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Translating Neologisms: New Words and Changing Meanings
- 1. THE TRANSLATION OF NEOLOGISMS INTRODUCTION OLD WORDS WITH NEW SENSES NEW COINAGES DERIVED WORDS ABBREVIATIONS COLLOCATIONS EPONYMS PHRASAL WORDS ACRONYMS PSEUDO-NEOLOGISMS THE CREATION OF NEOLOGISMS
- 2. INTRODUCTION Neologisms are perhaps the non- literary and the professional translator's biggest problem. New objects and processes are continually created in technology . New ideas and variations on feelings come from the media It has been stated that each language acquires 3000 new words annually. Neologisms cannot be accurately quantified, since so many hover between acceptance and oblivion and many are short-lived, individual creauons Neologisms can be defined as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense.
- 3. OLD WORDS WITH NEW SENSES An exiting word is used in a new sense. It started as a metaphor. Depending on the type of readership, of which envisage three types: 1 • Expert 2 • Educated generalise who may require extra explanations of the topic or the SL culture 3 • The ignorant, who may need linguistic as well as technical (in relation to the topic of the text) and cultural explanations at various levels
- 4. EXAMPLE 1 • Bird dog fee. Mean rose fee when you transcatio n goods 2 • Market outlet”. Mean “ a range of demand for a particular type of product. 3 • It’s not your business. Mean “ not your story don’t talk more”
- 5. Tend to be non-cultural and nontechnical. They are usually translated either by a word that already exists in the TL, or by a brief functional or descriptive term. For example: “gay” in the 14th century mean a boy full of job, marry, carefree but in 20th century means homosexual.
- 6. NEW COINAGES Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from superficially nothing. The main new coinages are brand or trade names and these are usually transferred unless the product is marketed in the TL culture under another name; or the proper name may be replaced by a functional or generic term, if the trade name has no cultural or identifying significance.
- 7. EXAMPLE The following list of words provides some common coinages found in everyday English: • Aspirin • Escalator • Heroin • Band-aid • Google • Laundromat • Muggle • Nylon • Quark • Zipper
- 8. DERIVED WORDS Designate scientific and technolog ical terms. Words derived from Greek and Latin morphemes usually with suffixes: - ismo, - ismus, -ij, etc.., naturalised in the appropriate language. In some countries (e.g., pre-War Germany, Arabic-speaking countries) this process has been combatted and through-translation by way of the TL morphemes has been preferred (e.g., 'television1 - Fernsehen). However, now that this word-forming procedure is employed mainly to designate (non-cultural) scientific and technological rather than cultural institutional terms, the advance of these internationalisms is widespread. Normally, they have naturalised suffixes
- 9. The way of translating is: Consult the appropriate ISO (International Standards Organisation) glossary, to find out whether there is already a recognised translation. Are they permanent, functional, worth translating? Distinguish lexical parts (root and affixes) Understand the referential basis. Ex: computer- from compute is processing information refers to calculation.
- 10. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations have always been a common type of pseudo-neologism, probably more common in French than in English. They can coincide. Abbreviations and company/institution acronyms are transferred, with a descriptive explanation or note until they become widely known. UN – United Nations EU – Europe Union UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization WWW– World Wide Web IT - Information Technology HTML - HyperText Markup Language CSS - Cascading Style Sheets URL - Uniform Resource Locator
- 11. COLLOCATIONS New collocations (noun compounds or adjective plus noun), are public in the social sciences and in computer linguistic. New collocations are usually from computer language where they usually use Adj+ noun Lead time - a term for the time between design and production or between ordering and delivery of a product. Translation of English collocations is difficult
- 12. EXAMPLE Walkman - brand name for 'personal stereo 'domino effect', "sexual harassment' - is a universal concept, at least in any culture where there is both greater sexual freedom and a powerful women's movement