QM\]AFBCD AGFBPDQBDOD KM PMOMX]MFD

NBOBS[MQBG \G\]FDQ \DQD FD MK]CDCBÓO S]\MQBGQ
]OBPMQSBKDK ODCBGODF MZ\MQBNMO[DF
‖QD@DMF NDQÎD ADQDF[„
MS[DKG-X]FBD
\QGIQDND DKNBOBS[QDCBÓO.

MF [BMN\G R MF MS\DCBG
CGNG @DC[GQMS KM
KMSDQQGFFG SGCBDF R FD
QMMS[Q]C[]QDCBGO
 

QMDFBXDKG \GQ8
OGNAQMS8 Kdvbk Hgsâ
D\MFFBKGS8 Qgnmrg Fuod
O¼ KM C.B.8 3<.:<2.3<9.
DSBIOD[]QD8 Imgjbstgrbd.
SMCCBGO8 ‖43„
\QG@MSGQ (D)8 Bsdamf [mräo.
 

Sdo @rdocbscg, Kbcbmnarm km 1<1<.

BO[QGK]CCBÓO

Mo nucjds pdrtms kmf nuokg sm fmvdotdo dctudfnmotm vgcms crîtbcds pdrd

mohhubcb
mo ubcbdr
dr fd cr
crbs
bsbs
bs g boc
ocdp
dpdc
dcbk
bkdk
dk km fgs bos
osttru
runm
nmot
otgs
gs km fd kmn
mngc
gcrd
rdccbd
rmprmsmotdtbvd pdrd bocfubr d fgs cbukdkdogs mo mf kmadtm pøafbcg y pdrd `rmodr sus
kmscgotmotg cgo fds bostbtucbgoms pøafbcds.

Og gastdotm, mo fd ndygrîd km fgs pdîsms km oumstrd ärmd imgirä`bcd jgy ms

dnpfbd
dnpfbdnmo
nmotm
tm rmcg
rmcgogc
ogcbkd
bkd fd mxb
mxbstm
stmocb
ocbd
d km uo bn
bnpgrt
pgrtdot
dotm
m pgt
pgtmoc
mocbdf
bdf km trd
trdadh
adhg
g
vgfuotdrbg qum, km crmdrsm fds cgokbcbgoms y mocduzdrsm dkmcudkdnmotm, pgkrîd
rmsgfvmr nucjgs prgafmnds dctudfms.

Nøftbpfms mxpmrbmocbds kmnumstrdo qum mo fd nbsnd nmkbkd mo qum fd

pdrtbcbpdcbóo sm `grtdfmcm y sm rmkbnmosbgod mf cgotrgf pgpufdr, fd m`mctbvbkdk km fds
kmcbsbgoms, dsî cgng fd m`bcbmocbd
m`bcbmocbd mo fd sgfucbóo km fgs prgafmnds y fd ssdtbs`dccbóo
dtbs`dccbóo
km fds omcmsbkdkms, tmokmräo d dunmotdr.

1
 

MST]MND

B. Mf [bmnpg y mf Mspdcbg cgng `dctgrms km kmsdrrgffg Sgcbdf8

4. Mstrdtmibds Imgjbstórbcds km kbdioóstbcgs km fds cgnuobkdkms.

1. Dsmotdnbmotg jundog8 Mspdcbg y [bmnpg.
3. \mrspmctbvds km fd Ifgadfbkdk.
;. \gafdcbóo y dctbvbkdk mcgoónbcd.
=. Mspdcbg Sgcbdf.

BB. Fd Qmmstructurdcbóo jbstórbcd kmf mspdcbg-tbmnpg km Pzfd8

D. Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr.

A. Kmsdrrgffg Mokóimog.

C. Kmsdrrgffg Sustmotdafm.
K. Kmscgocmotrdcbóo kmf Kmsdrrgffg Cgnuobtdrbg.

3
 

KMSDQQGFFG

B. Mf [bmnpg y mf Mspdcbg cgng `dctgrms km kmsdrrgffg Sgcbdf8

4. Mstrdtmibds Imgjbstórbcds km kbdioóstbcgs km fds cgnuobkdkms.

Kbdiogstbcg cgnuobtdrbg, ms uod mstrdtmibd qum pmrnbtm bkmotb`bcdrsm mo su

mspdcb
mspdcbg
g imgirä`
imgirä`bcg
bcg pdr
pdrd
d cgogcmr
cgogcmr su rmdfbk
rmdfbkdk
dk jbs
jbstór
tórbcd
bcd,, mcg
mcgoón
oónbcd
bcd y cuf
cuftur
turdf,
df,
dodf
dodfbz
bzdr
dr y pf
pfdot
dotmdr
mdr pgsb
pgsbaf
afms
ms df
dftm
tmro
rodt
dtbv
bvds
ds km sg
sgfu
fucb
cbóo
óo d fg
fgss pr
prgaf
gafmn
mnds
ds km fd
cgnuobkdk, tdnabâo dprmokmr uod oumvd ndomrd km jdcmr bovmstbidcbóo, kmskm
uod
uod pg
pgst
stur
urd
d bo
botm
tmrr y tr
trdo
dosk
skbc
bcbp
bpfbfbod
odrb
rbd,
d, km
kmsdr
sdrrg
rgffffdr
dr fd tr
trdo
dosv
svmrs
mrsdf
dfbk
bkdk
dk km fd
fdss
cgnp
cgnpmt
mtmo
mocbd
cbdss km bo
bokdi
kdidc
dcbó
bóo,
o, fm
fmct
ctur
urd
d m bo
botm
tmrp
rprmt
rmtdcb
dcbóo
óo km kg
kgcun
cunmo
motg
tgss y sus
sgcbdfbzdcbóo yd qum cgng smôdfd Hdbnm (422:) ‖fg qum jgy sgngs og sgfg
kmpmokm km fgs gahmt
gahmtbvgs
bvgs cgo fgs cudfms ogs jmngs rmfdcbgodkg,
rmfdcbgodkg, sbog tdnabâo km
fd ndomrd g `grnd qum dprmokbngs d rmfdcbgodrogs cgo mffgs„. Mstg sbiob`bcd qum
kmam
kmamng
ngss vd
vdffmr
mrog
ogss km uo cg
cgoh
ohuo
uottg km bost
bostru
runm
nmot
otgs
gs,, nmk
mkbbgs,
gs, dc
dccb
cbgo
goms
ms,,
mxpmrbmocbds, qum mo mstm mstukbg ms mf mo`gqum imgjbstórbcg y mf kbdioóstbcg
cgnuobtdrbg
cgnuobtdrbg mf cudf pmrnbtm prg`uokbz
prg`uokbzdr
dr y cgnpdrt
cgnpdrtbr
br cgo sus cgocbukdkdo
cgocbukdkdogs
gs bkmds
sgarm mf mspdcbg kgokm ogs kmsmovgfvmngs pdrd cgogcmrfg, cgostrubr y rmcgostrubr 
cdnb
cdnbog
ogss gr
grbm
bmot
otdk
dkgs
gs jd
jdcmr
cmr fg qu
qum
m fg
fgss cbmot
cbmotî`
î`bc
bcgs
gs km
kmogn
ognbo
bodo
do cb
cbmo
mocb
cbd,
d, pgr mf
cgogc
cgogcbn
bnbm
bmot
otg
g sgf
sgfg
g ms vbdaf
vbdafm
m cu
cudo
dokg
kg sm dpr
dprmj
mjmok
mokm
m km
kmff ga
gahm
hmtg
tg kmf
kmf mst
mstuk
ukbg
bg,,
cgnprmokbâokgfg, kmvmfäokgfg m bosmrtäokgfg mo mf nuokg vbvmocbdf kmf suhmtg qum
cgogcm, pdrd mstukbdrfg, djgokdr, sgcbdfbzdr y käokgfm bnpgrtdocbd df prgcmsg
vbvbkg mo uod cgnuobkdk.

1.  Dsmotdnbmotg jundog8 Mspdcbg y [bmnpg.

\gr dsm
dsmotd
otdnbm
nbmotg
otg jun
jundog
dog sm mot
motmok
mokmrä
mrä fd rdk
rdkbcd
bcdcbó
cbóo
o km uo kmt
kmtmrn
mrnbod
bodkg
kg
cgoifgnmrdkg kmngirä`bcg, cgo mf cgohuotg km sus sbstmnds km cgovbvmocbd mo mf
ärmd `îs
`îsbcd
bcdnmo
nmotm
tm fgcdfb
fgcdfbzdkd
zdkd,, cgos
cgosbkmr
bkmrdok
dokg
g kmo
kmotrg
trg km fg nbs
nbsng
ng fgs mfm
mfmnmo
nmotgs
tgs
odturdfms y fds gards ndtmrbdfms qum fd botmirdo.
;
 

Fd mxpmrbmocbd mspdcbdf y tmnpgrdf pumkm smr rmnbsbafm d tbpgs qum sbiumo uo

cbmrtg grkmo, km nmogr d ndygr cgnpfmhbkdk, fd prbnmrd km mffds kmognbodkds,
mspdcbg y tbmnpg griäobcgs, rm`mrbkd d fd mxpmrbmocbd km smrms bo`mrbgrms qum
kmam
kmamo
o dk
dkdp
dptd
tdrs
rsm
m d fds
fds cgok
cgokbc
bcbg
bgom
omss qu
qum
m fm rg
rgkm
kmdo
do mo fd aø
aøsq
squm
umkd
kd pg
pgrr fd
supmrvbvmocbd, qum gamkmcmo d bnpufsgs g d bostbotgs y og d uo prgcmsg dkbcbgodf.

Km biudf ndomrd sm pumkm km`bobr fgs dsmotdnbmotgs jundogs cgng sbstmnds

cgnpfmhgs, mo fgs qum botmrdctødo smrms jundogs, cgsds odturdfms y rmcursgs mo
kgokm sm imomrd uod irdo kbvmrsbkdk km cbrcuostdocbds qum prgkucmo tmosbgoms
mo fgs mcgsbstmnds odturdfms, mo fd mqubkdk sgcbdf, mo fds bostbtucbgoms y mo fgs
rmcursgs, motrm gtrgs.

3. \mrspmctbvds km fd Ifgadfbkdk.

Mf dsuotg km fd ifgadfbkdk sm jd vumftg gnobprmsmotm mo oumstrgs kîds, mstä

fbidkg df kmsdrrgffg kmf cdpbtdfbsng, mo mf nuokg mstm râibnmo mo fd jbstgrbd ms mf
prbnmrg qum jd sbkg cgosbkmrdkg nuokbdf pgr su odturdfmzd, mf cdpbtdf og cgogcm
`rgotmrds cgng pgr sus omcmsbkdkms km rmprgkuccbóo sbnpfm y dnpfbdkd cgng pgr 
su âxbtg ndtmrbdf.

Sb dfig ogs jd mosmôdkg mf fdrig y dccbkmotdkg cdnbog rmcgrrbkg pgr oumstrd

kbscbpfbod mo fgs øftbngs kgs sbifgs ms qum cudokg fd jbstgrbd, tdrkm g tmnprdog,
cdnabd tdnabâo fd mscrbturd km fd jbstgrbd.

Mf prgcmsg km ifgadfbzdcbóo cgng mxpmrbmocbd jbstórbcd y gahmtg km doäfbsbs

pmrnbtm dsî bkmotb`bcdr fgs rdsigs msmocbdfms km oumstrg cgnpgrtdnbmotg sgcbdf,
dfig qum fd vbmhd jbstgr
jbstgrbd
bd sbmnprm jdaîd rmjubkg pgr sgspmcjd
sgspmcjd km kmtmrnbob
kmtmrnbobsng,
sng, y
pgr mokm, fgs vmctgrms qum jdo bnpufsdkg oumstrd mvgfucbóo mo mf tbmnpg.

=
 

Fdss trdo
Fd trdosb
sbcb
cbgo
goms
ms,, fds
fds rm
rmvg
vgfu
fucb
cbgo
goms
ms,, fds
fds cdtä
cdtäst
strg
rg`m
`ms,
s, fds
fds iu
iumr
mrrd
rds,
s, fgs
fgs
kmsc
kmscua
uarb
rbnb
nbmo
motg
tgs,
s, sdcd
sdcdo
o d fd fuz
fuz fgs
fgs nm
nmcd
cdob
obsn
sngs
gs pr
prg`
g`uo
uokg
kgss qu
qum
m rb
rbim
imo
o mf
`uocbgodnbmotg kmf mcgsbstmnd jundog qum mxbstm cbmrtdnmotm uod uobkdk. R ms
mo msd jbstgrbd-tbmnpg kgokm fds prgpumstds km fd Jbstgrbd Dctudf, qum pgom mf
dcmotg
dcmotg mo mf cdrä
cdräctm
ctmrr cgot
cgotmnp
mnpgräo
gräomg
mg km cud
cudfqu
fqubmr
bmr rmc
rmcgost
gostrucc
ruccbóo
bóo jbs
jbstór
tórbcd
bcd y
prmkbcd fgs amom`bcbgs km dprgvmcjdr fd prbvbfmibdkd dtdfdyd kmf prmsmotm pdrd
botmotdr cgnprmokmr mf pdsdkg m bndibodr mf `uturg.

;. \gafdcbóo y Dctbvbkdk Mcgoónbcd8

\GAFDCBGO8

Ms mf tgtdf km jdabtdotms km uo ärmd mspmcî`bcd (cbukdk, pdîs g cgotbomotm) mo

uo kmtmrnbodkg ngnmotg. Fd kbscbpfbod qum mstukbd fd pgafdcbóo sm cgogcm cgng

kmngird`îd y dodfbzd mf tdndôg, cgnpgsbcbóo y kbstrbaucbóo km fd pgafdcbóo, sus
pdtrgoms km cdnabg d fg fdrig km fgs dôgs mo `uocbóo km odcbnbmotgs, km `usbgoms
y nbirdcbóo, y fgs kmtmrnbodotms y cgosmcumocbds km mstgs cdnabgs.

 DC[BPBKDK MCGOGNBCD8

Sm kmognbod
kmognbod dctbv
dctbvbkdkms
bkdkms mcgoónbc
mcgoónbcds
ds d tgkds dqumffds
dqumffds dctbvb
dctbvbkdkms
kdkms g cgohuot
cgohuotg
g
km tdrmds pgr nmkbg km fds cudfms sdtbs`dcmngs oumstrds omcmsbkdkms y qum
imomrdo idodocbds kmotrg kmf nmrcdkg, pdrd fgs prgkuctgs km fds nbsnds. Km fds
dctb
dctbvb
vbkd
kdkm
kmss mcgo
mcgoón
ónbc
bcds
ds od
odcm
cm fd pr
prgk
gkuc
uccb
cbóo
óo,, y km mstd
mstd mf cgos
cgosun
ung.
g. Cdkd
Cdkd
cgnuobkdk mocumotrd qum sus rmcursgs sgo fbnbtdkgs y pgr fg tdotg, pdrd pgkmr 
sdtbs`dcmr
sdtbs`dcmr d mstds omcmsbkd
omcmsbkdkms
kms kmam jdcmr uod mfmccb
mfmccbóo
óo qum ffmvd bocgrpgr
bocgrpgrdkg
dkg uo
cgstm km gpgrtuobkdk. Fds dctbvbkdkms mcgoónbcds dadrcdo trms `dsms8 prgkuccbóo,
kbstrbaucbóo y cgosung. Cgng fd prgkuccbóo kmpmokm kmf cgosung, fd mcgognîd
tdnabâo dodfbzd mf cgnpgrtdnbmotg km fgs cgosunbkgrms. Dfiuods dctbvbkdkms
mcgo
mcgoón
ónbc
bcds
ds sgo fd di
dirbc
rbcuf
uftu
turd,
rd, fd id
idod
odkm
kmrî
rîd,
d, fd bo
boku
kust
strb
rbd,
d, mf cg
cgnm
nmrc
rcbg
bg,, fd
fdss

cgnuobcdcbgoms, motrm gtrgs.

0
 

=. Mspdcbg Sgcbdf.

Mf Mspdcbg Sgcbdf ms kgokm sm kmsdrrgffdo y cgovbvmo fgs irupgs sgcbdfms qum

cgo`grndo fd nbsnd sgcbmkdk, fgs cudfms sm kb`mrmocbdo km dcumrkg d su pgsbcbóo,
ms kmcbr, mf pdpmf qum humid cdkd bokbvbkug kmotrg km su sgcbmkdk. Mstd pgsbcbóo
ms ndrcdkd pgr kgs crbtmrbgs8

 Cdpbtdf mcgoónbcg.
 Cdpbtdf Cufturdf.

Fgs irupgs pgsmmkgrms km uo cdpbtd

cdpbtdff cufturdf, pumkmo smr cgogcbkgs cgng fgs
‖botmf
‖botmfmct
mctudf
udfms„,
ms„, nb
nbmot
motrds
rds qum fgs pgs
pgsmmkg
mmkgrms
rms kmf cdpbtd
cdpbtdff mcg
mcgoón
oónbcg
bcg cgn
cgng
g fgs
‖pdtrgoms„.
‖pdtrgoms„. Fds kb`mrmocbds sgcbd
sgcbdfms
fms qum surimo km mstgs irupgs, sgo fds qum kdo
mstructurd df sbstmnd g mspdcbg sgcbdf.

BB. Fd Qmmstructurdcbóo jbstórbcd kmf mspdcbg-tbmnpg km Pzfd8

D. Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr.

‖Sbb og sgng
‖S sgngss cdpd
cdpdcm
cmss km km
kmng
ngfm
fmrr fds
fds vbmh
vbmhds
ds cgst
cgstun
unar
arms
ms,, fds
fds gk
gkbg
bgsd
sdss
kb`mrmocbds km cfdsm, fgs gascmogs prbvbfmibgs, y imomrdr uod oumvd cufturd km fd
biudfkdk, km fd sgfbkdrbkdk, km fd jmrndokdk, jdarîdngs pmrkbkg mf tbmnpg„, fds
irdokms fîomds trdos`grndkgrds kmf \rgymctg Odcbgodf Sbnóo Agfîvdr mo fg pgfîtbcg,
sgcbdf, mcgoónbcg, nbfbtdr y tmrrbtgrbdf, botmrodcbgodf y âtbcg8 Cbocg irdokms ngtgrms
pdrd trdosbtdr cgng fgcgngtgrds vbctgrbgsds. Juig Cjävmz @rîds.

‖Fd Oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„ mf rmgrkmodnbmotg sgcbdfbstd km fd oumvd

Imgpgfîtbcd kmf pdîs. Sm trdtd km mfbnbodr fgs gastäcufgs aurgcrätbcgs, fd cgrrupcbóo
y fd bom`bcbmocbd5 dkdptdr d fds omcmsbkdkms rmdfms km fd kbstrbaucbóo pgfîtbcg-
tmrrbtgrbdf kmf pdîs y mf idstg pøafbcg y fd kbstrbaucbóo y utbfbzdcbóo km fgs rmcursgs km
`grnd mqubfbardkd y rdzgodafm, kbsnbouymokg fgs kmsmqubfbarbgs qum jgy sm mstäo

9
 

prgk
prgkucb
ucbmo
mokg
kg mo
motr
trm
m zgo
zgods
ds ru
rurd
rdfm
fmss y ur
urado
adods
ds,, zg
zgods
ods imgir
imgirä`
ä`bc
bcds
ds mxt
mxtmos
mosds
ds y
kmspgafdkds `rmotm d gtrds näs pmqumôds y supmrpgafdkds, sbo cdpdcbkdk km
ndobgard ob km kmcbsbóo.

Mfmnmotgs `uokdnmotdfms km fd Imgnmtrîd kmf pgkmr, cgng fd cbukdk cgng

uobkdk pgfîtbcd prbndrbd, fds cgnuods cgng câfufds sgcbdfms kmf tmrrbtgrbg, fd cbukdk
cgnuodf cgng mstdkg `bodf km ndkurmz sgcbdf km uo tmrrbtgrbg, dsî cgng uod
vdrbmkdk km dirmidcbgoms tmrrbtgrbdfms km irdo `fmxbabfbkdk, rmvmfdo qum fd kboänbcd
km fd rmv
rmvgf
gfuc
ucbó
bóo
o pr
prgn
gnumv
umvm
m fd rm
rmms
mstr
truct
ucturd
urdcb
cbóo
óo `u
`uok
okdn
dnmo
motd
tdff km fd sgc
sgcbm
bmkd
kdk
k
vmomzgfdod,
vmomzgfdod, prbvbfmib
prbvbfmibdokg
dokg oumvds `umotm
`umotmss km pgkmr nucjg näs rmfdcbgodkds cgo
fgs jdabtdotms mo su tmrrbtgrbg.

Smiøo fd dutgrd, mf cgocmptg km Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr mo Pmomzumfd jd sbkg

momribzdkg cgo uod kboänbcd og prmvbstd. ‖Jm rmvbsdkg fds bnpfbcdcbgoms qum fd
mxpmrbmocbd vmomzgfdod jd kdkg df cgocmptg. Mstdad jdabtudkd d vmr ndpds
mstätbcgs, pmrg mo Pmomzumfd ms uo prgcmsg nuy kboänbcg, mo tbmnpg y mspdcbg. Mf
Mstdkg rmvgfucbgodr
rmvgfucbgodrbg
bg qum prgpuio
prgpuioó
ó mf \rmsbkm
\rmsbkmotm
otm Cjävmz tbmom su grbimo mo uod
smocbffd botmrrgidotm8 ·cóng mstä kbstrbaubkg mo Pmomzumfd mf pgkmr pgfîtbcg, sgcbdf,
mcgoónbcg y nbfbtdr y cóng kmamrîd mstdrfg7 Dsî pums, kdrfm cdabkd d uod oumvd
imgnmtrîd kmf pgkmr pdrtm pgr cdnabdr fds kbnmosbgoms km mstd sgcbmkdk. ·Cuäfms
kbnmosbgoms7 Fd kbnmosbóo mcgoónbcd, mf dpdrdtg prgkuctbvg, fd mstructurd sgcbdf.
[dnabâo fd kbnmosbóo mspdcbdf, qum ms fd qum cgnpmtm df tmrrbtgrbg, df mspdcbg
imgirä`bcg y su kbvbsbóo pgfîtbcd. Dsî, cgng mf prgcmsg rmvgfucbgodrbg, Pmomzumfd
mstä pmrndomotmnmotm
pmrndomotmnmotm rmpfdot
rmpfdotmdokg
mdokg mf tmnd kmf mspdcbg imgirä`
imgirä`bcg,
bcg, auscdokg y
cgocr
cgocrmt
mtdo
dokg
kg oumv
oumvds
ds cgo`
cgo`bi
biur
urdcb
dcbgo
goms
ms km
kmff tm
tmrrb
rrbtg
tgrb
rbg
g km dc
dcumr
umrkg
kg d uo ng
ngkm
kmfg
fg
mcgoónbcg y sgcbdf cdodfbzdkg d pdrtbr km fds biudfkdkms y og km fds dsbnmtrîds.
 
Fd oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr ms uo prgymctg cgo aumods botmocbgoms, gtrgs
km fgs cgnpgomotms cgostbtutbvgs km fd rm`grnd ms fd ‖Oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„
km`bobkd
km`bobkd cgng mf cudrtg ngtgr cgostbtuymo
cgostbtuymotm,
tm, pgrqum df pgomrsm mo ndrcjd cgo fd

dprgadcbóo km fd nbsnd, tmórbcdnmotm jdarîd pmrnbtbkg fd crmdcbóo km cgokbcbgoms

:
 

pdrd cgostrubr uod oumvd kbvbsbóo pgfîtbcd-tmrrbtgrbdf, mo fd cudf mstdrîd bnpfîcbtd uod
oumvd rmfdcbóo km fgs pgkmrms mcgoónbcg, pgfîtbcg, sgcbdf y nbfbtdr. Fd mstrdtmibd sm
cmotró mo gtgridrfm df \gkmr Mhmcutbvg pgkmrms cgostbtucbgodfms pfmogs cgo mf `bo
km `d
`dcu
cuftftdr
drfg
fg pdr
pdrd
d qu
qum
m kbau
kbauhd
hdsm
sm uo ou
oumvg
mvg nd
ndpd
pd pg
pgfîfîtbtbcg-
cg-tm
tmrrb
rrbtg
tgrb
rbdf
df km
kmff pd
pdîs
îs,,
nmkbdotm mf rmpfdotmdnbmotg prg`uokg kmf pdtróo km dsmotdnbmotg pgafdcbgodf y km
kmsdrrgffg rmibgodf, jmrmkdkg kmf vbmhg ngkmfg cgfgobdf y cdpbtdfbstd kmpmokbmotm,
imomrdk
imomrdkgr
gr km irdokms
irdokms kbstgrs
kbstgrsbgom
bgomss y kmsm
kmsmqub
qubfba
fbarbg
rbgss tmr
tmrrbt
rbtgrb
grbdfms
dfms jbs
jbstór
tórbcg
bcgss y
tdnabâo km bohustbcbds y dsbnmtrîds km fgs änabtgs pgfîtbcg, mcgoónbcg, sgcbdf y
dnabmotdf. Fg sustdocbdf km fd prgpumstd mrd idrdotbzdrfm fmibtbnbkdk d fd dccbóo
kmff ig
km igab
abmro
mrog
g rm
rmvgf
vgfuc
ucbg
bgod
odrb
rbg
g kms
kmstbtbodk
odkd
d d rgn
rgnpm
pmrr mf ng
ngvb
vbnb
nbmo
motg
tg bo
bomrc
mrcbd
bdff km
gcupdcbóo y kmsdrrgffg tmrrbtgrbdf qum pgr sbifgs, jd rmspgokbkg d uo ngkmfg km
kmsdrrgffg mxóimog y d oumstrd cgokbcbóo km pdîs pmrb`ârbcg, prgvmmkgr km ndtmrbds
prbnds y ndog km gard adrdtd, dtdkg d fgs botmrmsms y omcmsbkdkms kmf irdo

cdpbtdf trdosodcbgodf y km fds irdokms pgtmocbds kgnbodotms, `uokdnmotdfnmotm

MM]] km fd imgpgfîtbcd ifgadf. Mf gahmtbvg mo mf nmkbdog y fdrig pfdzg km fd
‖Oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„, ms jgngfgidr fd cdfbkdk km vbkd mo tgkg mf tmrrbtgrbg
odcbgodf, d trdvâs km fd cgostruccbóo prgirmsbvd km uo ‖sbstmnd km cbukdkms
sgcb
sgcbdf
dfbs
bstd
tds„
s„ `u
`uokd
okdnm
nmot
otdk
dkds
ds mo mf km
kmsdr
sdrrg
rgffffg
g cg
cgnu
nuod
odff y mo fd pd
pdrt
rtbc
bcbp
bpdc
dcbó
bóo
o
cbukdkd
cbukdkdod,
od, qum tmo
tmokbm
kbmrd
rd d gpt
gptbnb
bnbzdr
zdr mf dprg
dprgvmc
vmcjdn
jdnbmo
bmotg
tg sustmotda
sustmotdafm
fm km fgs
rmcursgs odturdfms pdrd mf kbs`rutm km tgkgs. Mf \rmsbkmotm Cjävmz fg rmsunbó mo
uod `rdsm8 ‚‒tgkgs kmamngs smotbrogs cbukdkdogs„,
cbukdkdogs„, cgo fd nbsnd cdfbkd
cdfbkdk
k km vbkd,
vdfm kmcbr, cgo mf nbsng obvmf km dccmsg d fgs abmoms y smrvbcbgs rmqumrbkgs pdrd
sdtbs`dcmr oumstrds omcmsbkdkms ndtmrbdfms y mspbrbtudfms, cgng cgokbcbóo prmvbd
pdrd qum rmdfnmotm pgkdngs mhmrcmr oumstrg kmrmcjgs y tgkgs ogs sbotdngs
biudfms, bokmpmokbmotmnmotm km fd zgod kmf pdîs qum jdabtmngs. Mstd vbsbóo kmf
kmsdrrgffg auscd mf mqubfbarg tmrrbtgrbdf pdrd prgpgrcbgodrfm d tgkgs mf abmomstdr y fd
mqubkdk df qum tmomngs kmrmcjgs cgng cbukdkdogs. Mo km`bobtbvd, fd ‖Oumvd
Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„, sm cgocbam pdrd kdrfm sustmotg df oumvg ngkmfg sgcbdfbstd
km grkmodcb
grkmodcbóo
óo kmf tmrr
tmrrbtg
btgrbg
rbg,, bos
boscrb
crbtg
tg mo uod vbs
vbsbóo
bóo img
imgpgf
pgfîtb
îtbcd
cd ads
adsdkd
dkd mo uo
prgym
prgymct
ctg
g km pd
pdîs
îs bo
bokm
kmpm
pmokb
okbmot
motm
m y sg
sgam
amrdo
rdog,
g, pr
prgn
gngt
gtgr
gr km fd bo
botm
tmird
irdcb
cbóo
óo km

Fdtbtbog
Fd ogdn
dnâr
ârbc
bcd
d y Cd
Cdrb
rbam
am,, cg
cgo
o fd dspb
dspbrdc
rdcbó
bóo
o km cg
cgov
ovmrt
mrtbrs
brsm
m mo uod
uod pg
pgtm
tmoc
ocbd
bd

2
 

prgngtgrd km fd pdz y kmf rmspmtg d fd dutgkmtmrnbodcbóo km fgs pumafgs. Sm pdrtbó

kmf supumstg qum cgo fd dprgadcbóo km fd `grnd, sm jdarîd dctbvdkg uo mhmrcbcbg
nucjg näs m`bcdz y cgocrmtg km uod kbstrbaucbóo kmf tmrrbtgrbg mqubfbardkd mo fg
mcgoónbcg, pgfîtbcg, sgcbdf y dnabmotdf. Mstd pfdob`bcdcbóo mstrdtâibcd pgrtdkgrd kmf
`uturg grkmodnbmotg pgfîtbcg-tmrrbtgrbdf, jdarîd pmrnbtbkg kbspgomr km uo ‖pfdo km
vumfg„ pdrd grbmotdr fds bovmrsbgoms y fds pgfîtbcds pøafbcds kmstbodkds d prgngvmr 
mo mf fdrig pfdzg mf oumvg pdtróo km dsmot
dsmotdnbmot
dnbmotg
g pgafdcbgodf y fd supmrdc
supmrdcbóo
bóo km
fgs kmsmqubfbarbgs y dsbnmtrîds qum cdrdctmrbzdo df dctudf.

Gtrg dspmctg bnpgrtdotm km fd ‖Oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„ kbrmctdnmotm

rmfdcbgodkg cgo mf mhmrcbcbg y km`mosd km fd sgamrdoîd ms fd `dcuftdk qum sm fm
gtgrid df \rmsbkmotm km fd Qmpøafbcd pdrd ‖kmcrmtdr Qmibgoms Mspmcbdfms Nbfbtdrms
cgo `boms mstrdtâibcgs km fd Qmpøafbcd, biudfnmotm pgkrä kmcrmtdr dutgrbkdkms

mspmcbdfms mo sbtudcbgoms km cgotboimocbd, kmsdstrms odturdfms, mtc.„.

Mf kmsdrrgffg km fd ‖Oumvd Imgnmtrîd kmf \gkmr„ smrbd mf rmsuftdkg km uo

prgcmsg mo mf qum fgs prgtdigobstds smrîdo fgs Cgosmhgs Cgnuodfms, fds Cgnuods
y mo imomrdf mf \gkmr \gpufdr, kmhdokg km fdkg fds bostdocbds botmrnmkbds kmf
pgkmr cgostbtubkg km fgs mstdkgs y nuobcbpbgs, sbo mnadrig, mo mf tmxtg qum sm
sgnmtbó d fd dprgadcbóo kmf pumafg mf 1K, og sm vbsfunardo fgs nmcdobsngs d
trdvâs km fgs cudfms sm jdrîd m`mctbvd msd pdrtbcbpdcbóo, nbmotrds sb mstdad nuy
cfdrdnmotm
cfdrdnmotm km`bobk
km`bobkd
d fd cgocmotrdcb
cgocmotrdcbóo
óo km pgkmr sgarm mstd ndtmrb
ndtmrbd
d mo mf mhmcutbvg
odcbgodf.

A. Kmsdrrgffg Mokóimog.

Ms uod `grnd km ffmvdr dkmfdot

dkmfdotm
m fd trdos`grnd
trdos`grndcbóo
cbóo sgcbdf, cufturd
cufturdff y mcgoónb
mcgoónbcd
cd
km oumstrd sgcbmkdk, adsdkd mo fd rmcgoqubstd km fds trdkbcbgoms, mf rmspmtg df
nmkbg
nmkbg dna
dnabmo
bmotm
tm y fds rmf
rmfdcb
dcbgom
gomss mqu
mqubtd
btdtbv
tbvds
ds km prgkucc
prgkuccbóo
bóo,, qum ogs pmrnbtd
pmrnbtd
cgovmrt
cgovmrtbr
br oums
oumstrg
trgss rmc
rmcursg
ursgss odt
odturdf
urdfms
ms mo prgkuct
prgkuctgs
gs qum pgk
pgkdng
dngss cgos
cgosunb
unbr,
r,

kbstrbaubr y mxpgrtdr df nuokg motmrg.

4<
 

Sm auscd bocgrpgrdr d fgs vmomzgfdogs qum jdstd djgrd jdaîd sbkg mxcfubkg kmf
sbst
sbstmn
mnd
d mk
mkucd
ucdtbtbvg
vg,, mcgo
mcgoón
ónbc
bcg
g y sg
sgcb
cbdf
df55 nmkb
nmkbdo
dotm
tm fd cgo
cgost
stru
ruccb
ccbóo
óo km rmkms
rmkms
prgkuctbvds kgokm tgkgs pdrtbcbpmo mo biudf km cgokbcbgoms, dccmkbmokg `äcbfnmotm
d fd tmcogfgiîd y mf cgogcbnbmotg.

 D trdvâs kmf kmsdrrgffg mokóimog sm gtgrid pgkmr d fds cgnuobkdkms

gridobzdkds pdrd qum kmsdrrgffmo fds pgtmocbdfbkdkms dirîcgfds, bokustrbdfms y
turîstbcds km cdkd uod km fds rmibgoms. Sm fgird pgobmokg df smrvbcbg km tgkd fd
imot
imotm
m fd bo`r
bo`rdm
dmst
stru
ruct
ctur
urd
d km
kmff Ms
Mstd
tdkg
kg qu
qum
m jd
jdaî
aîd
d sbkg
sbkg da
dado
dokg
kgod
odkd
kd (c
(cdn
dnpg
pgss
bokust
bokustrbdf
rbdfms,
ms, ndqubo
ndqubodrb
drbds,
ds, tbmrrds
tbmrrds gcbgsd
gcbgsds,
s, mot
motrm
rm gtr
gtrgs)
gs) pdr
pdrd
d imo
imomrd
mrdrr abm
abmoms
oms y
smrvbcbgs.

C. Kmsdrrgffg Sustmotdafm.

Mf Kmsdrrg
Kmsdrrgffg
ffg sustmotdaf
sustmotdafm
m mo Pmomzu
Pmomzumfd,
mfd, ms uo cgnpmo
cgnpmokbg
kbg botmrrmfdcb
botmrrmfdcbgodkg
godkg mo
fd `grnd dnabmotdf, mcgoónbcd y sgcbdf cuyg `bo ms sdtbs`dcmr d fd sgcbmkdk,
cuarbmokg omcmsbkdkms pdrd nmhgrdr fd cdfbkdk km vbkd jundod.

Fd Cgnbsbóo kmf Nmkbg Dnabmotm y Kmsdrrgffg km fds Odcbgoms ]obkds (crmdkd

pgr fd GO] mo 42:3) ndob`mstó mo mf kgcunmotg ‖Oumstrg @uturg Cgnøo„ g
bo`grnm Aruoktfdok (cgng tdnabâo sm fm ffdnó, mo jgogr d fd \rbnmr Nbobstrg
Ogrumid
Ogrumid Irg
Irgjdrfmn
jdrfmn Aruokt
Aruoktfdok
fdok qum p
prmsbkbd
rmsbkbd d fd Cgnbsb
Cgnbsbóo)
óo) qu
qum
m mf kmsdrrg
kmsdrrgffg
ffg
sgstmobafm sm km`bom cgng ‖ dqumf kmsdrrgffg qum sdtbs`dcm fds omcmsbkdkms km fds
imomrdcbgoms prmsmotms sbo cgnprgnmtmr fds pgsbabfbkdkms km fds imomrdcbgoms
`uturds pdrd sdtbs`dcmr sus prgpbds omcmsbkdkms).

Fd Qmpøafbcd km Pmomzumfd mo fd cgostbtucbóo km 4222, sm cgnprgnmtm d

prgpgrcbgodr uo kmsdrrgffg sustmotdafm (Drt. 41:,34< y 310) y mo fd Fmy Griäobcd
kmff Dnab
km Dnabmot
motm
m (I
(Idcm
dcmtd
td G`bc
G`bcbd
bdff O¼ =:
=:33,
33, 11
11-4
-41-
1- 1<
1<<0)
<0) sm km`b
km`bom
om mf km
kmsd
sdrrg
rrgffffg
g
sustmotdafm cgng uo ‖prgcmsg km cdnabg cgotboug y mqubtdtbvg pdrd fgidr mf

näxbng abmomstdr sgcbdf, nmkbdotm mf cudf sm prgcurd mf kmsdrrgffg botmirdf, cgo

44
 

`u
`uokd
okdnm
nmot
otg
g mo nm
nmkb
kbkds
kds dp
dprgp
rgpbd
bdkds
kds pd
pdrd
rd fd cg
cgos
osmrv
mrvdcb
dcbóo
óo km fg
fgss rm
rmcur
cursgs
sgs
odtu
odturd
rdfm
fmss y mf mq
mqub
ubfbfbar
arbg
bg mcgf
mcgfói
óibc
bcg,
g, sdtb
sdtbs`
s`dc
dcbm
bmok
okg
g fds
fds om
omcm
cmsb
sbkd
kdkm
kmss km fds
fds
imomrdcbgoms prmsmotms sbo cgnprgnmtmr fds imomrdcbgoms `uturds„.

K. Kmscgocmotrdcbóo kmf Kmsdrrgffg Cgnuobtdrbg.

Mo mf cdsg km fd kmscgocmotrdcbóo, mf igabmrog cmotrdf kbspmrsd dfiuods km sus

`uocbgoms, cgng fd pfdob`bcdcbóo y fds `bodozds, trdsfdkäokgfds kmf igabmrog cmotrdf
d fds g`bcbods rmibgodfms, df nbsng tbmnpg qum ndotbmom mf cgotrgf imomrdf. Fd
kmscgocmotrdcbóo ms dotm tgkg uo dcumrkg dknbobstrdtbvg, mo mf qum fd tgnd km
kmcbsbgoms cgotboød sbmokg cgnpmtmocbd km fgs nbobstrgs kmf igabmrog cmotrdf.

Fgs Oøcfmgs km Kmsdrrgffg Mokóimog kmamo kmsdrrgffdrsm adhg fd pmrspmctbvd

km fd pgfîtbcd km kmscgocmotrdcbóo kmf tmrrbtgrbg odcbgodf. Cudokg uo OKM sm

cgosgfbkd y mxpdokm su bo`fumocbd jdcbd fds cgnuobkdkms g tmrrbtgrbgs dkydcmotms,
cgotrbauym pdrd mqubfbardr fd rmfdcbóo motrm mspdcbg y sgcbmkdk, d qum og sbido
mxbstbmokg rmibgoms cgo dftd pgafdcbóo y cgocmotrdcbóo km smrvbcbgs, mscumfds,
mnpfmg, cgnmrcbgs, qum cgotrdstd cgo rmibgoms cgo adhd pgafdcbóo, mscdsmz km
smrvbcbgs, cgnmrcbgs y mscumfds.

41
 

CGOCF]SBGO

]od km fds mstrdtmibds näs bnpgrtdotms kmotrg km fd Imgjbstgrbd, mstä

rm
rm`m
`mrb
rbkd
kd df kbdi
kbdioó
oóst
stbc
bcg
g km fd
fdss cgn
cgnuo
uobk
bkdk
dkms,
ms, pgr cu
cudo
dotg
tg pm
pmrn
rnbtbtm
m df bo
bokb
kbvb
vbku
kug
g
bk
bkmot
motb`b`bc
bcdrs
drsm
m cg
cgo
o su msp
mspdc
dcbg
bg im
imgi
girä`
rä`bc
bcg
g pd
pdrd
rd cgo
cgogc
gcmr
mr su rm
rmdf
dfbk
bkdk
dk jbst
jbstórb
órbcd,
cd,
mcgoónbcd y cufturdf, dodfbzdr y pfdotmdr pgsbafms dftmrodtbvds km sgfucbóo d fgs
prga
prgafm
fmnd
ndss km fd cgnu
cgnuob
obkd
kdk.
k. Ms mspd
mspdcb
cbg
g y mf tbmn
tbmnpg
pg cgos
cgostbtbtu
tuym
ym `dct
`dctgr
grms
ms
bnpgrtdotms kmotrg km mstds mstrdtmibds pgr cudotg mffgs sgo fgs qum vdo d
kmtmrnbodr mf dsmotdnbmotg km fd pgafdcbóo mo kmtmrnbodkg fuidr pdrd pgkmr 
mstdafmcmrsm y cgovbvbr mo drngoîd.

43
 

ABAFBGIQD@BDS

 jttps8//www.cfuamosdygs.cgn/Dcgotmcbnbmotgs-Sgcbdfms/Mstrdtmibd-Imgjbst 
%C3%A3rbcd-Km-Kbdiogstbcg-Km-Fds-Cgnuobkdkms/43<<300.jtnf


jttps8// ms.scrbak.cgn/kg
jttps8//ms.scrbak .cgn/kgcunmot/3
cunmot/321049;
21049;<0/Mos
<0/Mosdyg-km
dyg-km-Imgjb
-Imgjbstgrbd
stgrbd

4;