1 / 39

toponymy course Exonyms

toponymy course Exonyms. Ferjan Ormeling. Exonyms.

leann
Download Presentation

toponymy course Exonyms

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. toponymy course Exonyms Ferjan Ormeling 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  2. Exonyms • Geographical names used in a certain language for geographical entities situated outside the area where that language has official status and differing in its form from the name used in the offical language of the area where the geographical entity is situated. (2nd UNCSGN1972) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  3. Exonyms vs Endonyms Endonyms are geographical names that belong to a language and relate to objects within the area where that language has an official status (endonyms = local official names) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  4. Examples of exonyms 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  5. Are names converted from one alphabet to another also exonyms? Not if this conversion has been effec-tuated according to an UN-recognised systemЧЕЛЯБИНСК -Čel’abinsk (GOST 83) is no exonym, but the following are: - Chelyabinsk (Eng) - Tscheljabinsk (Ger) - Tcheliabinsk (Fr) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  6. Are names converted from one alphabet to another also exonyms? Red sea/North sea 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  7. Are names where diacritical marks are lacking exonyms? No Are names where the articles are lacking to be considered as exonyms? NoAre names where case endings are lacking or added exonyms? NoAre name whose generic parts have been translated to be considered as exonyms?Not sure. 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  8. Are exonyms a problem?Definitely!Both nationally and internationally 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  9. Exonyms: national standard. needed 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  10. English:CologneBavariaBrittanyBerneMilanBurgundyThe HagueBrusselsMunichCopenhagen 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  11. FrenchCologneBavièreBretagneBerneMilanBourgogneLa HaieBruxellesMunichCopenhague 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  12. GermanKölnBayernBretagneBernMailandBurgundHaagBrüsselMünchenKopenhagenGermanKölnBayernBretagneBernMailandBurgundHaagBrüsselMünchenKopenhagen 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  13. ItalianColoniaBavieraBritagnaBernaMilanoBorgognaL’AiaBruxellesMonacoCopenhagenItalianColoniaBavieraBritagnaBernaMilanoBorgognaL’AiaBruxellesMonacoCopenhagen 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  14. FinnishKölnBaijeriBretaniaBerneMulanoBurgundyBrysselMünchenKoopenhamnFinnishKölnBaijeriBretaniaBerneMulanoBurgundyBrysselMünchenKoopenhamn 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  15. Exonyms are a problem: they make communication difficult Monaco: Munich or Riviera? Ginebra/Genova/Geneve/Geneva/Gênes/Genf/Genoa/Genova/Genua Aachen/Aix-la Chapelle/Akwizgranie/Aquisgrana/ Aken/Cachy/Aaxen/Ág Where is Alankomaat? Leghorn? Cornovaglia? Trèves? 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  16. Local names policy : the geographical names used correspond to those officially used in the country the named objects are situated Roman alphabet rule: If a country has a roman alphabet, other Roman alphabet countries should copy its names integrally, all diacritics included UN resolutions 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  17. Writing systems 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  18. Origins of exonyms • Separate development of the same name in different language areas • Use of different letters in different language areas to render the same sounds • New transcription/transliteration systems • Spelling reforms • Adaptation of names to other languages • Gradual change in pronunciation of letters 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  19. Nature and location of objects that generate exonyms • Objects in areas close to linguistic borders • Important objects further from linguistic border (names of countries, capitals, large rivers) Pronunciation-exonyms vs orthographic exonyms (Paris (Eng) vs Paris (Fr); Moescroen (Dutch) vs Mouscroun (Fr) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  20. Time aspects of exonyms: • Contemporary exonyms (in current use) • Historical/obsolete exonyms (current in the past) Historical exonyms are not the same as Historical names 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  21. Exonym categories based on their development: • Exonyms resulting from transcription (Constanţa > Konstantsa) • Exonyms resulting from simple adaptation (København > Kopenhagen) • Exonyms due to separate development from common origin (Colonia > Cologne, Köln, Keulen) • Exonyms resulting from different origins (Hellas/Greece/Junani)(Deutschland/Allemagne/Saksa/Germany/Nemetorszag) • Exonyms due to translation (Ecuador > l’Equateur; Kaapstad > Cape Town) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  22. Exonym categories based on object categories • Names for independent countries • Names of other administrative units • Names for historical and geographical regions • Names of hydrographic features • Names of other physical features • Names of settlements 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  23. UN Policy towards exonyms • UN recommendation to reduce the use of exonyms (1972, 1977) • UN recommendation to produce lists of current exonyms 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  24. Arguments used within the UN • Nationalistic approach: maintain all exonyms to preserve national cultural heritage (incl history) • Idealistic approach: use only endonyms for better international communication • Intermediary approach: as each language’s vocabulary is changing anyway, exonyms are also subject to change, and are due to disappear after a certain lifecycle 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  25. Arguments against abolition of exonyms • Exonyms are part of national culture • Exonyms reflect historical relationships • Abolition of exonyms would lead to difficulties in pronunciation • Abolition of exonyms leads to confusion in international traffic, safety problems 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  26. Counter-argument: So in order to pronounce a name we need to know in which language it is spelled 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  27. Arguments for abolition of exonyms • Keeping exonyms leads to confusuin • Use of exonyms delays identification of objects • Why use incorrect/distorted names when correct ones are available • Keeping to exonyms reflects reactionary, neo-colonialistic ideas • Abolishing exonyms improves international communication 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  28. Reflexion of these arguments on our maps: We find four different modes regarding exonyms: • Exonyms without additional local names • Exonyms with additional local names in brackets • Local names with exonyms in brackets • Local names without exonyms 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  29. Only exonyms Voorbeeld exonyms alleen 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  30. Duits schema 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  31. Exo-nyms with endo-nyms in paren-theses 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  32. Endonyms (exonyms) approach Venezia (Venetië) 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  33. Only endonyms 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  34. New trends in dealing with exonyms: • Differentiate approaches according to user groups (age categories, (non)experts • Differentiate according to medium (spoken/written language) • Differentiate according to map types (reference atlases, road maps local names), ergo: • Selective reduction 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  35. Trends: • Country names: exonyms only • Administrative units: no trend • Hydrographic features: exonyms only • Other physical features: exonyms only • Historical/geographical regions: exonyms only • Settlement names: no exonyms for newly important places Gradual reduction of exonyms, starting with settlement names 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  36. The emergence of exonyms is distance-related • More exonyms for objects close-by • Only important objects further away have exonyms 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  37. Dutch exonyms for Europe 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  38. Dutch exonyms for the world 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

  39. Dutch exonyms per name category 8th UN Conf Stand Geographical Names

More Related