2. References
• Wikipedia
• Microbewiki
• PDFs
• Soulsby, E. J. 1982. Helminths, Arthropods,
and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals.
Leo and Febiger Publishers.
Philadelphia.
3. Introduction
• These microorganisms are the most
advanced and structurally complex
• Evidences indicate that they have evolved
from the zooflagellates
• 8,000 species of Ciliophora. (Ji et. al., 2005)
• Parasites to pigs, rats, monkey, dog and also
human
4. Features
• Possessing two nuclei ;
Macronucleus- which is large and massive
and responsible for the cytoplasmic activities
of the organism
Micronucleus- which is vesicular and is
concerned with the reproductive process
• With contractile vacuola
6. Distinguishing characteristics
• Movement and food-getting is accomplished with short
hair-like/thread-like structure called cilia
• Similar in diameter and internal structure to the
flagella, but are shorter
• Numerous and arranged in longitudinal or diagonal
rows
• Move in unison in order to move the organism
• Heterotroph
11. Continuation…
• Class Nassophorea
• Class Colpodea (e.g. Colpoda)
• Class Prostomatea (e.g. Coleps)
• Class Oligohymenophorea
– Subclass Peniculia (e.g. Paramecium)
– Subclass Hymenostomatia (e.g. Tetrahymena)
– Subclass Scuticociliatia
– Subclass Peritrichia (e.g. Vorticella)
– Subclass Astromatia
– Subclass Apostomatia
• Class Plagiopylea
Editor's Notes
These are the ciliated protozoa. Organisms of this class posses cilia.
They are highly organized forms
Cytoproct is the cell’s anal or rectum
Cytopharynx is a tube in some protozoans extending from the cytoplasm into the endoplasm
Cytostome is cell’s mouth or stoma
A large number of ciliates exist, the majority of which are free-living, inhabiting water of all kinds
