Digestive System  Mouth

- Is also called the oral cavity

 Also called the Gastrointestinal (GI) system
- Where the process of digestion begins
 Consist of a digestive tube called the GI tract or Alimentary Canal, and other - Formed by the cheeks (bucca), lips, teeth, tongue, hard, and soft
accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) palates
 Primary function is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and , hard,
and eliminate waste
 Food passing along the GI tract is mixed with digestive enzymes and broken
down into nutrient molecules, which are absorbed in the bloodstream

Structure and Function

The Digestive System
Consist of the alimentary canal and several accessory organs.

 Mouth-
- Food is taken into the mouth and chewed with the assistance of the
cheek muscles
- The lip protect the mouth from receiving food that is too hot or too rough
on the surface
 Mouth- Teeth
- There are 2 sets of teeth: temporary and permanent
- There are 20 temporary teeth (10 upper and 10 lower),
to be replaced by;
- 32 permanent teeth (16 upper and 16 lower)
- the process of chewing is called mastication
  Mouth- Tongue
- The tongue moves the food around to prepare it for deglutition
- Mouth- Salivary glands
(swallowing)
- Parotid gland
- Small raised areas are called papillae are located on the tongue and
- Submandibular
they contain taste buds (sweet, sour, salty, bitter)
- Sublingual
-
- The frenulum connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

 Pharynx
- Muscular tube about 5 inches long in adults
- Also known as the throat
- The lowest portion is divided into two tubes:
1. Trachea, leads to the lungs
2. Esophagus, leads to the stomach
-
- A small flap of cartilage, called the epiglottis, folds back to cover the
 Mouth- Hard and Soft trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus
- Two structures forming the roof of the mouth are:
1.
2. Hard palate (anterior portion)
3. Soft palate (posterior portion)
(A downward cone shape projection called the uvula is located
at the back of the soft palate)
- Both the lingual tonsils and the palatine tonsils are located in the oral
cavity and these play an important role in the immune system.

- Muscular tube about 9 to 10 inches long in the adult that contracts
rhythmically (peristalsis) to propel food toward the stomach
- Contains a group of muscles called the lower esophageal sphincter that
closes off the entrance to the stomach to prevent reflux of food, emesis
or regurgitation (vomiting).
 Stomach
- Punch-like organ located in the left hypochondriac region of the
abdominal cavity
-
- Receives food from the esophagus and mixes it with gastric juices to
form a semifluid mass called chyme.

 Large Intestine
- Consist of 3 parts:
~ Cecum (a worm like pouch- appendix filled with lymphatic tissue
extends from this)
~ Colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
 Small Intestine ~ Rectum
- 20 feet long consisting of 3 parts: - Undigested waste may remain in the large intestine from 12 to 24 hours
~ duodenum - Processing of turning waste material into a semisolid waste (feces)
~ jejenum begin in the cecum and released from the body thru defecation.
~ ileum
- First site of absorption and nutrients pass from the intestinal walls and
into the bloodstream through the villi
Accessory Organs

 Liver
- Located in the RUQ of the abdominal cavity (divided into right and left
lobes)
- Produce bile, used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats
- Maintain normal glucose levels in the blood
- Destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin.

Diagnostic, Procedural and Laboratory Terms

 Types of Endoscope
- Esophagoscopy
- Gastroscopy
- Colonoscopy
- Sigmoidoscopy
 X-rays and other Imaging Techniques
- MRI
- CAT scan
- Barium swallow
 Gallbladder - Barium enema
- Upper GI Series
- A saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver
- Cholangiography
- Stores bile from the liver
- Cholecystography
- Release bile when it is needed for the emulsification (breakdown) of fat
- Liver scan
- Without bile, fat digestion is not possible
- Ultrasound
 Pancreas
- Is an elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and Pathological Terms
slightly inferior to the stomach
- Performs both endocrine and exocrine functions  Anorexia
- As an endocrine gland, it secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream - a morbid refusal to eat because the person wants to be dangerously
to maintain normal blood glucose levels thin
- As an exocrine gland, it produces digestive enzymes; trypsin, which  Bulimia
breaks down proteins; amylase, which breaks down carbohydrates; and - Eating, then purposefully purging or vomiting to achieve weight
lipase, which breaks down fat  Obesity
- Excessive body weight that often results from overeating
 Oral conditions
- Angular cheilitis
 - Cheilitis- lip inflammation - Ileus- an intestinal blockage
- Sialoadenitis- salivary gland inflammation - Colitis- general term for inflammation in the small intestine
- Aphagia - Ulcerative colitis- a chronic type of irritable bowel disease
- Dysphagia  Other Intestinal Conditions
- Glossitis- tongue inflammation - Diverticulosis- presence of small pouches in the intestinal wall that trap
- Halitosis- bad breath food or bacteria
- Parotitis - Dysentery- general term for inflammation of the intestinal tract with
 Disease of the Pharynx loose stools and other symptoms such as abdominal pain and
- Esophageal varices- twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to weakness
hemorrhage and ulcers - Volvulus- twisting of the intestine that causes a blockage
- Esophagitis- any inflammation of the esophagus  Intestinal Conditions (cont’d)
- Gastroesophageal reflux- malfunctioning of the sphincter muscle at the other terms
bottom of the esophagus - Ascites
 Disorders of the Stomach - Peritonitis
- Alchorhydria- lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach - Proctitis
- Dyspepsia- difficulty with digesting food - Constipation
- Gastritis- any stomach inflammation - Diarrhea
- Gasteroenteritis- inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine - Flatus
- Flatulence- accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines - Melena
- Eructation- belching to release gas - Hemorrhoids
- Hematemesis- vomiting of blood from the stomach - Anal fistula
- Hiatal hernia- protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the - Steatorrhea
diaphragm  Surgical Terms
 Hyperbilirubinemia- excessive bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow - Abdominocentesis- incision into the intestinal tract to relieve fluid
discoloration of the skin pressure as in ascites
 Cirrhosis- chronic liver disease caused by poor nutrition and excessive - Cholelithotripsy- crushing of gall stones using sound waves
alcohol consumption - Cholelithotomy- incision for the removal of stones
 Liver Disorders  Surgical Repair Procedures
- Hepatomegaly- enlarged liver - Cheiloplasty
- Hepatitis- term for several types of contagious disease of the liver - Glossorrhaphy
 Conditions of the Gallbladder - Esophagoplasty
- Cholelithiasis- another term for gall stones - Proctoplasty
- Cholangitis- any inflammation of the bile ducts
Opening may be made in the gastro intestinal tract for temporary or permanent
- Cholecystitis- any inflammation of the gallbladder
alternatives to waste elimination
 Disorders of the Intestines
- Duodenal ulcers- a form of peptic ulcer thought to be bacterial in origin  Ileostomy- opening made in the ileum to allow fecal material to discharge
- Appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix, which lies on the side of the into a bag outside the body
duodenum, and becomes inflamed if gastric substances leak into it from  Colostomy- opening in the colon to create a place for waste to exit the body
the duodenum other than through the anus
 Respiratory System - Located in the posterior of the nasal cavity where inhaled air from the
nasal cavity passes
Definition - Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- (or ventilatory system) 2. Oropharynx
- - Located in the posterior of the oral cavity where air inhaled through the
- Is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used oral cavity enters
for the process of respiration (breathing) in an organism - Contains the palatine tonsils (tonsils)
- Is the responsible for the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide 3. Laryngopharynx
(CO2) - Bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract divides into
- The cardiovascular system helps in this vital function by providing blood the esophagus and the larynx
vessels for carrying these gases - Epiglottis- a movable flap cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx
(voice box)
Parts
-
 3 major parts - Prevents the food from entering the larynx during swallowing.
1. The airway: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles
2. The lungs
3. The muscles of respiration: diaphragm, intercostal muscle
Upper Respiratory Tract
Parts: Airways

 Nose and Nasal Cavity

-
- The main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first
section of the body’s airway
- Function: to warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it  Larynx
reaches the lungs - Also known as the voice box
 Mouth - Is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and
- Also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary internal opening for the the trachea
respiratory tract - Contains special structures known as vocal folds, which allow the body
- Function: supplement or replace the nasal cavity’s functions when to produce the sound of speech and singing
needed (mouth is shorter than the pathway for air entering from the
nose, but it can not warm and moisturize the air entering the lungs)
 Pharynx
- Also known as the throat
- Passage for both air and food
- Is divided into 3 regions:
1. Nasopharynx
 Lower Respiratory Tract
Parts: Airway

 Trachea
- Or windpipe
- Is composed of smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of
cartilage, which provide rigidity to keep the air passage open
 Bronchi
- At the inferior end of the trachea, the airway splits into left and right
branches known as the primary bronchi running into each lung
- Split into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs
 Bronchioles
- Tiny terminal bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs
- Alveoli- tiny air sacs which connect to lung capillaries Parts: Muscles of Respiration
- CO2 diffuses from the blood within the pulmonary capillaries and enters
 Diaphragm
the alveoli, while O2 from the alveoli diffuses into the blood
- Principal muscle of respiration in the human body
- When it contracts: it moves inferiorly a few inches into the abdominal
cavity expanding the space within the thoracic cavity and pulling air into
the lungs (inhalation)
- When it relaxes: allows the air to flow back out the lungs during
exhalation.

 Lungs
- Are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the thorax lateral to the
heart and superior to the diaphragm
- Are divided into lobes: three lobes in the right lung and two lobes in the
left lung  Intercostal Muscles
- Assist the diaphragm with expanding and compressing the lungs
- 2 groups
1. Internal- deeper set of muscle and depress the ribs to compress
the thoracic cavity and force air to be exhaled from the lungs
 2. External- found superficial to the internal intercostals and function - Refers to the ability of an organism or environment to maintain stability
to elevate the ribs, expanding the volume of the thoracic cavity and in spite of changes
causing air to be inhaled into the lungs - Inability to maintain it leads to disease and often death
- The respiratory system helps maintain homeostasis by bringing in
necessary levels of oxygen while removing harmful carbon dioxide

Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests

 Methods Used to Diagnose Respiratory Disorders

- Auscultation
- Assessing respiratory rate
- Percussion
Physiology of the - Sputum analysis
Respiratory System - Normal Adult respiratory rate is 15 to 20 respirations per minute.
 Abnormalities such as masses and restricted blood flow within the lungs can
 Pulmonary Ventilation be detected via:
- is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas - Chest x-rays
exchange - MRI
 External Respiration - Lung scans
- Gas exchange  Structures of the respiratory system can be observed via:
- Between lungs (alveoli) and blood - Endoscopy
- At the level of the LUNGS (alveoli) - Bronchoscopy
 Internal Respiration
Pathology
- Gas transport
- Between blood tissues - Inflammatory Conditions
- At the level of the rest of the BODY - Adenoiditis
- Bronchitis
- Epiglottitis
- Pharyngitis
- Pneumonitis
- Sinusitis
- Laryngotracheobronchitis
- Tonsillitis
- Rhinitis
- Laryngitis
 Homeostasis  Breathing Patterns
- eupnea
- bradypnea
 - tachypnea  Pneumoconiosis -caused by dust in the lungs
- hypopnea  Anthracosis -caused by coal dust
- hyperpnea  Asbestosis -caused by asbestos particles released during construction of
- dyspnea ships and buildings
- apnea  Silicosis -caused by silica dust from grinding rocks or glass
- orthopnea
Disorders of the Pleura
Upper respiratory infection is a term that covers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract  Pneumothorax -accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity
 Empyema -pus in the pleural cavity
 Other conditions:  Hemothorax -blood in the pleural cavity
- Croup
 Pleural Effusion -escape of fluid into the pleural cavity
- Diptheria
 Pleural Cavity- the space between the outside of the lungs and inside of the
- Epistaxis
chest wall
- Rhinorrhea
- Pertussis Surgical Terms
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases ( COPD) -is a term for any disease
with chronic obstruction of the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:  Otorhinolaryngologists -are physicians that specialize in disorders of the
- Emphysema upper respiratory tract
- Chronic Bronchitis  Surgical Removal Conditions
 Asthma causes narrowing of the bronchi leading to dyspnea, wheezing and - Tonsillectomy
coughing. - Adenoidectomy
- Laryngectomy
- Pneumonectomy
- Lobectomy
 Surgical Repair
- Bronchoplasty
- Laryngoplasty
- Rhinoplasty
- Tracheoplasty
- Septoplasty
 Surgical Incisions
 Hemoptysis - Laryngotracheotomy
- Sinusotomy
 Lung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of blood
- Thoracotomy
 Cystic Fibrosis -disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
- Tracheotomy
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction
 Endostracheal intubation -is the insertion of a tiube through the nose or
 Atelectasis -collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of a lung
mouth, pharynx, larynx and into the trachea tp establish an airway
 Pneumonia -acute infection of the alveoli
Pharmacology
Conditions caused by environmental agents
  Mechanical Devices that aid in Respiration - specialist who diagnoses and
- Ventilators -actually serve as breathing substitute for patients who can treats diseases and disorders of
not breathe on their own. teeth teeth
- Nebulizers -deliver medication through the mouth or nose to ease Odont/o orth/odont/ist:
breathing problems. (orth: straight)
- dentist who specializes in
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM correcting and preventing
irregularities of abnormally
MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS positioned or aligned teeth
Gingiv/o Gum(s) gingiv/ectomy :
- excision of diseased gingival
ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS
tissue
(Gingivectomy is performed as a
COMBINING FORMS surgical treatment for periodontal
disease.)
MOUTH Sial/o Saliva, sial/o/lith:
or/o Or/al: Salivary gland
(-lith: stone, calculus)
(-al: pertaining to) - calculus formed in a salivary
mouth - pertaining to the mouth gland or duct
stomat/o stomat/it is ESOPHAGUS, PHARYNX, STOMACH
- inflammation of the mouth Esophag/o esophagus esophag/o/scope:
Gloss/o gloss/ectomy: (-scope: instrument for
(-ectomy: excision, removal) examining)
tongue - removal of all or part of the - instrument used to examine
tongue the esophagus
Lingu/o lingu/al: Pharyng/o pharynx pharyng/o/tonsill/it is:
- pertaining to the tongue (tonsill: tonsils -itis:
Bucc/o cheek bucc/al: inflammation)
- pertaining to the cheek - inflammation of the pharynx
Cheil/o cheil/o/plasty : and tonsils
(-plasty: surgical repair) Gastr/o stomach gastr/algia:
lips - surgical repair of a defective lip (-algia: pain)
Labi/o labi/al: - pain in the stomach; also called
- pertaining to the lips stomachache
Dent/o dent/ist: Pylor/o pylorus pylor/o/spasm:
(-ist: specialist) (-spasm: involuntary
 contraction, twitching) abdominal wall
- involuntary contraction of the (A colostomy creates a place for
pyloric sphincter of the stomach, fecal matter to exit the body other
as in pyloric stenosis than through the anus.)
SMALL INTESTINE
Duoden/o duodenum duoden/o/scopy : Colon/o colon colon/o/scopy:
st
(1 part of (-scopy: visual examination) (-scopy: visual examination)
small - visual examination of the - visual examination of the colon
(Colonoscopy is performed with an
intestine) duodenum
elongated endoscope called a
Enter/o intestine enter/o/pathy: colonoscope.)
(-pathy: disease) Sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon sigmoid/o/tomy :
- disease of the intestine (-tomy: incision)
Jejun/o jejunum jejun/o/rrhaphy: - incision of the sigmoid colon
(2nd part of (-rrhaphy: suture) Terminal end of the LARGE INTESTINE
small - suture of the jejunum
Rect/o rectum rect/o/cele:
intestine)
(-cele: hernia, swelling)
ile/o/stomy: - herniation or protrusion of the
Ile/o ileum (3rd part (-stomy*: forming an opening rectum; also called proctocele
of small (mouth)
Proct/o Anus, rectum proct/o/logist:
intestine) - creation of an opening
(-logist: specialist in the study
between the ileum and the
of)
abdominal wall
- physician who specializes in
(An ileostomy creates an opening
treating disorders of the colon,
on the surface of the abdomen to
allow feces to be discharged into a rectum, and anus
bag worn on the abdomen.) An/o anus peri/an/al:
LARGE INTESTINE (peri-: around
Append/o appendix append/ectomy: - pertaining to the area around
- excision of the appendix the anus
(Appendectomy is performed to Accessory organs of DIGESTION
remove a diseased appendix in Hepat/o liver hepat/o/megaly:
danger of rupturing.) (-megaly: enlargement)
Appendic/o appendic/itis: - enlargement of the liver
- inflammation of the appendix Pancreat/o pancreas pancreat/o/lysis:
Col/o colon col/o/stomy: (-lysis: separation; destruction;
- creation of an opening loosening)
between the colon and the - destruction of the pancreas by
 pancreatic enzymes hepatitis or infection, fatty
Cholangi/o Bile vessel cholangi/ole: infiltration (as in alcoholism), biliary
(-ole: small, minute) obstruction, or malignancy.)
- small terminal portion of the -orexia appetite an/orexia:
bile duct (an-: without, not)
chole Bile, gall chol/e/lith: - loss of appetite
(-lith: calculus, stone) -pepsia digestion dys/pepsia:
- gallstone (dys-: bad; painful; difficult)
(Gallstones are solid masses - epigastric discomfort felt after
composed of bile and cholesterol eating; also called indigestion
that form in the gallbladder and -phagia Swallowing, aer/o/phagia:
common bile duct.) eating (aer/o: air)
Cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecyst/ectomy: - swallowing air
- removal of the gallbladder -prandial meal post/prandial:
Choledoch/o Bile duct choledoch/o/plasty: (post-: after, behind)
(-plasty: surgical repair) - following a meal
- surgical repair of the common -rrhea Discharge, flow steat/o/rrhea:
bile duct (-rrhea: discharge, flow)
SUFFIXES - excessive amount of fat
discharged in fecal matter
-emesis vomit hyper/emesis: PREFIXES
(hyper-: excessive, above
normal) Dia- Through, across dia/rrhea:
- excessive vomiting (-rrhea: discharge, flow)
-iasis Abnormal chol/e/lith/iasis: - abnormally frequent discharge
condition (chol/e: bile, gall lith: or flow of fluid fecal matter from
(produced by stone, calculus) the bowel
Something - presence or formation of Peri- around peri/sigmoid/itis:
specified) gallstones in the gallbladder or (peri-: around)
common bile duct - inflammation of peritoneal
(When gallstones form in the tissue around the sigmoid colon
common bile duct, the condition is Sub- Under, below sub/lingu/al:
called choledocholithiasis)
(lingu: tongue -al:
-megaly enlargement hepat/o/megaly: pertaining to)
(hepat/o: liver) - pertaining to the area under
- enlargement of the liver the tongue
(Hepatomegaly may be caused by
 (-scope: instrument for
examining)
- instrument for examining the
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM pharynx
Epiglott/o epigottis epiglott/itis :
- inflammation of the epiglottis
MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS Laryng/o Larynx laryng/o/plegia:
(-plegia: paralysis)
ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS - paralysis of the (vocal cords
and) larynx
COMBINING FORMS Trache/o trachea trache/o/plasty:
- surgical repair of the trachea
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Nas/o Nose nas/al: Bronchi/o Bronchus bronchi/ectasis:
(-al: pertaining to) (bronchi – (-ectasis: dilation, expansion)
- pertaining to the nose plural) - dilation of (one or more)
Rhin/o rhin/o/plasty : bronchi
(-plasty: surgical repair) Bronch/o bronchus bronch/o/scope:
- surgical repair of the nose (-scope: instrument for
Sept/o septum sept/o/plasty : examining)
- surgical repair of the septum - instrument for examining the
Sinus/o Sinus, cavity sinus/o/tomy : bronchus or bronchi
(-tomy: incision) Bronchiol/o bronchiole bronchiol/itis :
- incision of any of the sinuses - inflammation of the bronchioles
Sinusotomy is performed to improve Alveol/o Alveolus, alveol/ar:
ventilation or drainage in Air sac (-ar: pertaining to)
unresponsive sinusitis. - pertaining to the alveoli
Adenoid/o adenoids adenoid/ectomy: Pleur/o pleura pleur/o/centesis:
(-ectomy: excision, removal) (-centesis: surgical puncture)
- excision of adenoids - surgical puncture of the pleural
Tonsil/o tonsils peri/tonsill/ar : cavity; also called
(peri-: around -ar: thoracocentesis or thoracentesis
pertaining to) Pneum/o pneum/ectomy:
- pertaining to (the area) around (-ectomy: excision)
the tonsils - excision of (all or part of ) a lung
Pharyng/o pharynx pharyng/o/scope: Pneumon/o Air; lung pneumon/ia:
 (-ia: condition) (-pnea: breathing)
- condition of inflammation of - breathing in a straight (or
the lungs upright position)
Pulmon/o lung pulmon/o/logist: Ox/i oxygen ox/i/meter:
(-logist: specialist in the study of) (-meter: instrument for
- specialist in the study (and measuring)
treatment) of lungs (and - instrument used for measuring
respiratory diseases) oxygen
OTHERS Ox/o hyp/ox/emia:
Anthrac/o Coal, coal dust anthrac/osis: (hyp-: under, below, deficient)
(-osis: abnormal condition; (-emia: blood condition)
increase (used primarily with - deficiency of oxygen in blood
blood cells) Pector/o pector/algia:
- abnormal condition of coal dust (-algia: pain)
(in the lungs) - pain in the chest; also called
Anthracosis is a chronic thoracalgia, thoracodynia, and
occupational disease found in coal chest pectorodynia
miners and those associated with Steth/o steth/o/scope:
the coal industry. (-scope: instrument for
Atel/o Incomplete; atel/ectasis: examining)
imperfect (-ectasis: dilation, expansion) - instrument used for examining
- incomplete expansion of the the chest
lung; also called airless lung or Thorac/o thorac/o/pathy:
collapsed lung (-pathy: disease)
Coni/o dust pneum/o/coni/osis : - disease of the chest
(pneum/o: air; lung) Phren/o Diaphragm; phren/o/spasm:
(-osis: abnormal condition; mind (-spasm: involuntary contraction,
increase (used primarily with twitching)
blood cells) - involuntary contraction of the
- condition of dust in the lungs diaphragm
Cyan/o blue cyan/osis : Spir/o breath spir/o/meter:
- abnormal condition of blueness (-meter: instrument for
Lob/o lobe lob/ectomy: measuring)
- excision of a lobe - instrument for measuring
breathing
Orth/o straight orth/o/pnea: SUFFIXES
 breaths/minute.
-capnia Carbon dioxide hyper/capnia: Tachy- rapid tachy/pnea:
(hyper-: excessive, above normal) - rapid breathing
- excessive CO2
-osmia smell an/osmia:
(an-: without, not)
- without (the sense of ) smell
-phonia voice dys/phonia:
(dys-: bad; painful; difficult)
- bad (impaired) voice quality
Dysphonia includes hoarseness,
voice fatigue, or decreased
projection.
-pnea breathing a/pnea:
(a-: without, not)
- not breathing
-ptysis spitting hem/o/ptysis:
(hem/o: blood)
- (coughing up or) spitting of
blood
Bloody sputum is usually a sign of a
serious condition of the lungs.
-thorax chest py/o/thorax:
(py/o: pus)
- pus in the chest (cavity); also
called empyema
PREFIXES

Brady- slow brady/pnea:

(-pnea: breathing)
- slow breathing
Dys- bad; painful; dys/pnea:
difficult - difficult breathing
Eu- Good; normal eu/pnea:
- normal breathing
The normal range for a resting adult
respiratory rate is 12 to 20
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart
- Heart and circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) - The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so
makeup the network that delivers blood to the body’s tissues that about 2/3 of the heart is located on the body’s left side with the
- Is composed of the heart and blood vessels other 1/3 on right.
- The top of the heart, known as the heart’s base, connects to the great
Heart
blood vessels of the body: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk,
- Is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the pulmonary veins
body’s midline in the thoracic region
Circulatory Loops
- The body’s hardest-working organ
- Is only about the size of a closed fist 1. Pulmonary Circulation
- Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5 liters of blood - Transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the
throughout the body every minute lungs (gas exchange) then returns to the left side of the heart
- 2. Systemic Circulation
- Carries highly oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all of
the tissues of the body
Circulatory Pump Blood Vessels
- The heart is a four-chambered “double pump,” where each side (left and 1. Arteries, arterioles
right) operates as a separate pump 2. Capillaries
- Each heartbeat results in the simultaneous pumping of both sides of the 3. Veins, venules
heart

Arteries
- Are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
- Blood carried by arteries is usually highly oxygenated
- Exception: pulmonary trunk and arteries of the pulmonary circulation
loop (pulmonary artery)
Capillaries
- Are the smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels in the body and also
the most common
- Carry blood very close to the cells of the tissues of the body in order to
exchange gases, nutrients, and waste products
Veins
- Are the large return vessels of the body carrying deoxygenated blood
- Rely on gravity, inertia, and the force of skeletal muscle contractions to
help push blood back to the heart
- Exception: pulmonary vein
PATHOLOGY Disease of the Blood Vessels

Poor diet  Plaque - build-up of fatty deposits that narrows the vessels
Risk Factors to
 Atheroma – fatty deposit in the inner lining (intima) of an artery
Developing smoking
 Thrombus – Blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel
Cardiovascular
Disease (CVD) lack of exercise  Varicose veins – enlarged, twisted, superficial veins
 Phlebitis – Inflammation of a vein
 Embolus – Mass of undissolved matter lodged in a blood vessel
Heart Rhythm

Abnormal rhythms are called arrhythmias

Coronary Artery Disease
 Bradycardia
- Refers to any condition that reduces the nourishment the heart
 Tachycardia
receives from the blood flowing through the arteries of the
 Atrial Fibrillation
heart, such as:
 Flutter
o Aortic stenosis
 Murmur
o Angina Pectoris
 Gallop
o Coarctation of the aorta
PATHOLOGY o Pulmonary artery stenosis

- Blood pressure abnormalities can damage the heart and other

body systems.
General Heart and Lung Diseases
 Hypertension (too high)
 Hypotension (too low) Myocardial infarction – “heart attack”

Essential hypertension occurs without any specific cause. - Disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called heart
attack
Secondary hypertension has a known cause, for example, high-salt
intake. Cardiac Arrest

- Also known as asystole, is the sudden stopping of the heart.

Congestive Heart Failure

- Occurs when the heart is unable to pump the necessary amount

of blood.
Surgical Terms

Surgical removal and replacement procedures

- Heart transplant
- Thrombectomy
- Embolectomy
- Atherectomy
- Valve replacement
- Endarterectomy
- Arteriotomy
- Valvotomy
- Venipuncture

Surgical reconstruction and repair procedures

- Valvuloplasty
- Anastomosis
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (-ectasis: dilation, expansion)
- expansion of a vein
Ven/o ven/o/stasis:
MEDICAL WORD ELEMENTS (-stasis: standing still)
- standing still of (blood in a) vein;
ELEMENT MEANING WORD ANALYSIS also called phlebostasis

COMBINING FORMS Scler/o hardening arteri/o/scler/osis:

(arteri/o: artery)
Arteriol/o arteriole arteriol/itis: (-osis: abnormal condition;
- inflammation of an arteriole increase (used primarily with
Atri/o atrium atri/o/megaly : blood cells)
- enlargement of the atrium - abnormal condition of hardening
Ather/o Fatty plaque ather/oma: of the artery
- tumor of fatty plaque Sept/o septum sept/o/stomy:
Atheromas are formed when fatty plaque (-stomy: forming an opening
builds up on the inner lining of arterial (mouth)
walls. As calcium and other minerals are - forming an opening in a septum
absorbed by plaque, the vessel hardens. Sphygm/o pulse sphygm/oid:
Cardi/o heart cardi/o/megaly: (-oid: resembling)
- enlargement of the heart - resembling a pulse
Electr/o electricity electr/o/cardi/o/gram: Sten/o Narrowing, sten/o/tic:
(cardi/o: heart) stricture (-tic: pertaining to)
(-gram: record, recording) - pertaining to a narrowing or
- record of the electrical stricture
(impulses) of the heart Thromb/o Blood clot thromb/o/lysis:
An electrocardiogram is commonly used
to diagnose abnormalities of the heart. (-lysis: separation; destruction;
Embol/o Embolus embol/ectomy: loosening)
(plug) - removal of an embolus - destruction of a blood clot
Hemangi/o Blood vessel hemangi/oma: ventriculo ventricle ventricul/ar:
- tumor of blood vessels (-ar: pertaining to)
My/o muscle my/o/cardi/al: - pertaining to a ventricle
(cardi: heart) (chamber of the heart or brain)
(-al: pertaining to, relating to) SUFFIXES
- pertaining to heart muscle
Phleb/o vein phleb/ectasis: -gram Record, arteri/o/gram:
 writing (arteri/o: artery) vessel
- record of an artery Peri- around peri/cardi/al:
An arteriogram is used to visualize almost - pertaining to (the area) around
any artery, including those of the heart, the heart
head, kidneys, lungs, and other organs.
Tachy- rapid tachy/cardia:
-graph Instrument for electr/o/cardi/o/graph:
- rapid heart (beat)
recording - instrument for recording Tachycardia is def ined as a heart rate
electrical (activity) of the heart greater than 100 beats per minute.
-graphy Process of angi/o/graphy: Trans- across trans/sept/al:
recording (angi/o: vessel (usually blood or (sept: septum)
lymph) (-al: pertaining to)
- process of recording (an image of - across the septum
) a vessel
-sphyxia pulse a/sphyxia:
(a-: without, not)
- without a pulse; also called
suffocation
The term asphyxia usually refers to a
death caused by anoxia.
-stenosis Narrowing, aort/o/stenosis:
stricture (aort/o: aorta)
- narrowing of the aorta
PREFIXES

Brady- slow brady/cardia:

(-cardia: heart condition)
- slow heart (beat)
Bradycardia is usually def ined as a heart
rate less than 55 beats per minute when
resting.
Endo- In, within endo/vascul/ar:
(-ar: pertaining to) (vascul:
vessel)
- relating to (the area) within a
vessel
Extra- outside extra/vascul/ar:
- relating to the (area) outside a