, 5, 8, 15, 21, 26, 28, 32, 34
Conus musicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 1, 2a, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 34,
38-40, 43
Conus mustelinus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 12, 27, 30
Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758 38
Conus orbignyi Audouin, 1831 43
Conus parius Reeve, 1844 43
Conus planorbis Born, 1778 29, 40, 43
Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854 43
Conus pulicarius Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 6, 7, 10, 16, 20, 22, 24, 29, 33, 39, 43
Conus rattus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 1, 6, 13
Conus sanguinolentus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 17, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 32
Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758 29, 37
Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 1, 2a, 21, 27, 28, 30, 33, 38, 40
Conus stercmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758 7, 16, 33, 34, 39
Conus striatellus Link, 1807 28, 30, 34
Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 21, 30, 43
Conus terebra Born, 1778 2, 14, 22, 30, 38, 39
Conus tessellatus Born, 1778 30, 43
Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 2b, 7, 14, 15, 22, 25, 27-30, 32, 33, 43
Conus tulipa Linnaeus, 1758 44
Conus varius Linnaeus, 1758 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 38
Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791 2, 3, 10, 21, 22, 24, 31, 34, 38
Conus viola Cernohorsky, 1977 15, 32
Conus virgo Linnaeus, 1758 13, 44
Family Architectonicidae
Heliacus dorsuosus (Hinds, 1844) 27
Philippia radiata (Röding, 1798) 43
Family Pyramidellidae
Pyramidella sp. 2b
Family Aglajidae
Chelidonura amoena Bergh, 1905 11, 12, 39
Chelidonure electra Rudman, 1970 35
Chelidonura inornata Baba, 1949 14
Philinopsis gardineri (Eliot, 1903) 3, 41
Family Haminoeidae
Atys cylindricus (Helbling, 1779) 6, 12, 13, 42
Atys naucum (Linnaeus, 1758) 35, 40
Haminoea fusca (Pease, 1863) 40
Family Bullidae
Bulla vernicosa Gould, 1859 16B
Family Plakobranchidae
Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824 3, 8, 11, 12, 16, 20, 21, 26, 27, 39, 40

Appendix 3

Family Elysiidae
Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) 1 4, 27, 33
Elysia cf. tomentosa (Swainson, 1840) 1
Elysia sp. 34, 39
Thurdilla ratna Marcus, 1965 1, 37
Thurdilla sp. 34
Family Polyceridae
Nembrotha kubaryana Bergh, 1877 12, 15, 28, 37, 43
Nembrotha aff. lineolata Bergh, 1905 11
Family Gymnodorididae
Gymnodoris cf. rubropapilosa (Bergh, 1905) 8
Gymnodoris sp. 33
Family Dorididae
Halgerda tessellata (Bergh, 1880) 3
Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1858) 5
Family Chromodorididae
Chromodoris annae Bergh, 1877 33
Chromodoris coi Risbec, 1956 11, 15, 24, 32
Chromodoris collingwoodi Rudman, 1987 22
Chromodoris geometrica (Risbec, 1848) 5, 8
Chromodoris lochi Rudman, 1982 21
Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804) 34
Glossodoris cincta (Bergh, 1889) 20
Family Phyllidiidae
Phyllidia coelestis Bergh, 1905 8, 15, 39
Phyllidia elegans Bergh, 1869 10, 13, 21, 39
Phyllidia ocellata(Cuvier, 1804) 8
Phyllidia pipeki Brunckhorst, 1993 8
Phyllidia varicosa Lamarck, 1801 3, 8, 18, 31, 39
Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804) 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 18, 21, 27, 28, 33, 36, 37, 44
Phyllidiopsis annae Brunckhorst, 1993 1
Phyllidiopsis sp. 1
Family Tethyidae
Melibe fimbriata Alder & Hancock, 1864 35
Family Onchidiidae
Onchidium sp. 37
Family Siphonariidae
Siphonaria normalis (Gould, 1846) 34
Family Ellobiidae
Cassidula sp. 39
Melampus fasciatus Deshayes, 1830 6, 32, 38
Pythia scabraeus (Linnaeus, 1758) 44
CLASS BIVALVIA
Family Mytilidae
Lithophaga sp. 1, 2b, 4-6, 8, 10, 12-18, 21-23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32-39, 41-43

Appendix 3

Modiolus philippinarum Hanley, 1843 4, 10, 12, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, 40, 43
Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 8, 18, 19, 23, 27, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40
Septifer excisus (Wiegmann, 1837) 9, 12
Septifer sp. 15
Family Arcidae
Anadara antiquata (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 9, 12, 13, 38, 44
Arca avellana (Lamarck, 1819) 2a-4, 7, 10-16, 18, 19, 21-24, 26, 27, 29, 30-35, 37-44
Arca navicularis Bruguière, 1798 1, 12, 35
Barbatia amygdalumtotsum (Röding, 1798) 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19-21, 23-30, 38, 42, 43
Barbatia coma (Reeve, 1844) 5, 37B
Barbatia foliata Forskål, 1775 3-5, 18, 19, 21
Barbatia cf. tenella (Reeve, 1843) 5
Family Glycymerididae
Glycymeris hoylei (Melvill & Standen, 1899) 9
Glycymeris reevei (Mayer, 1868) 2b, 15, 21, 43
Tucetona amboiensis (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 4, 5, 9-11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 25, 26, 29, 32, 37, 44
Family Pteriidae
Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2a, 5, 8, 9, 15-19, 21, 24, 30, 35-38, 44
Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901) 10, 14, 27, 35, 44
Pinctada nigra (Gould, 1850) 19
Pteria avicular (Holten, 1802) 5, 8, 21, 22, 33, 39, 42
Pteria pengiun (Röding, 1798) 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 18, 21, 28, 39
Family Malleidae
Malleus albus Lamarck, 1819 5
Malleus malleus (Linnaeus, 1758) 4, 5, 8, 29, 38
Vulsella vulsella (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 19, 28, 29, 38
Family Isognomonidae
Isognomon isognomum (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 9, 15, 18, 23, 28, 29, 35, 38
Family Pinnidae
Atrina vexillum (Born, 1778) 6, 9, 12, 27, 35, 40, 43
Pinna bicolor (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 35, 38, 40
Streptopinna saccata (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 11, 16, 18, 22, 31, 33, 39, 41, 43
Family Limidae
Ctenoides ales (Finlay, 1927) 19
Lima cf. basilanica (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) 40
Lima fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) 2, 3, 5, 27
Lima lima (Link, 1807) 3, 5-7, 9, 11, 12, 14-16, 18, 19, 21-24, 26-29, 31, 36-38,
40, 43
Lima orientalis (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) 12-14, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 38-41
Limatula japonica colmani Fleming, 1978 3
Family Ostreidae
Alectryonella plicatula (Gmelin, 1791) 6, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 33, 40, 41, 43, 44
Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 27, 41
Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 27, 28, 35, 37-44

Appendix 3

Lopha cristagalli (Linnaeus, 1758) 5, 10, 14, 15, 41
Parahyotissa mumisma (Lamarck, 1819) 1, 2a, 3, 5-7, 10, 12, 14, 16-19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 32, 37,
40- 44
Saccostrea cf cucullata (Born, 1778) 1, 4-10, 18-21, 23, 24, 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 44
Saccostrea echinata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835) 5, 21
Family Pectinidae
Bratechlamys vexillum (Reeve, 1853) 11
Chlamys corsucans (Hinds, 1845) 1
Chlamys irregularis (Sowerby, 1842) 1
Decatopecten radula (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2b, 3-5, 7-12, 15, 16, 18-24, 25, 27-29, 31-35, 37, 40-
44
Exichlamys histronica (Gmelin, 1791) 8
Excellichlamys spectabilis (Reeve, 1853) 8
Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13-16, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29-33, 35-44
Laevichlamys cf. cuneata (Reeve, 1853) 1, 10, 20, 22, 30, 39, 43
Laevichlamys deliciosa 16, 36, 38
Laevichlamys squamosa (Gmelin, 1791) 1, 5, 7-12, 20, 28, 35
Laevichlamys sp. 1 2b, 14
Mimachlamys punctata 1
Mimachlamys sp. 1 10
Mimachlamys sp. 2 2a, 28
Mirapecten moluccensis Dijkstra, 1988 11
Mirapecten rastellum (Lamarck, 1819) 39
Pedum spondyloidaeum (Gmelin, 1791) 1-5, 7, 8, 10-14, 16, 18-22, 24-26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-
41, 44
Semipallium fulvicostatum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 27, 29, 41, 42
Semipallium tigris (Lamarck, 1819) 7, 11, 12, 14, 42
Semipallium sp. 1 1, 12, 40
Semipallium sp. 2 1, 12
Family Spondylidae
Spondylus barbatus Reeve, 1856 9
Spondylus butleri Reeve, 1856 5, 29
Spondylus candidus (Lamarck, 1819) 3, 7, 10, 11, 16, 21-23, 28-30, 33, 35, 40
Spondylus sanguineus Dunker, 1852 8, 14, 19, 23, 29
Spondylus sinensis Schreibers, 1793 1, 5, 7, 9-11, 13, 15-17, 22, 37-40, 44
Spondylus varians Sowerby, 1829 5, 6, 19
Family Chamidae
Chama fibula Reeve, 1846 6, 11, 19
Chama lazarus Linnaeus, 1758 17, 29, 40
Chama limbula (Lamarck, 1819) 1-4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31, 35, 37, 38,
40-44
Chama savigni Lamy, 1921 5, 38
Family Fimbriidae
Codakia punctata (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 5, 6, 10, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 44
Codakia paytenorum (Iredale, 1937) 6
Codakia tigerina (Linnaeus, 1758) 12

Appendix 3

Fimbria fimbriata (Linnaeus, 1758) 12, 13, 22, 25, 29, 43, 44
Family Carditidae
Beguina semiorbiculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 7, 10, 12, 27, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44
Cardita variegata Bruguière, 1792 1, 3, 15, 28, 32, 36-39, 42, 44
Cardita sp. 12
Family Cardiidae
Acrosterigma alternatum (Sowerby, 1841) 3-5, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 29-32, 35, 38-40,
42-44
Acrosterigma flava (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 22, 40
Acrosterigma mindanaense (Sowerby, 1896) 1, 2a, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 19, 21, 23-25, 27-29, 33, 34, 36-
43
Acrosterigma subrugosa (Sowerby, 1838) 9
Acrosterigma transcendens (Melvill & Standen, 1899) 13, 16, 27, 28, 37,38, 44
Acrosterigma unicolor (Sowerby, 1834) 5, 6, 21, 27, 39-41
Ctenocardia fornicata (Sowerby, 1840) 40
Fragum unedo (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 13, 27, 29, 37B, 38, 42, 44
Fulvia australe (Sowerby, 1834) 4, 11, 21, 26, 40, 43
Laevicardium attenuatum (Sowerby, 1840) 5, 7, 11, 13, 18, 27-29, 33, 35, 39, 41-44
Laevicardium biradiatum (Bruguière, 1789) 12, 25, 28, 29
Laevicardium multipunctatum (Sowerby, 1833) 7, 23
Lyrocardium lyratum (Sowerby, 1840) 8, 9
Trachycardium enode (Sowerby, 1841) 2a, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 27, 38
Family Tridacnidae
Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 3, 11, 15, 16, 23, 26, 35, 42, 44
Hippopus porcellanus Rosewater, 1982 25, 29, 31
Tridacnea crocea Lamarck, 1819 1-3, 6, 7, 10-13, 16, 19-23, 25-27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37-44
Tridacna derasa (Röding, 1798) 11, 12, 17, 19, 26, 27, 38
Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) 6, 12, 22, 31
Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) 15, 16, 25, 26, 31
Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 2b, 3, 5-,7 ,9-11, 13, 16-20, 22, 24-27, 29-35, 37-44
Family Solenidae
Solen sp. 9
Family Tellinidae
Tellina bougei Sowerby, 1909 44
Tellina exculta Gould, 1850 10
Tellina gargadia Linnaeus, 1758 44
Tellina linguafelis Linnaeus, 1758 2b, 4, 16, 19, 27
Tellina palatum (Iredale, 1929) 12
Tellina rastellum Hanley, 1844 27
Tellina rostrata Linnaeus, 1758 42
Tellina scobinata Linnaeus, 1758 2, 39, 44
Tellina staurella Lamarck, 1818 23, 27
Tellina cf tenuilamellata Smith, 1885 3
Tellina umbonella Lamarck, 1818 27

Appendix 3

Family Mactridae
Lutraria australis Reeve, 1854 5, 28, 32
Family Semelidae
Semele casta A. Adams, 1853 12, 29
Semele duplicata (Sowerby, 1833) 27, 37, 40
Semele lamellosa (Sowerby, 1830) 41, 44
Family Psammobiidae
Gari amethystus (Wood, 1815) 1, 3, 5, 8-10, 12, 14-16, 18, 26, 27, 29, 33, 37, 39,
43
Gari maculosa (Lamarck, 1818) 5, 40
Gari occidens (Gmelin, 1791) 3, 5, 11
Gari oriens (Deshayes, 1855) 21, 35
Gari pulcherrimus (Deshayes, 1855) 8, 18, 27, 28
Gari squamosa (Lamarck, 1818) 27
Family Trapeziidae
Trapezium bicarinatum (Schumacher, 1817) 1, 38-40
Trapezium obesa (Reeve, 1843) 9, 19, 23
Family Veneridae
Antigona chemnitzii (Hanley, 1844) 1, 5, 9, 15, 22, 40-42
Antigona aff. persimilis (Iredale, 1930) 10, 11, 15, 20, 21, 23, 30
Antigona purpurea (Linnaeus, 1771) 3, 5, 12, 14-16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 44
Antigona restriculata (Sowerby, 1853) 2a-12, 14, 15, 18, 20-22, 24, 25, 27, 29-32, 35-37,
39, 40, 42, 43
Antigona reticulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 11, 21, 30, 32, 34
Callista impar (Lamarck, 1818) 19
Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) 1
Dosinia aff. histrio (Gmelin, 1791) 2b, 27
Dosinia iwakawai Oyama & Habe, 1 970 10, 11, 28, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40
Dosinia sp. 3, 5-7, 11, 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 43
Globivenus capricorneus (Hedley, 1908) 27
Globivenus toreuma (Gould, 1850) 1, 2a, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20-22, 24, 26-29,
31-34, 36-39, 41-44
Katelysia ferruginea (Reeve, 1864) 19
Katelysia hiantina (Lamarck, 1818) 40
Lioconcha castrensis (Linnaeus, 1758) 2b, 5, 10-12, 18, 20, 22, 27, 35, 38, 42, 44
Lioconcha fastigiata (Sowerby, 1851) 23, 42
Lioconcha ornata (Dillwyn, 1817) 1, 3-5, 7-9, 11-13, 15-17, 19, 20, 27, 29-31, 37-40,
43, 44
Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) 13
Pitar spoori Lamprell & Whitehead, 1990 19, 27
Pitar sp. 19, 38
Samarangia quadrangularis (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 42
Sunetta sp. 39
Tapes literatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3-5, 12, 15-17, 29, 38, 40-43
Tapes platyptycha Pilsbry, 1901 12, 15, 16, 21, 29, 40
Tapes sericus Matsukuma,1986 39
Tapes sulcarius Lamarck, 1818 38

Appendix 3

Tawera lagopus (Lamarck, 1818) 11, 37-39
Timoclea costillifera (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 11, 29, 32, 39
Family Corbulidae
Corbula cf tahitensis Lamarck, 1818 5, 6, 14, 18, 21, 22, 28, 30-32, 35, 43
Family Pholadidae
Martesia multistriata (Sowerby, 1849) 15
Family Clavagellidae
Brechites sp. 3
Family Corbiculidae
Glauconome rugosa Reeve, 1844 5, 12, 16
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
Family Spirulidae
Spirula spirula (Linnaeus, 1758) On beaches
Family Sepiidae
Sepia latimanus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 13
Sepia papuaensis Hoyle, 1885 13-16
Family Loliginidae
Loliginid sp. 13
Family Octopodidae
Octopus sp. 2a
CLASS SCAPHOPODA
Family Dentaliidae
Dentalium aprinum Linnaeus, 1766 43
Dentalium elephantinum Linnaeus, 1758 12, 16, 29, 31, 40, 42, 43

Appendix 4
List of the reef fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands
G.R. Allen
This list includes all species of shallow (to 50 m depth) coral reef fishes known from the Raja Ampat Islands at 1 May 2001.
The list is based on the following sources:

1) Results of the 2001 CI Marine RAP; 2) 26 hours of scuba-diving observations by G. Allen in 1998 and 1999.
The numbers under the site records column and remarks in the abundance column pertain to the 2000 survey.
The phylogenetic sequence of the families appearing in this list follows Eschmeyer (Catalog of Fishes, California Academy of
Sciences, 1998) with slight modification (eg. placement of Cirrhitidae). Genera and species are arranged alphabetically
within each family. An asterisk (*) appearing after the author name(s) indicates that the species was previously recorded from
the Raja Ampat Islands in published literature.
Terms relating to relative abundance are as follows: Abundant - Common at most sites in a variety of habitats with up to
several hundred individuals being routinely observed on each dive. Common - seen at the majority of sites in numbers that
are relatively high in relation to other members of a particular family, especially if a large family is involved. Moderately
common - not necessarily seen on most dives, but may be relatively common when the correct habitat conditions are
encountered. Occasional - infrequently sighted and usually in small numbers, but may be relatively common in a very
limited habitat. Rare - less than 10, often only one or two individuals seen on all dives

SPECIES SITE RECORDS ABUNDANCE D E P T H (m)
ORECTOLOBIDAE
Eucrossorhinus dasypogon (Bleeker, 1867)* 14, 15, 16, 33 Rare, only 4 seen. Photographed. Waigeo is type locality. 4-12 m
HEMISCYLLIIDAE
Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)* 13 Rarely seen, but nocturnal. Waigeo is type locality. Photographed 1-15
GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE
Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1830)* 14 Rare, a single individual recorded. Waigeo is type locality. 1-70
CARCHARHINIDAE
Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker, 1856) 1998-99 0-100
C. melanopterus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)* 1, 20, 31 Rare, less than five individuals observed. Waigeo is type locality. 0-10

Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1835)* 2a Rare, only one seen. 2-100
DASYATIDIDAE
Dasyatis kuhlii (Müller and Henle, 1841) 8, 9, 12, 14-16, 18, 24, 29, 30 Occasionally seen in sandy areas. 2-50
Taeniura lymma (Forsskål, 1775)* 2b, 6, 7, 15, 16, 26, 39, 44 Occasionally seen in sandy areas. 2-30
MYLIOBATIDAE
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) 1998-99 0-25
MOBULIDAE
Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) 28 Only one seen at sites, but about 30 observed near Weh Island. 0-100
Mobula tarapacana (Philippi, 1892) 1998-99 0-30
MORINGUIDAE
Moringua ferruginea (Bliss, 1883)* 1998-99 1-10
M. microchir Bleeker, 1853 2b Two specimens collected with rotenon. 3-20
MURAENIDAE
Echidna nebulosa (Thünberg, 1789)* 1998-99 1-10
Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker and Randall, 1998-99 5-40
1982
G. fimbriatus (Bennett, 1831) 1998-99 0-30
G. flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1828) 1998-99 1-150
G. fuscomaculatus (Schultz, 1953) 6, 41, 42 3-25
G. javanicus (Bleeker, 1865) 14, 36, 43 Rare, only 3 seen. 0.5-50
April 2002
133
134
Appendix 3

G. melatremus Schultz, 1953 20 A single specimen collected with rotenone. 5-30
G. pictus (Ahl, 1789)* 31 One seen on shallow reef flat. 1-40
G. polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853) 1998-99 0-3
G. zonipectus Seale, 1906 20, 41, 42 Three specimens collected with rotenone. 8-45
CONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL
Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman, 1888 1998-99 1-50
Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker, 1852)* 1998-99 1-20
OPHICHTHIDAE
Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay and Bennett, 1839)* 1998-99 0-20
Myrichthys colubrinus (Boddaert,1781) 13 Only one seen, but cryptic and nocturnal. 0-8
M. maculosus (Cuvier, 1817) 2b Several specimens collected with rotenone. 5-25
CONGRIDAE
Gorgasia maculata Klausewitz & Eibesfeldt, 1959 10, 43 Large colony containing hundreds of inditiduals at site 43. 20-50
Heteroconger haasi (Klausewitz and Eibl- 25 One colony observed. 3-45
Eibesfeldt, 1959)
CLUPEIDAE
Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Rüppell, 1837)* 3 One school seen at site 3. 0-3
Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett, 1832) 6, 11-13, 27, 33, 41, 42, 44 Occasional, hundreds seen schooling near surface at several sites. 0-1
S. lewisi Wongratana, 1983 38 Several shoals seen at site 38. Photographed. 0-10
PLOTOSIDAE
Plotosus lineatus (Thünberg, 1787)* 25, 26, 29, 30 Occasional. 1-20
SYNODONTIDAE
Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 3, 38 Occasional on sand bottoms. 1-30
S. nebulosa Valenciennes, 1849 1998-99 1-30
Synodus dermatogenys Fowler, 1912 1-3, 7, 10, 12-15, 18, 21, 25, 26, Moderately common, solitary individuals usually seen resting on dead 1-25
29-31, 33, 34, 38, 42 coral or rubble. Photographed.
S. jaculum Russell and Cressy, 1979 7, 10, 12, 18, 25 Occasional on rubble bottoms. Photographed. 10-50

S. rubromarmoratus Russell and Cressy, 1979 10, 12, 15 Rare, on sand or rubble bottoms. 5-30
S. variegatus (Lacepède, 1803)* 17, 18, 42 Occasional, solitary individuals or pairs usually seen resting on live coral. 5-50
Photoraphed.
CARAPIDAE
Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl, 1921) 1998-99 2-30
BYTHITIDAE
Brosmophyciops pautzkei Schultz, 1960 41 One specimen collected with rotenone. 5-55
Ogilbia sp. 1 41 Collected with rotenone.
Ogilbia sp. 2 1998-99 0-5

BATRACHOIDIDAE
Batrachomeous tripsinosus (Günther, 1861) 1998-99
Halophryne diemensis (La Sueur, 1834)* 1998-99
ANTENNARIIDAE
Antennarius coccineus (Lesson, 1829) 1998-99 1-40
A. dorhensis Bleeker, 1859 1998-99 1-15
Histiophryne cryptacanthus (Weber, 1913) 2b One specimen collected and photographed. 2-30
Histrio histrio (Linnaeus, 1758)* 33 Common in floating Sargassum. 0-1
GOBIESOCIDAE
Diademichthys lineatus (Sauvage, 1883) 2a, 3, 5, 7, 12, 16, 25, 27-30, Occasional among sea urchins or branching coral. 3-20
37, 43, 44
Discotrema crinophila Briggs, 1976 1998-99 5-30
ATHERINIDAE
Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 4, 8, 9, 12, 27, 41 Occasional large shoals seen. 0-2
Hypoatherina temminckii (Bleeker, 1853) 13 Locally abundant at one site. Collected. 0-2
BELONIDAE
Platybelone platyura (Bennett, 1832) 25, 26 Rare. 0-2
April 2002
Appendix 3
135
136
Appendix 4

Tylosurus crocodilus (Peron & Lesueur, 1821) 1, 6, 11, 26, 42 Occasional, on surfaces at several sites. 0-4
HEMIRAMPHIDAE
Hemirhamphus far (Forsskål, 1775) 13 Rare, only one seen. 0-2
Hyporhamphus. dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846) 1998-99 0-2
Zenarchopterus buffonis (Valenciennes, 1847) 1998-99 0-2
Z. dunckeri Mohr, 1926 4, 8, 23, 27, 31 Common near mangroves. 0-2
HOLOCENTRIDAE
Myripristis adusta Bleeker, 1853 2a, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 23, 28, 36, Occasional, sheltering in caves and under ledges. Common at site 39. 3-30
39
M. berndti Jordan and Evermann, 1902 18, 21, 22, 25, 30, 36 Occasional, sheltering in caves and under ledges. Common at site 25. 8-55
M. botche Cuvier, 1829 2a, 14 Rare, only 5 fish seen. Photographed. 12-240
M. hexagona (Lacepède, 1802) 1, 2b, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14-16, Common, usually in coastal areas affected by silt. 10-40
19, 26, 29, 31, 38, 40-42
M. kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 1, 2a, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, Moderately common, sheltering in caves and under ledges, but frequently 5-30
22, 25, 26, 28, 30-34, 36, 42 exposes itself for brief periods.
M. murdjan (Forsskål, 1775) 3, 21, 25, 32, 33, 42 Occasional, sheltering in caves and under ledges. 3-40
M. pralinia Cuvier, 1829 25, 32 Only a few seen, but nocturnal. 3-40
M. violacea Bleeker, 1851 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-19, Common, most abundant squirrelfish seen in Raja Ampats. 3-30
21-23, 25, 26, 30-37, 39, 40, 43,
44
M. vittata Valenciennes, 1831 36 Rare. Seen at only one site. 12-80
Neoniphon opercularis (Valenciennes, 1831) 30, 32 Rare, only 2 seen. 3-20
N. sammara (Forsskål, 1775)* 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 11, 13, 25, 30, 37, Occasional, usually among branches of staghorn Acropora coral. 2-50
43, 44
Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Rüppell, 1835)* 1, 2a, 7, 10, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, Moderately common. 6-45
25, 26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 41
S. cornutum (Bleeker, 1853) 7 Rare, only 3 seen. 6-50

S. diadema (Lacepède, 1802) 2b, 7, 13, 22, 31 2-30
S. melanospilos (Bleeker, 1858) 18, 33 Rare, only a few seen at two sites. 10-25
S. rubrum (Forsskål, 1775)* 4, 5, 7-9, 15, 16, 35 Occasional. 5-25
S. spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) 2a, 3, 5, 9-12, 14, 17, 23, 26, Moderately common, in caves and under ledges. 5-122
29, 33, 36, 37, 41
S. tiere (Cuvier, 1829) 31 Rare, but nocturnal. 10-180
S. violaceum (Bleeker, 1853)* 13, 32, 35, 42 Occasional. 3-30
PEGASIDAE
Eurypegasus draconis (Linnaeus, 1766) 1998-99 2-20

AULOSTOMIDAE
Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766)* 2a, 2b, 15, 16, 18, 26, 33, 37, 44 Occasional. 2-122
FISTULARIIDAE
Fistularia commersoni Rüppell, 1835* 17, 31, 40, 43 Occasional. 2-128
CENTRISCIDAE
Aeoliscus strigatus (Günther, 1860)* 1998-99 1-30
Centriscus scutatus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 34 Rare, only one aggregation seen. 1-30
SYNGNATHIDAE
Choeroichthys brachysoma Bleeker, 1855 32 Collected with rotenone. 1-25
Corythoichthys flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838) 21 Rare, only one seen. 1-25
C. haematopterus (Bleeker, 1851)* 1998-99 1-20
C. intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881) 29, 44 Only seen at two sites and in low numbers. 1-25
C. ocellatus Herald, 1953 38 Rare. Photographed. 1-15
C. schultzi Herald, 1953 38 Rare. 1-30
C. sp. 1 28, 41 Rare. 1-25
C. sp. 2 28 Rare. 1-20
Doryrhamphus dactyliophorus (Bleeker, 1853) 12, 23 Only two seen, but a secretive cave and ledge dweller. 1-56
April 2002
Appendix 4
137
138
Appendix 4

D. janssi (Herald & Randall, 1972) 1998-99 5-35
Halicampus dunckeri (Kaup, 1856) 29, 42 Collected with rotenone. 2-14
Halicampus mataafae (Jordan & Seale, 1906) 1998-99 3-25
Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970 1998-99 10-40
H. kuda Bleeker, 1852 1998-99 0-12
Phoxocampus belcheri (Kaup, 1856) 1998-99 1-10
P. tetrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) 1998-99 1-10
Siokunichthys nigrolineatus Dawson, 1983 1998-99 10-20
Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785)* 1998-99 0-10
SCORPAENIDAE
Dendrochirus zebra (Cuvier, 1829)* 1998-99 1-20
Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787)* 15, 17, 20 Rare, but mainly nocturnal. Photographed. 1-50
P. volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) 30, 31, 33 Rare. 2-50
Scorpaenodes guamensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)* 1998-99 0-10
S. hirsutus (Smith, 1957) 32 Two collected with rotenone. 5-40
S. parvipinnis (Garrett, 1863) 32 One collected with rotenone. 2-50
Scorpaenopsis macrochir Ogilby, 1910 1998-99 1-10
S. oxycephala (Bleeker, 1849) 12 Rare, only one seen. 1-40
Sebastapistes cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1856) 20 Probably not uncommon, but only one seen among coral branches. 2-15
S. strongia (Cuvier, 1829) 1998-99 1-15
Taenianotus triacanthus Lacepède, 1802 1998-99 5-130
TETRAROGIDAE
Ablabys macracanthus (Bleeker, 1852) Photographed by R.Steene 2001 1-15
SYNANCEIIDAE
Inimicus didactylus (Pallas, 1769)* 13, 41 Rare, only 2 seen. 5-40
Synanceja horrida (Linnaeus, 1766) 1998-99 0-10

Synanceja verrucosa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)* 1998-99 0-20
CARACANTHIDAE
Caracanthus maculatus (Gray, 1831) 7 3-15
DACTYLOPTERIDAE
Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829)* 1998-99 1-45
PLATYCEPHALIDAE
Cociella punctata (Cuvier, 1829) 1998-99 1-20
Cymbacephalus beauforti Knapp, 1973 12 Only one seen, but difficult to detect. 2-12
Platycephalus sp. 1998-99 1-15

Thysanophrys chiltoni Schultz, 1966 28 One collected with rotenone. 1-80
CENTROPOMIDAE
Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuvier, 1828)* 6 Rare, only one seen. Waigeo is type locality. 1-20
SERRANIDAE
Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskål, 1775) 2, 3, 6, 14, 17, 26, 30, 32, 37, 39 Occasional. 1-55
Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) 10, 15, 16, 33, 35 Occasional 5-50
Cephalopholis argus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 1, 2a, 7, 24, 26, 30, 31, 37, 44 Occasional. 1-40
C. boenack (Bloch, 1790)* 1, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, Moderately common. 1-20
35, 37, 38, 40-42, 44
C. cyanostigma (Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1828) 2b, 4-6, 8-13, 15-18, 20-26, 28, 29, Moderately common on sheltered reefs. 2-35
31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44
C. leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) 1-3, 7, 10, 13, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31, Occasional. 3-25
32, 36, 44
C. microprion (Bleeker, 1852) 2b, 6, 9, 11, 16, 23, 29, 35, 40, 41, Occasional on relatively silty reefs. 2-20
43, 44
April 2002
Appendix 4
139
140
Appendix 4

C. miniata (Forsskål, 1775)* 1-3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20-22, Moderately common, usually in areas of clear water. 3-150
24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 39,
44
C. sexmaculata Rüppell, 1828 10, 15, 20, 21, 36 Occasional, on ceilings of caves on steep drop-offs. 6-140
C. sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) 6, 42, 43 Rare, only 3 seen. 10-100
C. spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) 13, 18, 22, 31, 33, 36 Occasional in deep water (below 20 m) of outer slopes. 16-108
C. urodeta (Schneider, 1801)* 1-3, 7, 10, 13-15, 18, 20, 24-26, Moderately common in variety of habitats. 1-36
28, 31-34, 36, 37, 39, 42-44
Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) 1, 4, 11 Rare, only 3 seen. 2-40
Diploprion bifasciatum Cuvier, 1828 3, 7, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21-26, Occasional, sheltered inshore areas. 2-25
28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39
Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775) 1998-99 6-200
E. bilobatus Randall & Allen, 1987 1998-99 2-30
E. caruleopunctatus (Bloch, 1790)* 39 Rare, only one adult seen. 5-25
E. coioides (Hamilton, 1822) 1998-99 2-100
E. corallicola (Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1828) 14 Rare, only one seen. 3-15
E. fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 4-6, 10, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, Moderately common. 4-160
26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 39, 44
E. fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775)* 2a, 14, 39 Rare, only 3 seen. 3-60
E. lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) 14 Rare, only one seen. 3-10
E. macrospilos (Bleeker) 24 Rare, only one seen. 5-25
E. maculatus (Bloch, 1790) 19 Rare, only one seen. 10-80
E. merra Bloch, 1793 13, 16, 31, 38, 40, 44 Occasional, but common at site 38. 1-15
E. ongus (Bloch, 1790) 29, 32, 36, 40 Rare, only 4 seen. 5-25
E. polyphekadion (Bleeker, 1849) 39 Rare, only one seen. 2-45
E. spilotoceps Schultz, 1953 30 Rare, only one seen. 1-15

E. tukula Morgans, 1959 10 Rare, only one seen. 1-15
Gracila albimarginata (Fowler and Bean, 1930) 1, 10, 32 Rare, only 3 seen. 6-120
Grammistes sexlineatus (Thünberg, 1792)* 1998-99 0.5-30
Grammistops ocellatus Schultz, 1953 41 Two specimens collected with rotenone. 5-30
Liopropoma susumi (Jordan & Seale, 1906) 32 One specimen collected with rotenone. 2-34
Luzonichthys waitei (Fowler, 1931) 1, 28, 43 Three large aggregations seen. 10-55
Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell, 1830) 19, 21, 26 Rare, only three seen. 2-30
P. laevis (Lacepède, 1802) 1998-99 4-90
P. leopardus (Lacepède, 1802) 1, 6, 23, 27 Rare, about 8 seen. 3-100

P. maculatus (Bloch, 1790) 4, 9, 11, 15, 17, 26, 40 Occasional in silty areas. 2-30
P. oligocanthus (Bleeker, 1854) 1, 16, 17, 26, 32, 35, 37, 39, 42- Occasional. 4-40
44
Pogonoperca punctata (Valenciennes, 1830) 1998-99 5-40
Pseudanthias dispar (Herre, 1955) 2a, 7, 10, 17, 25, 26, 28, 39 Moderately common and locally abundant, but seen at few sites. 4-40
P. fasciatus (Kamohara, 1954) 21, 25 Rare, about 6 seen. 20-150
P. huchtii (Bleeker, 1857) 1-3, 6, 7, 9-18, 20-26, 28, 30- Abundant, one of most common reef fishes at Raja Ampats. Especially 4-20
34, 36, 37, 39, 41-44 common at site 18.
P. hypselosoma Bleeker, 1878* 25, 29, 44 Rare, only a few seen at three sites. 10-40
P. luzonensis (Katayama and Masuda, 1983) 33 Several seen below 30 m depth. 12-60
P. pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857) 1, 2a, 16, 25, 31, 36 Occasional. 15-180
P. randalli (Lubbock & Allen, 1978) 20 Rare, 2 collected with rotenone. 15-70
P. squamipinnis (Peters, 1855) 1, 2a, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, Common, but usually less abundant than the similar P. huchtii. 4-20
25, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, 39,
43
P. tuka (Herre and Montalban, 1927) 2a, 7, 11, 13, 18, 20-22, 25, 26, Occasional 8-25
32, 43, 44
Pseudogramma polyacanthum (Bleeker, 1856) 32 Three specimens collected with rotenone. 1-15
April 2002
Appendix 4
141
142
Appendix 4

Variola albimarginata Baissac, 1953 10, 13, 18, 25, 28, 30, 31, 36, Occasional and always in low numbers. 12-90
37
V. louti (Forsskål, 1775)* 7, 13, 16, 25 Occasional and always in low numbers. 4-150
PSEUDOCHROMIDAE
Amsichthys knighti (Allen, 1987) 20, 44 Collected with rotenone. 5-25
Cypho purpurescens (De Vis, 1884) 22, 30, 32 Three collected with rotenone. Photographed. 8-30
Labracinus cyclophthalmus (Müller & Troschel, 1, 6, 11-13, 16, 17, 41 Occasional. 3-20
1849)*
Lubbockichthys multisquamatus (Allen, 1987) 20, 41 Collected with rotenone. 12-30
P. bitaeniatus (Fowler, 1931) 1, 2a, 11, 12, 15, 18, 22, 28, 30, Occasional. 5-20
32, 33, 37, 41, 43, 44
P. cyanotaenia Bleeker, 1857 8 Rare, one pair seen. 2-10
P. elongatus Lubbock, 1980 2a, 12, 22, 28, 43 Occasional. 5-25
P. fuscus (Müller and Troschel, 1849)* 2a, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11-13, 15-17, Occasional, around small coral and rock outcrops. 1-30
24, 25, 27, 29, 38, 40, 42, 44
P. marshallensis (Schultz, 1953) 2a, 12, 17, 22, 32 Occasional under rocky overhangs. 2-25
P. perspicillatus Günther, 1862 3, 9, 10, 17, 24-26, 37, 43 Occasional around rock outcrops in sand-rubble areas. 3-20
P. porphyreus Lubbock & Goldmann, 1974 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, Common at base of slopes. 15-40
20, 22, 25, 28, 31-33, 36, 39,
43, 44
P. splendens (Fowler, 1931) 1, 2a, 7, 11-13, 15-18, 20-22, Common around coral formations. 5-30
25, 26, 37, 39, 41, 43
P. tapienosoma Bleeker, 1853 8, 32 Only two seen, but has cryptic habits. One collected. 2-60
Pseudoplesiops annae (Weber, 1913) 20 Four collected with rotenone. 4-25
P. typus Bleeker, 1858 1998-99 5-30
PLESIOPIDAE
Plesiops coeruleolineatus Rüppell, 1835* 1998-99 0-3
Plesiops corallicola Bleeker, 1853* 1998-99 0-3

ACANTHOCLINIDAE
Belonepterygium fasciolatum (Ogilby, 1889) 28 One specimen collected with rotenone. 5-20
CIRRHITIDAE
Cirrhitichthys aprinus (Cuvier, 1829) 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 28, 30, 42, Occasional, usually on sponges. 5-40
43
C. falco Randall, 1963 7, 9-11, 15, 16, 30, 32-34 Occasional. 4-45
C. oxycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) 2a, 14, 21, 22, 25, 30, 34, 39, 44 Occasional. 2-40
Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Schneider, 1801) 1 Rare, one seen in surge zone. 0-10
Cyprinocirrhites polyactis (Bleeker, 1875) 1998-99 10-132

Oxycirrhitus typus Bleeker, 1857 2a Rare, only one seen. 10-100
Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) 10, 14, 36, 37 Occasional. 1-35
P. forsteri (Schneider, 1801)* 1-3, 7, 10-12, 14, 17, 18, 20-22, Moderately common, the most abundant hawkfish, but always seen in 1-35
24-26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39 low numbers.
OPISTOGNATHIDAE
Opistognathus sp. 1 7, 10, 12, 44 Occasional. 5-20
O. sp. 2 3 Rare, only one seen. 5-20
O. sp. 3 1998-99 5-20
O. sp. 4 1998-99 5-20
TERAPONTIDAE
Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)* 13 About 20 seen along shore at Kri Island. 0-5
Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1829 34 One taken from floating Sargassum. 0-5
PRIACANTHIDAE
Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775) 1998-99 5-80
APOGONIDAE
Apogon angustatus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) 34 Rare, only one seen. 5-30
A. aureus (Lacepède, 1802)* 2a, 14, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 39, 41 Occsional. 10-30
April 2002
Appendix 4
143
144
Appendix 4

A. bandanensis Bleeker, 1854* 28 Only a few seen at one site, but nocturnal. 3-10
A. cavitiensis (Jordan & Seale, 1907) 8 Rare, several seen in silty conditions. 8-35
A. ceramensis Bleeker, 1852* 12, 41 Only two schools seen, but shelters among mangrove roots. 0-3
A. chrysopomus Bleeker, 1854 29 Rare, only 5 seen. 2-12
A. chrysotaenia Bleeker, 1851 2a, 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 24- Moderately common. 1-14
26, 28, 30, 37
A. compressus (Smith and Radcliffe, 1911) 2a, 2b, 6, 9, 15, 23, 26, 29, 40, Moderately common. 2-20
42-44
A. crassiceps Garman, 1903 20, 29, 32, 42 Collected with rotenone. 1-30
A. cyanosoma Bleeker, 1853 2a, 6, 12, 14-17, 25, 26, 28, 30, Moderately common. Phtographed. 3-15
32, 37, 39, 43, 44
A. dispar Fraser and Randall, 1976 20 One aggregation seen in 20 m. 12-50
A. doryssa Jordan & Seale, 1906 42 One specimen collected with rotenone. 2-25
A. exostigma Jordan and Starks, 1906 12, 22, 26, 41 Rare, 6 fish seen at four sites. 3-25
A. fleurieu (Lacepède, 1802) 2a, 37 Rare, only 2 small aggregations seen. 5-30
A. fraenatus Valenciennes, 1832 6, 22, 30, 37, 39, 44 Seen at relatively few sites, but locally common under ledges and in coral 3-35
crevices.
A. fragilis Smith, 1961 19, 27, 31, 35 Rarely seen, but locally abundant. . 1-15
A. fuscus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824* 2a, 32 Rarely seen during day, but probably common at night. 3-15
A. hartzfeldi Bleeker, 1852 1998-99 1-10
A. hoeveni Bleeker, 1854 8 Rare. 1-25
A. kallopterus Bleeker, 1856 2b, 16, 26, 28, 39 Occasional, but nocturnal. 3-35
A. leptacanthus Bleeker, 1856 31, 44 Rarely encountered, but locally common among branching corals 1-12
A. melanoproctus Fraser and Randall, 1976 20 One group seen in cave at 20 m depth. 15-40
A. sp. 3 29, 30, 37, 43 Occasional. Photographed. 3-35
A. multilineatus Bleeker, 1865 3, 6, 12 Rare, but nocturnal habits. 1-5
A. nanus Allen, Kuiter, and Randall, 1994 4, 8, 19, 27 Occasional aggregations. 5-20

A. neotes Allen, Kuiter, and Randall, 1994 8, 38, 39 Occasional aggregations. 10-25
A. nigrofasciatus Schultz, 1953 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 20- Moderately common, one of most abundant cardinalfishes, but always in 2-35
22, 25, 26, 28, 30-33, 36, 39, small numbers under ledges and among crevices.
41-44
A. notatus (Houttuyn, 1782) 25, 43 About 20 fish seen. 2-30
A. novemfasciatus Cuvier, 1828* 13 Rare. 0.5-3
A. ocellicaudus Allen, Kuiter, and Randall, 1994 6, 12, 39, 41-44 Occasional, but locally common, especially at sites 6 and 41. 11-55
Photographed.
A. parvulus (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) 2a, 6-12, 14-17, 29, 35, 37, 41- Moderately common. 2-30
44

A. perlitus Fraser & Lachner, 1985 1998-99 2-15
A. rhodopterus Bleeker, 1852 1998-99 10-40
A. sealei Fowler, 1918 2a, 12, 13, 25, 35, 43 Occasional. 2-12
A. selas Randall and Hayashi, 1990 26 Rare, but usually in deeper water. 20-35
A. sp. 1 12, 37 About 15 fish seen. 12-15
A. sp. 2 6 Rare, only 3 seen. 45-50
A. taeniophorus Regan, 1908 1, 33 Rare, but occurs in very shallow water and is nocturnal and therefore 0.5-2
difficult to accurately survey.
A. talboti Smith, 1961 42 One collected with rotenone. 10-30
A. thermalis Cuvier, 1829* 4, 5, 12, 23 Occasional. 0-10
A. timorensis Bleeker, 1854 2b 0-3
A. trimaculatus Cuvier, 1828 23, 26 Rare, but difficult to survey due to nocturnal habitats. 2-10
A. wassinki Bleeker, 1860 2b, 12 Few sightings, but locally common on silty reefs. 3-18
Apogonichthys ocellatus (Weber, 1913) 18 One collected in 30 m depth. 2-35
Archamia biguttata Lachner, 1951 7, 26 Two schools seen in caves. 5-18
A. fucata (Cantor, 1850) 2a, 6-8, 12, 14, 23, 26, 27, 29, Occasional, but common at several sites. 3-60
31, 33, 38, 40-44
April 2002
Appendix 4
145
146
Appendix 4

A. macropterus (Cuvier,1828) 13, 26, 44 Occasional. 3-15
A. zosterophora (Bleeker, 1858) 2a, 2b, 12, 19, 26, 27, 29, 31, Occasional, but common at some sites, especially 44. 2-15
35, 42-44
Cercamia eremia (Allen, 1987) 41, 42 Collected with rotenone. 5-40
Cheilodipterus alleni Gon, 1993 6, 12, 16, 26, 31 Occasional, especially in caves and crevices on steep slopes. 1-25
C. artus Smith, 1961 2b, 6, 9, 15, 27, 29, 31, 35, 42- Moderately common, often among branching corals. 2-20
44
C. macrodon Lacepède, 1801 1, 2a, 6, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, 25, Moderately common, but always in low numbers (except juveniles). 4-30
30, 32, 39
C. nigrotaeniatus Smith & Radcliffe, 1912 2a, 2b, 23, 26, 27, 29 Occasional on sheltered inshore reefs. Photographed. 2-25
C. quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 9, 11-13, 15, 19, Common, most abundant member of genus. 1-40
23, 25-27, 29, 31, 32, 35-38, 40-
44
C. singapurensis Bleeker, 1859* 1998-99 2-15
Fowleria aurita (Valenciennes, 1831) 1998-99 0-15
F. punctulata (Rüppell, 1832) 1998-99 2-15
Gymnapogon sp. 1998-99 1-15
G. urospilotus Lachner, 1953 32 One collected with rotenone. 1-15
Pseudamia gelatinosa Smith, 1955 1998-99 1-40
P. hayashi Randall, Lachner and Fraser, 1985 20, 41 Several collected with rotenone, 2-64
Rhabdamia cypselurus Weber, 1909 12, 14-17, 27 Occasionally observed, but sometimes in large numbers swarming around 2-15
coral bommies.
R. gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) 2a, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 25, 26, Moderately common, forming large aggregations around coral heads. 5-20
30, 31, 37, 39, 41, 43 Photographed.
Sphaeramia nematoptera (Bleeker, 1856) 2a, 2b, 19, 23, 26, 27, 44 Occasional, but locally common among sheltered corals. 1-8
S. orbicularis (Cuvier, 1828)* 4, 5, 8, 23, 27, 31, 41 Common along sheltered shores of rocky islets and in mangroves. 0-3

SILLAGINIDAE
Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) 1998-99 0-15
MALACANTHIDAE
Hoplolatilus cuniculus Randall & Dooley, 1974 24, 25 Rare, several seen below 40 m. 25-115
H. purpureus Burgess, 1978 25 Rare, several pairs seen below 40 m. 18-80
H. starcki Randall and Dooley, 1974 1998-99 20-105
Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848 7, 16, 30, 37, 39 Occasional. 10-45
M. latovittatus (Lacepède, 1798) 7, 11, 14, 20, 25, 30, 32, 33 Occasional. 5-30
ECHENEIDAE

Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758* 14 Rare, only one seen. 0-30
CARANGIDAE
Carangoides bajad (Forsskål, 1775) 4-7, 10-14, 16-18, 20, 26, 39, Occasional, usually in low numbers. 5-30
41, 43, 44
C. ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) 37 Rare, only one seen. 2-40
C. fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) 2a, 4, 6, 12, 18, 20, 25-28, 31 Occasional. 5-100
C. plagiotaenia Bleeker, 1857 2a, 3, 6, 7, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, Moderately common, but usually solitary fish encountered. 5-200
21, 25, 31, 37, 39, 42
Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775)* 14, 28 Rare, two large adults seen. 2-80
C. melampygus Cuvier, 1833* 2a, 14, 16, 20, 33, 36, 37, 44 Occasional, usually seen solitary or in small schools. Waigeo is type 1-190
locality.
C. papuensis Alleyne & Macleay, 1877 4, 8, 11, 13, 23, 29, 31 Occasional. 1-50
C. sexfasciatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1825* 1998-99 Waigeo is type locality. 3-96
Elegatis bipinnulatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825) 33-35 Occasional. 5-150
Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskål, 1775)* 35 Rare, only one juvenile seen. 1-30
Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål, 1775) 15, 20, 26, 33, 37 Occasional. 1-100
Selar boops (Cuvier, 1833) 4 One large aggregation seen. 1-30
S. crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)* 13, 27 Two schools encountered, 1-170
April 2002
Appendix 4
147
148
Appendix 4

Selaroides leptolepis (Kuhl and van Hasselt, 1833) 23 One school. 1-25
Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801) 38 Rare, 2 fish seen. 3-40
LUTJANIDAE
Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 10, 16, 37, 39 Rare, only 4 seen. 3-40
Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)* 4, 12 Rare, but locally common at 2 sites. 1-100
L. biguttatus (Valenciennes, 1830) 2a, 2b, 4, 6, 11, 15, 23, 29, 35, Occasional, mainly on sheltered reefs with rich corals. Especially 3-40
41-44 abundant at site 43.
L.bohar (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 2b, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, Common, especially abundant at site 14. 4-180
25, 26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 43
L. boutton (Lacepède, 1802)* 1998-99 5-25
L. carponotatus (Richardson, 1842) 2b, 3-6, 8-12, 15-18, 21-23, 27, Moderately common, usually on sheltered coastal reefs. 2-35
29, 31, 35, 37, 39-42
L. decussatus (Cuvier, 1828) 1, 2a, 3, 5-16, 18-31, 36, 37, 39- Common, but always seen in small numbers. 3-25
44
L. ehrenburgi (Peters, 1869) 4, 5, 8, 9, 33 Occasional. 1-20
L. fulviflamma (Forsskål, 1775)* 9, 12, 13, 18, 28 Occasional, but locally common at a few sites. 1-35
L. fulvus (Schneider, 1801)* 1, 4, 5, 11, 13, 19, 21, 28, 30- Moderately commom, but usually in small numbers. 2-40
34, 37
L. gibbus (Forsskål, 1775)* 1, 2a, 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 13, 14, 17, Moderately common. 6-40
20, 21, 25, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39
L. johnii (Bloch, 1792) 1998-99
L. kasmira (Forsskål, 1775)* 2a, 7, 25, 39 Occasional, ususally in low numbers. 3-265
L. lemniscatus (Valenciennes, 1828) 1998-99 1-40
L. lutjanus Bloch, 1790 33 Rare, only one seen. 5-90
L. monostigma (Cuvier, 1828)* 1, 2a, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 16, 18-21, Moderately common. 5-60
26, 28, 39-33, 36, 37, 39, 41,
43, 44

L. quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) 8, 13, 14, 18, 25, 39 Occasional. 5-30
L. rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828)* 4, 5, 15, 37, 39 Occasional large adults seen. 2-100
L. russelli (Bleeker, 1849) 3, 4, 8, 9, 39 Occasional solitary fish sighted. 1-80
L. semicinctus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 2b, 5, 13, 16-18, 20, 22, 24, 26, Common. Waigeo is type locality. 10-40
28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44
L. vitta (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)* 29, 38 Rare, only 2 seen. Waigeo is type locality. 8-40
Macolor macularis Fowler, 1931 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 13-18, 20-21, 25, Common. 3-50
26, 28, 30-34, 36-39, 41
M. niger (Forsskål, 1775)* 10, 14, 17, 18, 36, 44 Occasional. 3-90
Paracaesio sordidus Abe & Shinohara, 1962 36 One aggregation containing about 30 fish seen in 40 m. 5-100

Pinjalo lewisi Randall, Allen, & Anderson, 1987 25 One aggregation containing about 20 fish seen in 20 m. 8-40
Symphorichthys spilurus (Günther, 1874)* 1998-99 5-60
Symphorus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1860) 3, 11, 30 Rare, a few adults seen. 5-50
CAESIONIDAE
Caesio caerulaurea Lacepède, 1802* 2a, 2b, 3-7, 9-14, 17, 18, 20-22, Abundant in variety of habitats. 1-30
26-28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43
C. cuning (Bloch, 1791) 2a, 2b, 4-7, 9, 11-19, 21-23, 25- Abundant in variety of habitats, particularly coastal reefs. 1-30
35, 37-44
C. lunaris Cuvier, 1830 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-15, Common. 1-35
18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32,
33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44
C. teres Seale, 1906 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13-15, 17, Common. 1-40
18, 20-22, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39,
43
Dipterygonatus balteatus (Valenciennes, 1830) 1998-99 2-20
Gymnocaesio gymnoptera (Bleeker, 1856) 18, 21 Occasionally seen with mixed school of fusiliers, mainly Pterocaesio pisang. 5-30
April 2002
Appendix 4
149
150
Appendix 4

Pterocaesio digramma (Bleeker, 1865) 16, 25, 30 Occasional. 1-25
P. marri Schultz, 1953 1, 2a, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16-18, Common. 1-35
22, 25, 26, 30, 31-34, 40
P. pisang (Bleeker, 1853) 1, 2a, 10, 13-16, 18, 21, 22, 26, Common in variety of habitats. 1-35
28, 29, 31-34, 36, 37, 39, 41,
43, 44
P. tessellata Carpenter, 1987 1, 2a, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 26, Occasional, but locally abundant. 1-35
28, 30, 37
P. tile (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2a, 7, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, Common. 1-60
26, 28, 30-32, 34, 37, 39, 43
GERREIDAE
Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829* 1998-99 0-10
G. oyena (Forsskål, 1775)* 6, 11, 13 Occasional in sandy areas. 0-10
HAEMULIDAE
Diagramma pictum (Thünberg, 1792)* 5, 9, 17, 40 Occasional, in silty areas. 2-40
Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides (Lacepède, 1800) 2a, 10, 14, 16, 17, 20, 38, 39, Occasional. 1-40
41, 44
P. chrysotaenia (Bleeker, 1855) 2a, 3, 14, 16, 21, 30, 34, 37, 39 Occasional. 4-30
P. gibbosus (Lacepède, 1802)* 1998-99 2-30
P. lessoni (Cuvier, 1830)* 14, 17, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, Occasional. Waigeo is type locality. 5-35
39
P. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 21, Moderately common. 2-40
25, 30, 34, 36-40
P. obscurus (Günther, 1871) 34, 38 Rare, two large adults seen. 5-50
P. polytaenia (Bleeker, 1852)* 1, 2a, 3, 5, 7-11, 14-18, 21, 25, Moderately common. 5-40
28-30, 32, 33, 36, 39
P. unicolor (Macleay, 1883) 33 Rare, about 10 adults seen in 4 m. 2-25

P. vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3, 13, 17, 25, 26, 31, 34, 37, 39, Occasional. 3-30
44
LETHRINIDAE
Gnathodentex aurolineatus Lacepède, 1802 25 Rare, one aggregation of 30 fish seen. 1-30
Gymnocranius grandoculus (Valenciennes, 1830) 2a, 37 Rare. 20-100
G. sp. 1998-99 15-40
Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1909 13, 17, 26, 28, 31, 41 Occasional. 2-30
L. erythracanthus Valenciennes, 1830 15, 20, 25, 31, 44 Occasional. 15-120
L. erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830* 1-3, 5-7, 16, 18, 20-22, 23-28, Moderately common. 2-30
31, 35, 37, 40-42, 44

L. harak (Forsskål, 1775)* 2a. 5, 6, 11-13, 16, 25, 26, 33, Moderately common on sheltered reefs near shore. 1-20
34, 41
L. laticaudis Alleyne & Macleay, 1777 14 Rare, only one seen. 3-40
L. lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) 16 Rare, 3 individuals seen. 10-50
L. obsoletus (Forsskål, 1775) 5-7, 14, 17, 24, 25, 31, 39, 41 Occasional, and always in low numbers. 1-25
L. olivaceous Valenciennes, 1830* 2a, 9, 10 Occasional. 4-185
L. ornatus Valenciennes, 1830 3, 25, 39 Occasional 3-20
L. semicinctus Valenciennes, 1830* 25, 31, 33, 38, 39 Occasional, always below 30 m depth. Waigeo is type locality. 10-40
L. variegatus Valenciennes, 1830 9 Rare, but seagrass is main habitat. 1-10
L. sp. 2 (Carpenter & Allen, 1989) 30 Rare, only one seen in 30 m depth. 10-40
L. xanthocheilus Klunzinger, 1870 20, 25, 36 Rare, less than 10 fish seen. 2-25
Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10-14, 16-18, Common. The most abundant lethrinid at the Raja Ampats. 1-100
20-22, 24, 26-28, 30-34, 36-44
NEMIPTERIDAE
Pentapodus emeryii (Richardson, 1843)* 8, 14, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, Occasional. 5-40
35, 39
April 2002
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152
Appendix 4

P. sp. (Russell, 1990) 2a, 3, 7, 10-12, 15, 16, 22, 24- Moderately common at base of slopes over sand-rubble bottoms. 3-25
26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 42
P. trivittatus (Bloch, 1791) 2a, 2b, 3-6, 8, 9, 11-13, 16, 23, Moderately common, usually on sheltered coastal reefs. 1-15
26, 27, 29, 38, 40-43
Scolopsis affinis Peters, 1876 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 24-26, Occasional, but locally common in sandy areas. 3-60
30, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43
S. bilineatus (Bloch, 1793)* 1-7, 9-11, 13-22, 24-26, 28-34, Common. 2-20
42-44
S. ciliatus (Lacepède, 1802) 2b, 3, 4, 8, 0, 23, 40 Moderately common at sites subjected to silting. 1-30
S. lineatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824* 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 33, 41 Occasional on shallow reefs. Waigeio is type locality. 0-10
S. margaritifer (Cuvier, 1830)* 1, 2b, 3-19, 23-27, 29, 35, 37, Common, especially on sheltered coastal reefs. Waigeo is type locality. 2-20
38, 40-44
S. monogramma (Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1830) 1998-99 5-50
S. temporalis (Cuvier, 1830)* 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 21, 29, 38 Occasional, over sand bottoms. Waigeo is type locality. 5-30
S. trilineatus Kner, 1868 1998-99 1-10
S. vosmeri (Bloch, 1792) 16 Rare, only one seen. 3-35
S. xenochrous (Günther, 1872)* 2a, 8, 9, 16, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, Occasional, usually below 20 m. 5-50
33
MULLIDAE
Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacepède, 1802)* 5, 11, 26, 33, 37 Occasional, usually seen in small groups. 1-40
Parupeneus barberinoides (Lacepède, 1801) 11 Rare, only one seen, but more common in seagrass habitat. 1-20
P. barberinus (Lacepède, 1801)* 1-3, 6-26, 28-33, 35-44 Common. 1-100
P. bifasciatus (Lacepède, 1801) 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-16, 18-20, Common. 1-80
22, 24-26, 30-44
P. cyclostomus (Lacepède, 1802) 1-3, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20, 25, 26, Moderately common, but in lower numbers than previous two species. 2-92
28, 30-33, 36, 37, 39-41
P. heptacanthus (Lacepède, 1801) 3, 12, 25 Rare, less than 10 seen. 1-60

P. indicus (Shaw, 1903)* 44 Rare, only one seen. 0-15
P. multifasciatus Bleeker, 1873 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 1-140
24-26, 28-34, 36-44
P. pleurostigma (Bennett, 1830) 13 Rare, only one seen. 5-46
Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846* 3, 4, 12, 15, 29, 42 Occasional, but mainly found on sand bottoms away from reefs. 1-40
PEMPHERIDAE
Parapriacanthus ransonneti Steindachner, 1870 2a, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, 25, 30, 31, Moderately common, forming large aggreations in caves and crevices. 5-30
33, 41, 43
Pempheris mangula Cuvier, 1829 20, 26, 33, 34, 36, 42 Moderately common, forming large aggreations in caves and crevices. 5-30
P. vanicolensis Cuvier, 1831 5, 16, 21, 28, 32, 36 Moderately common, forming large aggreations in caves and crevices. 3-38

TOXOTIDAE
Toxotes jaculatrix (Pallas, 1767)* 5, 23, 27 Occasional where reef and mangroves in close proximity. 0-2
KYPHOSIDAE
Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepède, 1801 16, 34, 37 Occasional. 1-20
K. cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 11, 14, 17, 21, 30, 32-34, Moderately common. 1-24
37, 39, 44
K. vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825)* 2a, 10, 13, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, Moderately common. Waigeo is type locality. 1-20
31, 33, 34, 37
MONODACTYLIDAE
Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 1998-99 0-5
CHAETODONTIDAE
Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 1, 4-7, 12, 13, 15-18, 23, 25, 32, Moderately common. 3-25
33, 39, 40, 42
C. auriga Forsskål, 1775 1, 2a, 3, 6-8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 33, Moderately common. 1-30
35, 36, 38, 40-42
C. baronessa Cuvier, 1831 1-3, 5-7, 9-22, 24-26, 29, 31-44 Common, seen on most dive. 2-15
April 2002
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153
154
Appendix 4

C. bennetti Cuvier, 1831* 1, 2a, 4, 7, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 43 Occasional. 5-30
C. citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 1, 2a, 11, 13, 20, 24, 30-34, 39, Occasional on shallow reefs affected by surge. 1-12
42
C. ephippium Cuvier, 1831 1-3, 5-8, 10, 13-18, 21, 22, 25, Moderately common, but never more than 2-3 pairs seen at a single site. 1-30
26, 30-32, 36-38, 44
C. kleinii Bloch, 1790* 1-3, 5-7, 9, 10, 12-18, 20-22, Commonly seen at most sites. 6-60
24-26, 30-39, 41-44
C. lineolatus Cuvier, 1831 4, 10, 16, 29, 35 Occasional, less common than the very similar C. oxycephalus. 2-170
C. lunula Lacepède, 1803 1, 2a, 3, 7, 9, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26, Moderately common, but always in low numbers at each site. 1-40
30, 31, 36-38, 40, 41
C. lunulatus Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 1-3, 5-32, 35-43 Common, one of the most abundant butterflyfishes at the Raja Ampats. 1-25
C. melannotus Schneider, 1801 3-5, 9, 16-18, 20-22, 25, 26, 31, Occasional. 2-15
34, 39, 41
C. meyeri Schneider, 1801 1, 2a, 7, 16, 22, 25, 30, 37 Occasional. 5-25
C. ocellicaudus Cuvier, 1831 2a, 2b, 4, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 24, Moderately common. 1-15
26, 31, 35, 38, 43
C. octofasciatus Bloch, 1787* 2b, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 23, Moderately common at sheltered sites where reef influenced by silt. 3-20
26, 27, 29, 35, 38, 40-42
C. ornatissimus Cuvier, 1831 2a, 3, 7, 11, 17, 20, 21, 25, 26, Moderaely common in rich coral areas. 1-36
30-32, 37, 39, 40
C. oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 1, 2b, 10, 15-17, 20, 24, 25, 27, Moderately common, but always in low numbers. 8-30
32, 33, 38, 40, 44
C. punctatofasciatus Cuvier, 1831* 1, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 20-22, 26, Occasional, usually in pairs. 6-45
32
C. rafflesi Bennett, 1830* 1-3, 5-7, 9-12, 14-16, 18-22, 24- Common, one of the most abundant butterflyfishes at the Raja Ampats. 1-15
26, 30-35, 40-44
C. selene Bleeker, 1853 10, 15, 22, 25, 39 Occasional, usually below 20 m. 8-50
C. semeion Bleeker, 1855 1, 2a, 2b, 11, 13, 14, 16, 22, 24, Occasional. 1-25
30, 31, 37

C. speculum Cuvier, 1831 1, 2a, 3-7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16-18, Moderately common. 1-30
20-27, 29, 32-34, 37, 40
C. trifascialis Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-22, 24-26, Moderately common in areas of tabular Acropora. 2-30
31-34, 37, 39, 43, 44
C. ulietensis Cuvier, 1831 4, 9-11, 15, 16, 19-21, 23, 31, Moderately common. 8-30
35, 37, 39
C. unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 2a, 10, 17, 26, 30, 32, 33, 37, 43 Occasional. 1-60
C. vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758* 1-3-7, 9, 10, 12-22, 24-26, 28, Common, one of most abundant butterflyfishes at the Raja Ampats. 1-30
30-44
C. xanthurus Bleeker, 1857 7 Rare, only one seen in 25 m. 12-50

Chelmon rostratus (Linnaeus, 1758) 3-5, 15, 23, 27, 29, 35 Occasional, mainly on silty reefs of the Louisiades. 1-15
Coradion chrysozonus Cuvier, 1831 1, 2a, 3, 6-10, 12-18, 21, 22, 25, Moderately common on sheltered reefs. 5-60
28, 29, 31, 32, 39, 41, 42
Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan and McGregor, 1898 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, 20, 25, 30-32, Occasional. 2-114
34-37, 39
F. longirostris (Broussonet, 1782) 1, 2a, 7, 13, 17, 28, 31, 34 Occasional. 5-60
Hemitaurichthys polylepis (Bleeker, 1857) 2a, 7, 25 Rare, except about 20 seen at site 25. 3-60
Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 21, 22 Occasional. 2-75
H. chrysostomus Cuvier, 1831 1, 2a, 3, 5-7, 10-18, 20, 22, 23, 5-40
25-28, 30-34, 36, 39
H. diphreutes Jordan, 1903 2a, 7, 14, 28, 39, 43 Occasional, usually in aggregatons. 15-210
H. monoceros Cuvier, 1831 21, 38 Rare, only 2 pairs seen. 2-25
H. singularius Smith and Radcliffe, 1911 3, 5, 15, 21, 23, 26-28, 32, 36, Occasional. 12-45
38, 42
H. varius (Cuvier, 1829) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 6-22, 24-44 Common. 2-30
Parachaetodon ocellatus (Cuvier, 1831)* 8 Rare, only one seen. 5-40
POMACANTHIDAE
Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Lacepède, 1831) 1, 2a, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 20, Moderately common. 10-50
22, 24, 25, 28, 32, 34, 36, 39
April 2002
Appendix 4
155
156
Appendix 4

Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1798) 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 7, 9-11, 13, 14, 16- Common. 3-35
18, 20, 22, 24-26, 28, 30-33, 34,
36, 37, 39, 44
C. bispinosus (Günther, 1860) 1, 2b, 11-13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 25, Moderately common. 10-45
26, 28, 31, 37
C. flavicauda Fraser-Brunner, 1933 10, 28, 31, 37 Generally rare, but sometimes locally common on rubble bottoms. 10-60
C. nox (Bleeker, 1853) 1-3, 11-13, 16, 26, 29, 31, 33, Occasional. 10-70
38, 40-44
C. tibicen (Cuvier, 1831)* 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, Moderately common. 4-35
24-26, 28, 30-34, 37, 39
C. vroliki (Bleeker, 1853) 1-3, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, 24- Common. 3-25
26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44
Chaetodontoplus dimidatus (Bleeker, 1860)* 12, 13, 18, 25, 28, 33, 34 Occasional, usually below 25 m, but common in 10-15 m at site 34. 5-40
C. mesoleucus (Bloch, 1787) 1, 2b, 3, 4, 6-10, 12, 13, 15, 16, Moderately common. 1-20
18, 21-26, 29, 35, 37, 38, 40-44
C. sp. (possibly just white-tailed variey of 2a, 6, 19, 23, 37, 29, 35, 38 Occasional, usually on very sheltered bays with relatively heavy siltation. 1-20
C. mesoleucus)
Genicanthus lamarck Lacepède, 1798* 1, 2a, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16-18, 20, Moderately common. 15-40
22, 25, 26, 28, 31, 33, 39
G. melanospilos (Bleeker, 1857) 12, 31 Rarely seen, but locally common at site 31. 20-50
Paracentropyge multifasciatus (Smith and 1, 11, 16, 25 Occasional, but seldom noticed due to cave-dwelling habits. 10-50
Radcliffe, 1911)
Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch, 1787) 15, 23 Rare, only 3 fish seen, including 2 large adults. 1-60
Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787)* 2a, 7, 10, 14-18, 20-22, 24-26, Moderately common, but always in low numbers. 3-70
28, 30-34, 36-39, 41, 43, 44
P. navarchus Cuvier, 1831* 1, 2a, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20-22, Moderately common. 3-30
24-26, 30-32, 37, 42-44
P. semicirculatus Cuvier, 1831* 3, 6, 13, 29, 32, 36 Occasional. Waigeo is type locality. 5-40

P. sexstriatus Cuvier, 1831 1, 2a, 3-10, 12, 13, 15-23, 25, Moderately common. 3-50
28-30, 36-38, 42
P. xanthometopon (Bleeker, 1853)* 1, 2a, 3, 11, 13, 14, 17, 21 Occasional. 5-30
Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772)* 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20- Common, one of the most abundant angelfishes in the Raja Ampats. 3-50
22, 24-26, 28, 30-32, 35-44
MUGILIDAE
Crenimugil crenilabis (Forsskål, 1775)* 1 One school of about 15 fish seen. 0-4
Liza vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825)* 41 One school of about 30 fish seen. Waigeo is type locality. 0-3
Valamugil seheli (Forsskål, 1775)* 11, 40 Two schools with about 20 fish in each seen. 0-4

POMACENTRIDAE
Abudefduf bengalensis (Bloch, 1787) 4, 5, 8, 23 Rare, about 10 seen. 0-8
A. lorenzi Hensley and Allen, 1977 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 31, 42 Occasional, but locally common in shallow water next to shore. 0-6
A. notatus (Day, 1869) 1, 20, 21, 30 Occasional in rocky surge zone. 1-12
A. septemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) 11 Rare, but surge zone environment not regularly surveyed. 1-3
A. sexfasciatus Lacepède, 1802* 2a, 3, 6-8, 11-13, 16, 21, 29, 31, Moderately common. 1-15
38, 40-44
A. sordidus (Forsskäl, 1775) 1, 11, 16, 31 Occasional, but surge zone environment not regularly surveyed. 1-3
A. vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825)* 1, 2a, 3, 5-13, 15, 16, 18, 20-22, Generally common. Waigeo is the type locality. 1-12
24-26, 29-34, 36-38, 40-44
Acanthochromis polyacantha (Bleeker, 1855) 2b, 5-7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16-18, Moderately common. 1-50
23-27, 29, 40-44
Amblyglyphidodon aureus (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15-18, Common on steep slopes, but always in low numbers. 10-35
20-22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 36, 37,
39, 42-44
A. batunai Allen, 1995 26 Rare. 2-12
A. curacao (Bloch, 1787) 1-3, 6, 7, 9-14, 16-21, 24-27, Common. 1-15
29-33, 35, 37, 38, 40-44
April 2002
Appendix 4
157
158
Appendix 4

A. leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, Common. 2-45
16-18, 20-22, 24-26, 28-33, 35-
44
A. ternatensis (Bleeker, 1853) 2a, 2b, 4, 12, 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, Common on silty inshore reefs. 2-12
31, 35, 38
Amblypomacentrus breviceps (Schlegel and Müller, 3, 4, 12, 29, 40, 42-44 Occasional, around debris and small coral outcrops situated on 2-35
1839-44) sloping silt bottoms.
Amphiprion chrysopterus Cuvier, 1830 1998-99 1-20
A. clarkii (Bennett, 1830) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 10-18- 20, 21, One of the two most common anemonefishes at the Raja Ampats. 1-55
24-26, 28, 30, 31, 33-38, 40, 41,
43, 44
A. melanopus Bleeker, 1852 6, 15, 21, 22, 26, 32, 43 Occasional. 1-10
A. ocellaris (Cuvier, 1830)* 1, 2a, 2b, 3-5, 7, 9, 11-16, 18, One of the two most common anemonefishes at the Raja Ampats. 1-15
20-22, 24, 25, 29-32, 37-44
A. perideraion Bleeker, 1855* 7, 11, 15-18, 21, 26, 28, 33, 34, Occasional. 3-20
40
A. polymnus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 24, 30 Rare, but restricted to featureless silt or sand bottoms away from reefs. 2-30
A. sandaracinos Allen, 1972 2, 5, 6, 21, 30, 35, 40, 42 Occasional. 3-20
Cheiloprion labiatus (Day, 1877) 6, 13, 26 Rare, about 10 seen. 1-3
Chromis alpha Randall, 1988 1, 2a, 11, 13, 16, 33 Occasional on steep slopes. Photographed 18-95
C. amboinensis (Bleeker, 1873) 1-3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13-16, 18, 20- Common. 5-65
22, 25, 26, 31-33, 37, 39-44
C. analis (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2a, 14-16, 18, 20-22, 25, 26, Moderately common on steep slopes. 10-70
44
C. atripectoralis Welander and Schultz, 1951 1, 2a, 3, 5, 6, 10, 13-18, 20, 22, Common. . 2-15
24-26, 32, 37, 42, 44
C. atripes Fowler and Bean, 1928 2a, 10, 13, 17, 20-22, 25, 28, Moderately common on steep slopes. 10-35
30-33, 36, 37, 39

C. caudalis Randall, 1988 1, 7, 11, 14, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28, Occasional on steep slopes. 20-50
32, 37, 39
C. cinerascens (Cuvier, 1830) 5 Rare, but locally common at site 5. 3-20
C. delta Randall, 1988 1, 2a, 7, 11-16, 20-22, 25, 33, Moderately common, especially on steep slopes below about 15 m depth. 10-80
36, 37, 39
C. elerae Fowler and Bean, 1928 1, 2a, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 25, 33, Moderately common, always in caves and crevices on steep slopes. 12-70
36, 39, 41, 44
C. lepidolepis Bleeker, 1877 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-15, 17, 18, Common. 2-20
20-22, 24-26, 30-32, 34, 36, 37,
39, 43, 44

C. lineata Fowler and Bean, 1928 2a, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 22, 24, 25, Moderately common, usually in clear water with some wave action. 2-10
31-33, 37
C. margaritifer Fowler, 1946 1, 2a, 3, 7, 9-11, 13, 14, 17, 20- Common in clear water areas. 2-20
22, 24-26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39,
43
C. retrofasciata Weber, 1913 1-3, 7-11, 13-18, 20-22, 24-26, Common at most sites. 5-65
31, 32, 37, 39, 43-44
C. scotochiloptera Fowler, 1918 1, 2a, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20- Moderately common. 5-20
22, 25, 26, 28, 39, 43
C. ternatensis (Bleeker, 1856) 1-3, 6, 7, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, Abundant, often forming dense shoals on upper edge of steep slopes. 2-15
28-34, 36-41, 43, 44
C. viridis (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2b, 3, 5-7, 9, 11-13, 15, 17, Abundant in sheltered areas of rich coral, generally in clear water. 1-12
18, 20-22, 24-27, 29, 33, 37, 38,
42-44
C. weberi Fowler and Bean, 1928 1, 2a, 5-7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 3-25
24-26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 41-
44
C. xanthochira (Bleeker, 1851) 1, 7, 11, 22, 26, 37, 39 Occasional on outer slopes. 10-48
April 2002
Appendix 4
159
160
Appendix 4

C. xanthura (Bleeker, 1854) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20- Common, especially on steep slopes. 3-40
22, 24-26, 28, 30-33, 36, 37, 39,
42-44
Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)* 1998-99 0-5
C. bleekeri (Fowler and Bean, 1928) 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 24, Moderately common on rubble bottoms below 15 m. 3-30
25, 28, 30, 31, 42, 43
C. brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) 1, 2a, 16, 20, 21, 24, 31, 33, 36, Moderately common, usually in shallow beach rock areas affected by 0-2
37 surge.
C. cyanea (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) 1, 6, 11, 13, 31, 41, 44 Occasional, usually in shallow well-sheltered areas with clear water. 0-10
C. hemicyanea (Weber, 1913) 2b, 4, 6, 12, 13, 19, 23, 26, 27, Moderately common in sheltered bays and lagoons. Photographed. 1-15
29, 35, 40, 42
C. oxycephala (Bleeker, 1877) 4, 19, 23, 26, 27, 35, 38 Occasional in sheltered bays and lagoons. 1-16
C. parasema (Fowler, 1918) 35 Rare, except moderately common at site 35. 1-16
C. rex (Snyder, 1909) 30, 31, 36 Occasional, in surge areas off NW Waigeo. 1-6
C. rollandi (Whitley, 1961) 1-3, 6-9, 11-16, 18, 20-22, 24- Common, particularly on reef slopes affected by silt. 2-35
26, 29, 31-33, 35, 37-44
C. springeri Allen & Lubbock, 1976 6, 12, 26, 40, 42, 44 Occasional in sheltered bays and lagoons. 5-30
C. talboti (Allen, 1975) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10-18, 20-22, 24- Common, except in silty areas. 6-35
26, 28, 30-33, 37, 39, 41-44
C. unimaculata (Cuvier, 1830) 9, 13, 15, 31, 42 Occasional, but locally common on shallow reef flats. 0-2
Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, Common in sheltered waters, forming aggregations around small coral 1-12
24-27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40-42, 44 heads.
D. melanurus Bleeker, 1854 2b, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 19, 26. 27, Moderately common on sheltered reefs. 1-10
29, 31, 35, 42
D. reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) 1, 2a, 3, 5-7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20- Common. 1-50
22, 24-26, 28-34, 36, 37, 39, 42-
44
D. trimaculatus (Rüppell, 1928) 1-3, 5-7, 10-18, 20-22, 24-26, Common. 1-55
28-44

Dischistodus chrysopoecilus (Schlegel and Müller, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11-13, 29, 31, 40, 41 Occasional in sand-rubble areas near shallow seagrass beds. 1-5
1839)
D. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1830)* 8 Rare. 1-8
D. melanotus (Bleeker, 1858) 6, 11, 13, 26, 31, 35, 40-42 Occasional. 1-10
D. perspicillatus (Cuvier, 1830) 2a, 4, 6, 8, 11-13, 19, 23, 26, Moderately common in mixed coral-sand habitat near shore. 1-10
27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40, 41, 44
D. prosopotaenia (Bleeker, 1852) 8, 9, 11, 12, 26, 38 Occasional. Photographed 1-12
Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon (Bleeker, 1852)* 2a, 2b, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 19, 23, 26, Moderately common, generally on sheltered reefs affected by silt. 1-20
27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44
Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1856) 28 Rare, one school of about 30 fish seen. 5-25

Neoglyphidodon crossi Allen, 1991 7, 11, 16, 22, 24-26, 30, 33 Occasional, but locally common. Photographed. 2-12
N. melas (Cuvier, 1830)* 1-3, 5-7, 9-11, 13, 15-18, 20-22, Moderately common, but in low numbers at each site. Photographed. 1-12
24-27, 29-44
N. nigroris (Cuvier, 1830) 1-3, 6, 7, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, Common. 2-23
30-37, 39-44
N. oxyodon (Bleeker, 1857) 4, 6, 13, 29, 35, 41, 42 Occasional on sheltered reef flats near shore 0-4
N. thoracotaeniatus (Fowler and Bean, 1928) 2a, 2b, 11, 16, 26, 31, 44 Occasional. Photographed. 15-45
Neopomacentrus azysron (Bleeker, 1877) 1, 11, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30-33, 36 Occasional, but locally common at some sites. 1-12
N. bankieri (Richardson, 1846) 5, 8, 9 Occasional, but locally common at some sites. 3-12
N. cyanomos (Bleeker, 1856) 2a, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14-18, 21, 22, Moderately common. 5-18
26, 29-31, 33, 39, 41-43
N. filamentosus (Macleay, 1833) 4, 5, 8, 9, 23, 35, 38 Occasional, but locally common on sheltered reefs. 5-15
N. nemurus (Bleeker, 1857) 5, 8, 9, 12, 19, 21, 23, 27, 40, Occasional, but locally common on sheltered inshore reefs. 1-10
42
N. taeniurus (Bleeker, 1856) 1998-99 0-4
Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Liénard, 1839) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 14, 20-22, 25, Moderately common in rich coral areas. 1-12
26, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 43
P. lacrymatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) 1-3, 6-11, 13-18, 20-22, 24-26, Common. 2-12
30-37, 39, 40, 42-44
April 2002
Appendix 4
161
162
Appendix 4

P. leucozonus (Bleeker, 1859) 1, 20, 24, 30, 31, 36 Occasional in surge areas. 0-2
Pomacentrus adelus Allen, 1991 1-3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11-13, 15-17, 24- Common. 0-5
27, 29-35, 37, 41-44
P. amboinensis Bleeker, 1868 1-3, 5-7, 9-22, 24-26, 28, 29, Abundant on sand-rubble bottoms. 2-40
31-35, 37-44
P. auriventris Allen, 1991 1, 2a, 5-7, 9, 10, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 0-8
24-26, 28, 29, 30-34, 36-39, 42,
43
P. bankanensis Bleeker, 1853 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13, 14, 16, 18, Common. 0-12
20-22, 24-26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37,
39, 43, 44
P. brachialis Cuvier, 1830 1-3, 5-7, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, 28- Abundant, especially in areas exposed to curents. 6-40
34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44
P. burroughi Fowler, 1918 2b, 4, 6, 9, 11, 19, 23, 26, 27, Moderately common, usually on silty inshore reefs. 2-16
29, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44
P. chrysurus Cuvier, 1830 2b, 11, 27, 42 Occasional, around small coral or rock formations surrounded by sand. 0-3
P. coelestis Jordan and Starks, 1901 1-3, 5-7, 9-12, 15-18, 20-22, 24- Common. 1-12
26, 28, 30-35, 37, 39, 42-44
P. cuneatus Allen, 1991 4, 8, 9, 29 Occasional on silty reefs. 15-25
P. grammorhynchus Fowler, 1918 2b, 6, 13, 29, 31, 40 Occasional. 2-12
P. lepidogenys Fowler and Bean, 1928 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, Common. 1-12
20-22, 24-26, 30-33, 37, 39, 41-
44
P. littoralis Cuvier, 1830 4, 5, 8, 31, 41 Occasional on silty, well sheltered reefs. 0-5
P. moluccensis Bleeker, 1853 1-3, 5-7, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, 29- Abundant. 1-14
35, 37, 39-44
P. nagasakiensis Tanaka, 1917 1-3, 6, 7, 9-18, 21, 22, 25, 26, Occasional, around isolated rocky outcrops surrounded by sand. 5-30
30-33, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44

P. nigromanus Weber, 1913 1-3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11-16, 18-20, 22, Common, usually on slopes in a variety of habitats. 6-60
23, 26, 27, 29, 35, 37-44
P. nigromarginatus Allen, 1973 1, 2a, 7, 13, 16, 20, 25, 27, 31, Moderately common on steep slopes. 20-50
35, 42
P. opisthostigma Fowler, 1918 2b, 12, 23, 27, 42 Occasional, but locally common in sheltered, silty habitats. 10-25
P. pavo (Bloch, 1878) 2a, 8, 9, 12, 31, 35, 38, 44 Occasional , usually around coral patches in sandy lagoons. 1-16
P. philippinus Evermann and Seale, 1907 18, 30, 32 Rare, less than 10 seen. 1-12
P. reidi Fowler and Bean, 1928 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13-16, 18, Moderately common, usually on seaward slopes. 12-70
20, 22, 25, 28, 31-33, 36, 37,
39, 41, 42

P. simsiang Bleeker, 1856 4-6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 26, 27, 29, 31, Moderately common, usually in sheltered, silty bays. 0-10
40, 41
P. smithi Fowler and Bean, 1928 2b, 6, 9, 11, 12, 26, 29, 42, 44 Occasional, but locally common on sheltered reefs. Photographed. 2-14
P. taeniometopon Bleeker, 1852 23 Rare, only one seen, but frequents mangroves. 0-3
P. tripunctatus Cuvier, 1830* 4, 6, 8, 13, 27, 41 Occasional in very shallow water next to shore. 0-3
P. vaiuli Jordan and Seale, 1906 1, 7, 10, 13, 20, 22, 25, 30-34, Moderately common, usually on steep outer slopes. 3-45
36, 37, 39, 42, 44
Premnas biaculeatus (Bloch, 1790)* 2b, 4, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 23, 25, Occasional. Photographed 1-6
40, 43
Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel and Müller, 1839) 1998-99 0-2
S. fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1889) 1, 2a, 30, 31, 33, 36 Occasional in surge areas. 0-5
S. lividus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 13, 29, 40 Occasional, but locally common. 1-5
S. nigricans (Lacepède, 1802) 13, 26, 35, 40 Occasional, but locally common. 1-12
S. obreptus (Whitley, 1948) 1998-99 2-6
LABRIDAE
Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1828* 1, 2a, 20, 24, 36 Occasional, usually female sighted. 2-30
A. geographicus Valenciennes, 1840* 16, 17, 21, 33, 34 Rare, only 5 seen. 5-25
April 2002
Appendix 4
163
164
Appendix 4

A. melanurus Bleeker, 1857 20, 30, 33, 36 Rare, only 6 seen. 12-40
A. meleagrides Valenciennes, 1840 1, 2a, 10, 14, 18, 25, 26, 28, 33, Occasional, always in small numbers. 4-60
39, 43
A. neoguinaicus Bleeker, 1878 1998-99 8-30
A. twistii Bleeker, 1856 1 Rare, only one seen. 2-30
Bodianus anthioides (Bennett, 1831) 1998-99 6-60
B. axillaris (Bennett, 1831) 1998-99 2-40
B. bilunulatus Lacepède, 1801)* 1998-99 8-108
B.bimaculatus Allen, 1973 1998-99 30-60
B. diana (Lacepède, 1802) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 6-25
24-26, 28-34, 36-39, 42-44
B. mesothorax Schneider, 1801 1, 2a, 3, 6-11, 13-17, 20-22, 24- Common. 5-30
26, 29-38, 40-44
Cheilinus chlorurus (Bloch, 1791)* 5, 13, 26, 41 Occasional. 2-30
C. fasciatus (Bloch, 1791)* 1-19, 21-32, 35, 37, 39, 41-44 Common, several adults seen on most dives. 4-40
C. oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 9-11, 13, 15-18, 21-26, 30-32, Moderately common. 1-20
35, 37, 39, 43, 44
C. trilobatus Lacepède, 1802 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 10, 13-16, 18, 20, Moderately common, several adults seen on most dives. 1-20
22, 24-26, 29-31, 33-36, 39
C. undulatus Rüppell, 1835 2a, 9, 14, 21, 23, 36, 39 Rare, only 7 seen. 2-60
Cheilio inermis Forsskål, 1775* 11, 13, 33, 41 Occasional, but mostly in weed habitats. 0-3
Choerodon anchorago (Bloch, 1791) 2a, 2b, 3-9, 11-13, 15, 16, 19, Moderately common, usually in slity areas. 1-25
26, 27, 29, 35, 38, 40, 42-44
C. schoenleinii (Valenciennes, 1839) 10-80
C. zosterophorus (Bleeker, 1868)* 10, 13, 16, 18, 24-26, 28, 29, Occasional in small groups over sand bottoms. 5-50
37-39
Cirrhilabrus condei Allen and Randall, 1996 2b Rare, only one seen. Photographed. 25-45

C. cyanopleura (Bleeker, 1851) 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, Abundant in variety of habitats, but usually areas exposed to current. 2-20
28-34, 36-40, 42-44
C. exquisitus Smith, 1957 7, 21, 25, 37 Occasional. 6-32
C. flavidorsalis Randall & Carpenter, 1980 31 Rare, only 2 seen. 10-30
C. tonozukai Allen & Kuiter, 1999 2a, 2b, 9, 13, 14, 17, 24, 25, 28, Occasional. 8-40
30, 31
Coris batuensis (Bleeker, 1862) 2a, 2b, 3, 7, 9-12, 14-18, 20, 24- Moderately common. 3-25
26, 29-34, 44
C. gaimardi (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824)* 1-3, 7, 9-11, 13-15, 17, 18, 20- Moderately common. 1-50
22, 24-26, 28, 30-34, 39, 43, 44

C. pictoides Randall & Kuiter, 1982 2a, 5, 12-16, 18, 22, 24, 25, 28- Occasional. 8-33
33
Cymolutes torquatus Valenciennes, 1840 1998-99 3-20
Diproctacanthus xanthurus (Bleeker, 1856) 1-3, 6-27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, Common, but most abundant on protected inshore reefs. 2-15
40-44
Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) 1, 2a, 2b, 4-7, 9-33, 35-44 Common. 1-40
Gomphosus varius LacepŁde, 1801 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20- Common. 1-30
22, 24-26, 30-34, 37, 39, 41, 44
Halichoeres argus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 1, 16, 23, 31, 38, 41 Occasional, usually in silty, protected areas with weeds. 0-3
H. biocellatus Schultz, 1960 2, 7, 22 Rare, only 3 seen. 6-35
H. chloropterus (Bloch, 1791)* 2, 4-6, 8, 9, 11-13, 15, 16, 19, Common, usually on sheltered inshore reefs with sand and weeds. 0-10
23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40-
42, 44
H. chrysus Randall, 1980 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13-18, 20-22, Common on clean sand bottoms. 7-60
24-26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39, 41-
44
H. hartzfeldi Bleeker, 1852 3, 5, 13, 16, 36, 38, 30, 33, 37, Occasional on sand-rubble bottoms. 10-30
39, 42
April 2002
Appendix 4
165
166
Appendix 4

H. hortulanus (Lacepède, 1802)* 1, 2a, 3, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 1-30
24, 26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39,
42-44
H. leucurus (Walbaum, 1792) 2a, 2b, 4, 8, 9, 15, 19, 23, 27, Occasional, usually in silty bays. Sometimes locally common. 2-15
29, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44
H. margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-18, 20- Common, usually in shallow water next to shore. 0-3
22, 24, 25, 28, 30-34, 36, 37,
39, 43, 44
H. marginatus (Rüppell, 1835)* 1, 20, 24-26, 30, 31, 33, 34 Occasional. 1-30
H. melanochir Fowler & Bean, 1928 33 Rare, only 3 seen. 4-18
H. melanurus Bleeker, 1853 1-3, 5-18, 20-22, 24-28, 31-34, Common. 2-15
38-44
H. melasmopomus Randall, 1980 36 Rare, only one seen. 10-55
H. miniatus Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1839 1998-99 Rare, but locally common. 0-8
H. nebulosus Valenciennes, 1839 42 Rare, less than 10 seen. 1-40
H. nigrescens Bleeker, 1862 8 Rare, several seen in silty conditions. 1-10
H. pallidus Kuiter & Randall, 1994 1998-99 5-30
H. papilionaceus (Valenciennes, 1839)* 6, 13, 40, 41 Occasional, in shallow seagrass beds. 0-4
H. podostigma (Bleeker, 1854) 20, 25, 26, 43 Rare, less than 10 seen. 2-25
H. prosopeion Bleeker, 1853 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20- Common. 5-40
22, 24, 25, 30-33, 36, 37, 39,
41-44
H. richmondi Fowler & Bean, 1928 21, 42 Rare, only 4 seen. 1-15
H. scapularis Bennett, 1832* 6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, Moderately common, always in sandy areas. 0-15
26, 31, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43,
44
H. solorensis (Bleeker, 1853) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 11, 13-18, 20-22, 25, Common, except in silty bays. 2-40
26, 28, 32-34, 37, 39, 42-44

Hemigymnus fasciatus Bloch, 1792 1, 2a, 6, 7, 17, 22, 25, 26, 31, Occasional. 1-20
36, 39, 40, 44
H. melapterus Bloch, 1791 1, 2a, 2b, 5-7, 9-22, 24-27, 29- Common, but in low numbers at each site. 2-30
34, 36, 37, 39, 41-44
Hologymnosus doliatus Lacepède, 1801 1, 2a, 7, 10, 11, 16-18, 20, 22, Moderately common. 4-35
24-26, 30-34, 39
Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot, 1847) 1-3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16-18, Common, especially in rich coral areas. 1-20
20-22, 24-26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37,

40, 42-44
Labroides bicolor Fowler and Bean, 1928 1, 2a, 2b, 16-18, 25, 26, 30-33, Occasional, generally in smaller numbers than other Labroides species. 2-40
36, 37, 39-44
L. dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839)* 1, 2a, 3, 5-27, 29-44 Moderately common. 1-40
L. pectoralis Randall and Springer, 1975 2a, 13, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30, Occasional. 2-28
31, 37, 44
Labropsis alleni Randall, 1981 26 Rare, about 5 seen. 4-52
Leptojulis cyanopleura (Bleeker, 1853) 1, 2a, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 26, 31, 42, Occasional, but easliy overlooked due to sandy habitat. 15-80
43
Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes, 1839) 1, 2a, 7, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24- Moderately common, but always in small numbers at each site. 1-30
26, 30-34, 36, 43
M. negrosensis Herre, 1932 2a, 2b, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13, 16-18, Moderately common, but always in small numbers at each site. 8-30
24-26, 31, 34, 37, 39
Novaculichthys macrolepidotus (Bloch, 1791)* 1998-99 1-12
N. taeniourus (Lacepède, 1802) 2a, 2b, 7, 10, 15, 18, 20-22, 24- Occasional. 1-14
26, 30-33
Oxycheilinus bimaculatus Valenciennes, 1840 2a, 3, 8, 9, 24, 26, 30 Occasional, around rock and coral outcrops on sandy or rubble bottoms. 2-110
O. celebicus Bleeker, 1853 2a, 2b, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, Moderately common on sheltered inshore reefs. 3-30
23, 26, 27, 29, 35, 38, 40-44
April 2002
Appendix 4
167
168
Appendix 4

O. diagrammus (Lacepède, 1802) 2a, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, Occasional. 3-120
29, 31-34
O. orientalis (Günther, 1862) 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 22, Occasional. 15-70
24, 25, 31, 33, 42
O. sp. 12, 15, 19, 26, 27, 42 Occasional on sand-rubble bottoms of silty bays and lagoons. 5-35
Photographed.
O. unifasciatus (Streets, 1877) 18 Rare, only one seen. 3-80
Parachelinus cyaneus Kuiter & Allen, 1999 15, 24, 29, 31 Occasional. 8-40
P. filamentosus Allen, 1974 1, 2b, 6, 8, 13-15, 18, 22, 24-26, Moderately common, usually in rubble areas. 10-50
29, 33, 37, 42, 44
Pseudocheilinops ataenia Schultz, 1960 27 Rare, only one seen. 5-25
Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan and Evermann, 1, 2a, 7, 10, 12-14, 16, 20, 22, Moderately common. 6-40
1902 24, 25, 28, 30-34, 36, 37, 39,
41, 42
P. hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857) 1-3, 9-18, 20-22, 24-26, 28-34, Moderately common, only a few seen on each dive, but has cryptic habits. 2-35
36-39, 41, 44
Pseudocoris heteroptera (Bleeker, 1857) 1998-99 10-30
P. philippina Fowler & Bean, 1928 1998-99 8-35
P. yamashiroi (Schmidt, 1930) 7, 14, 16, 18, 22, 39 Occasional, but locally common. 10-30
Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes, 1840) 1, 7, 13, 17, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, Occasional, always in low numbers. 3-40
32, 36, 39
Pseudojuloides kaleidos Randall & Kuiter, 1994 24, 31 Rare, only 3 seen. 8-40
Pteragogus cryptus Randall, 1981 2b, 6, 29, 42 Rarely seen, but has cryptic habits. 4-65
P. enneacanthus (Bleeker, 1856) 16 Rarely seen, but has cryptic habits. 5-40
Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker, 1851) 3, 7, 10, 13, 20, 25, 32, 33, 36, Moderately common. 0-30
37, 39
S. interrupta (Bleeker, 1851) 13, 16, 25 Occasional. 4-25

SP EC I ES SI T E R EC O R D S AB U N D AN C E D EP TH (m)
S. strigiventer (Bennett, 1832) 5, 7, 9-13, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24-26, Moderately common. 0-6
28, 31, 33, 43, 44
S. trilineata (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)* 1, 2a, 3, 6, 9-11, 13, 14, 20, 21, Moderately common. 1-10
24-26, 30-34, 36, 39, 40, 41
Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker, 1856) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, Common. 1-15
20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30-34, 36,
37, 39, 44
T. hardwicke (Bennett, 1828)* 1-3, 6-16, 18, 20-22, 24-26, 30- Common. 0-15
34, 37, 39, 40-44
T. jansenii Bleeker, 1856 1, 2a, 7, 11, 14-16, 20-22, 24- Moderately common, usually in very shallow water exposed to surge. 0-15
26, 30-33, 36, 39

T. lunare (Linnaeus, 1758) 1-3, 6-18, 20-22, 24-26, 28-39, Common. 1-30
40, 42-44
T. purpureum (Forsskål, 1775) 21, 30, 33, 34 Occasional in surge areas. 2-20
T. quinquevittatum (Lay and Bennett, 1839) 1, 36 Rare, except locally common at 2 sites exposed to surge. 0-18
Wetmorella albofasciata Schultz & Marshall, 1954 1998-99 5-40
Xyrichtys pavo Valenciennes, 1839 33 Rare, only one seen. 2-25
SC AR I D AE
Bolbometopon muricatum (Valenciennes, 1840) 2a, 4, 5, 9, 11, 14, 15, 21, 23, Occasional, either lone fish or in groups of up to about 5-15 large adults. 1-30
29, 30, 32, 36-38
Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1839) 13 Rare, only one seen. 4-30
Cetoscarus bicolor (Rüppell, 1828) 1-3, 9-11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 26, Moderately common, but usually in small numbers. 1-30
31, 32, 37, 39, 44
Chlorurus bleekeri (de Beaufort, 1940) 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-20, 22, 25- Common. 2-30
27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40-44
C. bowersi (Snyder, 1909) 11, 16, 24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 42, Occasional. 3-20
44
April 2002
Appendix 4
169
170
Appendix 4
C. japanensis (Bloch, 1789) 14, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, Occasional. 3-15
31, 33, 34
C. microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) 2a, 14, 16-18, 20-22, 25, 26, 30- Moderately common. 2-35
32, 37, 39, 43, 44
C. sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) 1-3, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-22, 24-26, Common. 1-25
29-34, 36-44
Hipposcarus longiceps (Bleeker, 1862)* 2a, 2b, 3, 10, 11, 13, 28, 31, 36, Moderately common at sites adjacent to sandy bottoms. Waigeo is type 5-40
37 locality.
Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 6, 13 Rare, but found in seagrass or weedy areas. Waigeo is type locality. 1-20
Scarus chameleon Choat and Randall, 1986)* 10, 17, 25, 26, 31, 39 Occasional. 3-15
S. dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859 1, 2a, 2b, 6-8, 10-16, 18-22, 24- Common. 1-15
27, 29-33, 37, 40, 41, 44
S. flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958 1-3, 5-7, 10, 11, 13-20, 22, 24- Common, one of most abundant parrotfishes at the Raja Ampats. 8-40
27, 29-35, 37-44
S. forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) 1, 2, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20, 24, 25, Moderately common. 3-30
30-32, 34, 36, 39, 44
S. frenatus Lacepède, 1802 1, 6, 7, 9-11, 13, 14, 18, 20-22, Moderately common. 3-25
24, 25, 30-32, 37, 43
S. ghobban Forsskål, 1775 1-23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 36, 38, Common. 3-30
40-44
S. globiceps Valenciennes, 1840 7 Rare, only one male seen. 2-15
S. hypselopterus Bleeker, 1853 16, 19, 23, 26 Occasional. 4-20
S. niger Forsskål, 1775 1, 2, 7, 10, 11, 14-22, 24-26, 30- Common. 2-20
40, 42-44
S. oviceps Valenciennes, 1839 2a, 2b, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-16, 18, Common. 1-12
21, 22, 24-26, 37, 41, 43, 44
S. prasiognathos Valenciennes, 1839 16, 31, 41 Rare, less than 10 seen. 4-25
S. psittacus Forsskål, 1775* 1, 2, 18, 24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, Occasional. 4-25
39, 43

S. quoyi Valenciennes, 1840 5-8, 10-12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 24- Moderately common, usually on protected inshore reefs with increased 4-18
26, 29, 31, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42 turbidity.
S. rivulatus Valenciennes, 1840 5, 15, 40, 41, 44 Occasional. Photographed. 5-20
S. rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849 1, 2a, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24- Moderately common. 1-30
26, 28, 30,34, 36, 39, 43, 44
S. schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) 2a, 6, 22, 30, 32, 39 Occasional. 1-45
S. spinus (Kner, 1868) 1, 2a, 7, 10, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24, Occasional. 2-18
25, 31, 32, 37
S. tricolor Bleeker, 1849 7, 15 Rare, 2 adult pairs seen. 8-40
TR I C H O N O TI D A E

Trichonotus elegans Shimada & Yoshino, 1984 42, 43 Locally common at 2 sites. Inconspicuous resident of sandy slopes. 5-25
Trichonotus setiger (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 1998-99 5-25
P I N G U I P ED I D AE
Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1911 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20, Occasional. 3-50
22, 30, 31-34, 49, 43
P. cylindrica (Bloch, 1792)* 13, 15, 44 Occasional in weed-sand areas. 0-20
P. hexophthalma (Cuvier, 1829) 3, 10, 11, 13, 18, 25, 44 Occasional. 5-25
P. millepunctata (Günther, 1860) 7, 20-22, 24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 36, Occasional. 3-50
43, 44
P. schauinslandi (Steindachner, 1900) 2a, 13, 30 Rare, only 5 seen in 30-40 depth. 15-80
P. sp. 1 3, 9, 10-12, 16, 23, 26, 29, 30, Occasional. An undescribed species ranging widely in the Indo-Australian 5-25
35, 37-39, 42-44 Archipelago.
P. sp. 2 12, 29 Rare. 5-25
P. tetracantha (Lacepède, 1800) 10, 13-15, 17, 18, 24, 25, 28, Occasional. 8-40
30, 37, 39, 44
P. xanthozona (Bleeker, 1849) 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16 Occasional on sheltered reefs. 1-15
April 2002
Appendix 4
171
172
Appendix 4
P H O LI D I C H TH YI D AE
Pholidichthys leucotaenia Bleeker, 1856 12, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, Moderately common, but usually only juveniles seen. 1-40
31-33, 37, 39, 41
T R I P T ER YG I I D AE
Enneapterygius philippinus (Peters, 1869)* 1998-99 8-37
E. rubricauda Shen & Wu, 1994 32 Two collected with rotenone. 0-32
E. sp. 30 One collected with rotenone. 5-10
E. ziegleri Fricke, 1994 1998-99 0-2
Helcogramma striata Hansen, 1986 1, 2a, 10, 21, 22, 23 Occasional, but inconspicuous. 1-20
H. sp 32 One collected with rotenone. 5-15
Ucla xenogrammus Holleman, 1993 19 Rare, only one seen. 2-40
B LEN N I I D A E
Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 28, 32 Rare, only 2 seen. 1-25
Atrosalarias fuscus (Rüppell, 1835) 6, 28, 41-44 Occasional in rich coral areas. 1-12
Blenniella chrysospilos (Bleeker, 1857) 22 Rare, but not readily observed due to shallow wave-swept habitat. 0-3
Cirripectes castaneus Valenciennes, 1836 20, 25, 30, 37 Occasional. 1-5
C. filamentosus (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877) 36, 42 Occasional. 1-20
C. polyzona (Bleeker, 1868) 24, 33 Occasional. 0-3
C. quagga (Fowler & Ball, 1924) 31, 32 Occasional. 1-5
C. stigmaticus Strasburg and Schultz, 1953 1, 26, 31 Occasional. 0-5
Crossosalarias macrospilus Smith-Vaniz and 1, 36 Rare, only two seen. 1-25
Springer, 1971
Ecsenius bandanus Springer, 1971 6, 8, 12, 43, 44 Occasional. 2-15
E. bathi Springer, 1988 17, 18, 22, 25, 28, 39, 40 Occasional. Photographed. 3-25
E. bicolor (Day, 1888) 1, 2a, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, Moderately common. 3-20
22, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39,
43
E. lividinalis Chapman and Schultz, 1952 2a, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, Moderately common in rich coral areas, usually among branches of 2-15
25, 29, 42-44 staghorn Acropora. Photographed.

E. namiyei (Jordan and Evermann, 1903) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 21, 22, Moderately common. 5-30
25, 31, 33, 36, 42, 44
E. stigmatura Fowler, 1952 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 23, 38, Moderately common. Photographed. 2-30
40-44
E. trilineatus Springer, 1972 3, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 32, 43 Occasional. 2-20
E. yaeyamensis (Aoyagi, 1954) 2a, 6, 21, 25, 30, 32 Occasional. 1-15
Entomacrodus striatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1836) 1998-99 0-2
Istiblennius edentulus Bloch and Schneider, 1801* 1998-99 0-2
I. lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836)* 1998-99 0-2
Meiacanthus atrodorsalis (Günther, 1877) 3, 6, 15, 40, 42, 44 Moderately common. 1-20

M. crinitus Smith-Vaniz, 1987 12, 13, 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, 38, Occasional. 1-20
40, 42
M. ditrema Smith-Vaniz, 1976 1998-99 5-30
M. grammistes (Valenciennes, 1836) 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 9-12, 15, 16, 18, Moderately common. 1-20
20-22, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34,
40, 42
Petroscirtes breviceps (Valenciennes, 1836) 15, 34 Rare, but often found in weed habitat. 1-10
Plagiotremus rhinorhynchus (Bleeker, 1852)* 2a, 2b, 3, 7, 8, 11-13, 15, 17, Common, but alway in low numbers. 1-40
20-22, 25-34, 36, 39-44
P. tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1857) 1, 7, 20 Rare, only 3 seen. 1-25
Salarias fasciatus (Bloch, 1786) 2b, 6, 26, 40 Rare, only 4 seen. 0-8
S. patzneri Bath, 1992 4, 5, 8, 23, 27, 35 Occasional. 0-10
S. ramosus Bath, 1992 29 Rare, only one seen. Photographed. 3-25
S. segmentatus Bath & Randall, 1991 4, 23, 38 Occasional. 0-5
S. sibogae Bath, 1992 19 Rare. Photographed. 0-5
C ALL I O N YM I D AE
Anaora tentaculata Gray, 1835 1998-99
Callionymus ennactis Bleeker, 1879* 12, 43 Two specimens collected with dipnet. 0-20
April 2002
Appendix 4
173
174
Appendix 4
C. pleurostictus Fricke, 1992 1998-99 0-15
Synchiropus morrisoni Schultz, 1960 1998-99 2-20
S. ocellatus (Pallas, 1770) 2a Rare, only one seen. 0-20
S. splendidus (Herre, 1927) 1998-99 1-18
G O B I I D AE
Acentrogobius janthinopterus (Bleeker, 1852) 1998-99 0-3
Amblyeleotris arcupinna Mohlmann & Munday, 12 Rare, only one seen. 8-35
1999
A. fasciata (Herre, 1953) 9, 24 Rare, only 2 seen. 3-20
A. fontanesii (Bleeker, 1852) 40 Locally common at site 40. Photographed. 5-30
A. guttata (Fowler, 1938) 3, 13, 15, 16, 39, 43 Occasional. 10-35
A. gymnocephala (Bleeker, 1853) 8, 43 Locally common at 2 sites. 5-30
A. latifasciata Polunin & Lubbock, 1979 2a, 9 Rare, about 5 seen. 5-30
A. periophthalma (Bleeker, 1853) 10, 12, 15, 24, 29 Occasional, locally common in some sandy areas. 8-15
A. steinitzi (Klausewitz, 1974) 12, 25, 35, 43, 44 Occasional, locally common in some sandy areas. 6-30
A. wheeleri (Polunin and Lubbock, 1977) 1, 3, 36 Rare, only 3 seen. 5-20
A. yanoi Aonuma and Yoshino, 1996 13, 14, 16 Rare, only 3 seen. 10-40
Amblygobius buanensis (Herre, 1927) 4, 8, 12, 23 Occasional. 1-5
A. bynoensis (Richardson, 1844) 12, 31, 41 Occasional. 0-5
A. decussatus (Bleeker, 1855)* 2a, 4, 9, 11, 12, 19, 26-29, 35, Moderately common in sheltered silty areas. 3-20
38, 40-42
A. esakiae Herre, 1939 1998-99 0-10
A. nocturnus (Herre, 1945) 4, 19, 23, 27 Occasional in strongly silted areas. Photographed. 3-30
A. phalaena (Valenciennes, 1837) 2a, 2b, 5, 12, 24, 29, 31, 38, 41 Occasional. 1-20
A. rainfordi (Whitley, 1940) 2a, 2b, 3, 6, 8, 11-13, 15, 21, Occasional, always in low numbers. 5-25
23, 26, 27, 38, 40-44
Asterropteryx bipunctatus Allen and Munday, 1996 1998-99 15-40
A. semipunctatus Rüppell, 1830 5 Generally rare, but common at one site 1-10

A. striatus Allen and Munday, 1996 3, 6, 12, 42-44 Occasional, but locally abundant. 5-20
Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854) 1998-99 0-2
B. cyclopterus (Valenciennes, 1837) 1998-99 0-2
Bryaninops amplus Larson, 1985 2, 3 Seen only twice, but difficult to detect. No doubt common wherever 10-40
seawhips are abundant.
B. loki Larson, 1985 1998-99 6-45
B. natans Larson, 1986 6, 42, 44 Rare, but relatively inconspicuous due to tiny size. 6-27
B. tigris Larson, 1985 5-40
B. yongei (Davis & Cohen, 1968) 8, 12 Seen only twice, but difficult to detect. No doubt common wherever 5-40
seawhips are abundant.

Callogobius maculipinnis (Fowler, 1918) 41 One specimen collected with rotenone. 3-25
C. inframaculatus Randall, 1994 1998-99 5-30
Coryphopterus duospilus Hoese and Reader, 1985 28 One collected with rotenone. 5-25
C. neophytus (Günther, 1877) 2 Rare. 2-15
C. signipinnis Hoese and Obika, 1988 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, Moderately common. 10-30
25, 27, 29, 38, 42-44
C. maximus Randall, 2001 11, 41 Two specimens collected with rotenone. 5-25
C. melacron Randall,2001 18, 21, 27, 43 Occasional. 4-20
Cryptocentroides insignis Seale, 1910 1998-99 3-15
Cryptocentrus cinctus (Herre, 1936) 4, 12 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 2-15
C. fasciatus (Playfair & Günther, 1867) 12 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 2-15
C. leptocephalus Bleeker, 1876* 12, 23, 41 Occasional, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 0-10
C. leucostictus (Günther, 1871) 3 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 1-15
C. octofasciatus Regan, 1908 12, 23, 41 Occasional, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 1-5
C. sp. 1 (spots on opercle) 4 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 2-10
C. sp. 2 (blue spots) 4, 23 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. Photographed. 1-10
C. sp. 3 (yellowish) 40 Rare, only one seen. Photographed. 18-25
April 2002
Appendix 4
175
176
Appendix 4
C. sp. 4 40 Rare, only 6 seen. Photographed. 18-25
C. strigilliceps (Jordan and Seale, 1906) 1998-99 1-6
Ctenogobiops aurocingulus (Herre, 1935) 1998-99 2-15
C. feroculus Lubbock and Polunin, 1977 7, 12, 41 Rare, less than 10 seen. 2-15
C. pomastictus Lubbock and Polunin, 1977 12, 29 Rare, less than 10 seen. 2-20
Eviota albolineata Jewett and Lachner, 1983 3, 5, 7, 11, 16, 39, 42 Noticed on several occasions, but easily missed due to small size. 1-10
E. bifasciata Lachner and Karnella, 1980 43, 44 Rare, only 3 aggreagations seen. 5-25
E. guttata Lachner and Karanella, 1978 13, 21, 26, 30, 43, 44 Noticed on only a few occasions, but easily missed due to small size. 3-15
E. nigriventris Giltay, 1933 40, 42 Rare, only 2 groups seen. 4-20
E. pellucida Larson, 1976 6, 9, 13, 16, 18, 23, 25, 27, 29, Occasional. 3-20
40, 43, 44
E. prasina (Kluzinger, 1871) 31 Noticed once, but easily missed due to small size. 3-20
E. prasites Jordan and Seale, 1906 11, 24, 31, 40, 43 Noticed on several occasions, but easily missed due to small size. 3-15
E. sebreei Jordan and Seale, 1906 6, 10, 11, 18, 22, 26, 34, 42 Noticed on several occasions, but easily missed due to small size. 3-20
E. sp. 1 6, 19, 23, 35, 42-44 Occasional. A new species. 4-12
E. sp. 2 19, 23, 27 Noticed on 3 occasions, but easily missed due to small size. 1-12
E. sp. 3 20 Two collected with rotenone. 8-10
E. sparsa Jewett and Lachner, 1983 20 One collected with rotenone. 8-10
Exyrias bellisimus (Smith, 1959) 2b, 4, 19, 23 Occasional on silty reefs. 1-25
Exyrias puntang (Bleeker, 1851)* 1998-99 0-5
E. sp. 2b Rare, only one seen. 3-30
Gnatholepis anjerensis Bleeker, 1851 4, 5 Rarely seen, but locally common. 1-45
G. cauerensis Bleeker, 1853 16, 43, 44 Rarely seen, but locally common. 1-45
Gobiodon okinawae Sawada, Arai and Abe, 1973 19, 26 Relatively rare, but a secretive species that is easily overlooked. 2-12
G. unicolor (Castelnau, 1873) 1998-99 2-12
Istigobius decoratus (Herre, 1927)* 19, 30 Rarely noticed, but probably more common. 1-18

I. ornatus (Rüppell, 1830)* 8, 23 Rarely noticed, but probably more common. 0-5
I. rigilius (Herre, 1953) 10, 15, 21, 28, 32, 40, 42 Occasional. 0-30
Luposicya lupus Smith, 1959 8, 11, 19, 38 Only a few seen, but easily escapes notice due to small size. Commensal 2-18
with sponges (Phyllospongia).
Macrodontogobius wilburi Herre, 1936 2b, 4, 8, 12, 19, 23, 27, 31, 35, Occasional in slilty areas. 2-15
38, 40
Mahidolia mystacina (Valenciennes, 1837) 40 Rare, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 1-20
Oplopomus oplopomus (Valenciennes, 1837) 31, 40 Rarely noticed, but sand habitat not adequately surveyed. 2-25
Periophthalmus argentilineatus (Valenciennes, 31, Recorded only once, but mainly resident of mangroves. 0-2
1837)*

P. kalolo Lesson, 1830* 1998-99 Waigeio is type locality. 0-2
Phyllogobius platycephalops (Smith, 1964) 15 Only a few seen, but easily escapes notice due to small size. Commensal 3-20
with sponges (Phyllospongia).
Pleurosicya labiata (Weber, 1913) 40, 42 Only a few seen, but easily escapes notice due to small size. Commensal 4-30
with sponges (Ianthella).
P. elongata Larson, 1990 43 Only a few seen, but easily escapes notice due to small size. Commensal 10-40
with sponges (Xestosponga).
P. mossambica Smith, 1959 43 Only a few seen, but easily escapes notice due to small size. 1-35
Priolepis fallacincta Winterbottom & Burridge, 20 One collected with rotenone. 1-25
1992
Sueviota atronasus Winterbottom & Hoese, 1988 20 One collected with rotenone. 10-25
Signigobius biocellatus Hoese and Allen, 1977 19, 29, 35, 38 Occasional on silty bottoms. 2-30
Stonogobiops xanthorhinica Hoese and 42, 43 Rare, only 2 seen. 12-60
Randall,1982
Tomiyamichthys oni (Tomiyama, 1936) 1998-99 5-30
Trimma anaima Winterbottom, 2000 42 Only one seen, but easily overlooked. 3-35
T. benjamini Winterbottom, 1996 1998-99 10-24
T. emeryi Winterbottom, 1984 20, 41, 42 Several specimens collected with rotenone. 5-25
T. griffthsi Winterbottom, 1984 6, 19, 42 Occasional, but is easily overlooked due to small size and secretive habits. 10-40
Photographed.
April 2002
Appendix 4
177
178
Appendix 4
T. halonevum Winterbottom, 2000 1998-99 1-45
T. macrophthalma (Tomiyama, 1936) 28 Collected with rotenone. 5-30
T. naudei Smith, 1957 1998-99 3-25
T. okinawae (Aoyagi, 1949) 32 Collected with rotenone. 5-30
T. rubromaculata Allen and Munday, 1995 6, 44 Generally rare, but locally common at 2 sites. 20-35
T. sp. 1 15, 20, 42 Collected with rotenone. 8-40
T. sp. 2 42 Collected with rotenone. 5-20
T. sp. 3 20, 28, 29, 41 Collected with rotenone. 5-15
T. sp. 4 20, 28, 42 Collected with rotenone. 8-25
T. striata (Herre, 1945) 2b, 12, 15, 19, 38, 40, 42, Occasional, but easily overlooked due to small size and secretive habits. 2-25
T. taylori Lobel, 1979 20 Collected with rotenone. 15-50
T. tevegae Cohen and Davis, 1969 6, 15, 19, 20, 38, 41, 42 Occasional, but easily overlooked due to small size and secretive habits. 8-45
Valenciennea bella Hoese & Larson, 1994 16, 31 Rare, only 2 seen. 10-35
V. helsdingenii (Bleeker, 1858)* 1998-99 1-30
V. muralis (Valenciennes, 1837) 4, 5, 23, 35 Occasional in shallow sandy areas. 1-15
V. puellaris (Tomiyama, 1936) 3, 8, 9, 12, 15, 25, 26, 39, 42, Occasional. 2-30
43
V. randalli Hoese and Larson, 1994 38 Rare, several seen in 30 m depth. 8-30
V. sexguttata (Valenciennes, 1837) 13, 31, 41, 44 Occasional. 1-10
V. strigata (Broussonet, 1782)* 1-3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14-18, 20, 24, Occasional, in relatively low numbers at each site. 1-25
25, 30-34, 38, 43, 44
Vanderhorstia lanceolata Yanagisawa, 1978 1998-99 4-20
M I C R O D ESM I D AE
Aioliops megastigma Rennis and Hoese, 1987 19, 23, 27, 38 Occasional. 1-15

Gunnelichthys pleurotaenia Bleeker, 1858 42 Apparently rare, but inconspicuous. 2-30
PTERELEOTRIDAE
Nemateleotris magnifica Fowler, 1938 1, 13 Rare, only 2 seen. 6-61
Parioglossus formosus (Smith, 1931) 4, 8 Locally common, but easily overlooked. 0-1
P. philippinus (Herre, 1940) 8, 19, 31, 42 Occasional. 0-1
Ptereleotris evides (Jordan and Hubbs, 1925) 1, 2, 6, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, Moderately common. 2-15
25, 30, 31, 36, 38, 39, 42-44
P. hanae (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) 43 Rare, only one seen. Photographed. 3-43
P. heteroptera (Bleeker, 1855) 10, 18, 21, 25, 30, 37 Occasional, usually below 25 m depth. 6-50

P. microlepis Bleeker, 1856 2b, 4, 5, 8, 9, 27, 33, 35, 37 Occasional. 1-22
P. zebra (Fowler, 1938) 36, 44 Rarely seen, but locally common. 2-10
XEN I STH M I D A E
Xenisthmus polyzonatus (Klunzinger, 1871) 20, 28 Collected with rotenone. 5-20
EP H I P P I D AE
Platax batavianus (Cuvier, 1831) 9, 10, 12 Rare, 3 large adult seen. 1-40
P. boersi Bleeker, 1852 2a, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15 Occasional. 1-20
P. orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775)* 13 Generally rare, but several small schools seen at site 13. Photographed 1-30
P. pinnatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 21, 23, 28, 29, The most common batfish encountered, but only occasional sightings. 1-35
32, 34, 36-38, 42
P. teira (Forsskål, 1775) 7, 13, 26 Occasional. 0-2
SC A TO P H AG I D A E
Scatophagus argus (Bloch, 1788) 1998-99 0-10
SI G AN I D AE
Siganus argenteus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) 2b, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13-16, 18, Moderately common. 1-30
20, 22, 25, 26, 33, 37, 44
S. canaliculatus (Park, 1797) 6, 11, 13, 41 Occasional in seagrass beds. 0-5
April 2002
Appendix 4
179
180
S. corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835) 1, 2a, 6, 11-13, 15-18, 20-22, Moderately common. 4-25
24-26, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37,
39, 41-44
S. guttatus (Bloch, 1787) 1998-99 1-25
S. javus (Linnaeus, 1766)* 2a, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21 Occasional. 1-25
S. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1835) 4-6, 8, 16, 21, 38, 39, 44 Occasional. 1-25
S. puellus (Schlegel, 1852) 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-18, 20-22, Common. 2-30
24-26, 29, 30-32, 34, 37, 42-44
S. punctatissimus Fowler and Bean, 1929 1-3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20- Moderately common. 3-30
22, 25-27, 29, 32, 35-38, 42
S. punctatus (Forster, 1801) 1998-99 1-40
S. spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 11 Rare. 1-12
S. virgatus (Valenciennes, 1835) 2a, 2b, 3-6, 11, 13, 15-17, 19, Moderately common. 1-20
20, 24, 25, 29, 33, 35, 38, 40-42
S. vulpinus (Schlegel and Müller, 1844) 1, 2a, 2b, 5, 6, 10-17, 20-29, 31, Moderately common. 1-30
35, 37, 38, 40-44
ZAN C L I D A E
Zanclus cornutus Linnaeus, 1758* 1-3, 5-6, 9-26, 28-34, 36-44 Common. 1-180
AC AN TH U R I D AE
Acanthurus bariene Lesson, 1830* 9, 14, 33, 36 Occasional. Waigeo is type locality. 15-50
A. blochi Valenciennes, 1835 1, 2b, 14, 19, 21, 24, 26, 29 Occasional. 3-20
A. fowleri de Beaufort, 1951 1, 3, 16, 18, 25, 26 Occasional. 10-30
A. leucocheilus Herre, 1927 7, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 31, 39 Occasional. 5-20
A. lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 10, 11, 13, 15-17, 20-22, 24- Moderately common, usually in shallow surge-affected areas. 1-15
26, 28, 30-34, 36, 40
A. maculiceps (Ahl, 1923) 11, 14, 16, 20, 30-33, 36, 37, 42 Occasional. 1-15
A. mata (Cuvier, 1829) 2a, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14-18, 20-22, 25, Moderately common, usually on dropoffs in turbid water. 5-30
26, 28, 29, 30-34, 36, 39

A. nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758)* 2a, 7, 14, 18, 20, 26, 30-34, 36, Occasional. 3-65
43
A. nigricaudus Duncker and Mohr, 1929 1, 2a, 3, 5-7, 10, 11, 14-18, 20- Moderately common. 3-30
26, 30-39, 44
A. nigrofuscus (Forsskål, 1775) 30-32 Occasional, but easily overlooked. 2-20
A. olivaceus Bloch and Schneider, 1801 1, 7, 11, 13-15, 17, 20, 25, 28, Occasional. 5-45
30-34, 36, 43
A. pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16-18, Common. 4-60
20-22, 24-26, 28, 30-34, 36-39,
41, 44

A. thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 10, 13-17, 20, 22, Moderately common, usually on steep dropoffs. 4-75
36, 37, 39, 44
A. triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2a, 11 Occasional, usually in shallow wave-affected areas. 0-90
A. xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 1-5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 21, 23, 31, 40, Occasional, usually on sandy slopes adjacent to reefs. 3-90
41, 44
Ctenochaetus binotatus Randall, 1955 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 9-18, 20, 22, 25, Common. 10-55
26, 28-35, 37-44
C. striatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) 1-3, 7, 11-16, 19-22, 24-26, 28, Common, usually in depths less than 10 m. 2-30
30-37, 39-44
C. strigosus (Bennett, 1828) 2a, 30, 31 Only a few noticed, but hard to differentiate from C. striatus at a distance. 3-25
C. tominiensis Randall, 1955 26, 40, 43, 44 Occasional. 5-40
Naso annulatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825) 28 Rare, less than 10 seen. 15-40
N. brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835)* 25, 28, 36 Rare, about 8 seen. Waigeo is type locality. 15-50
N. brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) 7, 14, 21, 22, 37, 39 Occasional, but common at site 14. 4-50
N. caeruleacauda Randall, 1994 2a, 39 Two schools seen. 5-40
N. hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) 1, 7, 10, 11, 14-18, 20-22, 26, Moderately common. 6-140
28, 31-34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43
April 2002
181
182
Appendix 4
N. lituratus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16- Common. 5-90
22, 24-26, 29-36, 39, 41-44
N. lopezi Herre, 1927 7, 13, 14, 16-18, 26, 28, 30-34, Moderately common. 6-70
39, 42
N. minor (Smith, 1966) 25 One school of about 30 seen. 10-50
N. thynnoides (Valenciennes, 1835) 7, 20, 28, 30 Occasional large schools seen. 8-50
N. unicornis Forsskål, 1775* 16, 25, 33, 37, 41 Occasional. 4-80
N. vlamingii Valenciennes, 1835 1, 6, 7, 10, 14, 16-18, 20-22, 25, Moderately common, adjacent to steeper outer slopes. 4-50
33, 36, 37, 40, 42
Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 2a, 7, 14, 22, 25, 32, 34 Occasional, but common at sites 14 and 32. 2-40
Zebrasoma scopas Cuvier, 1829 1-3, 6, 7, 10-22, 24-26, 28, 30- Common. 1-60
44
Z. veliferum Bloch, 1797* 2a, 2b, 5-22, 24-27, 29-32, 36- Common. 4-30
42, 44
SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)* 13, 41 Rare, only 2 seen. 0-20
S. flavicauda Rüppell, 1838* 18, 26 Rare, 2 schools of about 10-30 fish seen. 1-20
S. jello Cuvier, 1829 13, 14 Rare, only 2 seen. 1-20
S. qenie Klunzinger, 1870 1998-99 l 5-40
SC O M B R ID AE
Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) 1998-99 0-20
Grammatorcynus bilineatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 7 Rare, only one seen. 10-40
1824)
Gymnosarda unicolor (Rüppell, 1836) 1998-99 5-100
Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816)* 1998-99 0-30
Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800) 16, 18, 43 Rare, 3 large individuals seen. 0-30
B O TH I D AE
Bothus mancus Broussonet, 1782* 1998-99 5-30

B. pantherinus (Rüppell, 1830)* 1998-99 5-30
SOLEIDAE
Soleichthys heterorhinos (Bleeker, 1856)* 1998-99 2-25
B ALI ST I D A E
Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797)* 1-3, 5-18, 20-22, 24-44 Common. 3-50
Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, Common. 10-50
24-26, 28, 30-33, 36, 37, 39
B. viridescens (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 2b, 3, 5-8, 13-16, 18, 21-25, 28, 29, Occasional. 5-45
37, 39, 44

Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch, 1786) 34 Rare, collected from floating Sargassum. 1-30
Melichthys vidua (Solander, 1844) 1, 2a, 14, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, Occasional. 3-60
32, 36, 37
Odonus niger Rüppell, 1836* 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10-17, 20, 25, 28, 30- Common. 3-40
34, 36, 37, 39, 42-44
Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1828)* 3-6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 23, 25, 29, 34, 38 Occasional, in sheltered sand or rubble areas. 2-50
P. fuscus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 37 Rare, only one seen. 1-50
Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 12 Rare, only one seen. 0-3
R. rectangulus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)* 31, 33, 36 Rare, less than 10 seen. 1-3
R. verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 2a, 6, 11-13, 15, 16, 24, 41 Occasional, but locally common on shallow flats near shore. 0-3
Sufflamen bursa (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13-15, 17, 18, Common. 3-90
20, 22, 24-26, 28, 29-37, 39, 41-44
S. chrysoptera (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)* 1-3, 6, 7, 9-17, 20-22, 24-26, 28-34, Moderately common. 1-35
36-39, 42
S. fraenatus (Latreille, 1804) 2a, 13, 15, 28, 30, 33, 42 Occasional. 8-185
April 2002
Appendix 4
183
184
Appendix 4
M O N AC AN TH I D AE
Acreichthys tomentosus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 1998-99 1-10
Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765)* 2b, 16, 18, 25 Circumtropical. Rare, only 4 observed. 2-80
Amanses scopas Cuvier, 1829 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 25, 27 Occasional. 3-20
Cantherines dumerilii Hollard, 1854 26 Rare, only one seen. 1-35
C. fronticinctus (Günther, 1866) 1, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, Occasional. 2-40
28, 32,-34, 36, 42, 43
C. pardalis (Rüppell, 1866) 17, 26, 28 Rare, only 5 seen. 2-20
Oxymonacanthus longirostris Bloch and Schneider, 1801 2b Rare, a single pair seen. 1-30
Paraluteres prionurus (Bleeker, 1851) 12 Rare, only one seen. 2-25
Paramonacanthus japonicus (Tilesius, 1801) 1998-99 2-30
Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker, 1854) 20, 36 Rare, only 2 seen. 2-18
P. melanocephalus (Bleeker, 1853) 13 Rare, only one seen. 15-40
P. nigrolineatus (Herre, 1927) 1998-99 2-15
Pseudomonacanthus macrurus (Bleeker, 1856) 13 Rare, only one seen. Photographed. 5-40
O STR AC I ID A E
Ostracion cubicus Linnaeus, 1758* 2b, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 25, 28, Occasional. 1-40
34, 38
O. meleagris Shaw, 1796* 7, 11, 16, 25, 30, 33, 34, 37, Occasional. 2-30
43
O. solorensis Bleeker, 1853* 6, 11, 16 Rare, only 3 seen. 1-20
TE TR AO D O N TI D AE
Arothron caeruleopunctatus Matsuura, 1994 18 Rare, only one seen. 5-30
A. hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)* 20, 24, 38 Rare, only 3 seen. 1-50
A. manilensis (Marion de Procé, 1822)* 1998-99 1-20
A. mappa (Lesson, 1830) 4, 5, 14, 18, 21, 34, 36, 39 Occasional. 4-40
A. nigropunctatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)* 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, Moderately common, but always in low numbers at each site. 2-35
21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 32, 34,
37-39, 41, 43, 44

A. stellatus (Schneider, 1801) 1998-99 3-58
Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker, 1865) 1 Rare, only one seen. 0-5
Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker, 1854) 1998-99 1-10
C. compressa (Procé, 1822) 1998-99 1-20
C. janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) 1998-99 9-60
C. papua Bleeker, 1848* 2b, 3, 11, 15, 29, 35, 43 Occasional. 1-20
C. valentini (Bleeker, 1853) 2a, 3, 11, 12, 14-16, 18, 20, 25, Occasional. 3-55
28-31, 33, 41, 42
D I O D O N TID AE

Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 2a, 14, 34 Rare, only 3 seen. 1-30
D. liturosus Shaw, 1804 1998-99 3-35
April 2002
Appendix 4
185
Appendix 5
List of target (commercially important) fishes of the Raja Ampat Islands

La Tanda

HOLOCENTRIDAE
Myripristis adusta Bleeker, 1853 3, 7, 14, 16, 17, 33, 34, 39, 41
Myripristis berndti (Jordan & Evermann, 1903) 7, 15, 33, 34, 39, 41, 42, 44
Myripristis botche Cuvier, 1829 14
Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 24, 30, 34
Myripristis murdjan (Forsskål, 1775) 3, 1-17, 19, 21, 25, 28, 31
Myripristis violacea Bleeker, 1851 2a, 2b, 11, 14, 16, 25, 26, 28, 31, 41, 42, 44
Myripristis sp. 2b, 14, 19, 33, 36, 43
Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 2b, 6,-9, 12, 14, 16, 21-23, 28, 29, 38, 39, 41
Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Rüppell, 1838) 1, 7, 14, 17, 21, 24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43
Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 2b, 6,-9, 12, 14, 16, 21-23, 28, 29, 38, 39, 41
Neoniphon argenteus (Valenciennes, 1831) 14
Neoniphon sammara (Forsskål, 1775) 2b, 3, 35, 44
SERRANIDAE
Aetalopherca rogaa (Forsskål, 1775) 2a, 12, 15, 17, 21, 22, 25, 30, 33, 43, 44
Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) 15, 17, 18, 20, 29, 35, 43
Cephalopolis argus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 1, 2a, 7, 17, 20, 33, 34, 36-38, 42, 44
Cephalopolis boenack Bloch, 1790 4, 6, 7, 10, 20, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 43
Cephalopolis cyanostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) 1, 2a, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28,
29, 33, 37, 40-44
Cephalopolis leopardus (Lacepéde, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 22, 25, 33
Cephalopolis microprion (Bleeker, 1852) 2b, 6, 8, 12, 16, 19, 26, 27, 29, 38, 40-44
Cephalopolis miniata (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 2a, 3, 10, 12, 14-18, 20-22, 25, 28-30, 42, 43
Cephalopolis sexmaculata (Rüppell, 1830) 25
Cephalopolis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) 4, 10, 12, 20-25, 28, 38, 39
Cephalopolis urodeta (Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 13,14, 20, 24, 25, 28, 30-33, 34, 36, 37
Cephalopolis sp. 41
Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) 14, 15, 17, 18, 20
Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) 15, 22, 19
Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 37, 39
Epinephelus hexagonatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 27
Epinephelus ongus (Bloch, 1790) 28, 32, 35
Epinephelus sp. 4, 39
Gracilla albomarginata (Fowler & Bean, 1930) 1, 32
Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepéde, 1802) 2b, 13, 15, 18
Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) 4, 8, 11-13, 16, 26, 29, 31, 35, 44
Plectropomus oligocanthus (Bleeker, 1854) 6, 16, 17, 27, 39, 40-44
Variola albomarginatus Baissac, 1953 1, 41
Variola louti (Forsskål, 1775) 2a, 10, 13, 21, 31, 33, 34, 36
Chromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) 11, 16, 18, 20

PRIACANTHIDAE
Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775) 30
Priacanthus sp. 13
CARANGIDAE
Elegatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 6, 7
Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) 42
Caranx lugubris Poey, 1861 33
Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 2a, 4, 6, 14, 21
Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 42
Caranx sp. 41-43
Carangoides bajad (Forsskål, 1775) 2a, 7, 12, 16, 18-20, 26, 28, 39, 41-43
Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) 4, 6
Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål, 1775) 2a
Selaroides leptolepis (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1833) 4, 23
LUTJANIDAE
Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 39
Lutjanus biguttatus (Valenciennes, 1930) 4, 6, 19, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40-44
Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775) 1, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 28, 38
Lutjanus carponotatus (Richardson, 1842) 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 27, 35, 39, 40, 42
3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 20, 26, 27, 34, 35, 37, 39-
Lutjanus decussatus (Cuvier, 1828) 44
Lutjanus ehrenbergi Peters, 1869 3
Lutjanus fulvus (Schneider, 1801) 1-4,7, 8, 11, 14, 19, 30, 31, 38, 44
Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) 8, 10-12, 16, 28, 29, 36, 38, 39, 43
Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål, 1775) 28, 39
Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) 1, 2a, 3, 13, 14, 19, 39, 43, 44
Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) 8, 14, 25, 41, 44
Lutjanus rivulatus (Cuvier, 1828) 4, 8, 12, 39, 40
Lutjanus russelli (Bleeker, 1849) 4, 10, 19, 36
Lutjanus semicinctus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 1, 2b, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18-20, 22, 24-26, 31, 33,
36, 37, 39, 41
Lutjanus sp. 12, 15
Macolor macularis Fowler, 1931 1, 2a, 7, 10, 14,16-18, 39
Macolor niger Forsskål, 1775 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 28, 30-33, 36-38, 43, 44
Paracaesio sordidus Abe & Shinohora, 1962 36
Symphorichthys spilurus (Günther, 1874) 3
Symphorus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1860) 12, 18
CAESIONIDAE
Caesio caerulaurea Lacepéde, 1801 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 11-15, 18, 19, 21, 23, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37,
39-41, 43
Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791) 1-4, 6-9, 11-19, 21, 23, 26-29, 33, 35-38, 40-44
Caesio lunaris Cuvier, 1830 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37,
39, 40, 44
Caesio teres, Seale, 1906 2b, 4, 14-16, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 39, 44
Caesio xanthonota Bleeker, 1853 3, 10, 20
Pterocaesio chrysozona (Cuvier, 1830) 16

Appendix 5

Pterocaesio diagramma (Bleeker, 1865) 21, 22
Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 3, 13, 14, 16-18, 22, 25, 32-34, 36, 44
Pterocaesio pisang (Bleeker, 1853) 1, 2a, 8, 10-18, 20-22,25,29, 31-34, 40-44
Pterocaesio randalli Carpenter, 1987 1, 2a, 14, 39, 43
Pterocaesio tessellata Carpenter, 1987 14, 17, 18, 21, 32
Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 7, 14, 25, 28, 32, 36, 37
Pterocaesio trilineata Carpenter, 1987 7
HAEMULLIDAE
Plectorhinchus chaetodontoides Lacepéde, 1800 2a, 12, 16, 17, 19, 22, 26, 29, 36, 40, 41, 44
Plectorhinchus chrysotaenia (Bleeker, 1855) 30
Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepéde, 1802) 9, 34, 38
Plectorhinchus lessoni (Cuvier, 1830) 17, 28, 30, 32, 34-36, 39, 42
Plectorhinchus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 25, 30, 40, 44
Plectorhinchus picus (Cuvier,1830) 12, 40, 44
Plectorhinchus polytaenia (Bleeker, 1852) 1, 2a, 3, 7-10, 12-16, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 37-39,
42-44
Plectorhinchus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 10, 14, 28, 33, 39
LETHRINIDAE
1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 11-16, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, 33, 35, 39, 43,
Lethrinus erythropterus Valenciennes, 1830 44
Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) 11, 33
Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775) 3
Lethrinus obsoletus (Forsskål, 1775) 7, 11, 18, 24
Lethrinus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1830 24, 28, 44
Lethrinus sp.
Monotaxis grandoculus (Forsskål,1775) 1-3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29,
31-34, 36-40, 42, 44
NEMIPTERIDAE
Scolopsis affinis Peters, 1877 24, 30
Scolopsis bilineatus (Bloch, 1793) 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14-18, 20-22, 24, 25, 28, 30-34, 36,
37, 39, 40, 42-44
Scolopsis ciliatus (Lacepéde, 1802) 3, 4, 9, 23, 40
Scolopsis lineatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 2b
Scolopsis margaritifer (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2b, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11-13, 15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29-31,
35, 37, 38, 40
Scolopsis monogramma (Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1830) 4, 12, 21, 41-44
Scolopsis trilineatus Kner, 1868 2b, 22, 44
Scolopsis xenochrous Günther, 1872 24
Scolopsis sp. 37.
Pentapodus caninus (Cuvier,1830) 3, 7, 12, 15, 21, 24, 27, 31
Pentapodus emeryi (Richardson, 1843) 3, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 29, 31, 33, 38
Pentapodus trivittatus (Bloch, 1791) 3, 4, 12, 15, 19, 23, 26, 29, 40
MULLIDAE
Parupeneus barberinus (Lacepéde, 1801) 2b, 3, 4, 7-12, 14-31, 37-44
Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepéde, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 6, 7, 10-12, 14-17, 20, 21, 25, 28, 31, 33, 34,
37, 40, 42, 43
Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepéde, 1801) 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 31, 39-44

Appendix 5

Parupeneus macronema (Lacepéde, 1801) 30.
Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 1-3, 6, 7, 10-16, 18, 20-44
Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett,1830) 30, 37, 40
Mulloides flavolineatus (Lacepéde, 1801) 12, 13, 29
Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) 26, 31
Upeneus tragula Richardson, 1846 4, 15, 16, 18, 29, 40
KYPHOSIDAE
Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 1, 2a, 16, 17, 20, 24, 39
MONODACTYLIDAE
Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) 8, 26
LABRIDAE
Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1791) 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 11-19, 21, 23-27, 29-31, 33, 35, 37-44
Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepéde, 1802 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 33, 34, 40
Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835 39, 40
Cheilio inermis (Forsskål, 1775) 15
Choerodon anchorago (Bloch, 1791) 2a, 2b, 3, 11-13, 15, 19, 35, 38, 40, 43, 44
Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) 17, 27, 37
Hemigymnus fasciatus(Bloch, 1792) 2b, 21, 26, 34, 37
Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) 13, 17, 24, 35, 37, 39, 42, 44
Oxycheilinus bimaculatus Valenciennes, 1840 2b
Oxycheilinus celebicus Bleeker, 1853 2b
SCARIDAE
Bolbometopon muricatum (Valenciennes, 1840) 2a, 13, 15, 21, 28, 33, 38
Cetoscarus bicolor (Rüppell, 1828) 2b, 6, 7, 10, 12-14, 17, 18, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 35, 38-
42, 44
Chlorurus bleekeri (de Beaufort, 1940) 1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14-22, 24-27, 29-32, 34, 35, 37-44
Chlorurus bowersi (Snyder, 1909) 2b, 11-14, 16, 21, 24, 26, 27, 42
1-3, 6, 8, 10-15, 17, 19, 20, 24-27, 29, 31, 35, 37, 38-
Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) 42
Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854) 43, 44
Hipposcarus longiceps (Bleeker, 1862) 2b, 10, 12-14, 38, 41, 42, 44
Scarus flavipectoralis Schultz, 1958 1, 2b, 11-15, 19, 20, 24, 27, 35, 37-44
Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) 17, 20, 22, 24-26, 32-34, 36, 39, 44
Scarus frenatus Lacepéde, 1802 20, 22, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41, 42
Scarus ghobban Forsskål, 1775 2a, 6, 10, 15, 18, 23, 25, 30-32, 44
Scarus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1853 26, 37, 41
Scarus niger Forsskål, 1775 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 35, 37-44
Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1839 7, 25
Scarus quoyi Valenciennes, 1840 17, 42
Scarus rivulatus Valenciennes, 1840 16, 18-20, 24, 26, 27, 29, 38, 40-44
Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849 1, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20-22, 25, 26, 29, 30-34, 36-44
Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) 1, 2a, 3, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22, 32, 44
Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 32, 39
Scarus sp 2a, 10, 13-15, 17-20, 22-24, 26, 27, 31, 39, 42, 44
EPHIPPIDAE
Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775) 10, 13, 14, 17, 39

Appendix 5

Platax pinnatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 29, 42
Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775) 39, 42
SIGANIDAE
Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 2b, 10, 14, 16, 17, 24, 31, 32, 34, 41
Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797) 1, 2a, 6, 11, 36
Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes, 1835) 2a, 2b, 6, 11, 13-20, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 37-40,
42-44
Siganus doliatus (Cuvier, 1830) 1, 2b, 11, 14-17, 19, 21, 26, 27, 29, 34, 35, 38, 40
Siganus fuscescens (Houttyn, 1782) 6, 11
Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787) 16
Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) 4
Siganus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1835) 4, 7-9, 13, 16, 21, 29, 38, 39, 41, 42
Siganus puellus Schlegel, 1852 2a, 2b, 3, 7-11, 14, 16-18, 21, 22, 25, 26, 29, 31, 37,
38, 43, 44
Siganus punctatissimus (Forster, 1801) 1a, 2a, 11-16, 18-20, 25-27, 35, 37, 38, 41-44
1, 2b, 6, 10-12, 16, 20, 25-27, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-42,
Siganus vulpinus (Schlegel & Muller, 1845) 44
ACANTHURIDAE
Acanthurus bariene Lesson, 1830 7, 27
Acanthurus blochii Valenciennes, 1835 2-4, 6, 8-15, 20, 27, 28, 30-36, 40, 42-44
Acanthurus leucocheilus Herre, 1927 16-18, 20-22, 26
Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2a, 3, 6, 15, 16, 20, 25, 28, 30-34, 39, 41
Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829) 7, 10, 11, 14-18, 20-22, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36, 39, 42
Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758) 2a, 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 28, 32, 34, 36, 37
Acanthurus nigricauda Duncker & Mohr, 1929 14, 32
Acanthurus nubilus (Fowler and Bean, 1929) 39
Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 11, 14, 20, 21, 30, 32, 33, 34
1-3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16-18, 20, 21, 24-26, 30-33,
Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 36-39,41, 43, 44
Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) 1, 2a, 2b, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 22, 32, 36, 39, 42, 44
Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 10, 15, 25, 32, 39
Acanthurus sp. 44
Ctenochaetus binotatus Randall, 1955 1, 2a, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13-16, 21, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 34,
35, 38-41, 44
Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 1-3, 6, 7, 10-12, 14-22, 24-26, 29-44
Ctenochaetus tominiensis Randall, 1955 16, 22, 26, 31, 40, 44
Paracanthurus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1766) 14, 25, 32
Naso brachycentron (Valenciennes, 1835) 36
Naso brevirostris (Valenciennes, 1835) 14, 16-18, 33, 37
Naso hexacanthus (Bleeker, 1855) 1, 2a, 6, 7, 10, 12-19, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39,
40, 42-44
Naso lituratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31,
33, 36
Naso lopezi Herre, 1927 18, 28, 32, 33, 39
Naso thynnoides (Valenciennes, 1835) 7, 31, 42, 43
Naso unicornis Forsskål, 1775 14, 25, 27

Appendix 5

Naso vlamingii (Valenciennes, 1835) 2a, 14, 16, 18, 20, 26, 28, 42
Zebrasoma scopas Cuvier, 1829 1, 2b, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12-17, 20-22, 24-26, 30-32, 35, 37-
39, 41-44
Zebrasoma veliferum Bloch, 1797 1, 2a, 2b, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 31, 37, 39
SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829 26
Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger, 1870 15
SCOMBRIDAE
Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) 13, 44
Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepéde, 1800) 15, 39, 43

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Rapid Assessment Program

Center for Applied Biodiversity

of the Raja Ampat Islands, Conservation International (CI)

Papua Province, Indonesia University of Cenderawasih

Indonesian Institute ofSciences

Western Australian Museum

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 1

Editors: Sheila A. McKenna, Gerald R. Allen, and Suer Suryadi

Printed on recycled paper.

2 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Participants .................................................................................... 4 Chapter 5 ..................................................................................... 66

Overview ....................................................................................... 16 Images .......................................................................................... 87

Chapter 1 ..................................................................................... 26 Appendix 1 .................................................................................... 90

Chapter 2 ..................................................................................... 37 Appendix 3 .................................................................................. 113

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 2

4 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Conservation International University of Cenderawasih (UNCEN)

Conservation International (CI) is an international, University of Cenderawasih serves as a center of

Conservation International University of Cenderawasih

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 4

6 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 7

8 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Pendahuluan keanekaragaman hayati dan peluang konservasi di areal

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 8

10 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 11

12 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Introduction areas. Through underwater inventories generally lasting

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 12

14 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 15

Introduction Additional chapters present the results of fisheries and reef

16 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 17

18 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

No. Date Location Coordinates

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 19

20 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

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24 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Allen , G. R., T. B. Werner, and S. A. McKenna (eds.).

Allen, G. R. and T. B. Werner (eds.). In press. A Rapid

Gosliner, T. M, D. W. Behrens, and G. C. Williams. 1996.

Leis, J. M. 1991. Chapter 8. The pelagic stage of reef

Lesson, R. P. 1828. Description du noveau genre

Lesson, R. P. 1830–31. Poissons. In: Duperrey, L. (ed.)

Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1824. Voyage

Quoy, J. R. C. and J. P. Gaimard. 1834. Voyage de

Werner, T. B. and G. R. Allen, (eds.). 2001. A Rapid

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 25

Reef corals of the Raja Ampat Islands,

Part I. Overview of Scleractinia

Ringkasan Editor’s Note

26 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Conservation merit of Raja Ampat Islands

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 27

28 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program

Part II. Comparison of Individual Survey Sites

RAP Bulletin on Biological Assessment twenty-two April 2002 28

30 C ONSERVATION I NTERNATIONAL Rapid Assessment Program