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Genetic consevation
- 1. Muhammad Qamar iqbal Qamar Iqbal qamar424@gmail.com 03106783097
- 2. Genetic conservation Biological conservation “Maintain the diversity of living organisms, their habitats and the inter-relationships between organisms and their environment” Spellerberg & Hardes 1992
- 3. Genetic conservation The gene pool is conserved and / or utilized Gene pool Conservation Utilization Ford-Lloyd and Jackson (1986) Conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources.
- 38. Genetic conservation Genetic issues in conservation biology: 1. Deleterious effects of interbreeding on reproduction and survival (inbreeding depression) 2. Loss of genetic diversity and ability to response to environmental change 3. Random processes (genetic drift) overriding natural selection as the main evolutionary force. 4. Accumulation and loss (purging) of deleterious mutations 5. Genetic adaptation to captivity and its adverse effects on reintroduction success 6. Fragmentation of population and reduction of gene flow 7. Resolving taxonomic uncertainties 8. Use of genetic analyses in forcensics 9. Use of molecular genetic analyses to understand aspects of species biology 10. Defining management units within species 11. Deleterious effects of fitness that sometimes occur as a result of out crossing (out breeding depression)
- 39. Genetic conservation Genetic variation: Genetic variation means that biological systems – individuals and populations – are different over space. Each gene pool includes various alleles of genes. ...Genetic variation is brought about, fundamentally, by mutation, which is a permanent change in the chemical structure of chromosomes Importance: Genetic diversity plays an important role in the survival and adaptability of a species. When a population's habitat changes, the population may have to adapt to survive; the ability of the population to adapt to the changing environment will determine their ability to cope with an environmental challenge. Each level in this hierarchy acts as a reservoir of genetic variation of potential importance to conservation, which can be studied to provide insight for conservation practice.
- 40. Genetic conservation What is genetic variation in natural selection? Genetic variation is essential for natural selection because natural selection can only increase or decrease frequency of alleles that already exist in the population. Genetic variation is caused by: mutation. random mating between organisms. Neutral genetic variation: This means that the gene variants detected do not have any direct effect on fitness. This type of genetic variation is thus selectively neutral and tells us nothing about the adaptive or evolutionary potential of a population or a species.
- 41. Genetic conservation Adaptive genetic variation: Genetic diversity is important for the maintenance of the viability and the evolutionary or adaptive potential of populations and species. ... This type ofgenetic variation is thus selectively neutral and tells us nothing about the adaptiveor evolutionary potential of a population or a species How can a mutation be neutral? Neutral mutations are changes in DNA sequence that are neither beneficial nor detrimental to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce. In population genetics, mutations in which natural selection does not affect the spread of themutation in a species are termed neutral mutations. E.g It is common belief that almost all mutations are neutral — they are neither harmful nor beneficial. As an example of such a mutation, one could say that a change in eye colour is neutral. After all, it has no noticeable harmful or beneficial effect.
- 42. Genetic conservation Source of ultimate variation: Mutation in DNA Changes in nucleotide sequences Loss or gain of large portion of Chromosomes Importance of variation among the population Genetic diversity plays an important role in the survival and adaptability of a species. When a population's habitat changes, the population may have to adapt to survive; the ability of the population to adapt to the changing environment will determine their ability to cope with an environmental challenge. Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of manymutations. Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another and is an important source of genetic variation. How is genetic variation measured in a population? Genetic variation within a population is commonly measured as the percentage ofgene loci that are polymorphic or the percentage of gene loci in individuals that are heterozygous
- 43. Genetic conservation Why is genetic variation necessary for evolution to occur? Genetic variation is an important force in evolution as it allows natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population. ... Genetic variation is advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population.
- 44. Genetic conservation Why is genetic diversity important in an ecosystem? Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. For example, A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops. Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. Why is genetic diversity important for evolution? Genetic variation is an important force in evolution as it allows natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of alleles already in the population. ... Genetic variation is advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population. Why is it bad to have low genetic diversity? Without genetic variation, a population cannot evolve in response to changing environmental variables and, as a result, may face an increased risk of extinction. ... The risk of extinction or population decline because of low genetic variation is predicted by evolutionary theory
- 45. Genetic conservation What causes genetic diversity? Genetic variation can be caused by mutation (which can create entirely new alleles in a population), random mating, random fertilization, and recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis (which reshuffles alleles within an organism's offspring) How does genetic variation affect change in populations? These changes in relative allele frequency, called genetic drift, can either increase or decrease by chance over time. Typically, genetic drift occurs in smallpopulations, where infrequently-occurring alleles face a greater chance of being lost. ... Both possibilities decrease the genetic diversity of a population.