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  • 2nd Lecture On Skeletal Muscle Physiology by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi

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    This document discusses various types of muscle contractions and physiology. It covers: 1. The two main types of muscle contractions - isotonic and isometric. Isotonic involves length change while isometric does not. 2. Motor units and the varying number of muscle fibers innervated depending on the muscle. 3. Tetanization and how repeated stimulation leads to sustained contraction. 4. Conditions like tetany that involve increased nerve excitability due to low calcium levels.

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    2nd Lecture on Skeletal Muscle Physiology by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi

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    This document discusses various types of muscle contractions and physiology. It covers: 1. The two main types of muscle contractions - isotonic and isometric. Isotonic involves length change while isometric does not. 2. Motor units and the varying number of muscle fibers innervated depending on the muscle. 3. Tetanization and how repeated stimulation leads to sustained contraction. 4. Conditions like tetany that involve increased nerve excitability due to low calcium levels.

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    233 views29 pages

    2nd Lecture On Skeletal Muscle Physiology by Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi

    Uploaded by

    Mudassar Roomi
    This document discusses various types of muscle contractions and physiology. It covers: 1. The two main types of muscle contractions - isotonic and isometric. Isotonic involves length change while isometric does not. 2. Motor units and the varying number of muscle fibers innervated depending on the muscle. 3. Tetanization and how repeated stimulation leads to sustained contraction. 4. Conditions like tetany that involve increased nerve excitability due to low calcium levels.

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    of 29

    Skeletal muscle Physiology lecture#2

    By Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (MBBS, M. Phil)


    Assistant Professor Physiology

    two Types of muscle contraction:


    1. 2. Isotonic contraction Isometric contraction

    Isotonic contraction

    TYPES OF CONTRACTION
    ISOTONIC (same tone) Muscle length decreases but muscle tension remains constant. Work is done in this type of contraction. W= F*d Example: lifting of book from a table. ISOMETRIC (same length) No appreciable change in length of muscle but muscle tension increases. Work is not done. Example: heavy weight lifting by body builders.

    Body movements are a mixture of isotonic and isometric movements. In muscle 2 types of elements: 1) Contractile elements: (thin/actin & thick/myosin filaments) 2) Elastic elements: (tendons & ends of muscle fibers attached to tendons) Elastic component is in series with contractile component. Contractile component undergoes shortening & elastic component undergoes stretching.

    Isometric contraction
    Isometric exercise or isometrics are a type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction (compared to dynamic/isotonic movements). Isometrics are done in static positions, rather than being dynamic through a range of motion. Examples: holding a weight in a fixed position

    Isometric contraction
    Why no change in length during this contraction? In isometric exercise, only 3-5% muscle shortening, tendons are stretching & this shortening of muscle neutralizes the stretching of tendon no change in length.

    FENN EFFECT
    Greater the work done by muscle, greater will be the amount of ATP hydrolyzed to ADP with emission of energy. So heat production is directly proportional to work done by muscle

    Motor unit
    Motor unit: Single motor neuron along with muscle fiber it innervates.

    There is overlapping of adjacent motor unit.


    Number of muscle fibers in a motor unit vary.

    Motor unit
    In muscles concerned with fine skilled movements 3-6 muscle fibers in a motor unit. Example: ocular muscles, laryngeal muscles, small muscles of hand.
    In muscles concerned with prolong posture maintenance 100-150 muscle fibers in a motor unit. Example: muscles of back & gastrocnemius.

    Motor Unit Ratios


    Back muscles
    1:100

    Finger muscles
    1:10

    Eye muscles
    1:1

    Macro-motor unit
    Increased number of muscle fibers in a motor unit (seen in regeneration of poliomyelitis). There is paralysis recovery / regeneration terminal nerve fibers give more branches to supply muscle fibers macro-motor unit.

    TETANIZATION
    Summation of contraction/twitches Sustained contraction without relaxation. Complete tetanus is produced when a muscle is stimulated at a very rapid rate. Example: 60-70 stimuli/sec. Muscle tension produced in complete tetanization is greater than that in single muscle twitch. Frequency of stimulation at which complete tetanus is produced is called tetanizing frequency. Tetanus bacillus alpha motor neuron repeated discharge.

    INCOMPLETE & COMPLTE TETANUS


    INCOMPLETE COMPLETE Repeated stimuli at a Repeated stimuli at still fast rate relaxation of higher rate each twitch remains relaxation phase disappears altogether incomplete incomplete tetanus. sustained contraction phase is obtained complete tetanus.

    TETANY (increased excitability of motor nerves)


    CAUSES: Parathyroidectomy (during thyroid surgery) lack of PTH plasma Ca+ level falls signs of neuromuscular hyperexcitability appear. Alkalosis plasma proteins behave as anions bind cations including Ca++ decreased ionized calcium hypocalcemia less calcium available in ECF for membrane stabilization no blocking of sodium channels by calcium cations (negatively charged on inside) increased excitability of motor nerves tetany. Hyperventilation hypocapnia (decreased CO2 concentration) respiratory alkalosis plasma ionized calcium falls carpopedal spasm, a positive Chvostek sign & other signs of tetany).

    SIGNS OF TETANY:
    CHVOSTEKS SIGN: A quick contraction of ipsilateral facial muscles elicited by tapping over the facial nerve at the angle of the jaw. TROUSSEAUS SIGN: A spasm of muscles of the upper extremity that cause flexion of the wrist & thumb with extension of fingers. In individuals with mild tetany with no obvious spasm, trousseaus sign may be produced by occluding circulation for few minutes with a B.P cuff.

    TROUSSEAUS SIGN

    Treatment of tetany
    The goal of treatment is to restore the calcium and associated mineral balance within the body. Since tetany is a manifestation of low calcium levels, treatment consists of replacing calcium. Intravenous calcium gluconate is given initially to promptly restore the calcium levels. Treat the cause: The underlying cause of the calcium deficiency must be determined to guide the ongoing treatment. Administration of oral calcium plus vitamin D, which is necessary for absorption of calcium into the bones, may be needed for long-term control of this condition.

    TREPPE / STAIRCASE PHENOMENON


    Definition: When a muscle is stimulated by maximum stimuli at a frequency less than tetanizing frequency progressive increase in muscle tension with repeated stimuli, till it becomes constant. If threshold stimuli are applied so that each stimulus reaches the muscle when the muscle twitch due to previous stimulus has completed each successive twitch shows an increased amplitude till a maximum height is reached this is called as staircase phenomenon.

    Mechanism of Treppe
    Greater availability of calcium in sarcoplasm. Accumulation of metabolites. Rise in local temperature. All these exert beneficial effect on contraction.

    Muscle Atrophy
    Definition of atrophy: decrease in the size of a tissue due to decrease in size of its cells. Weakening and shrinking of a muscle May be caused by:
    Immobilization of muscles e.g. in cases of bed ridden patient Loss of neural stimulation e.g. in cases of nerve injury

    RIGOR MORTIS:
    after death muscles of dead body become rigid rigor mortis. Its onset depends on: Temperature: increased temperature rapid onset. Activity: Vigorous activity of muscle before death rapid onset.

    Muscle Hypertrophy
    Definition of hypertrophy: increase in the size of a tissue due to increase in size of its cells. Enlargement of a muscle More capillaries More mitochondria Caused by:
    Strenuous exercise Anabolic Steroid hormones

    Mechanism of Rigor Mortis


    After death ATP is not available no detachment of crossbridges of myosin from active site of actin filaments contracture/ rigidity. After 16-24 hrs rigor mortis disappears due to autolysis of muscle proteins (resulting from hydrolytic enzymes released from lysosomes).

    SIGNIFICANCE of Rigor Mortis


    Forensic significance: Cause of death. If suicide, the gun or dagger is locked in the hand. Duration of death: it gives us some idea about time since death. rigor mortis remains for about 16 hours after death. It disappears after 16-24 hrs of death.

    What was the cause of death?

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