occupational diseases MSN II.pptx
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This document provides an overview of occupational health and safety topics including definitions, objectives, hazards, diseases, and preventive measures. It begins with definitions of occupational health from the Joint ILO/WHO Committee in 1950, focusing on promotion of worker health and adaptation of work to individuals. Objectives include maintenance of health and safety. Physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial and mechanical hazards are described along with related diseases such as pneumoconiosis, lead poisoning, cancer, and dermatitis. Preventive measures for various hazards and diseases are also outlined.
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occupational diseases MSN II.pptx
- 2. • Harry McShane, age 16, 1908. Pulled into machinery in a factory in USA. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. • No compensation paid. VIVEK SIR
- 3. Definition VIVEK SIR 3 health; • "Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations; • the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working conditions; • the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to
- 4. Definition • the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological equipment, and, • to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health,1950 Vivek sir 4 VIVEK SIR
- 5. Objectives • The maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity • • The improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health Development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance productivity of the undertakings. —Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health Vivek sir 5 VIVEK SIR
- 6. OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS 11/20/15 Vivek sir 6 VIVEK SIR
- 7. Physical hazards VIVEK SIR 7 • Heat and cold • Light • Noise • Vibration • Ultraviolet radiation • Ionizing radiation
- 8. • Burns • Heat exhaustion • Heat stroke • Heat cramps HEAT • Decreased efficiency, • Increased fatigue • Enhanced accident rates. 8 VIVEK SIR
- 9. Cold • Chilblains • Erythrocyanosis • Immersion foot • Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. •11 G /20/ e 15 neral hypothermia 9 VIVEK SIR
- 10. Light The acute effects of poor illumination are • Eye strain, • Headache, • Eye pain, • Lacrymation, • Congestion around the cornea • Eye fatigue. • The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus" 10 VIVEK SIR
- 11. Noise (i) Auditory effects Temporary or permanent hearing loss (ii) Non auditory effects Nervousness, Fatigue, Interference with communication by speech, Decreased efficiency 1 a1 nnoyance 11 VIVEK SIR
- 12. Vibration • Exposure to vibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and shoulders. 12 VIVEK SIR
- 13. Ultraviolet radiation VIVEK SIR • Conjunctivitis • Keratitis (welder's flash).
- 14. Ionizing radiation VIVEK SIR The radiation hazards comprise • Genetic changes • Malformation • Cancer • Leukaemia • Depilation • Ulceration • Sterility • in extreme cases death.
- 15. Ionizing radiation • The International Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body. VIVEK SIR
- 17. Chemical hazards VIVEK SIR 1)Local Action : Dermatitis Eczema Ulcers Cancer by primary irritant action
- 18. Chemical hazards VIVEK SIR (2) Inhalation : • Dusts • Gases • Metals and their compounds
- 19. Chemical hazards VIVEK SIR • Dusts Dusts are finely divided solid particles with size ranging from 0.1 to 150 microns Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, IndefinitelyParticles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.
- 20. VIVEK SIR
- 21. Chemical hazards VIVEK SIR Classification of dusts • Inorganic and organic dusts; • Soluble and insoluble dusts.
- 22. Chemical hazards VIVEK SIR Gases • Simple gases (e.g., oxygen, hydrogen), • Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine) • Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).
- 23. Chemical hazards • Lead, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, mercury, phosphorus, chromium, zinc and others VIVEK SIR • Metals and their compounds
- 24. Chemical hazards (3) Ingestion: Occupational diseases may also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc. VIVEK SIR
- 25. Biological hazards • Brucellosis • Leptospirosis • Anthrax • Hydatidosis • Tetanus • Encephalitis • fungal infections • Schistosomiasis 25 VIVEK SIR
- 26. VIVEK SIR 26
- 28. Psychosocial hazrds VIVEK SIR Factors affect health • Frustration • Lack of job satisfaction, • Insecurity • Poor human relationships, • Emotional tension 28
- 29. Psychosocial hazrds VIVEK SIR The health effects can be classified in two (a) Psychological and behavioural changes (b) Psychosomatic ill health 29
- 30. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • DISEASE DUE TO PHYSICALAGENT • Heat • Cold • Light • Pressure • Noise • Radiation • Mechanical factors • Electricity VIVEK SIR 30 VIVEK SIR
- 31. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES VIVEK SIR 31 DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICALAGENT Gases • • Dusts (pneumoconiosis) Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or grain dust • • • Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,chromium. Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene VIVEK SIR
- 32. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES VIVEK SIR 32 III. DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT • Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities, fungal infection. IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS • Dermatitis, eczema VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN • Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer. VIVEK SIR
- 33. PNEUMOCONIOSIS VIVEK SIR 33 • Dusts within the range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a health hazard producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications. VIVEK SIR
- 34. PNEUMOCONIOSIS VIVEK SIR 34 • Silicosis • Anthracosis • Byssinosis • Bagassosis • Asbestosis • Farmers lungs VIVEK SIR
- 35. Silicosis • Caused by inhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide • Snow storm appearance in X ray 35 VIVEK SIR
- 36. Anthracosis VIVEK SIR 36 • It is caused by inhalation of dust containing coal miners. • First phase is called simple pneumoconiasis which is associated with little impairment. • Second phase is characterized by Progressive massive fibrosis
- 37. Byssinosis • Inhalation of cotton fibre dust over long periods of, time. The symptoms are • Chronic cough • Progressive dyspnoea, • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema. 37 VIVEK SIR
- 38. Bagassosis • Caused by inhalation of bagasse or sugar-cane dust. • Bagassosis has been shown to be due to a thermophilic actinomycet for which the name The symptoms • Breathlessness • Cough • haemoptysis Slight fever. 38 VIVEK SIR
- 39. Bagassosis Preventive measures • Dust control • Personal protection • Medical control • Bagasse control VIVEK SIR 39 VIVEK SIR
- 40. Asbestosis • Asbestos is of two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and amphibole type. • Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea. • Clubbing of fingers, • Cardiac distress and cyanosis. • The sputum shows "asbestos bodies" • An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass Appearance in the lower two thirds of the lung fields40 VIVEK SIR
- 41. Asbestosis PREVENTIVE MEASURES • Use of safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite) • Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc. Rigorous dust control • • Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray, lung function), and Continuing research 41 VIVEK SIR
- 42. Asbestosis • Ground glass apperance in X ray chest 42 VIVEK SIR
- 43. Farmer's lung VIVEK SIR 43 Farmer's lung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
- 44. LEAD POISONING VIVEK SIR MODE OFABSORPTION (1) INHALATION. (2) INGESTION. (3) SKIN 44
- 45. LEAD POISONING VIVEK SIR 45 CLINICAL PICTURE • • • • • • • • • The toxic effects of inorganic exposure abdominal colic Constipation loss of appetite blue-line on the gums stippling of red cells Anaemia wrist drop foot drop.
- 46. LEAD POISONING VIVEK SIR 46 • The toxic effects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the central nervous system • Insomnia • Headache • Mental confusion • Delirium.
- 47. VIVEK SIR 47
- 48. LEAD POISONING VIVEK SIR 48 DIAGNOSIS (1) HISTORY (2) CLINICAL FEATURES (3) LABORATORY TESTS: • Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) : • Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) : Lead in blood and urine: • • Basophilic stipling of RBC
- 49. LEAD POISONING VIVEK SIR PREVENTIVE MEASURES • • • • • • • • • Substitution Isolation Local exhaust ventilation Personal protection. Good house-keeping Working atmosphere: Periodic examination of workers Personal hygiene. Health education : 49
- 50. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Skin cancer: gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers. • Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio active substance Vivek sir 50 VIVEK SIR
- 51. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Bladder cancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical cable industry. • Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive substance. Vivek sir 51 VIVEK SIR
- 52. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER The control measures • • • • • • • Elimination or control of industrial carcinogens. Medical examinations Inspection of factories, Notification, Licensing of establishments, Personal hygiene measures, Education of workers and management, research. 52 VIVEK SIR
- 53. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS Causes • Physical • Chemical • Biological • Plant products Vivek sir 53 VIVEK SIR
- 54. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS PREVENTION (1) Pre-selection (2) Protection (3) Personal hygiene (4) Periodic inspection Vivek sir 54 VIVEK SIR
- 55. RADIATION HAZARDS • Shielding of workers • Monitoring the employees • Protective clothing • Adequate ventilation • Replacement and periodic examination • Avoidance of pregnant women to work Vivek sir VIVEK SIR
- 56. Sickness Absenteeism 56 Causes • Economic • Social • Medical • Non occupational causes VIVEK SIR
- 57. Sickness Absenteeism 57 Prevention • Good factory managementand practices • Adequate preplacement examination • Good human relations • Application of ergonomics VIVEK SIR
- 58. Accidents Causes • Human factors • Physical • Physiological • Psychological • Environmental factors 58 VIVEK SIR
- 59. Accidents Prevention • Adequate preplacement examination Adequate job training Continuing education • • • Ensure safe working conditions • Establishing safety department in the organization under a competent safety engineer. • Periodic surveys for finding out hazards • Care full reporting 59 VIVEK SIR
- 60. HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Environmental sanitation problems • Communicable disease • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents and social problems • Morbidity and mortality Vivek sir 60 VIVEK SIR
- 61. MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION OF WORKERS • Nutrition • Communicable disease control • Environmental sanitation • Mental health • Measures for women and children • Health education • Family planning Vivek sir 61 VIVEK SIR
- 62. Nutrition VIVEK SIR • Under Indian factory act, One canteen when number of employees exceeds 250 • Education of workers on the value of balanced diet. 62
- 63. Communicable disease control VIVEK SIR • Adequate immunization against communicable diseases 63
- 64. Environmental sanitation VIVEK SIR • Water supply Installation of drinking water fountains • Food Sanitary preparation, storage and handling of food Education of food handlers 64
- 65. Environmental sanitation VIVEK SIR 65 • Toilet One sanitary convenience for 25 employees for the first 100 employees and thereafter one for 50 • General plant cleanliness
- 66. Environmental sanitation VIVEK SIR 66 •Sufficient space The recommended standard is of minimum of 500cuft • Lighting Standards for illumination High precision work 50-75 foot candles Regular work- 6 to 12 foot candles Corridoors and passages- 0.5 foot candles
- 67. Environmental sanitation VIVEK SIR 67 • Ventilation, temperature • Protection against hazards • Housing
- 68. Mental health • To promote the health and happiness of the workers. • To detect signs of emotional stress and strain and to secure relief of stress and strain where possible • The treatment of employees suffering from mental illness and the rehabilitation of those who become ill. 68 VIVEK SIR
- 69. MEASURES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN (1)Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12 weeks, (2) Provision of free antenatal, natal and postnatal services. (3)The Factories Act (Section 66) prohibits night work between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.; (4)The Indian Mines Act (1923) prohibits work underground. (5) The Factories Act, 1976 provides for creches in factories Were more than 30 women workers are employed, 69 VIVEK SIR
- 73. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE MEDICAL MEASURES Pre-placement examination Periodical examination Medical and health care services Notification Supervision of working environment Maintenance and analysis of records Health education and counseling Vivek sir 73 VIVEK SIR
- 74. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE • ENGINEERING MEASURES Design of building Good housekeeping General ventilation Mechanization Substitution Vivek sir 74 VIVEK SIR
- 75. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE ENGINEERING MEASURES Dust-enclosure and isolation Local exhaust ventilation Protection device Environmental monitoring Statistical monitoring and research Vivek sir 75 VIVEK SIR
- 76. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE • LEGISLATION The Factory Act-1948 The Employees state insurance act-1948 Vivek sir 76 VIVEK SIR
- 77. FACTORIES ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Scope For purposes of the act, a factory means an establishment, • • In which 10 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in a manufacturing process, operated on power Or In which 20 or more workers have been employed during the preceding 12 months in manufacturing process without power.
- 78. FACTORIES ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Appointment and employment • Inspector of factories • Medical practitioners
- 79. FACTORIES ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Provisions for Industrial workers • Employment provisions • Welfare provisions • Safety provisions • Sanitary provisions
- 80. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 • The ESI Act of 1948 covered all power-using factories other than seasonal factories where in 20 or more persons were employed (excluding mines, railways and defense establishments). VIVEK SIR
- 81. ESI Act The provisions of the ESI (Amendment) Act of 1975 were extended to the following new classes of establishments: a) Small power-using factories employing 10 to 19 persons, and non-power-using factories employing 20 or more persons b) Shops: c) Hotels and restaurants; d) Cinemas and theatres; e) Road-motor transport establishments; and f1)1/2N0/e15wspaperestablishments 81 VIVEK SIR
- 82. ESI Act- Administration • ESI Corporation • Chairman – The Union Ministry of labour • Vice Chairman- Secretary to Govt. of India Vivek sir 82 VIVEK SIR
- 83. ESI Act- Administration Chief executive officer- Director general Assisted by four principal officers • Insurance commissiners • Medical commissioners • Finance commissioners • Acturay Vivek sir 83 VIVEK SIR
- 84. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Benefits to employees (1) Medical benefit (2) Sickness benefit (3)Maternity benefit (4 Disablement benefit (5) Dependent’s benefit (6) Funeral expenses Vivek sir (7) Rehabilitation allowance84 VIVEK SIR
- 85. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Medical benefit • • The services comprises (1) out-patient care (2) supply of drugs and dressings (3) specialist services in all branches of medicine (4) pathological and radiological investigations (5) domiciliary services 11 (/6 20) /15 antenatal, natal and postnatal services 85 VIVEK SIR
- 86. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 • Medical benefit (7) immunization services (8) family planning services (9) emergency services (10) ambulance services (11) health education and (12) in-patient treatment. VIVEK SIR
- 87. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Sickness benefit • The benefit is payable for a maximum period of 91 days, in any continuous period of 365 days, the daily rate being about 50% of the average daily wages • 34 diseases for which Extended Sickness Benefit where the insured person has been in continuous employment for 2 years:
- 88. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 Maternity benefit • For confinement, the duration of benefit is 72 weeks, for miscarriage 6 weeks and for sickness arising out of confinement etc. 30 days. VIVEK SIR
- 89. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Disablement benefit • The rate of temporary disablement benefit is about 70 per cent of the wages as long as the temporary disablement lasts. • In case of total permanent disablement, the insured person is given life pension on the basis of loss of earning capacity determined by a medical board
- 90. THE EMPLOYEE STATE INSURANCE ACT,1948 VIVEK SIR Dependent’s benefit • Pension at the rate of 70 per cent of wages is payable, on monthly basis. Funeral expenses •The amount not exceeding Rs. 5000. Rehabilitation • On monthly payment of Rs 10
- 91. VIVEK SIR
- 92. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM • Occupational health nurse • Physiotherapist. • Specialist doctor • Industrial manager • Supervisor VIVEK SIR
- 93. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM VIVEK SIR • Shift in charge • Rehabilitation specialist • Labour welfare officer • Labour union representative. • Representative of voluntary organizations • Other invited members as per the need
- 94. FUNCTIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE VIVEK SIR • Primary prevention • Secondary prevention • Tertiary prevention
- 95. ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE VIVEK SIR • Clinician • Primary prevention • Emergency care • Treatment services • Nursing diagnosis • General Health advice and health assessment • Research and the use of evidence based practice
- 96. ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE VIVEK SIR Specialist • Occupational health policy, and practice development, implementation and evaluation • Occupational health assessment • Health surveillance • Sickness absence management
- 97. ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE Specialist VIVEK SIR • Rehabilitation • Maintenance of work ability • Health and safety • Hazard identification • Risk assessment • Advice on control strategies
- 98. ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSE VIVEK SIR • Manager • Co-ordinator • Adviser • Health educator • Counsellor • Researcher
- 99. ROLE OF COMMUNTY HEALTH NURSE IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH • Home care • Cooperation of plant department • Special provision for services for women and children • Creche work • Rehabilitation of the ill and injured workers • Industrial plant survey • Administrative responsibilities 11/20/15 99 VIVEK SIR