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Pheromones.pptx
- 1. PHEROMONES
- 2. INTRODUCTION Semiochemicals Pheromones Allelochemicals Semiochemicals (GK. Semeon-mark or signal) Pheromones ( GK. Pherein-to carry and hormon-to exite) Allelochemicals (GK. Allelon of one another)
- 3. PHEROMONES Also called as ecto hormones. Chemical messengers that are transported outside the body that have the potential to evoke physiological or behavioral changes in another individual of the same species. Derived from greek words pherein means to transfer and hormon means to excite.
- 4. WHAT ARE THE MESSAGES FOR ? Finding a male Taking advantage of food resources –Aggregation Defence against predation Social behavior
- 5. THE FIRST ISOLATED PHEROMONE - BOMBYKOL OH Produced by the female silk worm moth Bombyx mori. Structure elucidation by Butendant and co workers in1959.
- 6. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PBP-BOMBYKOL The 15.9 kDa PBP has approximate dimensions of 40 x 35 x 30 Å.
- 7. BMPBP BINDING POCKET Bombykol is found in the large flask shaped cavity with a tiny opening at the surface. The only part of bombykol that is not surrounded by alpha helices is the hydroxyl end.
- 8. BOMBYKOL-BINDING AND RELEASE BmPBP undergoes a pH dependant conformational transition. BmPBP does not bind ligands below pH-5. It undergoes a conformational change when mixed with model proteins.
- 9. CLASSIFICATION Aggregation pheromones Alarm pheromones Signal pheromones Trail pheromones Territorial pheromones Information pheromones Releaser pheromones Sex pheromones
- 10. TYPES i. Aggregation A group of individuals at one location is referred as aggregation . O O O O 1 4 5 7 1 4 5 7 striped ambrosia beetle Aggregation of bug nymphs Aggregation pheromone of female ambrosia beetle Lineatin
- 11. CONTINUED… ii. Alarm - Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight or aggression in members of the same species. For ex. Minnows and Catfish release alarm pheromone called Schreckstoff. iii. Signal – It cause short term changes such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response.
- 12. CONTINUED... iv. Trail – Trail pheromones are common in social insects. For ex: ants make their paths with these pheromones which are volatile hydrocarbons. v. Territorial – These mark the boundaries of an organisms territory in cats and dogs, these hormones are present in the urine which they deposit on landmarks serving to make the perimeter of the claimed territory.
- 13. CONTINUED… vi. Information – These pheromones are indicative of an animals identity a territory. vii. Releaser – These cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For ex: some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more.
- 14. CONTINUED… viii. Sex pheromones • In animals sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. • Among EK organisms it promote sexual interaction in numerous species. • Many insects species such as the ant release sex hormones to attract a mate. (+)-grandisol HO sex hormone of male cotton bell weevil
- 15. Male insect antennae: specialized to detect female pheromones
- 17. bombykol bombykal =come to me =go away Structurally related pheromone displaying distinguish behavioral changes
- 18. WHERE DO PHEROMONES COME FROM? Urine Sweat Tears
- 19. WHO USES THEM ? Insects – Moth Other Invertebrates – spider ,ants Vertebrates – Mice ,Goldfish Humans Other animals like cats ,dogs etc.
- 20. FORAGING - IMPORTANT RED FIRE ANT ( SOLENOPIS INVICITA) Uses a complex trait pheromone in order to find food. Releases pheromone to mark the trail back to the nest. Other ants find the trial and follow it to the food source. Recruited ants leave a trail signal of their own.
- 21. PREY CAPTURE Some animals mimic pheromone to trick prey. Bolas Spider mimics the mating pheromone of the moth. When the male moth searches for a suitable female.
- 22. MATING Goldfish have no defined territories. Males fight in ages to get close enough to fertilize the females eggs. Female gold fish release two sets of pheromones: preovulatoy and postovulatory. Male Goldfish can discriminate among the steroid components of preovulatory pheromones.
- 23. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Mice use pheromones for social and reproductive behavior.
- 24. MUPS o Pheromones are excreted in urine from mice found to Major Urinary Proteins. o MUPs are a group of semiochemical binding proteins that carry the mouse pheromones. o All parts of the MUP are considered to have pheromonal affects. o The MUP is made of a small protein and a ligand with room in the middle for the pheromone molecule.
- 25. VNO (VOMERONASAL ORGAN ) VNO contain receptor sites to detect pheromones. Found in the nasal cavities of mice and many other animals. VNO is anatomically and functionally distant from the olfactory system.
- 26. SIGNIFICANCE A pheromone trap can be used to trap pest for monitoring purposes, to control the population by creating confusion, to disrupt mating. Avoidance of inbreeding. Traps containing pheromones are used by farmers to detect and monitor insect population in orchards.
- 27. DO HUMAN HAVE PHEROMONES? Human pheromones are derived from axillary sweat and tears reportedly control ovulation, mood, hormonal secretion and attraction to genetically dissimilar mates . As of now existence of human pheromone remain controversial.
- 28. CONCLUSION Pheromones have a role in supporting reproductive, thus increasing the chances for successful mating. Pheromones are not the only factors. Other sensory factors, memory and learning co-integrate to ensure the success of reproduction. Pheromones work in accordance with the type of social organization.
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