Natural Classification of Kingdom Plantae and Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

Phyla Structures Vascularization Reproduction Other features Examples

Bryophyta → They lack true → Has no → The bryophytes → They play an

1 vegetative structure vascularisation (i.e. show an alternation of important role in plant
and have a root-like, lacks xylem and generations between succession on bare
stem-like and leaf-like phloem) the independent rocks. They show
structure. Plants lack gametophyte alternation of
the vascular system generation, which generations and have
(xylem, phloem) produces the sex a unique nickname.
organs and sperm and → Their life cycles are
→ Structures eggs, and the dominated by a
resembling stems, dependent sporophyte multicellular
roots, and leaves are generation, which gametophyte stage.
found on the produces the spores. Their sporophytes are Source: Bio Ninja
gametophore of → It produces only one → Bryophytes are Britannica
bryophytes, while spore-containing organ plants that are found
these structures are (sporangium) rather growing in moist and
found on the than many. shady places.
sporophytes in the →Something unique
vascular plants. The about these plants is
sporophyte releases that they can survive
spores, from which the on bare rocks and soil
gametophytes
ultimately develop.

Filicinophyta Have leaves, roots Has vascularisation (i.e Reproduce by → leaves are pinnate Ferns:
2 and non-woody xylem and phloem) releasing spores from - consisting of large
stems clusters called sori on fronds divided into
the underside of the leaflets
leaves →There is a
characteristic
uncurling of the
young leaves as they
expand into the adult
 form.
→The leaves usually
arise from either a
rhizome or a short
erect stem.

Brackens:

Coniferophyta → Coniferophyta are → Vascularisation is → Strobilus: the cone → Coniferophyta have → Bristlecone Pine
3 living and fossil present in Coniferophyta. of a pine/ fir or conifer woody stems. (Pinus longaeva)
gymnospermous → The stems and roots → Their reproductive → The vascular
plants with have a vascular cambium structures are nearly cambium, a persistent
needle-shaped that is active and always found in strobili. cylinder of developing
evergreen leaves and generates large amounts Some strobili are cells that sits just
seeds linked to the of wood. simple cones. That is, inside the bark,
scales of a woody → Coniferophyta having the sporangia-bearing produces the majority
bracted cone. unprotected, or naked, cone segments are of the diameter of
→ Coniferophyta have seeds are known as modified leaves or mature conifer stems.
leaves, roots, gymnosperms. Because sporophylls. → They have a life
sporangia and stems their seeds are not → Some conifers, on span that ranges from
as vegetative organs. encased in female the other hand, have a few decades to more → giant sequoias
tissues, they are referred strobili that are reduced than 5,000 years. (Sequoiadendron
to as naked. individually but → Most conifers giganteum)
organised on a contain highly
common axis. flammable resins.
 → Various pine cone
species found in
California

Angiospermo → Angospermophyta → Vascularisation is → Pollen is produced → The max size of an → Sunflower,

phyta have roots, stems and present in by anthers in flowers. angiospermophyta is Cocksfoot, Daffodil,
4 leaves as vegetative Angiospermophyta. Pollen are small 100 meters. Meadow Grass, Iris,
organs. → They have a xylem and structures that contain → As explained in the Buttercup, Poppy and
→ Whilst the structure phloem as vascular male gametes. previous section, Shrubs Broom are
of individual species tissues. These are tissues → Ovules are enclosed Angiospermophyta some of the many
may vary, these are with tubular structures inside the ovaries in have fruits and flowers. examples of
the parts concerned used for transport within flowers. Ovules contain → Their classifications Angiosperms.
with growth. plants. female gametes and include; dicotyledonae, → Angiosperm, any of
→ Cambiums are present develop into a seed monocotyledone, about 300000 species
in most angiospermophyta after fertilization has Basal Angiosperms of flowering plants,
that allow for the occurred. → ​Angiosperms are the largest and most
thickening of stems and → Seeds are produced closely related to diverse group in the
roots and development of and dispersed. These gymnosperms, plant kingdom.
plants into trees and seeds consist of an coniferophyta, and → A photographic
shrubs. embryo plant and food cycads. example is given
→ Cambiums are the cells reserves inside of a → Their cladogram is below :
between xylem and seed coat. given below : Water Lily, Sunflower
phloem that produce more → Angiospermophyta and Iris
 of these tissues. produce fruits through
the dispersal of seeds
by mechanical, wind, or
animal methods. Fruits
are seeds together with
a fruit wall developed
by the ovary wall.
→ Angiospermophyta
reproduce by seeds
dispersed through
fruits, as well as
pollination through
flowers

Kingdom Animalia

Symmetry Body Cavity Segmentation Other features Examples

Porifera → Unlike Protozoans, → The shapes of their → They don’t have → As larvae, sponges → Sycon
1 the Poriferans are bodies are adapted for segmentation are able to swim, but
multicellular. maximal efficiency of as adults, they are
→ Unlike higher water flow through the sessile, spending their
metazoans, the cells central cavity, where life attached to a
that make up a sponge nutrients are deposited, substrate.
are not organized into and leaves through a hole → Although the
→ Spongilla
 tissues. Therefore, called the osculum. majority of sponges
sponges lack true . live in marine habitats,
tissues and organs, and → As their name one family, the
thus have no body suggests, Poriferans are Spongillidae, is found
symmetry. characterized by the in fresh water.
presence of minute pores
called ostia on their body.

→ Since water is vital to

sponges for excretion,
feeding, and gas
exchange, their body
structure facilitates the
movement of water
through the sponge.
Structures such as canals,
chambers, and cavities
enable water to move
through the sponge to
nearly all body cells.

Cnidaria Have radial Incomplete body None →Have Stinging cells jellyfish
2 symmetry cavity. (cnidocytes)
(symmetry about a →May have
central axis.) Single entrance body tentacles with
cavity - The body cavity stinging cells for
is sac-shaped, with one capturing and
opening acting as both disabling prey
mouth and anus. sea anemones

→grade of
construction: two
tissue layers
→type of gut: blind coral
gut
 →type of body
cavity other than
gut: none
→circulatory
system: none
→nervous system:
network of nerve
cells
→excretion:
diffusion from cell
surface.

Platyhelmint → Platyhelminthes have → Although → Platyhelminthes → Their body is → Tapeworm

hes bilateral symmetry. platyhelminthes lack a have no segmentation dorsoventrally flattened
3 → Their bodies have real body cavity, they do (flat from both
biological symmetry, have bilateral symmetry. surfaces)
which means they can They are classified as → They are
be divided into nearly acoelomates because triploblastic, (three
matching halves by they lack a body cavity. embryonic layers) with
drawing a line along the → Acoelomate is defined three germ layers
middle. as an invertebrate that → The digestive → Turbellaria
→ Flatworms are lacks a coelom, system is either
bilaterally symmetrical, specifically one that incomplete or
with a distinct head and belongs to the group that non-existent. There is,
tail area as well as a includes flatworms and in fact, a single
centralised neurological nemerteans and is aperture that leads to a
system that includes a distinguished by bilateral well-developed
brain and nerve symmetry and a digestive gastro-vascular cavity.
connections. cavity that is the only In addition, the anus is
internal cavity. missing. And there is
no such thing as a → Rhabditophora
proper stomach
structure. The
digestive system is
completely lacking in a
few animals.

Annelida → Annelids have → Annelids have a body → All members of the → Move via peristalsis → The most common
4 bilateral symmetry. cavity stretching from group are to some (a series of wave-like examples of annelids
→ Bilateral symmetry is mouth and anus. extent segmented, in muscle contractions). are earthworms,
the property of being → The body of an annelid other words, made up → They exhibit organ ragworms and
divisible into is often described as a of segments that are system level leeches.
symmetrical halves on tube within a tube. The formed by subdivisions organization. → A photographic
either side of a unique inner tube, or digestive that partially transect → They respire example is given
plane. tract, is separated from the body cavity. through their body below :
→ Bilateral symmetry is the outer tube, or body → Annelids contain surface. They have a Earthworms,
a form of symmetry in wall, by the coelom. largely segmented well-developed Ragworms and
which the opposite sides → The head region is bodies essential for life, circulatory and Leeches
are similar. The external followed by a series of such as the nervous digestive system.
appearance is the same segments similar to each system. → Their body contains
on the left and right other in appearance. → It allows for more haemoglobin, which
sides in a sagittal plane → The cells constituting efficient body gives them a red
(such as the body plan the epidermis (outermost movement through the colour.
of most animals, cell layer) are usually use of localized muscle → Regeneration is a
including humans) simple columnar epithelial contraction as part of very common
cells covered by a cuticle; the muscular system. characteristic of the
parts of the body may be → Annelids have a Annelids. Setae helps
ciliated, especially in highly developed them in movement.
smaller forms. internal segmented
→ The cuticle consists of circulatory system that
thin layers of protein allows for efficient
similar in composition to blood flow to muscles
that of the collagen found and critical body
in some vertebrate systems such as the
tissues. circulatory system,
which supports organs
like the heart.
→ Without
segmentation, annelids
would struggle with
movement across
diverse environments.
 Mollusca → Mollusks have → Molluscs have → They do not have → The study of
1 bilateral symmetry. – developed a true coelom, segmentation Mollusca is called
The two halves of the an internal body cavity Malacology. They are
body mirror each other. enclosed by mesodermal sluggish invertebrates,
membranes. The coelom with a thin fleshy
in molluscs, however, is envelope or mantle
strangely reduced to a covering the visceral
small space around the organs.
heart, sometimes called a
hemocoel. → The term Mollusca
→ The main body cavity was derived from the
of mollusks is a term given by Aristotle
haemocoel, through which to cuttlefish. Mollusc
blood circulates. The means soft.
mollusks are triploblastic
organisms with true → They are a source
coelom.The circulatory of jewellery as well as
system of mollusks is food. Natural pearls
open. are formed within
these molluscs.

→ Molluscs are used

as bioindicators in the
marine and freshwater
environments. But few
of them such as snails
and slugs are pests.

Arthropoda Have bilateral Have a separate mouth Segmented They have a hard Examples include
2 symmetry (divisible into and anus exoskeleton made of insects,
symmetrical halves on Within the chitin crustaceans,
either side of a unique Arthropods have a body arthropods, the body spiders, scorpions
plane) cavity that is known as a wall, nervous Have jointed body
and centipedes
coelom which is a film system, kidneys, sections / appendages.
lined hole between the gut
muscles and body
and the body divider that
fits the inward organs.
cavity are
segmented, as are
In Arthropoda, the body the appendages
(when they are
 cavity is loaded up with present).
blood and this is called
haemocoel.

Chordata → Chordata have → Body cavity present → Chordate → Chordata animals → Lampreys
3 bilateral symmetry. → All chordates are segmentation is defined share four fundamental
→ Their bodies have coelomates, with a as the production of a characteristics: a
biological symmetry, fluid-filled body cavity pair of somites on notochord, a dorsal
which means they can called a coelom and a full either side of the hollow nerve cord,
be divided into nearly lining developed from midline. Somitogenesis pharyngeal slits, and a
matching halves by mesoderm called the is a term used to post-anal tail.
drawing a line along the peritoneum. describe this process. → In certain chordates, → Sea squirts
middle. → ​Somitogenesis is the these features are only
formation of somites. In present during
segmented animals, embryonic
somites are bilaterally development.
paired blocks of → The dorsal hollow
paraxial mesoderm that nerve cord gives rise to
form along the the central nervous
anterior-posterior axis system, which includes
of the developing the brain and spine.
 embryo. Somatic cells
in vertebrates give rise
to skeletal muscle,
cartilage, tendons,
endothelium, and
dermis.
→ The clock and
wavefront model
coordinate
segmentation in
chordates.

Subphylum Vertebrata

Body covering Reproduction Breathing Body Temperature Other features

Fish → Scales- small rigid, → Produce jelly-covered → Via gills- Gills are → Ectothermic, these → Have lateral lines
4 bony plates that grow eggs in water, external feathery organs full of fish rely upon their on the body for
out of the skin of a (mostly sexual blood vessels. A fish environment to detecting vibration in
fish. reproduction) breathes by taking regulate their water. Presence of
→ The skin of a fish → Nearly all fish water into its mouth and temperature. fins.
must serve many reproduce by sexual forcing it out through → Unlike endotherms → Examples include
functions. It aids in reproduction - the fusion the gill passages. which can dogfish, perch, trout,
maintaining the of sperm produced from → As water passes metabolically control plaice, herring,
osmotic balance, testes and eggs produced over the thin walls of their own body sharks.
provides physical from ovaries. the gills, dissolved temperature, → Photographic
protection for the body, → Fertilization is external oxygen moves into the ectotherms rely upon examples are given
is the site of coloration, in most fish species. blood and travels to the environmental below:
contains sensory Large quantities of eggs fish's cells. temperatures for Dogfish, perch, trout,
receptors, and, in and sperm are thermoregulation. plaice, herring and
some fishes, functions simultaneously released shark
in respiration. into the water by females
→ Scales have played and males.
an important part in → This process of egg
the evolution of fishes release is termed
spawningan.
→ An xample of a fish
which asexually
 reproduces is the Amazon
Molly.

Amphibians → ​The body covering ​→ Amphibians reproduce → Most amphibians → Body temperatures → The word
1 on amphibians is by laying eggs that do not breathe through lungs of frogs taken at night amphibian is a Greek
smooth, moist skin. have a soft skin, not a and their skin. Their ranged from 19.1-27.7 word. It is the
hard shell. Most females skin has to stay wet in C and were combination of the
lay eggs in the water and order for them to significantly higher world “amphi,” which
the babies, called larvae absorb oxygen so they than those of the mod- means dual, or both
or tadpoles, live in the secrete mucous to keep els (paired t-test, t = kinds and the word
water, using gills to their skin moist (If they 12.72, P < 0.001, n = “bio,” which means
breathe and finding food get too dry, they cannot 87). Daytime frog life. The translation
as fish do. As the tadpoles breathe and will die). temperatures ranged would be ‘of both
grow, they develop legs from 23.0-33.0 C) and kinds of life’.
and lungs that allow them → Oxygen absorbed also exceeded mod- el → This definition
to live on land. through their skin will temperatures refers to the fact that
enter blood vessels significantly (t = 14.64, most amphibians live
right at the skin surface P < 0.001, n = 40). their lives in two
that will circulate the → Amphibians are cold different stages in two
oxygen to the rest of blooded different
the body. Sometimes environments…water
more than a quarter of and land, first as
 the oxygen they use is tadpoles and then as
absorbed directly terrestrial adult frogs.
through their skin. → They rely heavily
Tadpoles and some on cutaneous
aquatic amphibians (skin-surface)
have gills like fish that respiration.
they use to breathe. → They possess a
There are a few double-channeled
amphibians that do not hearing system, green
have lungs and only rods in their retinas to
breathe through their discriminate hues,
skin. and pedicellate
(two-part) teeth.

Reptiles Most reptiles have a They reproduce via Reptiles breathe Reptiles are Examples of reptiles
2 continuous internal fertilisation and through lungs that have ectotherms, which are snakes, lizards,
epidermal covering females of the species lay extensive folding means that they do not alligators.
of scales made out of eggs with hard shells (the (folds increase the maintain a constant
beta keratin. The only exceptions are boas surface area to volume body temperature.
scales and interscalar and pythons - who give ratio). Lizards and They are cold blooded.
skin also contains birth to live young). The snakes use muscles of Their metabolism
alpha keratin which is eggs can take days or their chest wall to doesn’t produce
a trait they share with months to hatch. move air in and out of enough energy to keep
other vertebrates. their lungs, whereas the body temperature
Scales can be of crocodiles and stable, hence they
different sizes ranging alligators have a large regulate body
from very small (like in sheet of muscle below temperature through
dwarf geckos) or large the lungs called the behaviour. For
like scutes covering diaphragm that helps example, crocodiles
the shell of a turtle. them in breathing. This bask in the sun during
The scales prevent is a feature that is also the daytime to absorb
injury and prevent present in mammals. thermal energy from
loss of water. the sun. If their body
temperature rises too
 much, they move to a
cooler spot such as
under the rocks, trees
or in water. This is also
why they require less
food than mammals
and can often go
weeks without a meal.

Birds → plumage, a bird's → Eggs are laid by all → Breathing takes → Birds are → Birds have beaks
3 collective feathery birds to reproduce. Eggs place through lungs endothermic, which with no teeth,
coat. It protects, are laid inside the female with bronchial tubes. means they maintain a four-chambered
insulates, and adorns and subsequently laid in a → When birds breathe, constant body hearts, lightweight but
the body while also nest (internal air enters the beak temperature strong skeletons and
helping to streamline reproduction). through little nostril-like irrespective of their high metabolism.
and soften body → In certain species, both holes called nares. environment. → while all birds
shapes, minimising female and male birds sit → Birds have an → Birds’ body might have wings, it is
friction in air and on the nest, whilst others effective respiratory temperatures vary not necessary that all
water. either leave this task to mechanism that allows between 100° and birds can fly.
→ The newborn the female solely or rely them to oxygenate their 110°F and average Example: Penguins,
chick's plumage is on nature to supply the blood (which gives their about 104°F Kiwi’s, ostriches.
downy and is referred warmth required by the flight muscles energy). → In order to maintain
to as neossoptile; the developing baby. → Inhaling causes air such high → House Sparrow
plumage that follows is → In most pet bird to move via the nose, temperatures, birds
 referred to as species, both parents through the trachea, must locate consistent
teleoptile. actively participate in and into the posterior food sources, which
→ Juvenile plumage, incubation, feeding, and air sacs. can be difficult in the
which differs from that caring for the chicks. → Exhaling causes air winter. Many birds
of the adult bird, is to exit the posterior air prefer to migrate
typically dull, streaked, sacs and flow into the instead.
or spotted, and so lungs. (A gas exchange
serves to disguise the occurs in the lungs,
young. exchanging carbon
dioxide for fresh
oxygen.) → Toucan

→ Flamingo

Mammals → Mammals have fur → Mammals reproduce → All mammals have → Mammals are → Beyond being
4 or hair that covers their sexually through internal lungs that are the main endotherm, so-called warm-blooded
bodies. It helps keep fertilization. organs for breathing. warm-blooded animals; animals, mammals
them warm and dry. → Sexual reproduction is Lung capacity has that is, those that have sense organs
→ Lots of mammals a type of reproduction that evolved to support the maintain a constant including the eyes.
have fur that helps involves a complex life animal's activities. body temperature They also have ears
them blend into their cycle in which a gamete → During inhalation, independent of the with a pinna (external
surroundings to help with a single set of the lungs expand with environment. flap).
them hide from chromosomes combines air, and oxygen diffuses → Mammalian core → They have four
predators, too. with another to produce a across the lung's temperature varies limbs and they have
zygote that develops into surface and enters the between 30 °C in the mammary glands to
an organism composed of bloodstream. monotremes and as produce milk to feed
cells with two sets of → During exhalation, high as 40 °C in other young.
chromosomes. the lungs expel air and groups. → Mammals also
→ Mammals take care of lung volume decreases. → However, many have four types of
their young through the → Most mammals species of both teeth (heterodont
production of milk breathe through their mammals and birds dentantion)
produced by the mouths and noses and are regionally or → They possess a
mammary glands of the send oxygen to their temporally large cerebral cortex,
females. body via the lungs. heterothermic, with have four chambers of
variable endothermic the heart and a
heat production and a diaphragm.
body temperature that → Examples of
is not regulated within mammals include;
a narrow range. bats, bears,
→ Heterothermy or elephants, humans
heterothermia is a and squirrels.
physiological term for → Some photographic
animals that vary examples are shown
between self-regulating below:
their body temperature,
and allowing the
surrounding
environment to affect
it.
Group 4 Sources: (Maya and Dhananjay)

1. https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-angiosperms-and-gymnosperms
2. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/53-classification-of-biodiv/plant-phyla.html
3. http://taxonomicgroupingsproject.weebly.com/characteristics-of-angiospermophyta.html
4. https://www2.illinois.gov/dnr/education/documents/wmmammalmammal.pdf
5. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/phylum-annelida-general-characteristics-classification/
6. https://www.bu.edu/gk12/eric/Annelida.pdf
7. http://www.animalsworlds.com/classification-of-fish.html
8. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fish-classification

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