1980 - National Institute of Oceanography

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY 

DONA PAULA GOA 

INDIA

The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) came into 

existence in 1966. The Institute besides having its Headquarters 

in Dona Paula, Goa, has three Regional Centres in Cochin, 

Bombay and Waltair. 

The Institute has identified 8 major priority areas for Research 

& Development with the object of utilizing the Sea and its 

resources for the benefit of our people and to develop technology 

to be utilized by the users of the Sea. The major R & D areas are: 

1. Food from the Sea 

2. Minerals from the Sea 

3. Energy from the Sea 

4. Drugs from the Sea 

5. Coastal Zone Management 

6. Protection of Marine Environment from Pollution 

7. Marine Instrumentation 

8. Ocean Engineering 

The Institute is also aiming at developing self sufficiency in 

ocean technology and be the focal point of oceanographic Data and 

Information pertaining to the Indian Ocean region. 

Main building of the National Institute of Oceanography at Dona Paula, Goa

ANNUAL REPORT 

1980 

16 


(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) 

DONA PAULA-403 004 

GOA, INDIA

CONTENTS 

Page No. 

1. Director's Report 1 

2. Major Scientific Highlights 5 

3. Research Activities 

3.0 Oceanographic Cruises 9 

3.1 Physical Oceanography 19 

3.2 Chemical Oceanography 27 

3.3 Geological Oceanography 37 

3.4 Biological Oceanography 45 

3.5 Ocean Engineering 57 

3.6 Marine Instrumentation 61 

3.7 Planning, Publication, Information & Data 65 

3.8 Regional Centres 71 

3.9 Sponsored Projects 83 

3.10 International Projects 89 

4. Infrastructure Services 91 

5. Administrative Set-up 

5.1 Cruise Planning and Programme Priorities 

Committee for R.V. Gaveshani 95 

5.2 Research Advisory Council 96 

5.3 Executive Committee 97 

54 Finance and Building Committee 98 

5.5 R.V. Gaveshani Committee 99 

5.6 Policy Planning Committee 99 

5.7 Stores and Equipment Committee 99 

5.8 Grievance Committee 100 

5.9 Staff Quarters/Hostel Allotment Committee 100 

5.10 Budget 100 

5.11 Scientific and Technical Staff 101 

6. Visitors 105 

7. Colloquia 108 

8. Awards, honours and membership of various committees 110 

9. Deputations 113 

10. Meetings, exhibitions, seminars, symposia and special lectures 115 

11. Radio Talks 122 

12. Publications 

12.1 Scientific Papers 123 

12 2 Popular Articles and Book Reviews 129 

12.3 Technical Reports 131 

12.4 Sponsored Project Reports 131

1 

Director's Report 

The year marks the completion of 15 years of R & D activities by the Institute, 

during which period it has developed competence in practically all fields of oceanography 

and is now in a position to provide its services to the nation in the fields of 

exploration and exploitation of the vast, yet inadequately tapped resources of the 

seas around India. 

During the year, R.V. Gaveshani had spent 239 days at sea on 19 cruises in 

the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal and worked at 645 stations. The ship, for the first 

time, paid a goodwill visit to a foreign port at Penang. Malaysia in January, 1980. 

A large volume of information was collected during these cruises on the physical, 

chemical, geological and geophysical aspects and on the living and non-living resources 

as well as on environmental conditions of the seas around India. The knowledge thus 

gained is being utilised in different ways as a major input to the research and development 

programme of the Institute which is comprised of 25 projects. Work on 

these projects has been carried out from the headquarters by the physical, chemical, 

geological-geophysical and biological oceanography, marine instrumentation and ocean 

engineering divisions. These were assisted by the planning and data division and 

three regional centres of NIO at Cochin. Bombay and Waltair. 

A. R and D Projects 

Much impetus was given to physical oceanography by the launching of an 

oceanographic and meteorological data buoy. This buoy was moored from R.V. 

Gaveshani off Goa in the Arabian Sea at a water depth of about 100 m. All the 

probes installed on the buoy worked satisfactorily. 

Studies on chemical data collected from the seas around India revealed some 

nteresting features on the relative fertility of the Andaman Sea. Biochemical investigations 

on marine organisms showed that certain species possess antifertility and 

antibiotic properties. Pollution studies along the oil tanker routes in the Arabian Sea 

and Bay of Bengal revealed the presence of about 3700 and 1100 tonnes of floating tar 

balls respectively, while the petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper 20 m of the two 

seas was estimated to be several million tonnes. A new multidisciplinary project 

on studies of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India was initiated. 

•

Under the geological and geophysical programme, the survey of the entire 

western continental shelf has been completed. This has not only provided some 

basic information on geomorphology, sediment distribution and surficial geology of 

the area but has also led to the demarcation of areas of economic interest potentially 

important from the point of view of future exploitation. 

As a part of the programme on offshore mineral exploration, the Institute has developed 

the methodology and techniques for the exploration of shore deposits of heavy 

minerals. 

The biology programme of the Institute include an intensive survey of seaweed 

resources along the west coast and the location of areas of high concentration of economically 

important seaweeds, demarcation of productive areas in the Arabian Sea and Bay of 

Bengal and the investigations on benthos and their relationship with demersal fisheries. 

In the aquaculture project, modified techniques were employed for the culture of 

shell fish, shrimp and Artemia. The Artemia is in great demand as food in the 

aquaculture experiments and the Institute has located new resources of Artemia and 

has also cultured Anemia on a mass scale in the salt pans of Gujarat. 

A new project on the "energy from the sea" was started and status reports 

on the energy from ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), waves, tides, salinity 

and from marine biomass conversion are being prepared. The design of a laboratory 

model of OTEC plant with 200 watt capacity is ready for fabrication. Reports on 

methods developed for wave hindcasting and storm surges were also prepared. 

Efforts to develop some of the oceanographic instruments in the Institute were 

intensified and design and fabrication of 'sea probes' such as CTD system, buoy 

telemetry system and a shallow water echosounder were completed and successfully 

tested. A profile current meter was also designed and fabricated. 

The Cochin Regional Centre of NIO has gathered considerable information 

on the living resources of certain regions of the Indian Ocean while the Bombay 

Centre continued to work on the protection of marine environment and monitoring 

of pollutants along the Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts. Baseline water quality 

analysis of the river Narmada in Gujarat and a comparative study on the behaviour 

of some metals in polluted and unpolluted waters were completed during the year. 

The Waltair Centre made a steady progress in oceanographic work off Waltair and 

nearby areas and studied the crustal structure and basement tectonics of the Bay of 

Bengal. 

B. Sponsored Projects 

During the year, the Institute has fully utilized the expertise and available 

indigenous technology and has provided services and support to various public and 

private sector undertakings through as many as 26 sponsored projects on areas such

as development of offshore oilfields, pollution control, coastal development, and 

resources survey at a total cost of Rs 36 lakhs (Rs 3 6 million) These projects 

were of direct interest to the user community 

C. Services 

Planning, Publication and Information Sections of the Institute have done 

commendable work by releasing regular publications in time. An Indian National 

Directory of Marine Research Projects was compiled and released. The Indian 

National Oceanographic Data Centre acquired and stored data on standard formats 

pertaining to more than one thousand stations. The statewise atlases covering hydrographic, 

current and biological date for three Indian states (Maharashtra, Karnataka 

and Tamil Nadu) were also completed. 

Under the 'computer software services' several programmes were developed 

for processing various oceanographic data and information. The computer facility was 

also made available to various public/private organizations and educational institutions. 

More than 850 books, 720 technical reports and 10 new journals were added to the 

library. The NIO library also received a valuable personal collection from Prof 

E C Lafond as a gift to the Institute. 

Photography drawing, printing, binding and xeroxing groups have rendered 

valuable services to various Divisions. Similarly, workshop electroplating and prototype 

groups have continued to give their full support. The maintenance and servicing group 

did the needful for the maintenance of both laboratory and shipboard equipment 

Several new instruments (systems) were acquired and installed to enhance the 

working capability of the Institute. Among these the boomerang grab, programmable 

automatic scintillation counter coulter counter double beam atomic absorption spectropholometer, 

ATP meter, are worth mentioning. 

D. Miscellaneous 

During the year 130 research papers and popular articles were published in 

standard national and international journals besides many technical reports. A 

number of colloquia were organised and more than 3,000 persons with a scientific interest 

visited the Institute. The visit of Prof Nurul Hasan, Vice President of CSIR 

was most stimulating and generated a lot of interest among the scientific staff 

The Institute hosted an international seminar on 'India and the East African, 

Littoral, Hinterland and Island States' - Areas of Co-operation in January 1980. This 

seminar was co-sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations the Centre of 

East African Studies of Bombay University and the National Institute of Oceanography. 

About 50 scientist and educationists from India and African countries participated 

in the Seminar.

An all India seminar on 'Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India', 

was organised in May 1980 in which more than 60 papers were presented. A manual 

on Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India was released on this occasion. 

A national workshop on 'Energy from the Sea' was held in December, 1980. 

About 75 delegates (engineers, technologists and scientists) from different organizations 

in the country participated in this workshop. 

The year was marked by the participation of many scientists of the Institute 

to several national and international seminars, workshops and symposia. 

Director. 

National Institute of Oceanography

2 

Major Scientific Highlights 

• R. V. Gaveshani carried out 35,000 line kilometres of oceanographic survey 

in the seas around India and collected a large amount of oceanographic information- 

The ship paid a goodwill visit of 4 days to Penang (Malaysia). While at Penang, the 

ship was visited by a large number of local dignitaries and scientific personnel who were 

very appreciative of the progress made by India in the field of marine science. 

• Results from MONEX-79 programme indicate that in spite of the increase 

in sea surface temperature by about 1°C and decrease in the thickness of the mixed layer 

by about 10 metres, the cyclone neat potential shows an increase from May to June 

(1979). Transformation of the thermodynamic energy suggests that the energy due 

to contraction of mixing is important in understanding the watermass structure. 

• Oceanographic data collected from the Andaman Sea revealed that an annual 

evaporation rate of about 137 cm over the region and the vertical heat transport were 

confined to 20 m of water where a strong halocline prevented the heat transfer to 

greater depth. These findings have an important bearing on the moisture transfer 

and atmospheric circulation in the area. In the Andaman Sea, Persian Gulf water 

was identified in the depth range of 200-500m with a characteristic high salinity, 

temperature and deltat. Below this and in the depth range of 500-900 m the water 

of Red Sea origin seems to be present. In the northern part of the Andaman Sea, 

mixed layer with a thickness of about 75 metre was identified. 

• Hydrochemical data off the west coast indicated the presence of two oxygen 

minima associated with two phosphate maxima at a depth of about 300 and 1000 m. 

• Pollution surveys along the oil tanker routes in the Arabian Sea and in the 

southern Bay of Bengal from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the Malacca 

Strait showed an abundance of oil slicks amounting to nearly 3700 tonnes and 1100 

tonnes of floating tar balls in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal respectively. 

• The effect of three heavy metals (copper, cadmium and zinc) on two copepod 

species showed that copper is a more toxic metal than the others. 

• A total magnetic intensity map of the northern part of Konkan coast was 

prepared on a 100 gamma interval which showed a N-S trend with a number of 

closures. The conspicuous feature of the map is the two major NNW-SSE lineations. 

• The exploration for ilmenite placers in Ratnagiri, Mirya and Kalbadevi bays 

showed the ilmenite reserves to be of the order of 2 million tonnes. Shallow seismic 

5

ecords in 13 other bays showed the thickness of the sand to be about 21 metres. 

Thus, the total reserves of ilmenite in these bays appear to be many times greater 

than that of the Ratnagiri Bay. 

• A study of the sediments of the region surrounding Cape Comorin showed 

that its western side is dominated by terrigenous sediments while its eastern side 

is dominated by carbonate sediments. 

• X-ray diffraction studies on limestone dredge from the shelf (90 m. depth) 

showed that its mineralogy does not indicate its exposure to fresh water resulting 

either from rainfall or from percolation of ground water. These results support 

earlier findings that the Peninsular India had a semi-arid climate in the past. 

• Studies on the crustal structure and basement tectonics of the Bay of Bengal 

have delineated several new surface and subsurface structural features such as an 

escarpment as a surface and a subsurface high over the continental slope extending 

along the east coast, a deep and wide marginal basin over the southern continental 

margin and graben extending in southeast and northeast directions. 

• Experiments on raft-grown mussels showed that the cultured mussels develop 

special behavioural, physiological and bio-chemical adaptations to overcome the 

range of variation in the environmental factors at the culture site. Growth studies 

on the shrimps Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni under different frequency 

of feeding revealed that growth patterns in both tne species follow a linear trend. 

• A system was designed in the laboratory to simulate the field conditions for 

the study of the role of microorganisms in specialized ecosystem like mangroves. 

• Memodyne digital cassette recorder interfacing circuits have been developed 

for temporary storage of oceanographic data. 

• A single board computer-based microprocessor was designed and developed. 

A serial monitor programme was also developed to communicate with the microprocessor 

through a teletype or an RS-232-D terminal. 

• The design and fabrication of an indigenous CTD system, shallow water echosounder 

and a profile current meter were completed. 

• The design of a laboratory model of OTEC plant of capacity 200 watts was 

completed. 

6

Research Activities

3.0 

Oceanographic Cruises 

Research vessel Gaveshani 

Of the 19 cruises carried out during the year by R.V. Gaveshani. 11 were in 

the Arabian Sea and 8 in the Bay of Bengal. Oceanographic data from 645 stations 

were collected during these cruises. Besides this, surveys of the pipeline routes from 

Bassein to Bombay High and Direction Bank and in the estuarine regions of the 

rivers Hooghly and Mahanadi for fixing the position of the drilling rig "Chancellors 

Ville" of Oil India Ltd., were also carried out. 

Shipboard facilities on Gaveshani were also availed by a large number of 

scientists from other organizations such as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 

(BARC,.Institute of Petroleum Exploration (IPE), Geological Survey of India (GSI), 

Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL), National Geophysical 

Research Institute (NGRI), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). 

National Physical Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), Space Applications Centre 

(SAC) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). 

9

Summaries of the cruises 66 to 84 are as follows: 

Cruise 66 ( Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao) 

This 17-days cruise from 27 December, 1979 to 14 January, 1980 formed a 

part of the continuing programme of NIO to monitor the pollution in the seas 

around India. The objective of the cruise was to survey the oil tanker routes, 

from south of Sri Lanka to the head of Malacca Strait and to pay the courtesy 

call at Penang (Malaysia) and to visit the marine science institutes and discuss 

problems of mutual interest with the Malaysian scientists. 

Physical, chemical and biological data were collected from 22 stations and an 

area near the Rondo Island, where in early 1979 an American Navy oil tanker 

'Sealift Mediterranean' spilled about 5000 tonnes of crude oil, was also surveyed. 

No tar balls nor any other floating pollutants were found. Probably strong wind 

and heavy swell acted as a deterrant to their accumulation. 

After completing all the observations, the ship reached Penang on 9th January. 

This was the first time that R.V. Gavashani visited a foreign port. An "open house" 

was organised to enable the scientists ar,d other interested persons to visit the ship 

and see the research facilities on board. More than 200 persons visited the ship. 

They appreciated the work carried out by NIO and stressed the need for collaboration 

between Indian and Malaysian scientists to work on some of the common 

problems in the field of marine research. All scientists on board visited the Fisheries 

Research Laboratory and Tunku Abdul Rahman Aquarium at Glugor. Penang and 

Schools of Physical, Chemical and Biological Sciences of the University Saing 

Malaysia at Minden. Penang and had a fruitful discussion on various subjects. 

Visit of R.V. Gaveshani to Penang- 

Participants of the cruises 66-68. 

11

Cruise 67 (Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao) 

The main objective of the 13-days cruise from 14 to 26 January was to make 

further and in-depth study of the Andaman Seas including the interaction of water 

masses coming through the Malacca Strait into the Bay of Bengal via Andaman Seas. 

Twentysix stations were worked during this cruise and 1900 analyses of 245 

water samples were carried out on board. About 200 samples were preserved for 

the analysis of heavy metals. Zooplankton samples were collected using IOSN and 

HT nets and sediment samples by a snapper. The oxygen minimum layer, which was 

observed at about 200-300m depth along the 10° ridge during the cruise 52, was 

not noticed during this cruise. However, low oxygen concentration was observed 

at about 150 -200 m depth at all the stations on the western side of the Andaman 

islands. 

Cruise 68 (Chief Scientist—T.S.S. Rao) 

The 12-days cruise from 27 January to 7 February, was conducted to make 

a further study of the changes in the quality of water along the oil tanker routes 

in the Bay of Bengal and around Nicobar islands. 

Twentyfive oceanographic stations were worked during the cruise and 1048 

analyses on 134 water samples were carried out on board. Some samples were 

preserved for the analysis of heavy metals. The patchy distribution of floating tar 

balls along the shipping line (80°E longitude) and a large quantity of tar balls 

along the western part of the shipping lane were observed. The freshness of tar 

balls indicated that they were formed from some fresh oil spill somewhere north 

of 5°30'N latitude which is a shipping lane. 

At the request of Chief Secretary, Andaman and Nicobar Administration, 

the ship, on its return cruise from Port Blair worked at five stations in the 

Campbell Bay in the Great Nicobar island area. From this region several samples 

of plankton, benthos and chlorophyll were collected. 

Cruise 69 (Chief Scientist—D. Panakala Rao) 

This 12-days cruise was from 14 to 25 February between latitudes 11° and 

15°N and longitudes 68° and 71°30' E to work out the oceanographic and meteorological 

conditions during late winter. This area was earlier studied under MONEX-79 

programme. 

In all, 58 stations were worked during the cruise. Lower sea surface temperature 

was observed during this season as compared to the earlier cruise. Salinity maxima 

and minima characteristic of the Arabian Sea were once again recorded in the 

column profile. Two oxygen minima at 200 and 600 m separated by a layer of 

relatively high oxygen at about 400 m were recorded during the cruise. 

On the day of total solar eclipse (16 February), biological and meteorological 

observations were made in the zone of total solar eclipse (13°25'N and 71°30'E). 

12

Using IOSN, zooplankton samples were collected before, during and after the 

total solar eclipse from 100 to 0 m to work out the pattern of vertical migration 

of animals during the various phases of the eclipse. Hourly surface meteorological 

observations were also taken from 1200 to 1700 hours which did not show any 

decrease in the air or sea surface temperatures during the total eclipse. 

Cruise 70 (Chief Scientist—H.N. Siddiquie) 

This short cruise of 3-days from 5 to 7 March was primarily organised off 

Goa for testing the equipment received under NORAD assistance programme on 

'Geological and geophysical surveys of the west coast'. The trials during the cruise 

indicated some fault in the records obtained from the ORE-mud penetrator. The 

fault was arising from the hull-mounted transducers. Some mal-functioning in the 

triggering of EG and G sparker and boomer was also noticed. Remedial measures 

for these problems were undertaken before the next cruise. 

The CTD system designed and fabricated at NIO was successfully tested and 

the results were compared with the Guideline CTD system. 


This cruise of 17-days duration was from 11 to 27 March. The main objective 

of this cruise was to fill in the gaps in the geological and geophysical surveys 

of the western continental margin carried out earlier so that the coverage may be 

extended upto the shelf south of Cochin. 

During the cruise, 2061 line km of echosounding, 972 line km of side scan 

sonar, 1595 line km of shallow seismic profiling, 390 line km of deep seismic 

profiling and 1469 line km of magnetics were carried out. Underwater camera was 

operated at 4 stations. Water samples and grab samples were collected from 25 

and 73 stations respectively. 

The surveys indicate that the continental shelf upto a depth of about 40 m 

and in some cases upto 25 m (off Cochin), is marked by an even topography due 

to clay cover. Beyond this depth, the topography is uneven and along the shelf 

break, off Mangalore and Cochin, a number of pinnacles are clearly seen. The 

samples collected show that the outer shelf is largely covered by olive grey to 

greyish olive silty to clayey sands and the slope has silt and clayey silt. 

Samples of Trichodesmium were also collected off Kerala coast where bloom 

was seen in profusion. 

Cruise 72 (Chief Scientist—H. N. Siddiquie) 

This 12-days cruise from 2 to 13 April formed a part of the NIO-IPE-ONGC 

collaboration programme (NCST Priority Project No. 6), entitled, "Sedimentological, 

geochemical and microbiological studies in the continental shelf between Bombay High 

and offshore of Kutch including the Gulf of Cambay and Kutch". 

Four tracks on the shelf covering 975 line km of echosounding, 870 line km of 

ORE profiling, 200 line km of EG & G sparker and 993 line km of magnetics were 

13

covered during the cruise. In addition, 29 water samples, 46 grab samples, 4 dredge 

samples, 4 core samples and 12 bottom photographs were taken. 

The surveys indicated that the continental shelf from the shore to a depth of 

60-75 m is marked by even topography because of the clay cover. 


This cruise of 19-days duration was from 13 April to 1 May. It was sponsored 

by the ONGC for the development of offshore oilfields. The work included: survey 

of the pipeline routes from South Bassein to Direction Bank, from Direction Bank up 

to the shore and shallow seismic surveys at South Bassein and Direction Bank. 

During this cruise, more than 290 line km of echosounding, 660 line km of 

ORE mud penetrator profiling, 1060 line km of sparker and 120 line km of magnetic 

surveys were carried out. 

Along the proposed pipeline route (from Bassein to Direction Bank), the depth 

varied from 51 m at Bassein to 65 m on the southern side and 41 m at the Bank. 

From Direction Bank along the route the depth ranged from 45 m at the Bank to 

55 m towards east and 15 m near the shore. 


This 12-days cruise from 4 to 15 May was carried out in continuation of the 

earlier cruise. During the cruise shallow seismic profiling on the Bassein structure and 

the post-lay survey of the pipelines from Bassein to Bombay High were carried out. 

In all, 20 lines were surveyed in the south Bassein and the pipeline profiling 

was done along 50 lines. Over 673 line km of echosounding. 200 line km of side 

scan sonar and 671 line km of shallow seismic profiling were carried out. 

The depth on south Bassein ranged from 38 to 69 m and increased, in the 

northern and eastern sides and also in the southern and western sides- The pipeline 

was crossed, in 64 tracks and the pipes were seen in 43 tracks. Along 52 tracks, the 

pipelines were very well covered by 2.2.5 m thick sediments and in the remaining 2 

tracks, the pipelines apparently were on the seabed or were covered by a thin sediment 

only. 

Cruise 75 (Chief Scientist—M.G.A.P. Setty) 

This 14-days cruise from 21 May to 3 June was devoted to the study of oceanographic 

conditions in the MONEX square ( between 11-15°N and 68-71° 31' E) during 

the onset of southwest monsoon. Another aspect of the cruise was to study primaryproductivity, 

nannoplankton and extra cellular liberation of photosynthates at 

various depths of the euphotic zone. 

The cruise covered a distance of 3892 line km. in which 50 stations were 

worked. Data on phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and silicate were collected at 

all the stations. 

At the request of BARC, sediment samples from deeper parts of the sea were 

collected for their use- Radon activity was also studied during the cruise. 

14


This cruise of 7-days duration was from 7 to 13 June. It started from Madras 

and terminated at Visakhapatnam as a joint project between the NIO and GSI. 

Sediment samples during the cruise were collected from 61 stations in the 

depth range of 18-250 m for sedimentological, geochemical, micropaleontological and 

benthic studies. In addition, samples were also collected from 12 m below the water 

surface, and close to the bottom sediment. Water sediment interface samples (nearshore 

offshore) from 35 stations were also collected to study the paniculate matter and 

suspended load present at these stations. Sample were also obtained for the study 

of macro and meiobenthos at all the stations. 


This cruise of 12-days duration was from 15 to 26 June to study the continental 

shelf from about 20 m depth near the shore up to the shelf edge between Visakhapatnam 

and the mouth of the river Ganga at 'Swatch of no ground'. Samples were 

collected for bathymatric, sedimentological, micropaleontological and geochemical 

studies and for benthos distribution in the shelf area. 

In all, 115 samples were collected during this cruise. Alphid lobsters (Synalpheus 

sp.) with young oysters were collected from a substrate off Puri (Orissa). The 

sediment here was coarse and sandy. 

Cruise 78 (Chief Scientist—R. Sen Gupta) 

The 18-days cruise from 3 to 20 September was undertaken to survey the delta 

region of the river Hooghly and the mouth of the river Mahanadi and to carry out 

the position fixing of the drilling rig "Chancellors Ville" of the Oil India Ltd. in the 

Bay of Bengal. 

During the cruise, the ship covered a distance of about 1900 line km and. 

worked at 15 stations. Apart from this, 3 anchored stations were worked inside 

the river Hooghly where currents and waves were recordede very 2 hours and hydrographic 

casts and plankton hauls were taken at 3 hourly interval. 385 water samples 

were processed, filtered and/or preserved on board for the examination of different 

biological constituents, heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, suspended minerals, etc. 

The ship was at anchor for 6 days off the Oil India drilling rig "Chancellors 

Ville" during which time 29 satellite navigation fixes were obtained. In addition, 

currents, waves, tides and heave of the ship were also measured every hour. 

Cruise 79 (Chief Scientist—L.V.G. Rao) 

The 14-days cruise was undertaken at the request of ONGC from 23 September 

to 6 October to carry out current measurements near the oil bearing structure off 

the Godavari basin, south of Visakhapatnam. Current observations were made at 

different depths and at different time intervals using a current meter mooring system 

developed by the Institute. 

Apart from this a survey was conducted to identify some ship wrecks off 

15

Visakhapatnam Port at the request of the port authorities. There was another request 

from the drill ship "Fredericksberg, for the bathymetry survey of their new location 

for the deployment of the drill ship. These surveys were also completed. 

Cruise 80 (Chief Scientist—C.K. Gopinathan) 

This cruise was organised for 11 days from 8 to 18 October to study the physical, 

chemical and biological features of the waters off Coromandal coast (southwest 

Bay of Bengal) at the site of the proposed OTEC plant in Tamil Nadu. 

A distance of about 350 line km was covered 

during the cruise and 24 stations were worked. 

Surface meteorological observations such as 

recording of wind speed and direction, sea surface 

temperature, atmospheric pressure at sea 

level, wet and dry bulb readings were carried 

out at all the stations. 

Oceanographic and Meteorological 

Data Buoy deployed off Goa in 

the Arabian Sea. 

Cruise 81 (Chief Scientist—V.V.R. Varadachari) 

This short cruise of 3 days, from 23 to 25 

October, was organised off Goa for launching a 

meteorological and oceanographic data buoy procured 

by the Institute from the Marine Exploration 

Ltd. U.K. (MAREX). The buoy was 

deployed with the help of the ship's derrick on 

24th morning at location lat. 15°2l'N, long. 

73°05' E, where water depth was 100 m. 

The buoy was retrieved and brought back 

into the ship on the same day in the evening- 

Apart from the NIO. scientists from BARC, 

TIFR, IMD, NPOL, SAC and MAREX (UK) 

participated in the cruise. BARC scientists conducted 

B.T. observations and ship's speed during 

the return journey of the ship. Scientists from 

the TIFR made Radon measurements and scientists from SAC collected data on 

chlorophyll from the sea and made irradiance measurements. 

Cruise 82 (Chief Scientist—V.V.R. Varadachari) 

This cruise was for 15 days duration in the MONEX square (occupied earlier 

during MONEX-79 programme and in three other cruises) to study the oceanographic 

conditions in the area during the peried from 1 to 15 November. 

Data were collected from 48 stations. Results indicated that air temperature 

and sea surface temperature were low. At all the stations, plankton samples were 

also collected. 

Besides the NIO scientists, one scientist from TIFR and two from GSI also 

16

participated in the cruise. They collected data on Radon and water samples for 

determination of mercury respectively. 

Cruise 83 (Chief Scientist—Ch. M. Rao) 

This 15-days cruise was undertaken from November 21 to December 5 to collect 

geological and geophysical data to decipher the regional geology, structure and tectonics 

of the continental shelf between Dabhol and Khanderi along the west coast of India. 

During the cruise 1820 line km of echosounding. ORE sub-bottom profiling 

sparker and magnetic surveys were carried out. Seabed and water samples were 

collected from 33 and 12 stations respectively while the underwater camera was 

operated at 7 stations. At 16 stations sediment samples collected were sieved for 

benthic faunal studies. The surveys revealed that the shelf is marked by even topography 

to a depth of about 85 m. Beyond this (70 to 85 m) depth the topography 

on the outer shelf is uneven and somewhat rugged. Acoustic masking of reflectors 

due to gases was noticed in the inner shelf. Several low amplitude (100 gammas) 

magnetic anomalies in all the profiles were also observed- 

Besides the NIO participants, three scientists from NPOL, Cochin also participated 

in this cruise and carried out sound reverberation studies at 4 stations. 

Cruise 84 (Chief Scientist—Ch.M. Rao) 

This cruise of 13 days was organised from 11 to 23 December for geological and 

geophysical surveys of the continental shelf between Mangrol and Dwarka along the 

west coast of India. 

During the cruise about 1270 line km of echosounding, ORE sub-bottom 

profiling, sparker and magnetic serveys were carried out on ten lines. In addition 

magnetic surveys for about 170 line km were carried out on a N.S line while returning 

to Goa. Bottom sediment samples were collected at 37 stations and the underwater 

camera was operated at 7 stations. 

The results of the surveys indicated that the seabed to a depth of 130 m is 

largely marked by even topography- The shelf break occurs between 100-140m and 

the slope is characterised by rugged topography and steep gradients. The seabed 

is carpeted by transparent clay to a depth of about 80 m. The magnetic surveys 

indicated three types of magnetic anomalies viz. (i) region to about 20 km from 

the shore is characterised by very high amplitude high frequency anomalies, (ii) the 

middle shelf is characterised by several prominent high amplitude anomalies, and 

(iii) the magnetic signature is smooth on the outer shelf to slope. The sediment 

samples show that the outer shelf is largely covered by gray to grayish white clayey 

sands with shells and the slope by olive green clayey-sandy-silts. 

17

3.1 

Physical Oceanography 

3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction 

3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India 

3.1.3 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the 

Indian coastline with application to coastal zone management 

Ocean currents, their driving forces and land sea-air interaction are some of 

the major topics of interest in physical oceanography. A large amount of data on 

the variations in temperature, salinity, pressure, wind speed and direction, movement 

of the watermasses was collected employing various methods/equipment from the 

ship, moored or drifting current meter systems. 

During the year, an oeeanographic and meteorological data buoy was moored 

from R.V. Gaveshani off Goa in the Arabian Sea. Various instruments for measuring 

Profiling current meter developed at NIO. 

19

the meteorological parameters have also been installed on the terrace of the main 

building. To measure the vertical profile of the horizontal current, a profiling current 

meter has been designed and fabricated. The system was tested in the Bay of Bengal 

and the preliminary results were found to be encouraging. 

3.1.1 Studies on ocean-atmosphere interaction 

(a) Distribution of stability of the waters 

A comparative study of the vertical stratification in the upper 300 m in 

the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal was made. The study revealed that (i) the zone 

of maximum stability coincides with the discontinuity layer; (ii) the water column was 

strongly stratified in the Bay of Bengal as compared to that of the Arabian Sea. 

This feature appears to be one of the factors governing the low level of nutrients 

occurring in the surface layers of the Bay of Bengal. 

(b) Circulation and its relation to the distribution of oceanographic parameters 

Based on the IIOE data collected during February-March, charts on dynamic 

topography, mass distribution, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and inorganic 

phosphates in the upper layers of the Bay of Bengal, were prepared. This analysis 

revealed that: 

1. the field of motion in the near-surface layers of the Bay of Bengal during 

late winter is the result of various factors such as (i) the winter cooling near the head of 

the Bay, (ii) the influence of northeast monsoon winds, (iii) the influence of north 

equatorial currents in the southern regions and (iv) the influence of fresh water discharge, 

especially in the northern Bay, Andaman Sea and along the east coast of India. 

Typical vertical distribution of temperature ( 0 3 

C), salinity (per mil), oxygen (ml/1) and PO4 -P (μg-at/l). 

20

2. the integral mean concentration of the nutrients in the surface mixed layer 

is in agreement with the near-surface circulation. The high value of nutrients associated 

with low dissolved oxygen are confined to thicker surface layers indicating 

clearly the effect of divergence or cyclonic gyre (convergence or anticyclone gyre) 

present in the near-surface circulation. 

3. the salinity structure shows that the Bay of Bengal has estuarine type of 

circulation due to heavy discharge of fresh water all along its land peripheries. 

(c) ΜΟΝΕΧ-79 studies 

The hydrographic and MBT data collected during MONEX-79 programme 

were processed. For the analysis of these data, the following computer programmes 

were developed: (i) Bionomial filter programme for smoothening the digitized data, 

(ii) A programme for computing the potential energy of the water column and the 

energy changes due to mixing and (iii) A programme for analysing the wave 

records. 

The study revealed significant variations in the upper 500 m during the period 

May to June 1979. The sea surface temperature increases by about 1°C whereas 

the thickness of the mixed surface layer decreases by about 10 m. Inspite of the 

above features, the cyclone heat potential showed an increase from May to June 

1979 in the MONEX square (the region from where the data were collected). The 

heat potential was estimated to be about 30 kcal/cm 2 which can maintain a moderate 

cyclone for a period of 6 days. The rise in thermocline is attributed to the entrainment 

of cool subsurface water into the surface layer. Further studies to prove 

this are being carried out using the continuity equation. The influence of equatorial 

watermass in the MONEX area is clearly seen during May-June 1979. 

Preliminary studies on the thermodynamic potential of seawater indicated that the 

changes in energy associated with contraction or mixing are important for understanding 

the watermass structure in the MONEX square. 

(d) Heat budget of the Andaman Sea 

The seasonal heat storage including the fluxes of net radiation, latent and sensible 

heat have been worked out for the Andaman Sea. These studies indicated an 

annual evaporation rate of about 137 cm over the region of the Andaman Sea and the 

vertical heat transport is confined to the upper 20 m where a strong halocline exists 

which probably inhibits the heat transfer to deeper waters. 

3.1.2 Studies on physical processes in the seas around India 

Field data were collected during 7 cruises from the Bay of Bengal including 

the Andaman Sea and the eastern Arabian Sea. During two of these cruises (viz- 

69th and 75th) observations were carried out in the MONEX square for studying 

the post-monsoon conditions. CSTD System was operated and continuous profiles 

21

Distribution of temperature (A), salinity (B) and density (C) 

along fifth transect in the Andaman Sea. 

22 

Oceanic cyclone heat potential (kcal cm -2 ) for cruise 

54 (A), 55 (B) and 56 (C).

of temperature and salinity/conductivity mostly upto 2000 m depth were obtained at 41 

stations. These data are being processed and some of the results are mentioned below: 

(a) Surface boundary layer studies 

Based on the surface meteorological and wave data collected from two 

locations in the western Bay of Bengal in July 1979 during the 58th cruise, surface 

layer conditions of the atmosphere of different surface circulations, associated sea 

surface roughness and the height of surface roughness were studied. The thermal 

stratification of the surface layer as inferred from the Bulk Richardson number 

values revealed neutral and near-neutral conditions. The convective activity affected 

the sea-air temperature difference and seemed to cause variations in the characteristic 

height of the surface layer. Larger variations in the surface layer were encountered 

during the rough condition of the sea. The wind hodographs of diurnal variations 

showed anticyclonic and a precursor and cyclonic circulations. 

(b) Sound velocity structure 

Using the hydrographic data collected by R.V. Vityaz during the IIOE 

(January-March 1961), sound velocity structure of the Bay of Bengal including the 

Andaman Sea has been studied. In the upper 200 m, sound velocity varied significantly 

with longitude (8-11 m/sec). It was relatively greater in the low latitude. 

The depth of SOFAR channel (axis of primary sound channel) varied between 800 m 

and 1750 m. Geographical variations of SOFAR axial velocities were found to be 

related to the characteristics of general circulation in the area. 

(c) Hydrographic features 

Physical characteristics in the Andaman Sea during the winter were studied 

using the data collected by R. V. Gaveshani during the period January-February in 

1979 and 1980. Distributions of temperature, salinity and density along six transects 

were studied and characteristics of watermasses were investigated. The Persian 

Gulf water was identified in the depth range of 200-500 m with a characteristic 

high salinity of about 35.l%o, temperature range 10 to 12°C and σ- t range 26.7 to 27.0. 

Below this, in the depth range 500-900 m the water of the Red Sea seems to 

be present. In the northern part of the study area, a mixed layer with thickness 

upto 75 m was encountered. The presence of a warm deeper water in the Andaman 

Sea area has also been confirmed. 

(d) Wave characteristics 

Using the wave data collected with a shipborn wave recorder during the 51st 

and 52nd cruises (February 1979) and 67th cruise (January 1980) of R.V. Gaveshani 

the wave characteristics of the seas around the Andaman and Nicobar islands were 

studied. The distribution of zero crossing period, significant wave height and spectral 

width parameter were also studied. The predominant zero crossing period and 

significant wave heigh were found to be 6-12 secs and 0.6-1.4 metres respectively. 

23

3.1.3. Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastline 

with application to coastal zone management 

Studies under this project have been carried out partly from headquarters and 

partly from Regional Centres of Cochin and Bombay. 

(a) Studies at Mangalore 

The physical characteristics of the water of Gurpur river and New Mangalore 

Harbour were investigated to assess their suitability for the proposed disposal of 

effluents from the Kudremukh Iron Ore Co., Ltd., Mangalore. The data on currents 

(speed and direction), temperature and electrical conductivity were collected at intervals 

of fifteen minutes for 25 hours continuously using Aanderaa recording current 

meter at a few selected locations. Dispersion studies using Rhodamine-B dye were 

also carried out. These studies showed accumulation of pollutants in these water 

bodies especially during the non-monsoon months. 

(b) Beach studies in Goa area 

Studies started during the previous year on the Miramar beach were extended 

towards the south covering the region upto Caranzalem. Two locations were continuously 

monitored on the northern side to assess the stability and the spatial variations in the 

morphology of the various sections with special reference to the impact of probable 

movement/shift in the location of the Aguada Bar/shoal present in this environment- 

Further studies are in progress. 

(c) Development of computer programmes 

Computer programmes were developed for spectral analysis of time series data 

on waves, currents, temperature, salinity etc. These are (a) autospectrum - using both 

FFT algorithm and autocorrelation methods and (b) cross spectrum through FFT 

algorithm. The salient features of these programmes are : 

(i) Any number of sets of data can be handled, 

(ii) Five built-in windows (rectangular, Cosine Taper, Tukey, Blackman and 

Hamming) are available in time domain, 

(iii) Built-in functions to do ensemble and frequency averaging, 

(iv) Removal of noise and correction for the attenuation (wave data) and 

(v) Availability of Inverse Fourier Transforms. 

En addition, a programme was developed for computer plotting of two dimensional 

data. 

(d) Estuarine studies 

Studies on the dynamics and physical characteristies of the Mandovi and the 

Zuari estuaries and the Cumbarjua Canal were undertaken. Taking the average 

runoff for the Zuari and the Mandovi estuaries as 9 km 3 /year and 16 km 3 /year respectively 

and their water sheds as 550 km 2 and 1150 km 2 respectively, the runoff ratio and 

the water shed ratio for the Mandovi-Zuari was found to be approximately 2. Peak 

24

discharges occur during August in both, the estuaries (500 m 3 /sec for the Mandovi and 

250 m 3 /sec for the Zuari) with slightly lower values in July and much lower in September 

(160 m 3 /sec for the Mandovi and 80 m 3 /sec for the Zuari approximately). 

Studies on the turbulent mixing at the interface of the saline wedges occurring 

in these estuaries during the monsoon months and the response of the interface to tidal 

forcing factors, have also been taken up. 

(e) Beach changes along the Kerala coast 

Detailed work in respect of this investigation has been reported separately in 

Section 3.8.1. 

(f) Erosion studies at Versova 

The work carried out under this investigation has been reported separately 

in Section 3.8.2. 

(g) Beach studies at Thal-Alibag coastline. 

The progress made under this investigation has been reported separately in 


25

INSTRUMENTS INSTALLED IN THE INSTITUTE

3.2 

Chemical Oceanography 

3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian 

Sea and Bay of Bengal 

3.2.2 Drugs from the sea 

3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along 

the Indian coast 

3.2.4 Characteristics of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India 

The major concern of chemical oceanographers is to determine the chemistry 

of the marine environment and the changes therein induced by natural and man 

made activities. Studies on the marine environment also include the determination 

of the amount of organic carbon present in the surface waters, the distribution, 

nature and biochemistry of marine compounds in marine fauna and flora thereby 

identifying new drug resources, and pollution and related aspects like the protection 

and control of oil pollution, sewage and industrial discharge. These studies were 

carried out under four projects and the summary of each is given below. 

3.2.1 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea and Bay 

of Bengal 

The work under this project was carried out at headquarters as well as at 

Regional Centre, Cochin. 

1. Chemical characteristics of the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal 

During the cruises in the southern Bay of Bengal from 78°E to 98°30'E, hydrographic 

stations were worked at 1 degree intervals. In the Andaman Sea almost all the 

stations worked during the cruises 51 and 52 in 1979 were repeated in 1980 and in addition 

70 new stations were occupied to study the changes that might have taken place during 

the course of the year. A total number of 4152 analyses were carried out on board and 

317 samples were collected for the analysis of major ions in the shore laboratory. 

In the upper 50-75 m, of the entire Andaman Seas the concentrations of nitrates, 

phosphates and silicates were low. These were associated with high oxygen and pH- 

Nitrite was detected only between 50 and 75 m depth. A thick oxygen minimum layer 

extended from 100 m to 1000 m. In 1980, the concentrations of nutrients increased with 

simultaneous decrease in the oxygen and pH. At a station in the Malacca Strait, north of 

27

Sumatra low oxygen concentration was observed at the surface associated with high 

concentrations of nitrate, phosphate and silicate and low pH, probably indicating the 

presence of upwelled water. 

Very low oxygen concentration (0.05-0.06 ml/l) was observed at 150-200 m depths 

at stations near the eastern end of the 10° channel along a north-south transect east of 

the Andaman and Nicobar islands during 1979. Repeating the same section in 1980 it was 

observed that oxygen concentration at about the same depth levels has increased to 

about 0.3 ml/l. An attempt was made to study this phenomenon by plotting the potential 

density and using dissolved silicon as an indicator to examine if any new water has entered 

into the basin. Indeed, the presence of deep water renewal could be identified using 

these indicators. As before, such low concentrations of oxygen were absent along the 

western side of the islands which has more or less the same water characteristics as the 

open Bay of Bengal. 

In the north western Bay of Bengal, a few anchor stations off the mouths of the 

rivers Hooghly and Mahanadi were worked over one tide cycle of 12 hours to study the 

effect of runoff from the rivers. Also samples from the mid-depth at each station over 

the tidal cycle were mixed and analysed for all the parameters including suspended solids. 

2. Hydrochemical characteristics off the west coast of India 

Data obtained during the 46th and 59th cruises of R.V. Gaveshani indicate the presence 

of two oxygen minima associated with two phosphate maxima at about 300 m and 

l000 m depths respectively. These extend to about 15°N off the central west coast of India. 

The second oxygen minimum gets diffused away from the shore due to mixing processes in 

the watermasses. About 34% of the available nitrate-nitrogen in the depth range 75-1200 m 

appears to be depleted by denitrification. The 'standing crop' of denitrified nitrogen has 

been calculated to be 70 g/m 2 . Combining the rates of denitrification at an intermediate 

depth with the photo synthetic productivity within the euphotic zone, the mean residence 

time of the watermass in the depth interval of denitrification in the Arabian Sea has been 

found to be in the range of 13 to 54 years. 

The data collected during the MONEX-79 cruises of R.V.Gaveshani were used 

to evaluate the two modes of calculation of original nitrate concentrations adopted earlier 

to study the denitrification in the Arabian Sea. Nitrite at the intermediate depths was 

not found to be restricted to the Persian Gulf water but it was maximum at much shalower 

depths than the depths at which this watermass was encountered. It was thus 

concluded that the use of nitrate-salinity relationship for the calculation of the original 

nitrate concentration, as followed in a recent study would, therefore, underestimate the 

nitrate deficits. A region-specific but slightly modified method, which involves the use of 

oxidative ratios, has been tried to re-examine the values in the eastern central Arabian 

Sea. The nitrate deficits obtained lie in between the values reported earlier. A steady 

southward decrease in the intensity of denitrification was observed upto 11—12°N 

latitude. Taking a value of 30 years as the average residence time of water for the layer 

in which denitrification occurs, the denitrification rate in the Arabian Sea has been 

28

calculated to be about 3.2 x 10 12 g/yr · This represents about 5% of the annual global 

denitrification. 

3. Major nutrients of the Mandovi and Zuari river systems 

Seasonal studies in the Mandovi and Zuari rivers show that the stations at the 

marine-end have two peaks of nitrate and phoshate corresponding to monsoon and post 

monsoon seasons, while the stations at the river-end showed only one peak during the 

monsoon. Silicate showed a well-defined pattern of distribution with only one peak 

during the monsoon. 

Applying a 'simple mixture' relation using salinity as an indicator it was observed 

that in the pre-monsoon season, nitrate, phosphate and silicate are removed from the 

water column of the two estuaries. During the monsoon season, however, only phosphate 

was removed while nitrate and silicate show a near-conservative behaviour. In the 

post-monsoon season there is an addition of nitrate and phosphate to the estuaries while 

silicate shows a reduction of about 50%. 

4. Studies on the carbon dioxide system in sea water 

Distribution of different components of carbon dioxide system in the northern 

Indian Ocean, is being studied from the data collected during cruises 66 to 68 of R.V. 

Gaveshani. A seasonal study has also been completed in the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine 

system to understand the carbon dioxide equilibria in the estuarine process. 

5. Silicon cycle in the sea 

Studies on the dissolved and particulate organic forms of silicon showed that the 

organic fraction of silicon was not detectable in appreciable quantities at any depth of the 

Arabian Sea. The particulate silicon, however, in the surface samples varied from 10.7 

to 27.9μg-at/l, and it decreased from the surface to a depth of 200 m. Below this depth, no 

systematic variation was observed upto a depth of 2050 m where the values ranged from 

15.1 to 75.2 μg-at/l. The particulate silicon formed a small proportion of the total 

silicon as the concentrations of dissolved silicon increased with depth. 

6. Calcium phosphate saturation in sea water 

Water samples collected during the cruises of R.V. Gaveshani from the Andaman 

Sea were analysed and the preliminary examination of the data indicated that the trend 

of variation in the degree of saturation of sea water with respect to calcium phosphate is 

similar to that encountered elsewhere, i.e., about 50% saturation occurs in the surface 

layer and an undersaturation (about 10-15%) is found in deeper layers. 

Variations in calcium and magnesium along 5°N and between 86° and 99°E were 

also studied. The average values of Ca, Ca/Cl, Mg and Mg/Cl were found to be 409, 

21.36x10 -3 

, 1268 and 66.16xl0 -3 

mg/kg respectively. Higher Mg/Cl ratio was 

observed in this region as compared to the other areas of the northern Indian Ocean, 

presumably because of lower salinity. The calcium values, on the other hand, were 

comparatively low. 

29

7. Studies on some major constituents in the estuarine regions 

Distribution of calcium, magnesium and sulphate was examined in the Mandovi- 

Zuari estuarine system. While the behaviour of calcium and magnesium was found to be 

semi-conservative probably due to the precipitation of these elements in biogeochemical 

cycles, sulphate was found to behave in a purely conservative manner, remaining in a 

steady state in the rivers. A 'simple mixture' relationship was applied to calculate the dilution 

and mixing processes in the rivers using calcium, magnesium and sulphate as indicators; 

it has been observed that the percentages of sea water in the estuarine regions of 

Mandovi varied from 88-92 during the pre-monsoon, 12-23 during the monsoon and 78- 

79 during the post-monsoon seasons. The corresponding figures for Zuari are 94-99, 

27-43 and 79-91 respectively. 

8. Chemical special ion of important metals in the Mandovi estuary 

An attempt was made to determine the labile and organic fractions of cadmium, 

lead and copper in the Mandovi estuary using an anodic stripping voltameter (ASV). The 

results with each metal were as follows : 

Labile cadmium varied from 0.05 to 0.9 μg/l whereas the organically associated 

form was detected in the concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.83 μg/l. In general, the 

bottom waters contained a higher percentage of organically associated cadmium than 

the surface water. Both the forms decreased towards the fresh water zone of the Mandovi 

river. 

Labile lead was found to vary from 0.5 to 5 μg/l, while the organically associated 

form ranged from 0 to 2.5 μg/l. The concentration of both the forms remained more or 

less uniform in the upper reaches of the Mandovi river. 

The variations in labile copper and the organically associated form were found to 

range between 0-12.5 μg/l and 0.5-6 μg/l respectively. The values decreased towards 

the fresh water zone of the river. 

9. Phosphorus retention capacity of estuarine sediments 

Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the phosphorus retention 

capacity of the estuarine sediments at pH 4, 7 and 10 at different added phosphorus concentrations-Samples 

of sediments collected were silty sand, silty clay and sandy silt with 

organic matter ranging from 5.21 to 13.58%. The amount of phosphorus retained in 

the sediment varied with pH rather than with the concentration of added phosphorus. 

Maximum retention could be observed at pH 4 and minimum at pH 10. 

10. Studies on organic constituents of sea water 

Investigations on dissolved amino acids in sea water were started during the 

current year. The amino acids are being estimated by densylation and characterisation 

by TLC. The method has been standardised and the R f values obtained agree with 

those reported from other parts of the oceans- 

The estimation of vitamin B 12 in the surface waters at the mouths of Mandovi 

and Zuari estuary, at the mouth of Sanquelim river and at upstream station near 

30

Sanvordem was carried out. The results obtained are tabulated below: 

Concentration of vitamin B 12 (μg/l) 

Station Minimum Maximum 

Mouth of Mandovi estuary 0.4 7.0 

Mouth of Zuari estuary 0.2 1..1 

Mouth of Sanquelim river 0 2.5 

Near Sanvordem 0.4 6.5 

11. Studies on halides (other than chlorides) in sea water 

During the year, studies on the chemistry of halogen compounds (other than chlorides) 

in the estuarine and nearshore regions of Goa were started. Analytical methods for 

fluoride and bromide have been standardised and suitable techniques for the determination 

of iodide and iodates have been developed. Samples from the two stations along the 

MONEX track in the Arabian Sea have been analysed for bromide and the results are 

being processed. 

12.. Solar dryer for marine and farm products 

Keeping the basic configuration similar to that of a multi-surface solar still developed 

earlier at this Institute, a cabinet type solar dryer to be used for farm products 

has been developed. The working model of this dryer has 0.5 m 2 of floor area and is 

capable of drying 50 large sizedcoconuts in about 48 hours, whereas the open Sun drying 

of the same number of coconuts takes about 9 days. However, for drying of grapes 

and red chillies the dehydration period was found to be about 72 hours. One of the 

important features of this design is its detachable metallic hanger which accelerates the 

process. The feasibility for drying marine products (fish, shrimps, etc.) is also being 

undertaken in this solar dryer. 

The solar dryer and the solar still developed at the Institute have received excellent 

public response. Several government and private agencies have shown interest in these 

devices and a number of units have already been supplied to several organizations. 

13. Studies in Cochin backwaters 

Work under this investigation was carried out at Regional Centre, Cochin. 

3.2.2 Drugs from the sea 

1. Screening of marine organisms 

Some marine organisms from the Andaman Sea were screened and the extracts 

have been prepared for a preliminary testing. Antiviral activity observed in Codium 

elongatum has been located in the water soluble fraction. The activity appears to be 

localized in the polysaccharide fraction. Further work on the identification of the 

polysaccharide is in progress. 

Acantophora specifera, Sargassum tenerrimum, Acanthus illicifolius and Porites 

lutea have been fractionated for the confirmation of drug activity observed in them. 

31

2. Chemical investigation on marine organisms 

Two more new diterpenes, acetate and ketone coriesponding to the diterpencalcohol, 

stoechospermol have been isolated from Stoechospermum marginatum. The 

identity has been confirmed by the superimposibility of IR spectra and R f values with 

the authentic samples. Reactions are also being carried out for the confirmation of the 

structure assigned to stoechospermol. 

Petroleum ether extract of the coral Porites lutea led to the isolation of four 

major and some minor compounds. Two of the major compounds were identified as 

steroid and brassicasterol based on GC-MS spectral data and the lipid n-batylalcohol 

based on NMR data. 

Petroleum ether extract of Acantophora specifera led to the isolation of a number 

of crystalline compounds, the spectral data of which arc being collected. 

Methylene chloride extract of the sponge Ircinia ramosa on chromatography 

gave a resinous sticky material which was acetylated to give acetate. Further work 

on the isolation of this acetate is in progress. 

Chemical studies on Chondria armata which was found to contain bromine in 

high concentration and was toxic to mice, have resulted in the isolation of several 

new bromo-compounds which are expected to have unusual structures. The structures 

of these compounds are being finalised from the spectroscopic data and chemical 

evidences. 

3. Studies on algal polysaccharides and histamine 

Sulphated polysaccharides were isolated from Hypnea cervicornis, Chondrococcus 

and Acantophora specifera and the carbohydrate end sulphate content of 

these polysaccharides were studied. Further, polysaccharides from these algae have 

been sent to Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow for inflammatory, cardiovascular 

and isolated ileum tests. A chromatographic method has been standardized for the 

detection of histamine, a biogenic amine which causes contraction of smooth muscles, 

dilation of capillaries and secretion of hydrochloric acid by the gastric glands using 

cellulose layers of 500 μm thickness and ninhydrin as the detecting agent. This 

32

particular substance has been detected in Caulerpa racemosa (hypotensive), Padina 

tetrastomatica (spasmogenic), Corallina (spasmogenic) and Chondria armata (spasmogenic). 

It is to be confirmed whether the activity reported is due to the presence 

of histamine. The extracts of Sargassum tenerrimum, Galaxaura elongata, Galaxaura 

rugosa, Ulva reticulata, Chondrococcus sp. and Codium elongatum were found to be 

devoid of histamine. 

4. Halogens in algae 

Iodine and bromine contents were measured in 16 species of red, brown and 

green algae. In all the species examined the concentration of iodine was found to be 

lower than that of the bromine. Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta were found to be 

relatively richer in both these elements. The iodine concentration varied from 0.003 

to 0.119% and bromine from 0.008 to 0.128%. 

3.2.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast 

The studies under this project were carried out partly from headquarters and 

partly from Regional Centres, Cochin and Bombay. 

1. Monitoring of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine environment 

Two cruises were carried out along the oil tanker routes across the southern 

Bay of Bengal from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the Malacca Strait. The area 

traversed was between 5°30' to 6°30'N latitude and 78°00' to 98°30'E longitude. 

A part of the Andaman Sea was also surveyed. The components observed were: oil 

slicks, floating pollutants, particulate petroleum residues (tar balls) and dissolved/ 

dispersed hydrocarbons. 

Depthwise mean concentration in μg/kg of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons 

along the oil tanker route in the Arabian Sea and Bay of.Bengal are as 

follows: 

Arabian Sea (μg/kg) Bay of Bengal (μg/kg) 

Depth Mean Range Mean Range 

0 m 35.3 0-395 29.1 4-229 

10 m 30.6 3-217 25.1 2-147 

20 m 29.4 2-112 17.6 1-75 

Mean 32.5 Mean 24.1 

Computation on the total volume of petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper 

20 m of the Arabian Sea and the southern Bay of Bengal gave figures of 4 x 10 6 

and 0.4 x 10 6 

tonnes respectively. 

2. Laboratory studies on biodegradation 

Investigations have been initiated to isolate tar-degrading organisms by sequential 

degradation method. Laboratory studies gave encouraging results but field 

trials on the tar deposition on beaches presented some difficulties due to wind and 

surf activities. Modifications are being tried to overcome these problems. 

33

Twentyfour hydrocarbon-utilizing strains of bacteria were screened for their 

ability to utilize different types of hydrocarbons. Arthrobacter and Candida spp. 

gave a broad spectrum of hydrocarbon utilizing profile. An examination of their 

capacities to degrade Saudi Arabian and Bombay High crudes, showed that they could 

degrade 16-20% of the former and 50-70% of the latter crude. Column and gas 

chromatographic studies revealed that these two bacterial strains preferentially degrade 

n-alkane fractions from C 11 to C 35 in both the crudes as compared with their aromatic 

and polar fractions. 

Five chemical dispersants of Indian make and two of foreign make were tested 

individually and in combination with the crude oil for their biodegradability of natural 

microbial population. Only one dispersant was found to be toxic to the microbes. 

All of the dispersants, either alone or in combination with the oil, supported 

a good growth of bacteria. The oil by itself was toxic to the bacteria, and all the 

oil-dispersant mixtures reduced the rate of biodegradation. Biodegradability of oildispersant 

mixtures, using natural population of marine bacteria, ranged from 19.6 

to 46.4%. Testing and evaluation of 5 indigenously manufactured chemical dispersants 

for their efficiency in the removal of spilled oil under Indian conditions were also 

conducted. The tests carried out were: solubility, BOD, COD, dispersing capacity, 

emulsion stability, biodegradability and toxicity. All the dispersants were found to 

be quite efficient in oil removal. The addition of dispersants in excess of about onetenth 

of the volume of oil did not increase the efficiency. Static bioassay tests, using 

the green mussel, Mytilus viridis, for both oil and oil-dispersant mixtures indicated 

that, excepting one all the other dispersants were fairly non-toxic. LC 50 values 

for 24 and 48 hrs were greater than 7500 ppm for four dispersants. However, 96hour 

LC 50 values decreased by about 30% from those of the 48-hour values. The 

oil-dispersant mixture was found to be less toxic than the dispersant alone. It was 

thus concluded that these four indigenously manufactured d ispersants should be fairly 

safe in our marine environment and that in the event of an accidental oil-spill they 

should be used. 

3. Toxic and non-toxic heavy metals in sea water and marine organisms 

Analysis for copper, iron, manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, mercury, lead and 

cadmium was carried on samples of water and paniculate matter collected from 

depths upto 1500 metres and zooplankton and fish samples collected from the southern 

Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. 

Depthwise variations of all metals in dissolved and particulate forms were 

observed to vary according to the redox condition of water and the characteristics 

of different watermasses. The ranges of concentrations of dissolved fractions 

were: Cu 1-5: Fe 2-21.7; Mn 1.5-24.7; Zn 1.2-12.8; Ni 0-1; Co 0-1; Pb 0.25-7.5 and 

Cd 0.15-1.9 μg/l. The particulate fractions were: Cu ND (non-detectable)-104; Fe 

49-3100; Mn 0-64; Zn 17-1060; Ni ND; Co ND; Pb 0-250 and Cd ND-25 μg/g 

wet weight. 

Concentration of all the metals in water were within the acceptable range and 

the concentrations in zooplankton and fishes also did not exceed the accepted limit. 

34

4. Monitoring activities in and around Goa 

Monthly monitoring activities of several environmental parameters have been 

initiated in the rivers Mandovi and Zuari. Four stations extending from the salt water 

to the fresh water zones in both the rivers were sampled at mid-depth. The parameters 

monitored were: pH, O2, temperature, salinity/chlorinity, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO4 2- , F - , 

PO4 3- -P, NO3 - -N, Hg, Mn and Fe. The last three parameters were monitored in all 

the three phases (dissolved, particulate and sediments) 

Monitoring activities were continued in the Velsao Bay also for the different 

forms of nitrogen compounds. 

5. Pollution monitoring along the Kerala coast 

Studies carried out under this investigation are reported separately under 


6. Marine environmental monitoring along the Bombay coast. 

The details of this investigation are given under Section 3.8.2. 

3.2.4 Characteristics of the estuarine regions of major rivers of India 

A new multi-disciplinary project to survey the environmental features in the 

estuarine region of 7 major Indian rivers was initiated during the year. One set of 

observations has been completed in September, 1980 in the estuarine region of the 

river Hooghly, from Diamond Harbour to Sandheads (a distance of approximately 

60 nautical miles) and also at a station off the mouth of the river Mahanadi. 

Each station was worked over a tidal cycle of 12 hours to measure temperature, 

salinity, current speed, current direction, dissolved oxygen, phosphate-phosphorus, 

nitrate-nitrogen, ammonia.-nitrogen and suspended solids. The nutrients, dissolved 

oxygen and suspended solids were measured at individual collection every 3 hours 

at 3 depths. A composite sample at mid-depth over the tidal period was also collected. 

Current direction at the Diamond Harbour was SE-NNW (134°-344°) turning 

210° over the tidal cycle. The values at Haldia were SE-ENE (222°-071°) turning 

151° and at Sagar SW-SSE to N-NNE (192°-011°) turning 179° over the tidal cycle. 

This shows that the currents turned almost 180° at all the stations. At the Diamond 

Harbour and Haldia, salinity values were 0.09 and 0.8l%o respectively, while at Sagar 

during the ebb tide, a layer of low salinity water of about 8%o was observed in 

the upper 7 metres. Similarly a layer of a higher salinity water of about 14%o upto 

15 metres depths was observed. 

Comparing the nutrient values with tidal fluctuation, it was observed that in 

general, at all the 3 stations, the values were higher during the ebb tide and lower 

during the flood tide indicating a net transport of the nutrients seawards. However, 

a proportionate increase of these values was not observed at the Sandheads station. This 

probably indicates that a major portion of the nutrients along with the enormous 

35

amount of silt gets carried away by the rivers. It settles at the junction of the river 

and sea water. 

Samples were also collected for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, sulphate, 

dissolved and particulate fraction of several toxic and non-toxic heavy metals and 

these are being processed. . . 

A preliminary examination of the zooplankton samples collected every 3 hours 

at all the stations showed an abundance of prawn larvae together with a number of 

fish larvae, which are yet to be identified. Some of them appear to belong to the 

family Clupeidae. 

36

3.3 

Geological Oceanography 

3.3.1 Geological and geophysical surveys to assess the petroleum and 

mineral prospects of the continental margins of India 

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea 

and Central basin of the Indian Ocean 

3.3.3 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India 

3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India 

3.3.5 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment 

Detailed studies are being made on the continental margins, marginal base, 

morphology of the sea floor (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Central basin of the 

Indian Ocean) and its underlying structures as well as on the physical and chemical 

properties of the sediments, to determine mineral and petroleum prospects. Foraminifera 

in relation to pollution formed the part of the studies. Work was carried 

out on five projects as follows: 

3 3.1 Geological and geophysical surveys to assess the petroleum and mineral prospects 

of the continental margins of India 

Geological and geophysical studies were carried out on the continental margins 

off Mormugao, Mangalore, Cochin and Bombay and these covered 3036 line km of 

echosounding, 972 line km of side scan sonar, 1873 line km of shallow seismic profiling 

and 2462 line km of magnetic surveys. Underwater camera was also operated 

at 16 stations. The work dene on the various topics is described below: 

(1) Geomorphology 

(a) Mormugao to Cochin: The continental shelf upto a depth of about 40m 

but in some areas upto 25 m only (Off Cochin) is marked by an even topography 

due to clay cover. Beyond this depth, the topography is uneven and on the shelf off 

Cochin, at a depth of about 50 m, a series of pinnacles and ridges are prominent 

and another set of ridges is seen before the shelf-break. A rock outcrop off Netrani 

Island identified on the echogram and also from seismic and magnetic records followed 

by dredging was found to be amphibolite, indicating that the ancient rocks of 

Dharwar extend upto the middle of the shelf with a thin sediment cover. A pro- 

37

minent 30-35 km wide flat terrace at a depth range 350-400m off Quilon and a ridge 

of about 700 m off Cochin were recorded. 

(b) Off Bombay: The shelf-break in the area occurs at a depth of about 97 m 

and 210-270 km from the shore. The shelf upto a depth range of 60 to 75 m and 

from 115 to 130 km away from the coast is marked by an even topography. Beyond 

these depths, the topography is uneven and is marked by numerous pinnacles. Isolated 

basins of even topography are also seen at some places· 

(c) Lakshadweep: Geomorphological maps of Chetlat, Kiltan, Bitra, Kadmat 

and Amini atolls were prepared. The maps indicate that the reef is wider on the 

windward, i.e., W, NW and SW side than on the leeward eastern side. The reef on 

the windward side is marked by a number of prominent terraces which probably 

indicate the changes in the sea level or the stages in the growth of the reef. The 

sand ridges and gravel trains indicate that in most of the lagoons and on the windward 

side, the direction of the sediments is SW to NE. In some lagoons, due to 

wave refraction, the direction of sediment movement is from NW to SE also. The 

radio carbon dates of the storm beaches range from modern to 2975 ± 1000. 

BP and indicate clustering between 3000 to 2000 BP and from present to 500 BP. 

The younger storm beaches towards the shore suggest that parts of the islands have 

grown by about 30 m in the last 2780 years (Chetlat), 120 m in 1620 years (Kiltan) 

and about 100m in 470 years (Minicoy). The absence of the storm beaches on some 

of the islands, younger beaches towards the shore and clustering of ages and the 

lack of lateral and chronological continuity can be explained by periodic stormy 

conditions rather than by the changes in the sea level. The number of storms in the 

Arabian Sea has varied from a minimum of 1 in 1949 to 10 in 1893, 1926 and 1930. 

It is very likely that such changes would have occurred in the past also. 

2. Surficial Geology 

(a) Off Mormugao-Mangalore: More than 10 m thick clay was observed near 

the coast which thins out beyond 40 m depth and the underlying sands are exposed 

on the outershelf. Seismic records show that about 3 m acoustically transparent 

clay overlays a reflector. Another undulating reflector at about 10 m is also seen. 

(b) Off Cochin-Quilon: The shelf between the depths of about 25 to 40 m is 

covered with clays and beyond this depth, sand is exposed. On the outer shelf, 

prominent reflectors are seen at 35-40m and 50-60 m depth ranges which apparently 

dip seawards. At the shelf edge, a number of transparent layers are present. 

Their formations have a low dip at the shelf edge which steepens along the slope 

and some of the formations are underlain by transparent horizons. The slope appears 

to be disturbed and faulted with many anticlinical features some of which lie 

at a depth of about 300 m. On the upper slope, a prominent synclinal depression 

with about 150 m thick sediments is seen. This is followed seaward by an uplift and an 

anticline. The outer slope is marked by a well-defined faulted trough followed by a 

ridge rising to about 400 m. Beyond this depth another depression occurs. 

38

Seismic profile (4.5 kjl sparker) on the continental slope off Cochin. 

(c) Off Bombay: In this region the clay is about 15 m thick near the shore 

and at about 20 m depth. It thins out to less than one metre at about 70 m depth 

at a distance of about 140 km from the coast. The transparent layer in this region 

reaches a maximum thickness of 50 to 60 m. Based on seismic records, four strata of 

different ages are recognisable. A depression is seen at about 90 m depth and a series 

of faults are also noticed on the edge of the continental shelf. 

3. Acoustic masking due to gases 

The shallow seismic and echosounding records of the clays on the inner and 

middle shelf off Bombay, Konkan, Karnataka and Kerala are marked by turbidity. 

In some cases, the turbidity which is due to acoustic masking by gases extends over 

50 to 60 km and covers more than 2500 km 2 . The cores collected in the area show 

bubbles and fissures in the turbid zone. The gas from these bubbles and fissures 

was predominantly methane with traces of higher hydrocarbons. The gases were formed 

by the degradation of large quantities of organic matter produced by increased 

productivity or because of a greater influx of organic matter on the recent past. 

4. Magnetics 

(a) Off Cochin: The nearshore area between Cochin and Quilon is marked 

by a few high amplitude anomalies (about 200-300 gammas). Besides these anomalies, 

the rest of the shelf and slope appears to be magnetically smooth. Over the 

39

terrace (350-400m depth range), a broad wave length of low amplitude (100 gammas) 

anomaly was observed. 

(b) Off Mangalore: The total magnetic intensity map of the area shows that 

the inner shelf upto a depth of 50 m is marked by a series of magnetic lows and 

highs while the outer shelf is magnetically smooth. The acidic rocks reported from 

the islands are perhaps intruded in the Dharwar and probably the magnetic susceptibility 

contrasts between the rock types coupled with an uneven topography resulting 

in magnetic lows and highs. The nearshore (30 m depth) anomalies (highs) may be 

due to some intrusive bodies at a depth of about 1.5 to 2 km. 

(c) Off Vengurla: The total magaetic and residual anomaly maps show a 

NNW-SSE to N-S trend. These depict the trends of Dharwars in the adjacent coastal 

areas and tectonic movements which occurred later on along the NS weak zones in the 

basement. Short wave length, high frequency anomalies in the near coastal area upto 

a distance of 10 km and a depth of about 35-40m indicate the offshore extension of 

the basement at a shallow depth. Beyond 35-40 m depth, the basement is probably 

deeper. 

(d) Direction Bank: The total magnetic anomaly map shows a NNW-SSE 

trending high (about 250 gammas) on the bank bordered by a prominent low to 

the east. North of the Bank, a magnetic flat area with E-W trending features is 

seen and further to the north a series of N-S highs and lows are seen. The Direction 

Bank appears to be a NNW-SSE trending structure with a faulted eastern flank. 

The depth at the magnetic source on the Bank is around 1.5 km. The short period, 

high frequency anomalies near the coast extend from a depth of about 20 m to 

about 50 m. for a distance of approximately 15 km and these may be due to a cluster 

of dykes. 

(e) Off Bombay: The magnetic profiles indicate more or less similar trends 

as those found along the Direction Bank. At some places, anomalies of the order of 

200 gammas are noted which may be due to a basement uplift. In all the profiles, a 

broad anomaly is seen which may be due to some intrusion. 

5. Exploration of ilmenite placers off the Konkan Coast 

The exploration of ilmenite placers was extended during the year to Vetye. 

Ambolgarh, Rajapur and Vijaydurg bays and more than 200 samples were collected from 

an area of 13 km 2 , 1870 line km of echosounding, 571 line km of seismic profiling 

and 672 line km of magnetic survey were carried out from Jaigad to Vijaydurg. A total 

magnetic intensity map of the northern part of the area was prepared on a 

100 gamma-interval. The map shows N-S trends with a number of closures. The 

conspicuous feature of the map is the two major NNW-SSE lineation. These appear 

to be the two major faults/fractures extending from land to offshore. Seismic 

records show that the sand cover is about 4 m thick in most of the bays and extends 

below the clay upto a depth of 15 to 17 m beyond which a change in the reflector is 

observed. This was confirmed by obtaining more than 50 piston gravity cores. 

40

In the Ratnagiri, Mirya and Kalbadevi bays, the reserves of ilmenite upto 

a depth of 1 m were inferred to be 2 million tonnes. With the thickness of sand 

indicated by seismic records to be 21 m and with their probable extension upto the depths 

of 15 to 17 m, the total reserves in the other 13 bays may be many times greater. The 

extensive data collected during these surveys are being analysed and processed. 

The other organisations which collaborated in this project were the Oil & 

Natural Gas Commission, Geological Survey of India, National Geophysical Research 

Institute, Regional Research Laboratory (Bhubaneshwar), Physical Research Laboratory 

and the Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany. 

3.3.2 Regional geology and manganese nodule deposits in the Arabian Sea and Central 

Basin of the Indian Ocean 

Necessary equipment such as Free Fall Grab, Boomerang grab, Radio marker, 

Underwater camera and Direction finder etc. for sampling and photographing the 

manganese nodules have been procured. The deep sea grabs and dredges have been 

designed and fabricated. A double beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer is 

being installed for the analyses of the samples. Based on the analyses of the data 

collected earlier, a cruise plan has been finalised. 

3 33 Geochemistry of the sediments of the continental margins of India 

Geochemical studies were continued on the sediment samples collected from 

the western continental margin between Ratnagiri and Mangalore, Mangalore and 

Cochin and from the eastern shelf between Ganges and Calimere Point. The findings 

of these studies are briefly given below. 

1. Western continental margin 

(a) Ratnagiri-Mangalore: In the bulk samples Si, Al, K, Na. Mg, Fe, Mn, 

Li, Cu, Co, Ni and Zn decrease while Ca and Sr increase as we move away 

from the coast but phosphorus does not show any distinct trend. The distribution 

of the elements in the HCl soluble leaches clearly indicates that the major portion 

of these elements is held in the clays. This is also confirmed by the strong correlation 

between Al and Fe, K, Na, and Mg. Negligible amounts of elements in the 

acetic acid leaches indicate that the adsorption by clay minerals and the Carbonate 

phase are not the significant factors for the fixation of the elements in these sediments. 

SiO2 content in these sediments is significantly less than the other nearshore 

sediments. This is mainly contributed by detrital quartz as indicated by the lack of 

correlation between Al and Si. 

The outer shelf sediments are carbonate rich (75%) and biogenous while in 

contrast to the outer shelf, carbonate sediments in the northern part of the study 

area is oolitic in nature. Similarly, phosphorus in this area is associated with 

organic matter as indicated by the strong correlation between P2O5 and organic 

matter while in the northwestern region it is associated with carbonates. 

(b) Mangalore-Cochin: The concentration of Al, Mn, Cu and Zn in the bulk. 

41

sample is high in the inner shelf terrigenous sediments and low in the outer shelf and 

continental slope sediments. In contrast to the shelf between Ratnagiri-Mangalore, 

in this region the concentration of Si and Ni is higher in the outershelf than the 

nearshore and slope sediments. The partition patterns of Al show that Al is mainly 

held in the HCl soluble fraction and to a small extent in the HCl insoluble residue 

indicating that the clay minerals are the major contributors for Al. 

2. Eastern continental margin between Ganges-Calimere point 

Fractionation studies of Fe show that the major portion of Fe is held in the 

clay minerals. However, higher concentrations of Fe are associated with the terrigenous 

sediments of the Visakhapatnam-Calimere Point than the sediments of the 

Ganges shelf. The acetic acid leaches of the sediments from the Ganges shelf contain 

higher Fe than that of the sediments of the other region suggesting that adsorption 

by clays is an important factor in the fixation of Fe in these sediments. Reducible 

iron oxides are higher in the sediments of the shelf between Visakhapatnam-Calimere 

Point in the sediments of the Ganges shelf which indicate favourable conditions for 

the formation of iron oxides. 

3.3.4 Sediments of the western continental margin of India 

The surface sediment distribution map of the western continental shelf of 

India was prepared. Relatively small parts of the continental shelf have remained to 

be studied but they are unlikely to alter significantly the general conclusions regarding 

the texture, mineral composition, origin, age and sediment dynamics that have already 

been reported. 

1. Sediment dynamics and transport 

A comparative study of the topography and sediment dynamics of the region 

surrounding Cape Comorin was completed. The western side of the Cape is dominated 

by terrigenous sediments while the eastern side (the shelf fringing the Gulf 

of Mannar) is dominated by carbonate sediments. Despite being a relatively sheltered 

environment, as compared to the open ocean environment on the west, the eastern 

part shows active sediment transport as evidenced by the presence of sand waves and 

ripples on the sea bed. The shelf from Quilon to Cape Comorin is potentially important 

for quartz sands and heavy minerals. 

Studies of the relative variation of kaclinite, montmorillonite and chlorite over 

a distance of about 1000 km on the continental shelf are in progress to understand the 

regional transport of fine-grained sediments and the influence of the monsoon currents 

flowing towards south on this transport. 

2. X-ray diffraction studies of limestone and carbonate sediments 

Limestone dredged from the shelf from a depth of 90 m were analysed by 

X-ray diffraction and it was found that its mineralogy does not indicate its exposures 

to fresh water cither from rainfall or due to percolating ground-water. These 

42

esults support the earlier findings that peninsular India had a semiarid climate in 

the past. Further studies on this subject are in progress. 

The X-ray analysis of the carbonate sediments shows that its organic constituents 

determine its overall mineralogy. Thus, where the benthic foraminifera are 

abundant, high-magnesium calcite is the prominent mineral and where molluscs or 

corals are found in larger proportions than others, aragonite is the prominent mineral. 

These studies are relevant to the problem of diagenetic changes taking place in 

the hydrocarbon-bearing limestones. Such diagenetic changes determine the porosity 

and permeability of carbonate reservoir rocks and in turn indicate the recovery of 

hydrocarbons. 

3. Calcareous nannoplankton 

Sediment samples collected from the north western continental shelf of India 

during the Oceanovex programme (INS Darshak) 1973-74 were analysed. Of the 

total 16 species encountered, Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most predominant 

whereas Emiliania huxley which is supposed to be the most abundant species in the 

modern seas was poorly distributed. This implies that the nannoplankton at present 

are subjected to predation by some other group of animals, possibly zooplantkton. 

The presence of G. oceanica in abundance is attributed to the relict sediment as 

pleistocene was its acme zone. Studies are also in progress on the variation and 

correlation of nannoplankton from five cores collected from the outer continental 

shelf off Kerala. 

3.3.5 Foraminifera as indicators of pollution in the marine environment 

1. Foraminiferal distribution 

Studies of the distribution and ecology of foraminifera from Ratnagiri to 

Mangalore are in an advanced stage and 78 species have already been identified. 

The cluster analysis of foraminiferal population from Ratnagiri have led to the demarcation 

of two biotops. 

Samples from Direction Bank are being processed for the identification and 

estimation of organic carbon in the sediment. 

Virgulinella sp. which was common in Miocene and Pliocene sediments of the 

world was living in the present day sediments also 133 samples from the western 

shelf and slope and from a part of the eastern shelf were studied for the distribution and 

ecology of this species and its comparison with others. This species is dominant 

in 10-60 m depth and its maximum occurrence is in the area between Vengurla to 

Mangalore. Organic carbon and substrate appears to be the chief controlling factor 

in its distribution. 

Planktonic (14) and benthonic (42) foraminiferal species encountered from 

Deep Lake Terraces, Vestfold Hills of Antarctica revealed disparity in the abundance 

and dissolution effects was quite marked in certain genera. 

43

2. Effluent discharge sites studies 

Foraminifera from four effluent discharge sites, viz., Thana Creek, Cola Bay, 

Karwar and Trivandrum were studied. The magnitude of corrosive effect, diminishing 

ornamentation, deepening of grooves and sutural thickenings, enlargement of 

pores, widening of apertures in foraminifera were taken as indices of pollution effect. 

The results reveal the effects of pollutants on both living and dead foraminifera. 

Living/dead ratio was negatively oriented at all sites. 

3. Organic carbon and foraminifera 

Quantitative analysis of organic carbon in the sediment and relation to foraminiferal 

assemblage in three regions, off Karwar, Vengurla-Dabhol sector and 

Bombay-Daman indicate that Ammobaculites and Ammonia have positive correlation 

while miliolids (Quinqueloqulina, Spioloculina and Triloculina), Florilus-Nonion and 

Nonionella show negative correlation. The relationship between total foraminifera and 

organic carbon at Cola Bay is inversely proportional. In Gulf of Kutch, it is inconsistent 

due to very low values. 

44

3.4 

Biological Oceanography 

3.4.1 Survey of biological resources in the seas around India 

3.4.2 Coastal aquaculture 

3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton 

and zooplankton from the Indian Ocean 

3.4.4 Biology of ecosystem under different environmental stresses 

3.4.5 Marine fouling and wood-boring organisms 

Areas of work in biological oceanography are productivity, planktonology, 

benthic biology, microbiology, aquaculture and distribution of marine organisms, their 

interaction with each other and with the evnvironment. Other major activities include 

mangrove and seaweed ecology and physiological adaptations in marine organisms. The 

progress made under each project during the year is as follows: 

3 4-1 Survey of biological resources in the seas around India 

1. Primary production 

Studies on primary production, Chl. a and paniculate organic production 

were made along the latitude 5°30' N and longitude 82° to 98° E (16 stations) in 

the Andaman Sea (21 stations) and from 6 anchored stations in ;he Hooghly estuary 

and at the Mahanadi river mouth. The results obtained are tabulated below: 

45

2. Extracellular production 

Studies on the extracellular production by the phytoplankton at 26 stations in 

the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal revealed that production varied from 0 to 1.4 mgC/ 

m 3 /hour. In terms of percentage, it varied from 0-90% of the total organic production. 

The trend in extracellular production in the Andaman Sea was found markedly different 

from that of the Laccadive Sea. 

3. Secondary production 

Estimates of secondary production were made from the zooplankton samples, 

collected from the different regions of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The zooplankton 

standing stock off Karwar was 524 ml/100 m 3 . This was due to the congregations 

of bioluminescent ostracods. Copepod swarm (25974 to 138420 individuals/m 3 ) 

caused by 4 species of family Pontellidae, viz., Pontella spinipes, P. princeps, P. securifer 

and Pontellopsis regalis was observed in the Campbell Bay (Andaman Sea). Aggregations 

of euphausiids were also seen in the zooplankton samples collected during the 80th 

cruise of R.V. Gaveshani from the subsurface scattering layer between Madras and 

Pondicherry. 

A comparative study of the zooplankton abundance and distribution of various, 

taxa and dominant species from the Malacca Strait and the Andaman Sea (cruise 

67 and 68) indicate that zooplankton production was higher than that obtained 

from the same areas in early 1979. 

4. Biochemical investigations 

Biochemical composition of mixed zooplankton, major planktonic groups and 

some common species collected from the Andaman Sea showed that protein was 

the dominant constituent followed by lipid. Carbohydrate content was usually very 

low especially in such forms which had a high water content or with calcareous 

shell. The low lipid and carbohydrate concentrations probably indicate that protein 

serves as metabolic reserve in the tropical zooplankton. 

46

5. Detritus production 

Detrital carbon in the Andaman Sea constituted about 92% of the total perticulate 

carbon while phytoplankton and zooplankton made up small fractions of the 

total suspended matter. Latitudinal relationship between phytoplankton and zoopankton 

was found to be inverse. The Andaman Sea is oligotrophic in nature with 

low primary and secondary productivity rates and hence the production of large 

quantities of detritus appear to supplement the nutritional inadequacy of these waters. 

6. Benthic production 

As a part of continuing project on survey of living resources of the seas 

around India, benthic studies were carried out and some of the findings are as follows: 

(a) Arabian Sea 

(i) Ecology of fish trawling ground of Goa coast: A detailed investigation on 

the role of benthos in demersal fisheries of the coastal zone of Goa indicated that 

inspite of significant spatial and temporal variations in the environmental variables, 

the benthic population and biomass were very high and varied from 25 to 

7823 m -2 (Av. 1256m -2 ) and 0.2 to 2251.25 gm -2 (Av. 67.07 gm -2 ) respectively. 

It is deduced that the benthic standing crop could possibly sustain a higher exploitation 

of demersal fish by at least 15% more than that being harvested at present. 

(ii) Benthic population of polluted environments: A comparative study of the 

annual cycle of settlement, growth and propagation of bottom living communities 

in the environs of sewage, domestic and industrial effluent outfall in the Mandovi 

estuary, Goa, has been initiated. Collection of environmental and biotic data from 

4 polluted and 4 control stations is in progress. 

(iii) Solar eclipse and its possible effect on the behavioural activities of intertidal 

animals and zooplankton: To study the effect of total solar eclipse (16 

February, 1980) on locomotory and metabolic activity of intertidal animals (sand 

dwelling nematodes, worms, oyster (Crassostrea cucullata) from rock pool and periwinkle 

(Littorina intermedia) from the exposed rocky shore, field observations covering 

pre-eclipse (14 and 15/2/80), eclipse (16/2/80) and post-eclipse (17 and 18/2/ 

80) period were carried out in the environs of Dias Beach (Lat.15°25' N; Long- 

73°45 E), Goa. Results indicate that stratification of nematodes which was maximum 

in the top 1 cm layer at all the tide marks in pre and post-eclipse period, drastically 

declined by more than 50% on the day of the solar eclipse. Similarly, the metabolite 

contents (water, glycogen and total carbohydrates) in C. cucullata and L. intermedia 

suddenly fell by 10 and 16% respectively almost coinciding with the planetary 

events of 16 February, 1980. 

During the period of the total solar eclipse, zooplankton samples collected 

from the mouth of Zuari estuary showed significant vertical migration. Chromosomal 

aberrations were observed in Paracalanus aculeatus, a copepod collected from the 

surface waters at that time. 

47

(ix) Marine fauna at Malvan: Intertidal and subtidal fauna of the rocky, sandy 

and muddy shores of Malvan (Lat. 16°0'N. Long. 73°30'Έ) consisted of 208 species 

belonging to 172 genera, 97 families. 16 classes and 9 phyla. The most significant 

faunal components were 9 species of living corals including a variety of red coral, 

and the pearl oysters of the species, Pinctada chemnitzi. 

Zonation and distribution of intertidal fauna at Malvan in relation to tidal height 

and percent exposure. 

Eight zones indicating the range of vertical distribution and three critical levels 

limiting the expanse of distribution of fauna could be demarcated. Rock pool habitat 

was observed to harbour maximum number of species which displayed a high order 

of faunal diversity. 

(b) Bay of Bengal 

An extensive survey of the benthic fauna from the coastal zone between 

Madras and Sandheads and at the mouth of Diamond Harbour in the Hooghly 

estuary was conducted during the 76th to 78th cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. In all, 

175 stations were worked and the data are being processed. 

(c) Andaman Sea 

A comparative study of the benthic fauna collected during the period January- 

February 1979 (cruise nos. 51 and 52) with those collected in January-February 

1980 (cruise nos. 67 and 68) from the same area was made. An extensive 

area (ca 90.000 km -2 

lying between latitudes 6-15° N and longitudes 91-97°E) in the 

depth range of 11 to 2150 m was surveyed and the distribution, abundance, composition, 

prevalence and standing crop measurements in relation to environmental and 

biotic conditions were carried out. 

48

The macrobenthic fauna comprising of 22 taxa was dominated by polychaetes 

(76.80%). Their distribution was substrate specific with a maximum of 410m -2 

organisms in clayey deposits and minimum 266 m -2 in the sandy areas. The standing 

crop was relatively low 6 g m -2 and varied from 0.3 to 74.4 g m -2 . Biomass of 

the infauna was considerably lower than those of the epifauna and production was 

found to decrease rapidly with the increase in depth. 

Total meiobenthos number varied between 68 and 48/10 cm -2 (Av. 247.8) 

and the biomass ranged between 3.57 and 32.8 mg/10 cm -2 (Av. 14.46). Faunal density 

was maximum in sandy sediments and minimum in the coarse coralline sand 

and clayey deposits. Impoverishment of fauna at the intermediate depths of 200- 

500 m was observed. The fauna was mostly present in the upper 2 cm of the sediments 

and only nematodes and foraminiferans were found below 4 cm depth. 

(d) Malacca Strait 

Bottom fauna (macro and meio) of the Malacca Strait in the depth range of 

80 to 1350 m is dominated by meiobenthos and it exceeds macrobenthos by 12-5 times 

in weight and by more than 780 times in the population density. Standing crop was 

high (Av. 11.79 g m -2 ) and the fauna was dominated by the Indo-Pacific species. 

7. Mangroves and seaweeds 

(a) Mangrove ecology : Ecology of mangroves in the model region of Mandovi 

estuary was studied during the year. Seasonal growth of the two mangrove species, 

49

Kandelia rheedii and Rhizophora mucronata was studied with the help of tags. Peak 

growth in the Rhizophora mucronata was observed from November to December. 

Study of the seasonal variation in the accumulation of heavy metals like Fe, 

Mn, Cu, Co, Pb and Ni in the foliage of seven mangrove species was determined- 

High concentration of Fe and Ni do not appear to have any toxic effect on the 

plants. 

( b ) Seaweeds and alga 

(i) Goa coast: Survey was undertaken at 12 different localities to study the 

distribution, zonation and algal yield. In all, 81 algal species were collected, of which 

23 were chlorophyta, 21 phaeophyta, 32 rhodophyta and 4 cyanophyta. 

Light and dark bottle method was used to study the rate of photosynthesis 

and respiration in four marine algal species. Sargassum, Stoechospermum marginatus 

(phaeophyta) and Caulerpa sertularoides (chlorophyta) showed a production of 

2.677, 2.634 and 0.988 gC m -2 day -1 respectively. 

The effect of seaweed extracts on the growth of land plants such as turnip, 

chillies, pineapple and paddy was tested. It was found that 1% extract induced a 

better growth, high germination rate, increase in the leaf size and enhanced yield 

in all the plants. The extract of Stoechospermum marginatum induced maximum growth 

The effect of different seaweeds extract on the growth of Turnip plants. 

50

(treated 491-92 gm, control 277.628 gm) in the turnip plant. Green chillies showed 

6.3 kg yield in a plot of 3 m 2 within 40 days after the first spray while in the 

control the total yield was less than 1 kg. Similarly, the pineapple plants when 

sprayed with 1% compound extract showed a maximum of 31 kg per fruit while 

in the control it was 2.57 kg per fruit. 

Eight algal species were cultured in different concentrations of secondary treated 

sewage under laboratory conditions. It was observed that the species of Pudina, 

Stoechospermum, Gracilaria, Ulva and Chetomorpha showed a good growth in 5% concentration, 

while the other concentration produced no effect. 

(ii) Karnataka Coast: In view of the limited information of algal resources 

available along the Karnataka coast, a survey was undertaken. This revealed the 

presence of 31 algal species dominated by rhodophyta and followed by phaeophyta. 

The small number of seaweeds may be due to the nature of the coast which is 

predominantly sandy with small rocky regions. 

(iii) Maharashtra Coast: Fortythree algal species from the Maharashtra 

coast were analysed for their biochemical composition. Chlorophyta and rhodophyta 

were found to be richer in protein and carbohydrates as compared to phaeophyta. 

Organic carbon was maximum (33%) in chlorophyta. C:N ratio varied from 5.2 to 

29.8 and showed an inverse relationship with protein. 

51 

Marine algal samples 

collected from the Maharashtra 

coast were analysed 

for trace metal concentration. 

A few t race metals were 

found to be in higher concentrations 

than their normal 

levels. 

8. Bloom studies 

Studies on algal blooms 

were continued. Trichodesmiurn 

phenomenon showed 

a direct relationship with 

zooplankton abundance. The 

main components of zooplankton 

during Trichodesmium 

blooms were cladocerans, 

copepods, decapod larvae, 

chaetognaths, fish eggs and 

larvae and appendicularians. 

There was a periodicity in the appearance of various groups of organisms and 

this seems to be repeated with return of Trichodesmium phenomenon every year.

9. Microbiological studies 

Water samples collected with J. Z. samplers at 25, 50, 100 and 200 m depths 

from 15 stations during the 75th cruise of R.V. Gaveshani, were analysed for 

various physiological groups of bacteria. Heterotrophic denitrifying rate (determinated 

using an organic medium) ranged from 0-5 to 92 μg-at NO 2 -N/ml/24 

hrs. Some of the highest rates of reduction were found in samples from 200 m 

depth. Samples from 25 and 50 m dtpths showed a high reducing capacity. The 

stations with highest activity did not, however, show the highest number of nitrate 

reducers. The estimation of the anaerobic sulphate reducers showed that they occur 

at all the stations irrespective of depths. Their occurrence at the various stations 

showing high Eh, as indicated by thedissolved oxygen concentrations, suggestedthat there 

could be microniches which provide the necessary conditions for their existence/proliferation. 

Their number varied from 10 to 200/ml. Their activity as determined by the 

sulphate reducing capacity showed as much as 6-8 μg-at/ml/day in media provided 

with 0.75% organic substrate. 

A model system was designed in the laboratory to simulate the field conditions 

to study the role of micro-organisms in specialised ecosystems like mangroves. 

Species of Planococci, Pseudomonas, Mucor and Fusarium were found to play major 

role in the effective conversion of mangrove foliage into protein rich detritus within 

a period of one month. This protein-rich detritus can be used as the readymade 

energy source for the economically important detritovorous fishes, crustaceans and 

edible bivalves. 

The sediments from the Andaman Sea were rich in physiologically active 

heterotrophic bacterial flora. There appeared to be a direct relationship between 

the density of mciofauna and bacterial population in the sediment indicating the 

importance of this flora in the food chain. 

3.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture 

1. Aquaculture in waters of Goa 

(a) Shellfish culture: Studies on the techniques and prospects of culture of 7 

species of edible bivalves including mussels, oysters and clams were continued. 

Improvements in the technique of raft culture of green mussel. Perna viridis were 

undertaken and the field trials were also carried out. Some aspects of environmental 

physiology of mussels transplanted from the intertidal area and grown on rope were 

studied. Development of a physiological mechanism for compensating the water 

balance in relation to wide fluctuations in salinity was observed. Similarly, a 

synchronizing mechanism where the annual reproduction cycle gets balanced with the 

magnitude of interaction of exogenous and endogenous variables was also noticed. 

Results indicated that the raft grown mussels developed special behavioural, physiological 

and biochemical adaptations to overcome the large range of variations in the 

environmental factors at the culture site. 

Field trials for testing the efficiency of indigenously developed spat-collectors 

for mussels, edible oysters and pearl oysters were undertaken. Out of the various 

52

materials tested so far. the best settlement of 83/cm 2 with an efficiency of 70% was 

achieved by using the loose coir threads in nylon netting. 

Seasonal changes in the meat condition and in major biochemical constituents 

of the black clam. Villorita cyprinoides in the Colvale river (Goa) were observed to 

be closely associated with the reproduction, storage and utilization of reserves. The 

main period of increase in the biochemical constituents coincided with the gametogencsis 

and maturation of gonads. Spawning was found to be biannual and produced 

a marked fall in the quality of meat. Accordingly, the most suitable period for 

harvesting the clam will be from October to January and not the traditionally followed 

fishing season from May to August. 

Raft culture of pearl oysters including their spat collection and growth in 

sandwich nets has been initiated at Malvan where a natural bed of P. chemnitzi 

has recently been discovered. 

(b) Shrimp culture: Further studies were carried out on cheap and acceptable 

feeds for the shrimp. Various ingredients were tried in different composition and 

tested on penaeid prawns for their specificity and efficiency of diets. The juveniles 

of penaeid prawns, viz. Metapenaeus monoceros, M. affinis and P. indicus, when fed 

on the prepared diets, showed good growth. The effciency of growth was found to 

be species specific. The mangrove swamps were found to be a rich source of prawn 

fry and considerable number of juveniles of Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. monoceros and 

Penaeus affinis were collected from December to June for stocking in culture ponds. 

(C) Unialgal culture: Unialgal cultures οf Metapenaeus dobsoni and Coscinodiscus 

sp. have been maintained for experimental studies. 

53

(d) Artemia culture: A one acre salt pan having a salinity of 110%o was 

selected for the culture trials of Artemia at premises of Bharat Salt and Chemical 

Industries Ltd. Mundra, Gujarat. Since the water temperature in the salt pan was 

as low as 13°C during November and December, a low-temperature-tolcrant San- 

Francisco Bay strain of Artemia was inoculated. The water level at the salt pans was 

maintained by drawing fresh sea water from an adjacent reservoir. The larvae which 

were introduced grew to adult size in about 12 days and started reproducing. At 

the salinity 110%o Artemia reproduces by directly releasing the nauplii from the pouch— 

a condition known as viviparity. 

During the month of March, the salinity was allowed to reach 180%o by 

natural evaporation and also by drawing high salinity water from 8 neighbouring condenser 

ponds. This sudden change in the salinity made Artemia to release the cysts 

directly—a condition known as oviparity. By the end of March 1980, 15 kg/ 

acre Artemia cysts were harvested. The harvested cysts were cleaned, packed and 

marketed to various universities and research institutes at the rate of Rs. 500 per kg. 

A large area of about 50 acres in Mundra is being utilised for Artemia culture to 

increase the commercial production of eggs. 

2. Aquaculture in waters of Cochin 

The progress made under this investigation is reported separately under Regional 

Centre, Cochin (Section 3.8.1). 

3. Laboratory and field studies on bioenergetics of some marine and estuarine animals 

Studies on the culture aspects of the estuarine fish, pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) 

were undertaken during June 1979 to June 1980. About 2300 pearl spots (Av. 8.83 gm, 

in weight and 69 mm in length) were stocked in June 1979 in an 0.16 ha. pond in a 

fish farm (Goa). Studies on environmental characteristics, primary production, population 

dynamics, growth and yield, nutritional characteristics of the ingested food and energetics 

were carried out. Some of the highlights of these studies were: Primary production 

ranged from 104 to 8823 mg C/m 3 /day in the culture pond. The annual contribution of 

nannoplankton to the total primary production was as high as 83%. The estimated annual 

production amounted to 416 gC/m 3 /yr. Chlorophyll a and nitrate content showed a 

significant correlation with the primary production. In the cultured population of E. suratensis 

females were dominant. From length frequency studies, growth was found to be 1.1 

cm/month. Fecundity was generally low. Daily increments in length and weight during the 

culture period were found to be 0.075 mm and 0.066 gm respectively. Growth in general 

was low and was attributed to over stocking and low level of protein present in the diet 

(35%). The total production of fish in the pond was 437.5 kg/ha/yr and the rate of return on 

investment was 33%. The estimated amount of organic carbon available at the level 

of primary producers was 99840 gC/yr which should give a potential yield of 9984 

gC/yr of fish. The exploited yield as a net increase in the fish carbon was 3342 g/yr 

and therefore there appears to be scope for increasing the production of the fish by 

at least 3 times. 

54

Stomach analyses of E. suratensis revealed that the fish is principally a phytoplankton-detritus 

feeder. Detritus formed a major part of the consumed food (44%) 

and the diatoms were the next important items (38%). Of the total food consumed, 

56% was contributed by the organic constituents and 44% by the ash content. Protein, 

lipid and carbohydrates, on an average, amounted to 35, 12 and 9% respectively. 

Energy content of the consumed food was 2706 cal/gm dry wt. Organic carbon 

constituted 16% and C:N ratio was found to be 3.29:1. This study revealed that 

feeding at a low level of dietary protein was probably responsible for the reduced 

growth rate observed in the harvested population. 

An annual energy budget was constructed for the captured population of E. suratensis. 

The production of body tissue, gonads, respiration and faecal production were 

determined and the total consumption was derived as a summation of these factors. 

The total annual consumption, production, energy loss through respiration and faeces 

were estimated to be 117054, 365, 15037 and 1652 kcal respectively. E. suratensis had 

high assimilation efficiency (90.31%) but low conversion efficiency (K1 = 2.14% and 

K2 =2.37%). A very large proportion of energy was lost during respiration. 

3.4.3 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and 

zooplankton from the Indian Ocean 

The progress made under this project is reported under the Regional Centre, 

Cochin (Section 3.8.1). 

3.4.4 Biology of ecosystem under different environmental stresses 

(i) Effect of some heavy metals on Tilapia mossambica: Experimental studies on 

the long-term effect of sublethal concentrations of some heavy metals—mercury, copper, 

cadmium and arsenic on the blood serum, haemoglobin and eye lens proteins of the fish 

T. mossambica were undertaken. Significant changes were seen in the electrophoretic 

patterns of serum proteins on exposure to mercury. The eye lens proteins and haemoglobin 

of fish were not much affected. 

(ii) Ecosystem: The relative abundance of biochemica compounds in the 

estuarine waters of Goa is being studied in relation to plant and animal production 

in the ecosystem. The results would give a better understanding of the different ecological 

processes influencing the uptake and incorporation of these biochemicals in the 

aquatic organisms. 

The status of estuarine fauna in relation to different ecophysiological stresses 

originating from the metal inputs, organic enrichment due to detrital load and sewage 

run-off are being studied. To evaluate the trophic relationship in the food chain and 

also in the bivalve culture, the physiological responses to different environmental 

stresses are also being investigated. 

Zooplankton samples from 200 m depth to the surface were collected from 26 

stations in Central Arabian Sea during the 82nd cruise of R.V. Gaveshani. 25% of 

the samples were used to estimate the biomass and faunal composition and the remaining 

were subjected to biochemical and heavy metal analyses. The aim of the work was 

55

to determine the heavy metal concentration in this region at the secondary trophic 

level.The samples were processed. The effect of heavy metals (copper, cadmium 

and zinc) on 2 copepod species revealed that copper was the most toxic metal. The 

estuarine species Acartia spinicauda was more sensitive to heavy metal accumulation 

than the neritic form Tortanus forcipanis. 

3.4.3 Marine fouling and wood-boring organisms 

A new project to study the biodeterioration of materials in the coastal ecosystem 

was started during the year. 

During April-May 1980 collections were made off the New Mangalore Port area 

as a part of the Kudremukh sponsored project (Phase II) during its prepollution 

survey. The fouling organisms consisted of barnacles (Balanus tintinabulum, B. amphitrite) 

mussels (Perna viridis), bryozoans (Alderina sp., Eletra sp.) and polychaetes 

(Pomatococeros sp. and Hydroides norwegion). The organisms settled at the various 

depths have teen collected for further 

studies regarding their rate of growth, 

systematics and other biological studies- 

Collections were also made from a 

channel-marked buoy anchored in the Mormugao 

harbour. The collection comprised 

of barnacles such as Balanus tintinabulum, 

B. amphitrite, mussels (Perna viridis) and 

bryozoans. When compared with the collection 

made at Mangalore, the rate of growth 

especially that of the mussel Perna viridis 

seems to be much greater a! Mormugao 

than at Mangalore. 

Fouling organisms from Mangalore and 

Marmugoa Port areas. 

56 

Observations on the settlement of 

fouling organisms on moving barges in 

the estuarine environment of Goa region 

were also made during the year.

3.5 

Ocean Engineering 

3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development 

3.5.2 Marine geotechnical studies 

3.5.3 Energy from the sea 

3.5.1 Ocean engineering studies related to coastal and offshore development 

A field programme for the collection of data on waves, currents, tides and 

changes in the bathymetry was initiated during the monsoon starting in May/June 

1980 to develop an understanding regarding the factors which causes the formation 

of Aguada sand bar and the associated navigation problems. 

Mooring system used for the wave rider buoy consisted of a 12.6 mm diameter, 

5 m long galvanized M.S. chain connected immediately below the wave rider 

which in turn was connected to a 19 mm diameter, 5 m long chain of similar quality. 

To the end of this chain a cast iron anchor of about 100 kg in weight was connected. 

The current meter mooring consisted οf a concrete block of 0.6 mx 0.6 mx 

15 m in which a 38 mm diameter stainless steel pipe was embeded. The data on 

waves and currents and for the monsoon tides of 1980 were processed and analysed. 

A status report on the wave hindcasting has been completed. Studies on the 

various wave hindcasting models, presently available, are being carried out. A model, 

based on the energy equation with the wind, waves and swells as independent factors 

is being developed. Wave heights were calculated at 3 hourly intervals at all the 

points in the numerical grid network of the selected area using 6 hourly weather data- 

Another status report on the storm surge research in India with a discussion 

on the available numerical models has been prepared. Work has been initiated for 

the development of a model for the storm surges and storm-generated currents to 

suit the Indian conditions. The numerical models used by the India Meteorological 

Department are also being studied and applied to certain storms. It will be possible 

to study the past 20 to 25 years data for generating the necessary information on 

design water levels. 

Plans have been finalized to intensify the collection of field data on waves, 

using wave rider buoys. The collected data will also be used to calibrate the 

wave hindcast models. Steps have been taken to procure a sophisticated computer 

programme called "NEPTUNA" from Norway under the ongoing Indo-Norwegian 

57

Technical Assistance Programme. This computer package is being implemented at 

the DEC10 computer of the TIFR, Bombay. 

Numerical studies on dispersion/diffusion of pollutants in the sea, computation 

of tidal currents, current circulation in bay and estuaries, have been made. 

3.5.2 Marine geotechnical studies 

The piston gravity corer developed by NIO earlier has been further modified. 

In order to minimize the soil disturbance certain modification have been introduced 

in the core cutter, core catcher, piston, casting weight, tail fin, trigger mechanism 

etc. The design has been completed and its fabrication is in progress. 

A piezometer is being designed and developed for measuring the hydrostatic 

pressure and hydrodynamic pressure in the seabed soils. The instrument contains 

two pressure transducers to measure hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures 

simultaneously. 

Studies on the stability of submarine pipelines have been completed. A relationship 

between friction factor of submarine pipeline resting on the seabed and the 

horizontal and vertical components of forces acting on the pipeline has been developed. 

Simultaneous effects of wave and current forces on the submarine pipeline, 

resting on the seabed, have also been studied. 

3.5.3 Energy from the sea 

The growing interest in some problems related to the energy from the sea has 

prompted to accelerate some of the investigations. Under this project, several groups 

have been formed to undertake a study on (i) Ocean thermal energy conversion, 

(ii) Tidal power, (iii) Wave energy, (iv) Salinity power (v) Energy from biomass, 

(vi) Coastal erosion and (vii) Aquaculture. 

The major task of these groups at the initial stages was to prepare status 

reports bringing out clearly the feasibility of these sources of energy. A resume of 

the work done is given below: 

A laboratory model of an OTEC plant of 200 watts capacity has been designed. 

It will demonstrate certain working principles and will bring out some of the 

related problems. Studies are being undertaken to design, fabricate and install a 

small wave power extracting device of the type similar to that of the 'Cockerrel 

Raft', off Goa. Studies on the wave climate, selection of material, design and 

construction aspects of the floating raft, hinges, moorings and bottom anchors are 

being carried out. 

Under this project a two-day workshop was organised to analyse the state 

of art on the subject on 15 and 16 December, 1980. A large number of participants 

from different organizations participated and presented about 40 papers. Some of the 

final recommendations are as follows: 

(a) India has a high potential for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant (OTEC). 

(b) Lakshadweep is geographically well suited for the installation of a mini OTEC plant. 

58

(c) A mission oriented research programme with a well coordinated multi-disciplinary 

approach should be developed in the country. A consortium consisting of 

experts from ΝIO, IITs, BHEL, Hindustan Shipyards, BHPV etc., should be 

constituted to go into the various aspects in connection with the development 

of an experimental OTEC plant of one megawatt. 

(d) The wave activated generator developed by Madras Port Trust should be widely 

utilized for charging batteries of the navigational light buoys of all the ports and 

harbours in the country. 

(e) Intensified programme on the collection of wave data for determining the feasibility 

of extracting energy from the waves should be undertaken. 

(f) Premising sites for the development of tidal power plants in India are the Gulf 

of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay and Sunderbans and these should be studied intensively. 

(g) A well coordinated system approach should be made by experts from various 

organizations so that time-bound programmes are taken up for Ocean Thermal 

Energy Conversion (OTEC) and tidal power development in India. 

(h) Detailed R & D work should be initiated to study the feasibility of extracting 

energy from salinity gradients and marine biomass conversion- 

MANUAL ON 

PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF COASTAL EROSION IN INDIA 

___ P. BRUUN & B. U. NAYAK 

This manual presents a summary of some 

of the applicable remedial measures including 

guidelines for practical designs to 

control coastal erosion with special reference 

to Indian conditions. 

While some of the basic information 

has been presented in the text under 

4 sections, more detailed information 

has been included separately under 6 

appendices in the manual. 

146 pp., 82 figures, 6 plates and 20 tables 

Price: Rs. 70 U.S. $ 16 

(in India ) ( Abroad ) 

PUBLISHED BY 


Dona Paula-403 004, Goa, India 

59

3.6 

Marine Instrumentation 

3..6.1 Development of marine instrumentation system 

3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy telemetry system 

3.6.3 Development of microprocessor based systems 

3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instrumentation system 

The main objectives of this division are to achieve as far as possible selfsufficiency 

in marine instrumentation and we should be able to operate, repair and 

maintain all the sophisticated oceanographic instruments imported from abroad both 

in the laboratory and on board the research vessel. 

The R and D work related to oceanographic instrumentation was continued 

under 4 different projects and the progress made under each has been summarised 

below: 

3.6.1 Development of marine instrumentation system 

(i) Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Recorder: The development of CTD 

recorder, partly sponsored by Electronics Commission of India, has been completed. 

The instrument has been tested successfully from R. V. Gaveshani during various 

cruises and now it is being released through ETDDC for commercialisation. 

Sea probes of CTD System developed by NIO. 

61

Tide gauge developed by NIO 

(ii) Tide gauge: This instrument is capable of recording continuously tidal data 

on a strip chart recorder at any interval from 1 to 255 minutes and stored on RAMS. 

This unit is solar powered and the insrtument uses a strain gauge pressure transducers 

to measure water depth. 

(iii! Rotor flow meter: This equipment which was developed earlier, has been 

modified and updated. The modified version has a redesigned rotor, changed accounting 

system and improved method of supporting the cable. 

(iv) Seven line slip-ring winch: This small portable winch with 500 metre cable 

of seven cores was developed for the porfiling instruments. 

3.6.2 Development of multi-parameter buoy telemetry system 

This project deals with the development of a "Mechanical buoy" with capabilities 

to transmit wind speed, wind direction, humidity, air temperature, surface 

temperature, water current and its direction and wave height. 

The sensors have been received and logic/control circuits have been designed 

and fabricated using SDM 857. Memodyne digital cassette recorder and interfacing 

circuits have been developed for the temporary storage of ocean data. Circuits 

for flash-light and battery charger have also been designed and tested for their 

satisfactory performance. 

62

The buoy is expected to be launched by June 1981. 

3.6.3 Development of microprocessor based systems 

This project was undertaken to develop microprocessor based systems accessible 

in remote controlled, low powered and low cost operation for the simple control 

measurements and for the 'on line' acquisition of data. 

The 8086 microprocessor based kit was assembled and interfaced to Aanderaa 

Tape reader to read the current meter data recorded on the 1/14" mag. tape and 

to dump it on a teletype in the proper format. The necessary software has also 

been developed to transfer this data on 1/2" mag. tape (M/s. Kennedy Model 1600 

make) in the computer compatible format for further processing. 

The single board computer based oh 8085 microprocessor is designed and 

implemented. The serial monitor programme is developed to communicate with 

the microcomputer through a teletype or RS-232-C terminals. Microcomputer board 

has the total capacity of 4K-byte PROM storage and 2K byte of RAM and 48programmable 

I/O lines. The keyboard display monitor is under development. 

The single board computer will be used for the development of software and 

hardware for the 8085 microprocessor based instruments. 

The SDK-86 microprocessor kit is made to turn and verify the programmes in 

the 2716 erasable programmable memories- 

3.6.4 Development of underwater acoustic instrumentation system 

The project aims at developing self-reliance in the development of marine 

instruments using ultrasonic techniques for the collection of oceanographic data. The 

following work was done: 

(i) Ultrasonic wave gauge: The design, fabrication and testing of an ultrasonic 

wave gauge were completed this year. The performance of this instrument 

compared very favourably with the standard equipment. The prototype model of 

the wave gauge features readout of the wave-height in metres, an output for recording 

the wave data on chart and a printer that provides a hard-copy of the digitised 

data that can be conveniently used for power spectral analysis. Necessary computer 

programmes for computing the power spectra from the wave data have been developed 

for the instruments. 

(ii) Echosounder: Developmental work on the low-cost echosounder is now 

completed and a unit containing improved circuits has been designed and fabricated 

and is being tested in the field. The new model has a facility for averaging ten echotime 

signals and displays the average result on seven segment L.E.D.S. 

63

3.7 

Planning & Data 

3.7.1 Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation 

3.7.2 Publication and Information 

3.7.3 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre 

The activities of Planning and Data Division include planning and budgeting 

of projects, publication and information work under "Technical Information and 

Publication Services" (TIPS) and management of oceanographic data. Details of the 

activities in each of the sections are as below: 

3.7.1 Planning, monitoring and evaluation 

The Planning Section has the prime responsibility of collecting and disseminating 

information on diverse problems related to project planning. Research projects have 

been formulated for the new five year plan proposal. The Annual Plan document for 

the year 1981-82 comprising of revised estimates for 1980-81 and budget estimates 

for 1981-82 and the Five Year Plan for the period 1980-85 have been prepared for 

the ongoing and new research projects, infra-structure and services. The costing for 

All India Coordinated Projects and Rural Development Projects was done and 

costing for other major projects is being initiated. 

This section is also responsible for the preparation of documents for Research 

Advisory Council of NIO and also the Coordination Council of the Physical and 

Earth Sciences Group of CSIR Laboratories. 

Two documents, entitled, 'Marine Science Component in the Science and 

Technology Plan of the CSIR for Sixth Five Year Plan' and 'Current Research Projects 

1980-81' were also prepared by this section. 

3.7.2 Publication and Information 

The Publication and Information Section during the year continued its activities 

under the "Technical Information and Publication Services in Oceanography"· 

(a) Publications 

The following regular publications were released during the year: 

1. Annual Report 1979: An annual publication dealing with progress of the R & D 

projects and other activities of the Institute. 

65

2. Cruise Reports (cruise Nos. 66 to 84) of R.V. Gaveshani: A report pertaining to 

each oceanographic cruise prepared and issued soon after the completion of each 

cruise of R.V. Gaveshani. 

3. Annual Oceanographic Cruise Report of R. V. Gaveshani 1979: This report consolidates 

the information gathered during all cruises undertaken during the year. 

4. NIO Newsletter Vol. 2, Nos. 1-4 (1980): A quarterly newsletter highlighting the 

various R & D and other activities of the Institute for the respective quarter of 

year. 

5· Collected Reprints Vol. 9 (1977) and VoI. 10(1978): A bound and yearly collection 

of the research papers published by the staff of the Institute. It is distributed on 

exchange basis to marine institutions of the world. 

6. Mahasagar, Vol. 13 (1980) Nos.1-4: A quarterly bulletin of the Institute incorporating 

original research papers on marine sciences. 

(b) Information 

The information service in the Institute was further strengthened this year and 

its activities were greatly enhanced and continued during the year. 

(i) Directory services: Indian National Directory of Marine Scientists (INDMS) 

was updated, compiled and processed. This directory includes the names of Marine 

Scientists and their field of specialisation, working in various organisations, institutions 

throughout the country. The directory is in the stage of computerization. 

Indian National Directory of Marine Research Projects (INDMRP) was updated, 

compiled, processed and released in the form of a computer print out. This Directory 

gives a list of current marine research projects in different institutions of India and 

includes information such as duration of the projects, name of the project leader and 

participants, estimated cost of the project, area of operation and objectives in brief. 

(ii) Computer aided bibliographic information services (CABIS): Under this programme 

the selected bibliographies on Aquaculture and Mangroves were processed and 

released. In addition to the references, these provide subject, author and keyword 

indices. 

(iii) News to CSIR and Press: News items based on the scientific and other 

activities of the Institute were sent to CSIR for publication from time to time and 

also released through press. 

(iv) Monthly progress report: Progress of work is highlighted every month and 

brief summaries depicting the achievements of NIO were sent to all the members of 

CSIR Society and Governing Body, members of Research Advisory Council and 

Executive Committee of NIO for information. 

(v) Brochures: Two new brochures on "What is NIO" and "Sponsored Projects— 

1979" were prepared and released. These brochures provide information about NIO 

and the sponsored projects undertaken by NIO during 1979. 

66

(vi) Additional services: Public relation work was attended more vigorously and 

the VIPs were shown around the laboratory explaining to them the R & D activities 

of the Institute. During the year 1980, nearly 3000 visitors including students and 

research scholars visited the Institute. 

The section also participated in various exhibitions where major achievements 

of the Institute were highlighted through charts, maps and working models of various 

equipment. 

(vii) Reprography services: Reprography and xeroxing services of the Planning 

& Data Division were extensively used by different divisions and sections of the 

institute at various levels. 

(viii) News clippings: Under this service, all the available newspapers were 

screened and news items of scientific interest related to different fields of oceanography 

and marine sciences were clipped, filed and catalogued for their quick retrieval when 

required. News items regarding NIO and its activities were dealt with separately. 

(ix) IOC depository centre: The centre continued to receive publications from 

various organizations such as UNESCO, UNEP, WHO and WMO which were catalogued 

and made available to the users. 

A list of the holdings of the important technical reports was circulated to 

various oceanographic and marine science institutes, colleges and universities and 

request for any of these reports were promptly complied with. 

3.7.4 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC) 

The centre acquires, processes and disseminates oceanographic data collected 

during the various cruises in the Indian Ocean and the seas around India and keeps in 

touch with the activities of IOC Working Committee for International Oceanographic 

Data Exchange (IODE). It also works as an Input Centre to the Marine Environmental 

Data Information Referral System (MEDI). 

(a) Acquisition: During the year, following data sets were acquired, coded in 

INODC format and stored on magnetic tapes. 

(i) R. V. Gaveshani Data: Meteorological, physical, chemical and biological data 

of the cruises of the year 1977 (total number of stations: 426). 

(ii) INS Darshak data: Hydrographic data of INS Darshak cruises undertaken 

in 1973-74 (total number of stations: 239). 

(iii) Oil pollution data: Data on oil pollution and dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons 

was acquired from Japan Oceanographic Data Centre, Japan (number of observations: 

6,689). 

(b) Processing: A large amount of meteorological and oceanographic data have 

been processed and analysed for various purposes as per the request and requirements 

of the scientists from NIO and other organisations. Some of the details of data 

processed and disseminated are as follows: 

67

(i) 'Monex' data of CSTD, MBT, XBT, hydrocast and environmental parameters. 

(ii) Hydrographic and current data off Visakhapatnam (iii) Current data off Godavari 

(iv) Current, wave, tide and wind data off Paradeep Port (v) Data collected during 

the oceanographic survey for marking the position of oil rigs, pipelines etc. were processed 

for the Coordinate Converison (UTM, Shoran, Geographical) on DCM-1101 and 

analysed on computer for quality control and plotting of the same. (iv) Preparation 

of state-wise atlases of hydrographic, biological and surface current data from Exclusive 

Economic Zone was continued. During the year plotting of data off Maharashtra, 

Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were completed. 

(c) Computer software services: Under this service, the following systems/programmes 

were developed for processing the oceanographic data and information. 

(i) CABIS (Computer aided bibliographic information system): This system 

consists of a number of programmes in COBOL Language for retrieval of the bibliographic 

information. 

(ii) SPHD: The system for processing of hydrographic data has been developed 

in FORTRAN IV. This performs the following functions: (a) Plotting temperature 

and salinity versus depth, (b) Interpolation of temperature, salinity and oxygen 

values at standard depths, (c) Computation of density (sigma-t), (d) Computation of 

dynamic depth anomaly at standard depths, (e) Determination of pressure at each 

depth, (f) Computation of potential temperature and density and (g) Computation 

of sound velocity. 

(iii) WAVEX: For analysis of the data obtained from the ship borne wave 

recorder and incorporates the correction factor for the wave heights. 

(iv) POTENG: Determines the potential energy of water masses at regular 

depth intervals. 

(v) BIWTS: Smoothening X-Y curves using binomial filters. 

(vi) RXENL: Preparation of environmental data reports for data collected 

during Monex-79 ctuises. 

(vii) TIDEX: Existing TIDE Programme has been extended to provide the tidal 

plot along with the tabular value at any given regular interval. 

(viii) IOSLP: For plotting any parameter and demarcating the coast lines. It 

also prints the range and values and the total number of observations- 

(ix) WAVES: This programme computes coordinates of the wave rays and the 

refraction coefficient for waves approaching the shore. 

(X) PAYR: Payroll programme for NIO employees. It also takes care of pay 

and without pay leaves, etc. It has following subroutines: (a) Subroutine for DA calculation, 

(b) Subroutine for additional DA calculation, and (c) Subroutine for HRA 

calculation. 

(d) Data dissemination 

(i) INODC Newsletter: INODC Newsletter for the year 1979 has been compiled 

and released. It contains information on the data collected by R.V.Gaveshani during 

68

A view of the TDC -316 Computer installed at INODC in NIO 

the cruises in the year 1979. Compilation work for the INODC Newsletter 1980 is 

nearly completed and the document will be released soon. 

(ii) Inventory forms: The inventory forms of ROSCOP (Report of observations/ 

samples collected by occanographic programmes), ROMBI (Results of marine biological 

investigations) were completed for the R.V. Gaveshani cruises undertaken during 

1979. 

(iii) The IODE/IOC has developed a General Format-3 (GF3) for oceanographic 

data exchange. The centre has initiated its implementation and the data are 

being transferred in this format. 

(iv) Data holdings: INODC data holding for physical, chemical and meteorological 

parameters were updated by the addition of data from five cruises of INS 

Darshak and ten cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. The preparation of data catalogues was 

also initiated. 

(e) Additional services 

Computer facility of the INODC was made available for the processing of the 

data and information to various public/private organizations and educational institutes. 

69

Location of Headquarters & Regional Centres 

Θ Headquarters 

• Regional Centres 

70

3.8 

Regional Centres 

3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin 

3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay 

3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair 

3.8.1 Regional Centre, Cochin 

This Centre continued to work on the various projects in collaboration with 

the Headquarters. 


A.1 Biogeographical, ecological and experimental studies on phytoplankton and 

zooplankton from the Indian Ocean 

(a) Distribution studies of IIOE collections 

Systematics and distribution pattern of 27 species of planktonic copepods of the 

family Scolecithricidae were completed. High population densities of most of the 

species are found in the upwelling regions close to the land masses. They occupy a 

greater geographical range in the northern regions of the Indian Ocean and in the 

Arabian Sea as compared to the southern region of the Indian Ocean and Bay of 

Bengal. The largest area of high population density was in the north-western border 

of the Arabian Sea close to the upwelling areas. 

The hyperiid amphipods of the family Oxycephalidae were studied with reference 

to their morphology, ecology, development and distribution. It was observed that the 

newly hatched larvae of Rhabdosoma whitei differ considerably from the adults unlike 

in other related forms. 

Information on the general abundance, distribution, seasonal and diurnal variation 

of fish larvae collected during the Π0Ε has been brought together. Detailed 

studies on the flat fish larvae were made from both IIOE and Naga Expedition samples. 

The later material had a better representation of the flat fish larvae. Their distribution 

was studied and the life histories of 10 species of flat fishes could be fully established 

from the material. The larvae seem to prefer low salinity and neritic region. 

(b) Other Studies 

(i) Distribution of calanoid copepods in the Bay of Bengal: During the 

7th cruise of R.V. Gaveshani, zooplankton samples were collected along two 

71

sections, 18°N across the Bay of Bengal between the east coast of India and Burma. 

In the shelf area, Eucalanus monachus was the most abundant species while Undinula 

vulgaris and Euchaeta consimilia were abundant. Paracalanus sp. and Acrocalanus 

sp. were abundant in the nearshore waters of India and Burma. In the surface 

samples from 18° N latitude Rhincalanus cornulus, Undinula darwini, Euchaeta marina 

and Temora stylifera were the dominant species. Immature forms of Pleuromamma 

indica were also present in large numbers. 

In the deeper waters, the bulk of the copepod population was formed of Pleuromamma 

indica which can tolerate a wide range of temperature (6°-23°C) and low 

oxygen content (1 ml/1). Another feature noticed was that the herbivorous forms such 

as Undinula vulgaris, Eucalanus monachus, E. pileatus, Paracalanus parvus were abundant 

above the thermocline while omnivorous and carnivorous species such as P. 

indica, Lucicutia clausi, Heterostylitis longicornis, etc., were abundant below the thermocline. 

(ii) Sex ratio of copepods: Plankton samples collected off Cape Comorin and 

Tuticorin were used to study the sex ratio in the five common calanoid copepods. 

The number of males and females in the 83 samples were as follows: 

Species Males Females 

Undinula vulgaris 5861 10667 

Centropages furcatus 908 2767 

Temora trubinata 8665 53600 

Temora discaudata 2682 5564 

Caudacia bradyi 1281 2227 

These figures show that the females were more abundant than the males. 

(c) Plankton studies in the estuarine system of Kerala 

Plankton studies in Kerala estuaries were continued. The various groups of 

animals found were hydromedusae, ctenophores. chaetognaths, copepods, amphipods, 

caridea, ostracods, cumaceans, isopods. copelatas and fish eggs and larvae. Seventy 

species were identified, of which 45 were copepods. 

Studies on the phytoplankton of the estuarine systems of Kerala revealed the 

occurrence of 24 species of diatoms. Phytoplankton were present during pre and 

postmonsoon months but relatively absent during the monsoon season. Different 

population of diatoms was observed in pre and postmonsoon seasons. All the stations 

showed a very high concentration of pigment throughout the year. 

A.2 Coastal aquaculture 

(a) Laboratory Studies 

(i) Dynamics of the growth of prawn: Growth data of Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus 

dobsoni from laboratory experiment under different frequency of feeding with 

72

pieces of fresh earthworm revealed that growth pattern in both the species adopted 

a linear trend under all feeding levels and was not described by the von Bertalanffy 

equation. The growlh rate in length was found to increase proportionately with the 

level of feeding and this trend was maintained throughout the study. 

(ii) Experimental culture of forage organisms (Tanaidacean-Aspeudes chilkensis) 

With earlier experience on short term mass culture, an attempt was made to 

continuously culture the species throughout the year in a periodically enriched semicontrolled 

system in which salinity and pH were maintained at 9·5-10%o and 7.5-8.0 

respectively. The experiment clearly proved that it is possible to raise and maintain 

the brood stock of these organisms in the laboratory throughout the year. 

Similarly, the year-round cultures in semi-controlled systems have been maintained 

in the case of amphipod Corophium triaenonyx and copepod Nitocra spinipes also. 

Brood stock of the latter could be maintained in this laboratory for the past six years. 

Experimental studies on hatching and growth of N. spinipes at different temperatures 

have been successfully completed. 

Protein rich diets such as egg yolk, Bengal gram, etc. accelerate the growth but 

stable population is not maintained with these diets. Low protein food such as 

Salvinia detritus does not promote fast growth but maintains steady populations. 

Small shrimps belonging to the genus Caridina (20-25 mm) and inhabiting the low 

saline upper reaches of the estuary were bred and reared in the laboratory. It has 

been suggested that these shrimps could easily be mass cultured and utilised as live feed 

during the aquaculture of bigger shrimps as they are too small to be marketed directly. 

(b) Ecological studies 

(i) Primary production and benthic studies in relation to prawn culture: Studies on 

primary production and benthic organisms in culture ponds at Ramanthruth Island 

near the Cochin harbour entrance revealed certain interesting features of the environment 

in which prawns are grown during the estuarine phase of their life history. All 

the ponds were highly productive almost throughout the year- The gross primary 

production varied from 24 to 1500 mgC/m 3 /day. 

(ii) Studies on the improvement of traditional shrimp culture in paddy fields: 

Hydrographic features monitored during the season revealed no drastic change from, 

that of preceeding season except that a thin film of crude oil was present on the 

surface of the waters which entered the paddy fields in early December. However, 

Penaeus indicus suffered heavy mortality, but such a mortality was not seen in Metapenaeus 

dobsoni. 

The experimental fields yielded nearly 700 kg of shrimps per hectare at Narakkal 

and 850 kg at Kumbalangi while the yield in the adjacent ponds employing 

traditional methods of culture was low- 

73

A.3 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian 

coast 

Pollution monitoring along the Kerala coast including the major estuaries, 

beaches and inshore waters have been undertaken. Seven estuaries and 14 beaches 

have been covered in these studies. 

(a) Oil pollution monitoring along Kerala coast: For the past three years 

Kerala coast from Vizhinjam in the south to Ezhumala in the north remained under 

observation for oil pollution and were worked in accordance with the procedure 

adopted by the IGOSS. It was noticed that in most of the Kerala beaches the magnitude 

of tar deposition is low as compared to the other beaches in the northern 

parts of the west coast. Deposition of tar balls was high in the open sea beaches 

and low at the high tide levels. The quantity ranged between 45 to 550 gm/m 2 . 

Underway observations on mangroves and retting grounds from Cochin to 

Ezhumala were also made during the year. 

(b) Bacteriological studies of pollution: Kerala beaches were examined with 

reference to indicator bacteria, viz, E.coli, S. faecalis and coliforms in general and 

pathogens like Salmonella sp. and Vibrio parahaemoliticus in particular. 

A pathogen, viz., Salmonella sp. from some of the beaches was isolated and 

studied. Its percentage occurrence was 22.71. However, water samples failed to give 

positive Salmonella isolation. Beaches like Vizhinjam, Neendakara and Mopla bay 

registered E. coli, S. teccalis and coliforms higher than the accepted limits. 

The bactericidal property of a secretion from Fusarium isolated from Fort 

Cochin beach was studied in detail. 

(c) Baseline studies on the major estuaries of Kerala coast: Studies on seven estuaries, 

three in the south and four in the north of Cochin were continued. Based on 

suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, permanganate consumed and biochemical 

oxygen demand, the water quality of estuaries was assessed. Kallai, which has a large 

timber industry on its shores, and the Beypore estuary which receives effluents from 

a rayon factory in its upper reaches (at Chaliyar), showed a high organic load during 

the premonsoon and early monsoon seasons. The dissolved oxygen values, however, 

did not show any significant depletion except at Kallai which on some occasions 

showed 005 ml/1 in the dry months. No estuary could be described as being grossly 

polluted though some of them showed much impact of human influence. 

Organic carbon in the sediments of the above estuaries had the following 

annual averages: Veli - 2.1%, Neendakara - 1.4%, Thottapally - 2.9%, Kallai - 2.9%, 

Beypore- 2.5%, Korapuzha- 3.1% and Mahe- 2.2%. These values were lower as compared 

to the annual average of 3.5% for Cochin backwaters. 

(d) Assessment of the status of pollution of beaches of the Kerala coast: Twelve 

beaches along the Kerala coast, six in the north and six in the southern side of 

Cochin were monitored for their water quality. The beaches of Alleppey, Neendrakara, 

West Hill, Kappad, Calicut, Payyambalam and Moplah Bay had much lower salinities. 

74

The oxygen saturation values in the clean beaches seldom went down below 90% 

while Calicut. West Hill and Mopla Bay showed oxygen deficits due to sewage 

discharge. BOD values at the three beaches were generally high. The COD values 

ranged from 500-3500 mg/l and permanganate consumed was 60-70 ml/1. 

Sand and water samples for environmental characters, bacteriological estimation 

and water quality were studied at Ezhumala beach in north Kerala. Based on the 

seasonal observations, Ezhumala should be regarded as a 'clean' beach. It is also a 

'safe' beach from the public health point of view and its water quality. Ezhumala, 

Ettikulam and Kappad beaches are under intensive study for their use by the Tourist 

Department. 

(e) Pollution studies in Cochin backwaters: The three sources of pollution, viz., 

sewage, industrial effluents and retting of coconuts were extensively studied in the 

Cochin backwaters. The daily BOD5 load of the sewage systems was worked out as 

6.5-7.25 tonnes. Sewage discharge was also found to cause localised depletion of oxygen. 

A 2000 m 2 retting yard showed a BOD5 load of 908 metric tons annually. 

The sediment of the retting yard was characterised by high organic content 95.3 mg/g. 

high C/N 15.0 and high energy content 1994 J/g. The biological effects of organic 

pollution were clearly evident at all the affected sites. The polychaete Parahetaromastus 

tenuis which was found to attain very high population in the retting yard 

may be treated as an indicator species of pollution. 

A view of a clean beach Ezhumala 

75

The industrial effluents discharged into the northern part of the Cochin backwaters 

were found to exert varying and intermittent stress on the receiving waters. 

The discharge site had varying pH and chloride content. The area had high nutrient 

levels especially ammonia. An incidence of fish mortality due to high ammonia 

(23 ppm) was noticed in Chitrapuzha in the southern part of the backwaters. 

A.4 Chemical studies in the coastal and offshore waters in the Arabian Sea and Bay of 

Bengal 

(a) Particulate trace metals in Cochin backwaters: Particulate matter was analysed 

for various trace metals, viz., iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt and nickel 

from the Cochin backwaters at various stations covering an area of about 15sq km 

during the different months of the year. Particulate iron content showed a variation 

between 80 and 8000 ppm. Manganese concentration was between 4 and 80 ppm. Zinc 

content showed a variation from 5 to 500 ppm. Copper was not present in large 

quantities and it varied between 2 and 18 ppm. Cobalt and nickel concentrations 

varied from 1 to 3 ppm and 1 to 5 ppm respectively. Some of the metals like iron, 

manganese, etc., were higher at the barmouth entrance channel to the Cochin harbour. 

(b) Metal concentration in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters: The concentration 

of non-lithogenous fraction of some of the metals like iron, manganese 

copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel and lead in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters were 

studied. The general distribution of these fractions revealed that there is no marked 

seasonal change in the sediments of the Cochin backwaters. The concentrations were 

slightly higher than the values reported for the shelf and slope sediments off Cochin 

This indicates that there is some other source like industrial waste which brings in 

these metals into the environment. 

A.5 Oceanography of the waters around Lakshadweep 

Studies on the fisheries resources of Lakshadweep revealed that Kavaratti atoll 

has very poor fisheries. However, at Suheli and Agatti, the catch is quite large. 

Studies were also carried out on the distribution of tuna based on the available data. 

A.6 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the Indian coastline 

and their application to coastal zone management 

Beach changes along the Kerala coast: Studies were continued from Munambam 

(near Azhikode towards north of Cochin) to Cochin. Selected beaches at Azhikode 

Edavankhad, Saudi, Chellanam, Thumboli, Punnappra, Karoor were visited to monitor 

the beach changes and to study the effects of the seawalls constructed. 

Studies on the slumping of the seawall under the impact of scoring effect of 

the breakers at certain location along the beaches revealed that the size of armour 

should be increased to 20-40 m 3 and the seaward slope of the seawall should be 

decreased to 1:10. Near Azhikode the sand bar formation continued and extended 

southwards beyond the southern bank of the barmouth. The beaches at Pannappra, 

76

Saudi, Thumboli and Karoor, eventhough· responded to the offshore wave climate 

from season to season, they did not show any significant "loss of material. These 

beaches remained more or less stable. 

B. Sponsored Project . 

The work carried out under the project, 'Sorting of Zooplankton' sponsored 

by CSIRO is reported under the Section 3.9. 

3.8.2 Regional Centre, Bombay 

A greater emphasis was laid during the year on environmental problems and 

pollution control studies both under the institutional and sponsored projects. A summary 

of the work done under the various projects is given below: 


1. Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast 

(a) Base-line water quality of the river Narmada (Gujarat) 

Suspended solids, pH, chlorides, DO, BOD, PO4 3- -P, NO3 - -N, NO2 - -N and 

NH4 + -N were measured at 12 stations along a 70 km stretch of the river Narmada 

during March-August. Tidal range of 1 m was observed upto a point 52 km upstream. 

The absence of sea water beyond this point became evident by the low 

77

chlorinity values (0·02%o). Significant intrusion and mixing of saline water which was 

upto 44 km upstream in early June was confined only upto 20 km during March. 

The water was vertically well mixed and there was no stratification. By August all 

traces of sea water seem to flush out completely from the river during each tidal 

cycle. The pH varied considerably over the tidal cycle. The estuarine zone is characterized 

by a high suspended load which decreases appreciably in the fresh water 

region. High DO and low BOD indicate the absence of gross organic pollution in the 

estuarine and riverine zones. NO3 - -N decreased in the direction downstream while 

PO4 3- -P showed an increase. NH4 + -N concentration showed normal values throughout. 

(b) Comparative study of behaviour of boron, calcium and magnesium in polluted and 

unpolluted estuaries 

Behaviour of boron, calcium and magnesium in the polluted Ambika and 

unpolluted Mindola estuaries (South Gujarat) was studied. A textile mill, a distillary 

and a paper and pulp mill release on an average 4.8, 4.3 and 3.8 million litres per 

day of industrial waste through natural drains into the Ambika estuary. Analysis of 

industrial effluents at the points of discharge gave the average boron levels of 9.16, 

0.78 and 0.23 mg/1 respectively for the different industries. 

Although concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the Ambika estuary 

decreased with decreasing chlorinity, a definite increase in boron concentration was 

observed at the ebb slack. Their respective ratios with chlorinity increased systematically 

to attain a maxima at the ebb slack water with a abrupt decrease just at 

the beginning of the flood. The water from the fresh water zone gave a mean concentration 

of 0.072 mg/kg, 0.0292 g/kg and 0.0188 g/kg for boron, calcium and magnesium 

respectively. Mixed behaviour of boron during its removal at the early stage 

of the ebb tide and its maximum addition to the extent of 263% at the ebb slack 

was observed at the head of the estuary indicating large inputs of boron coming 

from extraneous sources. This phenomenon of boron addition was not observed in 

the Mindola river estuary and contrary to the expectation its overall removal was 9% 

Calcium and magnesium revealed non-linear relationship with chlorinity in both the 

estuaries. 

In the Mindola estuary, an inverse variation between percent addition/removal 

of calcium and magnesium suggested an ion-exchange between the two elements. Inverse 

relationship between the addition/removal of boron and total suspended solids 

in the Ambika estuary indicate that boron most probably gets mixed with the 

suspended clay minerals in the mixed zone of the estuary- 

(c) Studies on zooplankton and benthos of the Auranga, Ambika, Purna and Mindola 

estuaries of South Gujarat and waters around Bombay 

(i) Zooplankton: Zooplankton variability in the four estuaries in the different 

tidal conditions were compared. Mean biomass of zooplankton in Auranga, Ambika, 

Purna and Mindola were 4.31, 3.46, 3.58 and 3.17 ml/100 m 3 respectively. Relatively 

a greater biomass was recorded during the ebb period in Auranga, Purna and at the 

78

mouth of the Ambika river. In Mindola and in the. upper reaches of the Ambika 

estuary, the flood period was associated with a greater biomass: Copepods, molluscan 

veligers, decapod larvae, mysids and chaetognaths were, the major constituents 

in the collection. However, some reduction in the biomass. and population density of 

certain groups was observed in the Ambika and Mindola rivers. 

In Bombay waters the chaetognath fauna showed. a maximum density at all 

the 4 stations during the postmonsoon period. Among the chaetognaths, Sagitta 

bombayensis, S. enflata, S. oceania, S. pulchra, S. bedoti and S. robusta observed, S. bedoti 

was the most common species throughout the period of investigation. Species diversity 

was greater in the unpolluted waters. However, the fluctuation in the population of 

chaetognaths was larger in the polluted region than in the unpolluted area. Disappearance 

of sensitive species followed by a decrease in the diversity may be the first 

indication of impending deterioration of the environment. 

In the case of copepods, maximum population density (av.5360/m 3 ) was observed 

at Mahim which was about twice as high as that recorded at the other stations. 

Mean density of copepods at the other three stations varied between 2280 and 2800/m 3 . 

Monthly variation of total population density of zooplankton 

79

Major peaks were noticed in the month of October/November and March/April. Of 

the 21 genera of copepod recorded, Paracalanus, Acrocalanus, Acartia and Oithona were 

the most common genera. The polluted region was characterised by the dominance 

of Paracalanus, Acartia and Oithona. But the generic diversity of copepods was greater 

in unpolluted areas. 

(ii) Benthos: Significant abundance of macro and meio fauna was noticed in 

the four estuaries. Mean densities of total benthos per metre square in Auranga, 

Purna and Mindola were 318690, 54727, 122350 and 88368 respectively and the 

average biomass was 7085, 411, 1814 and 1922 mg respectively. Foraminifera 

was the dominant group in all the four estuaries. The diversity of benthos was 

low in the Ambika as compared to the other three estuaries. Considerable reduction in 

the population density of benthos was recorded between premonsoon and postmonsoon 

in all the four estuaries excepting Auranga. The Auranga and the Purna sustain a 

higher benthic productivity than the other two estuaries. High dissolved oxygen, 

low biological oxygen demand and average nutrient values were observed in all 

the four estuaries. 

Around Bombay, qualitative and quantitative benthic studies were undertaken 

at eleven stations in polluted and relatively unpolluted waters at Versova, 

Mahim and Thana creek. Polychaetes formed the most dominant component of 

the macro benthos while nematodes were the major group of meiobenthos. Offshore 

stations located in Versova and Mahim had a relatively clean zone with a larger 

number of faunal group than the other stations. Variations in the group diversity 

were quite common among the stations off Versova and Mahim. But a consistancy in 

the group diversity which was low was noticed among the different stations off Thana 

which probably indicate highly polluted environment. 

A.2 Studies on land-sea interaction and nearshore circulation along the coastline 

and their application to coastal zone management 

(i) Erosion studies at Versova 

Field observations on littoral parameters were made at the three stations located 

along the Versova beach. Bathymetry and wave regime of the area are being analysed 

to determine the causative fector and subsequently to determine remedial measures 

(ii) Beach studies at Thal-Alibag coastline 

Changes in beach-profile were monitored at 5 stations along the Thal-Alibag 

coastline and the wave climate was studied to estimate the seasonal variability of the 

accreting/eroding processes near some fishing villages. Dredging is going on in the 

Thal creek for navigational purposes. The impact of this dredging on the beach 

configuration is being investigated. 


Four sponsored projects were undertaken during the year. These are: 

1. Selection of waste water disposal site and unloading facility for the fertilizer 

plant at Thal. 

80

2. Investigations for the undercreek pipeline at Kasheli, Bombay. 

3. Seawater sampling and analysis for Bombay High water injection project. 

4. Hydrographic studies at Dharamtar Creek along the submarine pipeline route 

of ONGC. 

The progress made under each project has been given separately under the 

section 3·9 

3.8.3 Regional Centre, Waltair 

The various aspects on physical, chemical and geological and geophysical studies 

were carried out under the R and D project "Coastal studies off Waltair and adjacent 

areas". The centre also undertook two sponsored projects. The details of the work 

done are as follows: 

A.l Physical oceanography studies 

A. R and D Project 

Beach profile studies started in 1979 were intensified for a further period of 14 

months and observations were taken at monthly intervals. The analysis and interpretation 

of the data pertaining to erosion and accretion along the beach are being 

finalized. Rip currents, which are dangerous to swimmers were identified. Similarly 

the other beach characteristics suitable for recreation have also been enumerated at 

some points of the beach. Observations on a time series on the vertical distribution 

of temperature and currents at a single station off Waltair have been initiated. These 

measurements were made at hourly interval once in a month over a tidal cycle to 

study the seasonal distribution of these parameters. Temperature and salinity distribution 

were also studied along three transects off Visakhapatnam—each extending upto 

100m water depth to identify the upwelling and sinking of the water masses in these 

areas. The effect of cyclone of May 1979 on the beaches has been studied. 

A.2 Chemical oceanography studies 

Chemical studies along the three transects upto 100 m water depth in the continental 

shelf of Visakhapatnam, covering an area between Bhimunipatnam and Appikonda, 

were made. The samples are being analysed to study the concentration of the 

nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen and trace metals. 

Studies have been undertaken in the Visakhapatnam inner and outer harbour 

areas to estimate the concentrations of the pollutants and to study their seasonal 

distribution. Collection of the data for a period of one year has been completed and the 

analysis of the data is in progress. A modified spectrophotometric method for the 

determination of copper has been developed and laboratory studies have been undertaken 

for the estimation of copper. 

A.3 Geological and geophysical studies 

In conjunction with the other studies, geological work consisting of mineralogy 

81

and geochemistry of the continental shetf between Bhimunipatnam and Appikonda 

were conducted. Nearly 150 sediment samples at 10 m water depth interval between 

10 and 100 m depths were collected to study the grain size distribition. the mineralogy 

and the geochemistry of the sediments. Grain size analysis has been completed for 

more than 100 samples. Heavy mineral separation is in progress. 

The sediment samples collected from R.V. Gaveshani from the continental margin 

between Visakhapatnam and Madras have been analysed for the grain size distribution 

and their geochemical properties. Beach rock samples obtained from the Visakhapatnam 

port authorities have also been analysed. 

In the field of marine geophysics computer programme for the analysis of 

magnetic data by solving the linear equations has been developed. Theoretical studies 

for the analysis of the magnetic data using the models such as horizontal plate and 

thin sheet have been completed. Marine magnetic, gravity and bottom topographic 

data of the Bay of Bengal were analysed and interpreted to study the crustal structure 

and basement tectonics of the Bay of Bengal. The studies have delineated 

several new surface and subsurface structural features such as an escarpment as a 

surface and subsurface high over the continental slope extending along the east coast of 

India, a deep and wide marginal basin over the southern continental margins of the 

east coast of India and a graben extending in southeast and northwest direction. 

Extension of volcanic activity into the offshore regions off central east coast of India 

has been identified from the topographic highs associated with the prominent magnetic 

anomalies. 


The centre undertook the following two sponsored projects during the year: 

1. Oceanographic studies for determining the point and mode of discharge of 

treated effluents from the steel plant into the sea for Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, sponsored 

by Steel Authority of India Limited, Visakhapatnam. 

2. Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys for Visakhapatnam Port Trust, 

sponsored by the Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam. 

Details of the work done under these two sponsored projects are separately 

given under the Section 3.9. 

82

3.9 

Sponsored Projects 

3.9.1 Development of offshore oilfields 

3.9.2 Pollution control and monitoring 

3.9.3 Coastal development 

3.9.4 Resources survey 

3.9.5 Miscellaneous projects 

3.9.6 Consultancy services 

A total number of 26 sponsored projects for a total value of Rs. 36 lakhs were 

undertaken at the request of various organizations. These projects being of direct 

benefit to the user community, were given a high priority. 

3.9.1 Development of offshore oilfields (sponsored by ONGC) 

(i) Survey of the submarine pipeline routes from Bassein to Gujarat (Phase III) 

In continuation of the earlier surveys, the routes from Bassein to Dahanu and 

Bassein to Navapur were surveyed. Along the route from Bassein to off Dahanu (108 

km), the depth range was from 25 to 53 m and the gradients were from horizontal to 

1 : 1000. The seabed was found to be covered by 10 to 20 m clay in which acoustic 

masking due to gases occurred upto a distance of about 60 km. Along the route from 

Bassein to Navapur (88 km), the depth varied from 15 m near the shore to 53 m near 

Bassein. The seabed was covered with more than 50 m clay and acoustic masking dueto 

gases occurred for about 38 km. 

(ii) Seabed surveys on the D & I structures, Kori Great Bank and on the Tapti Dome 

Structure 

The seabed surveys for the proposed drilling sites on the Kori Great Bank (D & I 

structures) comprised of 240 line km of echosounding. 220 line km of side scan sonar 

and 145 line km of shallow seismic profiling while at the Tapti Dome Structure, it 

consisted of 25 line km of echosounding. side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling 

followed by seabed sampling. 

(iii) Postlay survey of the Bombay High to Bombay pipelines 

The surveys included 640 line km of echosounding. 185 line km of side scan, 

sonar and 640 line km of ORE subbottom profiling. The analyses of the records 

83

showed that: (a) out of 50 tracks in which pipelines were recorded, the pipelines are 

exposed in 5 tracks and buried in 0.8 to 2.7 m clays in 45 tracks, (b) the interpipeline 

distance varied from 65 m to 100 mm and (c) out of the 78 line km of pipelines, 

about 76 line km were covered and about 2 line km were exposed. The survey 

report has been submitted to ONGC. 

(iv) Surveys of the pipeline routes from Direction Bank to Bassein and Murud 

Along the proposed pipeline route from Bassein to Direction Bank, the depth 

varied from 41 to 65 m and the seabed was covered by clay upto 22 m thick. Along 

the route from Direction Bank to the shore, the depth ranged from 15 to 55m and the 

seabed was covered by clays upto 30 m thick. Along both the routes, thick clays 

covered the uneven topography of the underlying sands at many places. 

(v) Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys off South Bassein 

The surveys comprised of about 630 line km of shallow seismic profiling. The 

echograms and seismic profiles indicate that the seabed in the northern and eastern 

area off Bassein is marked by even topography due to clay cover (maximum about 

25 m) and in the south-western area by an uneven topography where the underlying 

hard strata are exposed. 

(vi) Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on the Direction Bank 

The depths on the Direction Bank ranged from 36 m in the south to 65 m in the 

north and west. The bank slopes gently to the north. Its western flanks are steeperthan 

the eastern flanks.The crest of the bank is marked by an undulatory or dissected 

topography. Seismic profiles show that it is a lensoid body of clay with a maximum 

thickness of 34 m on the crest which gradually thins out towards the flanks. The 

clay overlies the relict sands with an uneven topography. 

(vii) Seawater sampling and analysis for Bombay High water injection project 

The work was carried out to evaluate the best depth for the intake of water to 

be used for flooding or for pressure maintenance in the offshore oilfields at Bombay 

High for the secondary recovery of oil. Sampling programme was undertaken at three 

locations and included the various physical and chemical parameters. On the basis of 

these findings, 30m depth has been considered as the best depth for water intake- 

Monthly variations of the different parameters at this depth will be studied to facilitate 

the design of the treating systems. 

(viii) Hydrographic studies off Murud-Janjira 

Collection of field data on currents, temperature, etc. in support of the drilling 

activities of ONGC off Murud-Janjira was undertaken during May to October 1980. 

This work was carried out off Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). 

(ix) Hydrographic studies at Dharamtar creek along the submarine pipeline route 

of ONGC 

Short-term observations on the currents, temperature, etc. were made at certain 

locations in Dharamtar creek in June 1980. Echosounding was also carried out. 

84

3.9.2 Pollution control and monitoring 

(i) Hydrobiological survey of the Gurpur river, New Mangalore Harbour amd the sea 

off Mangalore (Phase II) 

This project was undertaken at the request of Kudremukh Iron Ore Co. Ltd., 

Bangalore. Periodic sampling of the bottom population in the area has been carried 

out for the collection of baseline information covering the pollution period. The 

analysis of the samples is in progress. 

(ii) Oceanographic studies for determining the point of discharge of treated effluents 

from the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant into the sea 

This project was sponsored by Steel Authority of India Ltd., Visakhapatnam. 

The work during the year included the analysis of data collected during the previous 

year and the preparation of the report. 

(iii) Selection of waste water disposal site and unloading facility for the fertilizer 

plant at Thal. 

At the request of Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF Ltd.) who 

proposes to put up a giant fertilizer complex at Thal-Vaishet near Alibag. a survey 

was undertaken to locate a. suitable discharge site for the wastes from the plant and 

to evaluate the environmental impact of the waste on the water quality and biological 

productivity of the region. The observations included recording of the tides, 

currents, waves, wind, temperature, salinity, bathymetry, etc. The water quality of the 

region was studied and baseline data were collected. Seasonal changes in various 

chemical parameters and the probable influence of the toxicants, if any, present in the 

effluents on the water quality were investigated. Studies on primary, secondary and 

benthic productivity of the area were also investigated along the northern, middle 

and southern transects. Further analysis of the data is in progress. 

3.9.3 Coastal development 

(i) Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Mormugao harbour 

This project was sponsored by the Mormugao Port Trust. More than 125 

line km of echosounding, side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling (ORE Mud 

Penetrator) were carried out along the lines at 100 m apart. The depths in the area 

surveyed ranged from 2 to 16 m and the seabed was marked by even and uneven 

topography and the thickness of the top, unconsolidated sediments varied from 1 to 

26 m. Based on the results, some positive recommendations have been made. The 

report has been submitted to the Port Trust Authorities. 

(ii) Shallow seismic and side scan sonar survey in Visakhapatnam outer, inner and 

fishing harbours 

At the request of the Visakhapatnam Port Trust, some surveys were carried out 

in 1979 in the outer harbour area. During the year, the work was extended to inner 

85

and fishing harbour areas. The surveys comprised of about 140 line km of echosounding, 

46 line km of side scan sonar and 115 line km of shallow seismic profiling. 

The side scan sonar and seismic records confirmed the occurrence of the rock outcrops 

near the shore, the breakwater and isolated outcrops at some places. Side scan 

sonar records also indicated two anomalous objects in the oil mooring area and a 

ship wreck in the outer channel at a depth of 35 m. The report incorporating the 

recommendations of the surveys has been submitted to the sponsors. 

3.9.4 Resources survey 

(i) Seaweed cultivation at Malvan 

This project has been undertaken at the request of the Government of Maharashtra. 

The work includes development of techniques for the cultivation of seaweeds 

in coastal waters. The seaweeds of economic importance are being cultivated on the 

coir rope frames of suitable size. 

(ii) Photorespiration in marine environment 

This project has been undertaken at the request of Department of Science and 

Technology, New Delhi. The experimental work is of a basic nature and would lead 

to a better understanding of the living matter in the sea. The laboratory facilities 

are being built up. 

3.9.5 Miscellaneous projects 

(i) Investigation for the undercreek pipeline at Kasheli, Bombay 

At the request of the Bombay Municipal Corporation, studies were undertaken 

to gather the baseline data on the parameters pertaining to the mechanics of sediment 

transport in relation to dredging and maintenance of an undercreek channel for 

laying a freshwater conduit from Bhatsai reservoir across the Bassein Creek/Ulhas 

River near the existing Kasheli Bridge, north of Thana. 

Investigations on the tidal regime, tidal currents, suspended sediment load, 

sediment characteristics of the bed and the profiles of the channel were conducted 

at a portion of Thana/Bassein creek to understand the pattern of sediment transport. 

The results of the investigations in the form of a report have been submitted to the 

sponsors. 

(ii) Survey to measure the distance between the piers of the Zuari Bridge, Cortalim, Goa 

M/s Gammon India Ltd., the construction engineers of the bridge at Cortalim, 

Goa, requested NIO to measure the distance between P2 and P6 piers of the bridge. 

The work was completed with the help of Theodolite and Mini Ranger MRS III and 

the report submitted to the sponsors. 

(iii) Development of a marine park at Malvan (Maharashtra) 

This project was sponsored by the Government of Maharashtra and included 

86

ecological studies at Malvan in order to set up a marine park. The report has been 

submitted to the sponsors. 

(iv) Design and fabrication of conductivity-temperature-depth recorder (CTD) 

This project was undertaken at the request of Electronic Commission of India. 

The instrument has been developed and tested on board the research ship Gaveshani. 

The know-how is being released for commercialisation. 

3.9.6 Consultancy services 

(i) Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant site studies 

At the request of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, physical, chemical and 

biological features of the waters off Coromandal Coast site for OTEC plant were 

studied. These studies included recording of wind speed, wind direction, sea surface 

temperature, atmospheric pressure and the collection of samples for various biological 

and chemical parameters. A preliminary report has already been submitted to the 

sponsors. 

(i) Nautical and physical oceanographic observations off the drilling rig "Chancellors 

Ville" in the Mahanadi Basin 

As requested by Oil India Ltd., Bhubaneshwar, observations on some nautical 

and physical parameters were carried out off the drilling rig "Chancellors Ville" in the 

Mahanadi basin. These included satellite navigation fixes, currents, waves and tidal 

measurement. The Decca Navigator and radar were also operated. A report incorporating 

the findings of the work has been submitted to OIL, Bhubaneshwar. 

(iii) Sorting of zooplanklon samples 

The Regional Centre. Cochin continued the sorting of zooplankton samples for 

the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, 

Australia. About 15,000 ml of samples received from CSIRO were sorted during the 

year. 

(iv) Location of underwater object for NSTL, Visakhapatnam 

At the request of NSTL, Visakhapatnam, the Regional Centre of NIO at 

Waltair carried out a side scan sonar survey to locate some underwater object in 

the waters off Visakhapatnam. 

(v) Miscellaneous services 

A number of services comprising of chemical analysis, geotechnical analysis etc., 

were rendered to various private and public sector organizations and universities. 

87

Some clients of NIO 

1 Alkali and Chemical Corporation of India 

2 Atomic Power Authority ( BARC ), Bombay 

3 Ballarpur Industries Ltd·, Karwar 

4 Bharat Salt and Chemical Industries, Bombay 

5 Bombay Municipal Corporation, Bombay 

6 Bombay Port Trust, Bombay 

7 Central Board for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, New Delhi 

8 Cochin Port Trust, Cochin 

9 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Organization, Sydney, Australia 

10 Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi 

11 Eco-Zst Co. Pvt. Ltd., Tehran, Iran 

12 Electronics Commission of India, New Delhi 

13 Engineers India Ltd., New Delhi 

14 Environmental Engineering Consultants, Bombay 

15 Fiskeridirektoratets Havforsknings Institute, Bergen, Norway 

16 Gomantak Land Development. Panaji 

17 Government of Andhra Pradesh 

18 Government of Goa, Daman and Diu 

19 Government of Gujarat 

20 Government of Kerala 

21 Government of Maharashtra 

22 Government of Tamil Nadu 

23 Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Ltd., Baruch 

24 Gujarat Water Pollution Board, Ahmedabad 

25 Hoescht Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bombay 

26 India Resort Hotels Ltd., Bombay 

27 Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi 

28 Indian Navy 

29 Indo-Norwegian Project, Cochin 

30 International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden 

31 Kudremukh Iron Ore Co. Ltd., Bangalore 

32 Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Mangalore 

33 Mangalore Port Trust, Mangalore 

34 Mormugao Port Trust, Mormugao 

35 Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Bombay 

36 Oil India Ltd., Bhubaneshwar 

37 Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Madras 

38 Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., Bombay 

39 Steel Authority of India Ltd., Visakhapatnam 

40 Travancore Titanium Products Ltd., Trivandrum 

41 United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi 

42 United Shippers and Dredgers Ltd., 

43 Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Govt. of India, Trivandrum 

44 Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Visakhapatnam 

45 World Wild Life Fund, Bombay 

46 Zuari Agro-Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd., Zuari Nagar, Goa 

88

3.10 

International Projects 

3.0.1 Marine pollution monitoring under Integrated Global Ocean Station 

System (IGOSS) 

3.10.2 Culture of mussels, oysters and prawns using treated domestic 

sewage under International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden. 

3.10.1 Marine pollution monitoring under Integrated Global Ocean Station System 

(IGOSS) 

Under the project "Marine Pollution (Petroleum) Monitoring Pilot Project 

(MAPMOPP)" oil slicks and other floating pollutants, particulate petroleum residue 

(tar balls) and dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons were monitored along the oil tanker 

routes in the southern Bay of Bengal, from south of Sri Lanka to the head of the 

Malacca Strait, and in a part of the Andaman Sea deploying R.V. Gaveshani. Oil 

slicks could not be observed during the two crossings along the tanker routes. However, 

freshly formed tar balls, very often in high concentrations were encountered 

during the second crossing (January-February, 1980) at 5°30'N Latitude and 79°00 

to 88°00'E Longitudes. The density of occurrence of the tar balls ranged from 

005 to 69.75 mg/m 2. For the hydrocarbon analysis, water samples were collected 

from three depths and analysed in the shore laboratory employing UV Spectrophotometry 

method developed by NIO. The analysis indicates that their concentration 

ranged from 5.3-42.0 μg/kg at the surface, 2.2-3.4 μg/kg at 10 m; 1.08 μg/kg at 20 m; 

11 and 13.0 μg/kg at 30 m (2 samples) and 7.1 μg/kg at 600 m. 

The project was completed and all the data collected from the Indian Ocean 

region from 1975-1980 were compiled and a report was submitted to IOC as a regional 

coordination activity of NIO. Some of the features of the report are: 

Oil slicks were sighted on 5582 occasions which is 83.5% of the total observations 

numbering 6689. This indicates that the Northern Indian Ocean appears to 

be a fairly notorious area for oil slicks. Concentration of tar balls ranged from 

0-6.0 mg/m 2 

with a mean value of 0.59 mg/m 2 

in the eastern oil tanker routes along 

the Arabian Sea. The same ranged from 0 to 69.25 mg/m 2 

with a mean value of 

1.52 mg/m 2 

. At a first approximation the Arabian Sea oil tanker route will have 

about 3700 tonnes of floating tar balls and the Bay of Bengal oil tanker route 

will have 1100 tonnes of floating tar balls at any one time along the route. 

89

3.10.2 Culture of mussels, oysters and prawns using treated domestic sewage under the 

International Foundation of Science, Stockholm, Sweden 

(a) Phytoplankton culture: Differeat phytoplankton cultures were tested as a food 

material for green mussels and the rate of intake, selectivity and relevant aspects were 

investigated. 

(b) Artemia culture: A survey was conducted on the occurrence of brine 

shrimp, Artemia along the coasts of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat to identify 

Artemia resources. This led to the finding of new Artemia populations in the salt 

pans along the Saurashtra and Kutch coasts of Gujarat. Ailarge deposit of Anemia 

cysts was also located in the Rann of Kutch. 

90

4 

Infrastructure Services 

41 Computer 

4.2 Geotechnical laboratory 

4.3 Library 

4.4 Electroplating 

4.5 Workshop 

4.6 Reprography 

4.7 Prototype 

4.8 Analytical facilities 

Under the infrastructure services, various facilities were made available to the 

Institute's R & D staff. Besides the staff of NIO some private and public sector 

organizations were also benefitted by these service. 

4.1 Computer 

The computer facility available at the Data Centre was made use of by NIO 

scientists, and also by many outside agencies for their commercial and technical 

data processing. Notable outside agencies were Zuari Agro Chemicals Ltd., Cancer 

Research Society Hospital, Goa Engineering College and Mormugao Port Trust. 

For details of the programme and software please see page 67. 

4.2 Geotechnical Laboratory 

This laboratory is equipped with the following facilities besides usual apparatus 

for testing of the soil: 

(i) Triarial test equipment, (ii) Swelling test apparatus, (iii) Consolidometers, 

(iv) Pesoneability and settlement test apparatus and (v) Tore vane shear. 

A large number of soil samples were analysed and services were Tendered to 

many public and private organizations. 

91

machine. 

4.3 Library 

With the acquisition of 853 books, 721 technical reports and 10 additional 

journals during the year, the total number of books, technical reports and journals 

have reached 9210, 3021 and 290 respectively. Out of 290 journals received, 80 were 

received on an exchange basis with NIO publications. 

Besides these additions, the library received a very valuable personal library 

of Prof. E.C. La Fond, as a gift to the Institute. Prof. La Fond is a physical 

oceanographer of great eminence and repute from the United States. He is at present 

the General Secretary, IAPSO, California, U.S.A. The collection includes 100 books, 

800 technical reports and back volumes of important journals, atlases and thousands 

of reprints. The NIO greatly appreciates his kind gesture. Dr. La Fond has been 

associated with India since a long time and he is a great well-wisher of NIO and 

its staff. 

Under the Documentation Services, the New Arrivals (monthly), Aquatitles 

(fortnightly) were continued like the previous year. A new Bibliographic Service was 

initiated this year and the first bibliography on Primary Production in the Oceans 

was compiled and distributed to all concerned. 

Library facilities at the regional centres at Cochin, Bombay and Waltair were 

further strengthened in respect of both books and journals. 

4.4 Electroplating 

Electroplating of various components and gadgets of CTD, CTD winch, echosounder 

unit, tide gauge unit, side scan sonar, current meter, microscope pressorsensor, 

petroleum hydrocarbon sampling device, Marex data buoy and various other 

significant jobs were carried out by this group- 

4.5 Workshop 

The workshop is equipped with a variety of machines to render repair and maintenance 

services. Following are some of the machines available: 

(i) Shaping Machine (BSH-63), Batliboi & Co. Ltd. 

(ii) Lathe Machines: (a) HMT Lathe Machine (H-22), (b) HYT Precision Mini 

Lathe, (c) GEDEE WELLER Precision Lathe (Voltas) and (d) Kirloskar 

Lathe MGD-2. 

(iii) MT Milling Machine FN-2. 

(iv) SME VS Universal 3-dimensional Pantograph engraving and profile milling 

(v) Various drilling, folding and cutting machines. 

During the year the workshop completed more than 400 jobs ranging in 

quality from electronics to automechanical types. 

92

4.6 Reprography 

(i) Photography: Photographic services were rendered to all the R and D 

projects of the Institute both in the laboratory and in the field including on board 

the research vessel Gaveshani. In all about 300 major institutional jobs were attended 

to including photographic assistance in the preparation of several scientific papers 

and technical and sponsored project reports. 

(ii) Drawing: A very large number of jobs such as line drawings, charts, 

scientific and technical diagrams, maps, civil, mechanical, electrical engineering 

drawings were attended to in addition to ammonia copying and photocopying services. 

(iii) Printing and binding: The printing and binding facility was utilized to the 

fullest extent by the various divisions and administrative wing. Most of the 

Institute's printing work except the Annual Report and Mahasagar was undertaken at 

the NIO press. 

(iv) Xeroxing: A very large number of jobs were attended to including the jobs 

from library and individuals. Efforts were made to provide this service at all levels 

of the Institute and more machines are being procured. 

4.7 Prototype laboratory 

The group rendered its services in carrying out the following works: 

(i) Fabrication of different types of sensors and fibre glass box casings for the 

instruments, 

(ii) Fabrication of fibre glass cable drum for the assembly of winches and 

(iii) Fabrication of printed circuits on double sided boards. 

4.8 Analytical facility 

Under this service a large number of samples were analysed for Government 

institutions, universities and research centres. This facility is available in the 

Chemical Oceanography Division and provides help to different types of users. 

93

Λ view of Library 

A view of workshop

5 

Administrative Set-up 

5.1 Cruise Planning and Programme Priorities Committee for R. V. Gaveshani 

1. Director-General. SIR 

CSIR. Rafi Marg, 

New Delhi. 

2. Capt. M. Sethi 

Shipping Corporation of India 

Bombay. 

3. Shri S. N. Batra 

Technical Manager, Shipping Corporation of India 

Bombay- 

4. Shri A. Ananthakrishnan 

Director (Development) 

Ministry of Shipping & Transport 

New Delhi- 

5. Shri V. R. Venkoba Rao 

Geological Survey of India 

Calcutta. 

6. Capl. V. Ravindranath 

Director (OPS), Coast Guard H.Q. 

New Delhi. 

7. Shri R. K. Kutkar 

Assistant Wireless Adviser 

Ministry of Communication 

New Delhi. 

8. Shri P. Satyanarayana 

Naval Hydrographic Office 

Dehra Dun. 

9. Shri K. R. G. K. Murty 

Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory 

Naval Base, Cochin- 

10. Dr. V. L. N. Sastry 

Chief Geophysicist, ONGC, Bombay Offshore Project 

Bombay. 

11. Dr. K. L. Kaila 

Project Coordinator, Deep Seismic Survey Project 

National Geophysical Research Institute 

Hyderabad- 

12. Dr. D. K. Rakshit 

Department of Science & Technology 

New Delhi. 

95

18. Dr. E. G. Silas " 

Cochin. 

4. Dr. P. K. Das " 

13. Dr. V. V. Bhartiya „ 

Principal Scientific Officer 

Department of Science & Technology 

New Delhi. 

14. Shri K. N. Johry „ 

Head. International Scientific Collaboration 

CSlR, Rafi Marg 

New Delhi. 

15. Dr. D. Shankar Narayan ,, 

Additional Secretary 

University Grants Commission 

New Delhi. 

16. Prof. D. Lal, FRS „ 

Director, Physical Research Laboratory 

Ahmedabad. 

17. Dr. S. P. Jagota 

Joint Secretary and Legal Adviser 

Ministry of External Affairs 

New Delhi. 

Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 

19. Dr. A. K. Ganguly 

National Fellow in Environmental Sciences 

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 

Trombay-Bombay. 

20. Commodore I. K. Puri ,, 

Adviser, NIO (Ship matters) 

CSIR, Rafi Marg 

New Delhi- 

21. Dr. S. Z. Qasim Convenor 

Director, National Institute of Oceanography 

Dona Paula, Goa. 

5.2 Research Advisory Council 

1. Prof. D. Lal, FRS Chairman 

Director, Physical Research Laboratory 

Ahmedabad. 

2. Dr.R. Raghu Prasad Member 

Assistant Director-General, ICAR 

New Delhi- 

3. Dr. V. V. Sastri " 

Director, R & D 

Institute of Petroleum Exploration 

Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun. 

Director-General of Meteorology 

India Meteorology Department 

Lodhi Road, New Delhi- 

96

5. Vice-Admiral O.S. Dawson, AVSM, PVSM 

Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief 

Southern Command, Naval Base, Cochin. 

6. Dr. A.K. Ganguly 



Trom bay, Bo mbay. 

7. Dr. D. Srinivasan 

Director. Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory 

Naval Base, Cochin. 

8. Prof. N. B. Nair 

Head of the Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 

University of Kerala, Trivandrum· 

9. Dr. V. K. Iya 

Director. Isotope Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 

Trombay-Bombay 

10. Dr. S. Z. Qasim 


Dona Paula, Goa 

11. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Member-Secretary 

Deputy Director, National Institute of Oceanography 


12. Ex-Officio Members 

(i) Director-General, SIR or his nominee & 

(ii) Chairman. Coordination Council of Physical & Earth Sciences 

Group of Laboratories, CSIR. 

5.3 Executive Committee 

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim 



2. Dr. D. Srinivasan 

Director, Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory 

Naval Base, Cochin. 

3. Prof. N. B. Nair 

Head of the Department of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries 

University of Kerala, Trivandrum. 

4. Dr. A. K. Ganguly 



Trombay, Bombay. 

5. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari 

Deputy Director & 

Head, Physical Oceanography Division 

National Institute of Oceanography 


6. Shri C. V. G. Reddy 

Head, Chemical Oceanography Division 


Dona Paula, Goa- 

97

7. Dr. B. N. Desai " 

Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre of 

NIO Bombay. 

8. Finance & Accounts Officer " 



9. Administrative Officer Member-Secretary 



10. Ex-Officio Members 

(i) Director-General, SIR cr his nominee & 

(ii) Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical & Earth Sciences 

Group of Laboratories, CSIR 

5.4 Finance & Building Committee 

1. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman 

Deputy Director, National Institute of Oceanography 


2. Dr. S. P. Deshpande Member 

Director, Environmental Planning & Design Consultancy Services 

Government of Goa, Daman & Diu 

Panaji, Goa. 

3. Shri H. N. Siddiquie 

Head, Geological Oceanography Division 



4. Shri R. S. Panesar 

Head, Engineering Division, CSIR 

New Delhi- 

5. Dr. B. N. Desai 

Scientist-in-Charge 

Regional Centre of National Institute of Oceanography 

Bombay. 

6. Shri Lakhbir Singh 

Administrative Officer 


Dona Paula, Goa- 

7. Shri A. Rajachandran „ 

Finance & Accounts Officer 


Dona Paula, Goa· 

8. Shri George Philip Convenor 

Civil Engineer, 



98

5.5 R. V. Gaveshani Committee 

1. Dr. T. S. S. Rao 

2. Shri H. N. Siddiquie 

3. Dr. R. Sen Gupta 

4. Dr. A. B. Wagh 

5. Shri A. Rajachandran 

6. Shri S. P. Mittal 

7. Shri R. K. Nair 

5.6 Policy Planning Committee 

1. Director, NIO 

2. Head. Physical Oceanography Division 

3. Head, Chemical Oceanography Division 

4. Head, Geological Oceanography Division 

5. Head, Biological Oceanography Division 

6. Head, Ocean Engineering Division 

7. Head, Instrumentation Division 

8. Head, Planning & Data Division 

9. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Cochin 

10. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Bombay 

11. Scientist-in-Charge, Regional Centre, Waltair 

12. Administrative Officer 

13. Finance & Accounts Officer 

14. Section Officer 

15. Purchase Officer 

16. Stores Officer 

17. Civil Engineer 

18. Resident Medical Officer 

19. Library Incharge 

20. Executive Officer, R. V. Gaveshani 

21. Dr. R. Sen Gupta 

22. Dr. T. S. S. Rao 

5.7 Stores & Equipment Committee 

1. Shri H.N. Siddiquie 

2. Shri J. S. Sastry 

3. Dr. E. D'Sa. 

4. Dr. B. U. Nayak 

5. Shri C. V· G. Reddy 

6. Shri R. M. S. Bhargava 

7. Shri P. M. A. Bhattathiri 

8. Shri R. R. Nair 

9. Shri R. K. Nair 

10. Shri S. P. Mittal 

99 

Chairman 

Member 

Chairman 

Member 

Convenor 

Chairman 

Member 

Convenor

5.8 Grievance Committee 

1. Dr.V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman 

2. Dr. B. U. Nayak Member 

3. Shri Lakhbir Singh 

4. Shri V. Kesava Das 

5. Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Member-Secretary 

5.9 Staff Quarters/Hostel Allotment Committee 

1. Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari Chairman 

2. Dr. T. S. S. Rao Member 

3. Shri. H. N. Siddiquie 

4. Shri. Lakhbir Singh " 

5. Shri A. Rajachandran " 

6. Shri George Philip ,, 

5.10 Budget 

The budget of the Institute for the year 1980-81 is as follows: 

(Rs- in lakhs) 

100

5.11 Scientific and Technical Staff 

The staff (upto a level of JSA/JTA)as on December 31, 1980. 

Director Deputy Director 

Dr. S. Z. Qasim Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari 

A. Divisions at the Headquarters 

1. Physical Oceanography Division 

Head of the Division 

Scientists 

Dr.V. V. R. Varadachari 

Dr. J. S. Sastry 

Shri L.V.G. Rao 

Dr. C. S. Murty 

Dr. D. Panakala Rao 

Shri M. J. Varkey 

Shri P. K. Das 

Shri C. K. Gopinathan 

Shri V. Ramesh Babu 

Shri K. K. Varma (on deputation) 

Senior Scientific Assistants 

Shri V.esava Das 

Shri A. F. Anto 

Shri A. D. Gouveia 

Shri P. V. Sathe 

Shri Y. K. Somayajulu 

Shri D. V. Rama Raju 

Shri Johnson Samuel 

Shri R. J. Krishnamacharyulu 

Junior Scientific Assistants 

Shri V. S. N. Murty 

Shri M. S. Sarma 

Shri G. Venkata Reddy 

Shri A. A. Fernandes 

Junior Technical Assistant 

Shri G. Nampoothiri 

Junior Research Fellow 

Shri P. Vethamony 

2. Chemical Oceanography Division 


Scientists 

Shri C V. G. Reddy 

Dr. R. Sen Gupta 

Shri S. P. Anand 

Shri S. Y. S. Singbal 

Dr. S. Y. Kamat 

Dr. A. Rajendran 

Dr. C. G. Naik 

Shri S. N. De'Souza 

Mrs. Solimabi Wahidullah 


Shri S. P. Fondekar 

Shri M. D. George 

Shri S.W.A. Naqvi 

Shri N. B. Bhosle 

Shri M. D. Rajagopal 

Shri R. S. Topgi 

Miss S. S. Naik 


Mrs. C.D'Silva 

Shri K. Sawkar 

Shri P. K. Mittal 

Shri T. W. Kureishy 

Miss S. M. Sanzgiri 

Mrs. L. D'Souza 

Miss A. Braganca 

Junior Technical Assistants 

101 

Mrs. C. F. Dias 

Mrs. B. Das 

Mrs. T. Joseph

Junior Research Fellows 

Shri M. Dilip Kumar 

Miss F. D'Souza 

3. Geological Oceanography Division 


Shri H. N. Siddiquie 

Scientists 

Dr. M.G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty 

Shri P. S. N. Murty 

Shri R. R. Nair 

Shri Ch. Madhusudan Rao 

Shri D. Gopala Rao (on deputation 

to West Germany) 

Dr. M. Veerayya 

Shri G V. Rajamanickam 

Shri M. Manoharan (on leave) 

Shri R. M. Kidvvai 

Shri B. G. Wagle 

Shri M. V. S. N. Guptha 

Shri N. H. Hashimi 


Shri F. Almeida (on deputation to 

Japan) 

Shri G. C. Bhattacharya 

Shri A. L. Paropkari 

Shri L. V. Subba Raju 

Shri K. H. Vora 

Shri A. R. Gujar 

Shri R. Nigam 

Dr. S. M. Karisiddaiah 

Shri A. Mascarenhas 

Shri M. V. Ramana 

Shri V. Subrahmanyam 

Dr. A. B. Valsangkar 

Junior Scientific Assistant 

Shri V. Purnachandra Rao 

Senior Technical Assistants 

Shri K. L. Kotnala 

Shri M. C Pathak 

Shri E.Dias 

Shri P. Marat he 


Shri S.K. Nanyasi 

Shri H. R. Raghavendra 

Junior Mechanical Assistant 

Shri A. V. Sonavane 

4. Biological Oceanography Division 


Dr. T. S. S. Rao 

Scientists 

Dr. A. H. Parulekar 

Shri V. P. Devassy 

Dr. A. G. Untawale 

Shri S. C. Goswami 

Dr. (Miss) Aditi Pant 

Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Royan 

Dr. D. Chandramohan 

Shri P. M. A. Bhattathiri 

Dr. (Miss) Loka Bharathi 

Shri R. A. Salvakumar 


Shri C.T. Achuthankutty 

Shri S. N. Harkantra 

Dr. M. Madhupratap 

Shri Z. A. Ansari 

Shri S. R. Sreekumaran Nair 


Mrs. L. Krishna Kumari 

Mrs. S. Achuthankutty 

Shri X.N. Verlencar 

Shri T. G. Jagtap 

Senior Technical Assistant 

Shri V. Subramanian 


Shri V.K.Dhargalkar 

Miss Maria R. Menezes 

Research Associates 

102 

Dr. (Mrs) Usha Goswami 

Dr. Joseph Royan 

Dr. A. K. Chatterjee

Senior Research Fellow 

Shri V. V. Agadi 

Junior Research Fellows 

Shri C.L. Rodrigues 

Shri S. Gouthaman 

5. Ocean Engineering Division 


Scientists 

Dr. B. U. Nayak 

Shri N. M. Anand 

Dr. A. K. Jain 

Shri S. G. Diwan 

Shri T. Balasubramanian 

Senior Scientific Assistant 

Shri B. A. Ramesh 


Shri D. Sen Gupta 

6. Instrumentation Division 

Scientist-in- Charge 

Dr. E. Desa 

Scientists 

Shri M. R. Nayak 

Dr. E. S. Desa 

Shri R. G. Prabhu Desai 


Mrs. V. B. Peshwe 

Shri H. Srikantan 

Senior Technical Assistants 

Shri A. Paneerselvam 

Shri Md. Wahidullah 

Shri V. M. Date 

Senior Mechanical Assistant 

Shri S.B. Tengali 


Shri S. Chellam 

Shri O. D'Souza 

Shri A. Joseph 

7. Planning & Data Division 


Shri R. M. S. Bhargava 

Statistical Officer 

Shri S. G. Dalal 

Scientists 

Dr. R. Mahadevan 

Shri J. S. Sarupria 

Shri Avinash Chandra 


Dr. R. K. Sharma 

Shri P. V. S. S. R. Sarma 


Shri S. R. Bhat (on study leave) 

Shri P. G. Patil 

Shri Arvind Ghosh 

Proof Reader 

Shri S. P. Sharma 


Mrs. R. Thomas 

Shri Andrew Menezes 

8. Library 

Jr. Documentation Officer 

Shri M. P. Tapaswi 

Senior Librarian 

Mrs. S. H. Oka 

9. R.V. Gaveshani 

Advisor 

Commodore I. K. Puri 

(Chief Hydrographer, Indian Navy- 

Retd.) 

Executive Officer 

Dr. A. B. Wagh 

B. Regional Centres 

1. Regional Centre, Cochin 


Dr. M. Krishnankutty 

103

Scientists 

Shri V· S. Rama Raju 

Dr. R. V. Unnithan 

Dr. V. N. Sankaranarayanan 

Dr. P. Sivadas 

Shri P. Udaya Varma 

Shri U. K. Gopalan 

Shri P. Gopala Menon 

Shri K. J. Peter 

Shri B. M. Panikkar 

Dr. (Mrs.) M. Saraswathy 

Shri P. N. Aravindakshan 

Dr. George Peter 

Shri V. T. Paulinose 

Shri T. Balachandran 

Mrs. C. B. Lalilhambika Devi 

Shri K. Kameswara Rao 

Shri P. S. Gore 

Shri T. C. Gopalakrishnan 

Dr. (Mrs) V. Santhakumari 

Shri K. K. C. Nair 


Mrs. P. P. Meenakshi Kunjamma 

Mrs. Rosamma Stephen 

Shri P. Haridas 

Mrs. U. P. Saramma 

Junior Scientific Assistant 

Shri T. Balasubramanian 

Senior Technical Assistant 

Shri P. Venugopal 


Shri Abraham Pylee 

Shri B. Narayanan 

Mrs. K. Sarala Devi 

Shri O. Raveendran 

2. Regional Centre, Bombay 


Dr. B. N. Desai 

Scientists 

Dr. M. D. Zingde 

Shri S. A. H. Abidi 

Shri G. Narayana Swamy 

Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair 

Dr. K. Govindan 


Shri M. M. Sabnis 

Shri R. V. N. Sarma 

Shri S. N. Gajbhiye 


Shri A. Suryanarayana 

Shri C. V. Vijayakumar 

Shri A.Lalitananda Prasad 


Shri P. V. Narvekar 

Shri S. A. Marathe 

Shri S. K. Bhakta 


Shri P. K. Varshney 

3. Regional Centre, Waltair 


Scientist 

Shri T. C. S. Rao 

Shri K. S. R. Murthy 


Shri P. Chandra Mohan 

Shri K. Subrahmanyam 

Shri M.M. Malleswara Rao 

Dr. V. V. Sarma 


Shri T. V. Narasimha Rao 

Shri B. Prabhakara Rao 

Shri P. Vijayakumar Rathod 

Shri K. Mohan Rao 


Shri S. Kannan 

Shri M.K.Prema Kumar 

Senior Research Fellow 

Dr. T. Bose Babu 


Shri G. R. K. Raju 

104

6 

Visitors 

Visit of the Vice-President of CSIR 

The Vice-President of CSIR. Prof. S. Nurul Hasan visited the Institute from 

May 14-16. 1980. This was Prof. Hasan's first visit to ΝIO after taking over as 

the Vice-President of CSIR. He was taken to different laboratories by the Director 

and was shown and explained the research activities of the various divisions. He 

showed a keen interest in the research work in all fields of Oceanography and held 

meetings with the scientists for discussing their problems. He also visited the research 

vessel Gaveshani where he saw the diffrent laboratories, the research equipment and 

the living and working facilities on board. 

During his brief stay at the Institute, he inaugurated, the seminar on "Protection 

and control of coastal erosion in India" organised by the Institute from 16 to l7 May 

1980. In his inaugural address he emphasized the importance of protecting the vast 

coastline of India as many industrial complexes and population centres are located 

along the coast. He commended the work done and steps taken by NIO in this respect. 

Prof. Nurul Hasan in the Computer Centre. 

105

Visit of Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu 

Honourable Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & Diu, Shri Pratapsingh Rane visted 

the Institute thrice during the year. He visited the Institute for the first time 

after taking over as the Chief Minister on 3rd March, 1980 alongwith the Speaker of 

Goa Assembly Shri F. Machado and the Agriculture Minister Shri J. Aguiar. Director, 

NIO took them around the Institute explaining the various research and development 

activities. The Chief Minister and his colleagues appreciated the work done by NIO 

for the Union Territory of Goa in various fields of resources survey, pollution control, 

pipeline surveys, coastal development and sea farming. They also visited the research 

vessel Gaveshani of the Institute. 

For the second time the Chief Minister visited the Institute on 16th May, 1980 

when he was invited to be the Chief Guest at the inauguration of the seminar on 

"Protection and control of coastal erosion in India." 

The Honourable Chief Minister once again visited to inaugurate the National 

workshop on "Energy from the Sea"' on 15th December, 1980. 

A number of other VIPs, dignitaries, scientists and professors visited the Institute 

and its Regional Centres during the year under report. Some of them are: 

Prof. D. J. Crisp, Marine Science Laboratory, Anglesey, U.K. 

Dr. Sethu Raman, Atmospheric Science Division, Department of Energy & 

Environment, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA- 

Dr. Noel Pierre Yues, University of Paris, France. 

Shri S. P. Srivastava, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Canada 

Prof. O. Siddiqi, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay. 

Dr. J. Szilard, Loughborough University of Technology, U. K. 

Dr. K.G.Vohra, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay. 

Prof. P. Bruun, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway. 

Prof. O. G. Houmb, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway 

Dr. Morterza Amini, Head, Engineering Geology Division, G.M.S.I., Tehran, Iran- 

Prof. M. L. Sahare, Chairman, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi- 

Prof. E. C. Lafond, Secretary Genera] of the International Association for Physical 

Sciences of the Ocean, USA. 

Dr. S. M. Haq, Assistant Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commsi- 

sion, UNESCO, Paris. 

Prof. A. Ovchinnikov, Vice President, USSR Academy of Sciences, leading a 

Russian delegation consisting of Prof. S. E. Severin, Dr. E. V. Grislin and Dr. T. V. 

Marchanko. 

Dr. W.D. Forrester, Canadian Hydrographic Service, Canada. 

Dr. P. K. Bhattacharya, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. 

Dr. Maurice Cross, Fort Bovisand Underwater Centre. U. Κ. 

106

Dr. R.S. Mehta. Chairman, Gujarat Water Pollution Control Board, Ahmedabad. 

Dr. Enrico Cantore, Director, World Institute for Scientific Humanism. New 

York, USA. 

Dr. B. V. Srikantan, Director. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bombay. 

Dr. A. K. Mukharjee, Deputy Director-General. Meteorology (Forecasting) India 

Meteorological Department. Poona. 

Mr. P.G. Dikson, Director MAREX, England, UK. 

Mr. Martin Springett, Senior Project Engineer, Marine Exploration Ltd., 

England, UK. 

Dr. Bryan Johns, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK. 

Mr. Mohd. Yusuf Abdul Rahim, Chief, Anti-pollution Department, Government 

of Kuwait, Kuwait 

Mr. Makan Berggren. Counsillor. Swedish Embassy, New Delhi. 

Regional Centre, Cochin 

Dr. A. M. Jayasekara, Asst. Director, Inland Fishery Division, Ministry of 

Fisheries, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 

Dr. P. K. Rohatgi, Director, Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum. 

Dr. Klaus Deninger, Naval Architect, Horshalm. Denmark 

Dr. Vagn Hansen, DFH, Denmark 

Regional Centre, Bombay 

Dr. S.M.Haq, Asst. Secretary, IOC, UNESCO, Paris. 

Admiral J. Cursetji, PVSM, Retired Chief of Naval Staff, Indian Navy. 

Mr. D. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, Belfours Consulting Engineers, Ltd., UK. 

Dr. Roger Perry, Public Health Engineer, Imperial College. London. 

Prof. D. J. Crisp, Marine Science Laboratory, Anglesey, UK. 

Regional Centre, Waltair 

Prof. S. Nurul Hasan, Vice-President, CSIR. 

Shri M. R. Appa Rao, Vice-Chancellor, Andhra University, Waltair. 

Shri S. Alwardas, MLA, Member of State for Municipal Administrator and 

Urban Development, Andhra Pradesh. 

Dr. S. Balakrishna, Acting Director, National Geophysical Research Institute, 

Hyderabad. 

107

7 

Colloquia 

Speaker Subject Date 

1 Dr. S. Sethu Raman 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

New York 

2 Prof. D. J. Crisp, F.R.S. 

University of Wales, U.K. 

3 Dr. Noel Pierre Yues 

Paris University, Paris 

4 Shri S. P. Srivastava 

Bedford Institute of Oceanography 

Dartmouth, Canada 

5 Prof. O. Siddiqi 

Tata Institute of Fundamental 

Research. Bombay 

6 Dr. J. Szilard 

Loughborough University 

of Technology, U. K. 

7 Dr. K. G. Vohra 


Bombay 

8 Dr. Sharad Vaidya 

Goa Cancer Society 

Goa 

9 Dr. Allan W. H. Be 

Columbia University 

New York, USA 

10 Prof. V. K. Gaur, 

University of Roorkee 

Roorkee 

108 

Coastal studies at 21-2-80 

Brookhaven National 

Laboratory 

Extending conservation 21-2-80 

seawards 

Biology of prawns 22-2-80 

Continental margin of 7-3-80 

eastern Canada-structure 

and development 

Genetics of chemo-sensory 10-3-80 

mechanism 

Ultrasonic lenses 15-3-80 

Primeval hydrosphere 25-3-80 

and evaluation of life, 

atmosphere and ozone layer 

Human resource development 

for fight against cancer 2-4-80 

Planktonic foraminifera 8-9-80 

—its biology, ecology 

and paleoclimatology 

Multi-dimensional inter- 19-9-80 

pretation of geodata

11 Dr. Eugene C. Lafond 

International Association 

for the Physical Sciences 

of the Ocean, USA 

12 Dr. W. D. Forrester 

Canadian Hydrographic Service 

Canada 

13 Dr. P. K. Bhattacharya 

Indian Institute of Science 

Bangalore 

14 Dr. Maurice Cross 

Fort Bovis and Underwater 

Centre, U. K. 

15 Dr. R. S. Mehta 

Gujarat Water Pollution Board 

Gujarat 

16 Dr. Enrico Cantore 

World Institute for 

Scientific Humanism. 

New York. USA 

109 

Studies from an oceano- 27-10-80 

graphic tower 

Validity of the geostrophic 18-11-80 

approximation in coastal 

waters 

Directions of research in 18-11-80 

the eighties in marine 

microbiology and microbial 

chemistry 

Underwater photography 

and diving 24-11-80 

Industrial development with 

special reference to Gujarat 10-12-80 

environmental impact on 

industrialization 

(i) Science. Technology and 23-12-80 

Society - Religious and 

Ethical Problems 

(ii) Science and Man 27-12-80

8 

Awards, honours and membership of 

various committees 

Dr. S. Z. Qasim acted as 

— Chairman, Working Committee for the Training, Education and Mutual 

Assistance (TEMA) in the Marine Sciences of International Oceanographic 

Commission, UNESCO. 

— National Coordinator for the project 'Development of Inland Fisheries under 

the Rural Technology Programme' of the Commonwealth Science Council, 

Commonwealth Secretariat, London. 

— Member, Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO. 

— Member, National Commission on Environmental Planning and Coordination 

of Department of Environment. 

— Adviser, Marine Ecology Progress Series of the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland-Hamburg. 

— Member, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Society. 

— Member, Governing Body of CSIR. 

— Chairman, Coordination Council of Physical and Earth Sciences Group consisting 

of 5 laboratories of CSIR. 

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari was elected as Fellow of the Indian National Science 

Academy (F.N.A) and continued to serve as 

— Member-Secretary of the Indian National Committee for SCOR (Scientific 

Committee on Ocean Research) 

— Member, Board for Ocean Engineering Centre. I.I.T. Madras. 

— Member, Board of Studies in Physical Oceanography, University of Cochin, 

Cochin. 

— Member, Marine Sciences Advisory Committee for Centre for Earth Science 

Studies. Trivandrum. 

Shri H. N. Siddiquie continued to serve as 

— Member of Board of Studies in Marine Sciences, University of Cochin, Cochin. 

— Member, Council of Association of Exploration Geophysicists of India. 

— National Correspondent for the Commission on Marine Geology. International 

Union of Geological Sciences- 


— has been nominated as the member of the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee 

for IGOSS. 

— acted as Member of the Indian Ocean Panel, SCOR Working Group 47. 

— acted as Member of the ISI - Thermometers Sub-Committee, CDC-33.2. 

Dr. B. U. Nayak was enrolled as a member of the Indian Geotechnical Society of 

India. 

110

Dr. B. A..Desai was recognised as a guide for M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Applied 

Biology by the University of Bombay and continued to serve as 

— Member, Science and Technology Advisory Committee. Government of 

Maharashtra. 

— Member, Advisory Committee. Maharashtra Prevention ot" Water Pollution 

Board . 

— Member, Committee on Marine Disposals. Indian Standards Institution. 

— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Biology, University of Jodhpur, 

Jodhpur. 

— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Sciences, University of Bombay, 

Bombay. 

— Member, Study Group for Fisheries in the Bombay Metropolitan Region. 

Dr. R. Sen Gupta has been 

— recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Chemistry by Poona University. 

— nominated as a Member of the Advisory Committee on Dispersion of Substances 

in the Oceans of International Association for the Physical Sciences of 

the Oceans. 

Dr. M. Krishnankutty acted as Member, Board of Examiners, University of Cochin, Cochin. 

Shri T. C. S. Rao served as 

— Member, Association Exploration Geophysicists. 

— Member, Acoustical Society of India 

Shri R. M. S. Bhargava 

— acted as Indian National Coordinator for International Oceanographic Data 

Exchange (IODE) of IOC. 

— was selected as Member of Group of Experts on Format Development of 

International Oceanographic Data Exchange of IOC. 

Shri L. V. G. Rao acted as Alternate Member of the ISI-Thermometers Sub-Committee, 

CDC-33.2. 

Dr. R. V. Unnithan acted as 

— Member. Senate of the University of Cochin. 

— Member. Sasthra Sahitya Patishad, Ernakulam. 

Dr. A. H. Parulekar acted as 

— Member, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth & ICAR Committee on Education, Research 

and Development in Fisheries. 

— Member, Board of Examiners (Fisheries Biology),. Central Institute of Fisheries 

Education (ICAR), Bombay. 

— Member, Board of Examiners (Marine Biology), Karnataka University, 

Dharvar. 

— Member, Regional Advisory Committee on Exploratory Fishery Project (Goa 

base), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 

— Expert Member, Marine Fisheries Committee (Legislative) for drafting the Goa 

Fisheries Bill, Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. 

Dr. A.G. Untawale acted as 

— Member, Board of Studies in Botany, Nagpur University, Nagpur. 

111

— Member, Biosphere, Forest and Wild-life Theme Committee, Government of 

Gujarat. 

— Member, National Mangrove Committee of DST, Government of India, New 

Delhi. 

Shri S. A. H. Abidi was awarded Certificate of Merit (Tampatra) by Nav Par Nal 

(A Hindi Academy). Port Blair and acted as 

— Member, Committee of MPEDA for International Fair to be held in 1981 at 

Madras. 

— Member, Regional Committee No. ΠΙ—Humid Eastern Zone Himalayan region 

and Bay of Bengal Islands of the ICAR 1980. 

— Member, State Level Environment Committee of Andaman & Nicobar Island. 

Shri V. K. Gopalan continued to act as 

— Member, Board of Studies in Environmental Studies. University of Cochin 

and Member, Consultative Committee for the establishment of a School of 

Biological Sciences of the same University. 

— Member, Executive Council, Marine Biological Association of India. 

— Member, Kerala Sasthra Sahitya Parishad. 

— Member, Cochin Chapter of the Friends of Trees. 

— Secretary, Cochin Science Association. 

Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair has been recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Applied 

Biology by the University of Bombay, Bombay. 

Dr. K. Govindan has been recognised as a guide for Ph.D. in Applied Biology by the 

University of Bombay, Bombay 

Shri M. V. S. N. Guptha has served as a Member. International Nannoplankton 

Association, the Netherlands for the year 1980. 

Shri G. C. Bhattacharya has been elected as Member, Association of Exploration 

Geophysicists of India. 

Shri S. M. Karisiddaiah 

— was awarded Ph.D. degree by the Karnataka University, Dharwar for his 

thesis "Geology of the area around Bellary, Karnataka, India" 

— has been elected as a Fellow of Geological Society of India 

Shri X. N. Verlencar was awarded a cash prize for his popular article in the "Water 

Chemicals Forum" by Glaxo Laboratories (India) Ltd., Bombay. 

Shri P. V. Narvekar was awarded M.Sc. degree in Inorganic Chemistry by the 

University of Bombay for his thesis entitled "Study of boron in marine 

environment with special reference to boron-chlorinity ratio". 

Miss K. Radha Krishna was awarded M. A. degree in Philosophy by Andhra 

University. 

Shri Jiyalal Ram was awarded B.Sc. degree in Botany by University of Bombay, 

Bombay. 

112

9 

Deputations 

Dr. S. Z. Qasim was deputed to 

— Argentina to chair the Third Session of the Working Committee for the Training, 

Education and Mutual Assistance in the Marine Sciences of IOC/UNE- 

SCO at Buenos Aires. 

— Sri Lanka to participate in the Planning Meeting of the project "Development 

of Inland Fisheries" under the Rural Technology Programme of the 

Commonwealth Science, London at Colombo. 

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari on being nominated by INSA as India's delegate, was 

deputed to attend an International Conference on "Oceanography from 

Space" organised by SCOR/COSPAR/IUCRAM at Venice, Italy from 26-30 

May, 1980. 

Dr. T. S. S. Rao was deputed to West Germany from September 20 to October 8, 

to participate in the 15th European Marine Biology Symposium at Kiel. 

Sliri C. V. G. Reddy was deputed to USA under the 'CSIR-NSF Exchange of 

Scientists' programme from 13th October to 22nd November to study the 

latest developments in the field of chemistry of marine natural products. 

Shri R. M. S. Bhargava was deputed to 

— USA to participate in (i) the First Meeting of Group Experts on Format 

Development and (ii) Intersessional Consultations on International Oceanographic 

Data Exchange (IODE) held at Washington DC from September 8 to 17 

1980. 

— attend a workshop in INFOTERRA organised by the Department of Science 

& Technology and UNEP at New Delhi from July 14-24, 1980. 

Dr. A. G. Untawale was deputed to Malaysia to attend the International Symposium 

on 'Mangroves Environmental Research' organized by UNESCO at University 

of Malaysia Kaula-Lampur from 24 to 30 August, 1980 and presented a 

paper "Present status of the Mangroves along the west coast of India". 

Dr. J. S. Sasitry was deputed to UK to participate in the Indian Ocean Panel 

meeting of SCOR Workshop Group 47 at the Institute of Oceanographic 

Sciences, UK during 25 to 26 June, 1980. 

Dr. C. S. Murty was deputed to Triesty, Italy for three months (September to 

November, 1980) to participate in a course on "Physics of flow in the oceans, 

atmosphere and deserts" at Centre of Theoretical Physics, Triesty. 

Shri A.Rajachandran and Shri S.G. Dalal were deputed to attend the workshop on 

'Financial Management" organized by CSIR at New Delhi from July 3 to 6, 1980. 

Dr. A.K. Jain, Shri S.G. Diwan. Shri P. Chandramohan, Shri T. Balasubramanian, 

Shri M. J. Varkey and Shri G. Narayanaswamy were deputed to Norway for a 

113

period of six months (January to June 1980) under NORAD Assistance 

Programme to attend a specially designed six months course in Applied 

Oceanography and Ocean Engineering at Norwegian Institute of Technology, 

Trondheim, Norway. 

Shri S. P. Fondekar was deputed to UK for six months (January to June 1980) to 

attend Diploma course in Marine Pollution Chemistry at the Department of 

Oceanography, University of Liverpool. 

Dr. R. K. Sharma was deputed to Japan 

— to attend "International Training Course in Data Dissemination" organised 

by UNESCO/CODATA/Japan CODATA at University of Library & Information 

Science, Tsukuba, Japan from 1 to 4 October, 1980. 

— to participate in the 7th International CODATA Conference at KYOTO 

organized by ICSU/CODATA/Japan CODATA/UNESCO from 7 to 11 October, 

1980. 

Shri K. H. Vora and Shri E.Dias were deputed to Norway for training under the 

NORAD Assistance Programme for training in marine geology and geological/ 

geophysical instruments respectively. 

Shri Y. K. Somayajulu and Shri B. Prabhakar Rao were deputed to attend an "Intensive 

Course on Sound Transmission in Coastal Seas" conducted at the Indian 

Institute of Science, Bangalore in June 1980. 

114

10 

Meetings, exhibitions, seminars, symposia and 

special lectures 

Dr. S. Z. Qusim 

— delivered a key-note address to the participants of the Small Harbour Engineering 

Course on January 12, 1980 at IIT, Bombay. 

— participated in the planning meeting of the project "Development of Inland 

Fisheries under the Rural Technology Programme" of the Commonwealth 

Science Council held in Colombo (Sri Lanka) from 3 to 5 June, 1980 and presented 

the country report from India which dealt with the state of art of 

Inland Fisheries and the prospects for the development of inland fishery resources 

of the country. 

— participated and chaired a session in the International Symposium on Management 

of Environment at BARC, Bombay. 

Shri H. N. Siddiquie delivered lectures on "Status of Marine Mineral Exploration in 

India" and "Exploration for Offshore Mineral Deposits" at Ocean Engineering 

Centre of ΙIT, Madras in June, 1980. 

Shri H. N. Siddiquie, Shri G. C. Bhattacharya, Dr. S. M. Karisiddaiah, Shri M. V 

Ramana and Shri V. Subrahmanyam participated and presented papers in 

the Sixth Annual Convention of the Association of Exploration Geophysicists 

of India held at Bangalore from 23 to 25 October, 1980. 

Dr. B. U. Nayak delivered 

— five lectures during the ISTE Winter School on "Design and Construction 

of Offshore Structures" at Engineering College, Farmagudi, Goa. 

— three lectures for the Small Harbour Engineering Course conducted at IIT, 

Bombay from January 2 to 12, 1980. 

Dr.B. N. Desai participated, in the 

— International Symposium on Management of Environment at BARC, 

Bombay. 

— Workshop on Reservoir Fisheries for Rural Development at Central Institute 

of Fisherise Education, ICAR, Bombay. 

— Symposium on Coastal Intakes and Outfalls organized at Engineers India Ltd., 

New Delhi. 

— delivered lectures at the University of Jodhpur for postgraduate students in 

Environmental Biology. 

Dr. B. N. Desai, Dr. M. D. Zingde, Shri S. A. H. Abidi, Shri G. Narayana Swamy 

Dr. (Mrs) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, Shri S. N. Gajbhiye and Shri P. K. Varshney 

participated in a Television Programme on the "Pollution of Coastal Waters 

of Bombay"· 

115

Dr. R. Sen Gupta participated and delivered talks 

— at the 3rd Workshop on Marine Pollution Monitoring, New Delhi from 11 to 

15 February, 1980 organised by IGOSS of IOC as a member of Indian 

delegation. 

— at the National Seminar on Environmental Education, Bangalore from 13 to 

17 June, 1980 organised by Indian Environmental Society. 

— at the Seminar on Environmental Pollution in Madras Metropolitan Area, 

Madras from 24 to 25 November, 1980 organised by Max Muller Bhawan, 

Madras, as an invited speaker. 

— at the National Convention of Chemists, Bombay from 9 to 14 December. 1980 

organised by Association of Chemists, India as an invited speaker. 

Dr. M. G. Anantha Padmanabha Setty 

— delivered lecture at Rotary Club, Panaji on the topic "Ocean Wealth" in 

October, 1980. 

— delivered lectures on Marine Micropaleontology at the Department of Marine 

Geology, Cochin University from 27July to 6 August, 1980. 

— attended and presented a paper in Symposium on "Three Decades of Developments 

in Paleontology and Stratigraphy in India' at Hyderabad from 10 to 

12 December, 1980. 

— attended Third Indian Geological Congress held at Poona from 24 to 31 

December, 1980. 

Shri T. C. S. Rao presented a paper entitled "Gravity Low in Bay of Bengal" at 

Sixth Annual Convention of the Association of Exploration Geophysicists 

and Seminar on Exploration Geophysics organized by Centre of Exploration 

Geophysics at Osmania University, Hyderabad. 

Shri R. R. Nair delivered a series of lectures in September, 1980 at the Centre of 

Earth Science Studies, Trivandrum. 

Shri S. P. Anand participated in the "All India Symposium and Exhibition on Solar 

Energy" held at Osmania University, Hyderabad from 22 to 23 March, 1980. 

shri L. V. Gangadhara Rao attended the Seminar on Bhaskara held on 27 June, 1980 

at ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore. 

Shri U. K. Gopalan delivered a series of lectures on diverse aspects of Marine Environment 

at various colleges in Kerala. 

Dr. R. V. Unnithan 

— delivered lecture on ''Cochin University—Today End Tomorrow"at Cochin. 

— participated in the seminar on "Training for Rural Development in Kerala" held 

at the University of Cochin, Cochin. 

Dr. A. H. Parulekar presented two background/experience papers in "Workshop on 

Mussel Farming" held at Madras from 25 to 27 September, 1980 under the 

UNEP/ICAR Centre of Advanced Studies in Mariculture. 

Dr. (Mrs.) Sumitra Royan and Mrs. L. Krishna Kumari presented a paper on "Food 

conversion efficiency in the shrimp, M. monoceros fed on decomposed mangrove 

leaves" at International Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at 

Cochin from 12-18 January, 1980. 

116

Dr. A. G. Untawale and Mrs. Sayeeda Wafar attended the International Wetlands 

Conference at New Delhi from 10 to 17 September, 1980 and Dr. Untawale 

presented a paper on 'Application of remote sensing technique in the studies 

of distribution of mangroves in Goa'. 

Dr. J. P. Royan presented a paper on "Importance of Artemia salina as food in shrimp 

culture' at the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at Cochin during 

12 and 18 January, 1980. 

— delivered a special lecture on 'Culture of Artemia salina in India' on 29 July 

1980 at the Summer Institute on Brackish water capture and culture fisheries, 

held at the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR), Barrackpore, 

West Bengal. 

Dr. (Mrs.) Usha Goswami and Shri S. C. Goswami presented a paper "Formulation of 

cheap prawn diets and their biological evaluation on some penaeid prawns' 

at the Symposium on Coastal Aquaculture held at Cochin from 12 to 18 

January. 1980. 

Dr. M. D. Zingde attended Third IOC/WMO Workshop on Marine Pollution Monitoring 

at New Delhi from 13-15 February, 1980. 

Shri N. M. Anand delivered a lecture during the ISTE Winter School on 'Design and 

construction of offshore structures' held at Engineering College, Farmagudi, Goa. 

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijayalakshmi R. Nair delivered a series of invited lectures on "Plankton 

and Productivity" at Central Institute of Fisheries Education, ICAR, Bombay. 

Shri B. G. Wagle attended a seminar organised by the Ministry of Home Affairs, 

Government of India on Security measures for restricted maps and aerial 

photographs from 6 to 7 October, 1980 held at New Delhi. 

Shri S. N. Harkantra participated and presented two papers in 'International Symposium 

on "Coastal Aquaculture' held at Cochin from 12 to 18 January, 1980. 

Shri Rajiv Nigam participated and presented a paper at the Eighth Indian Colloquia on 

Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy held at Baroda from 14 to 16 February, 1980. 

Mrs. V. B. Peshwe participated in the Fluke Calibration Seminar organised by M/s, 

Hinditron Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore at the Indian Institute of Science- 

Bangalore from October 29 to 30, 1980. 

Shri C. L. Rodrigues participated and presented a paper in the "First All India Symposium 

on Invertebrate Reproduction' held from 28 to 30 July, 1980 at Madras. 

Shri V. K. Dhargalkar and Shri V. V. Agadi attended National Workshop on Algal 

Systems at Madras on 3rd and 4th October, 1980. Shri V. K. Dhargalkar 

presented a paper entitled "Some observations on the effect of seaweed liquid 

fertilizer on the higher plants'. 

Dr. T. Bose Babu, Shri G. R. K. Raju and Dr. V. V. Sarma presented a paper entitled 

"Studies on the distribution of pollutants in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam"' 

in the seminar organised by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay. 

117

International Seminar on India and East African, Littoral, Hinterland and Island States: 

Areas of Cooperation 

This Seminar co-sponsored by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, the 

Centre of East African Studies of Bombay University and the National Institute of 

Oceanography was held at NIO. Dona Paula. Goa from January 16-18, 1980. 

Prof. Ram Joshi. President. Seminar Committee and Vice-Chancellor. Bombay 

University, welcomed the participants and guests. Mr. M. A. Vellodi. IFS. Adviser to 

the Department of Atomic Energy, inaugurated the Seminar and Dr. S. Z. Qasim- 

Director. ΝIΟ. Vice-Chairman. Organizing Committee proposed a vote of thanks. 

Shrimati Shanti Sadiq Ali. Member. Governing Body, I.C.A.R. New Delhi and 

Chairman. Organizing Committee highlighted the theme of the Seminar. 

About 50 scientists and educationists from India and African countries participated 

in this Seminar. 

More than 20 papers pertaining to the theme of the Seminar were presented 

which were followed by very lively and indepth discussions. Finally the committee 

made the following recommendations: 

1. To reinforce cooperative efforts to make the Indian Ocean a of peace and 

more in the direction of the principle of collective self-reliance. 

2. To explore the possibility to form an Indian Ocean Economic Community 

supplemented by a multi-lateral organisation to look after the economic and technical 

efforts in the region. 

118

3. To organize proper training courses and to provide mutually negotiable 

educational, cultural and technological assistance including the meteorological aspects 

to the countries in the region- 

All India Seminar on Protection and Control of Coastal Erosion in India 

This Seminar was organised by NIO at the Institute premises at Dona Paula 

on May 16 and 17. 1980. The Seminar was inaugurated by Pro. S. Nurul Hasan, 

Vice-President of CSIR. More than 60 senior scientists and engineers from organizations 

like Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune; Engineering Research 

Institutes of Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat; Port Trusts and Public 

Works Departments of various States, India Tourism Department Corporation, New 

Delhi, academic institutions like IIT and Karnataka Regional Engineering College, 

Suratkal participated in this seminar. Two distinguished scientists Prof. P. Bruun and 

Prof. O. G. Houmb of the Norwegian Institute of Technology also participated in the 

Seminar. The Chief Minister of Goa. Daman and Diu. Shri Pratap Singh Rane was 

the Chief Guest, who released the manual on "Protection and control of coastal 

erosion in India' prepared by Prof. P. Bruun and Dr. B. U. Nayak. 

In the seminar, deliberations were held under four technical sessions, viz. (i) 

causes of coastal erosion, (ii) procedures for field and laboratory studies, (iii) remedial 

measures and (iv) coastal protection and management. In the concluding session, 

the seminar emphasized the need for further research and recommended concentrated 

efforts for developing the following: 

1. Conservative methods for the protection of beaches and dunes and their 

restoration by placement of sand from inland offshore sources and growing dune 

vegetation- 

2. Various remedial measures for eliminating erosion caused due to man-made 

coastal developments such as harbours, coastal protection structures, fishery jetties, etc. 

119

3. Various low-cost equipment for handling artificial beach nourishment and 

sand by-passing projects. 

4. A national policy for coastal zone management taking into consideration the 

multiple use of the shoreline. 

5. Comprehensive rules and guidelines in regard to direct removal of sand 

from beaches and dunes for commercial purposes. 

6. A multi-disciplinary approach for solving country's shoreline erosion pro- 

blems and a leading role of NIO in this context. 

National Workshop on Energy from the Sea 

A national workshop on "Energy from the Sea", the first of its kind organised 

in India was held at the National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, 

Goa on 15 and 16 December, 1980. The main objective of the workshop was to 

review the state of art on the subject and to identify R & D areas on 'Energy from 

the Sea' to be carried out by a team in India. 

The two day workshop sponsored jointly by NIO and Spencer's India Ltd., 

Bangalore was inaugurated by the Honourable Chief Minister of Goa, Daman & 

Diu - Shri Pratap Singh Rane on 15th December, 1980. 

About 75 delegates consisting of engineers, scientists and planners from various 

leading research and academic institutions of the country and the State Electricity 

Boards participated in the workshop in which 37 papers were presented and discussed. 

The deliberations of the workshop were grouped in five technical sessions dealing 

with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). Wave Energy, Tidal Energy. Energy 

from Salinity Gradient (ESG) and Marine Biomass Conversion (MBC). 

Some of the recommendations of the workshop were: 

1. India has a high potential for 'OTEC' plants. 

2. Lakshadweep is geographically well suited for a mini-OTEC plant. 

3. A coordinated multi-disciplinary research programme should be developed 

for an experimental OTEC plant of one megawatt. 

4. The wave activated generator developed by the Madras Port Trust should 

be widely used for lighting navigation buoys. 

5. Studies in the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Cambay and Sunderbans for the 

development of Tidal Power Plants should be intensified. 

6. Collection of wave data for extracting energy from waves should be carried 

out intensively. 

7· Development of a national time-bound programme for OTEC and tidal 

power development is necessary. 

8. The R and D work for extracting energy from salinity gradients and marine 

biomass conversion should also be undertaken. 

120

Honurable Shri Pratapsingh 

Rane, Chief Minister. Goa, 

Daman & Diu inagurating 

the National Workshop on 

Energy from the Sea. 

Prof. Nurul Hasan on board Gaveshani

Dr. A. B. Wagh 

11 

Radio Talks 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Speaker 

Dr.S. Z. Qasim 


Dr. B. U. Nayak 

Shri T. C. S. Rao 

" 

Dr. E. Desa 

Dr. A. H. Parulekar 

Shri S. A. H. Abidi 

Shri S. N. De Souza 

Shri S. G. Dalal 

" 

Dr. M. Madhupratap 

Shri K. Sawkar 

122 

Subject 

• • Science and International 

Cooperation 

• • Monsoon Experiment 1979 

• • Coastal protection and control 

• • Blue Revolution 

• • Aquaculture (in Marathi) 

• • Fishing—Mechanical or 

treditional (in Marathi) 

• • Energy from the sun 

• • Importance of prawns in the 

development of Fisheries in Goa 

• • Sagar Manthini Gaveshani 

• • Pollution of the sea (in Konkani) 

• • Computer and Society 

• • What is Computer? (in Marathi) 

• • Energy from the sea 

• • Synthetic fibres

12 

Publications 

12.1 Scientific Papers 

Abidi, S.H. and S.B. Singh, 1980. Fishery of the Nyumba Ya Mungu Dam—A man 

made lake in Tanzania. Jour. Indian Fish. Ass., 6:72.80. 

Achuthankutty, C. T. and S.R. Sreekumaran Nair, 1980. Mangrove swamps as fry 

source for shrimp culture-—A case study. Mahasagar Bull· natn. lust. Oceanogr., 

13: 269-276. 

Achuthankutly, C T., M- Madhupratap, V.R. Nair, S.R.S. Nair and T.S.S. Rao, 

1980. Zooplankton biomass and composition in the western Bay of Bengal 

during late SW monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci, 9: 201-206. 

Almeida, F. and G.C. Bhattacharya, 1980. Ripples on the seabed in the Bombay 

harbour area. Indian J. mar. Sci.,9: 212-214. 

Anand, S.P. 1980. A solar dryer for marine-cum-farm products. Mahasagar—Bull· 

natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 383-384. 

Ansari, Z.A., A.H. Parulekar and T.G. Jagtap. 1980. Distribution of sublittoral 

meiobenthos off Goa coast, India. Hydrobiologia, 74: 209-214. 

Anto, A.F. and L. Hasse, 1980. Methods for the determination of the fluxes of 

momentum and heat in the surface layer over the Sea. Mausam, 31: 1-8. 

Anto, A.F.L. Hasse and C.S. Murty, 1980. Stability parameters and their interrelationships 

at the Naviface.Mahasagar—Bull.natn.Inst. Oceanogr., 13:295-302. 

Bhattathiri, P.M.A., V.P. Devassy and K. Radhakrishna, 1980. Primary production 

in the Bay of Bengal during south-west monsoon of 1978. Mahasagar—Bullnatn. 

Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 315-323. 

Braganca, A.and S. Sanzgiry, 1980. Concentration of few trace metals in some coastal 

and offshore regions of Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 283-286. 

Dalal, S.G., 1980. Relationship between benthic foraminifera and sediment in the 

estuarine complex of Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 77-79. 

De Sa, S.E. and E. De Sa, 1980. A closed-loop electromagnetic flowmeter. J. Phys. 

E. Sci. Instrumn., 13: 233-235. 

De Sa, S.E. and E. De Sa, 1980. Sensor design for an electromagnetic flowmeter. 

Indian J. Pure and Applied Physics, 18: 351—353. 

Dhargalkar, V.K. and A.G. Untawale, 1980. Some observations on the effect of 

seaweed liquid fertilizers on the higher plants. Proceedings of National Workshop 

on Algal System, 1980, p. 63-72. 

Dhargalkar, V.K., T.G. Jagtap and A.G. Untawale, 1980. Biochemical constituents 

of the seaweeds along the Maharashtra coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 297-299. 

123

Fondekar, S.P., R.S. Topgi and R.J. Noronha, 1980. Distribution of petroleum 

hydrocarbons in Goa coastal waters. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 286-288. 

George, J. and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1980. Planktonic ostracods of the northern 

Indian Ocean. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13 : 

29-44· 

Gcpalan. U.K., P. P Meenakshikunjamma and K. S. Purushan, 1980. Fungal infection 

in the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) and in other crustaceans from the Cochin 

backwater. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 359-365. 

Gopalan, U. K , K. S. Purushan and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Case studies on the economics 

of an improved method of paddy field shrimp culture in Vypeen Island, 

Kerala. Proc. First Nat. Symp. on Shrimp Fanning, Bombay, 175-186. 

Gopinathan, C. K. and P. S. Joseph, 1980. Physical features of nearshore waters off 

Karwar. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 166—171. 

Gore, P. S. T. S. G. Iyer, O. Raveendran and R. V. Unnithan, 1980. Isolation and 

significance οf Salmonella sp. from some beaches of Kerala. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. 

Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 147—152. 

Govindan, K., R. Kashinathan and B. N. Desai, 1980. Quantitative studies on macrobenthic 

fauna in the polluted Thana Creek and Bombay harbour. J. Indian 

Fish. Ass., 6: 129-138. 

Haridas, P. P. Gopala Menon and M. Madhupratap, 1980. Annual variations in 

zooplankton from a polluted coastal environment. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13: 239-248. 

Harkantra, S. N., Ayyappan Nair, Z. A. Ansari and A. H. Parulekar, 1980. Benthos 

of the shelf region along the west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 106-110. 

Jacob, P. G. and M. D. Rajagopal. 1980. Variations in stomach contents and biochemical 

composition of tissues in some marine fishes. Indian J. war. Sci., 

9: 207-211. 

Jagtap, T. G. and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Effect of petroleum products on mangrove 

seedlings. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13:165-172. 

Jagtap, T. G. and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Some ecological observations on Cataglossa 

lepoieuii (Harvey) from Zuari estuary, Goa. Seaweed Research and Utilisation, 

4: 17-24. 

Kesava Das, V. A. D. Gouveia and K. K. Varma, 1980. Circulation and water 

characteristics on isanosteric surfaces in the northern Arabian Sea during 

February-April. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 156-165. 

Lalithambika Devi, C. B., T. Balasubramanian, H. Krishna Iyer and M. Krishnan kutty, 

1980. Feeding efficiency of Penaeus indicus and Metapenaeus dobsoni in different 

substratum. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 353-357. 

Lingaraja, T. R. A. Selvakumar and V.K. Venugopalan, 1980. A simple continuously 

monitoring apparatus for respiration study in aquatic organisms. Indian J. 

Exp. Biol, 18: 413-415. 

Madhupratap, M., 1980. Ecology of coexisting copepod species from Cochin backwaters- 

Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 45-52· 

124

Madhupratap, M., V. P. Devassy, S. R. S. Nair and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Swarming 

of pelagic tunicates associated with phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal. 

Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 69- 71. 

Mascarenhas A. H. N. Siddiquie and R. S. Topgi, 1980. Distribution of strontium 

in sediments of the Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9:281-283. 

Matondkar, S. G. P., S. Mahtani and S. Mavinkurve, 1980. Seasonal variations in 

the microflora from mangrove swamps of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 119-120. 

Matondkar, S. G. P., S. Mahtani and S. Mavinkurve, 1980. The fungal flora of the 

mangrove swamps of Goa. Mahasagar—Bull. natn· Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 281-283. 

Menezes, M. R., 1980. Soluble lens protein polymorphism in oil sardine, Sardinella 

longiceps Val. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 183-185. 

Menezes, M. R., 1980. Some observations on the morphometry and biology of Psettodes 

erumei (Bloch) and Pseudorhombus arsiwn (Ham-Buch) from the Goa region- 

Mahasagar—Bull. natn.Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 377-381. 

Menezes, M. R., 1980. Immunological analysis of the soluble lens proteins in some 

marine fishes. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 63-65. 

Mishra, D. C., K. S. R Murthy and T. C. S. Rao, 1980. General expression for the 

spectrum of magnetic anomaly dus to a long tabular body and its characteristics- 

Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 250-252. 

Murty, C.S. and V.V.R. Varadachari, 1980. Topographic changes of the beaches at 

Valiathura, Kerala. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 31-34. 

Murty, C.S., M. Veerayya, J.S. Sastry and V. V. R. Varadachari, 1980. Beach morphological 

variations over micro-time scales. Indian J. mar Sci., 9: 35-44. 

Murty, C.S., J.S, Sastry and V. V. R, Varadachari, 1980. Shoreline deformation 

in relation to shore protection structures along Kerala coast. Indian J. mar- 

Sci-, 9: 77-81. 

Murty, P. S.N., Ch.M. Rao, A.L. Paropkari and R.S. Topgi, 1980. Distribution of 

Al, Mn, Ni, Co and Cu in the nonlithogenous fractions of the sediments of 

the northern half of the western continental shelf of India. Indian J. mar.Sci., 

9: 56-61. 

Naik, S. and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Calcium phosphate saturation in the western Bay 

of Bengal. Indian J. mar, Sci., 9. 179-183. 

Nair, K.K.C. and K. Anger, 1980. A closed sea water flow through siphon system 

for the cultivation and rearing of marine animals. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13: 133-145. 

Nair, K.K.C. and K. Anger, 1980. Seasonal variation in population structure and biochemical 

composition of Jassa falcata (Crustacea, Amphipoda) off the island of 

Helgoland. East Coast Marine Sciences, USA, Part II, 505-513. 

Nair, R. R. and N. H. Hashimi. 1980. Holocene climatic inferences from the sediments 

of the western Indian continental shelf. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 89: 299-315. 

Nair, S.R.S. C. T. Achuthankutty, Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and V. P. Devassy, 1980. 

Plankton composition in the coastal waters between Jaigarh and Rajapur along 

west coast of India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13 : 343-352. 

125

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., 1980. Production and association of zooplankton in the estuaries 

and nearshore waters of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 116-119. 

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., 1980. Organic carbon content of tropical zooplankton. Indian 

J. mar. Sci., 9: 114-116. 

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R. and G. Peter, 1980. Zooplankton from the shelf waters off the 

west coast of India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13: 61-65. 

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R., V. P. Devassy and S.Z. Qasim, 1980. Zooplankton and Trichodesmium 

phenomenon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 1-6. 

Nair, Vijayalakshmi R. and V.T. Paulinose, 1980. Decapod larvae from the nearshore 

waters of Karwar. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13: 277-280. 

Namboodiri, P.N. and P.Sivadas, 1980. On the occurrence of Bullia tranquebarioa 

(Roding) Nassaridae (Gastropoda) in Kavaratti atoll (Lakshadweep). Curr. 

Sci.; 549:683-684. 

Nigam, R. and M.G.A.P. Setty, 1980. Paleogene reworked foraminifera in the recent, 

sediments off Daman, western India. Proc. 3rd Indian Geological Congress, 

Poona, 273-280. 

Pant, A·, V.K. Dhargalkar, N.B. Bhosle and A. G. Untawale, 1980. Contribution of 

phytoplankton photosynthesis to a mangrove ecosystem. Mahasagar—Bull. 

natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 225-234. 

Paropkari, A.L, R.S., Topgi, Ch. M. Rao and P. S. N. Murty, 1980. Distribution 

of Fe, Mn, Ni, Co and Zn in the nonlithogenous fractions of sediments of 

Gulf of Kutch. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 54-56. 

Parulekar, A.H., V.K. Dhargalkar and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1980. Benthic studies in Goa 

estuaries: Part III. Annual cycle of macrofaunal distribution, production and 

trophic relations. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 189-200. 

Paulinose, V.T., 1980. Decapod Crustacea from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 

(Larval and postlarval stages of Parapenaeus Smith (Penaeinae). Jour. 

Nat.. Hist., London, 13: 599-618. 

Peshwe, V.B., S.G. Diwan, A. Joseph and E. Desa, 1980. Wave and tide gauge. 

Indian J. mar. Sci., 9:73-76. 

Qasim, S. Z. and R. Sen Gupta. 1980. Present status of marine pollution in India. Management 

of the Environment, edited by B. Patel, Wiley Eastern Ltd. pp. 310-329. 

Qasim, S.Z., 1980. Adaptations in phytoplankton to changing conditions in tropical 

estuaries. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13:117-124. 

Rajendran, A., M. D. Rajagopal and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Distribution of dissloved 

silicate in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 172-178. 

Rajendran. A., T. Joseph and C.V.G. Reddy, 1980. Experimental studies on urea 

degradation in sea water. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 303-313. 

Ramesh Babu, V. M.J. Varkey, V. Kesava Das and A.D. Gouveia, 1980. Water 

masses and general hydrography along the west coast of India during early 

March. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 82-89. 

Rao, T.C.S., X. Terry Machado and K.S.R. Murthy, 1980. Topographic features 

over the continental shelf of Visakhapatnam. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13: 23-28. 

126

Rao, T.C.S. and K.S.R. Murthy, 1980. Magnetic surveys over the continental shelf 

of Visakhapatnam. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 83-89. 

Rao, T.S.S., 1980. Zoogeography of the Indian Ocean. In: Zoogeography and Diversity 

in Plankton, edited by Drs. Van der Spoel and Pierrot Bults, pp. 254-292. 

Remani, K.N., P. Venugopal, K. Sarala Devi, S. Lalitha and R. V. Unnithan, 1980. 

Sediments of the Cochin backwater in relation to pollution. Indian J. mar. 

Sci., 9: 111-114. 

Royan, J. P., 1980. Decapsulated brine shrimp cysts—an ideal feed for shrimps in 

aquaculture. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 125-126. 

Royan, J.P., 1980. Laboratory and field studies on an Indian strain of the brine 

shrimp, Artemia. In: The Brine Shrimp Artemia, Vol. 3: Ecology, culturing and use 

in aquaculture. edited by G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloss, O. Reels and E. Jaspers, 

Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium. 

Rosamma Stephen and T.S.S.Rao, 1980. Distribution of bathypelagic family Arielethidae 

(Copepoda, Calanoida) in the upper 200 m in the Indian Ocean. Jour. 

Plankton Res., 2: 239-247. 

Santhakumari, V. and U. K. Gopalan, 1980. The protozoan associates of some 

crustaceans. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 125-131. 

Saraswathy, M. and J.M. Bradford, 1980. Integumental structures of the antennule of 

the copepod Gaussia. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater, 14:79-82. 

Saraladevi, K. and T. S. S. Rao, 1980. Genus Haloptilus (Copepoda: Calanoida) 

from the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13: 67-70. 

Selvakumar, R.A. V. R. Nair and M. Madhupratap, 1980. Seasonal variations in the 

secondary production of the Mandovi-Zuari estuarine system of Goa. Indian 

J. mar. Sci., 9: 7-9. 

Sen Gupta, R., S. Z. Qasim, S.P. Fondekar and R. S. Topgi, 1980. Dissolved petroleum 

hydrocarbons in some regions of the northern Indian Ocean. Mar. Poll. 

Bull., 11: 65-68. 

Sen Gupta, R., S.P. Fondekar, T.W. Kureishy, S.Y.S. Singbal and S.Sanzgiry, 1980. 

Pollution studies in the Arabian Sea. Proc. International Symp. on Environmental 

Pollution and Toxicology, edited by D. S. Gupta and S. P. Roy Choudhury, 

Today and Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 67-82. 

Sen Gupta, R., A. Braganca, R.J. Noronha and S.Y.S. Singbal, 1980. Chemical oceanography 

of the Arabian Sea—Part V:Hydrochemical characteristics of the 

central west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 240-245. 

Setty, M.G.A.P., 1980. Foraminiferal constituents in marine sediments—a parameter 

in some coastal engineering problems. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 

13: 111-315- 

Setty, M.G.A.P. and R. Nigam, 1980. Microenvironmental and anomalous benthic 

foraminiferal distribution within the neritic regime of the Dabhol-Vengurla sector 

(Arabian Sea). Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 36: 1037-1048. 

Setty, M. G. A. P. and R. Nigam, 1980. Excentricity and twining in Virguinella pertusa 

(Reuss). Rivista Espanol de Micropaleontologia, 12: 202-204. 

127

Setty, M.G.A.P., R. Williams and K.R. Kerry, 1980. Foraminifera from the Deep 

Lake Terraces. Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Jour.Foraminiferal Res., 10: 303-312. 

Shanta Nair and Loka Bharathi, 1980. Heterotrophic bacterial population in tropical 

sandy beaches. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 261-267. 

Siddiquie. H. N., 1980. The ages of the storm beaches of the Lakshadweep (Laccadives). 

Marine Geology, 38: 11-20. 

Siddiquie, H.N., D.Gopala Rao, M. Veerayya and B.G.Wagle, 1980. Acoustic masking 

due to gases in shallow seismic profiling on the shelf off Bombay. Indian 

J. mar. Sci., 9:51-54. 

Solimabi, L. Fernandes, S.Y. Kamat and S. K. Paknikar. 1980. New diterpenoids of the 

seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum—structure of Stoechospermol. Tetrahedron 

letters, 21: 2249. 

Solimabi, B. Das, S. Y. Kamat, L. Fernandes and C. V. G. Reddy, 1980. Seasonal 

changes in carrageenan and other biochemical constituents of Hypnea musciformis- 


Solimabi, S.Y.Kamat, C.V.G. Reddy, V.R.Naik, N.V. Agshikar and G.J.S. Abraham, 

1980. Comparison of carrageenan from Hypnea imisciformis wulfen with other 

carrageenans. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 18: 649-650. 

Somayajulu, Y.K, L.V.G. Rao and V.V.R. Varadachari, 1980. Small scale features 

of sound velocity structure in the northern Arabian Sea during February-May, 

1974. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 141-147. 

Sumitra Vijayaraghavan. V. Ramadhas. L. Krishna Kumari and J. P. Royan. 1980. 

Biochemical changes and energy content of the mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata 

leaves during decomposition. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 120-123. 

Sumitra Vijayaraghavan and V. Ramadhas. 1980. Conversion efficiency in the shrimp 

Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) fed on decomposed mangrove leaves. Indian 

J. mar. Sci., 9: 123-125. 

Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, M. D. Rajagopal and M. V. M. Wafar, 1980. Seasonal variation 

in biochemical composition of seaweeds from Goa coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 

9: 61-63. 

Swamy, G.N., V.M. Kolhatkar and A.A. Fernandes, 1980. Currents and siltation at 

Dharamtar Creek, Bombay. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 191-203. 

Untawale, A.G., V.V.Agadi and V.K. Dhargalkar. 1980. Occurrence of Monostroma 

(Ulvales, Chlorophyta) from Ratnagiri (Maharashtra). Mahasagar—Bull. natn. 


Untawale, A.G., T. G. Jagtap and V.K. Dhargalkar. 1980. Dichotomosiphon salina sp. 

Nov.—A new marine algal form, Goa estuary, India. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. 


Untawale, A.G., Sayeeda Wafar and N. B. Bhosle, 1980. Seasonal variation in the 

heavy metal concentration of mangrove foliage. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13:215-223. 

Varkey, M. J., 1980. Power spectra of currents off Bombay. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 

278-280. 

128

Varma, K.K., V. Kesava Das and A. D. Gouveia, 1980. Thermohaline structure and 

water masses in the northern Arabian Sea during February-April. Indian J. mar. 

Sci. 9: 148-155. 

Verlencar, X. N., 1980. Distribution of area in the waters of the west coast of India- 


Vora, K.H., A. R. Gujar and S. M. Karisiddaiah, 1980. Sandwaves of the Gulf of 

Khambhat. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 90-93. 

Wafar, M. V. M., M. D. Rajagopal, M. R. Menezes and A. Stirling, 1980. Physicochemical 

features and energy input in three sandy beaches of west coast of 

India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 25-30. 

Wagle, B.G. and G. Victor Rajamanickam. 1980. A petrographic study of Precambrian 

quartzites from Goa coast. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13: 9-21. 

Zingde. M.D., M.M. Sabnis, A.V. Mandalia and B.N.Desai. 1980. Effects of Industrial 

waste disposal on the water quality of the river Kolak. Mahasagar—Bull. 

natn. Inst. Oceanogr.,13: 99-110. 

Zingde. M.D., P. V.Narvekar. R.V. Sarma and B.N. Desai. 1980. Water quality of the 

river Damanganga (Gujarat). Indian J. mar. Sci., 9: 94-99. 

Zingde, M. D. and B.N. Desai, 1980. Waste water discharge and its effects on the 

quality of water of Mahim Creek and Bay. Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr., 13: 205-213- 

12.2 Popular Articles and Book Reviews 

Abidi, S.A.H. 1980. Utilisation of creek areas for coastal aquaculture. The Daily 

Telegram, January 28, 1980. 

Abidi. S.A.H., 1980. Grameen Vikas Aur Machhli Udhyog. Kheti ICAR Monthly 

Bulletin (Hindi), April, 1980. 

Abidi, S.A.H. 1980. Rashtra Ka Samudra Par Adhikar Evam Uski Seemayyain. Dweep 

Prabha Publications (Hindi), January/March, 1980. 

Abidi, S.A.H., 1980. Samudra Garbha Men Khanij Sampatti. Navneet Bombay (Hindi), 

May, 1980. 

Bhargava, R.M.S. 1980. Coasts and estuaries· James Ferguson Lees and Bruce 

Compbell Eds., Holder and Stoughton Ltd., London, 1979 (Book Review). 

Mahasagar-Bull natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13(1). 81-82. 

Das. P.K. and S.Z.Qasim, 1980. Advances in Oceanography. H. Carnak and G. Deacon 

(Eds), Plenum Press, N.Y.1978 (Book Review)· Jour. Scientific and lndu. Res., 

39(4). 

Gopinathan, C. K., 1980. Energy—New ocean resources. Science Reporter, 17. 

Kesava Das, V., 1980. Satellites for remote sensing of the oceans. Science Reporter, 17 (7). 

Kasava Das. V., 1980. Harnessing the ocean heat. Science Reporter, 17(11). 

Kesava Das, V., 1980. Power from the oceans. The Sunday Navhind Times Daily 

November 23, 1980· 

Kesava Das, V., 1980. Energy from the ocean. Physics News, December, 1980. 

129

Madhupratap, M., 1980. Progresss in oceanography. Martin V. Angel and James O 

Brien (Eds). Pergamon Press. Oxford, 1979 (Book Review). Mahasagar-Bull. 

natn. lnst. Oceanogr. 13(3): 293. 

Murty, C. S., 1980. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. G. L. Pichard Ed., Pergamon 

Press, 1970 (Book Review). Mahasagar—Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 13(3). 

Nair, S.R.S. 1980. Are oceans our last frontier? The West Coast Times Daily, Goa. 

October 23, 1980· 

Nayak, M. R. 1980. Micro-computers selection factors. Electronic Engineer, 32-48- 

Pant, A., 1980. A profile study. Hindustan Times, Sunday Edition, August, 1980. 

Qasim, S. Z. 1980. Endless energy form the sea. Science Today, 14(9): 17-23- 

Qasim, S. Z., 1980. Ocean, the saviour of civilization. In: Souvenir of Institution of Engineers 

{India). Diamond Jubilee Number, 104-108. 

Qasim, S. Z. and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1980. Developments in deep-sea biology. N. B. 

Marshall, Blandford Press. Dorset (Book Review). Mahasagar-Bull. natn. Inst. 

Oceanogr. 13(4): 385-386. 

Santhakumari, V., 1980. Whales. Kuttikalude Deepika, 23 (3): 16-18. 

Santhakumari. V., 1980. Coral reefs—the wonderful garden in the sea. Balarama, 

Magazine for Youth, 9(9): 61-63. 

Santhakumari, V., 1980. Coconut crab or robber crab. Kuttikalude Deepita. 

Santhakumari, V., 1980. Rocky shore. Sastragathy (Science Magazine). 14(8): 333-334. 

Siddiquie H. N., 1980. Growth conditions of manganese nodules-comparative studies 

of growth rale magnetization, chemical composition and internal structure by 

Dictrich Hoye. In: Progress in Oceanography, edited by Mary Swallow (Review). 

J. Geol. Soc. India, 21: 421. 

Unnithan. R. V. 1980. If there is no pollution. Deshabhimani (Weekend Daily) Cochin, 

13(3): 3-4. 

Unnithan, R. V. 1980. Cochin University. Aim and Implementation. Deshabhimani, 

(Weekend Daily), 13(34): 4. 

Unnithan. R.V.. 1980. Cochin University should have a dynamic leadership. Deshabhimani 

(Weekend Daily), Cochin. 13(35) : 4. 

Unnithan, R.V., 1980. Law of the sea. Deshabhimani Onam Special, 203-211 · 

Venugopal, P., K. N. Remani, K. Sarala Devi and R.V. Unnithan, 1980. Fish kill 

in Chitrapuzha. Seafood Export Journal, 12:17-20. 

Verlencar, X.N., 1980. Importance of quality chemical in testing water for bioassay 

studies in marine environments. Water Chemists Forum (Glaxo Laboratories 

India Ltd). 

Parulekar, A. H. 1980. Culture of bivalve molluscs: 50 years experience at Conwy. 

P. R. Walne (Ed.), Fishing News Book Ltd. Furnham, Surrey, England (Book 

Review). Mahasagar-Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 13(4): 387. 

130

12.3 Technical Reports 

Current trends in store procedure and evaluation. 

The Andaman Sea. 

Evaluation of chemical dispersants for their suitability to Indian conditions. 

Status report of MAPMOPP of IGOSS for the Indian Ocean region. 

Nautical and physical oceanographic observations off the drilling rig Chancellors 

Ville in the Mahanadi basin. 

Wave energy oscillator-Α concept in shore protection and coastal engineering. 

Ocean wave statistics. 

MBT data report of Monex-79 Cruises I-VI of R. V. Gaveshani· 

Hydrographic data report (from Nansen Casts) of Monex-79 Cruises of R. V. Gaveshani. 

Environmental data report of Monex-79 Cruises of R.V. Gaveshani. 

Lateral soil resistance against submarine pipeline stability. 

Control of rider data. 

Deep water mooring for oceanographic instruments. 

Internal report on CTD system (Electronics Commission). 

Internal report on wave and tide gauge (Electronics Commission). 

Report on Aanderaa Instruments RCM 4 current meters deck unit. 

12.4 Sponsored Projects Reports 

Current measurements at Dome Structure off Tapti. 

A brief summary of the oceanographic and meteorological observations off Cochin 

during February and March. 

Wave data acquisition at Bombay High using wave Rider Buoy and Analysis. 

Reconnaisance survey of Beach erosion at Fisherman's Cove, Covelong, Madras. 

Pollution and hydrographic survey of Auranga, Ambika, Purna and Mindola rivers. 

Survey of the proposed submarine pipeline routes from Bassein to Gujarat, Phase II· 

Seabed surveys on the D & I Structure, Kori Great Bank and on the Tapti Dome Structure. 

Postlay survey of the Bombay High to Bombay pipelines. 

Survey of the pipeline routes from Direction Bank to Bassein and Murud. 

Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on south Bassein, Bombay. 

Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys on the Direction Bank, Bombay. 

Survey to measure the distances between the Piers of the Zuari Bridge, Cortalim, Goa· 

Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Marmugao Harbour, Goa. 

Shallow seismic and side scan sonar surveys in Visakhapatnam outer, inner and fishing 

harbours. 

131


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1980 - National Institute of Oceanography

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