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    Teratogenesis refers to the process by which congenital malformations are produced in embryos or fetuses. Teratogens are agents that can permanently alter the structure or function of an organism during embryonic or fetal development. The susceptibility of an embryo to teratogens depends on factors like its genotype, developmental stage at exposure, dose and duration of exposure, and how the teratogen acts on developing cells. Common teratogenic factors include infectious agents like rubella virus, physical agents like radiation, chemical agents like thalidomide, environmental pollutants, and maternal health problems like diabetes. The effects of teratogens are most severe when exposure occurs during specific sensitive periods of embryonic development between weeks 2-8.

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    Teratology

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    Teratogenesis refers to the process by which congenital malformations are produced in embryos or fetuses. Teratogens are agents that can permanently alter the structure or function of an organism during embryonic or fetal development. The susceptibility of an embryo to teratogens depends on factors like its genotype, developmental stage at exposure, dose and duration of exposure, and how the teratogen acts on developing cells. Common teratogenic factors include infectious agents like rubella virus, physical agents like radiation, chemical agents like thalidomide, environmental pollutants, and maternal health problems like diabetes. The effects of teratogens are most severe when exposure occurs during specific sensitive periods of embryonic development between weeks 2-8.

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    53 views16 pages

    Teratogenesis and Its Role in Devlopment

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    Teratogenesis refers to the process by which congenital malformations are produced in embryos or fetuses. Teratogens are agents that can permanently alter the structure or function of an organism during embryonic or fetal development. The susceptibility of an embryo to teratogens depends on factors like its genotype, developmental stage at exposure, dose and duration of exposure, and how the teratogen acts on developing cells. Common teratogenic factors include infectious agents like rubella virus, physical agents like radiation, chemical agents like thalidomide, environmental pollutants, and maternal health problems like diabetes. The effects of teratogens are most severe when exposure occurs during specific sensitive periods of embryonic development between weeks 2-8.

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    of 16

    TERATOGENESIS AND ITS

    ROLE IN DEVLOPMENT
    TERMINOLOGY
    • TEROS- Monster

    • TERATOGEN- AN agent that can produce permanent alternation of structure or function in an


    organism exposed during embryonic or foetal life

    • TERATOLOGY- Branch of science which deals with the mechanism and pattern of abnormal
    development
    • TERATOGENICITY- The induction of malformation by teratogen

    • TERATOGENESIS- The process by which congenital malformation are produced in embryo or


    foetus
    SUSEPTIBILITY TO TERATOGENESIS DEPEND ON -
    • Genotype of foetus and maternal genome

    • Developmental stage/ time of exposure

    • Dose and duration of exposure

    • Specific ways in which teratogen act on the developing cell

    • Manifestation if abnormal development – death, malformation growth


    retardation and functional disorder
    THE SENSTIVITY OF THE EMBRYO TO TH E
    TERATOGENIC AGENT INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING-
    • PRE DIFFERENTIATION STAGE- The embryo is not susceptible to teratogen . The
    teratogen may either cause death of embryo by killing all or most of cell or the
    have no apparent effect on embryo . Resistant strain (5-9 day) of gestation.

    • EMBRYONIC STATE- Stage of intensive differentiation , mobilization and


    organization . Therefore embryo become more susceptible to teratogens (10-14
    days) of gestation.
    • For the teratology the animal model used are-
    1. chick embryo
    2. Mouse embryo
    3. Rabbit embryo

    • Recognition of these monster can be treated back prior to beginning of record


    history by oral history passed on in various society

    • Alternation can be in form of anomaly or in metabolic defect

    • Teratogen effect embryo week 2-8 of embryonic development i.e. period known
    as critical period.
    TERATOGENIC FACTOR-
    • INFECTIOUS AGENT

    • PHYSICAL AGENT

    • CHEMICAL AGENT

    • ENVIRONMENTAL AGENT

    • MATERNAL HEALTH PROBLEM


    INFECTIOUS AGENT-
    • Viral-
    1. Zika
    2. Rubella
    3. Spirochaetal infection- Syphilis
    4. Protozoal infection- toxoplasmosis
    • First trimester maternal influence exposer reported to be associated with
    increased risk factor of no. of chromosomal congenital abnormalities
    1. Neural tube defect
    2. Hydrocephalus
    3. Congenital heart abnormalities
    4. Cleft lip
    5. Digestive system and limb abnormalities
    PHYSICAL AGENT -

    • Radiation in teratogenic & its effect are cumulative


    • ICR(international community of radiology) recommended pregnancy test to all
    female patient of child bearing age who will undergo a radiological procedure
    • The degree of ionization radiation needed for these procedure is very close to
    threshold to teratogenicity (especially in 1st trimester)
    CHEMICAL AGENT -
    • Thalidomide disaster in1960 . Thalidomide drug used for reducing morning
    sickness associated with pregnancy
    • Six underlying teratogenesis mechanism are associated with medication-
    1. Foetal antagonism
    2. Neural crest disruption
    3. Endocrine disruption
    4. Oxidative stress
    5. Vascular disruption
    6. specific receptor or enzyme mediated teratogenesis
    AEDs(antiepileptic drugs)-
    1. PTH(sodium phenytoin)
    2. Valporic acid
    3. Lamotrigine, topiramate & gabapentin
    4. Thalidomide
    5. Sulphur mustard
    6. Retinoic acid ,
    7. Isotritorin
    8. Meffloquine (MQ)
    9. Miltfosine
    0. Ritodrine
    ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS-

    • Cadmium pollutant & other teratogen


    • Nonylphenol
    • Ketoconazole
    • Alcohol
    MATERNAL HEALTH PROBLEM-
    • Due to-
    1. Pre- existing diseases
    2. Gestational diabetes
    3. Obese diabetes
    • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis
    • Asthma
    References-
    • Teratogenicity and teratogenic factors - Review Article-m Heshmat SW Haroun
    Professor of Anatomy and Embryology, Cairo University, Egypt
    • Wiley online library Neil and Lucas fraga (https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0026056)
    • Teratogenesis: A Review of the Basic Principles with a Discussion of Selected Agents: Dennis
    P. HaysDennis P. Hays(https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106002808101500604)
    • Developmental biology -M.A. Subhramaniam(Page 149-157)

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