Ethnocentrism & Enculturation: a Cross-cultural Psychology Perspectives

Ethnocentrism
&

Enculturation

Matsumoto, D. & Juang, L. (2007).
Culture and Psychology (4th Ed.).
Wadsworth.
Culture and Psychology
Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra & Liu Jun, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, January 2011

Ethnocentrism: Definition and Development

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2


The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through

Ethnocentrism one’s
own
cultural filters.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2


The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through

own
cultural filters.

A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on

and
encultura+on.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2


The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through

own
cultural filters.

A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on

and
encultura+on.

As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how

to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how

other
people
act.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2


The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through

own
cultural filters.

A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on

and
encultura+on.

As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how

to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how

other
people
act.

By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
ﬁlters
in
our
mind.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2


The
tendency
to
view
the
world
through

own
cultural filters.

A
normal consequence
of
socializa+on

and
encultura+on.

As
we
become
enculturated,
we
learn
how

to
act,
how
to
perceive
and
interpret
how

other
people
act.

By
the
+me
we
are
adults,
we
hardly
notice
the
culture
ﬁlters
in
our
mind.

However,
it’s
possible
that
we
are
aware
of

this
ethnocentrism:
develop
flexible
ethnocentrism.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

2

Prof. Dr. Hora Tjitra - Cross-cultural and Business Psychology

14
years
in
Germany

7
years
in
China

Dipl.-Psych., Technical University of Braunschweig
Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management

Born
and
grew
up

in
Indonesia
Dr. Phil., University of Regensburg
Intercultural Psychology and Strategic Management

Executive Education, INSEAD
HR Management in Asia

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

3

Contents

Slide
2-‐5

Ethnocentrism:
defini=on,
development,
and
psychological
factors

Slide
6-‐7

Stereotypes:
defini=on,
types,
and
psychological
development

Slide
8-‐10

Prejudice
and
discrimina=on:
defini=on,
origins,
and
going
beyond

Slide
11

Review:
ethnocentrism,
stereotypes
and
prejudice

Slide
12-‐13

Encultura=on,
socializa=on
and
socializa=on
agents

Slide
14

Paren=ng
styles

Slide
15

Peer
influence
on
socializa=on

Slide
16

Educa=on
and
encultura=on:
math
achievement

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

4

Psychological Factors in Ethnocentrism

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

5


Emotions

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

5


Emotions Values

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

5


Emotions Values

Self

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

5


Emotions Values

Maintenance and
Development
of Ethnocentrism

Self

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

5

Stereotypes: Definition and Types

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

6


Generalized images
that
we
have

about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly

Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological

characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

6


Generalized images
that
we
have

about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly

Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological

characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.

Posi=ve Nega=ve

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

6


Generalized images
that
we
have

about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly

Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological

characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.

Posi=ve Nega=ve

Generally
True Completely
False

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

6


Generalized images
that
we
have

about
groups
of
people,
par=cularly

Stereotypes
about
their
underlying
psychological

characteris=cs
or
personality
traits.

Posi=ve Nega=ve

Generally
True Completely
False

Autostereotypes Heterostereotypes

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

6

Psychological Development of Stereotypes

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

7


Appraisal Emotion

Attribution Memory

Selective Attention Concept formation and categorization
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

7


Keep Categories about the World
Appraisal Emotion

Attribution Memory

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

7


Appraisal Emotion
Confirm the Stereotypes

Attribution Memory

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

7


Appraisal Emotion
Confirm the Stereotypes

Reinforce Our
Attribution Self-concept Memory

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

7

Prejudice and Discrimination

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

8


The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of

Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

8


The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of

Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.

Cogni+ve
Aﬀec+ve

(thinking) (feeling)
Component Component

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

8


The
tendency
to
prejudge others
on
the
basis
of

Prejudice their
group
membership,
solely
in
terms
of
their
stereotype.

Cogni+ve
Aﬀec+ve

(thinking) (feeling)
Component Component

Unfair treatment
of
others
based
on
their
group

Discrimination membership.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

8

Origins of and Factors Contributing to Prejudice

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9


Responsible Factors:
Intergroup Power Conflicts, Sociobiology, Socialcultural
History, Personality, and others

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9



through

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9



through

Attached Factors:
Race, Ethnicity, or Social Class

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9



through

Attached Factors:

to to

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9



through

Attached Factors:

to to

Prejudice Discrimination

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

9

Going beyond Prejudice and Discrimination

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10


An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10


Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10


Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes

Recognize
their
inherent
limitations

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10


Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes

Recognize
their
inherent
limitations

Recognize
individual differences

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10


Recognize
the
existence
of
Stereotypes

Recognize
their
inherent
limitations

Recognize
individual differences

Learn
to
control emotions

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

10

Review: Ethnocentrism, Stereotypes and Prejudice

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

11


Ethnocentrism

The
tendency
to

view
the
world

through
one’s
own

cultural filters.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

11


Ethnocentrism

The
tendency
to

view
the
world

through
one’s
own

cultural filters.

Stereotypes

Generalized images
that
we
have
about

groups
of
people

on
their
underlying

psychological

characteris+cs

or
personality
traits)

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

11


Ethnocentrism

The
tendency
to

view
the
world

through
one’s
own

cultural filters.

Stereotypes Prejudice

Generalized images
that
we
have
about The
tendency
to

groups
of
people prejudge
others
on

on
their
underlying
the
basis
of
their
psychological
group membership,
characteris+cs
solely
in
terms
or
personality
traits) of
their
stereotype.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

11

Enculturation and Socialization

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12


The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
Socialization rules and patterns of behavior
that
are
aﬀected

by
culture.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12


The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
that
are
aﬀected

by
culture.

Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12


The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
that
are
aﬀected

by
culture.

Process and Mechanism

Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12


The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
that
are
aﬀected

by
culture.


Products

Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12


The
process
by
which
we
learn
and
internalize
the
that
are
aﬀected

by
culture.


Socialization (and
encultura=on)
agents:

the
people,
ins=tu=ons,
and
organiza=ons

that
exist
to
help
ensure
that

socializa=on
(or
encultura=on)
occurs.

Products

Enculturation The
process
by
which
youngsters
learn
and
adopt
the
ways and manners
of
their
culture.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

12

Socialization (and Enculturation) Agents

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Siblings

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Extended
Siblings
Families

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Extended
Siblings
Families

Peers

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Extended
Siblings
Families

Peers Day Care

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Extended
Siblings
Families

Peers Day Care

Religion
Institutions

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13


• Goals
and
Beliefs
of
Parents
Parenting •
Paren+ng
Styles
•
Paren+ng
Behaviors
and
Strategies

Extended
Siblings
Families

Peers Day Care

Religion Educational
Institutions System

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

13

Parenting Styles
Warm

Authoritative Permissive
Sensi+ve
to
the
child’s Warm
and
nurturing
to

maturity
and
are
firm,
fair,
their
children;
allow
them
and
reasonable.
Express to
regulate
their
own
a
high
degree
of
warmth

lives
and
provide
few
and
affec+on
to
them.
firm
guidelines.
Guide &
Parenting Indulgent
Control
Styles
Authoritarian Uninvolved
Expect
unques+oned
Do
not
seem

obedience
and
view
the
commiNed
to
care

child
as
needing
to
be
giving,
beyond
the

controlled.
Be
low
on
Minimum
effort
required

warmth
and
responsive-‐ to
meet
the
physical

ness
toward
the
children. wants
of
their
child.

Cool
An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

14

Levels of Peer Influence on Socialization

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

15


Postfigurative
cultures

Cultural
change
is
slow,

Socializa+on
occurs

primarily
by
elders
transferring know-
ledge
to
their
children.
Elders
hold
the
know-‐
ledge
necessary
for

becoming
a
successful

and
competent
adult.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

15


Postfigurative Cofigurative
cultures Cultures

Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs

Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults

primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers
ledge
to
their
children. play a greater role
Elders
hold
the
know-‐ in
socializing
each
other.

ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have

becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

15


Postfigurative Cofigurative Prefigurative
cultures Cultures Cultures

Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs

Culture
is
changing
so
Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults

rapidly
that
young

primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
people
may
be
the
ones
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers

to
teach adults.
The

ledge
to
their
knowledge
that
adults

Elders
hold
the
know-‐ in
socializing
each
other.

hold
may
not
be

ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have

suﬃcient
for
the
becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for

next
genera+on.
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

15


Low High

Postfigurative Cofigurative Prefigurative
cultures Cultures Cultures

Cultural
change
is
slow,
Cultural
change
occurs

Culture
is
changing
so
Socializa+on
occurs
more
rapidly,
adults

rapidly
that
young

primarily
by
elders con+nue
to
socialize
people
may
be
the
ones
transferring know-
their
children,
but
peers

to
teach adults.
The

ledge
to
their
knowledge
that
adults

Elders
hold
the
know-‐ in
socializing
each
other.

hold
may
not
be

ledge
necessary
for
Young
people
may
have

suﬃcient
for
the
becoming
a
successful
to
turn
to
one
another
for

next
genera+on.
and
competent
adult. advice
and
informa+on.

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

15

Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

16

Education and Enculturation: Math Achievement

Cross National Differences in Math
Achievement

• Language

• School Systems

• Parental and Family Values

• Attitudes and Appraisals of Students

• Teaching Styles and Teacher–Student Relationships

An
Introduc+on
to
Ethnocentrism
and
Accultura+on

16

Thank
You
Contact us via …

Mail: hora_t@mac.com
Follow: twitter@htjitra
Website: http://horatjitra.com

Zhejiang
University,
Hangzhou
(China)

Ethnocentrism & Enculturation: a Cross-cultural Psychology Perspectives

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