Commonwealth Forestry Review

The 

Commonwealth ForestryReview 

Vol. 50 (1), No. 143, March 1971 

PUBLISHED BY 

THE COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY AssoCIATION 

AT/THE ROYAL COMMONWEALTH SOCIETY, 18 NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE. 

LONDON, W.C.2. 

Price to Non-Menlbers £1.25 Net

THE COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 

Incorporated by Royal Charter, November 1921, and by Supplemental Royal Charter, 1962 

At THE ROYAL COMMONWEALTH SOCIETY 

18 NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, LONDON, W.C.2 

TELEPHONE: 01-930 7209 

Patron: 

tIER MAJESTY THE QUEEN 

President: 

HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, P.C., K.T., G.C.V.D. 

Vice-Presidents: 

SIR HARRY CHAMPION, C.I.E. 

E. BRYAN LATHAM, C.B.E., M.M. 

COLONEL SIR STUART MALLINSON, C.B.E., D.S.D., M.C., J.P. 

Past Chairmen: 

1921-22. THE RT. HON. VISCOUNT NOVAR, K.T., G.C.M.G., P.C. 

1923-24. COLONEL THE RT. HON. LORD COURTHOPE, M.C., P.C. 

1924-27. SIR JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, Bt., K.T. 

.1927-32. SIR P. H. CLUTTERBUCK, C.I.E., C.B.E., V.D. 

1933-34. SIR JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, Bt., K.T. 

1934-37. THE RT. HON. VISCOUNT STONEHAVEN, G.C.M.G., D.S.O., P.C. 

1938-54. THE RT. l-IoN. THE EARL OF CLARENDON, K.G., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., P.C. 

1954-59. THE RT. HON. LORD MILVERTON, G.C.M.G. 

1959-61. SIR HARRY CHAMPION, C.I.E. 

1961-64. E. BRYAN LATHAM, C.B.E., M.M. 

Chairman: 

SIR ARTHUR GOSLING, K.B.E., C.B. 

Vice-Chair/nan: 

PROFESSOR M. V. LAURIE, C.B.E. 

Hon. Treasurer: 

C. G. A. LATHAM 

Governing Council: 

ABOUL MAJID BIN HAJI MOHAMED SHAHID, PROFESSOR J. D. MATTHEWS (Britain) 

M.B.E. (Malaya) D. M. MBuRu (Kenya) 

S. A. ALEEM (Pakistan) A. M. OSENI (Nigeria) 

B. H. BEDNALL, C.B.E. (Australia) A. K. K. OWUSU-AFRIYIE (Ghana) 

F. G. BROWNE (Britain) T. A. OXLEY (Britain) 

SIR HARRY CHAMPION, C.I.E. (Britain) R. W. V. PALMER, D.B.E. (Britain) 

DR. D. A. N. CROMER A. L. POOLE (New Zealand) 

DR. H. C. DAWKINS, M.B.E. (Britain) S. D. RICHARDSON (Britain) 

J. A. DICKSON, C.B. (Britain) G. J. RODGER (Australia) 

L. E. Dow (Guyana) M. L. S. B. RUKUBA (Uganda) 

F. C. FORD ROBERTSON, O.B.E. (Britain) R. G. SANGSTER, C.B.E. (Britain) 

R. E. GROVES (Britain) E. J. SHRUBSHALL (Britain) 

J. D. B. HARRISON, D.C.M. (Canada) DEAN J. W. B. SISAM (Canada) 

S. L. KESSEL, M.B.E. (Australia) R. C. SONI (India) 

G. J. KILEO (Tanzania) DUNCAN STEVENSON, D.B.E. (Britain) 

A. F. A. LAMB, D.B.E. (Britain) C. SWABEY, C.M.G. (Britain) 

E. BRYAN LATHAM, C.B.E., M.M. (Britain) E. THORPE, O.B.E. (Britain) 

C. G. A. LATHAM (Britain) K. W. TRENAMAN (Br. Solomon Islands) 

L. S. LINDO (British Honduras) A. R. TRIST (Australia) 

W. E. M. LOGAN, D.B.E. (Britain) E. J. WARD (Canada) 

R. G. McKEE (Canada) G. WATKINS (Fiji) 

COLONEL SIR S. S. MALLINSON, C.B.E., G. WEBSTER, O.B.E. (Britain) 

D.S.O., M.C., J.P. (Britain) J. WYATT-SMITH (Nigeria) 

Editor and Secretary: 

E. W. MARCH, M.A. 

Auditors: 

W. M. CORMACK, e.A.• P. F. HERMON.

Rail, R. 

Waterer, R.R. 

Webster, F. V. 

Wilson, J. A. 

RESEARCH NOTES 

Australia 

Canada 

E.A.A.F.R.O. 

Nigeria 

United Kingdom 

REVIEWS-Books and Publications 

Aerial Photo-Ecology 

Afforestation in Arid Zones 

Australian Timber Handbook 

Bats of West Africa 

Bulletin of the Nigerian Forest Department 1969 

Developing a Better Environlnent... 

Evergreen Forests of Malawi 

Fast-growing Trees of the Lowland Tropics 

Fertiliser Treatment of Forest Trees 

Flora of Tropical East Africa 

Flora Zatnbesiaca ... 

Forestry in Northern Ireland 

Industrial I-listory of Dean... 

Joinery 

La Foret 

Manual of the Forest Trees of Papua and New Guinea 

My Life My Trees ... 

Native Trees of Canada 

Planning Research for Resource Decisions 

Rodents of West Africa 

Standard Volume Tables for Coniferous Species of North West Pakistan 

Text Book of Soil Chemical Analysis 

Timber Frame House of England 

Trials of Exotic Tree Species in the Savanna Region of Nigeria 

Untersuching uber forstliche Konzessionen, Ein Beitrag Zur Forderung der Forstwirtschaft 

in den Entwicklungslandem 

World Timbers No. 3 

PAGE 

219 

216 

17 

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28,230 

233 

31 

234 

REVmWS-Annual Reports 

British Columbia 1969 82 

Commonwealth Development Corporation-Report and Accounts 1970 287 

Division of Forest Products C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne 1968-69 284 

Division of Forest Products C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne 1969-70 83 

Eastern Rockies Forest Conservation Board 1968-69 and 1969-70 83 

Fiftieth Annual Report of the Forestry Commission of Great Britain 1969-70 78 

Forest Insect and Disease Survey, Canadian Forest Service 1969 285 

Forest Research Institute, New Zealand 1969 ... 80 

Forestry Commission, Victoria, Australia 1969-70 287 

Ghana Forest Products Research Institute, 1968 84 

Hong Kong 1969-70 286 

Kerala 1967-68 82 

Mauritius 1968 281 

Republic of Ireland 1967-68 85 

Republic of Zambia 1969 ... 280 

Rhodesia Forestry Commission 1968-69 ... 79 

South Africa 1969 ... 81 

South Australia 1968-69 286 

United Kingdom Forestry Commission Report on Research 1970 282 

United Republic of Tanzania 1968 283 

Wattle Research Institute, University of Natal, South Africa... 282 

West Malaysia 1967 86 

GOLDEN JUBILEE NUMBER 

Loyal Message and Reply 

His Grace The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry 

Chairman's Foreword ... 

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Editorial 

Commonlvealth Forestry Association-A SO-year Retrospect 

Officers of the Association 

Commonwealth Forest Authorities and Institutions ... 

Forestry Commission of Great Britain 

India 

Pakistan 

Australia 

Canada ... 

New Zealand 

Northern Ireland 

Mrica 

Botswana 

Gambia 

Ghana 

Kenya 

Lesotho 

Malawi 

Nigeria 

Rhodesia 

Sierra Leone 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

Zambia 

Asia 

Ceylon 

Hong Kong ... 

West Malaysia 

Sabah... 

Sarawak 

Island Territories 

The Bahamas 

British Solomon Islands Protectorate 

Cyprus 

Fiji 

Mauritius 

Seychelles 

West Indies 

British Honduras 

Dominica 

Grenada 

Guyana 

Jamaica 

St. Lucia 

Trinidad and Tobago 

Former Commonwealth Territories 

Palestine 

South Africa 

Sudan 

British Universities-Department of Forestry 

Oxford 

Aberdeen 

Bangor 

.Edinburgh 

Calnbridge 

Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough 

Forestry Advisers 

Commonwealth Forestry Conferences 

Forty-Ninth Annual General Meeting 

Acknowledgements 

7 

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Editorial 

Section I 

List of Members 

Section 11 

Commonwealth Forest Departments 

Australia 

Bahamas 

Botswana 


British Sololnon Islands 

Brunei 

Canada 

Ceylon 

Cyprus 

Dominica 

Fiji 

Gambia 

Ghana 

Great Britain 

Grenada 

Guyana 

Hong Kong ... 

India 

Jamaica 

Kenya 

Lesotho 

Malawi 

Malaysia 

Mauritius 

New Hebrides 

New Zealand 

Nigeria 


Pakistan 

Rhodesia 

St. Helena 

St. Lucia 

Seychelles 

Sierra Leone 

Singapore 

Swaziland 

Tanzania 


Uganda 

Zambia 

HANDBOOK NUMBER 

Section III 

Departments and Institutions Concerned with Commonwealth Forestry 

Section IV 

Forestry and Allied Societies of the Commonwealth 

Section V 

Foreign and International Forestry Organisations 

Printed by Oxley & Son (Windsor) Ltd., 2-4 Victoria Street, Windsor, Berks. 

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c. E. LANE-POOLE 

CHARLES EDWARD LANE-POOLE first came to Australia in 1916 and for the next thirty 

years zealously applied his great talents to the advancement offorestry in that country, 

first on a State, and later on a Federal level. 

Arriving at a time when Australian forestry was still regarded in many quarters as 

little more than a mining operation, Lane-Poole played a prominent role in the fornlulation 

and acceptance of sound forest policies on which are based many of the 

great developments that have taken place since his retirement from official forestry 

in 1945. 

Although his n10st enduring contributions probably lie in the areas of forest policy 

and forestry education, Lane-Paole excelled in many other fields including the exploration 

and classification of tropical forests in Africa and New Guinea. He was an 

unconlmonly tough character whose non-appeasing attitudes to principles in which 

he believed at times brought him into sharp conflict with higher authority. Inevitably 

he suffered severe setbacks, but he never abandoned the goals he had set himself, 

and which in the end he generally achieved. 

Born in Sussex, England, in 1885, Lane-Paole received his early education in 

Dublin and his forestry training at the French Forestry School at Nancy. He went to 

South Africa in 1906 and after a year at the South African Forest School served until 

1910 as District Forest Officer in the Transvaal. He was then appointed Conservator 

of Forests, Sierra Leone, where he renlained until 1916, when he accepted the post of 

Conservator of Forests, Western Australia. 

In Africa he carried out extensive forest surveys and whilst engaged on this work was 

able to indulge his taste for living dangerously. He acquired a reputation for swimnling 

crocodile infested rivers, embarking on lone lion hunting expeditions, and capturing 

deadly tropical snakes alive. In the latter task he used to good effect the steel hook 

that served as a replacenlent for his nlissing left hand. In spite of his single hand he 

conducted all his surveys in Africa, and later in New Guinea, alone or with native 

bearers, and was very skilful in handling conlplicated survey and other field equipnlent. 

He was also an exoert horsenlan. 

Lane-Poole was recolnnlended for the position of Conservator of Forests in Western 

Australia by Sir David Hutchins who at that tinle occupied a senior forestry post in the 

Union of South Africa, and who had been invited to report on forestry 111atters, first 

in Western Australia and later in Australia as a ,vhole. Upon taking up his new position, 

Lane-Poole, with characteristic vigour, set about re-organising the functions of the 

f"orestry Department. One of his early achievements was the fashioning of the Forestry 

Act, 1918, which gave that State the basis for a sound forest policy and provided for the 

dedication of State forests in perpetuity. This Act was to serve as a model for other 

States and still stands as a monument to his foresight and ability. He also itnplenlented 

a vigorous forest asseSSlnent and classification programme that soon revealed 

that fornler estitnates had grossly exaggerated the extent of the State's forest resources, 

thus giving even greater urgency to the need for the retention and proper Inanagement 

of those areas remaining. 

Deeply concerned with the lack of trained staff, he established a school for forest 

forenlan and rangers in Western Australia, and in collaboration with foresters in 

other States, campaigned vigorously for a National Forestry School to provide the 

highly trained professional staff of which Australia was desperately short. These 

latter endeavours were later to bear fruit with the establishment of the Australian 

Forestry School. 

In 1921, Lane-Poole found himself at odds with the Governtnent of the day over 

its decision, taken against his advice, to extend concessions and leases held by a large 

private tilnber concern, and rather than implement what he considered to be an 

incorrect policy, he tendered his resignation. In view of his already considerable 

achievements and his high aspirations for the future of forestry in Western Australia, 

1

2 N R 

c. E. Lane-Poole 

this action stands as a highlight of the steadfastness and courage he displayed throughout 

his career. 

Following his departure from Western Australia, Lane-Poole was engaged by the 

COlnmonwealth Governlnent to report on the forest resources of the Territories of 

Papua and New Guinea, and during the next two years he carried out extensive solo 

explorations in isolated areas where tropical diseases and hostile natives were still 

considerable hazards. He endured great physical hardship and at various times was

c. E. LANE-POOLE 3 

badly stricken by Inalaria and tropical ulcers. He also had a calnp destroyed by natives 

and lost irreplaceable specimens and records as well as one of his native assistants. 

The diary notes appended to the comprehensive report he prepared at the end of the 

project provide a graphic account of his experiences and of the remote areas he 

traversed. 

In 1925, Lane-Poole was appointed Forest Adviser to the COlnnl0nwealth Governtnent 

and in that same year agreement was reached between the States and the COlnmonwealth 

on the establishment ofthe Australian Forestry School. Although the University 

of Adelaide had maintained a School of Forestry since 1911, it had never been very 

well supported by the State forest services. Under the new arrangement the Comnl0nwealth 

agreed to establish, equip and staff a national Forestry School in Canberra, 

and the States for their part, agreed to support the School by nominating a yearly 

number of students more or less proportional to their respective needs. The various 

forest services and State universities were all to be represented on a Board of Higher 

Forestry Education which would supervise the academic standard of the forestry 

course in Canberra. 

In 1927, Lane-Poole becanle Inspector-General of Forests of the newly forlned 

Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, and also acting Principal of the Australian Forestry 

School when it opened that year in Canberra. He continued in the latter post until 

1944 and retired as Inspector-General in February 1945. 

During his eighteen years as Inspector-General of Forests he worked tirelessly to 

promote the cause of forestry on a national level. Although the unequivocal stand 

he took on some issues was not always conducive to political harmony, his great 

ability and wide experience as a forester was fully recognised in forestry circles, and 

his collaboration in forestry problems peculiar to the States was frequently sought 

and readily given. As a strong protagonist of the need for a national forest policy for 

Australia he must have been gratified when, in 1964, an instrument capable of promoting 

such a policy at last came into being with the fornlation of the Australian Forestry 

Council which cOtnprises Federal and State Ministers responsible for forestry. 

In his role as Principal of the Australian Forestry School, Lane-Poole through his 

ability as an administrator and lecturer, and by the example ofhis own life and achievetnents, 

strongly influenced the students in his charge, and through them the future 

progress of Australian forestry. More than a hundred students graduated from the 

School during the period he was in charge, and many of his students still occupy 

senior positions in the forest services. 

Due to the difficult econonlic conditions of the late 1920s and early 1930s the 

Forestry School had to operate on a very meagre budget. Facilities available to staff 

and students were limited and it is greatly to Lane-Poole's credit that he was able to 

maintain the high academic standards for which the school became well known. He 

always took a keen interest in the sporting and social activities of his young charges 

and spared no effort to make their sojourn at the school a Inenl0rable and satisfying 

experience. 

Lane-Poole was the author of more than fifty papers and articles covering both 

scientific and more general aspects offorestry. He also represented the COlnmonwealth 

Government at many international meetings and attended the Empire Forestry 

Conferences in 1920, 1923 and 1928. At the first Empire Forestry Conference held 

in London he proposed the resolution which led to the forlnation of the Empire 

Forestry Association. 

Following his retirement from official forestry in 1945, Lane-Poole was active for 

many years as a forestry consultant in Sydney. Failing health and advancing years 

finally brought an end to this last phase of his career and he died in Sydney on 22nd 

November, 1970, at the age of 85. 

Lane-Poole was one of the great pioneers of forestry in Australia whose guiding 

principle throughout his professional career is expressed in the motto of the Australian 

Forestry School-Mihi Cura Futuri-I serve posterity.

COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY REVIEW 

Vol. 50 (1), No. 143, March 1971 

EDITORIAL 

THIS IS the first number of the Review to be published in the Association's Golden 

Jubilee Year. As Editor we could use the occasion to enlarge on the accomplishments 

and on the future of the Association. This would be what is commonly known as 

"jumping the gun". We hope that during our Jubilee Year the virtues ofthe Association 

will be extolled by abler pens and tongues than ours. We propose to make this Editorial 

a simple appeal for support of the various activities arranged to mark our Jubilee Year. 

This would appear to be an ideal opportunity to revert to our President's remarks in 

his address to the 1970 Annual General Meeting. On that occasion he comlnented on 

the fact that our various functions were attended year after year by the same loyal 

supporters and asked ourselves as Secretary to make yet another appeal through the 

REVIEW for a larger attendance of younger 111enlbers. We therefore appeal to all those 

younger members who are based within easy travelling distance of London to make 

the effort and join that band ofloyal supporters referred to by our President. Attendance 

at the last three Annual General Meetings has hovered around the fifty mark. Looking 

through our membership list we feel this figure could easily be doubled if members 

will make the effort. We can assure any neWCOlners that they are certain to meet some 

oftheir contemporaries or colleagues or make the acquaintance ofothers they have only 

met "on paper". 

This year's Annual General Meeting wiIJ be held on Tuesday, 27th April and will 

be the important event of our Jubilee Year. At successive Annual General Meetings 

in recent years it has been customary to follow the business of the 111eeting with a talk 

or talks by one or more distinguished guest speakers. On the occasion of our Jubilee 

Meeting the intention is that the post-meeting talks will be of a domestic nature. Our 

Vice-Chairman, Professor M. V. Laurie, will review the history and accomplishments 

of the Association during the past half century. We ourselves will follow Professor 

Laurie with our views on the future of the Association leading the way to what we hope 

will develop into a conversazione with full participation from the floor. WiIJ all members 

who have any ideas or criticisms which may benefit the Association or illlprove the 

REVIEW please conle prepared to air their views. 

The actual anniversary date of the founding of the Association is 16th November. 

On or near that date it is proposed to hold a commemorative dinner in London provided 

sufficient support is forthcoming. Our records show that on the last occasion the 

Association arranged a formal dinner at the Connaught Rooms in 1939 no less than 

59 members attended, there were no ladies present. On this occasion ladies will be 

welcome as guests and it should not be difficult to exceed the former attendance, if we 

are to justify inviting one or more distinguished guests it is essential that we do. 

Please rally round

6 COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY REVIEW 

Richard Willan and his wife have just returned from a tour of Malawi, Rhodesia and 

South Africa. Richard was Chief Conservator, Malawi (Nyasaland as it was then) from 

1947-61. 

A. Wo'ffsohn having completed his F.A.O. contract term in Korea has now accepted 

another F.A.O. assignment in Nicaragua. He does not say on what he will be engaged. 

Society of THE COUNCIL of the Society of American Foresters on 16th October, 

American 1970 unanimously elected Mr. F. C. Ford Robertson of Oxford, 

Foresters Honours England to Honorary Membership. Persons elected to this member- 

F. C. Ford ship grade must be: (1) nonforesters who have made outstanding 

Robertson and well-known contributions to forestry in America or abroad 

(statesmen, conservationists, and civic leaders); or (2) professional 

foresters of outstanding achievenlent who are not citizens of the United States, its 

possessions or Canada. This honour is shared by only 31 other living persons. 

Mr. Ford Robertson, a long-titne professional forester, has an outstanding record in 

international forestry. Beginning his professional career in the Indian Forest Service 

in 1924, he later served as Chief of Silvicultural Research for the United Provinces. In 

1947 he was appointed Editor-in-Chief of Forestry Abstracts. As an active member of 

the Joint Comnlittee on Bibliography and Terminology of the Food and Agriculture 

Organisation of the United Nations and the International Union of Forestry Research 

Organisations, he contributed substantially in developing the Oxford System of 

Classification of Forestry literature. From December, 1964 to February, 1970 he served 

as Editor-Director for the basic English-language version of the Multilingual Forestry 

Ternlinology. 

Director THE MINISTER of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food has appointed 

Kew Gardens Professor John Heslop-Harrison, M.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., 

F.R.S.E., M.R.LA., F.L.S., F.I.Biol. to succeed Sir George Taylor, 

D.Sc., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., V.M.H., as Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Kew. Professor Heslop-Harrison will take up his appointment on 1st June, 1971. 

Sir George Taylor, who was appointed in 1956, will retire on 31 st May, 1971. 

British Columbia F. s. MCKINNON has retired as Deputy Minister of Forests. He is 

Personnel Moves succeeded by J. S. Stokes. N. A. McRae has been appointed 

Assistant Chief Forester and in his forlller post of District Forester, 

Prince George District, is succeeded by W. Young. 

FORESTRY COMMISSION NEWS 

Chain-Saws and WE PUBLISH in full the following information sheet recently issued 

Vibration by the Forestry Commission. We recommend it for detailed study 

Syndrome by anyone responsible for employees likely to be affected: 

November 1970 

There is now sufficient evidence to show that most chain-saw operators begin to 

notice a form of vibration effect known as "white fingers" after they have regularly 

used a fixed handle chain-saw for two to five years, and that continued use of a fixed 

handle chain-saw leads to worsening effects of white fingers. This does not apply, 

however, to occasional users, who have not noticed the effect.

NOTES AND COMMENTS 7 

The Forestry Commission has been investigating this problem for son1e time now 

with the help of British experts in medicine, ergonomics, engineering, sound and 

vibration, as well as studying reports and meeting experts from other countries. 

During this time, some chain-saw manufacturers have redesigned their saws to 

incorporate anti-vibration rubber or spring bushes between both the handles and 

the saw engine and cutting unit; these saws have very much lower vibration levels 

than the fixed handle saws. Criteria for safe levels of vibration acceptable to man 

have been produced for chain-saws with factors which allow for variation in duration 

of usage per day and for interruptions in working during the day. Most of the new 

anti-vibration chain-saws have vibration levels within, or close to, this criteria. 

Taking all this information into account, the Forestry Commission is ofthe opinion 

that the spread of vibration effects can be halted (or prevented in the case of men 

who have not noticed white finger effects to date), if suitable anti-vibration saws 

are used by regular operators, subject to these operators also following certain 

techniques and personal disciplines when they are working. 

The guidance supplied by the Forestry Commission to these regular operators is as 

follows: 

The new anti-vibration saws are within safe levels of vibration, provided that 

five aspects ofsaw usage are also retnembered and carried out; these are: 

(1) Good techniques for felling, cross-cutting and debranching with lightweight 

saws include resting the saw as much as possible on the tree (or occasionally 

on your thigh); this means that some of the vibration is absorbed by the tree 

or the large n1uscles of your thigh. Holding the saw as lightly as possible, when 

it is at full throttle, without of course reducing effective control of the saw, 

will also reduce vibration absorbed into your hands. 

(2) Wearing chain-saw gloves spreads the grip over a larger area of your hand. 

(Four pairs per 1l1an should be provided so that a dry pair is available after 

each break.) 

(3) Good blood circulation to the arn1S and hands gives maxiInum protection to 

the flesh, nerves and bones in the hands, and this is achieved by warming up 

before starting the saw, and by wearing suitable clothing and gloves. This 

applies to the whole body, so wear extra clothing during breaks from cutting. 

(4) Sprockets, guide bars, and chains should be well maintained and chains should 

be correctly sharpened with the recommended clearance for the depth gauge. 

Poor maintenance increases vibration by as ll1uch as one-third of the normal 

level for the saw. 

(5) Every tin1e during which the saw is idling or stopped, gives your hands and 

arms a chance to recover frolll the temporary effects of vibration. The nlore 

evenly breaks in saw usage can be spread throughout the day, the less the risk 

of any disconlfort in your hands. Try to organise the stops for fuel, sharpening, 

meals, piling of timber or other work so that the saw is switched off for at least 

ten Ininutes as often as possible during the day, rather than a few, longer 

stoppages. 

Research will continue to validate the safe levels of vibration criteria, to further 

reduce vibration levels of saws and to find ways of alleviating the white finger 

effects. 

Occasional users are recol11111ended to follow the five points listed, especially if 

they are using a fixed handle saw. 

The Forestry Commission plan to change over completely to anti-vibration 

saws by theend of 1971. 

25 SavileRow, 

London WIX 2AY. 

* * * * * * *

Eucalyptus 

Coppice for 

Chip Material 


Satisfactory experiments in the use of this chemical have recently been carried out 

at Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. Full details have been written up by J. E. 

Brown, Research Officer, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Petawawa Forest 

Experiment Station, Chalk River, Ontario. 

EXTRACT FROM Forest Products Newsletter No. 376, e.S.I.R.O., 

Melbourne: 

With the increasing consumption of wood fibre for the production 

of paper, paperboard, fibreboard, and particleboard, 

more serious attention is being paid throughout the world to the growing offibre as a 

short-rotation crop. There is rising interest in the planting of quick-growing tree 

species, the application of fertilizer and irrigation techniques, the utilization of parts 

of the tree other than the merchantable bole, and the increased use of waste and 

residue material. 

Under appropriate conditions eucalypts are capable of rapid growth and can 

produce exceptional yields. Many species are able to regenerate by coppicing and the 

increment of coppice shoots is higher than that of trees grown from sowing or 

planting. 

The Division of Forest Products is particularly interested in this problem, and 

during 1969 commenced an investigation into the possibilities of using a coppicegrown 

eucalypt as a source of chip material. Eucalyptus viminalis was chosen for 

study because it has a wide distribution in south-eastern Australia, coppices readily, 

and exhibits marked genetic variation. 

New Zealand - G. S. BROWN, Local Honorary Secretary, New Zealand, reports 

A New Forestry plans for the publication of a new journal, New Zealand Journal 

Publication ofForestry Science, the first number of which is expected to appear 

in mid 1971. It will be edited and produced by the Forest Research 

Institute, Rotorua. It will be available for a wide range of forestry subjects and to 

contributors from the Forest Service, other Government Departments, and industry. 

Contributions for the first issue should be submitted by 31 January, 1971 to The Editor, 

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, Forest Research Institute, Private Bag, 

Rotorua. 

V.A.C.O. DURING THE past few years many items of interest have appeared 

Timber Review in these columns covering new uses of tropical timbers and in 

particular the lesser known or secondary hardwoods of West 

Africa. V.A.C.O. Timber Review No. 19 published in December gives further information 

on the various items already covered. This booklet also reprints a thoughtprovoking 

article by Dr. H. C. Dawkins: 

The Future of Industrial Cellulose: Unlimited or End in Sight? Not all will 

agree with Dr. Dawkins, at the same time his theory commands respect and is 

deserving of detailed examination. 

This booklet is available from United Africa (Timber) Ltd., United Africa House, 

Blackfriars Road, London, S.E.l. 

Brachystegia UNITED AFRICA co. (TIMBER) LTD. say that of the less well known 

Substitute species of hardwoods that they are currently evaluating in West 

for Oak Africa and at Holmes (Wragby) Ltd., Wragby, Lincs., they regard 

the species okwen as a most promising example. Although it is 

not in the tradition of beautiful woods which many regard as the hallmark of West 

African timbers, nevertheless they see a place for it as a substitute for oak. 

2


They are backed in this thinking by the Forest Products Research Department at 

Ibadan and the Nigerian Timber Association who have published the following strength 

and weight comparisons to show its suitability as an oak substitute: 

Weight Max. Compression Modulus Hardness 

at 12 bending parallel of side 

per cent. to grain elasticity grain 

Ib./sq. in. Ib./sq. in. X J031b./ lb. 

M.C. sq. in. 

I 

Okwen ... ... ... 42 14,400 7,940 1,640 1,430 

European oak ... ... 43 13,300 7,210 1,590 1,230 

Teak ... ... ... 43 14,300 8,320 1,850 1,130 

Scots pine ... ... 32 12,000 6,640 1,560 680 

Okwen (Brachystegia spp.), was formerly regarded by Nigerian foresters as a 

nuisance tree occupying a far greater area than its value justified. We do however, 

remember a particularly fine log being sawn into two-inch planks which were later 

manufactured into church pews and donated to a local church by the firln of Messrs. 

Brandler and Rylke then operating in Eastern Nigeria (circa 1960). 

Forestry AS REPORTED in the December Review the Forestry Association 

Association of of Nigeria was duly founded at 'an Inaugural Conference in 

Nigeria Ibadan on 6th-9th October, 1970. 

The conference was held at the Conference Centre, University 

of Ibadan and was a great success. There were over 200 people at the formal opening 

which was performed by Mr. F. H. E. Brisibie, Commissioner of Police, on behalf of 

His Excellency Brigadier R. A. Adebayo, Military Governor of the Western State of 

Nigeria. A copy of His Excellency's opening speech is attached. (See "Around the 

Commonwealth.") 

At the General Meeting following the opening ceremony the formal resolution to 

form the Forestry Association of Nigeria was proposed by Chief H. A. Akinloye and 

seconded by Mr. J. L. Ladipo to general acclaim, and the Constitution was adopted. 

The following were elected into the offices of the Association: 

Office Name 

President Mr. J. L. Ladipo, Chief Conservator of Forests, Western 

State, Ibadan. 

1st Vice-President MaIlam Musa Daggash, Chairolan of the Federal Tenders 

Board. 

2nd Vice-President Chief M. I. Agbontaen, Vice-President, Nigerian Tinlber 

Association. 

Secretary Mr. J. F. Redhead, F.A.O. Liaison Officer and Ag. Head, 

Department ofForestry, University oflbadan. 

Asst. Secretary Mr. A. O. Adekunle, Conservator of Forests, Western State, 

Ibadan. 

Treasurer Mr. J. O. Ebuade-Iyamabo, Conservator of Forests, Mid- 

Western State, Benin City. 

Editor Mr. C. F. A. Onochie, Chief Planning Officer, Federal Department 

ofForestry, Ibadan. 

Memory Lane MANY OF our members who served in Nigeria would have been 

in Nigeria present in Ibadan when D. R. Rosevear, first and last Inspector- 

General of Forests, to mark his retirement from the post (1954), 

planted an Obechi tree. That tree was featured in the 1970 Christmas card issued by 

the Federal Department of Forest Research. Rosevear and his contemporaries will be 

interested to know that this tree of perfect form would appear to be approximately 

100 foot in height and 6 foot b.h.g. Perhaps Ibadan will let us have the exact figures.


D.S.I.P. ACCORDING TO the General Manager of Lever's Pacific Timbers, 

Log Shipments Mr. M. Collins, over one hundred thousand cubic feet oflogs (more 

to Australia than one million superficial feet) was shipped recently from 

Kololnbangara to Australia on the Kokusei Maru. This is 

understood to be the largest single shipment of logs yet made to Australia from the 

Solomons, or from PapuajNew Guinea. They are to be used mainly in plywood 

manufacture in Brisbane and Sydney. 

Considerable publicity, including television coverage and an article in the Australian 

Financial Review, was given to the arrival of the logs. They are being supplied at 

cheaper prices than similar tropical hardwood logs from Sabah, and it is hoped that 

this shipment will lead to considerable expansion oflog exports to Australia. 

Mr. K. W. Trenaman, the Conservator of Forests, comments that a number of small 

shiplTIents has previously been nlade to Australia, New Zealand and other countries, 

but that Japan has been, and is expected to remain, the largest buyer of timber from 

the Solomons. However, if a second large market in Australia can be secured, this will 

be a Inost welcollle and important development. 

Association WE ARE indebted to Mr. G. J. Pleydell of United Africa Company 

Technique (Timber) Limited for a report on the A.T.I.B.T. Autumn Meeting 

Internationale Des in Paris. Although sonlewhat lengthy we publish it in full as it 

Bois Tropicaux contains nluch of importance to tropical foresters and all concerned 

with tropical hardwoods: 

The autumn meeting of the Association Technique Internationale des Bois 

Tropicaux was held in Paris on 27th and 28th October, 1970 at the Centre Technique 

du Bois, under the chairnlanship of Mr. Peche, General President, assisted by 

Mr. Catinot, General Secretary. 

Men belonging by profession to the various sectors concerned with tropical 

timber in all its aspects-production, marketing, utilisation-representing 15 

out of the 20 countries which are Inembers of the A.T.I.B.T., took part in the work 

of the various Commissions and studied the problems set before them. 

In opening the meeting Mr. Peche thanked the Centre Technique du Bois and its 

Director, Mr. Collardet, for their renewed hospitality in offering the Association 

a place in which to hold its nleetings and expressed pleasure at seeing the particularly 

large nUlnber of participants. 

The work of the COlnmissions then proceeded in the order that had been adopted. 

ComlTIission V, responsible for the grading and seasoning of tropical timber and 

under the chairmanship of Mr. CoIlardet, first examined the circumstances in 

which a delTIonstration of the methods of grading rough logs and sawn timber from 

the Far East might be organised. 

It then studied how the tropical sawn timber market might be affected by Great 

Britain's request that the use of British measurements in commercial transactions 

be abandoned in favour of the metric systerTI and, in the case of sawn timber, in 

favour of new sizes of sawn pieces. 

The finishing touches were put to a list of currently used tropical species that 

are susceptible to attack by clean pin holes. 

The commercial grading of varieties of Meranti continued to be studied and a 

report was finally made on the progress achieved with the multilingual dictionary 

giving the terminology of defects. 

Commission Ill, entrusted with transport and handling matters and presided over 

by Mr. Wood, first dealt with the problem of parcelling sawn timber; in this 

connection harmonisation of the rules adopted by the various Shipping Line Conferences 

would be desirable. It then listened to a report by Mr. R. C. Roberts of 

Palm Line Limited on the future trends in the maritime transport of timber, the 

types of ships required for timber and the cost of freight.


The Chairman of Palm Line Limited, Mr. D. J. Nielson was also present at the 

meeting. During the discussion that followed Mr. R. C. Roberts's itnportant address, 

the Commission stressed the significant part played by freight and its cost in the 

tropical timber trade. 

Within the framework of Commission VII, presided over by Mr. Gimon and 

responsible for relations with the international organisations and research bodies, 

Mr. Erfurth of the Food and Agricultural Organisation gave an account of the 

activities of the F.A.O. in the forestry and timber sector. Mr. Catinot then reported 

on the forest inventories that had been carried out in tropical Africa, the inventories 

being carried out and planned, their special features and the results that might be 

expected by men in the trade. They were particularly concerned that these results 

should be expressed as a volume of marketable timber. 

In the course of the discussion of the work of Commission IV (Contracts and 

Usages), under the chairmanship of Mr. Hoornaert, two important exchanges ofview 

took place. The first related to the possibility of a consignment being refused in 

the event of a delivery of timber inferior to the quality specified in the contract; the 

Commission adopted a usage which applies on the one hand to the types of contract 

generally used in English-speaking countries and on the other hand to the A.T.I.B.T. 

standard contracts used on the European continent. The second exchange of views 

related to the drafting ofan arbitration clause which the A.T.I.B.T. standard contracts 

and the contracts in use in English-speaking countries might have in common; 

considerable progress was made in this direction. 

Commission VI (Use of tropical timber), presided over by Mr. Roth, first heard 

a report by Mr. Morellet of the Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (C.T.F.T.) on 

the enquiry carried out among members of the A.T.I.B.T. on Aniegre. This enquiry, 

which made it possible to define the problems posed by the use of this species, may 

serve as a model for the enquiries regarding other species that are not yet well known. 

A report by Mr. PoH, Assistant Director of the Centre d'Information et de Documentation 

du Batiment (Building Information Centre), gave rise to a very interesting 

discussion on the means to be adopted to give buyers and users a better knowledge 

of tropical species. 

An address by Mr. Chardin (C.T.F.T.), together with a particularly significant film, 

on the use of high speed cinematography in examining the mechanism of rotary 

cutting greatly interested the listeners. This address and the reports by Mr. Bertrand 

(C.T.F.T.) on the competition between timber and plastics, by Mr. Poliquin, a 

professor at Laval University (Quebec, Canada), on the new prospects for the tropical 

timber market in the V.S.A., and by Mr. Gehain (INDUFOR) on the present 

position of Limba gave rise to interesting discussions on technical, economic and 

commercial problems. 

Commissions I and II, entrusted with information, statistical, publication and 

publicity problems, were under the joint chairmanship of Miss Morgand and 

Mr. Poutie. They considered the problems ofpublicising tropical species-problems 

which could perhaps be solved by a drive in collaboration with other organisationsand 

they decided to reprint the General Nomenclature of Tropical Timber. 

The Council of Management then ratified the proposals made by the various 

Commissions and recorded the membership of two new active members. After the 

report by the Treasurer, Mr. Vivier, who was heartily congratulated for his work 

in that office, the General President, Mr. Peche, closed the meeting by thanking 

the participants and expressing the wish that he might see them again in even 

greater numbers, if possible, at the spring meeting. 

At the end of this meeting, which was particularly fruitful and during which 

many problems concerning tropical timber had been thoroughly examined, the 

Federation Nationale des Importateurs, Negociants, Industriels, Commissionnaires 

et Exportateurs en bois exotiques, tropicaux et americains (National Federation 

of Far Eastern, tropical and American timber importers, merchants, industrialists,

Section 23, 

I.U.F.R.O. 

Meeting 


brokers and exporters) gave a highly successful and friendly cocktail party for the 

participants at the meeting and various French and international personalities in 

the trade. 

THE SECTION 23, Improvement of Forest Production (Silviculture), 

of the International Union of Forestry Research Organization met 

at Ljublijana, Yugoslavia, in early October. The resolution of the 

working group on virgin forest research emphasised the urgency of 

preserving primary forest areas in tropical developing countries. The working group 

on tropical silviculture decided on a work programme which is chiefly directed toward 

dissemination of information and improving contacts among researchers in the field of 

tropical silviculture and related subjects of tropical forestry. 

Ethiopia THE BRITISH OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION has agreed to 

provide the Government of Ethiopia with a team of three Forestry 

Advisers for a period of years. 

Christopher Swabey, after five years as Director of the Commonwealth Forestry 

Bureau in Oxford will lead the team. He has gone out to Addis Ababa, initially for a 

year. He will be accompanied by J. A. D. Jackson, formerly of Nigeria. A third British 

forester will join the team in the near future. 

Teak Project THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK has approved a technical assistance 

Indonesia programme requested by the Indonesian Government to study 

and prepare plans for the rehabilitation and development of 

Indonesia's teak industry in Central and East Java. 

This technical assistance is the Bank's first venture in the forestry sector, and is in 

line with the current Five-Year Development Plan of the Indonesian Government to 

improve the development and exploitation of the country's rich timber resources. 

Forestry in WE RECENTLY received a copy of the biography of Kim It Sung, 

North Korea Communist leader of North Korea. As tnembers will be aware 

Korea was occupied by the Japanese froln 1911 till 1945. An uneasy 

peace followed leading up to the Korean War 1950-53 which after United Nation 

intervention resulted in the division of the country along the 38th parallel into North 

and South Korea. 

As the Association is above politics we browsed through this very lengthy book 

and came up with the following references to forestry: 

"Imnlediately after liberation he had climbed the MoonsoobongHill and was 

greatly grieved looking over the hills and dales of the fatherland which had been 

completely denuded of trees by the plunderous Japanese imperialists during their 

long rule. 

He said at that time that tree-planting and afforestation must be undertaken 

large-scale. 

So he worked out a vast plan for afforestation and conservation, with river 

inlprovement, and guided the people to fulfil the plan wherever he went. 

In the northern half of the Republic, a plan to plant 880,000 jungbo with trees 

was carried out quickly after the war. Mountains that had been made bare by the 

long-drawn catastrophe of so many years of Japanese imperialism were clothed 

again with green garments for the first time in those more than 30 years". 

The above sounds a grand concept; if any members have contacts in North Korea 

we should welcome further infornlation. In the meantime we are making a direct 

approach to Pyongyang. 

(one hectare === 1.01 jungbo)


Literature published after 1964 

It is hoped in future to film the catalogue in five year blocks. The first block, 

covering the period 1965-70, will be available in late 1971 and will incorporate and 

supersede the microfilm already published covering the period 1965-67/68. 

Author Catalogue of Literature published between 1934 and 1968-69 

About 150,000 cards on 28 reels, £196 plus package and postage. 

Orders should be placed with the Microfilm Units, Department of Forestry, Oxford. 

Multilingual WE ARE RELIABLY informed that this publication is likely to appear 

Forestry "any day now". As previously reported it will be distributed by 

Terminology W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., Hills Road, Cambridge and the Society of 

AmericanForesters, 1010 16thStreetN.W.,WashingtonD.C.,V.S.A. 

Annual General THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING will be held on Tuesday, 27th 

Meeting April. Agenda and invitation form are enclosed with this issue. 

Assuming the postal strike is over, members in the United Kingdo111 

should have not less than 5 weeks' notice. This being the Association's Jubilee Year 

the discussion after the business of the meeting will be devoted to the Association and 

its future. 

Autumn 

Meeting 

Jubilee 

Dinner 

NO VENUE has yet been fixed for the Autulnn Meeting. It will 

however, take place about mid-September. Details and invitation 

form will be issued with the June REVIEW. 

AS MENTIONED in the December REVIEW and in the Editorial in 

this number, it is hoped to hold a commemorative dinner in or 

about mid-November provided sufficient support is forthcolning. 

Members will find a notice in this number seeking advance inforJnation as to possible 

support. 

Revisi'on of THE DECEMBER REVIEW will be d'evoted to a revised version of 

Handbook the Handbook. A form inviting a]l individual members to send 

in any changes of address, designations e1tc. is enclosed with this 

number. If no reply is received it will be assumed there is no change. Forest 

Authorities, Research Organisations and Universities have been asked for details 

by individual letters. 

Postal Strike AS WE GO to press the strike is still with us. Thanks to our 

Postscript printers who have maintained an excellent courier service between 

London and Windsor there is every reason to believe this issue 

will appear on time.

OBITUARIES 

Major F. V. Webster, M.C. (1901-1969) 

FREDERICK VERNON WEBSTER was born at Mussorie in India, in 1901 where his father 

was serving in the army. After schooling in India he entered the Forestry College at 

Dehra Dun and on completion of his forestry training joined the Burma Forest Service 

in 1926. The outbreak of the war found hiln in northern Burnla and he made his way 

to India and volunteered for military service. His experience of the people and forests 

of Burma made him an invaluable member of "Z" force operating behind the Japanese 

lines and it was for his part in these operations that he was awarded the M.C. After 

the war he returned to Burma for a short while but changed conditions led him to seek 

employnlent elsewhere and in August 1948 he joined the North Borneo Forest Depart 

Olent. He stayed in North Borneo for the remainder of his working life retiring to 

England in August 1960. Monty or Web as he was known to his friends was a keen 

and in his younger days skilled sportsman. His particular love was cricket, which 

he continued to play until shortly before his retirement and which he followed with 

enthusiasm whenever possible. 

Shortly after retiring he suffered from a severe coronary thrombosis and was forced 

to lead a quiet life in retirement at Westfield in Sussex. In 1963 he married Dorothy 

Mayor, who survives hinl and to whom we extend our deepest sympathy. 

rrhomas Valentine Dent (1909-1970) 

WE REGRET to announce the death ofT. V. Dent, l.F.S.(Retd.) who died while attending 

a council meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists' trust at York University on 11 th 

April 1970, exactly a week after his retirenlent from the services of the Forestry 

COllll11ission. 

The youngest officer to join the Indian Forest Service, Dent canle to India in October 

1929 and spent his first five years as a junior officer in North Bengal and in the Sunderbans 

and was, incidentally, instrumental in routing a group of determined rhino 

poachers as well as a rogue rhino, at Jaldapara. Soon after, he became the Khedda 

Officer and operated extensively in the Chittagong forests which were literally the 

home of wild elephants. Subsequent two years' arduous life as the Divisional Forest 

Officer, Chittagong Hill Tracts nearly cost him his life, afflicted as he was by the ITIuch 

dreaded Black Water Fever, but through the dedicated nursing of Frank Dent he 

survived. Next, he spent a couple of years as an Assistant Silviculturist at Dehra Dun 

(1940-42) and during the brief span, managed to publish an important SiIvicultural 

bulletin. He was a competent field botanist and a complete naturalist. 

With the evacuation of the British froln Burma he was recalled to Chittagong 

to shoulder the onerous task of the supply of colossal quantities of timber to the 

ArnlY at the front line that the Division became. A few months before India gained 

independence, he went to England on leave for a well-earned rest, little apprehending 

that he was leaving this country for good! Subsequently, he was absorbed in the 

Service of the U.K., Forestry Commission wherefrom he had retired only on 4th 

April, 1970. 

Dent had an enviable iron constitution; and about physical hardships he could never 

care less. He was a good sportsnlan, and his shooting was accurate. His bag included 

several tigers and panthers. Yet his rugged exterior concealed a very tender heart that 

was incapable of being rude. He was considerate to a fault and it was a common sight 

in the early hours of the morning, to see Dent dashing in a jeep down the strand with 

a load of Foresters bound for the embarkation point, some eight miles from Chittagong, 

for their voyage to Cox's Bazar-on the country's eastern border, to report for 

duty. But for his help the poor staff would have had to trudge the weary miles to the 

wharf as cabs were not to be had for love or money in war time. 

He had recently informed his old colleagues about his desire to visit North Bengal, 

filled as it was for him with nostalgic memories, on his way to Australia where his 

17


son has settled down. This makes the bereavement all the more poignant, to those 

here who looked forward to meeting him again. He had boundless love for this country 

and her people. 

To his widow, son and the three daughters, we offer our deeply felt condolence. 

K.C.R.C. 

John Alexander Fraser 

JOHN ALEXANDER FRASER was born in Ross-shire, Scotland, in 1909. He was brought 

up in the ways of country life and chose forestry as his career, obtaining the Forestry 

Commission's Foresters Certificate at Benmore. In 1936 he arrived in Uganda to begin 

thirty years of unstinted service to forestry overseas, divided almost equally between 

Uganda and Tanzania. 

His senior officers soon found that Fraser set himself a high standard and over the 

years this was the hallmark of his work. Whatever the task, whether settling forest 

boundary disputes, collecting wild rubber as part of Uganda's war effort, managing 

large hardwood nursery and replanting schemes or taking charge of softwood planting 

under a taungya system, his alert and practical mind grasped the essentials and his 

energy and drive ensured that they were carried out, and carried out well. 

Fraser's capability and integrity made it natural that he should be one of the select 

band of Foresters in what was then Tanganyika to be promoted on merit to the rank 

of Assistant Conservator. It was in this grade and in charge of forestry in Tanzania's 

varied and exacting East Region that he finished his overseas service in 1966 and retired 

to Scotland. He died of a heart attack on 7th November, 1970. 

Far from being a stern perfectionist, Fraser enjoyed living and his many friends of 

several races will remember with affection his zest and cheerful companionship. He 

was a devoted husband and father and our sympathy goes to his widow and son and 

daughter in their great loss. 

R.G.S. 

Obituary Notices on R. R. Waterer and Dr. MacLagan Gorrie are unavoidably 

held over due to the postal strike. 

NEW MEMBERS 

CRACIUM, G. C. J., B.Sc., M.Sc., G.P.O. Box 589, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. 

ELLIS, D. S., M.B.E., B.Sc.For., Edgerton, 14 Hillhead, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. 

GILMOUR, D. A., B.Sc.For., Dip.For., M.Sc., Forestry Office, Atherton, Queensland, 

Australia. 

HOWELL, B. N., M.A.(Cantab.), Spitchwick Manor, Poundsgate, Newton Abbot, Devon. 

JHA, B. C., B.Sc.(Hon.), A.I.F.C., Finnish Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland. 

MINCHIN, A. A. F., Dip.For.(Oxon.), Cruxfield House, Near Duns, Berwickshire. 

STEVENS, H. E., B.Sc.For., R,P,F,ffi C.E.T., 3554 West 22nd Avenue, Vancouver 8, British 

Columbia, Canada. 

STIRLING, Lt.Col. J. A., O.B.E., F.I.C.E., M.lnst.H.E., F.I.Arb., 31 Fordwich Road, Welwyn 

Garden City, Herts. 

WESTBROEK, H., B.Sc.F., RRI, Steeles East Toronto, P.O. Box 56, Milliken, Ontario, Canada.

AROUND THE COMMONWEALTH 23 . 

the wide-spread use of timber preservation processes have helped a great deal to 

conserve the indigenous forests by making it possible to slow dow ntheir rate of 

depletion. Since 1946 the amount of timber cut from the "exotic" forests is estimated 

to have represented a saving of nearly 750,000 acres of indigenous forest, and" the use 

of preservative even more than that. 

The AucklandHerald of 10th October has quoted some of the sayings ofthe Minister 

of Land and Forests, Duncan McIntyre, which may be worth re-quoting here: 

"With their system of tapu, the Maoris introduced conservation." 

"There are large areas in New Zealand we should give back to God and we should 

apologise for the mess we have made ... even offer to help him repair the damage." 

"The politician is your mouthpiece; if you are interested in the environment, he 

must be." 

"Man is the most noxious animal ever introduced into New Zealand." 

"How many of you could still get more excitement out of... rain on a tin roof than 

the broadcast from Parliament ?" 

"Plant trees for your lives." 

"The battle-cry of conservation is good to hear, but would be even better if some 

of those shouting the loudest had a clearer idea of what they were shouting for." 

"People who love the land do not abuse it." 

"It is the wooing of the earth that we must aspire to." 

"We must reconcile two conflicting elements-taking enough profit from our land 

to give us a good living and protecting that same land to give us a good life." 

"We Kiwis can have a paradise here in our own land if we plan and if we are prepared 

to pay the price." 

NIGERIA 

Speech by His Excellency The Military Governor of The Western State 

To The Forestry Association of Nigeria on the occasion of its launching ceremony. 

DISTINGUISHED GUESTS, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 

I am delighted to be in your midst this morning and to have the opportunity of 

addressing your inaugural meeting. I welcome each and everyone of you to Ibadan 

and wish you a happy stay here. I congratulate you heartily for forming this Association. 

It is my belief that it will offer a virile forum where forestry problems will be 

discussed and solved. I am certain you have a wealth of knowledge and very rich experience 

in tropical forestry that the outside world is eager to tap. It is through the 

journal of the Association, which I am informed you will start publishing soon, that 

these vital information and knowledge will be disseminated to the outside world. 

Forestry in this country today has entered a phase of intensive management. In the 

past your activities centred on acquiring the forest estate and protecting it. Now that 

you have the Estate, you are actively engaged in developing it to support the needs 

of the teeming population in this country. Because the products of the forests are 

intimately connected with the lives of the ordinary people you occupy a unique place 

in subscribing substantially to the general well being of the inhabitants of this country. 

The export of timber alone, I am told, earns about £7 million in foreign exchange every 

year and about ten times this value from a variety of minor forest products including 

wood carvings, palm oil and kernels, gum arabic, species, wild animals and animal 

trophies. A vital service which the forests render the ordinary village man and which 

we do not appreciate enough is the provision of herbs and barks for the preparation of 

native medicine. A good proportion of the population collects herbs and barks of 

trees for concoctions and medicinal preparations since the medical facilities are 

inadequate in these areas. 

It is gratifying to note that every State Government in the Federation has embarked 

upon extensive afforestation programmes. I am informed that you are employing the 

latest innovations and techniques in growing quickly timber that you will soon be 

called upon to supply industries in this country. In this connection I shall mention


the proposed establishment of pulp and paper mills in various parts of the country. 

You are aware of the colossal amount of money spent in importing paper and paper 

products into Nigeria yearly and I am happy to note that the Federal Government 

is committed to activating and establishing local paper industries to supply our 

demands of these products. My government is also raising 2,000 acres of Gmelina 

trees annually for a proposed Gmelina pulp mill. This mill and paper complex will 

provide some 36 million cement bags annually when fully established. I am pleased 

to learn that our Forest Services all over the country are planting large areas ofTropical 

Pines and other species which are most suitable for pulp manufacture. 

Other wood based industries also call for mention here. Two new plymill complexes 

are proposed for the West and Mid-West and these will open soon. The members of 

your association in the timber trade should now think more of integrated industrial 

complexes that will utilise every bit of wood available rather than engage in small 

scale sawmilling. Admittedly these sawmills are fulfilling a purpose in supplying sawn 

timber for the local market but the time has come when you should compete with 

others for the foreign markets. 

Vast quantities of processed wood and lumber are consumed locally every year. 

It will be incumbent on the members of your Association to find ways and means of 

meeting this demand and halt the annual importation of some £7 million worth of 

wood and wood products into this country. I am sure that if. you put constructive 

proposals to various governments of the Federation pointing out the urgency and 

merits attached to each proposal, this Association would be contributing tremendously 

to the economy ofNigeria. 

We are fortunate in this State to have had the benefit of advice and proposals of the 

Forestry Advisory Commission. My Government, as a result of the advice given by 

the Forestry Advisory Commission is striving to put forestry with the allied industries 

in its proper place and accord it top priority in the development programme. 

It is saddening to remark that our forests are continually being exhausted of the 

traditional mahoganies which had always given an identity of its own to this country 

in the timber markets abroad. I appeal to all States Forest Services, the University 

and the Research Institute to devise means of replenishing our forests with these valuable 

trees. They should not be left out of your gigantic reforestation programmes. 

We are approaching a stage, sequence to the depletion of large sized timbers, 

whereby we will have to content ourselves with using timbers of smaller dimensions. 

Your Association should now be seriously engaged in finding suitable machinery that 

will break trees from the thinnings of your plantations to utilisable forms. I have a 

feeling that some of these thinnings could find markets as building and construction 

materials. 

I am told that two States in the north have embarked on large scale game conservation 

programmes. This is a noble gesture since the development of game reserves will 

no doubt promote tourism and preserve rare animals which are currently on the verge 

of extinction. Game anitnals are said to contain better protein than domestic animals 

and cattle. I have a similar game conservation programme in this State. Two large 

game reserves both over 2,000 sq. miles in extent are being developed to conserve game. 

When fully developed the animals will be cropped to provide protein which is generally 

deficient in Nigeria's diets. 

It is often said that Agriculture is the "backbone" of this country's econOIUY but 

only few people ever thought that if agriculture is not sustained to grow, it will never 

develop a backbone. Forestry has sustained agriculture by helping to stabilise the soil 

and prevent erosion. In some parts of the country erosion has threatened lives and 

rendered large tracts of land useless. I have no doubt in my mind that the Forest 

Services in these areas are doing their best to contain the menace posed by erosion. 

Forests not only prevent erosion but they also offer protection to dairy animals.

AROUND THE COMMONWEALTH 2S 

The University and the Research Institute which are, happily, members of this 

Association should work together with State Forest Services in solving their management 

and staffing problems. Problems will continually rear their heads as you go 

deeper into intensive forestry. Problems associated with the marketing ofour unknown 

timber species will be worth looking into. The University should provide facilities for 

training and servicing forestry personnel through the organising of special courses, 

seminars and symposia. 

I am happy this Association includes members of the timber trade. The need has 

always existed for the "growers" of wood and its "hewers" to work together and 

promote forestry in this country. The Forest Services must always have at the back of 

their minds the supply of the needs of the trade. They must strive to supply wood in 

the form acceptable to the trade. The members of the trade on the other hand must 

find suitable forms of use for the wood being grown. They must think of more 

sophisticated and modern methods of processing wood in order to minimise wastes. 

I have mentioned the establishment of integrated wood industries and the marketing 

of our unpopular timber species. I understand that the export of lumber is more 

advantageous than log export in that it is more profitable and less capital intensive. 

The need for providing employment locally is an added justification for advocating 

a policy involving the processing of timber before export. 

I have tried to touch on some of the immediate forestry problems that need tackling 

in this country. I have by no means exhausted them but I am sure you will be deliberating 

on these very fully in your sessions. I have mentioned the uniqueness of your 

association in projecting the image of forestry and forest industry in this country to 

the outside world. You have the pride of place of being the best organised association 

of this nature in the tropics and I hope you will feed factual information on Nigerian 

forestry to your counter-parts in other countries. I do hope you will meet regularly 

to exchange ideas and views of common interest. 

I know you have a heavy programme to go through and I shall leave you to carry 

on with your deliberations. Thank you. 

SABAH 

Logging in Forest Reserves in Sabah 

THE GOVERNMENT of the State of Sabah, Malaysia, recently announced that it has 

advised the 12 companies logging under 21 year licence agreements in forest reserves 

that these agreements will not be renewed when they expire. The licence agreements 

of 8 of the companies, which are private, will expire at the end of 1978 while those of 

the other 4 which are public including Sabah Timber Co. (formerly British Borneo 

Timber Co.) will expire later-the final one at the end of 1984. The total annual coupe 

of the 12 companies, which are working on a theoretical sustained yield basis, is 73 sq. 

miles with the coupe equal to one hundredth of the total concession area. In addition 

a new licence agreement is being concluded with a foundation established by enactment 

called The Sabah Foundation, which will have an annual coupe of 30 sq. miles divided 

into 10 sub coupes. It is not certain when this will come into force but probably before 

the end of 1970. 

The reason for the issue of this licence agreement is basically to try and distribute 

the profits from the timber industry more evenly among the people. With this end in 

view the Sabah Foundation proposes to provide funds and facilities for education, 

housing and other projects for the benefit of the peoples of Sabah. At the same time 

it hopes to invest in the exploitation and development of other natural resources in 

the State in particular oil and minerals. 

Forest Inventory: Sabah 

A FOREST INVENTORY is at present being carried out in Sabah under a Canadian aid 

programme. The inventory is divided into three phases. Phase I is the provision of 

3


suitable aerial photography of the whole State, phase II is the physical inventory of 

the forests and phase III is an economic evaluation of the data obtained froIn phase 11. 

Forestal Forestry and Engineering International Ltd. are responsible for the work 

with Hedlin-Menzies and Associates participating in phase Ill. Phase I commenced 

towards the end of 1969 and phase II early in 1970 while phase III will start towards 

the end of 1970. It is hoped to have all field work completed by the end of 1971 and the 

final report presented by mid 1972. 

UNITED KINGDOM 

Commonwealth Forestry Institute 

Contributed by Dr. H. C. Dawkins, January 1971. 

THE C.F.I. is familiar by name to all Commonwealth forest authorities but its status 

and activities are often not so clear, except to those who frequently work with it. We 

hope to include news of these activities regularly in future, in all or most numbers of 

this REVIEW. 

Pirstly to clarify its status. The C.P.I. is simply the building-much of it furnished 

with timber donated by the Commonwealth-which houses the University Department 

of Forestry. Among the research and advisory teams within this Department is one 

which was set up as a result of the last two Commonwealth Forestry Conferences, 

on finance supplied by 25 Commonwealth GovernInents. This teanl works mainly on 

problems for which help has been requested by contributing Governments, but is also 

working on projects of general interest to all forest authorities such as seed source, 

eugenics and yield appraisal of pantropically fast-growing species, data processing and 

statistical analysis of inventory and experiment. 

Recently for instance R. H. Kemp has collected seed from 28 carefully selected 

provenances of central American pines, and while this goes to press he is again in 

that area selecting and collecting more. Previous expeditions by Kemp, E. N. G. 

Cooling, A. P. A. Lamb and J. Burley have led to a series of international provenance 

trials; plans for the latest series have been sent to 39 forest authorities. P. J. Wood 

initiated greenhouse trials and electron microscope studies at Oxford to facilitate 

early recognition ofhigh quality genotypes. He also visited nine West African countries 

to study their species and provenance trials, many of which use seed collected and 

plans designed by the Oxford team. Lamb visited India and Ceylon to advise on the 

same topic, along with nursery technique and numerous local silvicultural difficulties. 

Burley and I. A. Andrew on the genetics and biometric side worked with J. F. 

Hughes (University lecturer in wood anatomy) on anatomical variation of Pinus 

caribaea collected from several sources, they also published their previous work on 

P. khasya, P. merkusii and P. pa/ufa from southern-central Africa. Burley also visited 

six countries from eastern to southern Africa to advise on tree introduction and 

breeding strategies, with particular reference to the help that C.F.I. might be able to 

give. Andrew is developing new techniques of multivariate analysis for the genetical 

and wood quality data now coming in from several countries; for example, international 

provenance trials of Cedrela odorata and P. merkusii designed by the C.F.I. 

team and established in 20 countries are now under analysis. 

P. G. Adlard of the Statistical and Computing Section completed his analysis of 

the Southeast Johor inventory, and developed from it an ALGOL procedure for 

dealing with any future polyspecific inventory. He also completed increment analyses 

for 134 Uganda "THP-" sample-plots and for 60 similar but more complex plots in 

Sabah. Another new development was a computer simulation of a four-hectare stand 

of Malawi pines, for the study of sampling efficiency and its dependence on pattern 

of variation in such stands. With T. J. Wormald the section contructed volume tables 

for P. halepensis (Cyprus), P. caribaea and P. oocarpa (British Honduras), Ocotea 

usambarensis (EAAFRO), Cupressus, Juniperus, Eucalyptus and P. radiata (Kenya). 

An ALGOL program was written by B. W. Dawkins to depict all future volulne

AROUND THE COMMONWEALTH 27 

equations as graph-plus-scatter diagrams, to supplement the traditional tables. The 

same worker also re-designed the polyspecific sample-plot program in FORTRAN, 

so as to make this facility more widely available. It was put to immediate use for 

Sarawak swamp forests where some 20 plots await analysis. On average, the section 

processes about 20 "runs" on the computer per day, the average job (e.g. volume tables 

for a single species) taking perhaps five "runs" to complete. 

B. T. Styles as Forest Botanist has continued to advise the Institute's Fast Growing 

Tropical Timber Section on the more fundamental botanical aspects of its work, that 

is mainly the distribution, systematics and nomenclature of tropical pines and broadleaved 

trees. As a contribution towards helping in tree-breeding he is co-operating 

\vith the Silviculturist in charge of Tree Improvement in Nigeria (formerly in Ghana) 

to study phenology and the biology of flowers and fruits of Triplochiton, Terminalia 

and Cedrela and other species of Meliaceae. Styles has continued his study of 

chromosome cytology in important timber species of Meliaceae and his many new 

observations have been incorporated in a review of existing knowledge. At the request 

of the V.S. Forest Service he has begun to investigate the morphological and cytological 

variations of the three species of Swietenia and the putative hybrid between 

s. macrophylla and S. mahagoni. This hybrid is being more and more frequently 

lnentioned in the literature, but adequate botanical evidence is still lacking. 

3*


CANADA 

Rooting Plain and Heel Cutting of Spruce, Ronald M. Girouard, Forest Research 

Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Quebec. 

IN FOREST genetics studies, clonal testing is an important method for the evaluation 

of hybrid trees and parental stock. Because a clone consists of all individuals which 

have arisen by asexual reproduction from a common ancestor without significant 

visible somatic mutation, clonal testing must begin with vegetative propagation. 

This method permits the multiplication and preservation of valuable germp!asm. 

The propagules in clonal banks can be checked to determine whether or not 

certain characteristics are due to environmental factors or to genotype. It is also 

possible to establish seed orchards for the production of forest tree seed of tested 

stock. 

Two forms of vegetative propagation are commonly used in forestry improvement 

work: grafting and rooting of cuttings. Grafting may yield rapid results, but 

can also be disappointing when incomp,atibility symptoms, not immediately 

apparent, sho:w up in trees several years old. Altho'ugh rooting of cuttings eliminates 

the e'ffects of incompatibility, other problems exist such as differences in the rooting 

ability of cuttings taken from different species or from different trees of the 

same species. Most conifers and many of the hardwoods are considered difficult 

to root especially from shoots of relatively old or mature trees. 

In 1967, my work in Eastern Canada began with a study of adventitious root 

formation in stem cuttings of four species of spruce, a difficult-to-root genus as 

far as cuttage is concerned. Efforts were made to root, in a greenhouse under intermittent 

mist, cuttings with and without a heel of old wood and frequently from 

different positions on plantation-grown trees or ortets; the results of this preliminary 

work are reported herein. 

Review of literature 

Grade (5) studied the relationship between the position of shoots and the rooting 

of cuttings in material collected from an 18-year-old Picea abies tree. Forty-eight 

per cent of the cuttings from the up'per third portion of the crown rooted, while 

86 per cent of those from the lower third rooted. Root length was greatest and 

survival highest in cu:ttings taken from the lower-most part of Norway spruce 

trees (6), although the num'ber of roots formed was the same for both categories. 

Deuber 1 worked with 26- and 40-year-old trees of P. abies and noted that lateral 

branches rooted well. 

For winter cuttings of Norway spruce, Deuber and Farrar (2) and Farrar (3) 1939 

found that shoot tips with a basal cut were superior to those with a heel of old 

wood. Resin was thought to protect the wounded surfaces from bacteria and fungi. 

Two years later Farrar and Grace (4) added that plain cuttings of the same plant 

species root better than heel cuttings on the basis of p'ercentage rooted and number 

and length of roots. For summer collections, heels on the cuttings favoured survival 

and rooting in sand, and root length in sand plus peat. In several experiments 

involving early spring collections with sand as the rooting medium, the presence 

or absence of heels had little effect on rooting. Other plant propagators preferred 

cuttings with a cut above the base of the youngest shoots (10, 13), but many continue 

to insist on the necessity of using cuttings with a heel of wood or full-length 

cuttings with remnant bud scales attached at the base (7,8,9,11,12). 

Materials and methods 

In June, 1967, branches 'were collected from black spruce [Picea m.ariana (Mill.) 

B.S.P.], Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], red spruce [Picea rubens Sarg.], 

and white spruce [Pieca glauca (Moench) Voss.] trees growing in plantations at 

28


5. GRACE, N. H. 1939. Vegetative propagation of conifers. I. Rooting of cuttings taken 

from the upper and lower regions of a Norway spruce tree. Can. J. Res. 17 (Sect. C): 

178-180. 

6. GRACE, N. H. and M. W. THISTLE. 1940. Vegetative propagation of conifers. V. The 

effect of indolylacetic acid and nutrient solutions on the rooting of Norway spruce 

cuttings. Can. J. Res. 18 (Sect. C): 122-128. 

7. KRUSSMANN, G. 1966. La pepiniere. Vol. I. La multiplication des arbres, arbustes et 

conifers. La Maison Rustique, Paris. p. 327. 

8. LARSEN, C. M. 1946. Experiments with softwood cuttings of forest trees. Forstl. 

F orsogsv. Danmark. 17: 289-443. 

9. LARSEN, C. M. 1955. The seasonal variation in the natural rooting capacity of 

cuttings of Norway spruce and Sitka spruce. Z. Forstg. Forstpflanzenzuchtung 4: 

69-80. 

ID. OLIVER, R. W. and S. H. NELSON. 1958. Propagation of spruce from cuttings. Proc. 

Plant Prop. Soc. 7: 41-43. 

11. PEDERSEN, J. 1965. Propagation from cuttings of Picea pungens "Glauca Globosa." 

Proc. lilt. Plant Prop. Soc. 15: 207. 

12. SAVELLA, L. 1965. Propagation of Picea pungens glauca cultivars. Proc. Int. Plant 

Prop. Soc. 15: 199-202. 

13. \VELLS, J. S. 1953. Pointers on propagation; propagating Koster Spruce. Amer Nurs. 

98 (9): 13, 48-53. 

NIGERIA 

Fertiliser Response of Eucalyptus grandis A. L. Mc.Comb, G.C.A. Ojo and J. K. 

Jackson. 

IN 1966 an inspection of two-year-old plantations of Eucalyptus grandis on the 

MambiIla Plateau, North East State showed that most of the trees at both 

Maisamari and Nguroje were slow growing and had reddish-purple leaves. Trees 

with normal green leaves were two to three times taller. Young maize plants in 

adjacent fields showed classical symp'to·ms of p,hosphorous deficiency. Quick tests 

made on the soil with Hellige-Truog equipment gave pH values ranging from 5.2 

to 5.8 and showed phosphorus, calcium and magnesium to· be very low. 

The following experiment was conducted to ascertain if E. grandis seedlings on 

one of the soils were suffering from phosphorus deficiency, to determine if other 

nutrients might be limiting growth and to see if calcium and magnesium would 

improve growth, possibly by increasing availability of phosphorus. 

Methods 

Two bags of soil were o,btained from the Maisamari plantation through the local 

forestry officer. One represented the top soil from 0-6 in. (0-0.15 m.), the second, 

subsoil from 12-18 in. (0.30 to 0.46 m). Thirteen nutrient treatments with a control 

were applied to each soil in standard (3 x 9 in.) black polythene p,ots. There was 

sufficient soil for only seven replicates of the surface so,il and five of the subsoil. 

Seeds of E. grandis were sown in each pot and the seedlings later thinned to one 

per pot. except for some subsoil pots 'where seedlings grew very poorly. During 

germination the pots were watered several times a day by means of a spray to keep 

the top 2 in. of soil constantly moist. Sample pots were weighed periodically to 

determine the amount of water to be added. The quantity added twice daily was 

approximately equal to evapotranspiration losses and it brought the soil to near the 

field capacity. 

Soil analyses 

Standard laboratory chemical and particle size analyses were made on samples 

from each lot of soil. pH was determined with a glass electrode in a 1-2.5 soil 

\vater mixture, organic matter by oxidation with chromic acid and phosphorus 

31

RESEARCH NOTES 33 

Results 

After four months growth heights were measured, plants harvested and fresh 

weights determined. Separate analyses of variance were made of fresh weights on 

both surface and subsoil. Figure 1 shows mean fresh weights and the analyses of 

variance are in Table 4. Treatments o'n b,oth fresh weights and heights. 

On untreate'd subsoil E. grandis grew only 34 mm. in height in four months, but 

when P was added alone or with Nand K, seedlings were' 3-6 times taller and 12 to 

24 times heavier. With NPK,'CaMg and B along or with four other micronutrients, 

heights were 8 to 10 times greater than the control and fresh 'weights 60-70 times 

greater. 

In contrast to the results with surface soil CaMg alone increased growth very 

little, but when added with NPK a large increase occurred. Since the soil was 

strongly acid and the amount of calcium carbonate added was small, available P 

may have remained at a critical level until added in NPK. It is also possible, in 

view of the interaction between 'CaMg and NPK and the Iow levels of Ca and Mg 

in the subsoil that either or both Ca and Mg may have been directly limiting. 

TABLE 4 

ANALYSES OF VARIANCE OF FRESH WEIGHTS OF Eucalyptus grandis GROWN IN A SOIL FROM 

THE MAMBILLA PLATEAU 

Source d.f. SUlTI of Sqllares Mean Square F 

Surface Soil 

----- 

Total 97 4784 

Treatments 13 1613 124.1 3.57* 

Replicates 6 425 70.8 2.04 n.s. 

Error 78 2710 34.7 

Subsoil 

Total 69 ]234 

Treatments 13 846 65.0 10.08* 

Replicates 4 53 13.2 2.05 n.s. 

Error 52 335 6.4 

The effect of micronutrients in the presence of NPK on plants grown in subsoil 

was also large. C'omparing this treatment with NPK, CaMg, Micro and, B, NPK, 

CaMg, and in view of the fact that B was included in the micronutrient treatment, 

the results suggest response to B and a possible effect of CaMg increasing B or 

rnicronutrient availability as well as availability of P. 

These results suggest it would be virtually impossible to grow E. grandis from 

';;eed on pure subsoil exposed by erosion without fertiliser treatment. Multiple 

nutrient deficiences with P being most significant are indicated. 

Growth on surface soil was much greater than on subsoil. Duncan's range test 

showed that the fresh weights of all treatments except N. NK, and B were 

significantly greater than the control. Seedlings receiving P alone or in combination 

with Nand K were about twice as tall as the controls and three times heavier. K 

gave a statistically significant resp'onse, but the increase due to N or NK was not 

significant. The addition of CaMg and micronutrients to NPK gave no increase in 

height over NPK alone and fresh weight increases were' sma.ll and not statistically 

significan1.


TABLE 5 

TOTAL HEIGHTS (M) AND FRESH WEIGHTS (G) OF Eucalyptus grandis SEEDLINGS GROWN IN 

POTS ON A MAMBILLA PLATEAU SURFACE AND SUBSOIL 

Treatment 

I 

Surface Soil I Subsoil 

0-6 inches (0-0.15 m.) 12-18 inches (0.30-0.46 m.) 

I 

Fresh Weight Total Height I Fresh Weight Total Height 

(g) I (m) (g) (m) 

I 

Control 

4.5 0.175 0.15 0.034 

N I 8.8 0.247 0.45 0.065 

P 14.9 0.283 3.67 0.148 

K 11.6 0.270 0.19 0.034 

NP 13.0 0.305 1.81 0.187 

NK 8.1 0.240 0.06 0.029 

PK 15.1 0.314 3.15 0.151 

NPK 13.7 0.300 2.01 0.092 

CaMg 14.3 0.326 0.44 0.047 

I 

NPK, Ca Mg 17.2 

0.379 7.05 0.216 

NPK, Ca Mg, Micro* 15.1 0.325 10.65 0.290 

NPK, Micro 16.7 0.336 

6.49 0.225 

B, NPK, CaMg 19.5 0.387 8.99 0.337 

Boron 7.8 0.218 0.47 0.047 

*Micronutrients are tnanganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum and boron 

Plants receiving only CaMg were about the same size as those receiving P alone 

or in combination with Nand K, and were significantly larger than the controls. 

No tissue tests were made so it was not possible to tell, as planned, if :CaMg increased 

the availability of soil P to the seedlings. 'Seedlings receiving B alone were 

about 75 per cent heavier than the controls but the difference was not quite significant 

at the 5 per cent probability level. T'here is no evidence that the see'dlings 

responded to the other micronutrients-manganese, zinc, copp1er and molybdenum. 

The evidence as a whole points to P as the principal limiting element with the 

suggestion that B may also be re'quired and that liming may help, increase P 

availability in the less acid surface soil. Because of the rather large variations in 

treatment response between replicates a more detailed discussion of the interactions 

of various treatments does not seem warranted. The' need for field fertiliser trials 

employing at least P. B, Ca and N alone and in combinations, is indicated. 

I

ALL LIFE ON EARTH 

World Wildlife Fund 2nd International Congress 

VIEWED OBJECTIVELY this Congress was a tremendous success. How could it be otherwise 

when gathered on one platform were two royal sponsors, Their Royal Highnesses, 

The Prince of the Netherlands and the Duke of Edinburgh together with a galaxy 

of leaders in the field of human accomplishments; Mr. Neil Armstrong, first man on 

the Moon; Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of Jodrell Bank; Dr. Thor Heyerdahl of 

Kontiki fame; Dr. Jacques Piccard, designer of the mesocaphe for underwater 

research; to mention but a few well-known household names and not forgetting 

Mr. Peter Scott, founder of the movement. 

Viewed subjectively what was this Congress all about? The theme of the Congress 

was "All Life on Earth" or to use the latest catchword the "biosphere". It is true that 

protection of various forms of animal and plant life were considered by the various 

speakers but more in passing than as a theme. The main theme was quite openly the 

preservation of the environment in order to ensure man's own survival on this earth. 

A visitor from outer space might well have considered this Congress a meeting of 

Doomwatch Incorporated, or a gathering of harbingers of doom. The press certainly 

seized on this aspect, witness headlines from one evening paper 'Man is doomedwarning 

over population boom'. 

In his opening address, Prince Philip, President of the British National Appeal 

hit the nail on the head with his comment "If the support of distinguished people 

could solve the problem of the world's wildlife the campaign would be over bar the 

cheering". He went on to criticise the meagre support given so far by Governments 

and the United Nations. He made further points alnounting to "We want our cake 

and to eat it as well; we think wildlife is a good thing but we want the land it occupies; 

we like animals but we want the furs they wear." We thought His Royal Highness's 

strictures on management of existing reserves and parks somewhat unfair. Surely it is 

a case of too few trying to do too much with too little support. 

Prince Bernhardt of the Netherlands followed Prince Philip. He came straight to the 

point, the root cause of the trouble is the present population explosion and the 

accompanying demand for more of the good things of life. He went on to say that the 

cause was as good as lost unless we could limit our population and provide enough 

room for both men and animals to live in har'mony. 

Mr. Peter Scott in his address moved immediately onto what was to becon1e the 

theme of the Congress; the danger to the environment and what could be done about 

it. Quoting from population statistics, consumption trends, literacy trends, and 

referring to such recent books as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring he painted a most 

ominous picture of the future of mankind. A future which would be inevitable unless 

the Message got through. A Message to the Decision Makers, alias our legislators. 

He expressed himself as in favour of space exploration but not S.S.T. (super sonic 

transport), a sOlnewhat contradictory attitude we thought. 

There followed a galaxy of distinguished speakers, leaders in their own sphere. 

American lunarnaut, Mr. Neil Armstrong revealed himself as a very able speaker 

as well as a space explorer. His talk was preceded by a most impressive colour film of 

the Apollo 11 Moon Landing. Mr. Armstrong restricted his talk on the moon trip 

to a description of 'The Blue Planet' as seen from the Moon. He then switched to the 

problems of conservation on earth. He spoke on the need for better land use in order 

to produce the extra food for the extra two billion population expected by the end 

of the century. Fortunately Mr. ArlTIstrong was not exposed to questions, as at least 

three participants were lined up to ask him whether the cost of putting him on the 

Moon would not have been better spent on irrigating the Sahara or even financing the 

World Wildlife Fund. 

Dr. G. H. Beeby, President of the Society of Chemical Industry spoke on the threat 

to the environment from pollution, firstly from chemical processing and secondly 

36

ALL LIFE ON EARTH 37 

from the problem of indestructible waste. As a particular instance he quoted the 

phenomenal persistence, chemically unchanged, of D.D.T. which had been found in 

penguins many thousands of miles from any point of use. Dr. Beeby and subsequent 

speakers emphasised the continued and increasing pollution of the atmosphere, the 

rivers and the oceans caused by pesticides, industrial processes and the waste products 

thereof. 

The Rt. Hon. Peter Walker, Secretary of State for the Environment gave a very 

good address. He showed a wide knowledge of the problems confronting him. Not 

everyone is completely happy, however, to find the future of a motor way and the 

conflicting interest of a National Park in the hands of the same authority. 

From the floor of the Congress one gained the impression that many of the 600 

participants were emotionally or sentimentally involved with the protection of particular 

animals or birds and were not quite in the picture with the Congress trend of 

protection of the environment including the oceans and the atmosphere. 

As a forester I was singularly disappointed not to find a distinguished forester 

among the speakers. As far as I could ascertain there were only two other foresters 

among the participants, Mr. Aleem, Inspector General of Forests, Pakistan and 

Mr. R. S1. Barbe Baker, founder of Men of the Trees. Surely the organisers of the 

World Wildlife Fund must be fully aware that of all the land areas of the globe those 

having the most effect on the environment or the biosphere are the World's forest 

areas. Canadian forest researchers have recently come up with the information that a 

healthy forest absorbs 12 tons of carbon dioxide and produces four tons of oxygen per 

acre per year. Canada alone has 600 million acres of forest, an acre produces sufficient 

oxygen for 20 people per year, a little simple arithmetic provides the answer that oxygen 

from Canada's forests alone would supply double the anticipated World population 

at the end of the century. Coming nearer home there are in Britain some 3,000,000 

acres of forests mostly in the care of the Forestry Commission. Is one to conclude that 

the World Wildlife Fund is afraid the spectre of 'serried ranks of Conifers' might spoil 

its image? A forester among the speakers might well have brought a ray of hope to 

brighten the otherwise gloomy list of prognoses. Of all people foresters are best 

equipped favourably to influence the environment. 

In this same forestry context one cannot help wondering whether the sponsors of 

the World Wildlife Fund, not to mention the majority of the participants, are aware 

that had it not been for the activities of earlier generations of foresters particularly in 

the Commonwealth there would today have been very little wildlife to conserve or 

habitat in which to conserve it. Foresters established their forest reserves, the first 

game reserves and wrote the wildlife laws, many of which are still valid. 

One strange omission from the gloomy forecasts was any reference to the possibility 

of a nuclear holocaust. Science fiction writers have been so often right in the past. 

They could be right again. 

The Congress concluded with the adoption of a series of resolutions addressed to 

all World Governments including a personal message from the President of the World 

Wildlife Fund (International) H.R.H. Prince of the Netherlands inviting all Governlnents 

to initiate some form of population control. Obviously Utopia cannot be 

attained as a result of one Congress; many themes will require hammering home by 

subsequent Congresses before a millenium is reached. 

As an example the resolution which evoked the most emotional response from the 

floor was that ably proposed by H.R.H. Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands appealing 

to all women to renounce the wearing or use of garments or products from certain 

endangered animals, in particular the larger felines; yet the following week-end a 

well-known variety star arrived at Heathrow wearing a leopard skin coat and a Sunday 

newspaper sponsored a competition involving a variety of fur coats including some 

from skins of the named animals. 

E.W.M.


The vegetation consists almost entirely of rainforest (simple mesophyll vine forest 

according to Webb's classification of 1959). Several of the ridges support a growth of 

eucalypts (chiefly Eucalyptus grandis) with a rainforest understory. 

Rainfall is variable and during the past eight years has ranged from 64 to 140 inches 

with an average of 108 inches (Fig. 2). Rainfall is markedly seasonal and most falls 

occur during the wet season months from January to April. During this period very 

little logging activity takes place. 

A dam is to be built at Copperlode Falls to provide better storage and regulation 

for the Cairns City and Mulgrave Shire domestic water supply. The area to be 

inundated is logged to a minimum girth of 48 inches girth breast height (g.b.h.) while 

the remaining area is logged to girth limits imposed by the tree marking rules of the 

Queensland Forestry Department. Treemarked logging generally removes 3,000 to 

5,000 super feet per acre, while logging down to 48 inches g.b.h. generally removes 

8,000 to 10,000 super feet per acre. This means that the area to be inundated is subjected 

to a heavy Jogging with the removal of a large number of small trees, resulting in 

severe disturbance by crawler tractors and the exposure of a large area of bare soil. 

Methods 

Commencing late in 1965, samples of stream water were collected automatically 

at various points in the catchment (see Fig. 1) using vertically integrated single stage 

samplers-type U.S. U-59B (Inter-agency Committee on Water Resources, 1961). 

These samplers are designed to operate on the rising stage of the streams and they 

were arranged on a staff to take a sample with each four inch rise of the stream. The 

samplers were located above and below areas of major logging activity on each of the 

two main streams. In addition to the permanent samplers, hand samples were taken 

during rain periods as opportunities presented themselves. 

The sediment concentration of the samples was determined using millipore filtration 

equipment (Winneberger, Austin and Klett, 1963) and expressed in parts per million 

(p.p.m.). 

Samples were collected during the wet season each year from 1965-66 until 1968-69. 

Access into the catchment was often cut for up to six weeks after very heavy rain periods 

due to slides across the roads. This prevented complete sampling from being carried 

out. Rainfall was recorded in storage gauges at several points in the catchment (Fig. 1) 

and a recording rain gauge located'adjacent to sediment sampling point S4 provided 

rainfall intensity information. 

Results 

Sediment Effects 

Noticeable concentrations of suspended sediment occurred in the streams only 

following periods of rain. At other times the sediment level normally remained below 

4p.p.m. 

Exceptions occurred when vehicles moved through open stream crossings. When 

this occurred, sediment levels rose to several hundred p.p.m. immediately downstream 

of the disturbance, but dropped to upstream levels within a short distance. However, 

in this way a considerable amount of fine sediment was stored in the stream bed ready 

to move into suspension as soon as a stream rise occurred. For this reason, open ford 

crossings are undesirable features in a catchment where sediment levels are considered 

important. 

The first year of sampling (1965-66) was one of low total rainfall and was marked 

by an almost complete lack of high intensity falls. Because of this only a relatively 

small number of samples was obtained from the permanent sampling stations. There 

were only two periods of high intensity rain during the year and the sediment levels 

resulting from the first of these are shown in Fig. 3. The increase in sediment levels 

between the stations above and below logging activity is marked. The sediment derived 

from the streams flowing through undisturbed areas was largely organic in nature and


contrasted with the mineral sediment from the streams after they had flowed through 

the logged and roaded area. 

The sediment graphs from the sampling stations located below logging activity 

shown in Fig. 3 show a peak early in the rise of the stream. This pattern was also 

characteristic of almost all the sampling in subsequent years and was probably due to 

the sediment source areas being fairly close to the sampling stations. The initial 

flush of surface runoff from bare areas in the lower portions of the catchment caused 

high sediment concentrations in the early stages of the stream rise. These high 

concentrations were diluted as the increased flows from the undisturbed upper catchment 

areas made their impact on the total flow. Sediment concentrations then increased 

again due' to stream bank and bed erosion from the high flows'. 

Samples were taken from one of the reservoirs in the city of Cairns nine hours after 

the main storm period which produced the sediment pattern shown in Fig. 3. These 

samples revealed a concentration of 430 p.p.m. The reservoir became fully charged 

with turbid water and took about a week to clear. 

Data from the permanent sampling stations provided information on the total 

sediment levels from the disturbed area of the catchment. However, 'it was necessary 

to pinpoint the sediment source areas and evaluate the contributions of the various 

sources. To achieve this, samples were collected from sections of the stream which 

were crossed by roads or were influenced by snig tracks, log ramps, etc. In some cases 

sediment source areas were located by following turbid water upstream during rain 

periods, until the source of the sediment was found. 

It became apparent that most of the sediment was derived from poorly located 

undrained roads and snig tracks and from earth and log fill crossings such as that 

shown in Fig. 4. One striking point which emerged was the fact that a major portion 

of the sediment was derived from a few small sediment source areas. An example of 

the effect of one of these areas is shown in Table 1. Even though no noticeable rise 

occurred in stream height, considerable sedimentation resulted. 

TABLE I 

Sediment concentration from a log ramp adjacent to the stream after rain influence of 26 

points in 20 minutes between 1320 and 1340 hours on 25.1.66. 

Upstream of ramp 

Location Time (hours) Sediment concentration (p.p.m.) 

Immediately downstream of ramp 

50 metres downstream of ramp 



13.45 

13.45 

13.50 

14.00 

15.45 

48 

2,602 

Table 1 shows also how the sediment clears rapidly once rain ceases. However, 

during the wet season light showers such as the one which caused the sediment levels 

shown in Table 1 frequently occur for days or even weeks at a time. Consequently 

this can result in an almost continuous source of sediment-laden water leaving the 

catchment. 

In general, sedimentation occurred following almost every rain influence and it 

became severe and affected the city water supply after rains ofmoderately low intensity. 

The area covered by snig tracks during normal rainforest logging is considerable 

as can be seen from Table 2. ' 

203 

186 

21

EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON STREAMFLOW IN NORTH QUEENSLAND 43 

TABLE 2 

Area covered by snig tracks dUling rainforest logging from which approximately 10,000 

super feet per acre log timber was removed (unpublished data * from B. P. M. Hyland). 

Main Snig Tracks 

First order Snig Tracks 

Second order Snig Tracks 

TOTAL 

*Data obtained by point sampling on a one chain grid over an area 0/65 acres. 

per cent of Area covered 

by Snig Tracks 

The situation in Freshwater Creek would be very similar to that shown in Table 2" 

as the volume of timber removed per acre was approximately the same. The main 

snig tracks normally have all of the topsoil removed and produce excellent artificial 

water channels. When downhill snigging is carried out (as it is in the lower portion of 

Freshwater Creek) this produces a network of deeply worn snig tracks converging onto 

a log ramp adjacent to the creek. In the absence of drainage from the snig tracks the 

effect on the water quality is obvious. 

The snig tracks remain erosion hazards for many years because the topsoil has been 

removed and vegetation does not establish readily on the less fertile subsoil. 

As a result of the above findings the logging agreements which cover the timber 

sales in the Freshwater Creek basin were modified in an attempt to reduce the amount 

and duration of sediment in the streams. 

These modifications include the following points: 

(a) Snigging and hauling through running streams is prohibited. 

(b) The location of roads, log ramps and major snig tracks is subject to approval by 

the field officer in charge. Log ramps to be kept as far away from streams as 

practicable and in any case at least two chain from any stream bank. 

(c) The purchaser must construct and maintain drains from roads, snig tracks and log 

ramps. 

(d) Earth and log fill crossings (as shown in Fig. 4) are prohibited and where practicable, 

girder bridges are constructed. 

(e) A logging arch is used where this is considered necessary by the field officer in 

charge. 

(f) Operations may be suspended by the field officer if he considers these operations 

are detrimental to water or forest interests. 

During 1967 these conditions were inserted in all new timber sales in the area and 

in all other sales as they became due for re-assessment. In the old sale areas departmental 

plant was used to construct drains and water bars on all sediment-yielding roads 

and snig tracks. 

Sediment sampling continued during the wet season from 1966-67 to 1968-69. 

Rainfall was higher during these years than during the first year of sampling, and this 

caused frequent and often extended interruptions to the sampling programme. Heavy 

rains from cyclonic influences off the cost caused considerable damage to roads and 

bridges and hampered access. Most of the earth and log fill crossings washed away 

at such times and this contributed to extremely high sediment levels in the streams 

and reservoirs. The sediment sampling stations were always damaged and frequently 

washed away entirely on these occasions. However, from the numerous samples that 

were collected it was evident that the pattern of sediment levels which was apparent 

during 1965-66 was maintained until 1967-68. However, by the 1968-69 wet season 

there was a marked reduction in sediment levels (Fig. 5). The highest sediment level 

obtained from the reservoirs in Cairns during 1968-69 was 39 p.p.m. and this was 

immediately following 25 inches of rain in three days from cyclone "Bridget". The 

4* 

6.0 

9.0 

6.1 

21.1


highest level measured from the permanent sampling stations within the catchment 

during 1968-69 was 188 p.p.m. after 1,050 points of rain (Fig. 6). This contrasts with 

Fig. 3 which shows the results of a storm of only 263 points in 1966. 

Logging continued at approximately the same intensity during the four years of 

measurement, and although work commenced on some new sale areas in the upper 

reaches of the catchment (some distance from the lower sediment sampling points) 

logging still continued on most of the sale areas in the lower portion of the catchment. 

Figure 4. Earth and log fill crossings such as the one depicted here were a common feature 

of roading practice in Freshwater Creek prior to 1967. Normal wet season rain washes these 

crossings away and causes considerable sedimentation of the water supply. 

Streamflow Effects 

A number of local authority officers have expressed concern at the possible 

deleterious effects on streamflow quantity caused by heavy logging. This concern is 

based on the assumption that greatly increased evaporation will occur from bare soil 

exposed by logging, thus decreasing the water available for streamflow. Such effects 

are difficult to assess, as streamflow records from Freshwater Creek (at Copperlode 

Falls), are only available from mid 1960. In addition, there are few records available 

from streams in the same area with which a comparison could be made. However, a 

double n1ass curve analysis was carried out to compare the yields of Freshwater Creek 

\vith those ofBabinda Creek (25 miles south of Freshwater Creek) which flows through 

a virgin rainforest catchment (Fig. 7). This shows that there is no major inconsistency 

in the relationship between the annual flow from the two streams. However, there is a 

slight tendency towards an increase in the flow of Freshwater Creek compared with 

that from Babinda Creek as is indicated by the general increase in the relative slope of 

the various segments of the curve with time. This could be a random movement, and 

to test this a double mass curve analysis was carried out to compare the rainfall at 

Copperlode Falls with that at Babinda (Fig. 8). Rainfall and runoff are normally 

closely correlated, so it could be expected that any fluctuations shown in the rainfall 

curve would be reflected in the runoff curve. The relative slope of the various segments

EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON STREAMFLOW IN NORTH QUEENSLAND 47 

of the curve in Fig. 8 show very little change and the entire curve approximates a 

straight line. This strengthens the suggestion that there has been a slight increase 

in runoff from Freshwater Creek. 

This is the expected trend, as removal of the deep rooted trees lessens the transpiration 

demand on the soil water store and more of the subsequent rainfall is available 

for streamflow. Increased evaporation will occur from the bare soil areas, but 

experience elsewhere indicates that this is more than offset by the savings made from 

reduced transpiration (Lull and Fletcher 1962, Ziemer 1964, Orr 1968). 

Discussion 

The primary objective of this investigation was to determine improvements in the 

current logging practices so that sediment levels in Freshwater Creek are kept to a 

t1lininlUJTI. It has been shown that sediment levels can be reduced substantially by the 

application ofa few simple precautions. A large portion of the sediment is derived from 

a relatively few sediment source areas, and it is the attention to small details to prevent 

the occurrence of these source areas which has brought about a marked improvement 

to the overall sediment production picture. The importance of these relatively small 

areas in producing more than their share, on an area basis, of runoff and sediment has 

been noted in other studies (Marston 1952, Betson 1964, Gilmour 1968). 

With the type of logging being carried out in Freshwater Creek it is inevitable that 

sonle sedimentation will occur during periods of intense and prolonged rain. The main 

road access to the basin is from the north, and because of the rugged topography the 

111ain logging roads tend to follow the streams, particularly in the lower portion of the 

catchnlent. This in itself is bad roading practice as it is impossible to prevent some soil 

fronl the roads being washed into the stream. However, it is the only feasible location 

for the roads under the prevailing conditions, so added care and attention is necessary 

for road drainage. 

The logging occurring in the lower portions of the Freshwater Creek basin is heavier 

than nornlally occurs because all commercial trees above 48 inches g.b.h. are being 

removed from the area to be inundated by the proposed Copperlode Falls Dam. 

Because of this no attempt was made to leave a filter strip of uncut vegetation along 

the strealTI banks. The retention of such a strip would probably be of great advantage 

in filtering out sediment from runoff originating on disturbed areas. The effectiveness 

of this provision is currently under test in a small rainforest catchment on the Atherton 

Tableland. 

Two resources are being utilised from Freshwater Creek-timber and water-and 

both of them are very valuable. A total of 27.6 million super feet of log timber has 

been harvested from the basin since logging commenced in 1960 (until mid 1969). 

The value of this timber to the Forestry Department in terms of royalty was $528,000. 

The retail value of the timber is difficult to determine. However, assuming a 40 per 

cent recovery and an average retail price of $25 per 100 super feet, the retail price is 

$2.76 Inillion. This averages out at about $307,000 per year. This would be somewhat 

conservative, as many of the logs are converted to veneer which is a high priced 

product. Nonetheless it serves to illustrate the value of the timber derived from this 

one small basin in the general economy of the Cairns District. 

The monetary value of the other resource utilised from the area-water-is even 

more difficult to determine. The receipts to the Cairns City and Mulgrave Shire 

Councils for rates and charges from the Freshwater Creek supply during 1965-66 

were $91,000, and this may be considered to be the "retail" value of the water. 

Water will continue to be harvested long after the present cutting cycle is completed 

and the overall monetary value of the water will probably exceed that of the timber. 

It may be argued that it is impossible to place a monetary value on the water supply 

as it is essential to the well being of the community. In addition, there are numerous 

intangible benefits which can be attributed to both the timber and the water. 

It is obvious from the above discussion that there are two verY'valuable resources


being harvested from the one area and, as generally occurs in such cases, conflicts 

have arisen between them. If it is desired to receive the maximum benefit to the 

community as a whole from the resources available, each resource producer has to 

make concessions to the other. As mentioned previously, it is impossible to keep all 

sediment from the streams and this is the concession which the water authorities 

have to make-perhaps even to the extent of installing a filtration plant. The timber 

users have to make concessions by leaving certain areas of timber uncut to protect 

stream banks, by spending money on constructing girder bridges and by building 

drains and water bars on roads and snig tracks. Commencing in mid 1967 all new timber 

sales and an sales which became due for re-assessment had allowances included in the 

royalty determinations to enable the purchaser to carry out the drainage and bridging 

requirements. This represents a total loss of royalty to the Forestry Department of 

approximately $16,800 (including the loss calculated on the timber still to be removed 

from the catchment). 

We are rapidly approaching the stage in Australia where management of forest land 

for one resource only is no longer feasible. As population pressures increase and we 

have to rely on an unchanging or diminishing resource level, we will be forced into a 

system of multiple use management in order to make the most effective use of the 

resources available. Under such a system it is seldom possible to achieve optimum 

production from anyone resource because of the concessions that have to be made to 

accommodate the others. However, properly applied it will yield the greatest total 

benefit to the community. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • 

Permission to publish this paper and to' quote from Forestry Department records is gratefully 

acknowledged. Assistance was provided by Mr. K. D. Sanderson for a large part of the field 

and laboratory work, and the streamflow records were provided by the Queensland Irrigation 

and Water Supply Commission. Mr. P. Maconachie collected most of the samples froin the 

Cairns City Council reservoirs and reticulation system. 

REFERENCES 

BERNDT, H. W. and SWANK, G. W., 1970. Forest land use and streamflow in Central Oregon. 

U.S.D.A. Forest Serve Res. Pap. PNW-93. 

BETsoN, R. P., 1964. What is watershed runoff? J. Gephys. Res. 69: 1541-52. 

GILMOUR, D. A., 1968. Hydrological investigations of soil and vegetation types in the lower 

Cotter catchment. Aust. For. 32: 243-56. 

HAUPT, H. F. and KIDD, W. J., 1965. Good logging practices reduce sedimentation in Central 

Idaho. J. For. 63: 664-70. 

HmBERT, A. R., 1969. Water yield changes after converting a forested catchment to grass. 

Water Resour. Res. 5: 634-40. 

Inter-agency Committee on Water Resources, 1961. The Single-Stage sampler for suspended 

sediment! Report No. 13 of Subcommittee on sedimentation. D.S. Govt. Printing Office. 

LULL, H. W. and FLETcHER, P. W., 1962. Comparative influence of hardwood trees, litter, 

and bare area on soil-moisture regimen. Dni. of Missouri, Agr. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 800. 

LULL, H. W. and REINHART, K. G., 1967. Increasing water yield in the northeast by Inanagement 

of forested watersheds. U.S.D.A. Forest Serve Res. Pap. NE-66. 

MARSTON, R. B., 1952. Ground cover requirements for summer storm run-off control on 

aspen sites in Nothern Utah. J. For. 50: 303-7. 

ORR, H. K. 1968. Soil moisture trends after thinning and clearcutting in a second-growth 

Ponderosa Pine stand in the Black Hills. D.S.D.A. Forest Serve Res. Note RM-99. 

PACKER, P. E. 1966. Forest treatment effects on water quality. "Forest Hydrology" Pergamon 

Press, Oxford and New York 1966. 

REINHART, K. G., ESCHNER, A. R. and TRIMBLE, G. R., 1963. Effect on streamflow of four 

forest practices in the mountains of West Virginia. V.S.D.A. Forest Serve Res. Pap. NE-I. 

WEBB, L. J., 1959. A Physiognomic classification of Australian rain forests. J. Ecol. 47: 551 

570. 

WINNEBERGER, J. H., AUSTIN, J. H. and KLETT, C. A., 1963. Membrane filter weight determinations. 

Water Pollution Control Journal 35: 807-13. . 

ZIEMER, R. R., 1964. Summer evapotranspiration trends as related to time after logging of 

forests in Sierra Nevada. J. Geophys. Res. 69: 615-20.

AUSTROPLATYPUS, A NEW GENUS OF THE 

PLATYPODIDAE {COLEOPTERA}, INFESTING LIVING 

EUCALYPTUS TREES IN AUSTRALIA 

F. G. BROWNE 

IN DESCRIBING the Australian Platypus incompertus, Schedl (1968) noted that "the 

species is rather difficult to place in one of the known groups or within the genus 

Platypus". Having examined numerous specimens of both sexes ofthis species, and also 

the larva, sent to me by the Forestry Commission of New South Wales, I am of the 

opinion that it is impossible to include it in Platypus, and that it represents a hitherto 

unknown genus of doubtful affinities, for which the name Austroplatypus is proposed. 

The antennal club, which is rather small and not strongly compressed (not large and 

strongly compressed as in Platypus), and the outer face of which has a smooth basal 

plate, most closely resembles that of Notoplatypus, another Australian genus, but 

other characters seem to place it in the Platypodini, rather close to the Malaysian 

Dendroplatypus. The larval characters, which will be described elsewhere, also suggest 

affinity with Dendroplatypus,. they differ from those of the Platypus larva in the form 

of the labrum and of the prodorsal pattern of the thorax. 

Generic characters ofthe adult. Body slender. Head a little wider than the pronotum, 

the frons abruptly separated from the vertex, flattened, about as wide as long. Eyes 

subcircular, set on the sides of the head. Antenna (Fig. lA) inserted on the side of the 

head close to the lower border ofthe eye; scape subcylindrical, a little longer than wide; 

funicle inserted at the apex of the scape, four-segmented; club ovate, rather small, only 

a little longer than the funical, not very strongly compressed, the outer face with a 

smooth, corneous basal plate, the remainder porous and pubescent. Maxilla (Fig. 1C) 

with galea and lacinia united, the maxillary palpus four-segmented, the segments firm 

and cylindrical, not compressed as in Platypus. Labial palpi (Fig. 1B) composed of 

three free segments. Pronotum with long, shallow lateral emarginations, only the 

posterior extremities of which are abruptly angulate. Scutellum depressed. Elytra of 

male and female more or less similar, the apical declivity obliquely convex. Abdomen 

longitudinally almost horizontal. Prothoracic coxae approximate. Outer face of the 

prothoracic tibia with some transverse carinae in both sexes. 

Fig. 1. Austroplatypus incompertus. A, antenna. B, labial pa/pi. C, maxilla. 

B 

49

TREES-BRITAIN'S NEGLECTED ASSET $3 

It was obvious that with personal taxation rates rising all the time, the encouragement, 

by way oftax incentives, given to woodland owners to plant trees was ofinterest. 

A few individuals decided to purchase some land and plant trees. An organisation 

was set up to manage the investment. And in 1957 Fountain Forestry Ltd. was formed. 

Fountain Forestry Ltd. purchased more land as time progressed and developed 

its management service on behalf of clients both inside and outside the Group. Soon 

it was found that to keep men and machinery occupied it was worth contracting to 

work for neighbouring woodland owners. Gradually a comprehensive service was 

set up, involving management of the neighbouring owners' woods as well as those of 

new investors. 

In the '60s Fountain Forestry expanded rapidly, entering the '70s as managers of 

about 40,000 acres of woodlands in England, Wales and Scotland and marketing 

more than one million cubic feet of timber annually. 

In addition to the acres managed, the company has a contract turnover of several 

hundred thousand pounds on such diverse jobs as purchasing material from the 

Forestry Commission and marketing it; erection of fences for farmers and local 

authorities; silvicultural operations for small woodland owners; landscape gardening 

and a variety of other rural tasks. 

A steady stream of urban investors is bringing capital into the countryside through 

the company's schemes, and at the same time long established estates are being 

managed. These range in size from Dartington Hall Woodlands in Devon (about 

2,000 acres) down to small farms with 20 or 30 acres. To achieve this a large staff 

with many different specialist skills is involved. 

There are two main incentives to an industrialist or City man to invest in forestry, 

apart from the security afforded by ownership of land. 

First, he can elect to run his forestry commercially under Schedule D and so, by 

offsetting the development costs against gross earnings, create a capital asset from 

money which would otherwise be paid in tax. His heir will be assessed under Schedule 

B and, while paying a small annual tax, will pay no income tax, surtax or capital 

gains tax on timber sold. 

Secondly, because a timber crop takes 50 or 60 years to grow, the Inland Revenue 

has made special Estate Duty arrangements. These consist mainly of non-aggregation 

of the timber when assessing the rate of duty and of deferring payment of duty until 

timber is eventually harvested. Payment then is made only on the net proceeds after 

expenses based on the value at the date of death. Duty cannot be levied twice on the 

same crop. 

Direct aid in the form of planting and management grants is also available. 

One might expect that the encouragement given to private forestry would cause it 

to expand rapidly, and since the Second World War the rate ofexpansion has gradually 

accelerated. But the chief drawback of a forestry investment is the thought that one 

lTIUSt spend 20 to 25 years in building it up, although the profits will come to one's 

heirs. On the other hand, those who have been lucky enough to inherit productive 

woods from their far-sighted fathers and grandfathers are in no doubt about the 

value of the investment. 

All forecasts tell us that timber demand will continue to rise rapidly. Timber is our 

third largest import by value. Yet by international standards our planting rate falls 

woefully short of our country's timber needs for the future. Not only have we the 

smallest proportionate acreage under timber of any European country, but we are 

after the V.S.A. almost the largest timber users per capita in the world. 

Why is this when there are at least one million acres carrying scrub, most of which 

formerly carried timber, and there are more than 15 million acres of hill land 

euphemistically called "rough grazing"? In real terms the value of this land for 

grazing is no greater than it was in the days of pre-historic pastoral settlement. 

Land use in Britain is a subject of intense and growing interest. The rival claims of 

industry, transport, agriculture, forestry and recreation all require" to be assessed.


There is a plethora oflegislation affecting national parks, rural development areas and 

numerous Town and Country Planning Acts. Yet one factor stands out: namely that 

the city dweller does not realise how much of our rough grazing is fertile land which, 

given availability of capital and the existence of modem machinery and techniques, 

could be brought into forestry production. 

All management· decisions contain an element of selection. Management tries to 

select the course which leads to maximum long-term profitability. The clear indications 

are that a greatly increased national investment in timber would benefit the economy 

in terms of return on capital invested, in terms of imports saved, in terms of rural 

employment and, not least, for the people of these islands in terms of public amenity, 

recreation and scenic beauty. 

We could establish three million acres of forest for the price of the development 

costs of Concorde. This would almost double existing timber production. Both are 

desirable, but have the merits of both been equally carefully assessed? 

After many years of neglect and stagnation, the facts alone should mean that 

forestry as an industry will again take its rightful place in our affairs. 

Sheep occupy 1-1' million acres of our 15·5 million acres 

ofmarginal land. They save £40·25m in imports annually. 

Woodlands-many not yet in production-cover 

,4·3 million acres. Yet already they-save £55·5m annually. 

The illustration shows the difference in output per acre. 

Million 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

SHEEP 

WOODLANDS 

Million 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10


mlst extract ':and distribute it over every exposed "Surface. If the surface is porous, 

penetration of the water or water vapour carrying the acid will produce an everincreasing 

degree of deterioration. 

Limestone, when quarried and used for constructional purposes, may for a number 

ofyears remain insoluble in water and apparently immune to the effects ofthe weather. 

But, gradually, carbon dioxide is conveyed into the stone by moisture and water 

vapour to form soluble bicarbonate from the calcareous substrate. As the water 

$oluble bicarbonates are leached out of the stone by rainwater or excessive condensation, 

minute tunnels and cavities are formed and the stone becomes progressively 

more porous. Penetrating water will not only accelerate the action of the carbonic 

acid, but the stone is now able to act as host to algal growths. Green stains and slime 

begin to appear on the damp stone and, if the stone dries out, turn black and form 

nutrient on which more advanced .vegetable life such as lichens, mosses and advanced 

plant life can grow. 

These vegetable growths produce their own quota of acids which, sometimes, have 

devastating effects on old buildings. Where acids released by lichens and mosses have 

been conveyed down a pitched roof by rain water, which always drips on the same part 

of a lead gutter, it is not at all uncommon to find that the lead has become exceedingly 

thin or cut right through by the dissolving effect of what one expert described as 

malic acid. Once the lead has been penetrated and rain water can get through, the 

increase in the process of deterioration is usually quite sensational. Dampness inside 

the building resulting in fungal and insect activity can produce rapid devastation. 

That so many ancient buildings have survived the ravages of time and the attacks 

of so many different forms of biological deterioration is quite remarkable. This is 

more particularly so in the damp temperate conditions which generally prevail through 

the year in Britain than in those countries where great extremes are experienced. If 

very hot and dry conditions prevail for only a few weeks, they can exert a marked 

degree of control over the development of fungi. So, in general, fungal deterioration 

of buildings in Britain is more rapid than in most places on the European mainland. 

To compensate for this, certain insects attack timber in buildings on the Continent 

which do relatively little harm in Britain. In fact the termite, Reticulitermes lucifugus, 

which is common and a serious pest in Europe south of Paris, does not exist in the 

British Isles. The other serious pest on the Continent is the House Longhorn Beetle, 

Hylotrupes bajulus, the activities of which are confined to a relatively small area of 

England south-west of London. In Britain, the common range of insects which attack 

timber in buildings are the three Anobiids, Anobiumpunctatum, Xestobium rufovillosum 

and Ptilinus pectinicornis; the Lyctids: Lyetus linearis and Lyetus brunneus and the 

Wood Weevils, Euophryum confine and Pentarthrum huttoni. The Anobiids are, 

undoubtedly, the most serious of the insect pests as the Lyctids only attack the sapwood 

of hardwoods during the period of seasoning and rarely after ten years from 

felling and the Weevils require the wood to be already decayed by fungi before their 

attack is initiated. 

Of the Anobiidae, the Common Furniture Beetle, Anobium punctatum (de Geer) is 

the most common and is, in fact, the most widespread and economically serious pest 

of.building timber in Britain. It will attack the sapwood of almost every species of 

timber, hard or softwood, grown in the temperate regions of the world and must rank 

as one ofthe world's most ubiquitous pests. The second Anobiid, Xestobium rufovillosum 

(de Geer) which carries the sinister appellation "Death Watch Beetle" is the pest 

mostly associated with mediaeval buildings. It is far less common than the Furniture 

Beetle but its name is probably better known because of the publicity given to appeals 

for funds to save churches, castles, abbeys and many ancient buildings from the 

ravages of this insect. It favours hardwood which has, been partially decayed by fungi 

but .will enter softwood adjoining infested hardwood if, likewise, it is affected by fungi. 

The most common. fungus attacking the timber in ancient buildings and, in fact, 

in any buildings suffering the effects of biological deterioration in the British Isles is

58 COMMO WEALTH FORESTRY REVIEW 

Fig. 1. A well-maintained and restored 15th-century cottage. 

Fig. 2. Neglect of thatch started the destruction oj' this 15th-century cottage. 

Fig. 3. The effect of rainwater on wattle and daub infil panels.

BIOLOGICAL DETERIORATION OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS 59' 

has the well-known reference in Chapter 6 of Genesis "... and God said unto Noah 

-make thee an ark of gopher wood, rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt 

pitch it within and without with pitch". Pitch in this case was pro'bably the natural 

bituminous deposits found in'so many parts of the Holy Land. 

In Britain, little evidence exists of designed preservation of building timber until 

comparatively recent times. The mediaeval builders relied on the durable qualities of 

oak to provide a reasonable "life" to their wooden structures. The method of construction 

also contributed to the prolonged life of many ancient ,buildings. Very few 

were provided with rainwater disposal systems but by generous overhang of the roof 

and a further overhang of the upper storeys so that the ground floor was well tucked 

back from splash, the walls were kept fairly dry. The buildings which succumbed to 

the effects of biological deterioration were, generally, those which became neglected 

and this neglect was the rule and result of the dreadful poverty which occurred during 

the Middle Ages. This poverty and the overcrowding of the dilapidated houses' contributed 

in no small measure to the Black Death in 1348. 

Poverty due to oppression was rife and, as quoted in the English Chronicle in 

reference to the Norman barons in the 12th century"... they filled the land with 

castles and they cruelly oppressed the wretched folk with castle work. When the castles 

were made they filled them with devils and evil men. Then took they the men who they 

thought any goods to have, both by night and by day, churls and women, they cast 

them in prison for their gold and silver, and they tortured them with pains untellable, 

for never were any martyrs so tortured as they were. They hanged them up by the 

feet and smoked them with foul smoke, they hanged them by their thumbs or by the 

head and hanged fires on their feet. Many thousands they killed with hunger. Then 

was corn dear, and flesh, cheese and butter for none there was in the land." 

Kings, bishops and barons fought wars one against the other and these together 

with frequent invasions from the Continent of Europe, particularly from France, kept 

the country in a state of unrest and insecurity. 

The Empress Matilda and King Stephen fought several, each time with devastating 

effect on the population and buildings. In my own city of Winchester, the local Bishop 

-Henry de Blois-had his own private wars, first against King Stephen, then against 

the Empress Matilda (widowed Empress of Germany and daughter of Henry I of 

England). In the latter quarrel, to quote-"raid and counter-raid, siege and countersiege 

succeeded one another, till almost the whole city-houses, churches and monastries 

alike, were consumed in the flames". Far and wide the flames spread-even the 

new buildings of Hyde Abbey, only erected some thirty-one years, were involved in 

the general conflagration. The Cathedral and St. Swithun's Priory alone escaped and 

that, it is said, because Robert of Gloucester generously forebore reprisals. 

A further civil war in the 13th century between the extravagant and weak King 

Henry III (Henry of Winchester)" arid a powerful Baron, Simon de Montfort, again 

devastated the city. 

It was not until the 15th and 16th centuries that order began to prevail and the 

common people had the money, incentive and security to care for their houses. 

In the CromwelIian Civil War it was, of course, the castles and noble mansions 

which suffered most and were destroyed by the Roundheads. It was largely due to the 

efforts of the church that order and prosperity, very gradually, returned. But these 

efforts cannot be regarded as altruistic and due to piety and pity as the church relied 

for its own prosperity on the prosperity of the people. 

It, therefore, became important for the church to improve commercial prosperity 

so that levies or tithes could be paid by the people to the church. The encouragement of 

sheep farming and export ofwool to Europe, ina very great measure, built theprosperity 

of England. Canals, roads and ports were developed largely by the bishops and clergy, 

to maintain the flow of trade and secure the flow of levies into the coffers of the 

church. A very large proportion of the mediaeval houses and many beautiful churches 

which now stand, serve as a memorial to the prosperous wool merchants who were 

5*


directly or indirectly responsible for their erection. 

These still survive a few 12th 13th and 14th century domestic dwellings, some with 

the roof timbers in a remarkable state of preservation. The lack of insect and fungal 

deterioration of this rooftimber is due to the common practice ofhaving a fireplace in 

the centre of the hall with an aperture in the apex of the roof through which the smoke 

from the wood fires escaped. The gases from the burning wood condensed on the cool 

timber rafters, purlins and beams and deposited the products of destructive distillation 

or a crude wood form of wood creosote containing phenols and other preservative 

chemicals. Such halls were well ventilated to encourage the smoke to rise and clear. 

Even when fireplaces were introduced, they were large, with huge chimneys which 

greatly encouraged ventilation particularly as glass windows were extremely expensive 

and rare until Tudor times. 

The relative prosperity of the Tudor period, dating from the reign of Henry VIII 

in the early 16th century, resulted in the employment of foreign craftsmen; Italians, 

Germans, Flemish, and particularly German and Flemish Protestants who sought refuge 

from persecution in their own countries, settled in England and began to influence 

the design of English Architecture, particularly the ornamentations ofwood and stone. 

This elaboration and ornamentation with carved finials, barge boards, brackets, 

corbels, cornices and the like increased the hazards ofdeterioration. Every excrescence 

increased the area on which rainwater could fall and accumulate and the maintenance 

of buildings built since the 16th century became increasingly important. 

The half-timbered buildings which became so popular in the late 16th and early 

17th centuries were, and still are, some of the most difficult to maintain in good 

condition. The in-filling of wattle and daub (usually clay, cow dung and chopped 

straw spread over a lathing of willow, hazel or split chestnut) was both insulating 

and durable. Although it absorbed water, it quickly released it and this peculiar 

mixture was extremely flexible and adhesive. The introduction of cement created 

complications for, where repairs were carried out with sawn laths and a cement 

mixture, the panels were brittle and generally shrank away from the timber framing 

to cause draughts and water leaks. Because of these problems, many of the halftimbered 

houses were later battened all over and either weather-boarded or hung 

with tiles which spoiled the appearance and hid the framing timbers in unventilated 

spaces. When water found access to this timber, fungal decay germinated and the 

process of decay was commenced. 

Others continueq to reveal the framing timbers but replaced the wattle and daub 

with brick in-filling, often ornamental and many in herring-bone pattern. The problem 

was to provide a satisfactory joint between the wood and the masonry and with 

varying expansion and ,contraction due to heat and water, few houses remained 

draught- or waterproof for long. To those who study the cause of deterioration in 

ancient buildings, the incursion of moisture through the walls, whether of timber, 

stone, brick, chalk or other material and the capillary rise of dampness in those 

buildings whose foundations absorb moisture from the ground provide easily apparent 

reasons for fungal development, insect activity and other forms of deterioration of the 

building fabric. Timber in direct contact with damp masonry, soil or concrete will 

rarely resist the attacks of fungi and timber-destroying insects for long but the cause 

of such deterioration is generally obvious. 

Less obvious is the slow but steady deterioration which occurs in the roof and 

flooring timbers where no apparant water leaks have occurred and where the·timber 

is well away from the damp walls. Even the framing of internal stud partitions on the 

upper floors is frequently found to be seriously damaged by organisms which require 

a relatively high moisture content to flourish. When investigated, this high moisture 

is found to be due to condensation. In domestic buildings, considerable quantities 

of moisture vapour released from kitchens, laundries and even from the living rooms 

would rise to the upper floors and sleeping accommodation which were rarely heated. 

This moisture-laden air rising on thermal currents from the warmed rooms below

BIOLOGICAL DETERIORATION OF ANCIENT BUILDINGS 61 

would precipitate water on cold plaster and wood in the very centre of the building. 

With every window closed and every crack and cranny sealed against draughts, the 

condensing moisture would accumulate in the bedrooms andattics toproduceconditions 

favourable to the development of slow-acting fungi, particularly fungi imperfecti. 

Wood attacked by such fungi becomes susceptible to wood-devouring insect attack 

and in such conditions the Death Watch Beetle flourished. Few houses built in the 

Middle Ages or even much more recently could resist the attacks of this or other 

wood borers. The name "Death Watch" is said to have arisen as the result of its 

lnating tick being heard by watchers sitting by the bedsides of dying people. As few 

people recovered from serious illnesses or injuries in those days, the ticking heard by 

those keeping vigil seemed to be associated with death, and when heard, was thought 

to signify that "Death was about to cross the threshold". This tapping is, ofcourse, the 

luating "display" of the insect. 

The introduction of floor levels, particularly the covering of the original earth 

ground floor with timber flooring, together with plaster or wooden suspended ceilings 

and the internal panelling of walls, all created stagnant areas where dampness of the 

atmosphere could reach over-saturation point and conditions favourable to fungal 

spore germination were created. The Dry Rot fungus, Merulius lacrymans, would 

have been exceedingly rare in the period when houses were single-storied, the floors 

just beaten earth or possibly clay and cow-dung and even those in the great halls and 

castles would be of stone flags simply covered with rushes, straw or other locally 

obtained material; and the walls of stone, wattle and daub or chalk blocks. 

One common method of building walls in Hampshire was to erect two fences of 

boards, the fences placed parallel and about two feet or more apart, separated with 

lengths of wood across the space. These fences served in the manner of modern 

concrete shuttering and the gap between them was filled with moist and well rammed 

down chalk. This simple material set like a soft stone, provided good insulation, 

rarely became damp inside and, if well-protected by an overhanging roof, would last 

a very long time. Such walls are always associated with thatched houses, many of 

which have survived for hundreds of years. Only when the roofing thatch became 

seriously deteriorated, generally as the result of nesting birds and rats, and rain was 

allowed to fall directly on to such a wall, would it start to pulverise and break up. Once 

moisture penetrated, the first hard frost would cause the chalk to disintegrate completely. 

There are several large houses in Hampshire with walls of chalk which still survive 

all the hazards to which such buildings are subject but many have failed because the 

owners, wishing to modernise the appearance of their house, had the external faces 

of the walls covered with cement rendering in the form of imitation stone masonry 

or had them rough cast with gravel, crushed stone or pebbles. In many instances, this 

new surface was decorated with paint. This impermeable coating trapped condensed 

moisture in the walls by preventing evaporation from the external faces. This trapped 

moisture caused fungi to develop in the spacers or lengths of wood which originally 

separated the shuttering and were always left in the chalk walls. If this fungus was 

Merulius lacrymans it quickly spread, through the chalk to the carcassing timbers 

of floor and roof, and unless the owner was prepared partially to demolish and rebuild, 

time and time again, the house had to be vacated and eventually demolished. 

Even when the brick-built walls became popular in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, 

it was customary to build into the brickwork at regular levels and in every wall lengths 

ofwood called "bondingtimbers". They served the double purpose of tying the masonry 

together and acting as fixings for panelling, tapestry or other internal decorations. 

Neglect of rainwater disposal or any other reason for the wall becoming persistently 

damp led to the decay of these timbers, usually with devastating con "equences. 

In this short paper, it is impossible to cover the whole fascinating story of biological 

and other causes which have deprived us of so many beautiful buildings erected by 

our forefathers but I hope the little I have written will help in some small measure to 

guide those who are anxious to conserve our priceless and irreplaceable relics of 

building evolution.

THE PROFESSIONAL FORESTER IN INDUSTRY • 

BY CRAIG ANDERSON 

Chairman, S.A. Timber Growers Association 

I AM VERY honoured indeed, as a layman, to be asked to address such a distinguished 

company of professional foresters as is gathered here tonight. 

In addressing you mayI say that some ofthe suggestions I make may be controversial 

and you may heartily disagree with what I have to say; if so, I crave your indulgence. 

Firstly, then, I am more than astonished at the manner in which a great industry 

such as ours employs managerial people to run, protect and exploit its forests, yet 

pays them a mere pittance compared with other industries. Consider the manager of a 

3,500 acre timber estate, the value of which is probably around R350,OOO. What will 

he get as a salary? The answer is probably half to a third as much as would the manager 

of an engineering firm of like value. Yet the existing position of forest manager is 

tolerated by these very managers themselves, perhaps because they feel that they are 

not strong enough to do anything about it. Nevertheless, are the employers not 

morally wrong in continuing to pay in this niggardly fashion, or is the price of timber 

too low to justify an improvement? 

My next point touches on dangerous ground, since it questions whether the university 

training of the professional forester is adequate and whether it is not too academic 

and remote to be of real practical value. Is the student taught to be a leader when he 

leaves university or is he merely a walking silvicultural encyclopaedia? Can he, and 

is he fitted to take over the running of a timber estate? Is he suited at that stage to be 

put over the heads of older foresters with years of experience? 

I feel that the answer to this question is simply that he is not capable of taking over 

an estate, and because of this the professional has tended, in many instances, to be 

disregarded by commercial forestry, which feels that it can get along without these 

people. This is both very unfortunate and positively ridiculous. Are there not two 

approaches to the big business of forestry today? Do we not have two avenues along 

which a professional forester can move? Firstly, that of pure research and secondly 

that offorestry management, and should our future students not be trained along these 

diverging lines according to their bent. 

If you will accept that what I have said has merit, then may I have the temerity to 

suggest we go a step further and propose a method by which both these ends could 

be achieved. My proposal is based partly on a doctor's training. Here we have a chap 

who does a five-year course for his degree, but only after he has done a further two 

years house work, does his degree have real value. From then onwards he may safely 

and often profitably adventure out into the hard world, a competent leader in his 

own sphere capable ofrising to any heights. Can our professional foresters not achieve 

the same end? 

Supposing, just supposing, the aspirant forester was to follow this course 

(1) In order to' understand what goes on in forestry and whether he likes it or not he 

completes one year's practical work at Saasveld. 

(2) Having decided to take his degree he now does three years at Stellenbosch and, 

after the first year, he decides whether to follow the boffin trail to pure research or 

the commercial trail to forestry management. 

(3) In the case of the boffin, after obtaining his degree, he becomes a researcher and 

here industry and the state must provide him with adequate funds for his work 

and must not interfere with his work at all. 

(4) In the case of the forestry management student he must have a sound silvicultural 

knowledge, but not in the depth taught to the boffin. He must learn to carry out 

work studies, plantation management and have a sound knowledge of general 

economics, so that, theoreticallY, he is in a position to manage an estate. Thereafter, 

having qualified, he too must follow the doctor's trail, and do two years of houselie 

An address given at a dinner of the Institute of Forestry held in Pietermaritzburg on 19th 

May, 1969. By courtesy ofSouth African Forestry Journal. 

62

THE LOCH NESS MONSTER 

D. G. GOWLER 

Executive Officer, Headquarters, Forestry Commission. 

(By courtesy ofthe Author and the Editor ofthe Journal of the Forestry Commission.) 

LOCH NESS is 24 miles ,long, up to 1t miles wide, over 700 feet deep for most of its 

length, and almost completely surrounded by forests. It is longer than the width of 

the English Channel at Dover and is four times as deep as the Channel at its deepest, 

and has never been known to freeze. It is situated in the Great Glen of Scotland, an 

enormous "rift valley" formed when the entire northern part ofScotland was wrenched 

sixty miles to the west following a gigantic upheaval in bygone ages. The loch was 

undoubtedly connected at one time to the sea, probably at both extremities, and 

although it is now considered a fresh-water lake, there is every possibility that at some 

distance below the surface there is still salt-water, a reminder of its ancient connection 

with the sea. (A 1,100 feet deep Canadian lake has recently been found to have a 

mixture ofsea-water-probably thousands ofyears old-below400 feet. Unfortunately, 

no such investigation has yet been carried out at Loch Ness.) Visibility in the loch is 

practically nil, due to the amount of peat content washed into it by the many streams 

and rivers entering from the surrounding countryside. The sides of the loch are 

extremely steep; at Cormorant Rock it plunges sharply to a depth of 236 feet just fifty 

feet from the bank! 

The loch is not, therefore, a very prepossessing sight and is a natural focus of local 

superstition. One can imagine local mothers chastising their children with the threat 

of "bogey-men" and "monsters" rising out of this sombre expanse of water and 

carrying off all those children who were naughty. The phenomenon of Loch Ness 

might well have remained as mere local superstition if it had not been for the overwhelming 

number ofactual sightings ofthe so-called "monster" by reputable witnesses. 

The Loch Ness phenomenon is by no means a recent acquisition to the fauna of 

Scotland. According to legend it has always harboured a "beastie" or "water kelpie"; 

and the first written account of the creature dates way back to the middle of the sixth 

century A.D. when St. Columba was visiting Brude, King of the Northern Picts, at 

Inverness. According to Adamnan, St. Columba's biographer, writing a century after 

the event, the holy man reached the banks of the loch as the local inhabitants were 

burying one of their number who had been bitten to death by the "monster". Despite 

this, he instructed one of his followers to swim to the other side of the loch and return 

with a boat that had been moored there. The man had not been in the water long 

before the "monster" arrived on the scene, making a bee-line for the now panicstricken 

swimmer. But St. Columba muttered a few prayers and ordered the "monster" 

to leave the man alone. Needless to say, the "monster", on hearing the voice of the 

blessed man, turned tail and fled. Regular sightings of the creature have been made 

from that day to this. 

The frequency of the sightings of the animal increased tremendously in 1933, and 

this was solely due to the widening of a road (the A.82) along the northern side of the 

loch. The blasting necessary for the road's construction sent shock-waves the length 

and breadth of the loch and agitated the animal into an unusual outburst of activity. 

A Ness Fisheries Board representative estimates that every year since 1933 there have 

been 20 to 30 sightings reported that he would regard as genuine. The number of 

reports accepted as genuine and inexplicable by the Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation 

Bureau since 1963 has been: 1963-40, 1964-18, 1965-9, 1966-29. The modernization 

of the A.82 mainroad has enabled more people to have long uninterrupted looks 

at the loch than at any other time in history, and consequently the number ofsightings 

has increased considerably. Witnesses to the existence of the animal come from all 

walks oflife: churchmen, policemen, gamekeepers, mayors, labourers, monks, Members 

of Parliament, and even Forestry Commission workers! 

6'


:generated to force it to surface once-again. This may be an explanation of a few of the 

sightings ofthe L.N.M., but it is hopelessly inadequate when, as in most ofthe sightings, 

"the animal has been seen to move at quite rapid speeds across the surface of the loch. 

Turning to the "animal" explanations, we find very little in the second category arid 

these can be dismissed fairly easily. The most popular culprits here are the long-necked 

seal, the otter, and the red deer. They can all be discounted as being the.cause of the 

Loch Ness phenomenon purely on the question of size. But it is worth mentioning 

them as they can undoubtedly provide the answer to three or four of the reported 

sightings. The seal, like some other animals, is able to stretch its neck to quite a 

considerable degree, and it is a popular theory that this could account for the reports 

of"long necks" seen above the surface ofthe loch. No importance seems to be attached 

to the fact that the presence of seal is unknown in Loch Ness. The popularity of the 

otter theory has increased quite considerably over the past couple of years because of 

the support given it by a prominent naturalist. Otters can account for the one or two 

reports of five to eight humped sightings, but, although otters can reach a length of 

over 5i feet, they can in no way account for the bulk of the sightings which refer to 

large, powerful, solid humps up to thirty feet long. A red deer stag when swimming 

across the loch can fit extremely well some of the descriptions of the head and neck 

of the L.N.M., particularly when mention is made of two horn-like protuberances. 

This may account for four or five sightings. 

The third category is much more feasible than the second. Giant fish of all types 

have often been put forward as the "monster". A giant sturgeon is by far the favourite 

of armchair amateur detectives because a diagrammatic representation of a sturgeon 

lying just below the water surface with its snout and bony back ridges protruding 

above the surface looks very much like some ofthereports ofmany-humped "monsters". 

But practically all fish can be dismissed from our quest for the answer because the 

animal in Loch Ness must be able to survive for some time out of water to account 

for the sightings of it on land. Even the fish-theorists cannot explain how a 30-foot 

"monster" was seen to cross a main road before disappearing into the loch! Giant 

molluscs offer more reasonable explanations, and would account for the lack of fossil 

remains and the variable back postures. The Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation 

Bureau considers a giant marine slug as presenting fewer difficulties than any other 

present-day theory. Perhaps the most acceptable of the theories in this category is that 

of the giant eel. The larvae of eels, called leptocephali, are normally about three inches 

long and develop into six foot eels when "adult. In 1930, a Danish student caught a 

giant sea eel larva in the South Atlantic that was six feet long. Considering that the 

giant larva was at the same stage of development as an ordinary eel larva and that its 

growth must follow the same proportions, the adult sea eel emerging from this larva 

must reach a length of well over 60 feet. This could be the answer to the mystery of the 

often seen "giant sea serpent" as well as to our local Loch Ness problem. It is known 

th'at many ordinary eels live in Loch Ness and there seems to be no reason why their 

giant relations could not also be accommodated. The one stumbling block to this 

explanation is the sightings of the L.N.M. on land. Eels can exist out of water for 

a short period, but whether it can stay on land as long as the L.N.M. has been reported 

to do is a matter for conjecture. 

It seems, then, that we are left with our last category to provide us with the answer 

we are looking for. It is very difficult to analyze a completely unknown animal and 

we must approach this problem in a different way. From the evidence produced by 

the numerous recorded sightings, we have been able to build up a picture of what 

the animal in Loch Ness must look like. But what can it be? The most 

striking aspect is the amazing similarity it has with the prehistoric plesiosaur family. 

Is it a plesiosaur? It certainly has the required shape and, just as important, the right 

size. But scientists tell us that the plesiosaur became extinct over a hundred million 

years ago. This is true. But it is also true that these same scientists insisted that the 

coelacanth, a pre-historic fish, had died out seventy million years ago but a specimen


of this was dredged up off the coast of South Africa in 1958! It therefore becomes 

impossible to argue that because plesiosaurs are thought to be extinct there is no 

chance offinding one alive today. A plesiosaur, or more probably a close relative that 

has adapted to its present conditions, is the only answer we have that fits all the facts 

in our possession. All fictional detectives have said at one time or another that the 

theory must be chosen to cover all the facts and not the facts to fit the theory. Sherlock 

Holmes often said to the ever-faithful Watson that when the impossible had been 

eliminated, that which was left, however improbable, must be the truth! 

Postscript 

The most important occurrence at Loch Ness since the original publication of this 

article was the Great Search of 1969, organised by Independent Television News and 

the Loch Ness Phenomena Investigation Bureau. The Search lasted two weeks and 

consisted mainly of sonar sweeping from both a fixed base and a moving boat. Also 

there to lend a helping hand was a small, yellow, home-made, fibre-glass submarine, 

which unfortunately proved a complete failure. 

In fact, the only evidence that the Great Search uncovered was found by Birmingham 

University who were operating a sonar fixed to Temple Pier in Urquhart Bay. The 

sonar looked straight across the loch which is nearly two miles wide at this point and 

reaches a depth of over 650 feet. The cathode ray display of the sonar was filmed at 

ten second intervals over the two weeks of the Search and one sequence lasting about 

thirteen minutes has proved to be very interesting. 

This sequence shows a large object rise from the bottom of the loch and then move 

away from the sonar out of range. The size of this object is assessed to be at least 160 

feet long and 65 feet high. It is not thought to have been a single object as it appeared to 

have individual components which dispersed slightly as it moved away. A little later 

the object returned and settled back into its original position, but it was not as large 

as in its ascent. The maximum horizontal velocity is estimated to be 6.5 knots and the 

maximum vertical rise about one hundred feet per minute. 

The fact that the object moved at a high speed in a horizontal as well as vertical plane 

rules out the possibility of it being inanimate. It has to be an animal, or animals, of 

some kind. It is not possible to say what it can be, except that it is unlikely to be fish 

due to the high speed of ascent and descent. 

The rest of this highly scientific search unfortunately produced a complete blank. 

Although it is interesting to note that while the technicians were fiddling around with 

their instruments, ten ordinary people, mainly tourists, claimed to have seen the L.N.M.!

'The Editor, 

The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 

London. 

SIR, 

CORRESPONDENCE 

The End of Forestry in Great Britain 

THE WHITE CoTFAOE, 

BANK, 

LYNDHURST, 

HANTS. 

I HAD HEARD only garbled stories of Professor Richardson's Address to the British Association 

for the Advancement ofScience (reprinted in your REVIEW, VoI. 49 (4), No. 142) when he and I 

inter alia were called upon to appear on I.T.A. to discuss what he calls environmental problems 

in the New Forest. It was at once clear to me, and perusal of his Address makes it more so, 

that whereas Prof. Richardson in some 20 years of post graduate forestry, skimming over 

111any foreign lands, may have picked up a kaleidoscopic understanding ofhis chosen profession, 

he has had quite inadequate opportunity to study the psychology of the various races, far less 

that of the natives of Britain. 

He feels a little guilt about his retreat from productive forestry but he makes a very unconvincing 

excuse for his adoption of his new environmental forest policy. He could be more 

honest: he could say that in his opinion (which few others could possibly share) productive 

foresty in Britain is totally unnecessary and so we might as well abandon all forms of forestry 

completely. But of course that would be suicidal for his Department and for himself. 

His only argument for continuing to foster woodlands seems to be that the tourist public 

wants to have its urban manners concealed behind trees. That alone shows that Richardson 

has made no serious attempt to study the behaviour of the city holiday-maker. The majority 

like the clear open spaces: they like to have a backcloth of trees, rocks or gorse bushes nearby. 

They do not like the interior of a Hans Andersen dark and gloomy forest, whether it be 

composed of conifers or of contorted and senile hardwoods. Richardson should pay personal 

visits to Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Peak, the open heathlands of the New Forest or even the 

hills immediately behind his own University of North Wales. 

But I concede that there is tremendous scope for integrating good forest management 

(including the production of very good timber) with good tourist attraction of the type which 

gracious Whitehall has christened "quiet recreation". I am in absolute agreement too that 

we shall never fully attain that integration so long as net discounted revenue has to remain the 

graven image at which all foresters, however unwillingly, be forced to worship. Forestry in 

Britain lost all faith with the Great British Public when short term profit was voiced as the 

top priority ideal and it will take many years and much hard work to regain their faith in a 

true Forestry Commission's true policy. 

I do not know why the principles ofmultiple land use, which had hardly begun to be properly 

understood, should suddenly have becomesomething"square".Afterallin this highly populated 

island we do genuinely need our own timber (vide all the huge new timber using industries 

which it has brought into gainful and socially vital existence) and we do also need quiet 

recreational facilities. They can both be catered for. Some forests or parts offorests can well be 

devoted almost entirely to bulk production: others must give much greater concessions to 

visitors and can be made specially attractive to visitors. That will create marvellous forests of 

great diversity and of great timber. 

Richardson seems to give no reasons at all why his urban recreations should be brought 

out into the forests: they would be more accessible, more suitable and thus more valuable 

both socially and financially if they were developed in the urban or suburban places where 

greater crowds would come to enjoy them. Why should we go out of our way to drag town 

dwelling holidaymakers out to the forests for them to enjoy their football, discotheques, zoos, 

hotels and old peoples' homes? 

Richardson should start a new series of world tours-or he could even stay in Britainto 

see what the seeker after "quiet recreation" and the seeker after urban pleasures really want. 

He can put up comfortably in his town hotel and very much later, full ofwise saws and modem 

instances, in his old peoples' home, having found out what the two kinds ofpeople are looking 

for. Never the twain need meet. 

Yours etc. 

GroaoE RYLE 

69


The Editor, 

The Commonwealth Forestry Review, 

London W.C.2. 

Production Forestry in Great Britain 

FOUNTAIN FORESTRY LTD. 

SPITCHWICK MANOR, 

POUNDSGATE 

NEWTON ABBOT 

DEVON. 

PROFESSOR RICHARDSON spoils an interesting argument by over-statement. 

He sets the sights for production forestry too low. If proper use is made of our land, and 

we fall into line with other European countries, our area under forestry will enable the establisment 

of far more production areas that he envisages, quite rightly, on present acreages. It is 

a duty of all foresters to bring about this state of affairs. 

At the other end of the scale, 'undoubtedly suitable woodland areas exist near our towns for 

capital intensive public recreational areas. But the Professor fails to make the point that huge 

additional capital investment is so essential to such schemes that the original forestry investment 

is. of ve,ry minor importance. 

Commercially, the woodland owner in Britain will never have the seller's market for anlenity 

that exists in countries like Denmark and Holland because, contrary to popular belief, there 

are many millions ofacres ofwild open spaces in Britain available to the public. Any practising 

forester who has tried to make money out of recreation without a huge injection of additional 

capital will confirm that no seller's market exists. 

Chances exist on the other hand for successful multiple use in the intermediate areas between 

the intensive production forests and the near-urban areas. Specialist markets, at prices which 

recognise the fact that a service is given, as well as cellulose supplied, will expand. 

Finally, it is dangerous in the extreme to assume that tropical forests will supply our needs 

in the years to come. Transportation costs all over the world are rising fast; the capital necessary 

to develop communications in tropical areas will be expensive and need to be serviced; and 

inhabitants of those areas will be increasing their own timber consumption-note the fact 

quoted in your December REVIEW that African countlies are importing more than $150 mworth 

of pulp and paper alone already. And the developing countries are becoming richer and 

therefore their labour more expensive. 

Yours faithfully, 

B. N. HOWELL


which facilitate visual comparison of different climatic regimes. In a future edition of this 

book, if there should be one, some standardisation of method would be most desirable so that 

conditions in different countries could be compared on a meaningful basis. 

In many of the monographs, geological and soil factors have been described in great detail, 

sometimes to the point of irrelevancy. While a good knowledge of the soil and site typology 

and particularly of those factors directly affecting afforestation and the growth of trees is 

essential, geological and soil descriptions need to be kept in balance and not allowed to become 

displays of erudition of interest only to geologists and pedologists. The concise descriptions of 

the geology and soils of the Middle East countries by Oedekoven set an example and are very 

much to the point. It is curious, however, that, throughout the book, so little is said about 

nutrient deficiencies and fertiliser requirements, and no mention at all is made of minor 

element deficiencies such as boron which is often so important to the Browth and even survival 

of Eucalyptus plantations in N. Africa. 

The accounts of the hydrology of the arid areas turn out to be particularly interesting and 

important. Whether rivers are perennial or flowing only for short periods, the occurrence of 

flash floods and erosion etc. emphasise the needs for protection forestry. The presence or 

absence of underground soil moisture within reach of the roots of planted trees determines in 

many cases what species can or cannot be grown and what level ofproduction can be expected. 

Similarly, the availability or otherwise of irrigation can completely alter the prospects of 

economic forestry in arid areas. . 

The descriptions of the natural vegetation in the various countries are mostly suitable for 

the purpose and generally emphasise the physiognomic rather than the floristic aspects of the 

flora. This, together with the descriptions of the soils and relief, gives a clear picture of the 

conditions affecting any schemes of afforestation. 

The sections on human occupation and forms of land use are very important as determining 

the needs of the population and the purposes and aims of afforestation. In most countries the 

protective aims, e.g. preventing wind and water erosion or amelioration of climatic conditions 

have high priority. In productive forestry, the provision offirewood is frequently of over-riding 

importance, coupled in some cases with poles for house-building and wood for agricultural 

implements. The production of timber for industrial processing usually does not come into the 

picture at all in these very dry areas. 

The greatest ,interest to foresters lies in the sections dealing with the choice of species, 

techniques of afforestation and the results achieved. Here again, the reports from different 

countries are very variable and reflect the amount of systematic research that has been done 

in them. Particularly full and informative accounts have been given for the U.S.A. (by 

Stoeckler), Australia (by 10hnston and Hall), Southern Sahara and Sahel (by Fishwick), 

and India/Pakistan (by Kaul), but there is something to be learnt from almost all the reports. 

It is curious, for instance, that in the U.S.A., where afforestation ofarid areas is highly efficient 

and to a large extent mechanised, the use of polythene containers is only mentioned as an 

experimental idea whereas it is in general use in arid zone afforestation in Africa and most 

other countries in the eastern hemisphere, where the method is regarded as a break-through, 

eliminating nursery risks and ensuring higher survival in the field than any other method. 

From India comes the interesting suggestion that the "chlorophyll stability index" of a species 

or of a provenance can be used as a valid criterion for making initial selections for droughthardiness 

for planting in places where the trees will be growing near the threshold of survival. 

(CSI is not here defined nor is the method for its determination given.) 

In all countries where water is in short supply, the methods of ground preparation are of 

vital importance, both for catching and conserving what little rainfall there is and ensuring 

that as much of it as possible is made available to the planted trees, and also for removing 

initial competition ofexisting vegetation and producing conditions where clean weeding during 

the early stages ofestablishment can be done economically. Many different methods ofcarrying 

out these operations are described by the various countries and make interesting comparative 

reading. 

Special mention must be made ofthe two reports by M. Petrov on the U.S.S.R. and Central 

Asia respectively. Closely written in highly technical language and using a number of local 

terms unfamiliar to English readers, (the Editor could have helped by providing definitions), 

they give a great wealth of detail about the arid areas of these countries, the formidable problems 

they have had to face and the truly remarkable results they have achieved often under 

exceedingly difficult conditions. Emphasis is laid on a full knowledge of the typology of the 

sites before attempting reclamative afforestation. Techniques have been developed for controlling 

shifting sands under cold desert conditions to an extent unmatched anywhere. The


even if their eventual use is only firewood. Many of the other eucalypts at first glance are well 

outside their normal site requirements. 

Turning to conifers one wonders why they should even be considered in drought prevalent 

areas where fire is regarded as an agricultural instrument and a careless match could eliminate 

large areas. One may further question the use ofcallitris which may survive on poor soil but is 

itself a soil impoverisher. (Personal experience. Patana plantations, Ceylon.) 

An angle which is not discussed in the paper is the future status of successfully established 

areas. Growing timber, poles or firewood on a bare forest floor does not solve the problem. 

The establishment of a woody undergrowth is essential if soil improvement is to be attained 

and conditions established for the eventual planting of a more lucrative crop. Incidentally 

no mention is made of the use of Acioa barteri as either a fire break or as a nurse crop. Has 

this been tried? 

E.W.M. 

World Timbers. Vo!. 3, Asia and Australia and New Zealand. Compiled and Edited 

by B. J. Rendle. Ernest Benn Ltd. £5.25. 

THIS IS THE third and final volume of Mr. Rendle's World Timbers series. Like the two earlier 

volumes the standard of production, binding and presentation of coloured plates are of the 

highest order. 

In his Introduction the Editor says "Many species ofeconomic significance in their countries 

of origin have had to be omitted-". This is undoubtedly true, so much so that after a perusal 

of the volume one is left with the impression that it might well have been expanded to two 

separate volumes, one covering Asia and the other Australia and New Zealand, to give a fuller 

world coverage of better known timbers. In spite of this comment foresters and timbermen, 

not forgetting students, are indebted to Mr. Rendle for his presentation of World Timbers 

in the three volumes now published. 

Each timber is, as in the earlier volumes, described in some detail, its structural properties, 

working properties, durability and uses are effectively described. A minor criticism in this 

context; the sapwood ofEast Indian Satinwood is very noticeable even in a freshly cut log and 

in months, rather than years, decays and comes away cleanly from the heartwood if untreated 

and exposed to the weather. 

In the Asian section the old-world timbers from India, Burma and Ceylon mingle with the 

more recently publicised Dipterocarps of Malaysia. In the Australian section there are the 

better known Eucalypts, the indigenous conifers of Australia and New Zealand and, that ubiquitous 

exotic, Radiata pine. 

The two previous volumes have been well received by the technical Press. In conclusion one 

can only say that the three volumes now provide a standard reference work on World Timbers 

a work which should stand the test of time. 

E.W.M. 

Native Trees of Canada. By R. C. Hosie. Canadian Forestry Service: Department of 

Fisheries and Forestry. Queen's Printer for Canada, Ottawa (1969). Seventh Edition, 

completely re-written and re-illustrated. Pp. 380, lavishly illustrated with some 26 

photos in full colour and 750 in black-and-white, plus 200 line drawings and 150 

sketch maps. Price $5 paper-bound, $8 cloth bound. 

THIS STANDARD TEXTBOOK first appeared in 1917 under the authorship of Messrs Morton and 

Lewis. It has now been completely re-shaped by an impressive ten-man team of foresters, 

botanists, photographers and artists, headed by"Mr. Hosie, and the result is great credit to the 

Canadian Forestry Service, as well as to all who took part. It covers every tree native to the 

Dominion, but no introduced exotic kinds. 

The main body of the text consists of two-page illustrated descriptions for a single tree, and 

no fewer than 140 kinds are treated in this way. A typical entry includes a silhouette drawing of 

the growing tree, and a map ofits natural distribution. Foliage, bark, winter twigs, flowers and 

fruit are each shown by eight or ten photos, and features that aid identification are separately 

depicted. The standard pattern of text includes growth form, habitat, size, leaves, flowers, 

fruit, twigs, bark, wood, general importance in the woodland scene, and some fascinating 

discursive notes on some topic peculiar to each tree. 

More general chapters describe the forests of Canada and their nine characteristic regions, 

and tell the beginner how trees may be recognised. There are comprehensive descriptions of


Untersuehung uOOr forstliche Konzessionen. Ein Beitrag zur Forderung der Forstwirt.. 

schaft in den Entwicldungslandern. By F. Schmithuesen (1969). Schriftenreihe der 

Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Wurttemberg, Band 30, Stuttgart. 

THE AUTHOR BASES his thesis on timber concessions onfirst-hand information which he gathered 

during a year in British Columbia and a year in tropical Latin America. The material is complemented 

by a source study at Oxford, Nogent-sur-Marne and Rome. The general survey 

of the legal situation in the boreal and tropical countries emphasises the differences of land 

tenure in countries with English, 'French or Iberian legal tradition. Consequently, legal provisions 

and technical organisation of forest utilisation vary considerably. Also, the capacity 

for meeting forest owners requirements varied widely between individuals and types of concessionaires. 

Equal and uniform treatment is, therefore, often impossible. Concessions are 

the only practicable form of organising forest utilisation in tropical countries, in which forest 

land is predominantly publicly owned, and in which infrastructure, governmental organisation, 

industry and domestic markets are poorly developed. The author surveys management and 

organisational practices of the concession systems in the more important timber-producing 

countries in the tropics and in North America. He compares the historical development of 

the various systems and includes a comparison to the concession system of 18th century 

Germany. The author believes that any concession system will enventually be replaced by sale 

of standing or logged timber by the forest owner. This would mean state forestry in most 

tropical and many boreal countries. An alternative would be the transfer of responsibility 

for all forestry operations to the concessionaire under long-term leases. In the reviewers 

opinion, the latter alternative offers greater advantages from a business and a national economic 

point-of-view, but the former will probably in the long run enjoy political preference. The 

value of the book to tropical foresters is the synoptic review of problems and practices of the 

concession systems within and outside the tropics. The inclusion of the historical concession 

systems ofCentral Europe adds an interesting time perspective to the problem. 

The conclusion emerges convincingly that direction and momentum of forestry development 

in tropical countries will be determined by the wiIJingness or capability of governments to 

guarantee tenure and supplies at a scale and under conditions which make long-term industrial 

developments in the form ofintegrated forest industries feasible. 

E. F. BRUNIG 

Flora Zambesiaca, Vol. 3, part 1. J. P. M. Brenan et al. Crown Agents for Overseas 

Governments and Administrations, London (1970). Price £1.25. 

THE APPEARANCE OF another part of this excellent Flora is most welcome. The four earlier parts 

appeared in 1960, 1961, 1963 and 1966, so the interval between successive parts has steadily 

increased by a year at a time. This is clearly an unsatisfactory situation which, I understand, 

has arisen from administrative difficulties and not from a slowing-down in the botanical 

preparation. There is, I believe, a good deal of material awaiting publication, and it is greatly 

to be hoped that arrangements will be made to speed up the publication of this Flora, which 

is of basic importance to foresters and others concerned with biological natural resources in 

this part of Africa. 

The recent part consists of the Mimosoideae, and is mainly the work of Mr. Brenan. As this 

group has now been done for the Flora ofTropical East Africa, the Flore du Congo Beige, the 

Conspectus Florae Angolensis and the revised Flora of West Tropical Africa, it must be one of 

the best known ofall groups offlowering plants in tropical Africa. The subfamily is represented 

by 15 genera in Flora Zambesiaca, including the genera Acacia (with 64 species) and Albizia 

(with 19 species). As all who know something about tropical African botany will appreciate, 

Mr. Brenan's authorship of this part is a sure guarantee of excellence, and this is indeed 

a model of what a flora should be. 

R. W. J. KEAY 

Standard Volume Tables for Coniferous Species of Northern West Pakistan Forest 

Record No. 2 1969. 

Local Volume Tables of the Coniferous Species of Northern West Pakistan By 

Muhammad Azam Malik. Forest Record No. 3 1970. Forest Research Series, 

Forestry Research Division, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar. 

THESE TWO PUBLICATIONS mark an important advance in Pakistan forestry. A sound basis on 

which to estimate the volume ofgrowing stock is ofsuch obvious importance for the planning 

and control of the national forest estate that justification for these publications is hardly

NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS 77 

necessary. The general volume tables previously in use were issued by the Indian Forest 

Institute forty years ago, and it is known that they were of very doubtful reliability when 

applied to the forests ofWest Pakistan. 

Tables are given for Cedrus deodora, Pinus grifJithii, P. roxburghii, Abies pindrow and Picea 

smithiana. The region was classified into eight catchment areas in each of which at least 200 

trees of each species were measured. Sites on which sample trees were selected were classified 

into strata (four in the case of Deodar and six for the other species), based on altitude and 

aspect to ensure an overall sample representative of the region. Volume was calculated from 

the regression V==a+bH+cD2+dD2H (where V==volume under bark, D==diameter at 

breast height and H==total height) in all cases. This model was selected as the most suitable 

from a number tested in a previous study. Both total and stem-wood volumes (down to an 

8-inch diameter point), excluding branchwood, were fitted to this model. Some difficulty was 

encountered in reconciling inconsistencies between the total and stem-wood volume tables so 

derived. Therefore small-wood volumes (the difference between total volume and stem-wood 

volume) were related graphically to diameter (height being shown to be unimportant) and 

separate small-wood single entry tables obtained. Either the total volume regression or the stem 

volume regression was chosen as the basis for a particular table and the other table (total or 

stem volume) derived by subtraction or addition, as appropriate, of the small-wood volume. 

This method was preferred, in the reviewer's view mistakenly, to a regression method relating 

stem volume to total volume for any size class. Sets oftables for all three "volumes" are printed 

in full.This appears unnecessary as only two sets give independent information. The expense 

saved could have been better spent in improving the legibility of the essential tables. As it is, 

the print size in some of the larger tables (produced by an offset process) is incoveniently small. 

One of the main advantages of the regression method of volume table construction is its 

flexibility and the ease in which additional data can be incorporated to improve the relationships 

between volume and the easily measured variables diameter and height. It is hoped, 

therefore, that provision will be made for the regular updating and checking of the tables 

in order to improve their precision and reliability as further data become available. It would 

have been reassuring if some reference to future revision had been made. 

The Local Volume tables published separately as Forest Record No. 3 are derived directly 

from the general volume tables using the quadratic relationship H=a+bD+cD2. These are 

produced for easy application in the field by local staff. 

The Pakistan Forest Institute is to be congratulated on the production of these tables and 

we look forward to seeing a further publication in this new series ofForest Records. 

P. G. ADLARD 

My Life My Trees. Richard St. Barbe Baker, Lutterworth Press, London, £2.00. 

IN 1944 RICHARD ST. BARBE BAKER wrote his first autobiography-I Planted Trees. Now in 1970 

as an octogenarian he writes his second autobiography. This latter work like the earlier one 

starts in his boyhood days and with the last 24 years gives a story of three-quarters 

of a century of dedication to tree-planting and conservation. Throughout the book the author 

keeps pace with world thinking and world trends towards trees and conservation. During 

his long active life he visited most parts of the World, firstly as a Colonial Forest Officer, later 

as a free-lance self appointed high priest of conservation. Kenya-the Aberdare Mountains; 

Nigeria-Sapoba; the Redwoods of America; Canada; India; Pakistan; the Saharan Territories; 

all figure in his many world-wide peregrinations. At the age of 74 we find him doing a 

solo ride of some 1200 miles from North to South of New Zealand, now his adopted home. 

During much of his career professional forest officers have tended to denigrate many of his 

activities on the grounds that they were not original. There may be a certain amount of truth 

in this but at least he had the courage of his convictions and preached what he believed. In 

his long life ofconservation crusading he has devoted all his energies to planting trees, whether 

on original, right or wrong lines does not in one iota detract from his self-dedication to his 

cause. 

Throughout the book is woven the story of The Men 0/the Trees founded by the author in 

Kenya in 1924, and now a well-established and flourishing national body. Richard S1. Barbe 

Baker will be remembered for this long after petty squabbles over the authenticity of some 

of his claims are forgotten. 

Peach stones in the Sahara, let us regard these as symbolic. 

E.W.M.


1969 Bulletin of the Nigerian Forestry Departments 

IT IS MOST interesting to read a Bulletin after an interval of perhaps fifteen years. It has grown 

up and is vastly different from the old Home Chat of earlier days. So too has the Research 

Department developed. D. R. Rosevear describes, with interesting reminiscences, his school, 

the first Forest School in Nigeria, for Eastern Provinces Forest Guards in the middle 1920s; 

R. W. J. Keay recollects some highlights ofhis years at the Forest School for Forest Assistants 

in the middle 194Os, when teaching required more supporting research, and to indicate present 

standards the Staff disposition of the Federal Research Department at the end of 1969 lists 

no fewer than 61 officers ofvarious kinds, plus 7 FAO officers at the Savanna Research Station. 

There is an obituary notice about G. A. E. Ogbe, CCF. Mid-West, an appreciation of the 

services of J. G. C. Allen, retiring Secretary of the Nigerian Timber Association and a list of 

eight International Seminars and Conferences attended by Forest Dept. delegates-changed 

days from the old five-yearly high spot of Empire Forestry Conferences. 

There are reports on Triplochiton scleroxylon provenance trials, an Elephant survey in 

Yankari Game Reserve, a preliminary survey offauna in a proposed Lake Chad Game Reserve 

andan extract speech about the Plantation Industry and its Management given at an Agricultural 

Society of Nigeria annual conference. To my mind the most valuable item is a paper extracted 

from Unasylva Vol. 22(4) No. 91 1968 on Artificial regeneration within the humid Lowland 

Tropical Forest by A. F. A. Lamb. 

N.S.S. 

ANNUAL REPORTS 

Fiftieth Annual Report of the Forestry Commission of Great Britain. 1969-70. H.M.S.O. 

70pnet 

THE FORESTRY COMMISSION has rung in its semi-centenary by producing a review in a new and a 

far more readable style than any ofits predecessors. The text is confined purely to the year under 

report without giving any commentary on the Commission's fifty years of not unremarkable 

achievement. (But incidentally Lord Lovat was the first Chairman of the Commissioners, not 

Lord Clinton as stated on page 23. The latter did not in fact succeed to that post until seven 

years later.) 

There is a little typographical confusion between the Forestry Enterprise (i.e. the State 

forest operations) and the Forestry Authority (Le. the government sponsored encouragement 

to private forestry, research and education) butthe dual role is getting clearer and some analytical 

editing and changing of captions should correct any confusion in future years. 

In the 49th Report it was stated that future expansion of State forests was expected to lie 

mainly in North Scotland, but in fact South Scotland is making far better progress and prospects 

of future land acquisition there are encouraging. Economically this will be to the good because 

growth potential and marketing will be better. Nevertheless, taking Britain as a whole the rate 

of land acquisition (34,145 acres) again fell far short of the rate of afforestation (45,727 acres). 

It is such a pity that there are artificial restrictions to acquisitions in England and it is high 

time that they should be broken down. 

Production and marketing continue to show healthy trends. Although there has been an 

80 per cent increase in average wage rates since 1960, there has been a corresponding 90 per 

cent increase in output per man, due of course to the introduction of more sophisticated 

machinery. In the same period the output of sawlogs, as comp&.red with smaller specifications, 

has risen from 18.3 per cent to 31.4 per cent. Pitwood now accounts for a mere 9 per cent of the 

total sales. 

The industrial staff directly employed by the Commission fell from 8,321 to 7,487 in a year, 

but as we are not told how many men are employed by timber merchants and contractors 

working in the forests and on transportation it is not possible to discuss the employment value 

of forestry as compared with other forms of rural land use. Rather less than half of the exploitation 

is by way of selling standing to the home timber trade and a very much smaller 

proportion ofcultural operations is conducted by contractors.

ANNUAL REPORTS 79 

This report gives greater space to the recreational use of the forests and the separate section 

dealing with the accounts shows the financial implications thereof, thus:- 

Thousands of £ 

Expenditure Receipts 

Fishing & shooting ... ... ... ... ... 37 72 

Camp sites ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 66 

Other recreational facilities ... ... ... 255 69 

-- -- 

Total ... ... 367 207 

-- -- 

These figures probably include capital expenditure but the overhead expenses of £181,000 

seem to be an excessive proportion within the total and the greater part of that goes on the 

non-remunerative but very important "other recreational facilities". On the credit side it is 

fair to say that one hears little but the highest praise for the way the Commission is offering its 

countryside to the people. Town planners tend to ask whether in this over-populated island 

we need forests or whether they should not be turned over entirely to make recreational areas. 

The Forestry Commission is proving in a practical way that we can have both. We certainly 

need both. But there is still an awful lot to be learned about the amount ofcompromise needed 

to strike the right balance between just wood and human satisfactions. There must be enormous 

variations between different parts of Britain. Here again there comes a strong argument for 

faster forest development in England where production and more dense recreational facilities 

can be fitted into juxtaposition. 

Private forest expansion, now very heavily weighted by the work ofinvestment organisations, 

has increased to some 47,000 acres, or about 10,000 acres more than the figure of 1967. 

G. B. RYLE. 

Rhodesia Forestry Commission-Fifteenth Annual Report and Accounts for the year 

1st July 1968 to 30th June 1969 

THE COMMISSION'S PRIMARY function is to grow, produce and sell Pine and Eucalypt timbers. 

These operations have to be run, and accounted for, on a business footing. In the year under 

report the Commission's trading activities covered its expenditure to the extent of £576,856, 

and it found in all from its own resources a total of £816,663, or 72 per cent of its expenditure 

overall. These amounts show an increase on those of previous years. During the year, however, 

useful additional finance was provided by the Government for the Commission's further trading 

activities. TheCommissionalso undertakes a number ofactivities"on behalfoftheGovernment" 

such as nlost Government forest departments would be expected to perform. For these the 

Commission receives grants (or rather, reimbursements) separately. The report indicates that 

these have not been increased to meet growing needs (but that is a very familiar story). One 

activity whose importance the report stresses is forestry in the Tribal Trust Lands, where the 

support is stated to have been very good. In the main the report indicates useful progress but 

no major changes from the years immediately preceding. 

Professional staff was increased by 2 to 19; technical staff remained at 25 with 3 more in 

training; increases are recorded in both clerical and accounting staffs. Other employees and 

labourers increased by some 140 making a total of 1,854. 

The area of demarcated forest remained at 2,340,193 acres. 2,232 acres were planted (2,208 

of them conifers), and 1,001 clear felled, making the Commission's total area of plantations 

39,293 acres (of which 35,201 were conifers) at the end of the year. Rhodesia incidentally is 

stated to have, in addition, 215,000 acres of plantations in private ownership (94,000 acres of 

conifers, 70,000 of Eucalypts, and 51,000 of wattle). The report does not give a picture of the 

tinlber economy of the country as a whole. The Commission's plantations are almost all 

situatedin the highlands oftheEasternconservancy, along Rhodesia's border with Mozambique. 

Nearly 7,000 acres were weeded, not quite 5,000 acres were thinned, nearly 6,000 acres 'Here 

pruned. Silviculture evidently had not been neglected. 

There were 54 fires in the indigenous (protected) woodlands, but despite the bad season for 

fires little was lost in the plantations. Indeed, the record of miles of fireguards cleared and of 

acres early-burned (as a protective measure) indicates that fire protection was not neglected 

either. 

Indigenous hardwood production (Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleospema, Pterocarpus


angolensis) at 3,200,000 cubic feet was six per cent up on the previous year. Softwood produced 

by the Commission was 2,756,000 cubic feet, a small amount more than in the year before. 

Rhodesia seems to have been running into the difficulty, not unknown elsewhere of finding a 

market for low-grade softwood resulting from thinnings in immature plantations. 

The Commission's advisory and extension work was limited by lack of funds. However, in 

another direction "Major progress in housing staff and labour in the Eastern Conservancy is 

reported". 

The feature of the year's work of most interest to outside readers is that of the Research 

Branch. Or.dinarily that is made the subject of a separate report in this, the Annual Report, it 

has been only briefly summarised. A new Research centre was built and opened at Salisbury. 

With it has gone the setting up a ofa seed centre, and the rationalising of collections from seed 

orchards, which have started to yield appreciable amounts of seed; more seed orchards (of 

Pinus khasya, P.palustris, P.patula and P.elliottU) have been started. New species introduced 

include Arancaria hunstenii, P.patula x greggii, races of P.merkussii, P.oocarpa, P.caribaea 

var bahamensis and Eucaluptus deglupta. Provenance trials with seven species are mentioned, 

and reference is made to work on breeding material, progeny trials, increment studies and 

volume tables. 

This report, like its predecessors, simply tells one what the Commission has done, and spent, 

during the year. In the circumstances, its year's work is commendable. One looks forward to 

the time when one can read an account ofits relation to the timber economy of the country as a 

whole, and even, perhaps, be given the still wider view ofthe valuable role of forests and woodlands 

in land use all over Rhodesia. 

CONTRIBUTED. 

Annual Report of the Forest Research Institute, New' Zealand Forest Service for 1969. 

THE INSTITUTE IS TO BE congratulated on an impressive year's work. For your reviewer, who 

was closely concerned with it in its infancy, the progress in the provision of research buildings 

is a source of much pleasure. It is gratifying to know that the temporary structures and 

improvised facilities which have had to serve for over 20 years are at last being superseded. 

The opportunity for an exercise in public relations offered by the official opening during the 

year of Stage I, buildings for Forest Products research, was eagerly grasped and obtained an 

excellent response. Extra effort, too, has been put into dissemination of research information 

in other ways, but, as the Director points out, there is always room for more. The series of 

symposia on silvicultural problems in which commercial, State and private forestry interests 

participate, was continued. The theme, Land Preparation, was particularly appropriate with 

future very large afforestation programmes in view. 

As they contribute some 90 per cent of the country's timber output, major research effort 

was directed to the problems of the man-made forests. These are being tackled over a very 

wide range, from culture and handling of nursery stock to the use of new species for papers 

making. The tree improvement programme now includes Pseudatsuga menziesii, Pinuselliottii 

var el/iottii, P. taeda and P. contorta as well as P. radiata and examination for wood 

quality has become routine in screening plus trees and clonal material. Although Dothistroma 

pini has not been completely contained its initial rapid spread has slowed down and there is 

evidence that the vigorous empirical control measures begun a few years ago have been 

broadly effective. 

It is of interest to note that there has been a growth response in terrace rimu forests of the 

West Coast ofthe South Island within a few years ofharvesting about one-third of the original 

standing volume in selection fellings. 

While allowing that this report has a great deal to tell, its length is somewhat daunting. 

It is suggested that the highlights of groups of closely related projects concerning several 

research officers could sometimes be summarised. 

F.A. 

Forest Insect and Disease Survey, Canadian Forestry Service. Annual Report for the 

year 1969 

NO VERY WIDESPREAD EPIDEMICS of either insect pests or diseases occurred in Canadian forests 

during 1969, but some caused severe damage in various localities and others were sufficiently 

prevalent to give rise to anxiety. 

Among the insects the most important were the spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana), 

the jack-pine budworm (C. pinu8 pinus) and the larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii). There


The chapter on Plantation Management reveals that in the period of the Report 3,768 

morgen of State Forest and 2,593 morgen of S.A.B.T. forests were afforested bringing the 

total plantation areas to 267,174 morgen and 38,109 morgen respectively. Of the plantation 

areas no less than 90 per cent consist of conifers headed by P. elliottii closely followed by 

P. patula, P. radiata and P. pinaster in that order. The remaining 10 per cent is predominantly 

eucalypts with E. saligna predominating. 

The extent of plantation production of saw-logs is shown in Table 5A, a total of 38,566,433 

cu. ft. was produced, of this slightly over 10,000,000 cu. ft. was sawn in State sawmills with a 

recovery factor of49 per cent. The recovery factor from the private sector is not given. Against 

these figures the output of saw logs from indigenous forests was a mere 95,000 cu. ft. 

There is a very long chapter on Forest Research. Strength, suitability and seasoning tests 

for a variety of purposes were carried out on various plantation species, particularly on the 

species mentioned above. Tree breeding research is also very much to the fore. Space does not 

permit ofelaborate details, suffice to say the Department is handling a wide range ofinvestigations 

which must hold much of interest for those concerned with exotics in other territories. 

The expenditure shown against Forest Research in Form 6A is a mere R34,644, it is felt this 

is not a fair reflection of the activities of the Department devoted to Research. 

In the Chapter on Finance the total cost of running the Department and its ancillary 

activities is shown as R13,948,963 as against a total revenue of R12,142,805. Both figures 

show an increase on previous years but the gap has been reduced and the time when the 

Department produces a surplus should not be many years ahead. 

E.W.M. 

British Columbia Forest Service, Annual Report 1969 

IT IS VERY EASY to write complimentary remarks about this Report. A "glossy" production, 

colour photographs, easily digested format and, most important, it covers the year ending 

31st December 1969, yet was submitted to the Lieut-Governor in March 1970. 

In keeping with modern practice the Report opens with a synopsis of the year's highlights in 

the fornl ofthe ChiefForester's Report. A reviewer could in fact base the whole ofhis comments 

on this one page. To quote a few highlights: forest revenue increased by 66 per cent, pulp, 

paper and allied industries' production was up by 10 per cent and, the total volume of timber 

harvested was up by a similar 10 per cent. The situation as regards forest fires was anunfortunate 

one, 2318 fires burnt 407,000 acres as against a mere 34,000 acres destroyed in the previous 

year. Correspondingly the cost of fire fighting increased from $790,000 in 1968 to $3,700,000 

in 1969. During the year 25 million seedlings were planted by the Forest Service and industry, 

all seedlings being produced in Forest Service nurseries. Production and planting is planned 

to reach 75 million by 1975. 

Turning to the body of the report the Inventory Division shows continued progress. No 

less than 13 million acres of "public sustained-yield units (P.S.Y.U.)", a designation we 

interpret as meaning-productive forest reserves, were inventoried during the year bringing 

the total to date to 84,000,000 acres; it is planned to complete this work by 1975. 

The Research Division, again in keeping with modern trends, concentrated on Tree Improvement 

Studies with Douglas Fir as the chief species under investigation. On the subject of 

Research an interesting financial aspect shown in Appendix (145) is that expenditure on 

Research amounted to approximately one tenth of that incurred on silvicultural operations. 

Not all will agree but we consider this an ideal state of affairs in such a developed forest 

territory. 

The financial section of any annual report is always of interest; sometimes because of what 

it reveals, sometimes of what it conceals. This particular report shows the financial situation 

in two straightforward Tables (Appendices 144 and 145). According to these which are actually 

for the fiscal year 1968 ...69 and not for the year covered by the report, revenue amounted to 

$64 million as against an expenditure of $24 million, a very gratifying surplus of $40 million. 

One possible reason for this pleasing situation may arise from the fact that the Forest Service 

is not responsible for any form of recreational amenities, hunting, shooting, fishing etc.; 

activities which appear to take pride of place and effort in some Canadian States. 

The various volume statistics are all in cubic feet or board measure and not "bedevilled" 

by Hoppus. 

A most interesting and readable report. 

B.W.M.


to have a high germination percentage in one week only." A new and unexpected hazard in 

securing natural regeneration or seed of this species! 

Besides the damage to seed occurring in Triplochiton this was also noted in Terminalia 

ivorensis (another curculionid also unidentified) and the Forest Entomology section gives a 

very interesting report both on these and other pests, including their predators and parasites, 

a very wide field which was untapped ten years ago. 

In the Wood Chemistry and Preservation Section I learned that Acacia nilotica occurs in 

Northern Ghana a fact of which I was not aware. Also that a means of getting the Daniel/ia 

to yield resin regularly and not at its own whim, on which I had made some unsuccessful 

trials in the thirties, was still insolved. The Wood Seasoning and Industries Section are testing 

a Solar Kiln, and are also making wood-wool slabs and testing them as a potential building 

material. 

The funds available for the Institute, NC 270,000 (1£135,000) recurrent annual expenditure 

and NC 85,000 (?£42,500) for development are not excessive and from the report Ghana is 

getting good value in research on one of her major assets. 

A.F. 

REPUBLIC OF IRELAND 

Report of the Minister for Lands on Forestry for the period from 1st April, 1967 to 

31st March, 1969. 

IN TWENTY-SEVFN pages of text and 12 appendices this report gives a clear picture of the work 

done during the two year period covered. The length of the period, presumably an economy 

measure, means that half of the information is only of historical interest. The 134 paragraphs 

are commendably short and make it easy to abstract information; while comparative tables 

in the text indicate trends from 1952 onwards: 

Planting remained fairly steady between the economy figure of20,000 acres and the restored 

target of 25,000 acres; and as usual the county with the highest afforestation rate was County 

Cork. The acquisition of suitable land is becoming progressively more difficult and a new 

system of valuation, based on potential timber yield, is now being used with the result that 

higher prices are able to be offered. By far the greater part of the land acquired was in the 

western counties. 

Of species planted, conifers comprised 95 per cent, Sitka spruce alone constituting 54 per 

cent. In view of the five per cent of broadleaved trees planted the establishment of plots of 

selected plants of birch under tree improvement schemes was obviously a special project of 

which details are not given. 

Interesting departures from normal practice in the maintenance of plantations are the use of 

hedges instead of fencing and a new technique by which brashing, marking, and thinning are 

apparently all done at the same time. Brashing is confined to selected (final crop) trees. Details 

are not given but it will be interesting to hear more of this method. 

Rabbits appear to be a pest ofminor proportions but wild goats caused damage in one forest. 

Deer have access to a quarter of the country's forests and these are mainly fallow. Sika are 

well established in Wicklow and Kerry but the indigenous red deer is fighting for survival. 

Control and conservation by proper management is the aim of the department. 

A report on timber processing and the possibility of expanding outlets was commissioned 

in 1966 and the report was completed in.1968. This offers little immediate prospect of improveruent 

in the situation and recommends that "piecemeal ad hoc industrial projects should not 

be encouraged". 

Two trends are discernible that parallel similar developments in Britain-both the numbers 

of men in direct employment and the length of new forest roads completed continue to fall 

steadily. The size of the annual budget increases with equal regularity, although the trend is 

reversed on some individual items. For example the cost of acquiring land has fallen with the 

increasing difficulty in finding suitable areas and grants to private forestry have also fallen. The 

reason for the latter movement is not clear as the total area planted under the grant scheme 

shows a rise over the same period. 

Publicity and public relations are obviously considered of great importance as evidenced by 

the expenditure on the John F. Kennedy Park ofmore than twice the combined total spent on 

forestry education and private forestry. The Park, an arboretum and forest garden with 

provision for public recreation, is a major development which attracted over 80,000 visitors 

during its first six months of operation. Three of the four illustrations are plates showing 

various aspects of the Park. 

J.E.G.


on silviculture and $291,612 on research (excluding salaries of permanent staff). 

Despite 79,323 acres being opened for final felling, only 41,597 acres were given the 

first poison-gird'ling tre1atment after final felling, whilst the tacreage of exploited forests 

but not yet treated was recorded as 301,312 acres; this was largely due to the fears of 

their excision for agricultural purposes in the near future. Cleaning operations over 

17,804 acres of fivejten-year-old regeneration were carried out, and regenerated forests 

increased to 191,862 acres, of which 14,295 acres were treated during the year. Enrich 

Inent planting was carried out over 1,040 acres, and 311 acres of plantations created. 

The report records rapid progress in some sections of the Forest Research Institute 

\vith particular emphasis being placed on afforestation and utilisation research and the 

conduct of the forest resources surveys; the former being largely due to the initiation 

of the UNDtp assisted proje1ct on 'pilot plantafion1s of quick-growing tree species. On 

the other hand the report also records that the silviculture branch of the Institute 

"went through an even leaner year," though on the brighter side it states that a silvicultural 

ecologist under the Colombo Plan is expected in 1968 to undertake silvicultural 

research in the hill forests. 

West Malaysia possesses as yet no clear-cut policy on which to base a sound and 

realistic research programme, although indications are fairly clear as to the direction 

the forest policy will take. Moreover, research data on which to have a regeneration 

programme on the basis of the probable policy of production forestry in the foot hills 

and hill forest are apparently limited. Yet exploitation of the natural forest resources, 

including exploitation of forest land outside forest reserves and presumably of the hill 

forest are continuing at an increasing rate. Recent working plans drawn up by a 

Colombo Plan expert at Federal Government's request have not been accepted by all 

of the State Governments. 

The report follows closely the past pattern of dealing with both Federal and State 

interests. It is hoped that future annual reports will appear before the information is 

so out of date, and tha:t there may by now be a more satisfa'ctory state of affairs to 

record concerning the future. Otlherwise the se'cond of the UNDP Spe'cial Fund 

assisted projects which is required to determine both the quantitative and qualitative 

potential resources of the nation and to prepare a master plan co-ordinating both 

governmental and non-governmental bodies in developing and improving the existing 

forest industries, and which it was hoped would come into operation during 1968, may 

find itself facing an uneviable, if not impossible, task. 

I.W-S.


Forest Environments in Tropical 

Life Zones 

A Pilot Study 

L. R. Holdridge, W. C. Grenke, N. H. Hatheway, 

T. Liang and J. A. Tosi, Jr. 

Presents in unprecedented detail and scope through multiemulsion 

airphoto coverage the floristics, structure, physiognomy, 

and soils of a wide variety of tropical forests. 

The Holdridge Classification of World Life Zones is 

selected for trial because it is relatively advanced, has been 

widely applied in the American tropics (in other contexts), 

and has demonstrated possibilities for necessary extension 

and refinement. 

Contents: Introduction; Background of the Study; The 

Field' Research; Climates of the Sites; Site Description and 

Data; Organization and Consolidation of Ground Observations; 

Analyses of Aerial Photography; The End of the 

Beginning; Appendix I: Site Floristics; Appendix 11: A Trial 

Application of the Basic Life Zone System in Southeast 

Asia; Appendix Ill: Mega Vegetation Symbolization. 

780 pages including full colour maps £30.00 hard cover 

The Principles of Forest Yield 

Study 

E. Assmann, Institut fur Forstliche Ertragskunde, University 

of Munich, Germany 

A summary of the present state of knowledge in the field 

of forest yield studies. The central core of this study appertains 

to the research into growing space and the concept of 

thinning is interpreted by the author on a new basis. 

Contents: Foreward; Introduction; Section A. Woody growth 

as part of the total produce of plant societies; Soil 

climate and plant cover; The assimilation process from 

the point of view of quantitative ecology; The organic 

production of forest stands and its components; Ser;tion B. 

Tree growth and form; Section C. The constitution and 

development of stands; Section D. Structure, increment and 

yield of stands in relation to silvicultural yield; Section E. 

Forest organization and yield; Appendix: Hohenadls method. 

528 pages £ I0.00 hard cover 

Pergamon 

IIII 

C244

CONTENTS 

Loyal MessageIand Reply 

His Grace The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry 

Chairman's Foreword ... 

Editorial 

Commonwealth Forestry Association-a 50-Year Retrospect 

Officers of the Association 

Commonwealth Forest Authorities and Institutions ... 

Forestry Commission of Great Britain 

India 

Pakistan 

Australia 

Canada 

New Zealand 


Mrica 

Botswana 

Gambia 

Ghana 

Kenya 

Lesotho 

Malawi 

Nigeria 

Rhodesia 

Sierra Leone 

Tanzania 

Uganda 

Zambia 

Asia 

Ceylon 

Hong Kong 

West Malaysia 

Sabah 

Sarawak ... 

Island Territories 

The Bahamas 

British Solomon Islands Protectorate 

Cyprus 

Fiji 

Mauritius 

Seychelles 

West Indies 


Dominica ... 

Grenada 

Guyana 

Jamaica 

St. Lucia 


Former Commonwealth Territories 

Palestine ... 

South Africa 

Sudan 

British Universities-Departments of Forestry 

Oxford 

Aberdeen ... 

Bangor 

Edinburgh 

Cambridge 

Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborougb 

Forestry Advisers 

Commonwealth Forestry Conferences 

Forty-Ninth Annual General Meeting 

Acknowledgements 

Page 

89 

91 

92 

93 

94 

101 

104 

105 

108 

113 

115 

123 

130 

134 

136 

136 

136 

138 

139 

139 

141 

143 

144 

145 

147 

148 

150 

151 

151 

153 

155 

156 

156 

156 

157 

159 

159 

160 

161 

161 

162 

163 

164 

164 

166 

167 

168 

170 

172 

173 

175 

176 

178 

181 

183 

184 

188

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth If 

The Association's Patron 

8ti

LOYAL MESSAGE 

Commonwealth Forestry Association, 

18 Northumberland Avenue, 

LONDON, W.C.2. 

26th March, 1971. 

MADAM-With humble duty and pleasure I beg to inform Your Majesty that on 16th 

.November, 1971, the Com'monwealth Foreistry Association, of which I h·ave the honour 

to be President, will attain its Golden Jubi'lee. 

Founded by Royal Charter as the Empire Forestry Association in 1921 under the 

patronage of His Majesty King George the Fifflh, a patronage which still continues in 

the person of Your Majesty, the Assodiia'tion has provided a unique link for foresters 

and Forest Departments. As the yea1rs pass, and in spite of changing conditions, the 

Assooiation and its work are proving of increasing value to the practice of forestry 

whether in Britain or in tropical jungles. 

The ho'nour confe'rred on the Association by your g,racious patronage has been an 

immense satisfaction to our members, and in this our GOllden Jubi'lee Year it is my 

pI1ivilege on their be\half to express our loyal and best wishes, and our grateful thanks 

to Your M,ajesty for having been our Patron since your accession to the Throne. 

I have the honour to be, Madam, 

Your Majesty's most loyal and obedient subject, 

President. 

'fhe Duke of Buccleuch, K.T., 

President, 

The Commonwealth Forestry Associafion. 

Buckingham Palace. 

2nd April, 1971. 

I sincerely thank you and the members of the Commonwealth Forestry Association 

for your kind and loyal message. 

As Patron of the Association, I congratulaJte you on the Jubilee which you are 

celebrating this year. I know what important and widespread work you are undertaking 

and send you my warmest good Wishes for the years ahead. 

ELIZABETH R. 

89


fJis Grac2 The Duke o.r Buccleuch and Queensberry.

HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH 

AND QUEENSBERRY, P.C., K.T., G.C.V.O. 

WALTER JOHN MONTAGU-DOUGLAS-SCOTT, 8th Duke of Buccleuch and 10th Duke of 

Queensberry, K.T., P.C., G.e.v.o., LL.D. (Hon.), took office as President of the 

Association in 1957. 

He was born on 30th December, 1894, and joined the Royal Scots just before 

the outbreak of war in 1914. He was almost immediately transferred to the 

Grenadier Guards and served with them in France throughout 1915 and 1916, 

commanding a company at the age of 20. He remained in France most of 1917 

and 1918. 

Since then there is scarcely a field of activity in which he has not played a 

prominent part and given freely of his time and energy. One' can mention only a 

few. He was A.D.C. to the Governor General 'of Canada in 1920; commanded the 

4th King's Own Scottish Borderers 1923 to 1929; he was a member of the House 

of Commons (as Earl of Dalkeith) from 1923-35, since when he has been an active 

member of the House of Lords, and became a Privy Councillor in 1937. He concerned 

himself too with Loca!l Government, particularly in Roxburghshire, where 

he spent much of his time, and was Chairman of the County Council for over 20 

years'l and has been Lord Lieutenant since 1932. He enjoys the freedom of the 

Burghs of Hawick and Selkirk. 

He has numerous appointments in the Royal gift. He was Lord Steward of the 

Household of King George VI, is Knight of the Thistle and Chancellor of the 

Order of the Thistle, allso Captain General of Her Majesty's Bodyguard in Scotland 

and Gold Stick for Scotland. He is also Lord Clerk Register for Scotland and 

Keeper of the Signet. 

He closely supervises the policy and management of large family estates in the 

south of Scotland and in Northamptonshire. At first his interest was mainly in 

farming, but later the woods claimed much more of his personal attention. During 

the war, in common with other woodland owners, many of his woods were felled 

to provide urgently needed timber. 

By 1939 he had become President of the Royal Scottish Forestry Society, and 

subsequently was much involved in negotiation with the Forestry Commission and 

others in the evolution of the post-war forest policy, a prominent feature of which 

was the Dedication Scheme for woodland owners. He took opportunities to widen 

his knowledge and exp,erience in forestry by visits to many European countries and 

to Africa, where he has had frequent me'etings with numerous African political 

leaders. On the family properties he embarked on a very extended replanting 

programme, clearing and replanting poorly stocked woods and planting additional 

ground not suitable for farming. 

He has always welcomed interested visitors to his woods, and many Commonwealth 

and other foresters have seen one or other of them. Older visitors will perhaps 

remember, for example, one of the earliest and best Sitka plantations in this 

country at Drumlanrig in Dumfriesshire, established long before the creation of 

the Forestry Commission, w'hich has planted so much Sitka Sp'ruce. This plantation 

!s now, alas, no longer in existence. In 'later years many will have seen his pioneer 

Ing work in the afforestation of land left derelict by iron-stone 'workings in North.. 

amptonshire, and much else of interest as well. All will agree that the general 

standard of his 18,000 acres of dedicated woodlands is an example and an inspiration 

not only to private owners, but to foresters in general. 

91

CHAIRMAN'S FOREWOR·D 

IT IS A PLEASURE and an honour to write a foreword to this the Jubilee number of the 

REVIEW. 

The Forestry Commission supported the formation of the Association very actively 

in 1921. For example the first two Editors of the REVIEW were on the staff of the 

Commission, two of the first three Chairmen were prominent Forestry Commissioners. 

Throughout the 50 years the Commission has continued to help the Association in 

many ways. I am particularly happy that this is still continuing under the guidance 

of Dr. John A. Dickson, now Director General and Deputy Chairman of the Commission, 

and a member of the Governing Council and Executive Committee. 

There is however a need of a much wider co-operation throughout the Commonwealth 

and it is this I would like to emphasise. There are those, it must be admitted, 

who have felt that the changes in the structure of the Commonwealth-influences 

such as the consistent trend towards training Forest Officers in their home territory 

and the formation of local forestry associations have created conditions in which the 

Association was unnecessary or at least unlikely to flourish. It is true we have had 

some difficulties to contend with but I believe the worst are over and I think this attitude 

is completely wrong as has been demonstrated for example in Canada and Australia 

where we have many of our members. I cannot believe that the young forest officer 

of today, wherever he may have been trained, is likely to develop such a narrow 

approach to his subject as to exclude from his interest the work which is going on in 

other territories or to be unwilling to co-operate with other foresters or timber users 

wherever they may be, to further their common aims. 

It is in this field that the Association can do so much. The need is still there, in fact 

in many ways I think it is greater than it was 50 years ago; and speaking for the 

officers and the Executive Committee of the Association I can say the determination is 

there. I have faith that we can and shall achieve success. We know that we have wide 

support from the Timber Trade. I think too, that public opinion will support us on 

an increasing scale. The common cry today is for Conservation of Nature and Wild 

Life. Who has more knowledge of or a greater part to play in this than tIle Forester? 

A. H. GOSLING. 

92


Vol. 50 (2), No. 144, June 1971 

EDITORIAL 

We consider it an honour and a privilege to write this Golden Jubilee Editorial 

as the tenth holder of ,the p,ost of Editor. In this Jubilee issue of the Review an 

attempt is made to outline the' history of the Association and the history of all 

those organisations which have contributed to forest development in the Commo'nwealth 

during the fifty years. The opportunity is also: taken to pay tribute to' all 

those who as individuals or as members of the various organisations referred to 

have given the Assoc1iation their unstinting support both morally and actively over 

the years. 

The various histories have of necessity to be brief-it is realised that volumes 

could have been, and will be, written on these histories. What has been produced 

is a series of thumb-nail sketches giving as wide a coverage as possible and intended 

more as a recognition of their place in the development of Commonwealth forestry 

and of the Association than as comprehensive histories. 

Throughout its fifty years the Association has enjoyed the sup,port of British 

landowners, distinguished members of the academic world, eminent members of 

the profession and leading members of the timb'er trade. We feel it wo'uId be 

invidious to, s'ingle out individuals for particular mention other than where they 

are mentioned in the various historical notes. It is however co'nsidered appropriate 

that in this issue we should, in our series of prominent Commonwealth foresters, 

include our President for the past fourteen years, His Grace The' Duke of 

BuccIeuch and Queensberry. 

During its fifty years the Association has accomplished a great deal. There have 

been those who thought the disap,p,earance of "Empire" signalled its end; later 

there have been those who, thought its services were no, longer necessary as more 

and more territories gained indep,endence. Events have sho'wn that the need for 

the Association as a vital link in Commonwealth forestry is today greater than 

ever. The Association starts 'its second fifty years confident in the kno,wledge that 

it is an accepted feature of Commonwealth forestry. 

93

THE COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 

A 50-year Retrospect 

By PROFESSOR M. V. LAURIE 

IN THIS, the Golden Jubilee Year of the Association, it is of interest to look back 

o,ver the last 50 years to the founding of the Association, to the aims and o,bjectives 

laid down at that time and to see how far they have been met and how far the 

activities of the Association have fulfille'd the hopes and dreams of our founders. 

The period just after the First World War was one of tremendous activity and 

enlivened interest in forestry. The war experience had highlighted the dangers of 

an inadequate forest policy in Britain and the Forestry Commission was founded 

in order to put our domestic house in order. At the same time, a critical look was 

directed to the forests of the then British Empire. Standards of forest management 

were very variable, ranging from fairly enlighte'ned in countries such as India 

which had had a forest service in being for a considerable time to almost nonexistent, 

as in many other tropical countries. The wanton destruction of p,otentially 

valuable and productive forests by shifting cutivation, over-grazing and over· 

exploitation was widespread and was causing serious concern to, foresters. The 

productive potential of forests throughout the Empire as it was then had hardly 

begun to be develope'd, except in India, where the priority task of saving the 

forests from destruction 'was giving away to considerations of management for 

increased timber production. Research to this end was in its infancy and was quite 

inadequate to meet the situatio'n, but mOire important still was the' ignorance of 

the governments, administrators and the general public alike of the basic principles 

of forestry, and the almost universal lack of forest policies and forest legislation in 

so many of the countries concerned. 

It was against this background that the first British Empire Forestry Conference 

was held in Lo'ndon in 1920, and one of the many valuable resolutions passed was 

that a Forestry Society or Association should be set up with Empire-wide interests 

which should unde'rtake aggressive educatio,nal work and pro'paganda so that everyone, 

and especially Members of Parliament and the L,egislatures throughout the 

different countries could app'reciate the importance of wo,od as a raw material and 

the dep,endence of wood supplies on forest management and afforestatio,n, and 

further to drive into the public consciousness the imp,ortance of forest conservatio'n 

throughout the 'world. The Association w'ould form a link betw'een the various 

forestry bodies and would mainly work through them. 

The moving spirit be'hind this proposal was the late C. E. Lane Poole of Australia, 

who died last Novemb'er and, sadly, has not lived to take part in the Jubilee 

cele'brations of this Association.. In discussion with a group of some half dozen 

eminent foresters, he drew up and presented to the' 'Co,nference the prop,osal that: 

1. A British Empire Forestry Society should be formed to promote public interest 

in forestry throughout the Empire. 

2. Membership should consist of organisations, firms and individuals interested 

in forestry or the commercial utilisation of timber and forest products. The olbjective 

was to rop'e in eve'ryone who had an interest in forestry either directly or 

indirectly and curiously enough, it was envisaged that technical foresters would 

form a relatively small part of the membership. 

The objectives suggeste'd were: 

1. To create an interest in and to circulate information regarding forestry 

amongst all classes. 

2. To bring about better public recognition of the identity of interest between 

continuous timber supplies and systematic forest manageme'nt and to spread in- 

94


graduate course for foresters from all parts of the Commonwealth. In this way 

the memory of Sir William Schlich, as well as the presence of the Commonwealth 

Forestry Association, is kept alive throughout the Commonwealth. Prizes have been 

given to Forestry Schools, e.g., the Commonwealth Forestry Association S·hield 

recently given to the Forester Training School at Olmatonyi in Tanzania, which 

was made possible through the generosity of Sir Stewart Mallinson. Also·, at the 

new Forestry Departmen't of the Australian National University in Can'berra, 

there is a room panelled and furnished in English woods for which the Association 

organised the collectio·n of funds and the supply of timber. In another case, the 

Association was a:ble to arrange finance through the Commonwealth Trust, to 

ena·ble five members in different Commonwealth countries to attend the ninth 

Commonwealth Forestry Conference in New Delhi in 1968. 

There are many other ways in which the Associatio'n can be useful, but in nearly 

all cases it has to rely on outside finance to cover any expenditure. 

From this brief account it will be seen that the Commonwealth Forestry Association 

has been active in meeting the objectives laid down at the time of its formation 

and that its impact o·n Commonwealth Forestry, th'ough impossi'ble to, evaluate precisely, 

has clearly been considerable, while at the same time ,the cost has been very 

lo'w. No doubt, if it had had greater financial resources, its impact would have been 

greater but, in retrospect, the Association has no reason to be dissatisfied with its 

achievements over the last 50 years. 

The pattern of world forestry is changing. Forestry practice is broadening from 

a mainly technical administration of forests concerned primarily with the production 

of timber and wood products to a community-oriented land use management, 

and the socio·-eco·nomic asp'ects of forestry are becoming more important. At the 

same time, many Commo·nwealth countries have become self governing and independent, 

and while they have lost the expertise of their former expatriate officers, 

they have developed their own, often highly efficient, technical and administrative 

staff. But they are inevitably more is·olated from one another and the need for a 

-body like the 'Commonwealth Forestry Association with its stated objectives of 

creating a means of communicatio,n between the various parts of the Commonwealth 

so as to maintain the highest de'nominator of professional standards, is 

greater than ever.


HONORARY TREASURERS 

The post of Honorary Treasurer has been held by the following members:- 

1921-30 Sir John Stirling Maxwell (See list of Chairmen). 

1931-32 Sir P. H. Clutterbuck (" ,,). 

1932-45 Sir A. Rodger, C.B.E., ex I.F.S. and Forestry Commissioner United 

Kingdom. 

1946-58 W. C. Potter, Esq., O.B.E.-A member of Messrs. Wm. Mallinson & Sons. 

1958-65 D. H. Rosser, Esq.-A member of the Union Trading Corporation with 

connections in West Africa. 

1966- C. G. A. Latham, Esq.-Director, Messrs. James Latham Ltd. 

EDITOR-SECRETARIES 

The posts of Editor/Secretary were originally separate: they were amalgamated in 

1932 and have remained so ever since. The holders of the separate posts and later of 

the combined post have all been retired forest officers having either Forestry Commission, 

Indian Forestry Service or Colonial Forest Service backgrounds. 

With such experience they have been ideally suited to the task of maintaining 

contact with overseas members, forest authorities and research and educational 

institutions. Their broad background of knowledge of the Commonwealth is obvious 

from the brief notes given below on the successive holders of the posts. 

1921-22 

1922-31 

1931-32 

1921-32 

1932-38 

1938-52 

1952-60 

1961-62 

1965-66 

1966-67 

1968- 

EDITOR 

S. M. Edwards, Forestry Commission. 

Professor Fraser-Storey-Lecturer, University of Wales and Education 

Officer, U.K. Forestry Commission. 

W. A. Robertson, C.M.G., F.R.G.S.-Retired Conservator of Forests, 

Burma. (Later Director F.P.R.L. and Colonial Forestry Adviser.) 

SECRETARY 

J. S. Corbett, O.B.E.-Ret. India Forest Service. 

EDITOR-SECRETARY 

C. E. Legat, C.B.E.-Ret. Chief Conservator, South Africa. 

H. R. Blandford, O.B.E.-Retired Chief Conservator, Burma. (Blandford 

held the post for 14 years including the difficult years of the Second 

World War. Like so many similar bodies the Association was not put in 

mothballs but continued to function as usual. Of all holders of the post 

the Association is most indebted to Blandford not only for keeping it 

active during the difficult war years but for bequeathing a really viable 

concern to his successors.) 

W. MacF. Robertson-Retired C.F.S. Nigeria, C.F. Sierra Leone and 

C.F. Tanganyika. 

P. C. Lancaster, O.B.E.-Retired C.F.S. Conservator and Director of 

Federal Forest Research, Nigeria. 

F. G. Browne-Retired C.F.S. Federated Malay States, Conservator of 

Forests, Sabah, Director, West Africa Timber Borer Research Unit. 

J. J. Lawrie-Retired C.F.S., Gold Coast (Ghana) and Somaliland. 

E. W. March-Retired C.F.S. Ceylon, Jamaica, Nigeria, Working Plans 

Adviser, Malaysia.

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION 103 

GOVERNING COUNCIL 

The policy making body of the Association is the Governing Council through the 

medium of its own elected Executive Committee. 

According to the original Charter the Governing Council consists ofelected members 

"not exceeding forty-five in number who shall represent such parts of the Commonwealth 

and in such numbers as the Association in General Meeting shall from time to· 

time determine." A reference to the list of members of the Governing Council in this 

number will show the wide representation by territories and interests presently sitting 

on Council. Every effort is made to maintain an equal balance between overseas and 

home-based representation and to ensure that all aspects of the forestry profession 

are represented. 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

As mentioned above "the Governing Council shall have power to appoint a standing 

executive Committee, consisting of such Members of their body not exceeding twelve 

in number as they think fit and may delegate to such Executive Committee all or any 

of their powers particularly including the power to elect Members of the Association". 

For the sake of convenience members of the Executive Committee are selected from 

home-based members of the Governing Council. Here again a reference to the list of 

members of the Executive Committee will show the wide coverage of professional 

interests; forestry in Great Britain and abroad, the Timber Trade, Education and 

Research. 

LOCAL HONORARY SECRETARIES 

In 1923 the Executive Committee recruited various members in the Dominions and 

Colonies to act as local correspondents, a term which was later changed to Local 

Honorary Secretaries. This system continues to this day. 

Local Honorary Secretaries are generally senior officers of the various Forest 

Authorities. Their main functions have been, and still are, the recruitment of new 

members and the collection of subscriptions. The success of the Association overseas 

has to a large measure depended on the unremitting zeal with which they have carried 

out their duties. The latest list of Local Honorary Secretaries appears in every copy 

of the REVIEW. 

PERSONALITIES 

No account of the officers of the Association would be complete without reference 

to two outstanding characters who in their different ways did so much for the Association-Miss 

O'Hara and Col. W. F. Chipp. 

Miss O'Hara was appointed lady assistant to the Secretary shortly after its formation 

in 1921. She remained in the post for the next 41 years and could be said, literally, to 

have devoted her life to the Association, it was with considerable reluctance that she 

finally retired in 1962 at the advanced age of 84. Miss O'Hara was not only a built-in 

card index on all matters affecting the Association; she also had a wonderful memory 

for names and faces and never forgot a visitor however long the lapse of time. 

Col. W. F. Chipp, of more recent memory, was the Association's librarian for a 

period of 21 years. He was accorded a full length biography in the December 1970 

issue of the REVIEW on the occasion of his passing.

COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY AUTHORITIES AND 

INSTITUTIONS 

IN THE FOLLOWING pages brief historical accounts have been prepared covering the 

development of various forest authorities within the Commonwealth, and where 

possible, those that were in the Commonwealth during the life of the Association but 

are so no longer. 

Educational and Research Institutions have been included in the territorial accounts 

with the exception of the United Kingdom Universities and the Forest Products 

Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, which have been accorded separate 

histories. 

The length of the various histories varies and is in no way intended to reflect the 

importance of the territory or institution. All contributors were given an acceptable 

size of contribution, some followed the request to the letter, others did their best, 

but in quite a few cases we had to use our editorial blue-pencil prerogative. Some 

contributions are by Departmental Heads, some have been prepared in collaboration 

and again some have been heavily edited. Rather than attempt to identify individual 

authors the Editorial Committee decided that a list of acknowledgements due to all 

who have in any way contributed to the compiling of these records should appear at 

the end of this number. 

The grouping of the various territories presented some difficulty. How this has 

been done may be seen at a glance at the table of contents. Here again the position in 

the list is in no way intended to reflect the seniority or importance of any territory or 

institution. 

We are fully aware of the shortcomings of this very brief historical record and can 

only hope that it may one day form the frame work of a much fuller and more comprehensive 

history of forest development in the Commonwealth. No one will dispute the 

urgent need for such a history to be compiled before too many of the older records 

are lost. 

104

A CONDENSED mSTORY OF THE INDIAN FOREST 

SERVICE TO 1947* 

DURING THE first half of the 19th century the management of Indian and Burmese 

forests under the East India Company was increasingly but tentatively organised 

regionally to conserve valuable timber, notably teak for the British Navy, and to 

reduce the destruction and even erosion evident in populated tracts. Control was 

organised by many types of men-administrators, police, public works, army and 

medical officers, botanists. However excellent were the works of individuals ignorance 

of forestry and consequent lack of a definite policy were bound to result in poor, 

uneven control of timber merchants, right holders and other users of forest produce. 

Eventually in 1856 the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, appointed a trained 

German forest officer, Dr. (later Sir) Dietrich Brandis, to the charge of the Burmese 

forests. In 1857 after the Mutiny and the demise of the East India Company, the 

British Government, through the Secretary of State for India, became directly respon- . 

sible for the rule and welfare of India. Reforms included a great expansion of public 

works, roads and railways. The great demand for wood, particularly sleepers and wood 

fuel for the railways, accelerated commercial exploitation and the continued destruction 

of forests by shifting cultivation, grazing and fire. 

It became clear and was accepted that a separate forest department was needed. 

Then Lord Elgin's Despatch of 1862, approved by Sir Charles Wood, the Secretary of 

State, outlined inter alia the principles essential to forest policy and management, 

namely 

(i) Personal interests were incompatible with public interests in the working of 

forests. 

(H) Government forests should be set apart in a strictly formal manner, be marked 

with boundaries and made unalienable preferably with rights extinguished on 

equitable terms. 

(iii) The forests would thereby be removed from the category of waste lands to 

become a special State Domain. 

Accordingly in 1863 Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests. Then, as 

proposed in the Despatch of 1862, the Indian Forest Act (VII of 1865) was passed. That 

Act was replaced by the greatly improved Act VII of 1878 which was replaced by Act 

XVI of 1927 with only small changes. The objects and effects of those Acts were not 

merely to incorporate provisions and penalties for offences against the forest (offences 

generally included in other legislation), but to outline the new forest policy and to 

force attention on and ensure respect for the new forest estate created under a clear 

legal procedure. The Acts also emphasised the authority of the forest personnel who 

were provided with some special powers to support their unpopular work distant from 

the Courts and centres of police. 

Establishment of the Service. The stage was set to establish the Imperial (later called 

Indian) Forest Service. In 1866 Brandis had appointed two German forest officers, 

Dr. (later Sir) William Schlich and B. Ribbentrop. In 1868 the Secretary of State made 

rules, effective from 1869, for the new service. It was to contain 57 officers, namely 

7 Conservators (in 4 classes), 14 Deputy Conservators (3 grades) and 36 Assistant 

Conservators (3 grades). Pay was by grade and class starting at Rs. 250 (nearly £20) 

a month rising to Rs. 1600 for a first class Conservator. Promotion to classes and 

grades was by merit. All the offices were open without distinction to Europeans and 

Indians. Appointments could only be made by the Secretary of State or Governor 

General in Council. To incorporate selected officers already employed initial appoint- 

*Note. This article depends largely on the 4 vols. of Stebbing's The Forests of India. Geographical 

and political names are those used until 1947. For lack of space the author has had 

to ignore local differences in development and procedure (e.g. in Burma and Madras Presidency), 

many activities and problems (e.g. grazing and shifting cultivation outside Reserves) and to 

neglect outstanding work of many individuals (e.g. of Dr. Cleghorn). 

108

A CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE INDIAN FOREST SERVICE 109 

ments to the higher classes and grades were permitted. The Government ofIndia could 

transfer officers from one Province to another. The foundations ofan All-India service 

of officers were laid. 

New recruits were to be trained for 2 years at a school of forestry in France or 

Germany, there being no school in Britain. Accordingly 7 probationers, including 

F. R. Dasai, an Indian, were trained and appointed in 1869. By 188695 men had been 

so trained and appointed. From 1887 the men appointed were trained in England at 

Cooper's Hill opened in 1885 under Schlich on secondment from India. The school 

moved to Oxford in 1905 and from 1907 all appointments were Oxford men until 1913 

when Cambridge and, from 1915, Edinburgh also contributed. From 1928 men trained 

in India at the I.F.S. College, Dehra Dun (opened in 1926) were also appointed. 

The sanctioned strength was progressively increased as Provinces and forest charges 

were subdivided and work and research expanded until in 1923 it was 399 (43 Conservators 

and higher). The incremental pay based on length of service began at Rs. 375 a 

month. The numbers included promotions from the Provincial Forest Services (founded 

in 1891 and trained at Dehra Dun), promotions which from 1923 had to be 121 per 

cent of the directly recruited strength. By 1919 only 5 Indians had been directly 

appointed but from 1921, after the 1919 Reforms, 40 per cent of the vacancies were 

to be filled by Indians (for Burma 25 per cent by Burmans) if they had the requisite 

qualifications. Indianisation was rapid until the prospect of new reforms stopped all 

recruitment after 1932. In total there had been 580 men directly recruited since 1866. 

Achievements of the Service. For the first 30 years the primary work was to select, 

demarcate.after legal settlement and then map the forest domain. The boundaries 

were cleared, marked with numbered pillars, the lines traversed and their lengths and 

angles recorded and legally registered. By 1900 93,068 miles (out of 141,204 needed) 

had been artificially demarcated. To hasten map-making to Survey of India standards 

a Forest Survey Branch was formed in 1872. By 1890, when the Survey of India could 

fully take over, the Branch had surveyed 22,641 sq. miles of forests and the Survey 

of India 23,518 sq. miles, mainly at 4in. to 1 mile. 

All those and other works were accomplished on foot or horseback, by bullock 

cart or elephant, in mostly remote, hilly terrain without proper communications. Long 

periods of arduous physical work in camp for weeks or months at a time in tents or 

grass huts, exposed to weather and malaria (whose origin was unknown until 1880) 

resulted in heavy casualties. Of the 132 men directly recruited by 1890 33 (25 per cent) 

died in service. The men recruited to 1900 fared hardly better. One cantiot but salute 

those pioneers and their devotion to duty and understand the lasting spirit of service 

and esprit de corps that they inspired under the I.F.S. motto meliora speramus. 

Working Plans. A noted accomplishment was the use of published working plans. 

Their preliminary was Brandis's linear surveys and regulated yields in Burma. In 1884 

as Inspector General Schlich formed a Working Plans Branch under the Government 

of India to centralise the sanction and control of all plans. All plans had to prescribe 

the use of control forms sent annually to the Branch showing deviations from prescriptions 

for sanction. That principle of sanction and control by high authority both 

ofprescriptions and deviations (and therefore application)ofplans wasneverabandoned 

although by 1920 control had descended to Provincial governments as they developed 

their own working plan branches. Consequently the forests progressively reached a high 

degree of orderly, stable management. 

Early plans were simple and extensive but developed steadily in scope and intensity 

of silviculture and utilisation as growing stocks, knowledge, markets, communications 

and transport improved. By 1947 out of 111,526 sq. miles of demarcated forest 90 per 

cent were under plans. 

Exploitation. Except for increased departmental operations after 1920, mainly in 

Madras and the Andamans, the policy was to use timber merchants for felling, extractjng 

and marketing trees selected and marked by the department. Except in big forests, 

as in Burma, where the tonnage ofmarketable timber per acre was low, and in bamboo


forests (as in Orissa in 1927) to introduce their use for paper, inspired by Dehra Dun 

research, leases were progressively discouraged in favour of annual lump-sum sales of 

marked standing timber by auction or tender of comparatively small lots. The consequent 

encouragement of small, often local merchants and the steadily improving 

roads and markets resulted in good competition, better utilisation and higher revenues 

but required more supervision. Sales by royalty on outturn, which discourage good 

utilisation, were made only where costs of exploitation or profits were uncertain. 

Hand-sawing at stump and extraction by bullock carts and roads, by slides, ropeways, 

flumes and pack transport in the Himalayas and logs by elephant and water in Burma 

remained the basic means of exploitation. After 1920 the development of the motor 

car and lorry accelerated road improvement. Advances were in step with circumstance 

except, from 1920-30, the premature use of American mechanical methods before 

markets for less valuable species were assured although locally relatively small sawmills 

and tramways had success. 

Silviculture. In early days an impoverished growing stock demanded rest, fire 

protection, cyclic selective removal of mature, dead and unwanted trees, climber 

cutting and dependence on natural regeneration. Those slow, tedious, unspectacular 

methods were progressively very effective unless or until site conditions progressed 

to favour unduly less valuable and shrubby species. 

From about 1905, as crops and knowledge improved, uniform shelterwood methods 

were introduced for more gregarious species. Plantations of indigenous species, 

especially teak, often by taungya methods and mainly in damper sites, as in Bengal 

after 1920, were also made. Few exotics except eucalypts in Madras were used. Natural 

regeneration, coppice and the continued use of cyclic selective felling and culture 

remained the basis of an intensifying silviculture in which thinnings became a feature 

after 1925. By 1930 successful protection had produced serious problems wherever 

progression towards a climax discouraged the wanted species. But the wish to retain 

indigenous forest and fashion it with biotic controls and culture persisted. Much 

study and many trials resulted, thereby delaying perhaps unduly more expensive 

outlays on artificial planting of exotic and native species. 

Meanwhile great progress was made in the construction and use of yield, stand and 

volume tables, in research techniques and in improving cultural management. 

Learning and Education. A primary and continuous task was to learn the secrets of 

Indian silviculture and teach them and managerial practices to junior personnel. In 

1875 the Indian Forester was founded to record and exchange information on all 

aspects of forest life and work. The journal has, without official support, been published 

regularly ever since. In 1901 S. Eardley Wilmot initiated central research at 

Dehra Dun (see separate article) by appointing E. P. Stebbing as Entomologist. 

- In 1878 the Forest Ranger College was founded at Dehra Dun, supplemented by 

schools at Coimbatore in 1912 and at Pyinmana in 1910. Schools for foresters and 

forest guards were formed later by Provincial Governments at various times. In 1891 

a school for Provincial Service officers was established at Dehra Dun for officers 

junior to the 1.F.S. to train Indians unqualified, unwilling or unable to be trained for 

the I.F.S. in Europe. It closed when the I.F.S. College was founded at Dehra Dun in 

1926. The progress of Indian forestry has owed much to the pupils of those several 

schools. 

Major literature (apart from many departmental manuals and innumerable Dehra 

Dun research publications) included Indian Forest Trees (D. Brandis), A Manual of 

Indian Timbers (J. S. Gamble), Silviculture of Indian Trees, 3 vols. (R. S. Troup), 

The Forests ofIndia, 3 vols. by E. P. Stebbing and 1 vol. edited by Sir Harry Champion 

and F. C. Osmaston, several floras e.g. of Chota Nagpur (H. H. Haines), ofthe Punjab 

(R. N. Parker) and of Kumaun (A. E. Osmaston) and Forest Types of India (H. G. 

Champion). 

Conclusion. Serving, seconded and retired I.F.S. officers also influenced forestry 

outside Burma, Pakistan and India, e.g. in advice to or membership of the Colonial

A CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE INDIAN FOREST SERVICE 111 

and Home forest services and in providingsix professorsandseveral lecturers offorestry 

in Britain. Their real achievement was to enrich a dilapidated growing stock and build 

in an unexplored forest environment a stable forest estate, soundly developed and 

rnanaged for a great potential and to hand it over in 1947 to Burma, India and Pakistan 

complete with schools of forestry, research centres and a forest staff able and eager 

to continue the work. 

INDIAN FORESTRY SINCE INDEPENDENCE 

The state of India's forests at the time the country attained Independence was far 

from satisfactory. Reserved forests had perforce been overworked during the war. Prices 

vvere high and were tempting the owners of private and zamindari forests to cash in on 

what timber was saleable, particularly in view ofthe pending abolition ofthe zamindari 

system of land tenure. At the same time industrial development was accelerating and 

the needs of the wood-using industries for raw material were becoming far in excess of 

available supplies. There was ever greater pressure on forest land for agriculture to 

feed the rapidly increasing population, and much forest land was lost in this way just 

after Independence in 1947. Something had to be done urgently, to reverse these 

trends. 

Firstly a new Forest Policy was drawn up and promulgated in 1952. It replaced the 

Forest Policy of 1894 which, though it had served its purpose well in the past, was 

inadequate for the changed conditions. The main new features were a target of 331 per 

cent of the land to be under forest instead of the current 22 per cent which was tending 

to diminish. The distribution of the forest area was to be flexible being higher in some 

States anc1lower in others. Forests were to be classified according to the major functions 

for which they were to be managed. Production forests were to be managed not 

merely on a sustained yield but where possible on an increasing yield. (The average 

rate of production over the country as a whole was very Iow and the potentialities for 

increase tremendous.) There was to be an aggressive policy of replacing inferior tree 

growth with productive plantations, better regulation of grazing, conservation of wild 

life, the creation of "Treelands" around villages and many other activities. 

With the abolition of the Zamindaris and the disinheritance of the Rajahs, very 

large additional areas of forest land, mostly seriously degraded, were taken over by 

the State Governments. India is now in the almost unique position of having 96 per 

cent of the forest area under Government control. This has needed a great increase in 

forest staff at all levels to protect, administer and manage the additional area. The 

training of this extra staff has put a great load on the Colleges both for Rangers and 

for the higher officer grades. 

To implement the new Forest Policy a series of five-year Development Plans has 

been introduced under which, among other things, large plantation schemes have been 

carried out in the various States. The first of these Plans (1951-56) was a relatively 

modest effort, but as the organisation was built up, the later plans have produced ever 

increasing results, some of which are very impressive. A feature of many of the new 

plantation areas is the high proportion of fast-growing Eucalypts used, primarily a 

variety of E. tereticornis called the "Mysore hybrid". To give an idea of the scale of 

operations, in 1966 in Uttar Pradesh State alone, the annual area ofspecial plantations 

lnade was about 10,000 acres (4,000 hectares) and has no doubt increased considerably 

since. Normal taungya is used where practicable, but where cultivators cannot be 

found, Departmental taungya is done. There are many other activities under the fiveyear 

plans-pre-investment surveys of forest resources, extraction and exploitation 

schemes, anti-erosion measures, formation of wild-life conservation areas, national 

parks and even the establishment of zoos, to mention only a few. 

In all a very determined and impressive effort is being made to rehabilitate the 

forests of India. 

An incidental matter of some interest is that the Indian Forest Service, which 

disappeared as such after Independence, all its members being absorbed into the State


Forest Services with their varying rates of pay and prospects, has very recently been 

resuscitated in a slightly different form. Men from all the States of high ability are 

selected for it, and get improved prospects and conditions of service. 

THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND COLLEGES, DEHRA DUN 

Soon after the formation of the Indian Forest Service in 1869, the need for properly 

trained technical supervisory staff became acute and, to meet this need, the Forest 

Ranger College was founded at Dehra Dun in 1878. It was, incidentally, the first 

forestry school in the British Empire. It was supplemented later by Ranger Schools at 

Pyinmana (Burma) in 1910 and Coimbatore (Madras) in 1912. In 1891, a school for 

Provincial Service Officers was added at Dehra Dun to give higher training up to 

Sub-Assistant Conservator level but this disappeared shortly after the Indian Forest 

College was formed in 1926 to take over the training of I.F.S. Officers who had, up 

till then, been educated in Europe and the U.K. 

The Forest Research Institute at Dehra Dun was established in 1906. Starting on a 

modest scale with six research branches it grew steadily and in 1929 moved to its 

present imposing buildings on a 450 hectare estate west of the town. More recently 

the Ranger College and the Indian Forest College have moved to new buildings on 

the same estate. 

The Research Institute and Colleges are under the jurisdiction of the President, 

who is assisted by four Directors each of whom looks after a number of Branches. 

They are: 1, Director of Forest Products Research (Branches: Seasoning, Timber 

Engineering, Timber Mechanics, Composite Wood, Cellulose and Paper, Chemistry 

of Forest Products); 2, Director of Biological Research (Branches: Minor Forest 

Products, Systematic Botany, Genetics, Entomology, Pathology, Wood Anatomy and 

Wood Preservation); 3, Director of Forestry Research (Branches: Silviculture, Logging, 

·Wood Working including Sawmilling and Finishing); 4, Director of Forest 

Education (Indian Forest College, Northern Ranger College, Southern Ranger 

College, Editorial Board and Statistical Branch). There is also a Publicity and Liaison 

Branch working direct to the President. 

There are Branch Research Stations at Bangalore in Mysore and at Coimbatore in 

Madras, and a new Research Centre at Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh to tackle regional 

problems. 

The Research Organisation as a whole is equipped to tackle almost any problems 

likely to arise in the fields of Forestry and Wood Utilisation. Apart from the routine 

collection ofcomprehensive data on the strength, seasoning, peeling, durability, woodworking 

and pulping properties of hundreds of species, many of them have been 

tested for special purposes such as match-making, pencils, plywood, etc., and a 

number of industries have depended on these results. An important early discovery 

was that high class papers could be manufactured from bamboo which today forms 

70 per cent ofthe raw material used by the Indian Paper industry. Recently the Timber 

Engineering Branch has developed techniques for using unconventional timbers for 

building structures. 

In Silviculture, progress has been continuous. The Silviculturist has acted largely in 

liaison with State Silviculturists and is a centre for the collection and dissemination 

of information. Statistics of growth and yield are collected by him and processed 

in the Statistical Branch. Forest Genetics is a recent introduction and it may be some 

years before the effects of tree-breeding show up in the field. 

In the Education Directorate apart from running the I.F.S. and Ranger courses, 

some eight different technical courses are available and technical training facilities 

for apprentices from wood-using industries are provided.


Genetics, Forest Economics, Range Management, Forest Botany, Soil and Wood 

Chemistry, Forest Entomology and Medicinal Plants. Its Forest College imparts 

education to Forest Officers of both wings and Forest Rangers of the Western wing. 

Transfer of Management of "guzara" Forests to the Forest Department 

Since 1950, the Government of the North West Frontier Province have transferred 

to the Forest Department the management of about 1800 square miles of forests 

owned by village communities. 

Irrigated Plantations 

About 70,000 acres of new irrigated forest plantations have been created since 

independence in the Punjab and Sind. This includes the compact and linear plantations 

in the ThaI, which greatly facilitated the reclamation of this desert area into canal 

irrigated colonies. 

Soil Conse"ation 

The Forest Department started Soil Conservation work in pre-partition India and 

in the Punjab a Soil Conservation Circle was organised in 1939. Since 1954 the scope 

of work was greatly increased with assistance from I.C.A. of V.S.A. Recently a 

Directorate of Soil Conservation has been constituted under the Agriculture Department 

to carry out this work because ofits increasing stress on agronomical practices. 

Introduction of Fast Growing Exotic Species 

The work of introduction of exotic tree species has a long history in this area. 

Since independence, the emphasis in the Western wing has been on the introduction 

ofEucalyptus and hybrid poplars. The work has so far been largely on an experimental 

scale. Large plantations with Eucalyptus species have recently been started. 

Development of the Concept of Range Management 

Since 1954 introduction of Range Management has been started in pilot project 

areas spread all over the Western wing. The Forest Departments of the Punjab, 

Sind and Baluchistan now administer about 12 million acres of rangelands. 

Arousing National Interest in Watershed Management 

With the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty with India in 1960, the prosperity 

of the Western wing has come to depend very greatly on the efficient functioning of 

the giant Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs. At the present rate ofsiltation these reservoirs 

are likely to get silted up in 40-80 years. Since 1960 the Forest Departments have 

started surveying the problem and laying out pilot projects to demonstrate correct 

land use practices for the watersheds. In 1968 the President of Pakistan inaugurated 

the First West Pakistan Watershed Management Conference held at the Pakistan 

Forest Institute, Peshawar. 

Tree Planting along the Canals and Roads 

During the past decade, the Forest Departments of the Western wing have been 

responsible for raising plantations along the roads and canals. 

Transfer of Management of Forests of the Former Princely States 

About 1,700 square miles of temperate coniferous forests in the former princely 

States of Dir, Swat and Chitral have recently been transferred to the North West 

Frontier Province Forest Department. The crucially important and difficult task of 

settlement ofrights and demarcation ofGovernment owned forests has still to be done. 

Wildlife Management and Outdoor Recreation 

The Forest Department in the Western wing has been made responsible for managing 

wildlife. The Pakistan Wildlife Enquiry Committee is deliberating on how best 

to ensure the conservation and development ofwildlife in Pakistan.


a committee of management. In this way the C'ommission' has become involved in 

recreational ski-ing areas. ' , , 

In 1964 the Forests Act was amended to provide financial assistance by way of 

interest free loans for 12 years to land holders for the growing of softwoods. 

Queensland 

In 1906 a State Forests and National Parks Act provided for permanent forest 

reservations alienable only by Act of Parliament, and regulations in 1914 vested 

control in a Director of Forests. Amendments to the Act in 1924 constituted a 

Provisional Forestry Board, which was subseque'ntly abolished in 1932 and a 

Forestry Board created. In the same year, under the Prickly Pear Land and 

Forestry Administration Act 1932, the Land Administration Board was construed 

as the Forestry Board and the forest service became a Sub-Department of the 

Lands Department. 

This arrangement continued until 1957 when a short Forestry Act constituted 

the service as a separate Department under the control of a Director of Forests. 

The Forestry Act 1959 brought the legislation more into line with that of other 

States, with one exception, viz. that the Forestry Department is responsible for 

the management and protection of National Parks. At this time also the title of 

the chief officer was changed to Conservator of Forests. 

The following categories of reservation now obtain: 

(a) National Parks, and 

(b) State Forests 

alienable only by resolution of the Legislative Assembly. 

(c) Timber Reserves, alienable upon the recommendation of the Conservator of 

Forests by the Governor in Council. 

The activities of the Department are financed from annual appropriations by 

Parliament. 

Westem Australia 

The forests of Western Australia were administered by regulations under the 

Crown Land Act 1898 until 1918 when a comprehensive Forests Act created a 

Department of Forests, headed by a Conservator and responsible to the Minister 

for Forests. This situation, subject to amendment and consolidation of the Act in 

1954, obtains to the present day. 

The Conservator, who is recognised as a body corporate, is appointed for a term 

of seven years. He and all officers of the professional division of the Department 

must be professionally qualified. Internal training and examinations are established 

for officers of a general division. 

Two categories of land for forestry purposes exist; State forests, alienable only 

by resolution of both Houses of Parliament; and timber reserves, alienable by 

Order of the Governor in Council but subject to' the approval of the Conservator. 

The latter may, in addition, manage forests on catchment areas controlled by 

other authorities. 

South Australia 

South Australia was poorly endo,wed with native forests, and it is not surprising 

that conservation and afforestation measures commenced at an early date in the 

development of the State. A Forest Trees Act was passed in 1873 followed by a 

Forest Board Act in 1875. In 1882 an amending Act abolished the Board and a 

year later regulations under the Woods and Forests Act create'd a Department of 

Woods and Forests under the control of a Conservator. This situation continued 

until, the Forestry Act 1950..1956 which vested control in the Minister of Forests 

who delegates his administrative po'wers to the Conservator.

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 117 

In addition, the Governor appoints a Forestry Board of which the Conservator 

of Forests is an ex-officio member. The Board makes recommendations to the 

Minister on forest reserves, sawmills and the sa1e of forest products. 

Forest reserves are dedicated under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1960 and 

alienated by proclamation. The operation of forest reserves by municipal and 

district councils is provide'd for by the Local Government (Forestry Reserves) Act 

1944, subject of course to the supervision of the Conservator. 

Tasmania 

An Act passed in 1885 provided for the appointment of a Conservator of Forests, 

but until 1920 administration was effected through the Lands Department. 

The Forestry Act 1920 created a Forestry Department but by amending legislation 

in 1946 the department became a Forestry Commission headed by a Chief 

CommIssioner and two Assistant Commissioners, a situation which has obtained 

up to the present time. The' Act was up-dated in 1954, 1957, 1959 and 1961. 

Categories of forest reservation are State Forests, alienable only by resolution 

of both Houses of Parliament; and Timber Reserves alienable by the Governor 

on the recommendation of the Secretary for Lands, but subject to a report from 

the Forestry Commission. 

The establishment of industries producing newsprint, fine writing and printing 

papers, etc., followed the successful development of techniques to produce pulp 

and paper from eucalypts. 

COMMONWEALTH FOREST SERVICES 

Forestry and Timber Bureau 

Originally established as the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau in 1925 and linked 

to a federal department which preceded the Department of the Interior, the Bureau 

was provided for by the Forestry Bureau Act 1930 which created an Inspector 

General of Forests, a Forestry Fund, and defined its powers and functions. 

In 1946 an amending Act changed the titles to Forestry and Timber Bureau and 

Director-General respectively, as well as increasing the Bureau's functions to 

encompass matters which had become necessary through the operation of Timber 

(;ontrol during the second world war. 

Mr. C. E. Lane-Poole, formerly Commonwealth Forestry Adviser, who pioneered 

the formation of the Bureau, became the first Inspector..General, and retired in 

1944. Mr. G. 1. Rodger, at that time Conservator in South Australia, was appointed 

Ilirector-General in 1946. 

One of the functions of the Bureau was to establish experimental stations, and 

the first of these was established at Mt. Burr in South Australia in 1938. Additional 

stations have been established over the years and the sixth will be completed in 

January 1971 in North Queensland. 

The role of the Forestry and Timber Bureau has been essentially a co-ordinating 

one in a federation of States with autonomous forest services and individual 

forestry Acts. In addition it has had responsibility for higher forestry education 

(the Australian Forestry School) advised by a Board, and for research both at 

headquarters in Canberra and in the co-operative research stations in the various 

States. 

A milestone in its history occurred in 1961 when Federal Cabinet decided to 

create a Forest Research Institute within the Bureau and to establish an AustraI'ian 

Forestry Council. The organisation of these two bodies did not come to fruition 

until 1964 at which time the Bureau was transferre'd to the Department of National 

Develop,ment, leaving the A.C.T. Forests with the Department of the Interior and 

foreshadowing the transfer of the Australian Forestry S'chool to the Australian 

National University. 

In 1961 the Federal Cabinet established the Australian Forestry Council consist-


ing of the Commonwealth Ministers for National Development (Chairman), 

Interior and External Territories, together with the State Ministers responsible for 

forestry. It is supported by a Standing Committee comprising the Heads of State 

Forest Services; the Chief, Division of Forest Products, C.S.I.R.O.; representatives 

of Interior and External Territories; with the Director-General of the Forestry 

'and Timber Bureau as Chairman. 

The Council has responsibility for formulating forest policy and one of its first 

acts was to recommend an increased 1evel of softwood planting, to be financed by 

the Commonwealth. This resulted in the Softwood Forestry Agreements Act 1967 

which provided for financial assistance for planting beyond a base rate by way of 

loans interest-free for a period of ten years. The objective was to increase the 

total planting to a rate of 75,000 acres per year. 

After a considerable period as Principal of the Australian Forestry School Dr. 

M. R. Jacobs became Director-General of the Bureau in 1960 and continued in 

that position until his retirement in 1970. 

Australian Capital Tenitory 

Forestry in the A.C.T. has been the responsibility of the Commonwealth Government 

through the Department of the Interior and its predecessors. Under the latest 

reorganisation responsibility is vested in the Forest Branch of the A.C.T. Lands 

Division of the Department of the Interior. 

Mr. G. J. R'odger was apppointed Chief Forester of the Federal Capital Commission 

in 1926 and implemented a programme of planting with a target of 20,000 

acres. Rodger was followed by M. R. Jacobs, both of whom were subsequently to 

become Director-General of the Forestry and Timber Bureau. 

The A.C.T. Forests Section was then heade'd by Mr. C. R. Cole from 1929-1958 

during which time utilisation of the forests commenced and continued to expand. 

In 1950 the Section became a Division of the Forestry and Timber Bureau, but 

when the Bureau was transferred to the Department of National Development in 

1964 it remained with the Department of the Interior and is now the Forests Branch 

of the A.C.T. Lands Division of the department. The Director is Mr. M. W. 

Edgerley. 

During the current year, with a total plantation area exceeding 30,000 acres, 

the Branch negotiated an integrated industry agreement with a consortium to cut 

50 million super feet annually for sawn timber, plywood and wood chips. 

Northem Tenitory 

The Forestry and Timber Bureau stationed an officer at Darwin from 1950 

1958 to make a reconnaissance of the resources of the Northern Territory and 

activate a small forestry programme. In 1958 the Northern Territory Administration 

requested the Bureau to inaugurate a programme of research, and later an 

operational programme with one of its objects the appropriate employment of 

aboriginals. It was understood that after a suitable period the "state" type functions 

would be handed over to the Northern Territory Administration. 

Two prime aspects were followed, viz. the development of a technique for 

afforestation with cypress pine, and the introduction of exotics (both dicotyledons 

and pines) from tropical monsoon areas. 

The transfer of operational responsibilities from the Forestry and Timber 

Bureau to a newly-created Forestry Branch of the Northern Territory Administration 

took place on 1st July, 1967, leaving the research activities to form the nucleus 

of the Northern Regional Station. 

Tenitory of Papua/New Guinea 

The first forestry legislation for Papua was the Timber Ordinance (Consolidated) 

1909. Mr. C. E. Lane-Poole, as Commonwealth Forestry Adviser, made a recon··


Australian National University 

The dissatisfaction in academic circles with the somewhat loose arrangement 

between State Universities and the Australian Forestry School eventually led to 

the establishment of a Department of Forestry within the Faculty of Science, 

School of General Studies, Australian National University. 

Professor J. D. Ovington was appointed to the foundation chair of Forestry in 

1965 and the Department remained on the site of the Australian Forestry School 

at Yarralumla until its permanent buildings were erected on the University campus. 

The new buildings were opened by H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in 1968 and 

feature timbers donated by governments and industry throughout the British 

Commonwealth. 

The Department provides a four-year bachelor course (including honours) based 

on a semester system. Full facilities for post-graduate training at M.Sc. and Ph.D. 

levels are available and actively pursued. About 50 students take their basic degree 

each year 'including about 10 % from overseas countries. 

Active research programmes are conducted by the academic staff.


made in 1929, and most provinces have now completed several inventories of 

increas'ing intensity. Tree planting on the Prairies began as early as 1875, and now 

most provinces have planting programmes that are lof a size proportionate to their 

wo-odland activities. Slash disposal is o'ne of the earliest forms of silviculture 

practiced, but mainly, it must be admitted, for the purp-ose of re-ducing fire- hazard. 

The major silvicultural practice no-w is in site preparations for seeding or planting. 

The pulp and paper industry began in the late 1800's. There were: mills in most 

eastern provinces by the year 1900, with the first mill in B-ritish Columbia starting 

production in 1909. Production in Manitoba did not start until 1927, followed by 

Albert and Saskatchewan in 1957 and 1968. 

The British North America Act of 1867 was a major e:vent in the management 

of natural resources as well as in Canadian history. It gave their control to the 

provinces then existing 9 but the federal government retained control of the natural 

reso-urces in the pro,vinces of Manitoba, Saskatc'hewan and Alb-erta w'hen they 

were formed. It was not until 1930 that these provinces gained control of their 

forest resources. . 

The present Canadian Forestry Service has evolved from the jo'ining in 1960 

of the Forestry Branch of the Department of Northern Affairs and National 

Resources and the Forest Biology Division of the Department of Agriculture to 

form the Department of Forestry. This became Forestry and Rural Development 

in 1966, and in 1968 the forestry elements joined the new Department of Fisheries 

and Forestry as the Fo'restry Branch, renamed the Canadian Forestry Service 

in 1969. 

The old Forestry Branch began in 1899 with the appointment of a Chief 

Inspector of Forests. Its chief duties were to look after tree planting in the 

Prairie provinces and fire protection in the forest reserves of these provinces, 

along with the' Railway Belt in British Columbia. In 1905 the Branch began 

administering timber of lands outside the forest reserves, and for three years 

following 1908 it also administered the National Parks. The first major step toward 

a research role was the establishment of a forest products laboratory in 1913, 

with a second, along with the first forest experiment station, in 1918. A Division 

of Forest Research was 'organised in 1921. With transfer ,of their forest resources 

to the'Prairie provinces in 1930 the Branch role became almost solely forest 

research. 

The first federal entomologist was appointed in 1884 and routinely included 

forest insects in his annual report, but the real imp'etus to forest entomology 

occurred in 1909 with the appointment of a new Dominion Entomologist and 

an officer-in-charge of forest insect investigations in 1911. A Division of Forest 

Insects was formed in 1916, becolning an organisation with five regional 

laboratories by 1935. A Dominion Botanist was appointed in 1909, and sporadic 

forest disease investigations were made until in 1920 a forest pathologist was 

appointed. The forest entomology and forest pathology groups were formed into 

the Division of Forest Biology in 1951. 

The provincial forest services, too, usually began with one man appointed as a 

Crown Timber Agent, Clerk of Forestry, or similar title, in a Lands branch or 

section. Their duties often were somewhat vague and ap'pear to have depended 

on the,personality of the app-ointe-e'. 

In Newfoundland d,uring 1900-1934 a small staff administered the collection of 

revenue, forest fire protection and logging camp' inspection. This period coincided 

with the rise of the p-ulp' and paper industry. A Forestry Division was established 

in 1934 in the then Department of Natural Resources. It is now a considerably 

enlarge-d Division of Forestry in the Department of Mines, Agriculture and 

Resources. 

a-wing to the small extent of its forest land, Prince Edward Island has only a 

small forestry unit located in the Department of Agriculture-.


of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. An optio-n in forest engineering leads to the 

Bachelor of Science in Forest Engineering. 

Graduate degrees of Master of Science in Forestry and Master of Forestry are 

now offered. The first M.Sc.(F) was awarded in 1917. Until 1946 a postgraduate 

degree could be obtained by a candidate who had three to' five years forestry 

experience and submitted a thesis on a forestry subject. One year in residence- became 

a requirement in 1946, and now the time needed to qualify for the M.Sc.(F) 

averages about two years. 

To the end of 1969 the Faculty of Forestry had awarded a total of 1,068 

bachelor degrees and 93 master degrees. Planning .is in hand for a Ph.D. in Forestry 

-projected for 1971-72. 

THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY & GEODESY OF LAVAL 

THE FACULTY OF FORESTRY and Geodesy of Laval University maintains one of the 

country's oldest technical traditions, while it keeps abreast with the most advanced 

techniques of science: the Faculty's main purpose is to achieve the best teaching 

possible in all sciences dealing with land measurement and forest resources development. 

At the very b'eginning of our country, surveyors as well as 11ydrographers were 

at work to prepare maps and accurate surv'eys of property. In 1674, the Council of 

the Colony issued a regulation stating the p'rocedures to be followed concerning 

the surveys, and at the same time, the rules for wood scaling in public forests. The 

difficulties that faced the first explorers to- acquire a more precise knowledge of 

the new lands discovered have not decreased in recent years. Most of our country 

is only partly kno,wn today, and detailed surveys of the land are to be- completed. 

The continual app-earance of new scientific techniques in such broad and diversified 

fields, namely the use of earth satellites for accurate forest mapping, is a challenge 

to modern foresters and forest research scientists. 

The esta'bllishment of a school of Forestry at Laval results from long-standing 

consideration. The scho-ol was established in 1910, when it became obvious that 

the traditional rule-of-thumb methods used in logging our virgin forest stands 

needed to be improved and that it was evident that more intensive' forestry 

practices had to be applied in order to prote'ct and manage effectively our forest 

resources. 

The develop1ment of the school was at first rather slow and far from what was 

really needed. In 1919 the School of Forestry was merged with the School of Land 

Surveying, which had b,een established in 1907, to become the- Schooll of Land 

Surveying and Forestry. In 1927, the School was given more adequate premises. 

Then, in 1941, a more elaborate teaching programme was adopted, which led to the 

establishment of the Faculty of Forestry and Geodesy. 

In 1966, the Laval University Council, after careful study, ap-proved a reorganisation 

of the structures of the Faculty aiming at training more co'mprehensively 

specialists in all fields of land develop'ment. Thus, three forestry departments, 

namely forest management and silviculture, forest ecology and soil science, and 

logging and wood science, were established within the Faculty. Two other departments 

are concerned with geodesy and cartograp-hy, and with p,hotogrammetry. 

Since 1910, more than 800 people received their baccalaureate in applied science 

(forestry) from this institution. The number of students in forestry at Laval is 

currently about 260, and in the recent years between 50 and 60 B.Sc.A. diplo-mas 

have been granted annually. Th-ere are at present abo-ut 60 students engaged in 

research activities leading to the M.Sc.F. or Ph.D. degrees. The staff in Forestry 

comprises some 30 full-time professors and a number of part-time- lecturers 

specialised in various disciplines of the forest science.

CANADA 121 

LAVAL UNIVERSITY FOREST RESEARCH FOUNDATION 

THE LAVAL UNIVERSITY Forest Researc'h Foundation is an autonomous body, 

incorporated under the provisions of the Queb,ec Companies Act, which came into 

existence by letters-patent signed December 22, 1954. It operates in very close cooperation 

with Laval University. The Foundation's headquarters are located in the 

same building as the Faculty of Forestry and Geodesy on the new University 

Campus known -as the Cite universitaire. The Foundatio·n owes its existence and 

continuity to the financial contributions made annually by the pulp and paper 

industries operating within the Province of Quebec and the Quebec Department 

of Lands and Forests. There are two classes of members: corporate members who 

supply the bulk of financial resources and private members (mostly forest engineers) 

paying annual dues. 

Administratio'n is in the hands of a bo-ard of 14 directors elected by members 

attending the annual meeting. The Dean of the Faculty of Forestry and Geodesy is 

ex-officio mem'ber of the board. The Director of Research, appointed by the 

board, is a Faculty member who devotes most of his time to set up the programme 

of research, select the directors of projects,app·oint scientific and technical personnel 

and present an annual report. The financial assistance of the Foundation 

has enabled postgraduate students working on specific projects to obtain the degree 

of master or doctor. 

Research workers can take full advantage of the Faculty's fine laboratory facilities 

and modern' equipment in carrying research, fundamental or applied, in diversified 

asp'ects of forestry. The Beausejour Forest, owned by the Foundatio,n, and 

the large Montmorency Forest belonging to the University offer excellent opportunities 

for field work. Through the Foundation the Faculty was pro-vided with 

greenhouse, comp,uter and some special equipment. 

Two types of publications are issued by the Foundation: "Contribution," in 

which results of research are published, and "Bulletin" which deal with technical 

questions. B-oth app-ear irregularly; up to now 14 "Contribution" and 13 "Bulletin" 

have been distributed in 'Canada and, through exchange agreement, to over 700 

institutions throughout the world. All printed material received is deposited and 

classified at the Faculty library where it is available to teachers, postgraduate and 

pregraduate students. 

Research projects implying large tracts of forests have be'en or are actually carried 

o,n by the Foundation for the Quebec Department of Lands and Forests; the 

ensuing rep,orts are published by the Quebec Government. 

FOREST EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

THE Provincial Legislature of the Province ,of British Columbia passed a University 

,Act in 1908 authorising a Provincial University, but it was not until 1915 that the 

lJniversity of British Columbia began its educational programme. At that time 

provision was made for establishing a Faculty of Forestry, 'but it was 1921 

before definite plans w'ere made to ,provide instructi'o'n in Forestry. In that year a 

Department of Forestry was organised in the Faculty of Applied Science and an 

Associate Professor was appointed to organise a course to be offered in the fall 

term. A second Faculty appointment was made in 1922 to help forward the plan... 

ni!ng and execution of a four year curriculum in Forest Engineering. The department 

status was continued until 1951 when the Faculty of Forestry came into being. 

From 1922 to 1939 the only programme in Forestry was the Engineering 

curriculum offered in the Faculty of Applied Science leading to the degree of


B.A.Sc. in Forest Engineering. The curriculum was designed to give the student 

a sound engineering background with adde'd provision for training in forest 

management, timber cruising, log scaling, lumber grading and certain aspects 

regarded as sub-professional in nature, it did serve to meet the demands of that 

earlier time. Such specialised technical courses as log scaling, lum1ber grading and 

timber cruising were eliminated from the curriculum in 1939. 

In 1939 the Department of Forestry introduced a five year programme leading to 

the double degree of Bachelor of Arts (in Botany or Commerce) and Bachelor of 

Science in Forestry. The earlier B.A.Sc. degree in Forest Engineering was continued. 

In both cases an identical fifth year almost exclusively of Forestry, was 

added to the four years of the B.A. curriculum or the B.A.Sc. curriculum. 

In recognition of the fact that the single final year of Forestry in the five year 

double degree programme did not provide adequate technical training for a professional 

Forestry course, a decision was reached in 1946 to discontinue that programme 

in favour of a four year course of study after a first year university level 

science leading t,o the single degre;e of Bachelor of Scie'nce in Forestry. At that time, 

three options were established in the B.S.F. programme: technical forestry, forest 

business administration, and chemical wood products. 

Subsequently, periodic changes were made in the option system beginning in 

1948 when chemical wood products was dropped and three new programmes 

were introduced-forest pathology, forest entomology and forest wildlife management. 

Further additions were made in 1953 with the introduction of the forest 

products and wood technology option and in 1960 a forest harvesting option. In 

1962 the technical forestry option was sub-divided into forest management and 

silvics. 

The curricululTI leading to the degre'e of B.A.Sc. in Forest Engine,ering was 

suspended as a programme in the Faculty of Applied Science in 1962 due to a lack 

of student interest and recognition of the need to increase Forestry content in the 

programme. The following year the harvesting option was strengthened by the 

inclusion of several courses in the Department of Civil Engineering curriculum and 

pertinent courses taught in the Faculty of Forestry. 

A major review of the B.S.F. curriculum was undertaken in 1961 and became 

fully operative in all years in 1964. This curriculum strengthened the offerings in 

forest managem:ent, woo,d technology and forest products and in the fields of 

Botany, Forest Soils and Zoology. Further modifications of the curriculum and 

numerous additions to staff have been made since 1967 when the Faculty moved 

to a new building shared with the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. Basic science 

offerings were strengthened, student contact hours were re,duced to a maximum 

of 25 hours p,er week and provision for a choice of ele'ctives was increased. The 

present staff consists ·of 24 full-time and three part-time profess-ors, one research 

associate, a director of researc'h forests and a supporting technical and clerical 

staff of approximately 15. 

The options in the und:ergraduate curriculum are now wood science, silvics, 

land management, wildlife, business administration and 'harvesting. The pres'ent 

curriculum is designed to p,rovide a str,ong well rounde,d professional education 

and at the same time provid'e the student through the choice of electives, an op,portunity 

to supplement his knowle,dge of allie'd sciences as a background for further 

specialise-d education. All options pr-ovide a basic knowledge ,of arts and sciences 

and their al"plication to forestry problems. Programmes can b'e plann'ed individually 

for students interested in the management ,of the forest environment, range lands, 

recreation and watersheds. C10urses stress change, evolution and diversity, the a'im 

of the programme being to produce flexible, effective and perceptive graduates 

capable of developing within society and of meeting the challenges posed by 

technological and socialogical inovations as they occur in the future.

CANADA 129 

SOPRON DMSION-FACULTY OF FORESTRY 

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 

IN September 1957, 154 students and 22 staff of the Forestry Faculty. University 

of Sopro,n, b-egan their classes at the University of British Columbia. Thus ended 

the first phase of a' drama that began with the Hungarian revolution of October 

23, 1956, reached a climax with the flight to Austria of the majority of the students 

and staff on November 4, 1956, and attained a second peak with their departure 

from Liverpool for Canada on New Year's Day, 1957. 

The migration of a large section of a University to a distant foreign land probably 

is unique in ·history. It c.ame about through the efforts of the Canadian 

Government and the co-opera1tion extended by the Powell River Company and this 

University. All those who helped to carry the migration through did so for 

humanitarian reasons. 

The curriculum of the Sopron Division was fairly typical of the professional 

forestry schools of Europe and compares favourably with that of North American 

schools. Entrance in Hungary was from the equivalent of Senior Matriculation. 

Th'e course required four years followed by final comprehensive examin·ations. 

Considerable emphasis was given to both engineering and biology as well as to 

professional .forestry courses. 

The first senior class of 28 students -of the Sopron Division gradu'ated in March 

1958. The oth'er classes graduated in subsequent years 'and the Sopron Division 

ceased to exist at the University in May 1961. Altogether 137 students graduated 

and they are taking their part in the ,development of Canad-a carrying with them 

the ex,perience and traditio-ns of their homeland in the service of their adopted 

country. 

4

NEW ZEALAND 

The New Zealand Forest Service 

THE NEW ZEALAND Forest Service was formed belatedly a little more than 50 years ago. 

Long before the establishment of the present department there had been attempts to 

set up forest administrations, but they were short lived owing to the opposition they 

aroused or to economic difficulties that lead to retrenchment in government services. 

At the time of its occupation by Europeans in the 19th century New Zealand 

was heavily forested, and the main effort ofsettlers was often directed to land clearance 

to make way for farms, large areas of forest being felled without extraction of produce 

and burnt. There quickly developed, too, an aggressive sawmilling industry to exploit 

for local use and for sale overseas the extensive resource of high-quality native timbers, 

especially the massive kauri (Agathis australis), for which there was a ready market in 

Australia. 

Against a background of settler preoccupation with land clearance and a plentiful 

(seemingly inexhaustible) supply of excellent, cheap timber it was difficult to develop 

control over the disposal or exploitation of forested land; nor was there much support 

for afforestation except in a few naturally treeless areas. 

By the time the Forest Service came into being there was urgent need for evaluation 

of remaining forest resources and of practicable means of ensuring supplies of wood 

in perpetuity. One of the earliest tasks set the Forest Service by its first Director of 

Forestry (L. MacIntosh Ellis, a Canadian forestry graduate) was reconnaissance of 

the forested and mountain land as a preliminary to a timber resource inventory and 

an assessment of the condition of the vegetation in the upper catchments of important 

rivers. The results were used as a guide to where more State forest needed to be proclaimed 

to safeguard as much as possible of the commercial and protection forest. 

Early Reforms 

Among the main duties of the new department were administration of the disposal 

of cutting rights in State forests and continuation of a modest programme of planting. 

Reforms were introduced to formalise the traditionally loose arrangements for sale of 

timber from State forests. These had produced poor royalties and led to wasteful 

extraction and milling, legacies of which still remain in the form of cut-over areas 

that are difficult and expensive to reclaim. 

An estimate of forest resources made by the Forest Service in the early 1920s threw 

serious doubts on the adequacy of the native forests to meet future needs. By this time, 

too, there was a better realisation that the preferred timber species were extremely 

slow growing and exceedingly difficult to re-establish. It was prudent to assume that 

logging by the methods in force-and there was little hope of modifying theseended 

the forests' economic life. 

To avert a timber famine the Forest Service recommended increasing the total area 

of State plantations of exotic trees from 63,000 acres in 1925 to 300,000 acres by 1935. 

The Forest Service had, fortunately, developed organisation and techniques for greatly 

expanding planting, which was increased rapidly to reach 50,000 acres a year at the 

peak, 1929-31. Enthusiasm for planting was at one time so great that there were 

visions of planting 5 million acres of waste land over 25 years. However, by 1937 the 

total planted area (State and company) had reached almost 950,000 acres. After that 

planting fell away sharply until well after the World War 11. 

Fundamental Change in Forest Practice 

The large-scale planting of quick-growing exotic species (mainly Pinus radiata) 

initiated by the Forest Service, and enthusiastically pursued by afforestation companies, 

brought a fundamental change in forestry practice. It ushered in the first era 

of sustained-yield forests that would support industry permanently, in contrast to 

the "cut and get out" single harvest from the milling of native stands. 

As the plantation trees began to reach maturity it became apparent that the timber 

130

NORTHERN IRELAND 135 

There has been some conflict between creating employment and economic return, 

but the "Unemployment Relief Schemes" have been replaced by a Government "Rural 

Improvement Campaign" in which the Forestry Division is taking part and under this 

Scheme supervision at Forester level has been separated from supervision of regular 

squads and the conflict minimised. 

In 1922 there was only one Forest Officer and two Foresters in the Division. The 

number of Foresters had increased to 11 by the war and after a rapid rise during the 

1950s the numbers of Foresters and Forest Officers reached 121 and 24 respectively 

in 1964. Since then the numbers have dropped to 107 Foresters and 18 Forest Officers. 

The reductions are mostly due to reduced work especially on road construction and 

production and to greater emphasis on efficient working. It is of interest that the first 

Technical Head of the Forestry Division, until he retired in 1950, was a Scotsman, Mr. 

D. Stewart, who had joined the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction 

in 1911 (just before the first State planting in Northern Ireland). He died only last year 

and so lived through the start of State planting in Northern Ireland to the virtual 

completion of the first 100,000 acres 60 years later. 

Since the first Forest Park in Northern Ireland was opened in 1955 there has been 

increasing use of the recreation facilities illustrated by the greater number of cars 

visiting Forest Parks and scenic drives each year. 

As mentioned already, a White Paper "Forestry in Northern Ireland" in which the 

Governn1ent's intentions for the future are set out is at present before Parliament.

AFRICA 137 

mercial export. Some 112,000 cu. ft classified as mahogany but likely to be a mixture 

of Khaya and Enta.ndrophragma spec'ies were exported. 

With poor communications and no implements of traction and elevation, logs 

had to be produced within man-po'wered hauling distance of the lo-wer reaches of a 

few rivers. The industry, however, continued to expand, reaching a pea-k in 1913 

of 3 million cu. ft. The First World War brought about a decline. 

The Forestry De'partment was formed in 1909, on the recommendations of H. N. 

Thompson, Co-nservator of Forests, Southern Nig.eria, who toured the country 

extensively in 1908. He suggested, amongst other things, the introduction of a 

Forest Policy, enactm'ent of Forest Legislation, protection of timber trees, intro· 

duction of property marks for tree-fellers, collection of botanical and working 

plan data and the formation of plantations. 

A Timber Protection Ordinance had been enacted in 1907, but the Forest Bill 

introduce-d in 1910 was frustrate-d by local sentiment and never became an 

Ordinance till 1927. 'Constituting Forest Reserves by Native Authority by-laws 

was also painfully slow. As' the De'partment was also closed fro-m 1915 to 1919, time 

was lost. 

Once antipathy to reservation was overcome, creation of Forest Reserves became 

the main task. Collec!tion of botanical data, exploratory studies into the Silviculture 

of indigenous trees, trials with exotics and ecological studies received attention. 

On the utilisation side, research into drying, shrinkage, working qualities and 

preservation was carried out and sawmilling and pitsawing encouraged. 

The opening of the Accra-Kumasi railway in 1924 fo'llowing that of Sekondi 

Kumasi in 1923, and the introduction of motorised tractors spread the industry 

through the high forest zone but the depressed state of the market in the years 

between the two world wars kept exptorts below the 3 million cu. ft. mark. In 

some years it was difficult to reach t million cu. ft. 

With reservation proceeding more steadily, attention was turned to the survey 

of resources, the preparation of working plans and the natural rege,neration of local 

species. 

The Second World War interrupited this work and organisation of sup'plies to 

meet service requirements be-came the order of the day. Officers showed their versatility 

in supplying such diverse p'roducts as rubber, gums, kapok, canes, shingles, 

mats, wooden limbs and honey in addition to lumber and p'oles. 

The war also offered the opportunity of trying out cOtmmercially, species other 

than mahogany. The end of it brought about an unprecedented b,oom in the industry 

evident in both volume, value: and range of species. An interesting phenomenon 

was the rise -of Triplochiton scleroxylon from obscurity to fame. Thus whereas 

in the five years 1934-38 the average annual cut was 1.3 million cu. ft, by 1947 it 

was 6.2 million eu. ft and by 1957 43 million cu. ft. It has fluctuated between this 

and 60 million cu. ft since then. 

Interest in hardwood supplies was great and directed towards local manufacture. 

From a dozen sawmills pre-war the figure rose to, 60 with five plywood factories 

following. The scramble for concessions started then and has stayed with us till 

today. 

Silvicultural research was intensified and a metho,d of regenerating under a 

shelterwood with varying canop'y de-nsities successfully evolved. Several factors, 

including cost, have led to- the adoption today of more extensive refining treatment 

where the stocking of desired species is satisfactory and planting where it is not. 

Yields in forest reserves are regulated on the basis of available data o'n times 

of passage ,between girth classes. Further data suggest that a review is due. Outside 

forest reserves where farming is uncontrolled maximum utilisation is encouraged. 

Train'ing of technical officers is done locally at the Forestry School, Sunyani, and 

Forest Research is today undertaken by the Forests Institute of the Council for 

Scientific and Industrial Research based at Kumasi.

AFRICA 141 

Annual Expenditure: £800,000-56 per cent on protection/plantation forestry; 

32 per cent on forest industry and 12 per cent on wildlife. 

Annual Income: £366,000-Forest Industry £301,000; Other forest income 

£48,000; Wildlife £17,000. 

NIGERIA 

In the last years of the nineteenth century far-sighted Colonial administrators 

began to realise the dangers of uncontrolled exploitation of the forests for mahogany 

logs and wanton clearanc,e for farming. Real efforts to establish organised forestry 

began in 1887 but the birth of the Nigerian Forest Service only took place in 1903 

with the appointment of H. N. Thompson, C.M.G., ex-Indian Forest Service, as 

Conservator of Forests, Southern Nigeria Protectorate. He remained the dominant 

figure in West African Forestry for the next 26 years. In the light of subsequent 

developments in other territories it is interesting to note that the Forestry Department 

was also responsi'ble for Agriculture and it was not until 1910 that a separate 

Agricultural Departm'ent was established. 

During the first decade of Thompson's administration the chief duties of the new 

Department were the control of mahogany exploitation and of rubber collection 

from a variety of latex-producing plants, species which were later to prove invaluable 

in World War 11. With his India background Thompson was fully aware of 

the need to obtain security of tenure of areas within which to practise long-term 

forestry. This was an uphill struggle; opposition from villagers, politicians and 

often the administration itself seriously impeded this work. 

Following the administrative un1ion of Northern with Southern Nigeria in 1914 

the unified Nigeria Forest Service came into being the next year with the amalgamation 

under Thompson as Director of the relative forestry staffs, that of the North 

comprising only two officers on the roll of the Director of Agriculture. The title 

of the De'partmental Head was subsequently altered to Chief Conservator and 

remained this until, in accordance with major constitutional changes, the creation 

of the ephemeral Inspector-General of Forests (1950-54). 

One lasting and important tliadition established by Thompson was the use of 

botanical names. He early appreciated the impossibility of carrying out any 

silvicultural work using vernacular names which changed from village to village 

as the languages changed. To this day every officer from the most junior forest 

guard upwards is conversant with the botanical names of the majo,r tree species in 

his area. In 1909 Thomps'on imp,orted :the first teak seeds from Burma, a species 

now widely used in plantations. 

The real expansion of the Department started afte'r World War I with an influx 

of profession,ally trained e'xpatriate officers from British universities. Between the 

two wars the work of establishing forest reserves made appreciable progress despi!te 

eontinued oPP'ositi'on. The land tenure situation in Nigeria is unique in as far as it 

affects forest reservation. The reserves were mainly created on tribal lands and 

remained the property of the tribe or family who were designated "owners" and 

were, and still are, entitled to royalties from any produce removed. 

On the silvicultural side it was originally thought that the Nigerian rain forests 

would be self-perpetuating and could readily and economically be worked on a 

selection felling basis. On those principles co,ncessions were granted in the Benin 

area based on the simplest of Working Plans prescribing a hundred-year felling 

cycle with a minimum girth limit. It was ultimately realised that these were overmature 

forests with an absence of younger age classes. This simple selection 

system was then replaced by a version of TSS (Tropical Shelterwood System) based 

on Malayan practice. At the present time the general tendency throughout Nigeria 

is towards intensive silviculture or "compensatory" plantations.


In the 1930s forest administrative changes divided the country into three Regions, 

North, West and East, in each of w'hich forestry was administered by an Assistant 

Chief Conservator responsible to the Chief Conservator with headquarters in 

Ibadan. In 1950 with the creation of the post of Inspector-Gener;al of Forests 

these officers became designated Chief Conservators. In 1954 the three Regions 

were given autonomous status within the newly created Federation of Nigeria. 

The Cameroons have a separate histo'ry. In 1919 part of the former German 

colony of Kamerun was mandated to Nigeria fo'r administrative purposes, being 

first a part of the Southern Region and later of the Eastern Region. In 1960 as a 

result of a plebiscite the territory separated from Nigeria and joine'd the French 

Cameroons to become the independent state of Came-roon. 

In the 1950s many important changes came about. The timber industry, mainly 

an export trade in logs, had to all intents and purp·oses been confined to the 

Western Regio-n through Lagos, Sapele and other ports of the Niger delta. 1954 

saw the long-wished-for but unexpected developm'ent of a healthy export trade 

from Cross River forests through Calabar. Even more far-reaching was the training 

of Nigerian natio'nals Ito fill senior posts in an administration a-bout to ac'hieve its 

full independence from Colonial status. As early as 1925 some attempt had been 

made to provide training for the improvement of Forest Guards; but it was not 

until the 1940s that a prop-er Forestry School was originate·d in Ibadan for the 

purpose of producing a technical staff intermediate between the protective staff 

and the officers with a view to relieving these last from several time-absorbing 

tasks of a non-professio,nal nature. The best products of this sc'hool were now 

selected for special university training as qualified forest officers, and by 1952 the 

first Oxford trained Nigerians we're appointed as Assistant Conservators. In 1962 

the first Nigerian Chief Conservator was appointed. It may here be added that 

there has for so'me years been a Faculty of Forestry within the University of 

Ibadan, awarding its own degrees in this subject. 

With approaching indep-endence in 1954 the Nigerian Forest Department, at 

that time the biggest in the Colonial Service, was necessarily divided into four 

units; but at the same time the Federal Forest Research Institute at Ibadan was 

created and now operates throughout the country for the benefit of all the States. 

The more recent history of Nigeria with the sad incidence of the civil war is 

well known. In 1967 twelve States were created out of the four existing Regions 

(a Mid-West Region had been created in 1963), resulting in the formation of twelve 

State Forestry Services in addition to the Federal Department of Forest Research. 

On the 1st January, 1970, a new Fe-deral Departme-nt of Forestry was created 

together with a ne-w post of Director, the latter's duties being to advise the 

Federal Go,vernment on the co-ordination of all matters pertaining to- conservation, 

utilisation and renewal of the forest resources in Nigeria, in particular their 

economic feasibility. 

No account of forestry in Nigeria would be complete without some reference to 

Research. Recorded researc'h work began with the work of J. D. Kennedy at 

Sapoba and W. D. McGregor at Olokemejie during the period 1925-1933. A forest 

herbarium was established in 1942 incorporating the earlier collections of Kennedy 

and others; this has now become possibly the best collection in tropical Africa and 

is housed in a fine new air-conditioned building. A silviculturist was appointed to 

the staff of the Inspector-General of Forests in 1951. In 1954 with the abolition 

of the post of Inspector-General the Federal Department of Forest Research came 

into being simultaneo'usly with the three autonomous regional forestry services. 

The annual research programmes were app'roved by a Committee consisting of the 

Regional Chief Conservators with the Director of Forest Research as Chairman. 

Initially investigations were mainly silvicultural, but have since been expanded to 

include a substantial forest products research laboratory and work on tree physiology, 

ecology, pathology and forest soils.

AFRICA 145 

then worth £9,876. There was therefore ample room for expansion. This soon took 

place with the demand caused by the reduction of imports and military activity during 

the second world war. Pitsawing proved incapable of supplying the greatly expanded 

market and a Forestry Company of the Engineers came to Freetown when W. D. 

MacGregor was Conservator and set up a sawmill at No. 2 River in the Colony. 

A second mill was installed at Kasewe and a third at Kenema. Rapid expansion 

resulted till at the end of the war the No. 2 River and Kasewe mills were closed and 

luoved to Kenema where the nucleus of the army personnel remained to develop 

the Kenema Forest Industries. This large unit, controlled by the 1960 working plan, 

used over forty species, classifying them into furniture, construction and utility woods; 

it expanded the embryo furniture industry started at Kasewe in 1943 into a large-scale, 

high quality production unit for furniture and prefabricated houses and schools, 

still as part of the Forestry Department. Soon after 1960 the fetters of departmental 

finance were eased by creating a Government Corporation with R. A. Price, C.B.E., 

\vho had done so much to develop the Industries, as Managing Director. 

As a corporation "Kenema Forest Industries" installed a completely new Stenner 

sawmill, purchased up to date preservation and kiln drying equipment and built 

a fine showroom near Freetown. Price remained in charge till 1970, assisted by some 

of the men who joined during the war. This unit has probably achieved the most 

complete utilisation of tropical high forest to be found in Africa. Its success has been 

due to concentration on the local market, the marketing ofclassified groups of species 

and the inspired direction ofits General Manager and his predecessors. There was one 

private sawmill in production after the war and recently efforts have been made to 

develop small scale sawmilling at Kasewe. 

From the early beginnings silviculture developed along three lines; natural 

regeneration, enrichment planting and taungya plantations. Under natural regeneration 

the lack of high quality species in the original forest made it difficult to obtain a 

greater concentration ofvaluable species in the regeneration, consequently MacGregor 

instigated line planting in 1940 to enrich exploited areas at Kasewe and Kenema and 

in some Protected Forests. The main species used were Terminalia ivorensis, Nauclea 

diderrichii and Tarrietia utiliSe In secondary growth this was successful but at Kenema, 

in high forest, these light demanders and other more shade bearing species gave 

disappointing results under the natural forest canopy, although this had been considerably 

opened by removal of the merchantable timber and by poison girdling. By 

1963 the department was turning more to plantation forestry. . 

Taungya farming was employed wherever possible to create plantations of closely 

grown light demanders and Gmelina arborea became the favourite species. Unfortunately 

this tree tends to die on many of the sites used between the 15th and 18th years. 

'This has made it essential to develop a very heavy thinning regime in the early years 

in order to maintain rapid growth. 

Since Sierra Leone became independent in 1961, the Department has been absorbed 

into the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and .has taken over control, 

under J. S. Sawyerr, of rubber production on a commercial scale in the south-east 

of the country. Expansion of the area of forest reserves has slowed down and remains 

at about 800 square miles, of which about 300 square miles are productive high forest. 

There remains to be solved the regeneration of exploited forest at a rate equal to the 

rate of cutting. This is probably the greatest problem facing forestry in Sierra Leone. 

TANZANIA 

(Formerly Tanganyika) 

Originally colonised by the Germans and known as German East Africa the 

territory had a forestry history dating from 1897. A succession of German 

foresters established Reserves, made Working Plans, laid down plantations of 

local and exotic species and p,ublished a game ordinance. A full account of German 

forest activities could well fill a fair-sized book and is beyond the scope of this 

5


brief historical note. It is worth recording that those early efforts provided guidance 

and a springboard for later activities of British foresters. 

During the 1914-1918 war the territory was fought over backwards and forwards. 

General Von Helton, the German commander, eve·ntually surrendere'd in Northern 

Rhodesia. Tanganyika was devastated and in 1918 decimate'd by famine and 

influenza. The British Government imp10verishedby the war gave grants in aid for 

three years and then she had to fend for herself, once the favoure'd German colony 

no,w the cinderella of the Empire. 

In D-ecember 1920 D. K. S. Grant who had entered the territory with Kenya 

Forces and who had had exp'erience as a- Forest O-fficer in Kenya and a District 

Commissioner in Tanganyika, was appointed to the new Department, which was 

staffed early in 1921 with a Conservator, a Senior A.C.F. and 3 A.'C.F.'s, 5 

Europ,ean foresters, a Forest Surveyor and 100 Forest Guards. Legislation was 

based on the German until the publication of the 1921 O'rdinance with a Schedule 

of 231 Reserves with detailed boundaries based on the German settlements. The 

first emp1hasis, justifiable whe-n one considers the disparity of finance to personal 

emoluments, was in enumeration. A fault must be made of the lack of publicat!ion 

of these efforts. The Southern and the Northern slopes of Kilimanjaro-, Misoziro 

and the Shumi Maganba forests were enumerated in the twenties and thirties. Only 

a part of the latter received notice in an article by Jo'hn Pitt in the Journal of 

Ecology. Plantation work was begun in S,humi, Maganba, Moshi, Arusha, Dar es 

Salaam and Ruko'ba in these early years, the emphasis being on local species. Tons 

of mangrove embryos were also planted to spe'ed up the succession on new mud 

banks. These areas, Kilwa, the Rufiji Delta, Dar es Salaam and Tanga, provided 

tanning bark for export to the D.S.A. and Germany and ,building poles for the 

Persian Gulf, the dhows co,ming down o,n the NE and returning on the SE monsoon. 

Zanzibar had 10,000 extra sailors during a good season. In 1927 the Oar es Salaam 

division was extended to cover ,t'he whole Ce'ntral Railway, and the German Reserves 

of the Brachystegia forest were located. This was the beginning of increasing 

interest in this area leading to the enumeration of reserves o-ver thousands of miles 

with the chief 'object of controlling the yield of Pterocarpus angolensis, for a long 

time the most imp'ortant timber of the territo,ry. About this time there were 16 

nurseries and 3 sawmills in the territory and revenue justbalance,d expenditure. 

A land Develo,pme'nt Survey (5 Euro,peans and up to 150 plorters) spent over 6 

mo-nths in the Southern Highlands looking for White Settlement areas, Forest 

Reserves and watching African interests. Some reservation was o,btained from the 

area and fro,m the Northern Province, when the Survey moved there. The beginning 

of the thirties saw a w,orld-wide trade depression. 

Slump conditions lasted right up to the war, Grant retiring in 1938 when the 

Department was taken over by W. M. Robertson. A 10-year plan was being 

broached under Colonial Development and Welfare funds when the war broke 

out. On the same day Robertson handed o'ver the' Department to Wigg who in turn 

handed over to Markham. East Africa had three weak infantry brigades with no 

ancillary arms facing Italians alleged to have 200,000 troops and all arms including 

aircraft. The Department was completely deplete'd when hindsight says it should 

have been tre'bled. This should have been done as soon as the Abyssinian campaign 

was over. 

There is no space here to detail the beginning of the Ranger School and the 

great effort put into timber production during the war. Suffice it to say that we were 

lucky in Webb as a Utilisation Officer pione-ering the way to the outstanding 

Utilisation Unit organised by Hughes for investigating sawmilling, kiln and air 

seasoning, preservation, durability and stre'ngth tests, wood-working, plywoo:d, 

saw dootoring, etc. This has culminated in Buyers Commercial Timbers ,of Tanzania 

1967. The Conservator Robertson was succeeded,in 1951 b,y W. J. Eggeling from 

Uganda who later intvoduced Sangster from that service. The ,arrival of the new

AFRICA 14,7 

blood certainly did considerable good to the forestry of the Territory, particularly 

as they had not experienced the frustrations of the thirties and were on the crest 

of a wave of optimistic trading. Thousands ofsquare miles were added to the forest 

estate and very extensive enumeration made, particular by Groom who wrote up 

his account of Muninga (Pterocarpus angolensis) control, subseque'ntly embodied 

in a larger pamphlet. By 1952 the Department had exceeded expenditure since 1921 

by £450,000. Its 'highest revenue was in 1952-£209,000. In 1962-64 it was spending 

with the help of interest-free loans and CD & W grants over £500,000 on the 3-ye-ar 

plan. R. G. Sangster, C.B-.E., took over from Eggeling in 1954 and the first African 

Chief Conservator too,k over from him in 1965-G. J. Ki'leo. A new 5-year plan 

1964-68 was initiated. The last receive'd report, 1968, shows the forest estate at 

50,354 square miles. The plante'd area in 1965 was 46,000 acres. Everything points 

to a successful future for the Forest Department. 

UGANDA 

In 1899 the Botanical and Agricultural Department was cre:ated. The Forestry 

Department was set up on its o,wn in 1917. 

The first forestry work was the -exploration of the country's forest resources. 

Forestry legislation was enacted about 1900 an,d the first forest policy approved in 

1929. This was follo,wed by forest reservation in 1932. New reservation and 

excisions from reserves have been going on since then, though the bulk of the 

forest estate 'had be'en created by 1962. The size of the forest estate rose from 

1,412 sq. miles in 1932 to 6,230 sq. miles by 1970. 

Inventories and working plans were m'ade as early as 1904 and 1929 respectively. 

But more e'xtensive work was only po'ssible after the Second World War. 

In silviculture, the first efforts were directed towards the establishment ,of pole 

and fuel plantations and during the 1930s consider.able areas were planted. There 

are now 19,000 acres of these plantations. Artificial regeneration of timber was 

sltarted early using Mvule an'd Mahogany. Due to shortage of labo,ur and the 

depredations of wild animals and lof Mvule gall fiy, planting 'had to be abandoned. 

Enrichment planting was revived in the ,early 1960s. Planting' was at first done in 

gaps; later on, weed trees were being removed for woodfuel and charcoal followe'd 

by enrichment planting. This practice continues. 

Natural rege'neration techniques were started in 1950 and by 1954 a technique 

of tending mixe'd fo'rest ha'd been developed. This remains standard practice in 

forests where weed trees have nfo market. 

Softwood timber planting started in 1942 and by 1961 a total of 6,500 acres had 

be,en established, all cypress and pines. In 1970, plantations amounted to approx. 

20,000 acres and planting has be'en increased to 5,000 acres annu'ally. 

Commercial exploitatio'n of timber beg'an in 1908. Felling in 1923 amounted to 

140,000 cu. ft rising to 3t million cu. ft in 1960/61 and to 5.5 million cu. ft in 

1970. A notable feature of the post-war years has been the increased number of 

species 'harvested. 

Sawmilling which was started by Government in 1911 ,passed later entirely into 

private 'hands. A plywoo'd mill was established in 1959 and there are now also a 

match factory, a particle board plant, paper and paper conversion plants and 

a charcoal industry. 

Silvicultural research began with methods of ,planting and espacement of 

eucalyptus species. In 1933 the first research plots were laid out and in 1935 

experiments on natural regeneration meth,od;s were started. Since the early 1950s 

research has concentrated mainly on the establishment of plantations, enrichment 

planting and regenerati,o,n techniques in natural forests. 

Wood products research at first concentrated on collection and dispatch of 

timber for testing in ·other countries. In 1949/50 facilities were installed to, test 

5·

AFRICA 149 

annually to Mulo'bezi sawmill, situated at the end 6f what may be the longest 

forest tramway in Africa, running for approximately 104 bone-breaking miles 

upco,untry from Livingstone. 

The Department's other large-scale activity has been the supply of about two 

million cu. ft ·of indigenous timber annually to the mines of the Copperbelt, to 

which was a'dded during eight years of coal shortag'e from 1948 to 1955 the supply 

of 2,000 tons of wo'od-fuel a day for the mine power-stations. 

The lack lof any local softwood capable of replacing imported Oregon and the 

progressive cutting out of "Miombo" woodland accessible to, the mines and towns 

pro,mpted a keen interest in the establishment of plantations. Although research 

had been started in the 1930s, it was not until ab,out 1960 that the Forest Research 

Ce'ntre, whic'h had be'en establishe'd at Kitwe in 1954, succeeded in developing 

techniques for the establishment of tropical pines and eucalypts, which were equal 

to the harsh climatic and soil conditions of the Zambian plateau. It was then that 

Pinus kesiya, replacing the less robust Pinus patula, teamed up with Eucalyptus 

grandis as the front-runners. 

Altho,ugh plantation research was still in its infancy, national strategy required 

that industrial-scale plantations sh,ould go' ahead near the Gop,perbelt, and in 1963 

the Department's Industrial} Plantations Division began the first large-scale plantjngs 

for a 100,OOO-acre plantation project. This project, to, the Department's mild 

surprise in view of the silvicultural and utilisation risks that had been accepte'd 

natio,naIly, won the first World Bank forestry l'oan. 

Meanw'hile in many rural areas smaller-scale research and pilot plantings 'had 

been made against p,ossible future demand lo,cally for Eucalypt poles and softwood 

timber, and some of (these ,plantings :had in the more intensively farmed areas 

developed into local supp,ly plantations. 

The Fo'rest Products Centre at Kitwe, which came into being in 1963, expanded 

with breathtaking speed to deal with a range of utilisation research work on 

tropical pines and e,ucalypts. 

The Forest Training Centre at Mwekera near Kitwe', later the Forest College', 

opene'd its gates in 1949, and has provided pre-appointment and in-service c'ourses' 

for Foresters, Forest Rangers and Forest Guards, ,but the pattern of pre-indep'e:ndence 

e,ducation had resulte,d in very small numbers of school-leavers with university 

entrance qualIfications, and the Department faced the 1970s with onlly two 

Zam'bian P,orest Officers in post. 

Not the least e'xciting and satisfying of the: Dep,artment"s activities is the Beekeeping 

Division, established at Mwekera in 1959, which provides an extension 

service to help bark-h'ive beekeepers prodruct beeswax for export and !honey for 

local beer-brewing.

SOUTH-EAST ASIA 

CEYLON 

The evolution of forestry in Ceylon from the period of the British occupation 

up to the present time can be broadly divided into three phases where the emphasis 

has successively been on Forest Exploitation, Forest Conservation and Forest 

Development. 

Forest Exploitation 

From 1796 (which year marked the beginning 'of British rule in Ceylon) until 

nearly a century later, forestry consisted mainly of the exploitation of natural 

forests for domestic requirements and for export. By mid-nineteenth century 

Ebony (Diospyros ebenum), Satinwo,od (Chloroxylon swietenia) and Halmilla 

(Berrya cordijolia) were well known cabinet woods on the European market. 

Forest Officers (designated Foresters) were first appointed in 1873 and served 

under the Government Agents of the Provinces. The main function of the Foresters 

was to supervise and control the felling of trees in the state forests.* Small isolated 

plantations of Teak were raised in a few places, but this was more through the 

interest of individual foresters than as a matter of general policy. 

Forest Conservation 

The idea of conservation gained ground in the eighteen-eighties leading to the 

establishment of a Forest Department under a professionally trained officer from 

the Indian Forest 'Service in 1887. With the setting up ,of a Forest Department, 

Reserves and Proposed Reserves were esta·blished and attention paid to their 

proper demarcation and protection. The activities of the Department were finally 

placed on a firm legal foolting with the Forest Ordinance of 1907. 

As in the earlier period forest plantations were raised, but the extents planted 

were insignificant until the nineteen-twenties when there was a temporary surge of 

planting activity. Some fine plantations of Teak in the Dry Zone; Eucalypts, 

Pines and Cypress in the Montane Zone; and Jak (Artocarpus integra) and Mahogany 

in the Intermediate Zone are still stand:ing today. 

The temporary phase 'of increase,d reforestation activity in the nineteen-twenties 

and thirties was also marked by the establishment of the Silvicultural Research 

Unit in the De'partment. Ten years later, the Timber Utilisation Research Laboratory 

was established to· study the durability and the physical and mechanical 

properties of local timber and to collect timber samples and herbarium material. 

Forest Development 

The late nineteen fifties marked the beginning of a period of rapid agricultural 

expansion in the Dry Zone involving the clearing of large tracts of forest, much of 

it former Reserves. The urgency of extensive plantation development to offset this 

loss was apparent. As a result an impressive annual target of 16,000 acres of new 

plantations has been fix·ed. 

Teak is by far the most extensively planted species. Up to 1958 the total extent 

of Teak plantations was about 12,000 acres, while in the period 1958-1969 no less 

than 60,000 acres were added to this. 

The annual planting programme of 16,000 acres is made up as follows: Teak 

10,000 acres; Eucalypts (for pulp and timber) 1,500 acres; Pines (pulp) 1,500 acres; 

Light Hardwoods 500 acres; Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus for pulp) 500 acres 

and Mahogany (enrichment planting in the Wet Zone) 2,000 acres. All Teak 

planting is done at a comparatively low 'cost to Government on a modified taungya 

system. 

* Over 95 per' cent of the forests in Ceylon are state-owned. 

150

SOUTH-EAST ASIA .15.1 

The natural forests of the Wet Zone will continue to 'be worked by selective 

felling on a sustained yield basis to supply light hardwoods for panel products, 

and hardwoods for building construction and railway sleepers. 

HONG KONG 

The Colony was founded as a small trading post in 1842 on a compatatively 

treeless island of 29 square miles in area. Soon forest and amenity trees were being 

planted and the vegetation protected against woodcutting and against fire during 

the dry winter months. A Botanical and Forestry Department was founded in 1880 

and the thriving plantations were systematically managed. 

The 365-square mile New Territories was leased in 1898 but before this the 

villagers had considerable areas of forest on which they depended for fuel and 

small timber. Government amenity planting and afforestation work in the New 

Territories started in 1900. 

During the Pacific conflict and just after, 1941-46, woodland destruction was 

great, causing fuel shortages and soil erosion. Re-afforestation produced about 

12,000 acres of plantations, in spite of difficult topograp'hical, soil and fire problems. 

The pop'ulation increased to over 2 millions in 1950, 3 millions in 1960 and 4 

millions in 1970. Forme'r villages became large to,wns, waterworks catchments 

gradually embraced most upland areas and with a more sop'histicated economy the 

need for wood fuel disappeared almost completely. 

Today the Forestry Division is concerned mainly with landscape conservation 

and recreation management. In 1970 its staff comprised three professional and 

eighteen technical officers, and a workforce of 400. 

MALAYSIA 

The creation of a Forest Department was first recommended in 1879. Four 

years later, the first Forest Department was formed under the then Superintendent 

of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. However, scientific forestry in Malaya really 

began in 1901 with the appointment of a professional forest officer from Burma, 

as the Chief Forest Officer, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. In 

1915 the department was greatly expanded, but for some years afterwards organised 

forestry activities under trained officers extended only to the Straits Settlements 

and the Federated Malay States. As appreciation of the value of forest conservation 

spread, the protected States of !Johore (1920) and Kedah (1923) created forest 

departments of their own. Their example was followed by Kelantan and Brunei 

(Borneo) in 1933. A trained officer took charge of the forest department of the 

Government of Trengg,anu from the lbeginning of 1936. 

On the 1st January, 1935, when the policy of decentralisation in the Federated 

Malay States was inaugurated, each of these IStates also had its own forest 

department. The Director of Forestry, ihowever, by virtue of his appointment as 

State Forest Officer to each State, continued to exercise personal executive 

authority over, and was responsible for, State forest departments. In his advisory 

capacity and on invitation of their Governments, he also made periodical visits of 

inspection to the Malay States outside the Federation. This form of administration 

remained in force up to the time of Japanese aggression in 1941. 

On the liberation of this country in the latter part of 1945, a skeleton department 

was set up under the Britis1h Military Administration and, as more staff became 

available, the pre-war organisation was gradually re-established, but with more 

clearly defined central administration and executive authority. At this stage the 

Colony of Singapore was separated from the main body with independent administrative 

and executive authority. On resumption of Civil Government on 1st April, 

1946, and with the introduQtion of the Malayan Union, the trend of forest 

administration continued towards unity of authority and this undoubtedly contri-

SOUTH-EAST ASIA IS3 

consisted of a Chief Research Officer (who also- officiated as Timtber Research 

Officer), Silviculturist, 'Botanist and Ecologist, Mensuration Officer, Instructor, 

Forest School, General Assistant, Entomologist, Wood Technologist, Librarian 

Archivist and a Chemist. In 1952 the Timber Research Laboratory located at 

Sentul was move'd to Kep'o!ng and it became one with the Forest Research Institute 

geographically and administratively. 

A review of the progress of research at this stage will reveal that the herbarium 

contained 53,629 mounted specimens, ab'out 3,000 Malayan wood species 'were 

kno,wn, an arboretum containing 400 trees of Malaysian Dipterocarps established, 

studies on rehabilitation of degraded soils initiated and the Malayan Unifonn 

System of silvicultural treatment 'of the forests evolved. Forest products research 

also had shown impressive progress in the fields of timber mechanics, sawmilling 

and wood-working, wood seasoning, wood preservation, composite wood, wood 

anatomy and pulp and pap,er investigations. Entomological research had also kept 

pace with the rest. Five-y.ear research programmes had be'en initiated and the 

research pamphlets series started appearing in 1953. 

On 31st August, 1957,-the Federation of Malaya attained independence and a 

target date for Malayanisation of the Research Branch was set as 1965. The senior 

research establishment at this stage (1957) stood at ten including the Chief Research 

Officer. In 1962 a Forest Resources Reconnaissance Survey Section was established. 

1963 saw the departure of the last expatriate Chief Research Officer, who was 

succeeded by a Malayan officer. As scheduled, the Research Branch was completely 

Malayanised by 1965 which year also saw the completion and occupation 

of a new additional wing to the main Forest Research Institute building, a new 

Forest School 'building and a ne:w Chemistry Laboratory, all approved under the 

S,econd Malaya Development Plan. A new library building was also constructed 

in 1968 under the First Malaysia Development Plan. A major research project, 

HThe Establishment of Pilot Plantations of Quick Growing Species," was launched 

under the Five Year Plan, aided by the United Nations Development Programme 

Special Fund in 1967 with the object of growing trees to meet the needs of raw 

material for pulp and paper manufacutre in Malaya. 

With the present establishment of 24 senior officers, two foreign experts and a 

British volunteer, the Institute is forging ahead with its enhanced activities to meet 

the developmental needs of the country. 

SABAH 

(formerly North Borneo) 

On 16th September, 1963, Sabah became independent as a State of Malaysia. 

'[he Forest Department remains a State Department under the general direction 

of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the State Government 

Sabah is a large exporter of hardwood timber to, world markets, and a timber 

industry which is continuously expanding is full of future potentials as a major 

revenue earner; it is thus the mainstay of the country's eco,nomy. The timber 

industry comprised of twelve concessionaires and twenty-five special licences 

operating o'n twenty-one-year and ten-year agreements respectively. Other short 

term licences on Forms I and 11 were issued in State land forests mainly in clearing 

land for agricultural deveop'ment. The statement of production, expenditure and 

.income in terms of millions for 1970 was:- 

Production Revenue Expenditure Surplus 

(cu. ft. hoppus) M$ M$ M$ 

181.9 79.5 7.6 71.9 

From the very b,eginning, foreigners, both European and Cbinese, were taking a 

hand in the exploitation, and one American firm joined in later. Native participation 

in the timber industry had just started during the last few years. The exploita 

6


tion itself is intensive. It has become very highly mechanised nowadays and with 

the wide application of the well-adapted chain-saw, more forest areas were logged 

out each year by various licensees. Loggers in flat and low-lying areas still resort 

to the popular tramway. In most of the less rugged and hilly region, tractor/road 

extraction is in use, while highlead and skyline systems are used in the more rugged 

areas. 

Sa'bah is now respected in the world market as one of th·e chief exporters of 

tropical hardwood. There has been a steady and marked increase of export of 

timber which has now formed a vital part of the national income. 

Sabah's best customer is Japan, taking some 66.4 per cent of all exports; Korea 

takes 22 per cent, Formosa 5.2 per cent, Hong Kong 4.4 per cent and Australia 

1.9 per cent, negligible quantities reaching such distant markets as Germany and 

Holland. 

As at 31st December, 1970, one ve-neer-plywood and three veneer plants were in 

operation and 140 sawmills were registered. These sawmills ranged from a large 

band mill to simple one-bench circular mills often powered by lorry engines. The 

trend of production for the veneer mills and sawmills has fluctuated considerably 

since 1960. It is expected that the out-turn of ve'neers and plywood will increase 

but the out-turn of sawn timb-er is not expected to increase for some time yet. The 

reason for this is that the producers prefer to export round logs, which are more 

profitable than converted timb-er. A large prop'ortio'n of the sawmill out-turn is 

disposed of for local consumption; the veneers and veneer-plywood produce are 

exported to Japan, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa and America. 

Interest in working mangrove forest was revived in 1966 mainly for mangrove 

chip wood for export to Japan. Japan's pulp and paper manufacturers have shown 

keen interest in mangrove chips as basic material for rayon and pulp, and this new 

industry, which is managed 'by natives, is expected to start by the middle of the 

current year; a total area of approximately 500 square miles of mangrove forest 

has been allocated. It is envisaged that the wood will be processed in two factories 

on the East Coast and the chips will be exported to Japan. These projects will, 

no doubt, bring additional revenue to Government and assist towards more 

lucrative employment. 

Prior to World War 11 very little research work was carrie'd out due to lack of 

staff and funds. The little that was done was mostly botanical collecting, though 

a start was made on gro,wth and yield studies and small scale planting trials. In 

1932 the Research Branch was established. A botanist was appointed in 1953; an 

ecologist recruited in 1954; a plantation officer appointed in 1965 and an entomologist 

from the Colombo Plan joined the Branch in 1966. The Research Branch 

expanded considerably and in 1969 a Senior Research Officer was app,ointed to take 

charge of the Branch. There are now five fully qualified senior officers with a 

junior staff of over 70 men responsible for the implementation of an extensive 

research programme. 

The Forest Department continued to send its subordinate staff for training at 

Kepong Forest School, West Malaysia, and thirteen officers were sent in 1970; 

concurrently, two officers are undergoing training at Mara Institute- of Technology 

in West Malaysia; five taking Ranger's Certificate Course in Coimbatore, India; 

three taking a Forestry Degree in Australia, while two are taking similar courses 

in Canada and one in the United Kingdom. The inadequacy of technically trained 

staff has been the greatest impedime'nt to the effective management and development 

of the State's forest resources. The major bar to progress in the recruitment and 

training of local senior officers has been the lack of candidates with adequate basic 

education to matriculate at overseas universities and to a certain extent the reluctance 

of the local boys with the requisite qualification to take up employment in the 

Department. At present Forest Department junior field staff are given training in 

the Forest School in Sandakan. Wit'h the increase of staff in the Department these

SOUTH-EAST ASIA 155 

facilities are inadequate to provide the necessary training and consequently'it was 

proposed in the First Malaysia Plan that a Forest Training School :be established in 

Sandakan, and it is hoped the School would be completed by 1973 during the 

Second Malaysia Plan. 

SARAWAK 

Sarawak, o'n the north-west coast of Borneo, has an area of about 48,000 square 

miles. Trop'ical rain forest (regrettably much decimated tby shifting cultivation) 

covers three quarters of the land. Nearly 12,000 square miles have been constituted 

as p·ermanent forests. Some of th,e extensive peat-swamp forests contain valuable 

ramin; inland the dipterocarps predominate. Rivers dominate the landscape. The 

120-160 inches rainfall is generally spread throughout the year, with moderate 

increase during the north east monsoon du'ring from November to March. Humidity 

is high but temperatures are moderate. The estimated population in 1969 was 

945,000, made up of 314,000 'Chinese, 227,000 Malay and 404,000 others, mainly 

indigenous tribes. The Chinese have been responsible for nearly all the commercial 

development in Sarawak. 

When the first Rajah, James Brooke', took over in 1841, barter with China in 

rhinoceros horn, kingfisher feathers, bezoar stones, dammar, camphor and hornbill 

ivory (once more valuable than jade) was centuries old. Sta'bilised government and 

the growth of Singapore stimulated trading. The inland peoples, Iban, Kayan and 

Kenyah, relied on minor forest produce for cash whenever shifting hill-rice cultiva. 

tion produced no surplus. Trade at the end of the: century show'ed a meteoric rise 

and fall in gutta percha and a spectacular increase in jelutong. Cutch, rattans and 

illipe nuts were also exp,orted. ' 

A Forest Department was established in 1919 by J. P. Mead w'ho built up a small 

staff for exploration and reservation under Malayan-type legislation. Progress was 

hindered by lack of topographical maps and almost stopped by local opposition 

in the early 1930s, when staff was cut from 111 to 32 under economic pressures. 

Modified legislation in 1934 allowed rights for hunting and collection of produce 

for domestic use in "protected forests," and reservation continued. Only a few 

hundred tons of sawn timber were exported to the United Kingdom before 1940: 

the high grades demanded and the minute local market prevented expansion. 

After the Japanese occupation (1942-45) 'the third Rajah ceded Sarawak to the 

Crown. Aerial photographs from the R.A.F. and finance from the C.D. & W. 

fund quickened forest development under first a ten- and then a five-year plan. The 

great expansion of ramin exports from 1949 concentrated attention on the peatswamps. 

An increase in trunk road construction after independence and the 

formation of Malaysia in 1963 helped the response to apparently insatiable Japanese 

timber demands from inland forests. The Department struggles to maintain 

systematic logging even in forests ostensibly destined for agriculture under development 

schemes. In 1969 2,418,000 Hoppus tons of timber were produced, of which 

2,128,000 tons (88 per cent) were declared to be exported. Whether o'r not this 

vast out-turn will be surpassed in future will be a test of policy. 

An P.A.O.-directed inventory of the more accessible mixed dipterocarp forests 

is in progress (1969-1971) and there is an agreement that areas within the inventory 

area will not be licensed until the F.A.O. report on forest industries development 

has been received and studied. Log and sawn timber grading is planned for 1971 

to help combat competition from Indonesia. A timber research and technical training 

centre was at last ope'ned in 1970, aiming at raising the standard of milling and 

providing more information on Sarawak timbers; some 2,500 species await attention. 

The Department has laboured under staff shortages Which are expected to 

continue, unless resistance is successful against emulation of neighbouring territories 

seen to be making fortunes by quick-profit policies with insufficient attention to 

silvicultural controls. 

6*

THE ISLAND TERRITORIES lS7 

of the island by the British. In 1879 a Forest Law was enacted providing: for the 

protection of forests and for the control of tree felling and the grazing of animals. The 

nucleus of the Forest Service was established in 1878 and foresters of French and 

German origin, some of them with experience in the Indian Forest Service, were 

assigned the task of forest management. M. Madon was appointed Principal Forest 

Officer in 1881. The demarcation of State Forests was made in 1884 op the basis of 

the Forest Delimitation Law of 1881. 

The organisation of the Forest Service evolved and developed over the years: in 

1920 Cypriot personnel was sent abroad for training in forestry, in particular at the 

Dean Forestry School, to man the middle and higher echelons of the Service. Efforts 

to free the forest estate from goat grazing were intensified but many of the actions 

taken towards this end appeared to the shepherds as "oppressive measures of the 

Colonial Power" and their reaction to thenl was often incendiarism. 

Intensification of Forest Management 

The War effort of 1939-45 diverted attention from local "forestry politics". Through 

intensive Public Relations efforts, coupled with economic incentives, the forests were 

freed from goat grazing. In 1950 a formal "Statement of Forest Policy" was published 

by Government. This policy document placed emphasis on: the protective functions 

of forests, namely climatic protection, water and soil conservation; protection to 

agriculture; forest reservation with a view to ensuring a prudent balance in the supply 

of agricultural and forest products; the use of forests as areas of public amenity and 

recreation and as the habitat of wildlife; the production ofraw materials for industries 

and the provision of employment. 

Education and Research 

In 1951, the Cyprus Forestry College was opened for the training of local staff and 

overseas students. The curriculum provides for a two year intensive course at the subprofessional 

level. In less than two decades (1951-69) 200 Cypriot and 75 overseas 

students graduated from the College. 

In 1954 a Forestry Research Division was created and was assigned the task of 

investigating silvicultural and general biological problems of forest production. 

The Development Decade 

Cyprus reached the "take-off" stage in the Forestry sector around 1960. By then a 

dynamic Forestry Organisation manned with appropriately trained Cypriot personnel 

at all levels, was available. Through continuous Public Relations campaigns a favourable 

public opinion had been created. The Government of the Cyprus Republic 

launched its First Five Year Development Plan in 1960. Although competition for 

resources among the various sectors of the Country's economy was keen, forestry 

had its rightful share of such resources. 

Future Prospects 

The forests of Cyprus had, have and will continue to have, a significant impact on 

the historical, cultural and economic evolution of the Country. They constitute an 

invaluable heritage which the people of Cyprus are determined to protect, develop 

and rationally mobilize to achieve their aspirations for economic and social advancement 

and for a dignified environment to live in. 

FIJI 

FIJI, A FORMER colony, was ceded to the British Crown by the Chiefs of the autochthonous 

Melanesian-Polynesian inhabitants in 1874; it gained its Independence and 

became a Dominion in the Commonwealth ofNations on 10th October, 1970. It is a 

mqlti-racial society and almost 50 per cent of the total population of 525,000 is made 

up of Indians.

THE WEST INDIES 

BRITISH HONDURAS 

BRITISH HONDURAS IS the only part of the Commonwealth in Central America. In the 

early years of the 17th century it formed a refuge for buccaneers from the Spaniards 

but its first settlement about 1665 and its continued occupation were due to its valuable 

forest produce. In 1671 the Governor of Jamaica reported that the logwood (Haematoxylon 

campechianum) trade "increased His Majesty's Customs and the national 

commerce more than any of His Majesty's colonies." Later, mahogany (Swietenia 

macrophylla) exploitation became more important and this is the species for which 

British Honduras is best known. Apart from regulations governing the size of merchantable 

logs and a law for the preservation of young mahogany in 1838, no attempt 

at any sort ofcontrol or management seems to have been made until E. D. M. Hooper 

recommended in 1886 the establishment of a Forest Department, which was not done. 

The Crown Lands Ordinance 1886 however authorised the Survey Department to issue 

licences to cut forest produce on Crown Lands, but apart from pre-payment of royalty 

and checking of numbers of stumps, there was no adequate control. 

In 1921, C. Hummel reported on the Forests of British Honduras, with suggestions 

for a far reaching forest policy and in 1922 he was appointed to take charge of a newly 

created Forest Department. In 1923 a Forest Ordinance vested administration and 

control ofthe Department and the development and management ofthe Crown forests 

in a Forest Trust, financed by a statutory contribution of 60 per cent of the forest 

revenue of the colony and a Forest Loan of 250,000 dollars. 

Hummel's report was the basis of the accepted forest policy of the Government, and 

it was revised in 1947 and again in 1954 when it was published over the signature of 

the Governor and emphasised the necessity to establish and preserve 

for all time and develop the forest estate, which, as declared Forest Reserve, now 

amounts to 20 per cent of the land area. Under the Forest Ordinance and its later 

revisions, and with adequate finance, the foundation of the forest estate was laid, 

protection was established and more efficient exploitation was encouraged by the 

granting of longer term licences and brought under more adequate, stricter control; 

staff and labour were recruited and trained, enumeration and mapping of the forests 

was given high priority and the silviculture of mahogany, cedar (Cedrela mexicana) 

and pine (Pinus caribaea), begun in 1922, made rapid progress. The utilisation of other 

woods was encouraged and the most promising were tested at Princes Risborough. 

Botanical collections were made, an herbarium was founded and in co-operation with 

Yale University and the Forest Department, the Field Museum published a Flora. 

Silvicultural and other research was done on the most promising secondary woods, 

controlled burning in pine areas, the establishment of plantations of mahogany, pine 

and some exotics, the use of second growth species for papermaking, the tapping of 

naval stores, chicle (Achras spp) and fig (Ficus spp) latex, seed collection, the improvement 

of local sawmiIling, encouragement of other utilisation and minor industries etc. 

In 1929 economic depression necessitated reduction of expenditure and staff and 

serious limitation ofactivities; hurricanes in 1931, 1941 and 1942 destroyed the forests 

where most of the silvicultural work had been done and in 1931 the Forest Trust was 

abolished and the statutory contribution of60 per cent offorest revenue lost to the Department. 

During the lean years of depression, a forest type map of the whole country 

was compiled from the work done previously and under Colonial Development and 

Welfare grant the forest associations were examined, enumerated and described in 

much greater detail. A commencement was also made on pine plantation and progressed 

well. 

In 1944 a Development Plan for the forests on Crown Land was prepared, and later, 

legislation was enacted to afford some measure of control over the exploitation of 

privately owned forests. In the late 1940s intensive fire protection on the Mountain 

160


In 1957 a large scale reafforestation,project was launched. This was made imperative 

as a direct answer to Hurricane Janet of 1955 which devastated over 75 per cent of tree 

crops on the island. Productivity is handicapped by a rugged, mountainous topography, 

lack of mechanisation and the dependence on foreign aid for development. 

Since 1957 two million board feet of timber were salvaged from hurricane-damaged 

areas. During the same period some 750 acres of plantations have been established 

using such species as: Swietenia macrophylla, Tectona grandis, Cedrela mexicana, 

Hibiscus elatus, Pinus caribaea and various Cupressus species. All are showing promise. 

GUYANA 

(formerly British Guiana) 

THE FIRST RECORDS of forestry operations in Guyana date to 1624 when there was 

already an established barter trade for letter-wood (Piratinera guianensis) and "Oriane 

dye" (annatto). Thereafter until the latter part of the 18th century, the cutting of 

letter-wood completely dominated the timber industry. However, by the year 1800 the 

export of greenheart (Ocotea rodiaei) was firmly established and it was also being 

used locally for framing, posts etc.-all sawn lumber being imported, mainly from 

Canada, as late as the last quarter of the 19th century. By 1880, there were three 

sawmills in the country and this number has grown slowly to 81 in 1970. Meanwhile, 

greenheart continued to dominate both the export trade and local use-it still accounts 

for some 60 per cent of the total lumber production. 

Through all these years, there was absolutely no control on wood-cutting operations 

-until 1890 when the first Crown Lands Regulations were passed. Even then control 

was minimal and the vicious practice of creaming (for greenheart mainly) became 

deeply engrained in the industry. Responsibility for the forests rested with the Commissioner 

of Lands and Mines who was later (1910) given a Forest Officer and some 

Forest Rangers as a part of the staff of the Lands Department. Despite difficulties, 

excellent work (e.g. forest valuations) was done by these officers but by 1925 it had 

become very apparent that the mere investigational work which forestry required itself 

demanded a full-time staff and so a Forest Department, independent of the Lands and 

Mines Department, was established in that year. 

However, control of the forest and of wood-cutting operations remained with the 

Commissioner of Lands until 1953-54 when the Crown Forests Ordinance and 

Regulations were passed. In the meanwhile, however, the Forest Department had 

steadily pursued a most comprehensive programme of investigation and research 

which included forest valuations, botanical identification and collections, physical and 

mechanical (strength) testing of the most abundant species, seasoning properties 

(together with operation of a seasoning yard), investigation of minor forest products 

and silvicultural research with particular reference to the regeneration of greenheart. 

In 1950, Government adopted a formal Statement of Forest Policy. Among other 

things, this policy accepted the need for integration of forestry with other land uses 

and asserted the further need for management on the basis of sustained yield. It also 

accepted the necessity for developing markets, at home and abroad, for all worthwhile 

species. One of the direct results of the acceptance of this policy was that the statutory 

control of the forests had to be vested in the Forest Department. This came about in 

1954 with the passing of the Forests Regulations and the gazetting of one continuous 

block of Crown Forests (29,000 square miles). 

The year also saw the first Development Plan. Assisted by grants from the Colonial 

Development and Welfare Scheme, several projects were put forward viz: staff 

training, appraisals, silvicultural research and also for the production and marketing 

of unknown but worthwhile species. During the ensuing years very useful work was 

accomplished in many sectors. By 1962, eight Guyanese had been trained overseas and 

had secured professional degrees in forestry, and there had been considerable training 

of subordinate staff. Appraisals (over limited areas)-aided by forest type mapping 

based upon the interpretation of aerial photographs-had clearly shown that the

THE WEST INDmS 

problem of securing the economic exploitation of the forests would be solved" only 

with the full use of all worthwhile species. At the same time, it became evident that tbe 

regeneration ofgreenheart, per se, though possible, would be too expensive a method of 

securing the continuance of the forest estate and of reaching towards sustained yield. 

The political problems and upheavals ofthe"early 19608 greatly hindered the development 

of forestry, but in the latter part of the decade, government, a.ssisted by the 

U.N.S.F. set about a systematic programme of surveying and assessing the forest 

development potential of Guyana. All aspects of forestry were included-valuations, 

logging and transport studies, marketing, preservation, sawmill improvement, reorganisation 

of the department's timber plant and feasibility studies for other woodusing 

industries. This project has only recently (1970) terminated and it is, unfortunately, 

yet too early to attempt to forecast what paths the development of forestry will pursue 

in the critical years which lie immediately ahead in the life of a young developing 

nation. 

JAMAICA 

THE TOTAL LAND area ofJamaica is 4243.6 square miles ofwhich 24 per cent is forested. 

However, more than 70 per cent of the forest land has been heavily creamed whilst the 

remaining natural forest is still comparatively inaccessible. At present, State forests 

occupy 274,000 acres (or 10 per cent of the land area) with about 20,000 acres in forest 

plantations. 

The Department was officially created in 1942 under the leadership of Mr. Christopher 

Swabey, later head of the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau. Prior to this, forestry 

activity was concerned mainly with the reservation and demarcation of the Forest 

Estate and a series of investigations and reports about the dangers of deforestation 

dating as far back as 1886. The first ten years of the work of the Department was 

largely financed by a grant of £156,880 from the Colonial Development and Welfare 

Organisation, and included an annual afforestation programme of about 400 acres. 

While continuing the extension of this conservation-oriented programme, the Forest 

Department also fostered the birth of the Watersheds Protection Commission in 1957, 

which became a separate agency in 1960. Having started with one professional and 10 

field officers, the staff complement now provides for six professional and 40 nonprofessional 

officers. 

The early forest plantings were carried out to cover up the scars of indiscriminate 

deforestation caused by shifting agriculture, and have resulted in a large number of 

species/age classes scattered throughout the forest estate. With the attainment of 

political independence in 1962, a plan underlying the possible role of forestry in the 

development of the national economy was approved and the annual planting programme 

was increased to 1,600 acres in 1963 largely in an attempt ultimately to 

replace imported forest products, to provide job opportunities in rural areas and to 

increase production from land of low productivity. By 1968 this annual target was 

increased to 3,000 acres and 15 miles of access roads, providing casual employment for 

nearly 10,000 individuals in that particular year. 

At the same time in 1967 a five year project sponsored jointly by the Government 

and the United Nations Special Fund (F.A.O.) got under way to provide the necessary 

information on which to base long term development plans for forestry and watershed 

management. In general, the Forestry side of the project is concerned with detailed 

mapping of the Forest Estate, an inventory of natural forests and plantations, silvicultural 

research, feasibility studies of forest industries and the preparation of 

management plans for specific areas. The Watershed Management part of the programmeis 

providingbothdemonstrationandtraining opportunities useful in developing 

an island-wide programme for conserving soil and water resources in upland regions. 

In addition to its normal forestry activities, the Department has been providing 

modest recreation facilities in the scenic areas of the forest and with the recent increase

THE WEST INDmS 165 

is being increased by 200 annually. In 1954, enrichment planting of mixed hardwoods 

was started. There are 1,100 acres, increasing annually by 75. 

Exploitation, Trade and Industries 

Control of exploitation is effected either by minimum girth limits or by restricting 

exploitation within annually demarcated ,blocks. A swing to mechanisation i.e. from 

axes to power saws and from bulls to farm tractors has taken place in most of the 

harvesting operations. 

The annual yield from Government forests stands at 18.5 million bd. ft. yet Trinidad 

and Tobago is heavily dependent on timber imports averaging 22.5 million bd. ft. arid 

costing $6.5 million T.T. Export principally offurniture timbers average 0.5 million bd. 

ft. at a value of $200,000 T.T. ' 

Many of the timbers which were not formerly used are now more widely accepted as 

a result ofadvances in science and technology and also as the forests become more and 

more inaccessible. There are 65 sawmills in the country. The Trinidad Match factory 

using Jereton (Didymopanax morototoni) consumed 84,000 cu. ft. in 1969. In 1970 a 

parquet tile industry utilising various local woods commenced operations. There are 

three preservative plants-Boliden K, Celcure and Wolman Salts. There are also 

several wood working industries which are manufacturing doors,windows, furniture 

and handicrafts. The Division also has its own sawmill, creosoting and fencing plants 

for the utilisation ofsmall size teak thinnings. There are no pulpmills, plywood, veneer 

or particle board industries. 

Research 

Most of the present research work is concentrated in the following fields: 

(i) Planting trials of both local and exotic species. 

(ii) The use of fertilisers in Teak and Pine Plantations. 

(Hi) Variations in Teak and Pine spacing. 

(iv) Tree Breeding-selection of plus trees, observations on clonal gardens, one 

parent progeny trials and establishment of seed orchards. 

(v) The effect of drainage on Teak and Pine in seasonally waterloged areas. 

(vi) Thinning experiments in Teak and Pines. 

To date, none of these have been concluded. However, investigations in 1966 

revealed that pine logs are very susceptible to blue stain but could be controlled by 

spraying with 0.1 per cent gamma B.H.C. In 1967, because of the possibility ofdisease 

introduction (Neetria eueurbitula) a ban was placed on the importation of live Xmas 

trees. 

Staff 

At present there are only five professional officers including the Conservator, :hiS 

Deputy and an officer on loan under U.K. Technical Assistance Scheme. The subordinate 

monthly paid field staff comprises 118 persons of which 11 are trained. Daily 

paid employees number 160 permanent labourers and approximately 550 casuals. 

Training 

In 1967 a United Nations Special Fund project to provide training for subordinate 

technical staff to serve Trinidad and Tobago primarily and the West Indies in general 

was launched. The course is for two years and a Diploma is awarded on successful 

completion. 12 persons have already graduated, the annual intake being six. ·Three 

persons pursuing professional degrees are expected in 1971 and 1973. 

Wildlife and Tourism 

Attempts are being made to re-stock Little Tobago with Paradisea apoda (Bird of 

Paradise) since the original number of 48 at the time of introduction had dwindled to 

approximately seven partly through sterility and partly through Hurricane Flora in 

1963. The Caroni Game Sanctuary in Trinidad has become a popular attraction both 

for local and oversea tourists. There are now over 12,000 Scarlet Ibis roosting in this 

area.

. , 

FORMER COMMONWEALTH TERRITORIES 

PALESTINE 

There is evidence to show that in biblical times Palestine was well wooded. At the 

time ofthe Crusades accounts ofbattles make frequent reference to forests. Destruction 

offorest cover has been progressive throughout history and accelerated in the last one 

hundred years. At the commencement ofthe British Mandate in 1923 all that remained 

of the natural vegetation were a few pitiful grazed-down fragments barely enough to 

conceal the herds of goats which had been chiefly -responsible for its destruction. 

The Report of the Palestine Administration 1920-21 recognised the need for reforestation 

and protection of surviving trees and proposed the promulgation of a 

"Woods and Forests" Ordinance based on the Cyprus Laws. This work was initially 

entrusted to the staff of the Department of Agriculture. 

In 1926 a new Forests Ordinance was passed authorising the establishment of 

Forest Reserves on uncultivated land which was not private property, and providing 

for their protection. 

It was itnpossible for the Agricultural Officers to devote adequate time to the 

demarcation, survey and protection of Forest Reserves. In 1930 therefore a separate 

Forestry section was set up in the Department of Agriculture and Forests. The staff 

of the section though hampered by lack of funds and frustrated by Land Settlement 

procedure, could at least concentrate on their tasks. The realisation of the ruinous 

condition of the hill-country was slowly gowing, and the establishment of a separate 

Department of Forests in 1936 seemed to indicate a determination to act on a scale 

more commensurate with the vastness of the problem. However, the outbreak of 

civil disturbances, mush more widespread and prolonged than any since the beginning 

of the Mandate, put a stop to hopes of expansion. From March 1936 to the summer of 

1939 the main "objects of management" were to protect the Reserves from encroachments 

and where possible the vegetation from destruction, without loss of life or limb. 

Efforts in these directions were more successful than might have been expected. 

The outbreak of World War II not unnaturally altered the position, and internal 

security improved. No steps were taken to import stocks of firewood from Turkey 

before the sea route was closed, and a great strain was put on the battered remnants 

of the vegetation in Palestine by military and civilian demands for firewood. 

During the war it proved possible to form a Soil Conservation Board, with official 

and unofficial members all concerned with different aspects of soil erosion and its 

effects. In 1941, the Flooding and Soil Erosion (Prevention) Ordinance was passed 

under which several specially dangerous slopes were gazetted as Special Areas and 

subjected to certain restrictive controls. The Tiberias Special Area came under the care 

ofthe Department ofForests, which was able to act effectively to prevent the repetition 

of recent past annual damage and occasional catastrophes. 

In 1945, the Public Committee for Soil Conservation, an organisation of Jewish 

fanners, was formed, and in three years converted almost all Jewish Agriculture to 

soil-conserving practices. 

A revised Forest Ordinance, passed in 1948, cleared up many anomalies in the old 

law, gave more control over private land, and in general would have proved a more 

effective weapon in the perpetual struggle for forest protection. 

By the end of the Mandate in 1948 and in spite of constant civil disturbances, the 

Forest Department had accomplished a great deal. Some 84,300 hectares of Forest 

Reserves had been gazetted of which 83 per cent had been demarcated. Unfortunately 

complete protection from grazing and browsing had only been extended to some 9 per 

cent of the area. 

aetween the two wars output offorest produce was restricted to firewood and small 

hardwood billets, chiefly oak. It is recorded that any figures would be meaningless 

as the amount removed illicitly always exceeded that removed legitimately. During 

lS6

FORMER COMMONWEALTH TERRITORIES 169 

in 1932. This laid down a division of function between the Department operating 

within the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Provincial Authorities in the Adininistration 

of the country's forests. The Chief Conservator became responsible for 

supplying the central needs of the country in timber and wood fuel to government 

departments and the larger towns, while the Provincial Authorities were responsible 

for ensuring permanent supplies of forest produce for local and village use. While 

the central Reserves grew in number from the outset, Provincial Reserves tended to 

stagnate and never became fully operative. 

The first major step was the inauguration of sawmilling on the Blue Nile and in 

the south to supply railway sleepers and a modest quantity of furniture wood, under 

the supervision of expatriate staff but manned entirely by Sudanese, who had to be 

trained from scratch. At the same time central Forest Reserves were surveyed and 

gazetted. At the outbreak of war the Department was well placed to meet the extraordinary 

demands made upon it. The sawmilling programme was increased by the 

installation of additional mills, the introduction of the hand sawing of railway 

sleepers, the organisation of animal transport to replace lorries, the use of rafts to 

supplement the river services and a road building programme to open up otherwise 

inaccessible areas. Among the projects undertaken was the erection of a Charcoal 

Briquetting Plant involving many experiments with differing types of pitch as binder. 

The demand for firewood and charcoal grew to major proportions, over 1,000 tons 

of the former and 250 tons of the latter being put on rail weekly, in addition to the 

increased local demands for domestic fuel, industry, and a busy fleet of river steamers. 

At the end of the war the opportunity was taken to open a Forest Rangers School 

at Khartoum, with members of the demobilised Sudan Defence Force as the first 

intake. A start was also made with sending students to Edinburgh to take the normal 

Forestry Degree. 

With less pressure on production, reservation and reafforestation of the acacia 

reserves was expanded together with the introduction of exotics, in the north by the 

formation of irrigated eucalyptus plantations, in the south by extended plantings of 

Tectona grandis on the plains and Cupressus lusitanica in the hills. 

The gradual replacement of woodbuming steamers by diesels lowered the dem.ands 

on the riverside wood stations to such an extent that the Department gave up the 

hire of the old stern wheeler, which for so many years had provided home and 

transport for the White Nile Assistant Conservator, and additionally free transport to 

the Game Warden for any animals, from lion downwards, being moved from the 

south to Khartoum and European zoos. 

Soil conservation was tackled with vigour by an interdepartm.ental committee, 

although the physical complementation was largely left in the hands of the Forest 

Department. Green Belts were planted and maintained round major towns and local 

measures were aided elsewhere. The introduction of trout from Kenya to the mountain 

streams of the Southern Sudan, a major administrative feat, was cheerfully 

undertaken. 

However the result of the Forest Department's efforts may best be judged by the 

efficiency and enthusiasm of the Sudanese who were able to carry on and expand 

the reservation and planting programmes. The first Sudanese Chief Conservator 

Kamel Shawki was appointed in 1955 immediately prior to the country becoming 

an Independent Republic in 1956.

BRITISH UNIVERSITIE8-DEPARTMENTS OF FORESTRY 

FORESTRY EDUCATION AND RESEARCH AT 

OXFORD UNIVERSITY 

The School of Forestry 

THE SCHOOL of Forestry at Oxford University was opened in 1905, as a result of the 

closure of the Royal Indian Engineering College at Cooper's Hill near Windsor where 

probationers for the Indian Forest Service had been trained under Sir William 

Schlich for the previous 19 years. Prolonged discussions had taken place as to 

how and where the probationers should be trained. Schlich was emphatic that it 

should be at a University. Also, on account of the small numbers, it should be concentrated 

in one place. It was only after strong persuasion that Oxford University 

agreed to establish the school. Contributory factors were the strong support received 

from St. John's College, which not only put the facilities of Bagley Wood, which 

they owned, at the disposal of the School for practical work but, in 1908, provided 

a new building for the School adjoining the School of Rural Economy which they had 

also built. ' 

Despite Schlich's strongest representations, the University was unwilling to accept 

Forestry as a degree subject, but a Diploma was instituted, the qualifications for entry 

requiring a University degree. Several months' practical work on the Continent was 

required very much as in the Cooper's Hill days. Up to the outbreak of war in 1914, 

118 men had taken the Diploma, 91 of whom went to India. 

Schlich retired in 1919. Prior to that he had made strong representations for the 

endowment of a University Chair in Forestry but his wish was only fulfilled in 1919 

after his retirement in that year. The Professorship was attached to St. John's College 

at its request, and R. S. Troup, a member of the Indian Forest Service and a former 

pupil of Schlich (at Cooper's Hill) was elected. 

After the war the degree qualification for entry was waived and Forestry became a 

three-year Pass Degree subject, though the Diploma was continued for some years. 

Between 1919 and 1927 205 men passed through the school of whom 107 went to 

India. 

In 1926, India started training her own officers and recruitment from the U.K. 

ceased altogether in 1933. Though this caused a sudden drop in numbers, the increasing 

demands of the Colonial Service largely took its place. The Forestry Commission 

also sent a steady though small number of men for training. 

A case for making Forestry an Honours degree was put to the University in 1936 

but was rejected by a narrow majority. 

When the Imperial Forestry Institute was founded in 1924 the School of Forestry 

retained its separate organisation and administration, though most of the staff and 

facilities were shared. Prof. Troup was the Head of both institutions. In 1938 a fundamental 

change was made as the School and the Institute were amalgamated into the 

"Department of Forestry". 

The Imperial Forestry Institute 

At the first Empire Forestry Conference held in London in 1920, the need for an 

Empire centre for advanced studies and research in forestry was stressed. The proposals 

of the Conference were however turned down on grounds of financial stringency. 

The matter was however brought up again at the second Empire Conference in Canada 

in 1923, and backed by the findings of an Interdepartmental Committee under the 

Chairmanship of Lord Clinton, it was decided to establish an Imperial Forestry 

Institute at Oxford and that it should be linked with the Forestry School with Professor 

Troup as its first Director. Accommodation and some staff were to be shared with 

the School and some extra staff recruited. It actually came into being in 1924. It was 

supervised by a Board of Governors whose first Chairman was Lord Clinton, and 

170

BRITISH UNIVERSITIES-DEPARTMENTS OF FORESTRY 111 

financed by grants from the Colonial Office and the ForestryCommisslonancf"by 

contributions from Colonial and Dominion Governments. 

The activities ofthe Institute rapidly increased. Further accommodation soonbecaJne 

an urgent necessity and was provided by temporary expedients. By 1936 the administrative 

load on the Professor had become so heavy that in order to relieve the burden t 

a separate Director, Mr. J. N. Oliphant with no teaching commitments was appointed, 

leaving the Professor still in overall charge. However the divided responsibility was 

found to be so unsatisfactory, that a Committee was set up to consider the complete 

re-organisation of all the forestry activities within the University. As a result it was 

decided to amalgamate the Institute and the School into a unified Department of 

Forestry, and, as far as the University was concerned, the Imperial Forestry Institute 

ceased to exist except as the name of the building in which the new Department of 

Forestry worked. 

However the functions of the School in the education of foresters for their first 

degree and for those proceeding to higher degrees remained as before and the Institute 

functions of post graduate training of Forest Officers, running special courses required 

for Empire forestry, collecting and disseminating information, etc. carried on as 

previously. Finances were also kept separate, so that in fact there was not much change 

except for the fact that all the staff and all the facilities ofthe Department were equally 

available and better coordination of activities was achieved. 

Professor Troup died rather suddenly in 1939 just after all this upheaval, and H. G. 

Champion was called from India to succeed him. He was the third in line of ex 

Indian Forest Service officers to fill the post, and both he and Troup had made a 

mark itl India as Central Silviculturists at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. 

The Department of Forestry 

The second World War had broken out by the time Champion took the chair. The 

new Department had hardly had time to settle down when it was disrupted by war 

requirements. It was still in very crowded and inconvenient accommodation, though 

plans for a big new building had been almost finalised and action had been taken to 

start raising money. As long ago as 1930, £25,000 out of a most munificent gift made 

by H.R. the Rajah of Sarawak for furthering Colonial interests was allocated to the 

Institute for a new building. Support was promised from the Rhodes and Pilgrim 

Trusts and some smaller donations were received. A grant of £45,000 was made by 

the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund bringing the total up to the estimated 

cost in 1938. A site in the science area in S. Parks Road had been allocated and plans 

had been drawn up by Sir Hubert Worthington, A.R.A so that everything was ready 

to begin work as soon as hostilities ceased. Costs had, in the meantime, risen and the 

University made good the difference between the 1938 and 1945 estimates. Meanwhile 

an appeal was made at the Empire Forestry Conference held in London and Oxford 

in 1947 for gifts of timber for panelling and furnishing the Institute. This met with 

universal and generous response. Wood of over 60 species was received and used for 

panelling, flooring, doors, furniture etc. throughout the building. The building was 

formally opened by H.R.H. Princess Margaret on 19th October, 1950. 

Students were relatively few during the war but immediately after there was a big 

demand for forest officers for the Colonial territories and classes, both at the undergraduate 

and post graduate levels were full. Much new research was started and several 

important compilations were issued. Champion retired in 1959 after 19 very productive 

years in the Chair. 

He was succeeded by M. V. Laurie who was the last of the line ofex-Indian Forest 

Service officers to hold the post and who had also, been Central Silviculturist at Dehra 

Dun like his two predecessors. Considerable changes were taking place in the forestry 

scene. Many former Colonies had achieved independence and were staffing their 

Forest Departments with their own nationals. Several countries started training 

their own men notably Nigeria, New Zealand and more recently East Africa at 

Makerere. Numbers of undergraduates wishing to read forestry fell to uneconomic


He was appointed Lecturer in Forestry in 1912 and subsequently became Professor 

of Forestry-a post he held with distinction until his retirement in 1947. 

The Department was closed down in 1916-19 when the staff were engaged in 

timber acquisition work for the First World War. It was revived in 1920 when, in 

addition to the degree and diploma courses, several short courses were arranged for 

ex-Service men. From 1922 to 1945 the number of Forestry students remained 

remarkably steady with a total complement of 12 to 15 per year. In addition, an equal 

number of Agricultural students followed courses in the Department. This close-knit 

community, despite its small size, exerted a strong influence on the wider sphere of 

College activities and during the inter-war period the lists of student officials, both 

athletic and social, are liberally sprinkled with the names of past foresters. One may 

also assume, since these students attained positions of authority at home and abroad 

in forest enterprises, that they obtained a sound grounding in Forestry both within 

the College and on vacation tours in France, the New Forest and the Dean. It is 

rumoured that Bangor foresters became so well known to the landlady of a farm 

guest house in the Dean from the early twenties that she used to greet all overseas 

visitors with the standard query, "No pork, no beef, or no meat at all?" When under 

wartime conditions of rationing she mistakenly applied this question to a dark-haired, 

quick-witted Celt from South Wales, she received the prompt reply-"Don't worry 

luv, I'll eat duck or chicken." 

After the Second World War the number of students in the Department increased 

substantially and for the period 1945 to 1965 remained steady at 50-55 per year, of 

which about a quarter came from overseas. In 1947, Professor E. C. Mobbs was 

appointed to the Chair of Forestry and in 1952 an Honours degree was instituted. 

The Department was one of the first to have a new building in the post-war development. 

It was opened in 1955. 

The introduction of an Honours degree and the modern facilities available in the 

new building led to a rapid expansion in research within the Department as well as 

providing an impetus to the continual updating of the undergraduate courses. Later, 

with the addition of a General degree (with Honours classification), students were 

able to study other related subjects in depth, such as Economics, Entomology and 

Plant Biology, in conjunction with Forestry. 

In 1966, on Professor Mobbs' retirement, Professor S. D. Richardson was appointed 

to the Chair of Forestry and soon dispelled any lingering illusions that a Chair was 

meant for the sedentary control of committees or that Forestry was bound by the 

accumulated traditions ofthe past. The forests (and primitive art) offar off West Irian, 

Swaziland or Ghana were discussed in the Department as freely as those of nearby 

Gwydyr or Clocaenog; and students argued more about economic appraisals and 

business management than silvicultural systems. 

Another major step forward was taken in 1968 when the University ofWales became 

the first University in the Commonwealth to offer an Honours degree in Wood Science. 

The course is designed to fill a gap in full-time education for the timber trade and woodusing 

industries, and the syllabus includes the three major fields of Wood as a Raw 

Material; Timber Utilisation; and Economics and Business Studies. The extensive 

alterations made to the basement of the Forestry Department have provided teaching 

and research facilities for wood anatomy, veneering, pulp evaluation, kiln drying, 

timber preservation and the mechanical and chemical study of wood. Also in 1968, 

the Natural Environment Research Council approved a substantial grant for the 

establishment of a Xylem Physiology Research Unit and the Museum was converted 

into research laboratories equipped with growth chambers. 

Relations between staff and students have always been good, and it would appear 

that Forestry"attracts young men who, although imbued with a spirit of independence 

and possessing strong personalities, express themselves in a constructive and cooperative 

manner. The Forestry Society, organised and run by students, has published 

a learned journal ("Y Coedwigwr") since 1948. In 1965 they inaugurated a three-day


would become that of Forestry and Natural Resources. Dr. C. J. Taylor acted as Head 

of Department until Professor J. N. Black arrived in Edinburgh in January 1964. The 

new Professor had been Reader in Crop Ecology at the Waite Agricultural Research 

Institute. 

In all 839 students have graduated B.Sc. (Forestry). This degree was replaced in 1966 

by the B.Sc. (Ecol.Sc.) with its four Honours Schools of Ecology, Forestry, Resource 

Management and Wildlife and Fisheries Management. Implementation of the new 

course was made possible by the move to a new and very well equipped building in 1968 

and an increase in teaching staff to 14. Teaching and the obligatory field courses aim to 

produce graduates with a proper appreciation of the processes controlling biological 

production and with a good grounding in management and economics. As specialisation, 

in its accepted sense, does not take place till the 4th year, the students appreciate 

the overall need-for co-operation in resource management and planning. At the same 

time there has been a big increase in postgraduate studies in the Department. 

THE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, 

CAMBRIDGE 

THF FOLLOWING ACCOUNT of the short-lived School of Forestry, Cambridge (1909-33) 

has been compiled from information supplied by the sole surviving member of the 

teaching staff, Mr. E. H. B. Boulton, lecturer on timber technology. Forestry was 

introduced as a subject at Cambridge in 1909 in conjunction with the Department of 

Agriculture. Classes were held in two rented rooms in the Swiss Cafe in Benet Street. 

Initially tuition was given by a series of external lecturers including Dr. A. Henry, 

co-author of "Trees of Great Britain". The first two students were Mr. A. P. Long, 

later a Forestry Commissioner and a Japanese. The first Reader in Forestry was 

Professor William Dawson from the School of Forestry, Aberdeen, appointed in 

1913; at Aberdeen he had held the title of Professor and although only a Reader at 

Cambridge continued to use the title on the grounds that "once a Professor, always a 

Professor". His arrival coincided with the completion ofa fine new School ofForestry, 

a building which up to the time of its closure was undoubtedly the finest and best 

equipped forestry school in Britain. (It is now the School of Geography.) 

At the outbreak of the 1914-18 War this new building became the headquarters of 

the Eastern Counties Timber Production Board under the control of the recently 

appointed Reader in Forestry; he was awarded the O.B.E. for this work. 

In 1918 the School was again opened for teaching. In the immediate post-war years 

ex-members of the forces were given short courses and awarded Diplomas. Normal 

entrants took a three-year Pass Degree, not entirely a satisfactory arrangement as the 

Colonial Office, at that time the biggest recruiting agency, required candidates to take 

a Post-Graduate fourth year at Oxford. Meanwhile in 1922 the Cambridge Diploma 

as a short course was abolished and replaced by a Diploma requiring fourth year 

studies and a thesis. 

The School of Forestry building is worthy of mention. Every room, corridor and 

classroom featured some special timber. The Reader's room was panelled in Brown 

Oak with Yew block flooring. The laboratory benches were all in Pyinkadu, then a 

comparatively unknown timber, the preparation and fitting of which was all done 

personally by Mr. BOldton and the late Mr. H. A. Cox. In the basement ofthe building 

was a complete workshop with circular saws, planers, four-cutters and a lathe. The two 

teaching floors provided lecture rooms, library, laboratory and staff rooms. A third 

floor provided accommodation for miscellaneous exhibits. 

The School's timber collection at the time of "dissolution" amounted to 3,600 

specimens cut in four foot planks mounted on dowels, all with matching hand 

specimens. This collection had been started by Mr. Herbert Stone, a famous character 

who delivered his lectures on timber in a skull cap, puffing clouds of smoke over his 

classes from a large cherrywood pipe. On the closure of the School this timber collection 

was divided equally between F.P.R.L., Princes Risborough and The City ofLondon

BRITISH UNIVERSITIES-DEPARTMENTS OF FORESTRY 171 

College. The Princes Risborough share is still intact, the City of London College share 

was destroyed in the Blitz. 

A visiting lecturer worthy of mention 'was Mr. Warburton, Entomology, who died 

quite recently at the great age of 105. In the interests of science he once permitted a 

warble fly to deposit an egg on his wrist, some months later the warble had to be 

removed from the back of his throat under an anaesthetic. 

In the late twenties came the Great Depression, Colonial Office recruitment came to 

a standstill, the I.F.S. had embarked on Indianisation, grants ceased and as the Schooi 

received no finance from the University Chest the writing was on the wall. The School 

closed in 1933. 

In retrospect it is doubtful whether the continuation of the School would have been 

justified bearing in mind the fact that Oxford had been chosen as the site for the 

Commonwealth Forestry Institute. 

Cambridge can claim to have been the forerunner in the teaching of timber 

technology and for that, if nothing else, its brief existence was justified. The inaugural 

meeting of the International Association of Wood Anatomists was held at the School 

in' 1924 under the Chairmanship of Mr. Boulton, founder.Jllembers including Jean 

Collardet of Ecole de Bois, Paris, Professor Record of Yale, Dr. Swain and Dr: 

Oadswell of Australia, Dr. Rendle of F.P.R.L. and Dr. Chalk of Oxford. The School 

of Forestry, Cambridge can' also claim to be responsible for the first teaching ofTimber 

Technology to the Trade with the initiation of evening classes ·given by Mr. Boulton 

at The City of London College. Mr. Boulton was later to be responsible for the setting 

up of the Institute of Wood Science and the Timber Development Association. 

The Cambridge tradition did not die with the closure of the School. Graduates from 

Cambridge were to hold high positions in their profession in many lands..Here, in 

Britain E. C. Mobbs and M. V. Laurie both of Cambridge were later to become 

Professors of Forestry at Bangor and Oxford respectively. 

7


the industries it serves. This re-orientation of the work of the Laboratory has been 

assisted by an internal re-organisation which took place in 1968. In place of the former 

sections there are now seven research groups and an information group, falling in 

three Divisions (Structures and Building, Production and Processing, Preservation). 

One effect of the re-organisation has been to bring scientists and engineers together 

more closely in dealing with subjects in which they have a common interest. 

A further rearrangement of Government departments took place in 1970, leading 

to the disbandment of the Ministry of Technology and the transfer of the Laboratory 

to the newly formed Department of the Environment. This emphasises the important 

ties which exist between the Laboratory and the construction industry, which provides 

the largest single outlet for wood and wood products. It underlines also the Laboratory's 

concern with codes and standards for use and protection of wood, a material whose 

performance is very significant in the human environment. 

It is not possible in a sh,ort article to list the achievements of the Laboratory. In the 

course of over 40 years there have been a number of notable advances, but its main 

strength lies in the depth ofinformation that is available on all aspects of the utilisation 

ofwood and in the steady progress that has been made in achieving a better understanding 

ofthe fundamental properties ofwood, learning more about its technical behaviour, 

and developing processes, machinery and materials for its more efficient utilisation. In 

this note we have looked backwards and traced briefly the development of the 

Laboratory from its foundation to the present time. The Laboratory is not, however, a 

backward-looking but a forward-looking organisation and this is well expressed in the 

theme of Open Days to be held in 1971-Timber Today and Tomorrow. 

Acknowledgement: This paper is published by permission of the Department of the 

Environment.

FORESTRY ADVISERS 

No 'historical record of the Commonwealth Forestry Association w()1;1ld ,be 

complete without some reference, 'however brief, to the post of Forestry Adviser. 

Originally created 'in 1941 and designated Forestry Adviser to the Secretary of 

State for the Colonies, the title was successively changed to Forestry Adviser to the 

Minister of the Department of Technical Co-operation; to the Minister of Overseas 

Development and, finally, to the Minister of the Overseas Development Administra. 

tion of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. .' 

The connection 'between the Forestry Advisers and the Association is not far to 

see:k; the first holder of the post, the late W. A. Ro·bertson, had been an editor of 

the Empire Forestry Journal. All holders of the post have been members of the 

Governing Council and the Executive Committee and as such played a big part in 

framing the destinies of the Associatio·n. 

As mentioned, the first 'holder of the post was W. A. RO'bertson, one of ,the last 

batch of students to join the Indian Forest Service from Coopers Hill. Retiring 

from Burma in 1932, he firstly edited the Empire Forestry Journal and in 1933 was 

appointed Director, F.P.R.L. at Princes Risborough, a post he held until 1945, 

during the last four years of which he also undertook the duties of Forestry 

Adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in an honorary capacity. From 

1945 to 1950 he devoted all his energies to the post of Adviser and it was during 

these post-war years when he travelled extensIvely that 'he became well known to 

mem'bers of the Colonial Forest Service. Retiring on reaching the age limit in 

1950, 'he continued as an active member of the Governing' Council until 1963 and 

was a regular attender at all meetings of the Association. 

The choice of a successor to Robertson was Frank Collier, a member of the 

C.F.S. and recently retired as Chief Conservator, Nigeria. Although best known 

as a sportsman and naturalist, Collier had made his mark on West African forestry 

during his 28 years in Nigeria and if the Indian tradition was to be broken he was 

the obvious choice. Collier in turn during 'his six years in office toured widely and 

became well kno'wn to officers of :the C.F.S. Ill-health forced him to relinquish the 

post earlier than he mig'ht otherwise have done. 

The next holder of the post was Christopher Swabey, than whom no one had a 

wider kno,wledge of Colonial territories; he had served in four countries and been 

head of three services. Like his predecessors 'he toured widely and in addit'ion held 

the distinction of being appointed Chairman of the VlIIth Commonwealth Forestry 

Conference held in East Africa in 1962. A noteworthy innovation during Swabey's 

tenure of office was the Adviser's Newsletter whereby serving officers were kept in 

to'uch with developme,nts in other territories. In 1965 he vacated the post to take 

over the Directorship of the Commonweatl1h Forestry Bureau, Oxford, from whic·h 

he has recently retired. 

On Swabey's relinquishing the post he was succeeded by W. E. M. Logan who 

a few years earlier 'had succeeded him as Chief Conservator, Uganda. Logan only 

remained in the post a matter of three years, finding world travel and commuting 

to London from his home in Bucking'h1amshire conflicted with his farming ambitions. 

In 1968 John Wyatt-Smith succeeded Logan as Adviser. Wyatt-Smith had 

joined the Malayan Forest Servlice in 1939; apart from a brief spell in Nigeria 

1942-44 all his service was in Malaya. He left Malaya in 1963, shortly after 

Independe'nce, with the rank of Conservator and as Silvicul:turist at the Forest 

Research Institute at Kepong. On leaving Malaya he held an F.A.D. appointment 

as Professor of Forestry at the newly forme'd Department of Forestry, University 

of Ibadan, Nigeria, until succeeding Logan in 1968. 

181


Five Advisers in the short space -of thirty years have brought to bear on Commonwealth 

Forestry the traditions and forestry knowledge of the Indian Forest 

Service,_ West Africa, the West Indies, East Africa and now Malaysia with its 

unique Dipterocarp silviculture.

FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING·.:--.]UBILEE YEAR 185 

developments within the Association during. the past few years which has givoll·;me 

particular satisfaction, it is a< development which should prove of inestimable. value 

to the Association during the years ahead. A development which will I hope embrace 

not only those in this.country but throughout the Commonwealth; .but I am now in 

danger of trespassing on the ground to be covered by the Editor/Secretary; I'shall 

listen with considerable interest to his views on the future development of the 

Association. 

As members will be aware, our Patron is Her Majesty the Queen. On such occasions 

as a Golden Jubilee it is customary to send Her Majesty a Loyal Message; this I have 

done on your behalf, it is quite brief, I will read it to you: (See page 89). 

In reply the following gracious message has been received from Her Majesty (See 

page 89). 

Before closing there remains one brief duty on a rather sad note..Since our meeting 

last year death has removed CoL W. F. Chipp from our midst and I think it is 

appropriate to pay a brief tribute to his memory. Col. Chipp had a brilliant record in 

two World Wars;' to us he was our librarian for twenty-one years. His biography 

appeared in a recent copy of the Review. To that I can only add a comment from one 

of our members. "He was a fine old Warrior, the like of whom we seldom see". 

Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion I commend to you the future success and 

prosperity of the Association. 

I now invite the Chairman to present the Annual Report'of the Governing Council. 

The Chairman, Sir Arthur Gosling, then presented the annual report of the 

Governing Council. As all members had received a printed copy of this report he 

contented himself with brief reference to highlights of the year. Of major importance 

was the continuing satisfactory financial situation which revealed a· surplus of £774. 

The membership position again showed a net increase in membership but there was 

considerable scope for improvement. The unfortunate "loss" situation on the Schlich 

Memorial Fund had been faced and this investment transferred to a dated stock which 

would in due course enable the Fund to recoup some of the loss. The adoption of the 

report was moved by Sir Stuart Mallinson, seconded by Dr. H. C. Dawkins. 

Election of Honorary Life Members 

The Executive Committee had nominated the following members for election by 

the Annual General Meeting as Honorary Life Members to mark the occasion of the 

Association's Golden Jubilee. The Chairman said a few words about each recipient 

of this honour. 

Sir Harry Champion 

Sir Harry was too well-known to the forestry world to need any introduction. He 

had at all times been a keen supporter of the Association and taken a prominent 

part in all policy framing. 

Mr. J. B. Clements 

Mr. Clements was the solve surviving founder member of the Association. Retiring 

as ChiefConservator ofForests, Nyasaland, he was now enjoying retirement in Devon. 

Mr. H. R. MacMillan 

:Mr. MacMillan was the Chairman of the Canadian firm MacMillan BloedelLitnited 

and had done a great deal to further the Association's interests in Canada. Prior to 

his career in the timber trade Mr. MacMillan had been a forest Officer in British 

Columbia. 

On the proposal of the Chairman these elections were carried unanimously. 

Election of Members, to the Governing Council 

The following mem,bers of the Governing Council were re-elected: Abdul Majid 

Bin Haji Mohamed Shahid, Sir Harry Champion, Messrs. W. E. M. Logan, ,R. G.

By APPOINTMENT 

To HER. MAJESTY THE QUEEN 

PRINTERS AND STATIONERS 

OXLEY &. SON (WINDSOR) LTD. 

2-4 VICtORIA STREETt WINDSOR


A. L. Poole 

of photographs of animals in the wild and compiled under Lindsay Poole's direction. 

Intensive development of forestry and forest industries in New Zealand since the 

1950 has made oversea inspections by senior forestry officer increasingly necessary

A. L. POOLE 193 

and has also created a demand for access to their expertise in manipulating man-made 

forests. Lindsay Poole has participated prominently both in weighing up developments 

overseas and as a leader in deliberations of international technical aid organisations 

in various parts of the world. 

As to policy, the Forest Service under Lindsay Poole has followed the recommendation 

in his book'Forestry in New Zealand: 

"Although forestry practice n1ust be flexible enough to be able to adjust to 

worthwhile changes, it must not be so susceptible to alteration as to be overthrown 

or harmed either by design or by the indirect results of self-interested 

action of business and industry." 

Perhaps one of the major achievements of Lindsay Poole's era has been the 

rationalisation of the Forest Service. He has made forest management, in its broadest 

sense of the word, the central theme of the department's organisation. Planning, 

including preparation of the forestry planning model, the development of forest 

working plans and on a broader scale, regional planning, has received great emphasis..f! 

Much weight is now given to the economics of forestry, particularly the economic 

analysis of alternatives. 

Planting, increased in Entrican's time, has been greatly accelerated in recent years, 

backed by an awakened interest in afforestation shown by private companies, local 

bodies, private individuals, and general support by the public, which sees forestry 

development as one of the main alternatives to over-dependence on farming production. 

This has led to an expansion in forestry extension work by the department. 

With the increase in planting over the years there has been a parallel rise in the 

number of forests being utilised. Leasing of land for afforestation and efficient conversion 

provisos for long-term sales of timber from State forests have also been a 

feature of this period. 

Emphasis has not been solely on managemel1t and planning; greater importance 

has also been attached to the role of the Utilisation Development Division and to the 

varied work carried out by the Forest Research Institute. For the latter, advisory 

.committees including representatives of commercial interests have been established 

to assist in determining priorities in research. 

Lindsay Poole has directed the Forest Service towards positive steps in recreational 

use of forests including the establishment of forest parks, the development of amenity 

planting and picnic sites, and especially the adoption of a policy of managing all 

State forests on multiple-use principles, a concept now being taken up by large 

afforestation companies. 

The Forestry Development Conference, held in February 1969 to review the role of 

forestry and the forest industries and to indicate their potential, must rank as one 

of the highlights of Lindsay Poole's career. Of the 176 recommendations referred to 

the Forestry Development Council-a permanent body arising from the Conference 

105 recommendations have been implemented, 14partiallyimplemented, 3 not accepted, 

3 deferred; 51 still under action. These recommendations have set a pattern for important 

aspects offorestry in future. 

Lindsay Poole, an authority on New Zealand beeches (Nothofagus spp.) is the author 

of many scientific papers on botany, ecology, and forestry. He has always been an 

eminent proponent of the protection of natural resources, which in New Zealand 

context is closely related to proper appreciatiol1 of the need to control introduced 

animals that can so seriously deplete protective vegetation. 

His wide interests have been recognised by his being elected to the presidency of the 

Wellington Branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the New Zealand InstItute 

of Foresters, the New Zealand Ecological Society, and the Wellington Botanical 

Society. In recognition of his services to science in New Zealand he was made a 

Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1962. 

Retirement for Lindsay Poole will be in name only, for it is unlikely that he will be 

content to spend all his time on his principal hobby, golf, for which he once had a 4


handicap and the basic skills to become a champion. Foresters are rarely able to cut 

themselves off from. their work in retirement; Lindsay Poole is to move into a wider 

field as'chairman ofthe Soil Conservation and River Control Council, the first forester 

to hold this position. This is singular recognition ofhis attributes and ofthe importance 

offorestry expertise in the solution of soil and water conservation. 

Lindsay Poole was awarded the C.B.E. in the 1971 New Year Honours list for 

services to forestry. A fitting climax to an outstanding career.


Canadair aircraft in action. 

Pho,to by Canad'ian Courier


dramatic appeals for assistance in an all-out caIIljpaJign to contain the encroaching 

desert Iby crash re-afforestation programmes." 

"One of the 'best ways of protecting forests from fires is deliberately to set 

them alight. This piece of a'dvice was offered by Dr. C. S. Cree, Chief of the 

Timber Supply Econo,mics Branch in the Forestry and Timber Bureau of 

Canberra. He declared that delibera,te and carefully controlled fires lit in 

specific areas of the forest, to burn off 'highly inflanuna:ble un'derbus'h, could 

eliminate the danger of raging, uncontrolled fires in the future." 

"Mr. R. C. Son.;, Inspector-General of Forests, India, forecast that wood was 

going to be as important as grain to humanity in the future. He advocated a 

world-wide crash programme within the next decade. He was supported by 

delegates who suggeste-d inter alia: the afforestation of new areas, the improvement 

of tree species through genetic selection, e",pansion of ,man-made forests, 

better fire protection and pest control and improved utilisation." 

"In another paper Mr. Soni enlarged on the importance of greater -exploitati:on 

of minor forest products." 

All the above items are by no means new, they have been aired in one form 

or another at earlier W,orld Congresses 'and in our own Commonwealth Conferences. 

An even -bigger problem is that of converting theory into practice. One 

can only hope that the vario·us delegates will be able to convince their respective 

G,overnments of the urgency of the pr'oblems. 

In addition to purely forestry problems the Committee also touched on various 

wildlife problems, in particular the unfortunate aftermath of the persistent hunting 

of the larger cats to meet the demands of the fur trade. 

Mr. J. S. Sawye'rr, Chief Conservator, Sierra Leo,ne, reported large increases 

in the monkey population due to the disappearance of the leopard; in particular 

he referred to the grey vervet m-onkey which was seriously menacing farm crops. 

Senor Federico B:ascope, Chief of Bolivia's Forest Service, revealed a similar 

state of affairs when 'he told the followin'g story: 

Eight years ago, 600 people in the village of San Ramo-n, in Beni state, deep in 

the Bolivian jungle, died of a strange disease. The p-uzzled Bolivian authorities 

appealed to the American Institute for Tropical Diseases in Panama, which sent 

a party of doctors and researchers to, San Ramon. The American researchers, who 

stayed two years, diagnosed haem,orrhagic fever, an extremely dangerous disease, 

which is widespread in small mammals. It had most probably been brought into 

the village by the numerous rats, mice and other rodents which infested lit. 

Further investigations revealed that the unusual number of rodents both in the 

village and in the jungles around it was probably caused b'y a sharp decrease !in 

the number of their natural predators such as jaguars, wildcats, pumas and ocelots. 

Once a'bundant in the jungles of the region, these felines are now almost extinct 

because of constant and ruthless hunting boy the local people who sell the skins to 

traders from abroad. 

W Id P I d ON MAY 11TH in Rome F.A.O. held its Second Consultation on 

or 

nU p and World Pulp and Paper Demand, Supply and Trade. Participants 

Paper 

eman 

from 21 countrIes 

· 

were told that paper and paperbo:ard consumption 

may more than do'uble from 123 million tons in 1969 to 285 million tons 

in 1985. Assistant Director-Ge-neral of F.A.O.'s Forestry Departme,nt, Dr. B. K. 

Sleenberg, forecast that this development would afford developing c,ountries opportunities 

to expand their industrial base. 

Aff tati IN THE SEPTEMBER 1970 issue ·of the Review in "News of Mem- 

:es d oD bers" we published a brief account of afforestation work around 

Khacx:n Khartoum being carried out on the advice of Mr. A. H. Stein. 

r oum FA.D. forester. Mr. Stein has now spent ten years in the Sudan 

and his activities were recently the subject of a special F.A.O. Press Release, the

3* 


A close-up of the New Inertia Gun for Quick Forests. 

Photo by Georgia Pacific 

will reach an output of 75,000 cubic metres in 1972. This is more than current 

total capacity for constructional plywood in Swe'den. 

Vanerskog, w'hose 24,000 members own well over two million .acres of pro'ductive 

forest land, has grouped its industries under the name of Skogsagarnas Vaner-

OBITUARIES 

R. M. Gorrie, I.F.S. 

Robert Maclagen Gorrie died at his home in Edinburgh at the age of73 on 21st December 

1970. In 1923 he married Sydney Easterbrook and they spent most of their time 

together in India. Gorrie joined the Scottish Horse in 1914 when he was 17 and when 

the regiment was merged with the Cyclist Corps, unwilling to serve with what was 

popularly called the "gas-pipe cavalry", he joined the Gunners: he was commissioned 

in 1915 and served in France for much of the Great War. 

After the war Gorrie studied forestry at Edinburgh University, obtaining his B.Sc. 

in 1922 (D.Sc. in 1930) and in the same year he went to India in the Indian Forest 

Service, and was posted to the Punjab. He held charge of divisions which allowed him 

to study forests ofevery type in the province and one of these was Hoshiarur where a 

serious erosion problem existed, and it may well have been here that in his mind was 

sown the seed which grew to make him probably the first person in India to recognise 

the dire need for erosion control. 

He held several other appointments, such as Lecturer at the Forest College, Dehra 

Dun and P.A. to the Inspector General of Forests; during this time he edited the 

Indian Forester. But foremost in his mind was the need to tackle erosion; and in 1934, 

on a Leverhulme Research Fellowship, Bob Gorrie went to the D.S.A. to learn all 

he could on the subject. 

Now he was able to go ahead with his own plans for the Punjab, and it was not 

long before he was propounding through every medium possible, both the policy and 

techniques of erosion control with almost religious fervour. Ignoring the friendly 

ridicule of some of his brother officers, he set out to convert both the' administration 

and the public to his ideas, and he succeeded. 

In the early 1940s he helped to organise a Soil Conservation Circle of which he held 

charge as Conservator until 1947. Gorrie stayed on in West Pakistan until 1949 

advising the new Government on erosion matters, and then spent three years in Ceylon 

drawing up a Soil Erosion Act. Later he went on various assignments, all connected 

with erosion, in Turkey, Iran and Iraq, and again to West Pakistan where dams were 

being constructed on some of the great rivers. He had done all that was humanly 

possible to achieve his aspirations. 

He came home and devoted his energies to Scottish affairs, among which were, 

editor of The Scottish Forestry Journal, and chairman of "The Association for the 

Preservation of Rural Scotland". 

Bob Gorrie was a man of great singleness of purpose and indefatigable energy, 

ruthfully it can be said of him that in his field of activity, he left the world a better 

lace than he found it. Heleaves behindhis widow and two sons anda daughter; to them 

\ e send our most sincere sympathies. 

A.P.F.H. 

Ralph Ronald Waterer C.B.E. 

Ronald Waterer's many friends will have learnt with profound dismay of his 

untimely death on the 8th January 1971. He was killed instantaneously in a motor car 

accident: his son-in-law, Lt.-Colonel John Swift, who was driving the car at the time 

was also killed. 

Born in 1902 he was educated at Clayesmore School and Clare College, Cambridge, 

where he studied for a degree in Agriculture. Subsequently he switched over to Forestry 

and was awarded his degree in 1927. At Cambridge his principal recreation was 

rowing, and when he moved to Oxford for his post-graduate year at the Commonwealth 

Forestry Institute he not only rowed in the Brasenose College 1st Eight, but 

gained a place in the University trial eights. Although he failed to win his "blue" he 

was elected a member of the Leander Rowing Club. 

In 1928 he was appointed to the Colonial Forest Service and was posted to Cyprus 

216

OBITUARIES 

where he served for some 23 years. He held the post of Conservator of Forests for the 

last 15 years of this spell and was created a C.B.E. in 1945. It was probably for his 

achievements in Cyprus that he was best known. There he became a legend in his 

lifetime. Inspiring a splendid team, he succeeded in eradicating from the forests the 

free-ranging goat, an essential, though seemingly impossible, preliminary to the 

development which he energetically pursued. By fairness and patient diplomacy he 

won round the villagers. 

A splendid shot, he was also a keen conservationist of wild life, long before that 

attitude became commonplace. In wartime though heavily engaged in war effort in 

his civilian capacity he participated in daring exploits in occupied territory. 

When the post of Conservator of Forests, Kenya, became vacant at the end of 1950 

Ronald was offered and accepted this post, and he arrived in Kenya in March 1951. 

His service as Conservator of Forests (subsequently Chief Conservator), Kenya 

spanned the period of the Mau Mau rebellion, when normal forest activities were 

disrupted over most of the Eastern Conservancy. However he brought a fresh outlook 

and new ideas to the forestry problems of Kenya, more particularly in connection 

with the construction and expansion of the road system within the Forest Reserves 

and in stressing the importance of the wooded mountain slopes for the preservation 

of stream flow. The lessons he had learned in Cyprus applied to Kenya almost as 

vitally. His best remembered dictum was that the most valuable product of any 

forested land was water. He also showed intense interest in the wild life of Kenya, and 

as an ex-officio Trustee of the Kenya National Parks he was able to make a useful 

contribution towards ensuring the preservation of the country's wild animals. 

In 1952 Ronald attended the 6th Commonwealth Forestry Conference in Canada, 

and in 1957, on the eve of his retirement, he headed the Kenya delegation to the 7th 

Conference in Australia and New Zealand, after first undertaking a pre-Conference 

tour in Malaya. These three and a half months of touring were not only his swan-song 

in his forestry career but were a period when he was seen at his very best. The contribution 

which he made to the proceedings, both professionally and socially were very 

substantial. In addition he wrote a treatise, with much valuable comment and advice, 

on the problems of erosion in the South Island of New Zealand. 

Ronald was a man with both charm and tolerance, he inspired devoted support from 

those who served under him. But he was also forthright in purpose and having made 

up his mind he allowed nothing to deter him from his objective. He had a ready sense 

ofthe humorous and his friendly manner inspired confidence and good companionship. 

On retirement he was content to take root once more in his home county, taking up 

farming and the pursuits of an English country gentleman. 

To his widow, Nora, and daughter, Brenda, who lost her husband as well as her 

father, all who knew them will wish to extend their deepest sympathy. 

C. R. C. Donald 

E. T. Honore 

G. W. Chapman 

Donald McCo11 

A 52-year association with the forest products industry came to a close in January 

with the passing oflogging pioneer, Don McCo11 at his home in Surrey where he retired 

in 1965. 

With a degree in forestry from Washington University, Scottish-born Mr. McCo11 

joined Bloedel Stewart & Welch in 1919, then became a logging engineer at Union 

Bay and Myrtle Point in 1922. Later he was a logging operator for Byle & Groves at 

Port Alberni, then joined Alberni Pacific in 1929 as logging foreman. 

In 1931 the company was taken over by MacMillan Export and Mr. McCo11 became 

logging engineer in charge of construction and development, then logging general 

superintendent and logging manager. From 1950 he spent two years as a logging 

consultant, then became vice-president of timber and a director ofTahsis Co. until his 

retirement. 

217


He was past-president of Pacific J.,ogging Congress and the B.C. Loggers Organisation. 

During his 46 years in the industry he developed several logging methods that 

are still in use. B·· h C l b· L b F b 1971 

rltls 0 um la um erman, e ruary, 

J. A. WllSOD, I.F.S. 

J. A. Wilson passed away on 3rd May 1971. "Billy" Wilson as he was always known 

joined the I.F.S. after graduating from Cambridge in 1922 and was posted to Madras 

Presidency. All his career was spent in Madras where he held various territorial and 

specialist posts with equal competence. He was at one time senior instructor at the 

Madras Forest College, Coimbatore. For several years he was attached to the logging 

and sawmilling team organised by American experts to the reciprocal advantage of 

both parties. He was a most cheerful companion and always ready to go out of his 

way to be helpful. J M M S t 

. . . wee. 

Gerald Hoyte Hocking 

Gerald Hocking's career in forestry was many things, and a story ofreal ahievement. 

He was known first to the writer as a quiet, unassuming youth fresh from Wanganui 

Collegiate School who began studying for a degree at the Canterbury School of 

Forestry in 1927. Academically well equipped, he took his degree in the minimum four 

years; and his farming background made him a top-notch field man with axe or 

slasher, compass, chain or horse, the working tools of the junior forester forty years 

ago. Later, Hocking was in his day one of the "young Turks" offorestry, who did not 

believe-and said so in no uncertain terms-that working as a labourer in a relief 

camp at Hanmer Forest was giving himself and the country an adequate return from 

his professional training. 

Hocking's next step was to the Forest Service Head Office in Wellington where, 

still with labourer's status, he was general factotum to the ChiefInspector, C. M. Smith, 

for two years. As an earlier incumbent of the same exalted office, one can vouch for 

'the educative value of that experience. 

Promoted in 1935 to the dizzy heights offorest guard, that "dodoclass" staff group 

which was later translated to the foreman-ranger category, Hocking worked in the 

Ohakune district until a breakdown in health forced his retirement from the forestry 

scene for over five years. Only those who knew him during that period will be aware of 

the fortitude, albeit with no great patience, he showed throughout his protracted illness; 

nor could one cease to admire the hard work, both physical and intellectual, he later 

contributed to the cause of forestry, despite severe and permanent limitations. 

Pronounced fit to return to duty in 1943, Hocking spent practically the whole of 

his remaining career, stationed at Palmerston North where he became, by unanimous 

if unspoken consent, "Mr. Wellington Conservancy". His knowledge of his own 

Conservancy, its people, its resources, its potential and its needs was encyclopaedic; 

and memorials to Gerald Hocking will long remain standing in truly "permanent 

materials"-forests of his own creating. 

Probably on the basis that the only way to get an unpopular job done is to "ask a 

busy man", Hocking inevitably became editor of the New Zealand Journal ofForestry, 

holding that post from 1943 to 1951. During that era the forestry profession was almost 

clam-like in the literary sense, and his contributions, both in editorial and in editorship, 

were outstanding. He was also the New Zealand representative at the British Commonwealth 

Forestry Conference held in Canada in 1952, an assignment that could well 

have daunted lesser men in his position. 

Gerald Hocking retired. from the Forest Service at the end of 1968, and died at 

Pahnerston North on 17th September last. The sympathy of all who knew him will 

gotohiswidow, June, hersonandtwo daughters. He was a manwho achieved much, inno 

easy circumstances, and one who will hold a place of respect and affection-and admiration 

yes-in the hearts and minds of his contemporaries and colleagues while 

life lasts. D K d 

. enne y.

OBITUARIES 

Roger Rail 

The death in Umtali after a long illness of Roger Rail in October, 1970, at the age 

of 47 has come as a shock to his many friends. He was educated in Utntali, Rhodesia, 

and after war service in the East studied forestry at Edinburgh, graduating in 1949. 

In 1950 he attended the Colonial Forest Officers post-graduate course at Oxford and 

was then appointed to the Rhodesian Forest Service. He resigned in 1968 to take charge 

of his father's farm. 

He retained an active interest in forestry until his illness. He will always be remembered 

for the enthusiasm and determination, at times explosive, with which he undertook 

his work, but which was always coupled with his generous and kind nature. 

Our sympathies are extended to his widow and two children. 

A. B. Jeffrey. 

Joseph William Gottstein 

Bill Gottstein of C.S.I.R., Melbourne met a tragic death in a tree-felling accident 

in New Guinea on 25th March 1971. To those who knewhim it is sad, but not strange, 

that it s.hould be his destiny to be killed in the forest he loved, while intent on watching 

the behaviour oftimber to understand even better the material to which he had devoted 

his professional life. 

Bill Gottstein commenced his career at the age of 17 with the Queensland Forest 

Service as a cadet wood technologist. For 14 years he was engaged in research and 

practical assistance to timber producers and users in his State, gaining at the same time 

a B.Sc. in chemistry through part-time studies. 

By 1943 the Division of Forest Products, C.S.I.R., was actively seeking his services, 

and after initial secondment in 1944 he joined C.S.I.R. as a permanent officer in 1945, 

starting as second-in-charge ofthe Seasoning Section. In 1954 he was appointed section 

leader of Veneer and Gluing and in 1967 of Timber Conversion, a new section formed 

by the amalgamation of seasoning, utilisation, and plywood. 

During the later years ofhis career, Bill's renown spread beyond Australia and made 

him a figure of truly international repute in the field of composite wood. His services 

were increasingly sought by international agencies such as the Food and Agriculture 

Organisation ofthe United Nations, his counsel was highly appreciated in international 

meetings, and his warm smile and easy manner enabled him to communicate readily 

across language barriers. His name is mentioned with esteem and affection in many 

places he visited all over the world. 

Bill Gottstein leaves a widow and a son of fourteen to whom we extend our most 

sincere sympathy. 

C.S.I.R.O. Neu,'sletter. 

Abdul Rahrnan bin Ali 

ABDUL RAHMAN BIN ALl, of the Malayan Forest Service, passed away on 24th 

December, 1969, at the age of 44 in his ,home' town of Kuantan in Pahang during 

a brief ho'liday visi,t. His untimely death has deprived the Malaysian F'orest 

Service of a much experienced, hardw'orking, conscientious and dedicated officer. 

He was a ,pillar ,of strength in the service and his death is indee·d a severe blow 

to the service which is still suffering from a deart'h of experienced senior officers. 

A'b'dul Rahman was first .appointed to the' Forest Department in 1947 as a 

Timber Inspector. He earned rapid promotio'ns and at the time of his death he 

was ,officiating as State Forest Officer of the 'State of Selangor. But for his 

untimely demise he wo,uld 'have in all probability go,ne on to 'become the head of 

the Fe'deral Forest Departme'nt. 

He took a very active and useful part in various departmental activitlies and 

his co,ntri'butio'n to West Malaysian forestry was very notable. One will see the 

indelible mark of his eff'orts in almost any field 'of dep,artmental actiVlity one 

may choose to examine. 

219


In spite of the he'avy burden of 'his duties, Abdul Ra'hm'an found time to take 

an active part in sports and social activities. He was noted for his c'heerful 

demeanour and was very much a favourite among 'his fellow officers and subordinates 

and among his wide circle 'of friends as well. His untimely dem;ise has left a 

profound vacuum which will particularly be felt by 'his wife and children, to 

whom we extend our deepest sympathies. 

K. D. Menon.

AROUND THE COMMONWEALTH 

CANADA 

Canada's Forest Products exports to the United Kingdom. By G. H. Manning* 

In conjunction with a larger study of Canada's supply-demand relationships in 

forest products, the Canadian Forestry Service has prepared an assessment of the 

future export ttade in forest products with the United Kingdom. It is felt that the 

results may be ofsome interest to other members of the Commonwealth. 

The United Kingdom is presently Canada's second most important market for 

forest products. Sales to the United Kingdom approached $220 million in 1968t. 

However, the United Kingdom market for forest products appears to be relatively 

stable, and shows few signs of spectacular increases in demand. The United Kingdom 

by the turn of the century will, therefore, have been surpassed by Japan in importance 

as a market for Canadian forest products. 

Lumber, veneer and plywood, woodpulp and newsprint are Canada's major exports 

to the United Kingdom. On the basis of importance in world markets, however, 

the United Kingdom is .presently Canada's most important customer for veneer 

andplywood(40 percent), wrapping paper (76 percent), and paperboard (71 percent)t. 

The United Kingdom has been dependent on imports to supply its forest products 

requirements for quite some time. MacGreggor (1953) has stated that the proportion 

of home-grown softwoods is about five per cent, and of hardwoods 30 to 50 per cent. 

Projections of production of home-grown wood by Hummel and Grayson (1969) 

indicate that by 1980, about 5.7 million m 3 of roundwood will be available in the 

United Kingdom, and by 2000 8.9 million m 3 • Hardwoods will constitute a constant 

1.5 million 111 3 • These quantities of roundwood would result in production of 1.9 

million metric tons ofwood fibre products and 2 million m 3 ofsawnwood from domestic 

raw material by 2000; which would constitute somewhat less than 9 per cent of requirements 

as Grayson (1969) predicts total imports of forest products (roundwood 

equivalents) at 90 per cent of total requirements in 1957 and 89 per cent in 1980. 

PROJECTIONS 

Data concerning past and present Canadian exports of forest products to the 

United Kingdom, and projections of exports in 1980 and 2000 may be found in 

Table 1. Four products constitute the bulk of Canada's forest products exports to 

the United Kingdom: lumber, plywood, newsprint, and woodpulp. 

Lumber: In 1966, the United Kingdom imported 8.76 million m 3 of lumber. Canada 

provided 1.86 million m 3 of these imports, or 21 per cent. Canadian lumber exports 

to the United Kingdom have increased at an average of 6.2 per cent annually since 

1950, though the past .several years have shown a decline. Given past trends, and 

future expectations of the United Kingdom's economy, and in spite of the recent 

short-term decline, it is estimated that exports of lumber to this destination will 

reach 2.19 million m 3 by 1980, and 2.73 million m S by 2000, a somewhat lower rate 

of increase than the historic trend. 

Plywood: Canadian exports of plywood to the United Kingdom have increased 

rapidly since 1950, up to 225 thousand m S in 1966 from 0.05 thousand m s • Ninetyeight 

per cent of this is softwood plywood from British Columbia. It is expected that 

exports of plywood to the United Kingdom from Canada will reach 481 thousand InS 

by 1980 and 841 thousand m s by 2000, an annual growth rate of 3.6 per cent. 

Newsprint: Newsprint is Canada's largest export to the United Kingdom. In 1966, 

Canada supplied 348 thousand metric tons of the United Kingdom's total consumption 

of 1,388 thousand metric tons. Ray (1965) has estimated newsprint re- 

lic Forest Economics Research Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, Department of the 

Environment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

t Dominion Bureau of Statistics. Exports by Commodities. D.B.S. Cat. No. 65-004. 

t Information courtesy of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 

221


have to be radical changes in the attitude-and hence training-of the forester of the 

future if he was to fulfil his correct role in social and environmental forestry. 

The wave of well-meaning but often uninformed emotion about the quality of the 

environment and about that imprecise term "conservation" would doubtless pass. 

But informed, responsible concern based on scientifically established facts would 

endure and would be backed by a determination that never again would 

private enterprise, public apathy, or official mis-management be allowed to devalue or 

to destroy the physical environment in which we have to live. 

No section of the community exhibited this determination more uncompromisingly 

than young people, who would be the leaders of tomorrow and hence the arbiters of 

future environmental policy. Because of this, and the hope that foresters would 

play a key role in moulding future environmental policy, youth were by far the most 

important peopie in forestry. 

Forest service-Industry Exchange Suggestion 

A proposal for a temporary exchange ofpersonnel between Government and industry 

was put forward by New Zealand's Director-General of Forests, Mr. A. P. Thomson, 

at the annual general meeting of the New Zealand Institute ofForesters. Mr. Thomson 

commented: 

"A forester today must have some marketing expertise. I find it difficult to see 

how this skill can be imparted by formal training; it seems to me it can come 

through experience only. 

"I wonder therefore whether New Zealand should not move towards what has 

been quite common practice in the United States: the temporary exchange of 

personnel between Government and industry. I realise all the difficulties attendant 

upon such a suggestion but I believe that if something could be achieved along 

these lines it would be very good for the Forest Service, and it might do no harm 

to industry ..." 

UNITED KINGDOM 

A Statement OfForestry Policy For Great Britain 

Prepared by The Society ofForesters o/Great Britain, March 1971. 

The Elements ofForest Policy 

1. Forest Policy is an essential and integral part of the national policy needed to 

ensure that our land is used to best advantage. The large and increasing population, 

which is preponderately urbanised, and the restricted land area make a 

consistent Forest Policy essential. 

Land allocated to forestry should be used to attain two main objects, viz: 

a) Production of wood and wood-products at the highest level to meet the 

demands of industry and reduce our reliance on imports. 

b) Provision of shelter, protection of water supplies, conservatiol1 of game 

and wild life, preservation and creation ofamenity and provision ofrecreational 

areas for our people. 

Normally more than one of these objects can simultaneously be achieved within 

an area of forest. In particular cases one may be preponderant and impose some 

restrictions on the others; but adjustments can usually be made to ensure that 

other uses can continue to an appreciable extent. The Forest Policy should therefore 

envisage integrated forest practice, often termed "multiple-use forestry". 

2. The Forest Policy cannot be considered in isolation but must be related to policies 

of land use. Farming, both arable and stock-raising, occupies the greatest land 

area; but urban and industrial use of the land and its use for recreation of all 

kinds are rapidly increasing. There is no standard formula by which either the 

optimum or miniwn area of forested land needed for Great Britain can be determined, 

but at present the proportion allocated to forestry is much lower than in 

most other developed countries of the temperate zone.


3. The first statement of Forest Policy for this country aimed at the provision of an 

essential reserve of wood to sustain the nation in time of war or blockade; ,this 

has been superseded and the Forestry Commissioners' general duty (as stated in 

the Forestry Act of 1967) now includes that of "promoting the establishment 

and maintenance in Great Britain of adequate reserves of growing trees". The 

Society of Foresters of Great Britain considers that the word "reserves" is unsuitable 

as it implies a stock which can be drawn on only in an emergency. The 

present and future needs are firstly to secure an increasing flow of home-produced 

forest products; and secondly to attain in greater measure the benefits listed in 

paragraph 1 (b) above. To meet these needs it will be necessary to establish and 

maintain additional areas of forests and woodlands. 

4. The Society of Foresters considers that the word "adequate" must also be defined. 

For wood products "adequate" supplies might be expressed as a proportion of the 

projected total consumption of wood in Great Britain; but determination of the 

proportion is still required. The essential point is that the land of this country 

should be used to best advantage and the Forest Policy must ensure that the 

objects of management for land allocated to the growing of trees are clearly 

defined, goals are set and the criteria by which the results are to be judged are 

specified. A figure of at least 7!- million acres (3 million hectares) of forest is 

suggested as a first target and this represents 15 per cent of the total land area of 

Great Britain. 

5. A feature of recent years has been the conviction, repeatedly stressed by official 

committees, that land-use surveys should precede further development of rural 

areas. Part III of the Agriculture Act 1967 includes provisions for surveys of this 

kind and for the formation of Rural Development Boards. Land-use surveys 

can provide the basic information for decisions about the extent and location of 

forests on which interim planning can be based. They must not be regarded as 

absolute statements of the value or capability of land, because as forestry and 

agricultural techniques advance and economic and social circumstances change, 

the decisions made by foresters, farmers and other users of the land will alter. 

However, on the basis of land-use surveys, forestry development areas in which 

timber production could be the primary land-use can be defined. Account should 

be taken ofexisting or potential sites for locating wood-using industries and housing 

forestry workers. Forestry development areas have great potential value for the 

development of the remoter rural areas of Britain and the Forest Policy should 

encourage their formation. Also, land-use surveys will almost certainly reveal 

smaller areas in primarily agricultural or even suburban and urban areas where 

the growing of trees is the most suitable use of land, and forestry development 

here should also be vigorously encouraged. 

6. Further, to ensure that the forest resources of Great Britain are employed to best 

advantage, the Forest Policy should require that all forests and woodlands are 

properly managed to achieve defined objects. This requirement applies as much to 

those in which one or other of the second group of objects given in paragraph 1 is 

preponderant as to those intended primarily for the production of wood. Forests 

and woodlands should be managed with a view to their perpetuation. A harvested 

crop oftrees must be regenerated in situ or else replaced by an equivalent or better 

crop elsewhere. Amenity or recreational woodlands should not be allowed to 

collapse with the passage of time nor be destroyed by excessive use; their regeneration 

should be undertaken, and where necessary their use regulated to 

ensure this. 

7. The Forest Policy must be framed for the whole of Britain and to meet the needs 

of the nation by providing facilities or incentives to those engaged or interested 

in forestry namely: 

a) the public'forest enterprise managed by the Forestry Commission; 

b) forestry activities of other public authorities;


c) the private forests and woodlands owned by landed proprietors and companies 

of various kinds; 

d) the industry utilising home-produced wood, comprising the timber trade, the 

paper and board industry and other industrial plants processing home-produced 

wood; 

e) the interests concerned with the management of forests for shelter, conservation 

of water, game and wildlife and for recreation and amenity. 

8. The Forest Policyfor Great Britain to be pursued by Government should, following 

the lines laid down in paragraphs 1 to 7, ensure: 

a) That the supplies of growing trees are rising steadily and rapidly to meet the 

needs both of developing industry and of import substitution as well as providing 

for timber requirements that might arise in a national emergency; 

and that land suitable for forestry is being put to this use by the public and 

private sectors. 

b) That the public forest enterprise has adequate funds for its steady expansion. 

c) That the private sector is provided with incentives to maintain and manage its 

existing forest land and to extend this wherever suitable. 

d) That the industries based on home-produced wood are in balance with the 

production of wood; and that industrial development does not outstrip nor 

lag behind supplies, both on national and regional scales. 

e) That the marketing of home-produced wood is efficient so that the producer 

can find a reasonable sale for his produce and the industrial consumer a 

regular supply of raw material. 

f) That there is continuing research into the factors affecting tree growth and 

regeneration of trees; the production, harvesting, marketing and utilisation 

of home-produced wood; and the protective and social roles of trees, forests 

and woodlands. This research should have as its object an increase in the 

value of forestry to the nation. 

g) That education in forestry and ancillary subjects is available at professional, 

supervisory, industrial and craft levels to ensure that a skilled work force of 

sufficient size can be maintained, and that facilities for further education are 

provided so that those who enter can rise to higher levels. 

h) That a balance is maintained between the commercial objects of public and 

private forests and woodlands, their recreational use by the public, the creation 

and maintenance of amenity, the protection of water supplies and the conservation 

of wildlife. 

i) That in the education of the public, including the formal education of the 

young, forestry is adequately covered as a method of land use and a factor in 

the environment. 

The Implementation of Forest Policy 

The Forest Authority 

9. A Forest Authority is required to advise Government and the Ministers concerned 

on the general position of forestry and especially on matters concerning 

theprivate andindustrial sectors. The ForestAuthority shouldalso control the operation 

of all Acts and Instruments relating to these sectors, be responsible for 

finance, research and the collection of statistics about all aspects -of forestry and 

advice on the provision of education. The Forestry COl11n1issioners have been in 

the past and are at present the Government's Forest Authority for this purpose, 

though they are also charged with the control and management of the public 

forest enterprise. The Society of Foresters recol11n1ends that this dual role be 

continued so that the Forestry Commissioners remain both the Forest Authority 

and the body responsible for the public forest enterprise. 

10. It should be the recognised duty of the Forest Authority to radvise Government 

on how the Forest Policy is being implemented and on any 'changes required in 

the economic, industrial, social and strategic aspects of forest policy.


The Public Forest Enterprise 

11. The Forestry Commissioners as managers of the public forest enterprise stated 

their policy in 1964 in the following terms: 

a) "To increase the production of wood as a raw material for industry by extending 

the area of their forest at a steady rate, in accordance with sound 

land use; and by making each forest as productive as possible. 

b) Within the limits set by their other objectives to manage the forest estate as 

profitably as possible. 

c) To provide employment in rural areas, especially those most affected by 

depopulation and in so doing to maintain a skilled labour force. 

d) To give due attention to the aesthetic and protective roles of the forest and 

to encourage open air recreation." 

They further propose in their management: 

e) "To help in maintaining an efficient home-timber trade. 

f) To foster industrial and social development ancillary to forestry. 

g) To encourage the orderly development of ,private forestry and specifically 

to assist in creating conditions in which produce from private as well as 

Commission forests can be marketed to best advantage." 

The Society of Foresters supports this statement of the Forestry Commissioners 

policy for the public forest enterprise. They consider, however,that its scope should 

be widened, making it the duty of the Forestry Commission to undertake development 

in conjunction with national and local authorities and with landowners 

with the object of forming and maintaining new forests having important 

land or water resource or recreational objects in which timber production can 

nevertheless be substantial. 

Other Public Forestry 

12. The extent of this at present is small, being confined to some Water Authorities, 

Local Authorities and such bodies as the National Trusts and Nature Conservancy. 

But increased involvement in forestry by Local Authorities is certain to result from 

their planning powers, particularly in respect of derelict land and the imposition 

of Tree Preservation Orders. The establishment, care and regeneration of woodlands 

for amenity is as much a part of forestry as the growing of trees for wood. 

The negative Tree Preservation Orders should eventually be replaced by more 

positive instruments of policy. Local Authorities should have adequate qualified 

staff to enable them to perform their functions efficiently. The development of 

local public forestry should therefore lie within the scope of the Forest Authority 

as the advisory body both to Government and to the local, regional and other 

bodies concerned 

The Private Sector of Forestry 

13. Both the public and private sectors of forestry produce goods and services for the 

same market which is potentially so large that there is no danger ofoverproduction 

by either sector. The extension of the forest area in private ownership on suitable 

land and its proper management should be encouraged. This is especially the case 

as private forestry is better able to undertake the maintenance and management 

of small areas of woodland. Many private landowners with large holdings have 

successfully integrated forestry, farming and sporting interests in the past and 

added substantially to the amenity of the countryside. Many more owners are 

extending their forests with the assistance of the co-operative organisations, while 

the newer forestry development and management companies provide an influx of 

fresh capital and ideas, a new source of management and marketing expertise, and 

a stake in the land and forestry for more people. 

14. The small woodlands of Great Britain are a special case as they contain a high 

proportion of the growing stock of. broadleaved trees; they add greatly to the 

amenity of the countryside and they provide a means of conserving game and


wildlife, often in the most highly populated parts of Great Britain. They supply a 

significant proportion of the national consumption of hardwoods and could 

contribute even more if all were fully and properly managed. But n1any small 

woodlands are becoming derelict and attention should be given to the problems of 

managing them and grants should be revised to encourage their better management 

and maintenance. 

15. The present relatively vigorous stateof theprivatesector offorestry is due in part to 

the tax incentives and grants available for planting and managing forests. The 

national benefit obtained is much greater than the cost to the nation. For the foreseeable 

future Government must continue to provide such incentives for the maintenance 

of the private sector of forestry; and the Forest Authority should be 

consulted by the fiscal authorities on any proposed changes in the tax structure 

which affect forestry operations or holdings. 

16. The justification of any Government grant or tax incentive is the long-term 

interest of the nation. Forests and woodlands established with their help must be 

properly managed and perpetuated. The importance of the Dedication and 

Approved Woodland Schemes is illustrated by the inclusion within them of more 

than one million acres of forest land. The Society of Foresters considers that the 

main object of the Dedication Scheme should continue to be to secure the longterm 

dedication of land to efficient forestry., 

17. It is essential for the wellbeing of a forest or woodland that it is properly managed 

and that operations take place at or near the time prescribed and are properly and 

skilfully executed. When grants have been made for the establishment or maintenance 

of forests and woodlands in which subsequent management has been 

unsatisfactory the recovery of such grant is justified. Adequately qualified men 

possessing recognised forestry qualifications should be employed and the term 

"skilled supervision" in the present regulations should be more closely defined and 

enforced. 

18. On the Continent the farmers' woodlots provide a significant part of the national 

production of wood. But in Great Britain although farming and forestry are being 

integrated to their mutual benefit in some areas there is little sign that such 

integration will develop further. This is almost certainly due to the prevalence of 

the landlord-and-tenant system and the conditions of tenancy being such that it is 

little or no advantage to either party to adjust the current land use to the best 

national advantage; nor can afforestation be assisted by outside finance under these 

conditions. The extent to which this prevents proper use of land suitable for 

forestry warrants examination of the problem by the Forest Authority with a view 

to advising Government on how this difficulty might be overcome. 

Forestry and the Public. 

19. With the increasing use of the countryside by the urban population the last two 

items of general policy set out in paragraph 8 should become a major pre-occupation 

of the Forest Authority within the next decade. The Forestry Commission has 

created Forest Parks, camping and caravan sites, nature trails and walks, but 

already the most favoured and vulnerable areas are in danger of over-use. A wider 

expansion of these facilities would reduce pressure on the most popular areas; but 

the numbers of visitors will continue to increase, leading perhaps to restriction on 

access and a code of permissible use. The pressure for access can be expected to 

extend to the woodlands of the private sector and the Society of Foresters considers 

that suitable grants should be made available to encourage owners to 

provide facilities for access to their woodlands. 

4

RESEARCH NOTES 237 

It is hoped that individual technical reports will be prepared for publication locally 

and that a combined analysis and report will be issued from Oxford later. 

REFERENCES 

BURLEY, J. and COOLING, E. N. G. 1971. Status ofthe C.F.I. international provenance trial of 

Pinus merkusii Jungh.. and de Vriese, September, 1970. Pap.. Symp.. "Selection and improvement 

of tropical conifers", Wkg. Gp. Breeding Tropical and Sub-tropical Species, 15th 

I.U.F.R.O. Congr., Gainesville, Florida, 5 pp. 

LAMB, A. F. A. (1968). Cedrela odorata. Fast Growing Timber Trees of the Lowland Tropics 

No. 2. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford. 46 pp. 

TURNBULL, J. W., and BURLEY, J. (1971). Status of the F.A.O./F.R.I./C.F.I. international 

provenance trial ofPinus kesiya. Royle ex Gordon at December, 1970. Pap. Symp. "Selection 

and improvement of tropical conifers", Wkg. Gp. Breeding Tropical and Sub-tropical 

Species, 15th I.U.F.R.O. Congr., GainesviIle, Florida. 5 pp.


factors affecting wood production and the genetic variation ,of these factors; 

examining the real possibilities of increasing dry matter production 'by bre.eding 

for s'pecific physiological features. 

It was also indicated that 'intensive management with its trend to monoculture 

of either native or exotic species and uniformity of treatments, may produce crops 

which are vulnerable to disease or insect attack. Such damage may be sudden 

and catastrophic 'but lits probability can Ibe reduced by research into: pest biology 

in a variety of forest situations, a field in which there are many opportunities for 

international co·'operation. 

There is huge scope for research into work systems and mechanisation in order 

to reduce inp'uts of wo'rk and money, and many such projects were discussed. 

Two very exciting developments in technology which were examined were firstly 

the a'pplication of computers to storage and retrieval of forestry information, and 

secondly the application of remote sensing techniques to the study of site and 

crop features-particularly those using multispectral and linescan ph,oto,grap,hy 

both from the ground and from the air. B·oth techniques hold great promise and 

their application to forestry research should ,be integrated internatio'nally through 

I.D.F.R.O. 

An excellent new feature of I.D.F.R.O'. has been the introduction of its Scientific 

Ac'hievement Awards for outstanding contributions to knowledge in forestry. The 

first five Gold Medals under this scheme were presented by the President, George 

Jemison, during the Gainesville Congress. 

'The President elect is Professor Ivar Samset and the 16th Congress will take place 

in his native Norway in 1976.


cultivars which 'have arisen tin nurseries, particularly in this co,untry and in 

Holland. 

The 1970 Conference 

The Conferen,ce was opene'd promptly at 1.45 p.m. ,on 5th October by Lord 

Aberconway. This was f'ollowed by three lectures, European and Asiatic Conifers 

(A. F. Mitchell), American Conifers (R. F. Wood), and The Sele:ction and Breeding 

of ,Conifers (R. Faulkner). The Old Hall had a series ,of displays by the Forestry 

Commlissio'n (seed testing, nurse'ry practice, provenance and gro,wth of 'big specimens), 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (taxonomy of conifers), Forest Products 

Research Laboratories (coniferous timbers), the Nature Conservancy (stud:y of 

Scots pine), photographs of natural stands in NW. America (B. Mulligan), and 

drawings of rare co'nife:rs (Mrs. C. D,arter). 

In the New Hall was ,an astonis'hing array of plants of hundre·ds of species and 

more 'hundre·ds of cultivars mounted by Mr. Hillier with help fro,m the' Royal 

Parks, Windsor. This was designed as six islands, three each side of a wide central 

space, each dominated by a fine tree 'of the native Scots pine .from Windsor Forest. 

Around th,e walls ,of the hall was a display of foliage of 220 sp'e,cies of 'conifer, 

mostly with cones from trees grown on many estates througho,ut the British Isles. 

The unprecede'nte'd a'bundance of fruit in 1970 was neatly timed for this C'onference 

and many cones were presented w'hich have scarcely been seen before in this 

country. 

On Tuesday there were lectures ·on Conifers and Nature Conservation (J. N. 

Jeffers), T'he Recreational Use of Conifer Woodland (Dr. W. E. S. Mutch), 

Conifers fo'r Dec,orative Planting (E. E. Kemp), an'd Pests and Diseases of Conifers 

(Dr. M. Crooke and J. S,. Murray). On Wednesday there was a full-day excursion 

to Bedgebury National Pinetum and the gardens at Wake:hurst Place. On Thursday 

morning there were lectures-the Industrial Use of Coniferous Wo'od (T. A. 

Oxley), Conifers in Commercial Forestry (D. Seal), and a closing address by Sir 

Giles LO'der, Bt. A glorious sunny afternoon was spent at Wisley Garden. Friday 

was spent visiting the pineta at Dropmore and Windsor Great Park. On Saturday 

the Conference visited Messrs. Hlilliers ,at Jermyns Lane to see a huge assemblage 

of trees and a demonstration of propagation of con/jfers by Mr. Humphrey.

COOPERS HILL 

By E. W. MARCH 

IN HIS ADDRESS at the Annual General Meeting in April our President made reference 

to the Royal Indian Engineering College, better known as Coopers Hill, and its 

traditions. The College was founded one hundred years ago at the request of the 

India Office to provide qualified engineers and telegraphists for service in India. A 

forestry section was added in 1886 to provide home training for foresters wishing to 

enter the Imperial Forest Service in India, a function which it filled most efficiently 

until its closure in 1906. 

Many ex-Coopers Hill men were involved in the founding of the Empire Forestry 

Association, including H. R. Blandford, Editor/Secretary 1939-1952; it is thereforeall 

the more surprising that over the years there has been very little mention of Coopers 

Hill in the Review other than obituaries mentioning "he was trained at Coopers Hill." 

In the Association's library are bound copies of the Coopers Hill Magazine, a lively 

little publication published six or eight times a year at a cost of three shillings a year 

including postage. In this centenary year of the founding of the College it is felt that a 

brief "write up" of what is in effect a bygone era may prove ofinterest. 

The organiser of the College and its first President was Lt.-Col. Chesney, R.E. 

(later General Sir George Chesney). In those early days the staffwas mainly drawn from 

retired Sapper officers. As the years passed and with the introduction of the forestry 

course the teaching staff began to take on an academic rather than a military mantle. 

Whatever the staff and whatever the standard of education the fact remains that the 

College produced a series of officers who were for many years to provide the senior 

cadre of the Indian P.W.D. and Forestry Service. We cannot speak for the P.W.D. 

section but the record of the I.F.S. men speaks for itself. 

Turning to the students, what manner of men were they and what was their outlook 

on life? Mainly from the leading public schools their gospel was a simple one: loyalty 

to the Crown, to their country, to their alma mater and a firm belief in the British 

presence in India. Their other qualities will be apparent from the various references 

to their activities as extracted from the Coopers Hill Magazine. 

No account of Coopers Hill would be complete without reference to its sporting 

activities. In an average year the College had slightly over one hundred students in 

residence yet this small number ran two Rugger XVs, one Soccer XI, two eights on the 

river, and still found time for golf, tennis and billiards, not forgetting cricket and 

tennis in the summer. It was on the Rugger field that the College really distinguished 

itself, its opponents included Oxford University, Harlequins, Richmond, London 

Welsh, London Scottish and the leading London Hospital teams. During their short 

existence they produced no less than fourteen internationals in this field of sport. 

According to the Sporting Life at one time "the College had certainly the strongest 

side ill the South of England and was probably the strongest club in the country." 

The record for the period of its existence was:- 

Matches played 491 Matches lost 155 

Matches won 268 Matches drawn 68 

Whilst on the subject of Rugby football how many present day enthusiasts are 

aware of the origin of the Calcutta Cup? In the early days of the College a cup was 

subscribed for and sent to India for annual competition by the three Presidencies, 

Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. This competition was not a success as in those days the 

climate was considered hardly favourable for Rugby football and after a very short 

time the series was discontinued. The cup was then returned to this country and presented 

as a trophy to be awarded to the winner of the Annual England-Scotland International 

match, which it is to this day. 

In addition to studies and sport, social activities were a regular feature of the college 

year. An annual Bal Masque was held every November and judging by the reports was 

popular and well patronised. Regular monthly dinners were held at the Criterion 

243


Restaurant, Piccadilly:- the cost, 3/6 per head exclusive of wines. A college concert at 

the end of the autumn term was another regular feature of the social curriculum. 

Prize giving provided yet a further regular social event. Wherever they went overseas 

Coopers Hill men maintained their gregarious habits, there are reports of annual 

dinners at the Bombay Yacht Club; the Sind Club, Karachi; in Calcutta; in Maymyo, 

the Burma Hill Station, and Shepheards Hotel, Cairo. 

A feature ofthe Coopers Hill Magazine which makes any present day editor envious 

is the regularity with which past members kept the editor well supplied with Blackwoodtype 

articles, both on the nature of their duties and the lighter side of life. Stories of 

Shikar were regularly received; in 1900 an article from R. S. Pearson (later Sir Raif 

Pearson of F.P.R.L.) contains the following item to excite the imagination of would-be 

sportsmen: 

"I have just heard that another of my 'tie-ups' has been killed and hope to get 

another tiger today. I am waiting for news from another direction and if there 

should be two kills, as is likely, I shall try a 'beat' in one place and a 'sit up' in 

another. My camp tomorrow is in a place where a tiger roams about so I may get 

a chance again there. You see there are plenty of tigers to spare." 

In the same year W. Sullivan, P.W.D. gives an excellent account of a Kadir Cup 

Meet. This we hope to publish in full in a subsequent number of the Review. Another 

item with a certain amount of historic interest is an account of wild elephant catching 

in Burma by the kheddah method; the author-another P.W.D. officer, J. E. Dallas. 

Accounts of adventures with bison, leopards and other big game were a regular 

feature of the magazine. 

As is only to be expected in a College magazine where all students have one end in 

view; conditions of service are frequently discussed; salary scales, pension rights and 

furlough privileges are much to the fore. Looking back it is obvious that bit by bit 

concessions were wrung out of the Secretary of State for India but the editorial edict 

invariably was "we do not expect to find the terms received with much gratitude." 

The serving officer of today in receipt of so many passage concessions and baggage 

allowances will be astounded to learn that the Coopers Hill man going to India after 

his initial voyage was not given any further passage allowances. The stories of officers 

serving twenty or more years without home leave were not old-timer inventions. Many 

officers were just not able to save up their passage money and settled for spells ofleave in 

one of the hill stations. W. S. Schlich is on record as having only taken one home leave 

during his 19 years in India. In 1900 however, the Secretary of State most graciously 

agreed that for the first three months ofan overseas furlough an officer should be on full 

pay in order to enable him to meet the cost ofhis passage. 

A rather gloomy note is struck by the regularity of obituary notices of young officers 

within the first two years of their service. The recorded causes of death were malaria, 

cholera, enteric and heat-stroke. For those surviving the vital first two years the next 

hurdle appeared to be the middle forties at which age quite a number of in-service 

deaths are recorded. Assuming he survived those vital ages the Indian forest, or other 

service, officer could well expect to become an octogenarian or possibly a nonagenarian 

as shown in the obituary notices in the Review:- E. P. Stebbing 91, A. J. Gibson 94, 

and L. S. Osmaston 99 to mention but a few examples of longevity. As far as we are 

aware the sole surviving Coopers Hill forester is A. E. Osmaston still hale and hearty 

in his 87th year living in retirement in Sussex. 

Not all Coopers Hill men went to India, in later years many found their way to 

Egypt and the Sudan. In the final few years mention is also made oftransfers to Malaya 

and Uganda. Scattered throughout the magazine are interesting scraps of what was to 

become forest history. It was in 1902 that A. M. Bum-Murdoch was transferred to 

Malaya to set up a forest Department there. The establishment of organised forestry in 

the Sudan in 1900 is recorded; likewise the beginnings of the "man made" forests of 

SouthAfrica, then Cape Colony. The names ofthose who were to become famous in the 

forestry world in later years are scattered through the pages of the magazine; T. S.

THE FUTURE OF TIMBER IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY 249 

and producer in ensuring the minimum variety of sizes, etc. being used'in the 

production of a 'component. Th'ere is considerable scope for economies here. 

Generally, unless we do gain 'be·nefits in this way dim.ensional co-ordination can 

only increase the cost of timber co,mpo·nents. It is inevitable that more material 

is consumed since there are greater limitations on the sizes whic'h can be used. It 

is essential therefore that savings in production costs offset increased use of 

materials. This may be more difficult with timber than many other materials since 

the actual mate·rials used frequently account for up to 60 per cent of the total cost 

of the product whilst labour may be as low as 15 per cent. 

3 Scientific Control 

Th'ere will undoubtedly be an increasing reliance on standards and specifications 

whic'h wi11 be adm'inistered 'by technical people with no particular .allegiance to 

traditional materials such as timber. It will be their job to specify and authorise 

the use 'of mate'rial1s in 'buildings and they will only wish to specify and use 

guarantee'd ones. Although at present timber may have difficulty in meeting sllc'h 

requirements the technology is available· to enable it to do so. 

4 Economy and Performance 

The use 'of performance standards will provide a base against which the performance 

can be judged and hence e'conomy estimated for particular components. 

Timber is in certain difficulty here because muc'h of its use has been traditional 

rather than based on design work. However, th'ere is no doubt that by developme'nt, 

improvements can be made in timber products to meet perforfmance standards. 

5 Maintenance 

Far too l,ig a proportion of our building force in this country is e'mployed in 

maintenance rather than on creating new buildings. There is littlle doubt that 

increasing attention will be paid to reducing maintenance and the use of preservatives 

and better surface coatings will have a big part to play in this. 

6 Quick Erection 

The combined 'effects of increasing cost of site labour, 'hold-ups due to bad 

weather and the need for more building win continue. The trend towards quick 

erection means that new methods of jointing panels together and ibetter methods 

of handling compone'nts on site will be required. It will also be necessary to 

obtain a better sequence of phased delivery and erection on site so that components 

are not lying on the ground in bad weather for long periods. The requirements 

of quick erection will obviously lead to a greater use of components and the 

present trend towards an increasing use of trussed rafters will continue, and this 

will 'be accompanied in the future by a greater use of fl'oor and wall panels, etc. 

Athough many building firms seem to be particularly bad at organising an 

efficient erection operation this is not peculiar to timber and hence s'hould not 

militate against the use of timber co'mponents. 

7 High Quality 

There are distinct signs that econ·om,y is not the only requirement which people 

demand in their 'houses. There will, I 'believe, be an increasing demand for higher 

quality products compared with the standard eco·nomy ones. Timber can g,o a 

long way to meeting this type of requirement. As an eX'ample there may well arise 

two levels of !performance for components in the future. One, a more costly but a 

much better performing product and two, an economy one. Better quality can be 

provide'd at extra cost and timber can certa1inly 'meet any demand that will arise 

for a higher quality. Examples of this co'uld well be in two standards 'of door, a 

more expensive stable variety as well as an economy ·one, and in wind'ows there is

THE FUTURE OF TIMBER IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY 251 

lower moisture contents. However, there is no p,oint in drying the timber to a low 

moisture content if p,rece'ding and during the 'building operatio,n it is re·-we·tted 

appreciably. There are really two main solutions to the problem. One is a change 

in building 'practice which 'would include such things as all dry construction, phased 

delivery so that the material does not lie about on site, roofs put on quickly as 

possible and heating applied early in the life of the ,building. The other solution 

which can only be partially successful is to take every opportunity in design to 

minimise the effects of timber move-ment. 

9 Preservation 

The need for preservative treatment of non-durable timber is dependent on the 

hazard to which it is exposed and in wooden buildings timber may be exposed to 

a variety of conditions dep,ending up,on its location. The two major hazards, fungal 

decay and insect attack, can be considered separately. Fungal decay could be completely 

eliminated if the moisture content of the ,voo'd could b'e kept below that required 

to support fu-ngal gro'wth (about 20 per cent). Where the' moisture content 

is 'likely to be higher, e.g. fillets in concrete, external cladding, places where high 

conde.nsation is probable, well painted external joinery, preservative treatment is 

desirable. On the other !hand attack by insects is not depende-nt on damp conditions 

but on the availability of suscepti'ble sapw'ood in which they can lay eggs. Apart 

from hylotrupes areas (mainly in Surrey) it is debatable whether treatment against 

insect attack is necessary. This depends to some exte,nt on the cost of initial treatment 

compared 'with subsequent necessary remedial treatment. A serious decay 

problem which has come to light in recent times is the pre-mature decay of exterior 

joinery. At present there is no requirement written into Building Regulations for 

the treatment of joinery timber but the revised Codes of Practice and activities of 

NHBRC are drawing attention to the need for preservative treatment in this area 

and it will undou'btedly become an increasing requirement. Most suppliers of 

timber windows now only offer treated timber products. 

10 Stress Grading 

While the greatest single obstacle to the efficient use of solid timber as a 

structural material is its variability, without some form of selection only very small 

loads can be safely carried by timber me'm'bers. T'herefore, in order to utilise tim'ber 

to the best advantage it is essential at some stage to introduce some form of 

grading. If the requirements of buildings in future are going to 'be: based on a 

guaranteed technical product, stress grading will beconle increasingly imp'ortant. 

By using ap'propriately graded material we can reduce the amount of timber in 

roofs and floors of houses and also guarantee them against collapse. Stress grading 

is purely a grading of the material on its ability to carry loads. Until recently 

there has only been one' method of stress grading of timber, that is by visual 

examination. Geneltally efforts over the years to introduce systems of visual stress 

grading have failed. This method is concerned with measuring the size of defects 

and deciding whether or not the;y are above or below a certain accep1table level. 

In the past fe'w years considerable progress has been made in the mechanical 

stress grading of timber. Various prototype machines ;have been studied and three 

of these are now in commercial use in the: United Kingdom. Most of the work on 

these machines is based on the relationships which exist betwee'n the strength of 

timber and its stiffness or the amount that it deflects under load. Briefly, mechanical 

grading consists of fee,ding timb'er continuously through a machine, the· machine 

imposes a small load and measures the resulting deflectio-n. It is then assumed 

that with a particular size the strength of the tim'ber is pro'portional to· this de'fie,ction, 

that is, pieces w'hich only deflect a small amount will be strong and those 

with a relatively high de'flection will ,be weak. One very important advantage of 

machine grading is that 'concerned with the various species of timber. A grading


machine grades pieces of tim'ber regardless of species. In other forms of visual 

grading one has to know the species of tim-ber before it can be given a rating. 

The new methods of stress grading 'will enable us in the future to obtain the best 

com,bination of safety and economy with different sizes and grades of timber for 

particular 'purposes. 

11 Products 

(a) Doors 

Because of the emergence of performance standards and the possible need for 

higher quality products, research has \been going on into the performance of 

doors in service. This has primarily been concerned with the effects of distortion 

due to differential temperature and humidity conditions on the two faces and 

the tendency of doors to leak to both air and water. Considera'ble, progress has 

bee'n made in understanding the factors which cause: distortion of doors. Distortion 

can ,be reduced by the use of vapour barriers. Also paint films can delay 

the take up of moisture. Similarly work has been in progress to study air and 

water leakage of doors and this can be reduced to aecepta'ble levels by suitable 

methods of sealing. 

(b) Windows 

Proposals have ;been made by various public organisations for performance 

standards on windows for such pro'perties as 

i Thermal movement 

ii Thermal insulation 

iii Mechanical strength 

iv Resistance- to wear 

v Sound insulation 

v-j Fire resistance 

vii 'Convenience in use 

viii Wind gust strength 

None of these performances is as yet supported 'by a national standard test 

method 'but some research work is proceeding to enable ,this to be done. 

There are, hO'wever, standard test methods for air penetration and water resistance. 

These methods are specified in a British Standard and various research 

laboratories are studying the performance of timber windows in this context. 

There is every reason to -believe, that timber windo-ws can meet any requirements 

that will be asked for in this respect. 

(c) Roofs 

Work at FPRL on trussed rafters has resulted in the, amount of timber in a 

house roof 'being reduced from about 60 cu. ft. to about 40 cu. ft. per dw'e'lling. 

Also at the same time erection times have reduced dramatically to about onetenth 

of traditional roofs. This has been achieved by the development of trussed 

rafters using the minimum amount of material an-d special jointing plates. At 

present there are about 90 small plants making trussed rafters in the United 

Kingdom and last year production amounted to something approaching a 

million and a half trussed rafters. 

(d) Floors and Walls 

Research to reduce the amount of tim-ber and the erection time to a minimum 

in floors and walls ,has lagged behind work.on ro-ois. However, this has not 

entirely been the fault of timber. Generally it has been found that the accuracy 

of building has not permitted the prefa'brication of floor units to fit in between 

other building materials, e.g. brick. Therefore, prefabrication has lagged behind. 

However, the increasing use of timber walls and the belief that accuracy.in 

building is improving has led to an increasing amount of research being directed 

to'wards tim'ber wall and floor units. There is little doubt that this will lead to a

THE FUTU-RE OF TIMBER IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY 253 

better performance level for these components linked with a saving of 

m.aterial. 

12 Production 

Due to lack of continuity of orders there, has been a lack of incentive to get 

better production metho-ds in many timber components. However, achievements 

in the production of doors and wind,?ws where a very high level of production and 

quality is maintained at a relatively Iow cost indicates that similar achievements 

are possible should demand increase for other timber components. 

13 Reduced Maintenance 

This item covers points already mentioned such as preservative treatment and 

be,tter design. In addition there is work on surface coatings to protect the materials. 

Surface coating of tim'ber is a subject which has until recently ;b-e'en rather 

neglected. However, we are now giving much more attention to this important 

subje·ct. There is little dou·bt that the future use of timber products as external 

cladding materials is linked to the development of surface coatings requiring the· 

minimum of maintenance. A number of related projects are being studied at 

p,resent in the painting of timber and timber p·roducts and these should enable 

timber to maintain its position as a widely used external building material.

FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND 

INSECT PESTS OF TERMINALIA IVORENSIS A. CHEV. 

By N. JONES (Silviculturist) and J. KUDLER (Entomologist) 

Forest Products Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana 

SUMMARY 

Terminalia i ...orensis is likely to become an important plantation species in West 

African countries. Phenological studies have been initiated to examine the seasonal 

variation in flower and fruit development. Though fruits are readily available many fall 

before reaching maturity, the germination period is long and the viability poor. The 

results of pre-treatment studies suggested that poor germination was due to some 

factor other than dormancy. Investigations led to the discovery of two weevils, 

Nanophyes sp., and Auletobius sp., which are probably responsible for the fruits 

falling before ripening and the poor quality of mature fruits. 

Introduction: 

The amount of natural forest in the world is constantly being reduced through 

exploitation. Most countries have now adopted some type of afforestation programme 

to either maintain or create a forest resource. Almost any species which can be raised 

as a plantation crop over a reasonably wide range of sites becomes important. 

Terminalia ivorensis is such a species to West African forestry practice. It fruits plentifully 

and regularly, stores well, can be raised in large numbers in forest nurseries, 

transplants with low mortality and has an acceptable growth rate. At present only a 

relatively small volume is exploited from the natural forest but the tree has regular 

form, and the timber a good figure and distinctive colour. These factors will all be 

important as plantations mature. 

It has already been said the fruits are readily available; however, germination is 

poor and the germination period is long. Taylor (1960) states that germination can 

be raised to 40% by pre-treating and the irregular germination period averages 32 

days. He also refers briefly to an attacking insect. A large number of pre-treatments 

were tested at the Forest Products Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana (See Anon. 

1968, Damptey 1967, Jones 1969), none of which improved on 40% with any certainty 

nor did they reduce the germination period. They served only to emphasise the fact 

that a more fundamental research technique is needed (Jones 1969). It is necessary 

to know how many sound seeds are sown before an accurate estimate of the viability 

can be made. 

A study of the anatomical characteristics of a samara revealed it is made up of two 

halves with a plate of weak tissue between. By squeezing the fruit in a vice it was 

possible to rupture it along this plate and extract the seeds. About 50 %ofall the stored 

fruits randomly selected for testing did not contain seeds or contained seeds attacked 

by insects (Jones and Kudler 1968). This led to the examination of immature fruits 

in the 1969 fruit development season (Jones and Kudler 1969), which is much easier 

than that of mature fruits. Further observations were made in 1970 on even younger 

fruits. 

Phenological Records: 

Very little work is recorded regarding periodicity of the various characters in the 

life cycle of forest trees in West Africa. Initiation of tree improvement programmes 

has led to the realisation that insufficient is known about time of flowering and the 

development offruits on different trees. This information is essential to the organisation 

ofseed orchards and to planning ofcontrolled pollination studies. General information 

for Ghanaian species is readily available (see Taylor 1960) but details of between-tree 

and between-site variation are needed. The tree improvement programme in Ghana 

was launched in 1966 (Jones 1966) and Terminalia ivorensis was included. 

254

FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND INSECT PESTS 255 

A number of Terminalia ivorensis trees were chosen at the different research centres 

throughout the high forest to collect data for flowering and fruiting studies. Notes 

are made each week on the condition of the leaves, flowers and fruits of each tree. 

Unfortunately not all the trees in the study flowered each year. Data covering the 

period July 1967 to July 1968 are complete for the Bobiri, Pra-Anum and Somanya 

Research Centres and for Kumasi. Only one tree of the seven visited flowered at 

Bobiri, all seven trees in the Pra-Anum group flowered and both trees at Somanya. 

Nine trees are visited at Kumasi, and though records are complete for three years, 

only one tree flowered in these three years which was in the 1967-68 flowering season. 

Flowers are not easy to see, both the Somanya trees were recorded as having developing 

fruits but never flowers; it was the same with the Bobiri tree. All fruits developing 

on the Bobiri and Kuumasi trees fell before they were ripe. Only one tree at Somanya 

had fruits which ripened, three of the seven Pra-Anum trees bore ripe fruits. In the 

1967-68 flowering year, out of twenty-five trees visited each week, eleven flowered 

but only four bore ripe fruits. This is a high mortality and such a situation occurring 

in seed orchards could prove disastrous to a plantation programme. 

Fruit Development: 

It is important to know the sequence and timing of events. Taylor (1960) records 

flowering of Terminalia ivorensis in Ghana from the end of February until the end of 

June. Fruits are recorded between mid-January and the end of April. Fruits in this 

sense refers to the mature ripe fruits, therefore the fruit development period, i.e. from 

the first record of flowering, is from the end of February in one year until the end of 

April the following year. In fact, immature fruits may be falling from some trees while 

fruits from the previous fruiting season are still maturing on others. 

Taylor stresses that his data refer to a species rather than individual trees and that 

variations may occur on any particular site. Studies to relate phenological sequences 

to seed orchard management must take into account individual tree variation. In the 

current phenological studies all the Pre-Anum trees were still in flower during the first 

week of July 1967 and immature fruits were falling from them all by the third week of 

July. Immature fruits did not start to fall from the Bobiri trees until the first week of 

September, the Somanya trees until the third week of September and the Kumasi 

trees until the first week of October. Ripe fruits were falling from one tree in Somanya 

between the third week of January and the last week of March 1968. All the ripe 

fruits fell from the three Pra-Anum trees in the first week of February 1968. 

(a) Immature Fruits: 

Observations on immature fruits which started in August 1968 are recorded by Jones 

(1969) and Anon. (1969). Between August and November, two small seeds were seen 

in the cavities of the soft green fruit cases. One seed develops rapidly after this and by 

the beginning of December cigar-shaped seeds more or less fill the seed cavities. This 

is the period when the tissues harden. It is impossible to slice into the seed cavity after 

the first or second week in January. 

Immature fruits were collected from a tree near Kumasi in mid-July 1970 to continue 

the investigations. The length of the developing fruits (excluding the wing) were 

measured. In July the fruits were from 5 to 6 mm. long with a maximum length of 

8 mm., by the end of July 6 to 7 mm. with a maximum of 12 mm. The mean length 

ofthe 1969 September collections was 14 mm. and a number ofmature fruits in storage 

were measured and the mean length was 20 mm. Therefore since flowering takes place 

in April or May, development of the fruit is most rapid during the August/September 

period and the mature size is probably attained some time in December. 

(b) Seed Development: 

The fruit case develops more rapidly than the seed at first. Seeds were approximately 

1 mm. in length in the July 1970 collections and only about 2 to 2.5 mm. in the late


September 1969 collections. The cavity in which the seed develops increases in proportion 

with the fruit case. It is not until mid-November that there is any appreciable 

increase in the seed size. After this date elongation is rapid and the surviving seed 

soon fills the seed cavity. 

(c) The Mature Fruit: 

The indehiscent mature samara is described by Jones (1969). It is made up of a 

papery brown epidermis beneath which is a layer of tissues made up of large air and 

crystal filled vacuoles for buoyancy. Hard stony tissues surround the seed cavity. 

The plate ofweakness between the two developing carpels has already been mentioned; 

the fruit case always ruptures along this plane during germination. 

Insect Attack: 

In "Tree Seed Notes" (Anon. 1955) there is a comment that 30% of the fruits may 

be attacked. Taylor (1960) says many fruits are bored while they lie on the ground. 

No comment has been made on the insect causing the damage. Preliminary work on 

the subject is recorded by Jones and Kudler (1968) which dealt entirely with mature 

fruits which had been in storage for nearly a year or freshly collected mature fruits. 

The insect pest was found to be a weevil, later identified as Nanophyes sp. (Fig. 1) 

never previously recorded in Ghana. There were indications that at least 35 % of the 

fruits collected were attacked and this could mean that the weevil may considerably 

reduce both the quality and quantity of fruits which mature. 

The preliminary investigation showed the need for a study of the life cycle of the 

insect pest. This involved collections of premature fruits from Terminalia ivorensis in 

September and October 1969. It was evident that a vast majority of fallen immature 

fruits had punctures, often five to seven on a single fruit case; these were usually on the 

part distant to the point of fruit attachment. Some first instar larvae were found in the 

fruits. It seemed likely that the insect attack was responsible for the fruits falling 

(Jones and Kudler 1969). Examination of damaged fruits continued and development 

of the weevil was recorded. The first pupa was found inside the seed cavity in early 

December 1969 and the first exit holes later the same month. From this it was estimated 

that the life cycle of the pest is at least three months (Jones and Kudler 1970). The 

quality of mature fruits is considerably reduced. It can be seen from the figures in 

Table 1 that sometimes only 6% of the seeds develop. The level of mortality ranges 

from 43 % to 94 %. 

TABLE 1 

Reduction in quality of mature Terminalia ivorensis fruits caused by Nanophyes sp. 

Collection 

Date Place 

I 

I 

I 

No. of 

Seed-% 

Fruits Punctures per Fruits 

l"otal Fruit with Fully I Not Attacked 

No. 

Stained I Devel- 

Min. IMax.!Av. Walls 

Devel- by 

oped oped Weevil 

I 

1/12/69 Pra-Anun1 46 0 15 3 I 43 57 13 30 

3/12/69 Bia-Tano 31 1 16 7 31 52 16 32 

22/12/69 Mpraeso 36 1 14 4 29 6 41 53 

6/1/69 Asenanyo 43 1 21 5 43 7 37 56 

14/1/69 Asenanyo 86 0 15 3 75 16 41 43 

4/2/69 Asenanyo 90 0 15 5 78 27 19 54 

17/2/69 Asenanyo 110 0 16 6 91 37 19 44 

24/2/69 Asenanyo 100 0 11 5 88 

I 

33 13 54

6 

FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND INSECT PESTS 259 

Fig. 1. A weevil, Nanophyes sp. a, egg; b, grub; c, pupa; d, adult. (Orig. J. Kudler.) 

Fig. 2. Fruits of Terminalia ivorensis observed in early September 1970 at umasi.

260 COMMO WEALTH FORESTRY REVIEW 

Fig. 3. A weevil, Auletobius kuntzeni m. a, blackish spots on upper-surface of immature 

Terminalia ivorensis fruits, indicating punctures; b, egg; c, larva; d, pupa; e, adult. (Orig. 

J. Kudler.)


Acknowledgments: 

The authors are greatly indebted to Mr. E. Voss, Harderberg, West Germany, 

for identification of weevils, and to specialists of the Commonwealth Institute of 

Entomology, London, for identification of the other insect species involved. 

REFERENCES: 

ANON. (1955). Tree Seed Notes. F.A.O. For. Development Pap. No. 5, Rome. 

ANON. (1968/69). Annual Report of the Forest Products Research Institute, Kumasi. C.S.I.R., 

Ghana. 

DAMPTEY, H. B. (1967). Germination of Terminalia ivorensis. Tech. Newsletter, F.P.R.I., 

Ghana, 4: 8-10. 

JONES, N. (1966). Tree Selection and Seed Improvement in Ghana. Tech. Note No. 1, F.P.R.I., 

Ghana, 13p. 

JONES, N. (1969). The Influence of Certain Pre-Treatments and Conditions for Germination 

on the Seeds of Terminalia ivorensis. Tech. Newsletter, F.P.R.I., Ghana, 3(1): 9-18. 

JONES, N. (1969). A Description of Fruit of Terminalia ivorensis. Tech. Newsletter, F.P.R.I., 

Ghana, 3(3/4): 11-15. 

JONES, N. and KUDLER, J. (1968). A Report on the Preliminary Work on the Influence ofWeevil 

Attack on the Germination of Terminalia ivorensis. Tech. Newsletter, F.P.R.I., Ghana, 

2(2): 11-14. 

JONES, N. and KUDLER, J. (1969). Some Particulars Concerning Weevil Attack on the Fruits 

of Terminalia ivorensis. Tech. Newsletter, F.P.R.I., Ghana, 3(3/4): 7-10. 

JONES, N. and KUDLER, J. (1970). Recent Developments in Fruiting Studies of Terminalia 

ivorensis A. Chev. and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Affected by Insect Pests.. Paper 

for the 7th Biennial Conference of W.A.S.A., Ibadan, Nigeria, 7p. 

TAYLOR, C. J. (1960). Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. Th. Nelson and Sons, London.

ARE GRADUATES IN FOREST SCIENCE QUALIFIED FOR 

APPOINTMENT TO PROFESSIONAL POSTS? 

by 'C. L. WICHT 

Professor of Silviculture, University of Stellenbosch. 

A COpy of an address to the South African Institute of Forestry, delivered in May, 

1969, b'y Mr. 'Craig Anderson, National Chairman of the South African Timber 

Growers' Association, was re'cently handed to me, in which.Ihe commented on 

university training in forestry.* As I addressed the Forestry Society of Stellen'bosch 

University on a similar subject in March" I have decided to repeat some of the 

remarks I made then in order to indicate what can reasonably 'be expecte'd from 

the gradualte in forest 'Science when he takes up a job. At the same time I shalll 

try to correct some rather prevalent erroneous ideas of what un1iversity training 

aims at. 

Mr. Anderson has stressed the poor remuneration received for forestry services, 

and this is a matter 'which might well be take'n up Iby SATGA and the Institute 

of Forestry. Forestry is much more than the immediate profitable management 

of plantations and sawmills or pulpmills, wh'ich might well be achieved by 

experienced non-professionals in charge. But, however efficient current management, 

'based purely on past experience, may 'be, it will fail if the manager does 

not have the knowledge of the fundamental 'bionomic and economic principles 

on w'hiclh forestry production is ibased. This knowledge is 'imparted at the 

University so !that the graduate in a professional post will not merely know how 

to manage, but alsol why the work s'hould be .organised in a, particular way and 

w'hat modific'ations may 'be needed to adapt production to' fluctuations in the 

general economy olr changes in the quantity and quality of the products in 

demand. The industry should be pre'pared to renumerate the graduate in forestry 

adequately and then expect from him the "knolw' how" and "know why" to ensure 

an enterp'rising and efficie,nt undertaking. The graduate who cannot meet these 

requirements will ibe unfit for the jOlb! for reasons other than defe:cts in 'his training. 

A student w'hose training is :based o'n the; extension of his factual knowledge, 

as happ'e:ns at technical colleges and the School for Foresters, will so'on find that 

his ideas have 'beeo-me antiquated. The University student whose training, even 

as an under-graduate', lis /based on :a logical, scientific foundation, should -be able, 

after he has graduated, to ensure that he remains informe'd of the newest developments 

in his field. He should, exactly like the members of the teaching staff at 

the University, supplement his knowledge constantly Iby studying technical publications, 

'by his own o:bservations or, even, ib'y undertaking original research. 

If he 'has special1ised, after leaving the University, in a particular field, :he should, 

after five or ten years, Ibe a'ble tOI discuss problems with 'his former lecturers 

and professors on, at least, an equal footing. 

Forestry includes also Ithe develop,ment and planagement of water catchmeints, 

nature reserv'es in natural forest a'nd veld and outdoor recreational areas. It 

undertakes the arresting of mo,ving dunes and provides expertgu'idance on the 

c'hoice of trees planted for woodlots, s'hade, shelter and ,ornament on farms, and 

in parks, gardens and along streets in to,wns. It is an essential task of forestry 

to ensure that adequate green areas are maintained. In the increasingly teehn,ological 

and me:chanistic world, forestry must "verdurise" the landscape to constitute 

a wholesome, health-preserving environment for man. Verdant forests and veld 

of adequate extent are needed to p,rovide areas where the internal com'bustion 

engines, the factories and crammed, gasping populations do, not raise the carbon 

di-oxide content of the atmosphere to' st'ifling levels, or even poison it with 

carbon monoxide. 

* See March Review, Page 62. 

263


and then translate the research findings into direct practical prescrip't'ions to be 

applied 'by Foresters and other technicians. It is not the task ,of the "boffin" 

to frame results of research in the form of instructions, or present his material in 

.pop'ular form. It iis the task of the graduate in forestry who is engaged in practical 

forestry to do this. With the 'basic training provided in the four years needed 

to qualify for the B.Sc. degree in forestry he sho,uld not find research papers 

a'bstruse. If he were to 'be trained merely to manage· plantations, sawmills and p'ulpmills 

in accordance with current practice, he would no;t be able to follow the 

papers in modern scientific forestry journals, which necessar'ily include the concep'ts 

and terminology of mathematical statistics and other sp·ecialised .subjects. If 

management in forestry were left to men who cannot read and understand technical 

'papers and apply the latest contributions to forestry knowle'dge, the industry 

would stagnate and lose in the struggle for econom'ic survival. 

Reprinted by courtesy of the South African Forestry Journal.

The Editor, 

Commonwealth Forestry Review. 

CORRESPONDENCE 

Forest Research Institute, 

Traralgon, Victoria 

Australia. 

4th May, 1971. 

SIR-My congratulations to Professor Richardson on putting British forestry into its 

proper perspective (Review De'c. 1970). This, and E. R. Huggard's article (Review Sept. 

1970) should be required reading for all British foresters, especially those in the private 

sector. Perhaps it is no coincidence that they are both from the same school of forestry, 

and must surely augur well for the quality of their future graduates. Moving from private 

British forestry to industrial plantation forestry in Australia, I can only agree that for too 

long forestry in Britain has been a "rural pursuit" and "cottage industry". 

However, Professor Richardson's evidence for a flood of low cost material into world 

markets is not entirely convincing. Concerning tropical hardwoods I doubt whether his 

two big "ifs" (top of p. 327) are as capable of such an early solution as he hopes. With 

regard to man-made forests the majority of these are being planted to satisfy existing 

needs within countries rather than as a basis for export industry, New Zealand, of course, 

being a notable ,exception. While many sub-tropical man-made forests can produce spectacular 

yields there are still relatively small areas being planted. It has been estimated by 

FAO (World Symposium on Man-Made Forests, Canberra, 1967) that the average yield 

from the 80 million hectares of man-made forests to be planted between 1966-1985 will 

be only 5m 3 /hectare/year. This is dU'e to the preponderance of planting in the North 

Temperate zone, particularly the D.S., Japan and Europe. 

British forestry which should be able to produce at least 10m 3 /hectare/year, and hopefully 

more, is thus in a relatively better position than most of its potential competitors. 

The only way to capitalise on this inherently favourable position is to introduce the 

massive economies of scale practised in other countries. New Zealand, of similar land 

area, is planning in terms of 60,000 hectare HP. radiata equivalent" forest units. Considering 

differences in growth rate I would agree with Professor Richardson's assertion of 

100,000 hectares-plus for Britain. This will certainly need a radical rethink in terms of 

existing land use but I believe this to be an essential and long-overdue exercise. 

The position of the private woodland (sic) owner is as usual the most difficult to 

resolve. A suitably placed owner could certainly participate in these large production 

units provided his individual blocks were not less than, say, 500 hectares and could thus 

accommodate the intensive mechanisation necessary to reduce costs to an acceptable level. 

The smaller owner may be able to find his own salvation, either in the creation of 

Professor Richardson's "resorts" (as some notable owners already have), or encourage 

acquisition by local authorities for recreation and amenity management. This latter solution 

has already found limited application in areas of great public pressure. 

The many areas of private woodland that do not fit the above categories present a 

difficult problem. Present attitudes and fiscal structures merely encourage the pretence 

that "economic forestry" is possible with such areas, and have prolonged the establishment 

of scattered woodlands of myriad species. Perhaps the Dedication Scheme has been 

too favourable for too long. If "strate'gic reserve" is an outmoded concept for British 

state forestry should it not also be so for the private sector? The war-time debt has been 

amply repaid. Continuation of the Dedication Scheme and present tax structure may 

well be desirable but in many cases must more logically be regarded as a state contribution 

to the maintenance of the British landscape, rather than an ultimate aid to the 

balance of payments. 

267 

D. J. DANBURY.

CORRESPONDENCE 269 

Copy of a letter from the Director, Nature Conservancy to the Editor, 

Daily Telegraph, 9th July, 1971. 

SIR-Peter Simple's attack on the Forestry Committee of Great Britain and the Forestry 

Commission (July 6th) is so contrary to ecological fact that his assertions cannot go 

uncorrected. 

Britain more than any other country in Europe has an appalling record of the destruction 

of our natural forest by man's greed and thoughtlessn'ess. It is almost entirely due 

to private forest owners and the Forestry Commission that we have any substantial areas 

of forest left. 

Since the establishment of the Forestry Commission we have seen impressive efforts 

to reafforest areas of the country which once carried trees. The low fertility of these 

sites, and the degradation caused by man's past activities has necessarily meant the use 

of conifers, as these are the only tre'es which can cope with low fertility and severe 

exposure and make sufficient money to compensate the cost of planting. 

To say that the plantations are for the most part dull and hideous shows the same 

short-sightedness which reduced the areas being reafforested to their treeless state, and 

to claim that the soil is rendered unfit for any other purpose betrays an ignorance of soil 

ecology which is frightening, not least because the view is so commonly held. 

While the conversion of broadleaved woodland and scrub to conifers gives rise to 

some concern, because of the shortage of broadleaved woodland in this country, the 

Forestry Commission's new hardwood policy has already recognised the dangers and 

goes some way to remedying the situation. 

The reafforestation of large areas of this country, whether by private landowners or 

by the Forestry Commission, is a major advance in conservation. The return of these 

areas to a woodland ecosystem opens up new possibilities for the future, and the conservation 

value of the conifer plantations themselves, particularly when they have grown 

through the early phase of establishment, is very much higher than is supposed by the 

casual visitor. 

The fact that the plantations also make a small profit should be a matter of pride. 

Does Peter Simple really think that anything would have been done to "plant trees for 

people" if the taxpayer had been asked to subsidise the total cost? 

Yours faithfully, 

J. N. R. JEFFERS, 

Director, Nature Conservancy, 

Grange-over-Sands, Lancs.


only doomed to failure; the publication of such attempts frequently lead to complacency 

and a sudden drying up of further inquiry. A compromise has to be reached. 

The Botany Division of the T.P.N.G. Department of Forests, under John Womersley's 

able leadership, seem to have achieved it successfully, by bringing out accounts of the 

chief timber families which aim to be as botanically accurate and up-to-date as circumstances 

will allow, yet are produced essentially as interim accounts which are subject 

to more or less complete revision from time to time as knowledge increases. 

Mark Coode's present contribution is the first such revision of the T.P.N.G. Manual 

of Forest Trees, nine parts of which have so far been produced, each covering a separate 

family. It contains a full account of all species, including shrubs and climbers, in the 

Combretaceae occurring in the region from New Guinea to the Solomons, leaving out 

only those recorded exclusively from West New Guinea. The clear and succinct descriptions 

avoid use of more than the essential botanical terms, and include much field 

information. Each tree species is accompanied by a good full page line illustration of a 

flowering or fruiting twig. Good keys are provided based both on fertile and on sterile 

characters; the latter are essential in manuals to be used in the forest. Coode concentrates 

on a very thorough account of the genus Terminalia, which provides important 

timbers both for local and overseas markets and has undergone an ebullition of speciation 

in that region; of the thirty-one species in the account, four are newly described 

and three are yet to be named botanically; an excellent field key is provided to this 

difficult genus which exhibits much phenotypic variation in leaf size and shape and in 

indeumentum. A particularly praiseworthy feature of the book is that gaps in information 

and areas of uncertainty in the definition of species are emphasised rather than 

glossed over; this should expedite the filling of such gaps in the future. 

Some criticisms can inevitably be levelled at individual details; I would mention the 

following in particular: The introductory definition of the family is relatively more 

technical and uses terms (infundibuliform, patelliform, for instance) that may dissuade 

foresters from proceeding further; it is a pity that a comment on the field characters 

of the chief tree genera is not included here; it is a pity also that no description of 

the uses to which the timbers are put in New Guinea is included in the introduction. In 

the introduction to Terminalia a separate list of field characters is included towards the 

end, far separated from the botanical definition; these might better be amalgamated; 

some field characters, such as the striking colour of the senescent leaves and the handsome 

convex plank buttresses, are 'Only mentioned, and this not always, in individual 

species descriptions. The manual would be much easier to use if the key diagnostic 

characters for each taxon were picked out in bold or italic print or underlined as has 

been done, for instance, in Corner's Wayside Trees of Malaya. It is unfortunate that the 

.two artists have adopted different styles of shading; in Damaris Pierce's clear drawings, 

using the technique adopted by Miss van Crevel in Flora Malesiana, there is no 

difficulty in distinguishing shading from hairs, but Terry Nolan's stippling is confusing 

in this respect. One final point: it can be dangerous to suggest specific epithets in the 

text for species which, presumably owing to lack of material, are yet to be published. 

All in all, though, this is a useful contribution and should prove itself an invaluable 

field companion to foresters. 

DR. P. S. ASHTON 

The Evergreen Forests of Malawi. By J. D. CHAPMAN and F. WHITE. Commonwealth 

Forestry Institute, Oxford. 1970. Not priced. 

CHAPMAN, a botanically-minded forester with 13 years' service in Malawi, and White, a 

herbarium botanist who has done a good deal of field work in different parts of Africa, 

have combined to describe the evergreen forests of Malawi in 190 pages, with eight text 

figures and 60 photographs. Descriptive ecology is combined with sound taxonomy and 

discursive phytogeography. 

The evergreen forests of Malawi today are fragmentary and not very extensive. There 

is evidence that within re'cent times they occupie·d much larger are'as than their scattered 

remnants do today. They have been destroyed by cultivation or felling for timber and 

charcoal and, on a much larger scale, by fires started by man, and have been replaced 

for the most part by grasslands. Since 1964 Pinus patula has been planted for the Vipya 

pulpwood project at the rate of at least 4,050 he'ctares a ye'ar, mainly on these grasslands, 

but also on deliberately cleared natural forest areas.

REVIEWS 

l'he chapters by White on Floristics and Plant Geography and on Classification are 

wide ranging and perceptive. Chapman's descriptions of the forests in ten geographical 

sections are detailed and will be'come incre'asingly valuable to local ecologists who, in 

future years, want to know what the forests were like in the 1960s. The authors stress 

the scientific importance of preserving examples of these natural forests. At present most 

of the forest remnants are in national parks or in forest reserves constituted primarily 

for the prevention of erosion, flooding and desiccation. The responsibility for conservation 

thus rests firmly on the Department of Forestry and Game, who should be encouraged 

to resist the temptation of replacing all the natural forests by fast-growing 

plantations. 

Foresters and agriculturalists, biologists and geographe'rs, in Malawi and neighbouring 

countries will find much of interest in this book for many years, and should be grateful 

that the publishers did not insist on a more concise treatment. 

R. W.J.KEAY 

Forestry In Northern Ireland. Command Paper 550, 1970. Her Majesty's Stationery 

Office, Belfast. 35p. 

SINCE 1921 the Government of Northern Ireland has operated its own forest policy, 

administered by the Forestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture. The current aim, 

on the policy formulated in 1945, is to establish 150,000 acres of productive forestry by 

the end of this century. The State would hold by far the largest share of this. Already it 

has 100,000 acres of plantations, against 30,000 on private estates. At its current rate of 

planting, 4,500 acres annually, the present target will be achieved by the year 1975. 

The obje'ct of this ne'w Command Paper, presented to the Northern Ireland Parliament 

in November 1970, is simple. The Government proposes to double its target, aiming to 

secure 300,000 acres of well-managed plantations by the ye'ar 2000. It estimates that 

private owners can increase their acreage to 75,000, while the State can contribute 

225,000 or three-quarters of the whole. 

The reasoiiS1or this increase are well set out. Land is available in the poorer, hilly 

and peaty districts of western Ulster that can produce far more under timber crops 

than by hill farming. Illustrative yields, at present prices, are £7.5 per acre per annum 

for stock raising, contrasted with £40 for afforestation. The demand for timber exceeds 

supplies, and is likely to do so for many years. The markets are well diversified among 

sawmilling, chipboard, and pulpwood. The provision of local employment, currently for 

some 1,000 workers, is important, especially in the w'est of the province, which has few 

industries. If planting ce'ases, employment will inevitably decrease through the impact of 

mechanisation on harvesting; only an expanded planting programme can raise the present 

level. An ultimate figure of 9,000 people, in the woods, hills, and tourist industry, is 

suggested. 

Even when the expanded programme is realised, forests will only occupy 9 per cent of 

Northern Ireland's 3.3 million acres. Provision is, however made for five-yearly reviews 

of the target figure, which can be amended upwards or downwards in the light of 

agricultural prosperity and other economic factors. In round figures there will still be a 

million acres of "poor marginal land," or worse, that could be afforested later. 

The report makes no firm forecasts of likely economic returns, but from the Balance 

Sheet included it appears that 100,000 acres of plantations have been established for 

£24 million, an average of £240 per acre. Much of this is high-yielding Sitka spruce, 

which under the favourable climate and a modern regime of ploughing, fertilisation and 

skilled thinning, promises excellent outputs-possibly averaging 10 tons of timber per 

acre per annum throughout th'e rotation. 

The whole programme is lucidly set out, and its originators can be commended for 

saying so frankly: "We have a sound project here, let's double its size." We hope they 

will be given the funds and support they need to promote forestry where it can prove so 

profitable. Its values for recreation and amenity are rightly stressed in a re'gion for 

tourist attractions and pioneer work on National Forest Parks. 

H. L.EDLIN 

Joinery, by C. H. Tack. Publis'hed by F.P.R.L. and H.M.S.O.. £1. 

THIS YEAR The Worshipful Company of Carpenters, one of the great City of London 

Livery Companies, joined with the British Woodwork Manufacturers' Association, and 

7* 

277

REVIEWS 281 

Not much new research work is reported. Enplacement, pruning and thinning trials 

with Eucalyptus grandis are mentioned, as also sample plot and yield table work with 

Pinus Kesiya and Eucalyptus grandis. Progress was made with studies in wood structure, 

properties, handling, sawing and seasoning of small logs of Eucalyptus grandis. In the 

course of recent years the Department has started up a considerable range of research 

projects, using modern methods and installing some quite expensive equipment, with 

the intention of solving problems of afforestation with untried exotics before they arose 

on an industrial scale. Unfortunately the highly qualified and locally experienced staff 

needed for all these projects has been leaving, and the Department now records difficulty 

in finding suitable replacements and for keeping the projects going. This has been the 

case particularly with the Tree Improvement Research centre at Kitwe. 

The Government of Zambia's policy of carrying development into the remoter rural 

areas n1eans that a part of the Department's energies has been devoted to establishing 

and tending little local-supply plantations for peasants and subsistence cultivators. It 

seems a pity that the Department has to pretend to make these appear economic by 

selling the produce. The Government during the year made changes in the system of 

administration in the provinces, and through shuffles in Government portfolios the 

Department was twice transferred from one Ministry to another. This held up the 

declaration of new forest reserves; but none of the gazetted reserves, apparently, was 

lost-"the Department's field staff once again made a fine job of the unspectacular but 

important job of protecting over 20,000 square miles of forest estate" says the report. 

The Baikiaea plurijuga hardwood forests in the southern province continued to be 

exploited (to the extent of 2,343,000 cubic feet in the round) for railway sleepers and 

parquet flooring; without, however, much hope of replacement except by way of minimum 

girth limits and fire protection in selected areas. A fresh concession area was 

surveyed and planned in Seskake district, west of the Zambezi river. These dry west 

bank forests also yielded 250,000 cubic feet of sawlogs, mainly Ptercarpus angolensis, 

during the year. 

At the other end of the country, in the heavy "miombo" woodlands to the west of the 

Copperbelt, 1,562,000 cubic feet of Brachystegia/Julbernadi sawlogs were felled for the 

mining industry, again without organised silvicultural measures to replace or improve 

the growing stock, since it is hoped to supply the industry's future requirements from 

the plantations already mentioned. 

Staffing difficulties also affected the Forest College. The training programme for several 

cadres had to be curtailed. Moreover "a further year is reported without progress in 

training Zambians to be professional forest officers" writes the Chief Conservator. 

The Bee-Keeping sectipn also cut its programme. Ste'ady progress was made, however, 

with the Department's herbarium work and with the production of a fairly large-scale 

map of the vegetation of this large country. 

One gains an impression from reading this report that the loss of so many experienced 

and qualified men is beginning to make itself felt. During the long period of the mining 

boom the Department started up almost too many lines of activity, using highly 

sophisticated methods. The men remaining and their promoted subordinates are making 

a most commendable job of keeping so many of these lines going. 

C.E.D. 

Annual Report of the Forestry Service of Mauritius for 1968. 

FORESTRY in Mauritius appears to be fraught with uncertainty. The Forestry Service 

(the old Forest Department has newly become a diVlision of the Ministry of Agricul,ture 

and Natucral Resources) ha,s been hard at work replanting forest land devastated by the 

cyclones of 1960. In March 1968 "practically all the forest plantations" in the dependency 

of R!odvigues were ann'ihilated by yet another cyclone. Government during the year 

spent Rupees 3.9 million on the repair and maintenance of forests. However, jt has still 

not proved possible to make any final allocation of land to forestry, so as to provide 

security of tenure. Out of 66,000 arpents of "Crown Forest Estate," 15,000 arpents have 

recently been "allocated to non-forestry uses," mainly tea-planting. (1 arpent = 1.043 

acres). 

L,and-use planning must be dtifficult in a mountainous island with a total extent of 

750 square miles and a population of 800,000. Priorifties must be very hard to decide. 

Meanwhile the Report cover,s a year of great activity. An area of 1,625 arpents was


There is already a well established harvesting and processing industry in the private 

sector. This is shown by the fact that less than one per cent of the timber harvested was 

exported in log form. During the year the Tanga plywood factory improved production 

but log supply difficulties were encountered by the Moshi plywood factory and the match 

factory. There was an overall increase in the quantity of timber harvested due to an 

improvement in demand from both local and export markets. Pterocarpus angolensis (a 

high quality furniture wood) provided the greatest volume, most of it from unreserved 

land. It was followed by Podocarpus spp. (utility softwoods), Brachylaena hutchinsii (a 

decorative flooring and carving timber) and Brachystegia spp. (utility hardwoods). The 

37t per cent increase in Brachystegia from 1967 is attributed to greater building activity 

and it is encouraging that this difficult but plentiful hardwood is justifying the intensive 

research and development lavished on it in the past. 

Timber sales yielded the Division revenue of Shs.(T) 2,649,501 (approximately 

£154,000) and other produce (including poles and firewood) Shs.(T) 1,278,281 (approx. 

£74,000), a total of Shs.(T) 3,927,782 (approx. £228,000). Expenditure was Shs.(T) 

10,334,639 (approx. £600,850). In other words, like most Commonwealth countries, 

Tanzania was still in the investment stage of developing and expanding its forest 

resources. Timber exports brought the country Shs.(T) 9,477,280 (approx. £551,000) in 

foreign currency but imports of wood and wood products cost Shs.(T) 77,746,160 

(approx. £4,520,000). Tanzania cannot afford to prolong this situation indefinitely and 

the role of the Forest Division both in saving imports and paying for them requires 

to be urged at every opportunity. 

Development of the forest estate progressed under the current Five-Year Development 

Plan. 6,658 acres of exotic softwoods were planted (plus a field scale trial of 436 acres) 

and 921 acres of fine and utility hardwoods were established. 2,025 acres of East African 

camphorwood were brought under tending for the first time while further tending was 

given to 74,000 acres of established plantations and over 22,000 acres of natural 

regeneration. 

The formation of a Road Unit in the Northern Circle was a commendable step to 

"relieve project managers of the extra work on road planning and construction, thereby 

giving them more time in carrying out cultural operations ..." 'Planning for logging 

and extraction in the plantations coming to maturity was given priority and plantation 

mapping from aerial photographs was the primary work of the three survey teams and 

drafting office. Assessment of forest land to locate areas suitable for timber growing was 

carried out in most parts of the country while inventories were undertaken in four 

major exotic softwood plantations to determine the sawlog volume available. Work on 

permanent sample plots in all softwood areas was completed and data processing began. 

These are some of the main features of a detailed, interesting and well-written report 

which shows a progressive Forest Division becoming commercially orientated to meet 

its country's needs of timber. Space does not allow discussion of the Division's research 

in silviculture, beeke-eping and timber properties, or its education, training, extension 

and information work, all of which were important supports to the Division's main 

effort of developing the nation's forest resources to the fulL One important feature, 

however, seems to underline the Division's determination to grow in efficiency, 

namely, the attention being given to worker training in addition to the training of graded 

staff. It is clear that the ten young Tanzians who returned during the- year from professional 

education overseas have, along with their colleagues already working in the 

Division, a thoroughly worthwhile task before them. 

R.G.S. 

Annual Report 1968.69: Division of Forest Produds, C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne, 

Australia. Pp. 78. 

AFTER 40 years of forest products research throughout the world, the C.S.I.R.O. appears 

to have little doubt about future needs. As announced in the previous annual report 

some 30 acres have been purchased as a future site, an approach road has now been 

constructed and some plantations planted. The total budget is not stated but, as outside 

assistance of $102,000 amounted to 6.9 per cent of available funds yearly, expenditure 

must approach $1,500,000. Presumably this is greater than in the previous year as the 

professional staff has been increased.

REVIEWS 285 

In addition to administrative and scientific services the Laboratory now consists of 

six main sections, viz, physiology and microstructure, paper science, physics, engineering, 

preservative and timber conversion. In the first mentioned section it is of interest to 

note the work being done on the modification of the structure and chemistry of the 

cell wall by thinning, fertiliser application, heartwood formation, bacteria attack, etc. 

The development of electron microscopic studies is well illustrated by one very excellent 

photograph. Paper Science includes, in addition to investigations on the raw materials 

and processes that are used to make paper, a programme of research into the mechanical 

properties, moisture relations, warping, etc., of fibreboard and even a survey of apple 

containers. 

The Physics Section deals with wood-water relationships, creep, surface properties 

and the deformation induced by mechanical or moisture changes. It also has an 

operational research unit which co-operates with the Timber Conversion Section in 

research on the drying of sawn and round timber, veneer peeling, finger jointing and 

bark removal. One interesting aspect of the Timber Conversion Unit is a study of 

methods to avoid damage, resulting from the release of internal stresses, during the 

felling and storage of logs. 

The Engineering Section is concerned with strength grading and the design of 

structures built of solid timber, plywood and glued laminations. It is working towards 

the drafting of a Timber Engineering Design Code. In work carried out by the Preservative 

Section it is of interest to note that a successful treatment has been developed 

for the protection of marine piling and for wood in cooling towers. Also that a method 

has been discovered for preventing posts, treated with copper-chrome arsenic salts, from 

glowing to destruction when in contact with grass fires. 

This very interesting summary of the work of the forest products division contains a 

list of publications issued in 1968. Unfortunately there is no indication of where copies 

of this report may be obtained or of its cost. 

A.V.T. 

Forest Insect and Disease Survey, Canadian Forestry Service Annual Report for 

the year 1969. 

NO VERY WIDESPREAD epidemics of either insect pests or diseases occurred in Canadian 

forests during 1969, but some caused severe damage in various localities and others were 

sufficiently prevalent to give rise to anxiety. 

Among the insects the most important were the spruce budworm (Choristoneura 

jUfflijerana), the jack-pine budworm (C. pinus pinus) and the larch sawfly (Pristiphora 

erichsonii). There were outbreaks of the first of these in various localities in the eastern 

provinces, and very large' populations persisted in New Brunswick. Che'mical control 

programmes are now being organised by several provinces with co-operation from the 

Survey. Jack-pine budworm populations increased in parts of Ontario and Quebec, but 

declined in Manitoba and western Ontario. Infestations by the larch sawfly were generally 

lighter than in recent years except in Manitoba and Ontario. 

Other insects of importance stressed in the report were the eastern hemlock looper 

(Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria) , and the birch casebearer (Coleophora fuscidinella), 

outbreaks of which occurred in Newfoundland; the saddled prominent moth (Heterocampa 

guttivitta), a defoliator of harqwoods in Ontario and Quebec; the large aspen 

tortrix (Choristoneura conflictana) in Manitoba; the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus obesus), 

severe local outbreaks of which occurred in parts of Alberta and British Columbia; and 

the green-striped forest looper (Melanolophia imitata), a defoliator mainly of conifers, 

the black-headed budworm (Acleris variana), on various conifers, and the western hemlock 

looper (Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa), all of which were on the increase in British 

Columbia. 

Of the more important pathogens, the beech bark disease (Nectria coccinea) caused 

high mortality in the Maritime Provinces, and many surviving trees are cankered; 

scleroderris canker (Scleroderris lagerbergii) was severe in pine plantations in Ontario 

and Quebec; jack-pine suffered from swe'et-fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae) in 

Quebec, especially in plantations where sweet-fern, rather than sweet gale, is its alternate 

host; atropeIlis canker (Atropellis piniphila) was prevelant in Alberta and the neighbouring 

territories, and seems to show no preferences between jack pine, lodgepole pine and


their hybrids; in the same region 12 per cent of the trembling aspen trees were infected 

by hypoxylon canker (Hypoxylon mammatum). 

The Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi) continued to be of importance and to spread. 

The principal vector is the bark-beetle Hylurgopinus ru{ipes, but the introduced European 

bark-beetle Scolytus multistriatus is extending its range and was found in Quebec for the 

first time. 

In British Columbia special studies of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp.), which 

are considered to be second in importance only to decay organisms, were initiated. 

F. G. BROWNE 

Hong Kong. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Forestry Division, 1969·70. 

FORESTRY plays a negligible part in the Hong Kong economy; it does however fulfil a 

very important role in the stated policy of preserving and improving the Colony's 

vegetable cover. There is no formally declared forest estate, although virtually all the hill 

lands covering some 300 square miles are Ctown land and include some 15,900 acres of 

woodland of which 13,200 acres are plantations. 

The Division's chief problem appears to be protection against fire. During the year 

under review some 342 acres of plantations were established (Table 10); on the debit 

side some 275 acres (Table 9) were destroyed by fire. On these figures afforestation in 

Hong Kong nlust be a very unrewarding task. 

In addition to its afforestation activities the Division is also responsible for the pro.. 

vision of countryside amenities and wildlife conservation. 

E.W.M. 

South Australia. Annual Report, Woods and Forests Department, 1968-69. 

A REVIEW of any South Australia Annual Report is a comparatively simple task; firstly, 

the Conservator presents his own review or synopsis of the main features in the Report 

on the opening pages and, secondly, it revolves almost entirely round the "man-made" 

forest, in this case, the silviculture of P. radiatae The' 1967-68 Rejort (C.F.R. Vo!' 49 (2)) 

forecast a continuing deterioration in the softwood demand; this appears to have 

materialised; the Report now under review, however, fore'casts "subsequently better 

figures" for 1969-70. 

The total area of Forest Reserves at the end of the year was 290,516 acres with a 

further 1,956 acres in process of reservation. This includes no less than 155,000 acres of 

softwood plantations, of which 8,000 acres were established during the year as against a 

target of 200,000 acres. 

As is to be expected from an expanding forest estate, the total production of softwood 

increased by 8,000,000 super feet, the slight reduction in timber for sawlogs 

being nlore than compensated by a 12,000,000 super feet increase in pulpwood 

production. 

Imports totalled 42,652,759 super feet of softwood timber and 13,746,152 super feet 

of hardwoods as against a total home production from State and private forests of 

231,105,956 super feet of softwood sawlogs and slightly less than 500,000 super feet of 

all types of hardwoods. 

In our review of last year's report we asked when the Department's clonal orchards 

would be in production. In this report comes the answer-200 lbs. of seed were harvested 

and sown during the year under review and it is estimated that a further 600 lbs. would 

be available in the following year. A project tackled and successfully established, a development 

of great significance in future establishment as it should eliminate the undue 

proportion of "wolf trees," excessive spiral grain, etc., which were features of earlier 

plantations. 

An interesting section of the report is devoted to the work done in collaboration with, 

or with facilities supplied to, other organisations, viz. The Southern .Regional Commonwealth 

Research Institute, C.S.I.R.O. Divisions of Soils and Forest Products, University of 

Adelaide, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, the Australian National University and 

Melbourne University. Close liaison of this kind must be of considerable benefit to 

foresters in the Department, to research workers, to teaching staff and students. 

Commonwe'alth Foresters will note with regret that this is the last report to be written 

by Mr. Brian Bednall, retiring Conservator of Forests, a post he has held for the past

REVIEWS 287 

22 years. Mr. Bednall has attended the last five Commonwealth Forestry Conferences. 

On all occasions he has made significant contributions to both technical and social 

activities: always a very popular delegate. 

E.W.M. 

F'orests Commission, Victoria, Autsrali'a-Annual Report, 1969-70. 

THE REPORT opens with a quotation from Schlich's "Manual of Forestry" on what is now 

generally known as "multiple use management." The opening paragraphs go on to 

describe in broad outline the problems confironting the Commission in its declared 

policy of mul'tiple purpose management embracing recreation and conservation. 

Once again the Chairman indicates a deteriorating financial situation. Although the 

excess of appropriated expenditure over appropriated revenue is only $A328,861 he is 

far from happy about the use of the Forestry Fund to meet shortages caused by 

inadequate financial provision. 

The area of reserved forest shows little change; there was an excision of 14,600 acres 

for National P'arks but a compensating addition is to be affected. 

There are at present 89 forest parks, scenic reserves, etc., comprising approximately 

63,716 acres of reserved forests; not a very large area when compared with the total of 

5,656,671 aores of reserved forest in the State. 

Operations in native hardwood forests continue to be of primary importance. A total 

of 33,740 acres were silviculturally treated including the regeneration of 10,235 acres 

by vafious methods. 

Softwood plantations established during the year amounted to some 6,131 acres, of 

which no less than 6,060 acres were P. Iradiata planted under the Commonwealth-States 

Softwood Forestry Agreement, thus achieving the prescribe'd target of 38,000 acres by the 

end of the fourth year of the Agreement. Proposals for a new Commonwealth-State 

Softwood Forestry Agreement were under discussion during the year whereby the 

progress of planting in Victoria would be stepped up to 15,000 acres per annum from 

July 1971. 

The dominance of hardwoods is again emphasised in the Statement of Output for 

the year: 

Sawlogs 

Pulpwood 

Hardwood 

405,650,025 super it 

9,169,351 cubic ft 

So/twood 

47,823,293 super ft 

4,737,005 cubic ft 

As in most Australian R'eports the fire problem receives extensive coverage. No less 

than six separate appendices are devoted to fire statistics. Total area burnt was 12,576 

a'cres in 304 outbreaks. 

The Research section appears to divide its activities equally between softwood 

(P. radlata) and hardwood (E. regnans) problems. The Sirex Wood Wasp search and 

control activities continued. Although a spread of infestation is reported there are signs 

that parasitic control is proving effective. 

The Report is well produced, contains much of interest and many exce'llent photographs. 

The only criticism, and it is not peculiar to Victoria, is why must so many 

Forest Authorities devise their own set of appendices and statistical forms? How much 

easier was a reviewer's task in the days of the universally accepted Standard forms. 

Commonwealth Development Corporation: Report and Accounts 1970. 

E.W.M. 

AT 31.12.70 there were 189 projects with total estimated commitments of £171.6 million. 

New investments during the year totalled £18,869,591 comprising 22 new projects costing 

£9,589,493 and supplementary investments on existing projects £9,280,098. Impressive 

figures no doubt but on examination very disappointing to a forester; the 22 new projects 

included no forestry operation; existing projects include only four forestry operations. 

Guyana Timbers is reported to be of doubtful profitability and due to be reviewed; 

most successful project is Usutu PU1lp Co. Ltd., SwaziIand, which declared a divide·nd of 

24 per cent during the year; on a smaller scale the Pacific Lumber Co. Ltd., Fiji, showed

SECTION I. COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 291 

ARCHER, G. R., B.Sc.For., Department of Forestry, Mt. Hagen, Papua and New 

Guinea. 1965. 

ARGYLE, M. C., B.Se., Yew Tree Cottage, Wootton, Nr. Canterbury, Kent. 1948. 

ARMITAGE, F. B., B.Sc., M.A.(Oxon), 828 Island Road, Victoria, B.e., Canada. 1947. 

ARMOUR, M. R., Forest Officer, Forestry Commission, P.O. Box 8111, Causeway, 

Rhodesia. 1957. 

ARNOTT, J. T., B.Sc., M.Sc., Forest Research Laboratory, 506 W. Burnside Road, 

Victoria, B.C., Canada. 1969. 

ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE DES BOIS TROPICAUX, 45 bis 

Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94 N ogent sur Marne, France. 1970. 

ASSAM, Chief Conservator of Forests, Shillong, Assam. 1930. 

ATKINSON, G. A., For.Ccrt. Forestry Department, Tasman Pulp and Paper Company 

Ltd., Kawerau, New Zealand. 1958. 

ATTWOOD, L., P.O. Box 452, Umtali, Rhodesia. 1957. 

AUNG DIN, M.A.(Oxon), B.Sc.(Hons), Forestry Division, F.A.O. Headquarters, Via 

delle Terme di Caracalla" ROlTIC, Italy. 1953. 

AUSTRALIA: LIBRARIAN, Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra A.C.T., Australia. 

1964. 

AUSTRALIA: NEW SOUTH WALES COMMISSION, The Assenlbly Building, 

Margaret Street, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. 1922. 

AUSTRALIA: QUEENSLAND FORESTRY DEPARTMENT, Box 944, G.P.O., 

Brisbane Q 4001, Queensland, Australia. 1952. 

AUSTRALIA: SOUTH, Conservator of Forests, Woods and Forests Department, 

Adelaide, South Australia. 1929. 

AUSTRALIA: VICTORIA, The Forestry ConlDlissioners, 453 Latrobe Street, Melbourne, 

Victoria, Australia. 1922. 

AUSTRALIA: WESTERN, Forests Department, 3rd and 4th Floors, R. & I. Bank 

Building, 54-58 Barrack Street, Perth, Western Australia. 1930. 

AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY LEAGUE (Victoria Branch), 24 Studlcy Avenue, Kew, 

Victoria, Australia. 1921. 

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Forestry Departmcnt, Box 4 P.O., Canberra 

A.C.T., Australia. 1965. 

AUSTRALIAN NEWSPRINT, MELBOURNE, Springvale Road, Victoria, Australia. 

1948. 

AYLIFFE, R., The Garden House, Richington Way, Seaford, Sussex. 1952. 

AYRES, G. C., "Rosehall," Whins of Milton, Stirling. 1950. 

BAHAMAS The, The Colonial Secretary, Government of the Bahamas, Nassau, Bahamas, 

West Indies. 1923. 

BAHARUDDIN BIN HAll GHAZALI, Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur, West 

Malaysia. 1965. 

BAIDOE, J. F., Forestry Division, P.O. Box 1917, Kumasi, Ghana. 1969. 

BAIGENT, L. E. H., Timber Merchant and Forestry Manager, G.P.O. Box 97, Nelson, 

New Z'ealand. 1953. 

BAIGENT, P. L., Forestry Director, H. Baigent and Sons Limited, P.O. Box 97, Nelson, 

New Zealand. 1954. 

BAILEY, E. C. J., B.Sc.For., Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and 

Co-operatives, P.M.B. 3022. Kano, Kano State, N. Nigeria. 1966. 

BAIN, V. L., Dip.For.(Ran.), "Westbourne", 18 Ruxley Close, West Ewell, Surrey. 1926. 

BAKER, G. S., B.Sc.Econ., 6 Farmcroft, Northfleet, Kent. 1971. 

BALTAXE, R., M.A.(For.) Oxon., Federal Department of Forestry, P.M.B. 5054, 

Ibadan, Nigeria. 1971. 

BALYAHA, M. B. M., Forest Ranger, P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, Uganda. 1963. 

BAMBERGERS (TIMBER AND PLYWOOD) LIMITED, Bamberger House, St. Cross 

Street, London, E.C.1. 1964. 

BANERJEE, J., B.Sc.(Hons.), B.Com., Dip.For., "Aranyak", P.O. Gobardanga, (24 

Pargs), West Bengal, India. 1966. 

BANYARD, S. G., B.Se., Dip.Aero.Photo Int., Lecturer, I.T.C., Delft, Holland. 1966. 

BAPTISTE, E., Forest Guard, clo Forestry Office, Roseau, Dominica, W.I. 1953. 

BARNETT ESTATES LIMITED, The Manager, Montego Bay, Jamaica, West Indies. 

1959,


CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Canada Cement Building, 4795 St. Catherine 

Street West, Montreal 6 P.Q., Canada. 1924. 

CANADIAN CAR, Woodlands Operation, Box 67, Fort WiIliam, Ontario, Canada. 1969. 

CANT, P. R., For.Dip., Southern Rhodesia Forestry Commission, P.O. Box 59, Melsetter, 


CANUSA LIMITED, Timber Brokers, Villiers House, 41-47 Strand, London, W.C.2. 

1947. 

CARDEN, C. R., B.Sc.For.(Aber.), clo Department of Forests, Hoskins, West New 

Britain, T.P.N.G. 1971. 

CARLISLE, Dr. A., B.Sc.(Bangor), Biology Section, Federal Department of Forestry 

and Rural Development, Petawawa Experimental Station, Chalk River, Ontario, 

Canada. 1948. 

CARLSEN, C. S., B.C.F.S., 1018 Collenson Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 

1956. 

CARMICHAEL, W., B.Sc.For., Dip.For., F.L.S., 60 Kirk Brae, Edinburgh EH16 6HU. 

1949. 

CARSON, G. L., C.B.E., B.Se.For.(Edin.), Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, 

Sandakan, Sabah. 1938. 

CARTWRIGI-IT, R. N., Dip.L.A., A.I.L.A., 42 Station Close, Riding Mill, Hexham, 

Northumberland. 1960. 

CARVER, J. E. A., M.A.(Oxon), C.F.S.(retd.), 60 Margaret Maytom Avenue, Durban 

North, Natal, South Africa. 1926. 

CARVER, M. W., M.E.F.A., Flat 7, 7 Hedgeley Avenue, East Malvern, Victoria, 3145, 

Australia. 1959. 

CATER, J. C., M.B.E., B.A., Deputy Chairman Osutu Pulp Co., Santa Estates, P.O. Box 

46, Dullstrom, East Transvaal, South Africa. 1945. 

CENTRO DE DOCUMENTACIO TECNICA, CDT-IIA, C.P. 406 Nova Lisboa, 

Angola. 1966. 

CEYLON FOREST DEPARTMENT,P.O. Box 509, Colombo, 'Ceylon. 1950. 

CHAFFEY, D. R., B.Sc., M.Se., Land Resources Division, Directorate of Overseas 

Surveys, Tohvorth Towers, Surbiton, Surrey. 1968. 

CHALI(, Dr. L., M.A., D.Phil., C.F.S.(retd.), 33 Belsyre Court, Woodstock Road, 

Oxford. 1924. 

CHALMERS, W. S., B.Se.(Aber.), Research Fellow, University of West Indies, St. 

Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. 1957. 

CHAMBERS, W. P. C., Poppins, Cross-in-Hand, Heathfield, Sussex. 1929. 

CHAMPION, Sir Harry, C.I.E., D.Se., M.A., I.F.S.(retd.), Professor Emeritus (Oxon), 

Windrush, Boar's Hill, Oxford. 1926. 

CHANDLER, W. G., M.B.E., B.Se.For., General Manager, A.P.M. Forests Limited, 

Southgate, South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 1931. 

CHAPMAN, G. W., M.B.E., M.A., Danallt-y-Gog, Conwyl Elfed, Carmarthen. 1932. 

CHAPMAN, E., B.Sc., Silviculturist, Forest Department, Suva, Fiji. 1956. 

CHAPMAN, J. D., B.Se., A.C.F., clo Forest Division, Ministry of Natural Resources, 

N.E. State, P.M.B. 47, Maiduguri, Nigeria. 1944. 

CHATURVEDI, J. K., M.Se., Forest Planning Officer, Balaghat, India. 1958. 

CHE DIN BIN eRE EMBY, State Forest Office, Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia. 1949. 

CHINNER, Lt.-Col. J. H., B.Sc.(Oxon), B.Se.(Melb.), 20 Pine Ridge, Donvale, Mel.. 

bourne, Victoria, Australia. 1946. 

CHOATE, T. A. R., Forest Industry and Development Project, B.P. 369, Yaounde, 

Cameroon. 1967. 

CHONG PENG WAH, B. C. K., B.Se.Bot.&For., Dip.For., State Director of Forests, 

Selangor, 2334 Jalan Dato Onn, Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. 1962. 

CHRISTIAN, K. M., Forest Department, 144 Constant Spring Road, Kingston, 8, 

Jamaica, West Indies. 1970. 

CHRISTIE, A. C., D.F.C., B.Sc., D.F.D., Forestry Commission, Fort Augustus, Inverness. 

1968. 

CHURCHILL AND SIM LIMITED, 27 Clements Lane, London, E.C.4. 1947. 

CIERA, P. G., Forest Department, P.D. Box 41, FJdoret, Kenya. 1970. 

CLARK, J. B., B.Se.For., P.O. Box 442, Lae, New Guinea. 1966.


CROOME, G. C. R., B.A.(Oxon), Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, 

New Brunswick, Canada. 1962. 

CROWLEY, T. F., State Forester, Sancta Maria, Tourmakeady, Claremorris, Co. Mayo, 

Eire. 1971. 

CROWN, M., B.Sc.(Edin.), Pacific Logging Company, P.O. Box 10, Victoria, B.C., 

Canada. 1956. 

CROWTHER, R. E., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), "Windrush," Pen y Graig, Aberystwyth. 1948. 

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND 

FORESTRY, Newton Rigg, Penrith, Cumberland. 1971. 

CUMMING, D. G., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), clo Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen, 

S1. Machar Drive, Old Aberdeen. 1947. 

CURRIE, D. McD., B.Sc.(Edin..), I.F.S.(retd.), 12 Elm Road, Hereford. 1940. 

CURTIN, Dr. R. A., B.Sc.F., Dip.For., Ph.D., Research Officer, clo Forestry Office, 

Taree, New Soutth Wales 2430, Australia. 1955. 

CYPRUS FOREST DEPARTMENT, Nicosia, Cyprus. 1939. 

DAGANAYASI, W.D., Forest Guard, Forest Department, Lautoka, Fiji. 1961. 

DAHL, R., Dip.For.(Sweden), 4 Carapook Street, Mount Gambier, South Australia. 1954. 

DALEY, P. A., ·B.Sc.(Wales), Forest Officer, clo Agricultural and Fisheries Department, 

393 Canton Road, 12th Floor, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 1948. 

DALKEITH, The Rt.Hon. The Earl of, D.L., M.P., Eildon Hall, Melrose, Roxburghshire. 

1951. 

DAL MONTE, G., Via Duch, Jolanda 27, 13100 Vercelli, Italy. 1970. 

DANBURY, D. J., B.Sc.For., M.Sc.F., Forest Research Institute, Gippshead Regional 

Station, 129 Argyle Street, Traralgon, Victoria, Australia. 1962. 

DARLING, D. D., Technical Officer, Forest Research Institute, Kelmscott, Western 


DATO HAJI WAN HASSAN .BIN ABDUL HALIM, State Forest Officer, Forest Department, 

Johore, Malaysia. 1948. 

DAVIDSON, D. F., O.B.E., B.Sc.For., clo British Embassy, Beirut, Lebanon. 1938. 

DAVIDSON, J., B.Sc.(UNE), B.Sc.For., clo Department of Forests, Keravat, New Britain, 

T.P.N.G. 1967. 

DAVIES, E. M. J., B.Sc., 8 Matilda Road, Glasgow, S.l. 1948. 

DAVIES, H., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), The Bursar's Office, University of Leeds, Leeds 2, Yorks. 

1952. 

DAVIES, N., B.Sc.F. Dip.For., clo Forestry Commission, Box 2667, G.P.O., Sydney, 

2001, New South Wales, Australia. 1950. 

DAVIS, C. W. R., Dip.For., Planning Forester, Peak Timbers Ltd., "Poponye," P.O. 

Box 31, Piggs Peak, Swaziland. 1964. 

DAVIS, D., B.A.For.(Oxon), I.F.S.(retd.), Priory Ford Lodge, Abbotsbrook, Boume End, 

Bucks. 1939. 

DAVIS, T. A. W., Dip.For.(Oxon), South Mullock, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. 1924. 

DAWKINS, Dr. H. C., M.B.E., M.A.(Oxon), D.Phil.(Oxon), I.F.S.(retd.), Commonwealth 

Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford. 1942. 

DAWSON, L. K., Chief Forester, clo P.O. Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1954. 

DAY, R. J., M.A.(Oxon), M.Sc.F(UNB), Assistant Professor, Forestry Department, 

University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. 1966. 

De GRACE, L. A., B.A., B.S.F., M.F., Industrial Forestry Service Limited, 1595 Fifth 

Avenue, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. 1950. 

de ROSAYRO, R. A., B.Sc.(Lon.), B.A.For.(Oxon), Forestry and Forest Industries 

Division, F.A.O. Headquarters, Via Terme di Caralla, Rome, Italy. 1939. 

DERRICK, R. G., B.Sc.For., "Southdield," Long Acre Road, Carmarthen. 1966. 

DESAI, H. K., B.Sc., A.I.F.C., Divisional Forest Officer, Ministry of Natural Resources, 

Oturkpo, B.P. State, Nigeria. 1969. 

DEVITT, J. G., D.Sc., B.Sc., Project Manager, Nepal, clo Forestry Department, F.A.O., 

Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. 1949. 

DEWAR, R. J., e.M.G., C.B.E., B.Sc.(Edin.), 7612 Edenwood Court, Carderock Springs, 

Bethesda, Maryland 20034, U.S.A. 1956. 

DICK, J., B.Sc., Reclamation Department, Kaiser Resources Limited, P.O. Box 940, 

Fernie, B.C., Canada. 1966. 

DICKMAN, G., 7 Wentworth Avenue, Fernbank Road, Ascot, B'erks. 1970.


EVANS, W. R." c/o United Africa Company (Timber), Limited, United Africa House, 

Blackfriars Road, London, S.E.l. 1956. 

EYRE-HIGGINS, Lt.-Col. G., Old Bracondale, Cromer. 1948. 

FA'BER, H., P.O. Box 258, Marandellas, Rhodesia. 1960. 

FAIRBAIRN, Dr. W. A., E.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., 3 Ettrick Grove, Edinburgh 10. 1926. 

FALLOWS, N., 2511 Nicholby Drive, Limestone Gardens, Wilmington, Delaware, 

U,S.A. 19808. 1966. 

FARQUHAR, Dr. J. D., B.Sc.For.(Aber.), M.S., Ph.D., "Feldon," 3 Fairlight Road, 

Hythe, Kent. 1945. 

FARRER, R. P., M.A.(Oxon), Wayshill, Stogumber, Taunton, Somerset. 1951. 

FEARNSIDE, A., B.Sc.(Wales), Mount Strombo Forest, Regional Mail Bag 113, Cotter 

Road, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia. 1957. 

FELLOWS, E. S., M.Sc.For., Forest Consultant, P.O. Box 354, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 

Canada. 1929. 

FIJI FOREST DEPARTMENT, Government 'Buildings, Suva, Fiji. 1952. 

FINCH, A. C., M.Sc., Forestry Department, P.O. Box 228, Ndola, Zambia. 1969. 

FINLAYSON, W., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Forestry College, Prodromos, Cyprus. 1947. 

FISHWICK, R. W., B.Sc.(Wales), S.F. Project 535, F.A.O., Senior Forest Advisor, Rua 

Jardin Botanico, 1008-ZC 20, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 1949. 

FITCH, P. J., B.Sc.For., Regional Forest Office, Department of Forestry and Game, 

Box 5493, Limbe, Malawi. 1963. 

FLATEAU DICK AND COMP'ANY, 9 C'amomile Street, London, E.C.3. 1958. 

FLENTJE, W. M., Dip.For.(Cres.),Dip.For.(Oxon), Divisional Forest Office, Forestry 

Commission, Victoria, P.O. Box 22, Bendige, Victoria, Australia. 1946. 

FLETC'HER TIMBER COMPANY LIMITED, The Managing Director, 'Private Bag, 

Auckland, New Zealand. 1970. 

FLORENC'E, Dr. R. G., M.Sc.For., Ph.D.(Syd.), Department of Forestry, Australian 

National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia. 1970. 

FOGGIE, A., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Secretary, Society of Foresters of Great Britain, Newton 

House, Freuchie, Fife. 1930. 

FORD-RO'BERTSON, F. C., O.B.E., B.Sc., M.A., 54 Staunton Road, Oxford. 1947. 

FOREST MANAGEMENT LIMITED, The Managing Director, 3 Scott Road, Glenrothes, 

Fife. 1969. 

FOREST P'ROD'UCTS RESEARC'H LABORATORY, The Director, Princes Risborough, 

Bucks. 1971. 

FOULSTONE, M. S., B.Sc., Planning Officer, Devon C.C., 18 Old Tiverton Road, 

Crediton, Devon. 1950. 

FOX, A. V., B.Sc.For., Provisional Forest Service, Adamawa Province, Yola, North 

Eastern State, Nigeria. 1969. 

FOX, J. E. D., B.'Sc.,(Hons), M.F., M.Sc., Research Fellowship, Department of Forestry, 

University of North Wales, Bangor. 1956. 

FRANCIS, D. A., B.Sc., F.S.F., G.B., M.E.F.A., "Grey Friars," Kinsbourne Green, 

Harpenden, Herts. 1947. 

FRANCIS, J. P., B.Se.For., P.O. Box 1073, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. 1965. 

FRANCOIS, J. H., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Conservator of Forests, Forestry Department, 

P.O. Box 527, Accra, Ghana. 1957. 

FRASER, H., B.Sc.(Edin.), Dalelands, Middleton Avenue, Ilkley, Yorks. 1926. 

FRITH, A. C., B.Sc.For., clo UNDP Office, Apartado 1424, Santo Domingo, Dominican 

Republic. 1947. 

FULLER, B. R., B.Sc.(Hons),(Lon.), "Grasmere," West Street, Selsey, Nr. Chichester, 

Sussex. 1953. 

FURNESS, C. K., B.Sc. Forest Officer, Forestry Commission, P.O. Box 8111, Causeway, 

Salisbury, Rhodesia. 1957. 

FYFE, A. J., B.Sc., 11 Montpelier Terrace, Edinburgh 10. 1932. 

GAMBIA, H.E. The Governor, Government House, Bathurst, Gambia. 1923. 

GANE, Dr. M., B.Sc.Econ., M.A., D.Phil., Director, Development Planning Institute, 

University of Bradford, Bradford 7, Yorks. 1950. 

GARDNER, T. A. M., M.A.(Oxon), Conservator of Forests, P.O. Box 30513, Nairobi, 

Kenya. 1957.


HOLMES, J., Chief Training Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Co-operatives, 

P.O. Box 2066, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1954. 

HOLTAM, B. W., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), 15 Blacket Avenue, Edinburgh 9. 1949. 

HONORE, E. J., B.A.(Oxon), P.O. Box 24718, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya. 1955. 

HOPPER, R. L., For.Cert., clo District Forest Office, P.O. Box 3012, Arusha, Tanzania. 

1954. 

HOPWOOD, L. A., M.Inst., W.Sc., Status, 34 Sackville Street, Piccadilly, London, 

WIX 1DB. 1970. 

HORNE, J.E.M., O.B.E., B.Sc.For., A.lInf.Sc., Rivendale, Brook Road, Windermere. 

1955. 

HORSLEY SMITH AND SHERRY LIMITED, Ripple Wharf, River Road, Barking, 

Essex. 1964. 

HOSIE, Professor R. C., 7 Annesley Avenue, Toronto 17, Ontario, Canada. 1946. 

HOWARD, Dr. J. A. C., Ph.D., M.F., B.Sc.(Wales), F.R.E.S., F.L.'S., School of Forestry, 

University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria. Australia. 1947. 

HOWARD, W. J., B.Sc.For., Senior Scientific Officer, Land Resources Division, Overseas 

Development Administration, 41 Amerland Road, London, S.W.18. 1967. 

HOWARD, MESSRS. W. W. BRaS AND COMPANY LIMITED, Howard House, 

Lanrick Road, Poplar, London, E.14. 1964. 

HOWCROFT, N. H. S., Technical Assistant, clo Forestry Office, Bulolo, Territory of 

Papua and New Guinea. 1966. 

HOWELL, B. N., M.A.(Cantab), Spitchwick Manor, Poundsgate, Newton Abbot, Devon. 

1971. 

HOWELL, J. H., B.Sc.(Hons)For., Forestry Officer F.A.O., clo V.N.D.P., Apartado 

Postal 6314, Panama 5, Republic de Panama. 1963. 

HOWLAND, P., Dip.For.(Oxon), Research Officer, Forest Research Institute, Federal 

Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1957. 

HOWROYD, C. S., M.A., Forest Department, Sandakan, Sabah. 1950. 

HVA SENG SAWMILL COMPANY, Sibu, Sarawak. 1953. 

HUBBARD, C. S., O.B.E., B.Sc., Forestry Consultant, P.O. Malkerns, SwaziIand. 1935. 

HUGHES, J. F., B.Sc., B.A., Dip.Ed., Department of Forestry, Commonwealth Forestry 

Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford. 1949. 

HUMMEL, Dr. F. C., M.A., D.Phil., Forestry Commission, 25 Savile Row, London, 

W.1. 1938. 

HUNT, L. G., clo Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W.l. 1951. 

HUSSEY, T. W., B.A.(Oxon), Box Tree Cottage, Launcherley, Nr. Wells, Somerset. 1947. 

HYNDMAN-STEIN, A., O.B.E., B.Sc.For., clo Lloyds Bank Ltd., Cox's and King's 

Branch, P.O. Box 220, 6 Pall Mall, London, S.W.l. 1924. 

HYNE, J. R. L., Managing Director, Hyne and Son Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 106, Maryborough, 

Queensland, Australia. 1951. 

HYDERABAD AND BERAR, H.E.H. The Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar, G.C.S.I., 

King Kothi, Hyderabad, (Deccan), India. 1921. 

IMPERIAL TOBACCO GROUP LIMITED, Imperial House, 1 Grosvenor Square, 

London, WIX 6LJ. 1922. 

INCHBOLD-STEVENS, S. H., B.Sc.For. Zambia Forest College, Private Bag, Mwekera, 

Kitwe, Zambia. 1964. 

INDIA: FOREST UTILISATION DEPARTMENT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. India. 

1964. 

INDIA: DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS, CHANDIGARH, The Chief Conservator, 

Haryana, Chandigarh, India. 1967. 

INDIA, DEHRA DUN, The President, Forest Research Institue and Colleges, Dehra 

Dun, (U.P.) India. 1925. 

INDIA, Conservator of Forests, Hoshangabad Circle, Hoshangabad, M.P., India. 1965. 

INDIA: Chief Conservator of Forests, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. 1968. 

INDIA, Chief Conservator of Forests, Madras 6, India. 1969. 

INDIA, Conservator-General, Bengal Forest Department, Writers' Building, Calcutta, 

Bengal, India. 1945. 

INDIA: SOUTHERN FOREST RANGERS COLLEGE, Post Box No. 731, Coimbatore-2, 

India. 1931.


KEIGHLEY, G. D., B.Sc.(Edin.), Forestry Commission, Priestley Road, Basingstoke, 

Hants. 1944. 

KEMP, R. H., B.A.(Cantab.), B.A.(Oxon), Senior Research Officer, Comnl0n\vealth 

Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford. 1970. 

KENNEDY, J. D., M.B.E., Dip.For(Oxon), Elmside, 10 Weststuart Road, Hawick. 1924. 

KENWORTHY, A., A.M.1.W.Sc., Fallowfield, 226 Holtye Road, East Grinstead. 1952. 

KERFOOT, 0., B.Sc.(Hons.), M.A.(Oxon), Department of Botany, University of the 

Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 1962. 

KERMANI, W. A., B.Sc.(Hons)(Alig.), B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Chief Conservator of Forests, 

Sind Region, Thandi Sarak, Hyderabad, West Pakistan. 1947. 

KESSEL, S. L., M.Sc., Dip.For., Company Director, Australian Ne\vsprint Mills (Pty.) 

Ltd., 3 Monomeath Avenue, Toorak S.E.2, Victoria, Australia. 1922. 

KEW: The Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey. 1923. 

KHAN, F. M., B.Sc.Agr., B.Sc.For., M.S., Divisional Forest Officer, Aerial Forest 

Inventory Service, Peshawar, West Pakistan. 1966. 

KHANNA, I. D., Thapparnagar, P.O. Meerut City, D.P., India. 1925. 

KHAN, M. 1. R., M.Sc., M.F.(Hons.), A.I.F.C., Dip.For., Joint Secretary of Forests 

Punjab, Agriculture Department, 51 13 Lawrence Road, Lahore 3, W. Pakistan. 1946. 

KHAN, N., Forest Guard, Forestry Department Labasa, Fiji. 1971. 

KILEO, G. J., B Sc.(Hons.)(Lond.), B.Sc.(Hons.)For.(Wales), Director of Forestry, Forest 

Division, P.O. Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1965. 

KIMATHI, T. M., P.O. Box 395, Nyeri, Kenya. 1970. 

KINLOCH, D., B.Sc.(Edin.), 125 Lady Nairn Avenue, Kirkcaldy, Fife. 1933. 

KINLOCH, J. B., B.Sc., Silviculturist, San Carios, Rio San Juan, Nicaragua, Central 

America. 1932. 

KIO, P. R. 0., Department of Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1963. 

KIPLING, T. H., B.A., 93 Edgar Road, Winchester, Hants. 1960. 

KIRBY, Major H. L., M.C., Dip.For.(Edin.), I.F.S.(retd.), clo National and Grindlays 

Bank Ltd., 13 S1. James's Square, London, S.W.1. 1929. 

KIRKUP, A., Chairman, Northern Forestry Products Ltd., Middleton Hall, Wooler, 

Northumberland. 1947. 

KITCHINGMAN, G. D., M.A.(Oxon), I.F.S.(retd.), Pelharn, Chideock, Nr. Bridport, 

Dorset. 1921. 

KIWANUKA, L. S. K., Forest Ranger, Forestry Department, p.a. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1959. 

KNEBEL, A. M., B.Sc.For., Forestal Cottage, Westmarch Ash, Nr. Canterbury. 1948. 

KNUDSON, Dr. D. M., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of 

Fore8try, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. 1962. 

KONG THAI (1963) LIMITED, P.O. Box 297, Sibu, Sarawak. 1953. 

KORODRAV, K., Forester, Forest Department, Suva, Fiji. 1961. 

KRISHNA KUMARSINHJI, H.l-I. The Maharaja Krishna Kumarsinhji, K.C.S.I., The 

Palace, Bhavnagar, Bombay, India. 1922. 

LAHIRI, K. L., 6B Bright Street, Calcutta 19, Bengal, India. 1959. 

LAMB, A. F. A., O.B.E., B.Sc.For., Senior Research Officer, Commonwealth Forest 

Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford. 1930. 

'LAMB, K. M., B.Sc.For., 105 Waimairi Road, Christchurch 4, New Zealand. 1952. 

LAMB, M. C., Managing Director, Coast Timbers Ltd., 184 New Kings Road, Fulham, 

London., S.W.6. 1966. 

LAMBERT, H. G., Editor World Wood, 6306 S.W. 39th Avenue, Portland Oregon, 

97221, V.S.A. 1969. 

LANCASTER, P. C., O.B.E., M.A.(Oxon), 46 Grange Road, Bishops Stortford, Herts. 

1930. 

LANG-BROWN, J., B.A.(Bot.), B.A.(For.), M.A.(Oxon), Wheelwrights Cottage, Brewham 

Lodge, Bruton, Somerset. 1956. 

LANGLEY, R., B.Sc.For.(Wales), clo Forestry Department, Paslow Building Belize 

City, British Honduras. 1960. ' 

LATRAM, E. Bryan, C.B.E., !\1.M., Vice President C.F.A., Trebartha House, Nr. 

Launceston, Cornwall. 1944. 

LATHAM, C. G. A., M.A., A.C.A., Messrs. James Latham Ltd., Leeside Wharf, Clapton, 

London, E.5. 1965.


LOGAN, W. E. M., O.B.E., B.A.(Oxon), Little Piggots, North Dean, High Wycombe, 

Bucks. 1947. 

LOWE, Dr. R. G., M.A.(Cantab.), B.Sc.(Oxon), Ph.D., Principal Research Officer, 

Federal Department of Forest Research, P.M.B. 5054, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1957. 

LOWETH, A. N., B.Sc.For.(Wales), Deputy Conse,rvator of Forests, Forest Dept., Suva, 

Fiji. 1948. 

LUSHINGTON, J. R. F., Forest Department, P.O. Box 426, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 

1956. 

LYSAGHT, J. F., B.Sc.For., Working Plans Officer, clo Box 15096, Wellington 4, New 

Zealand. 1945. 

LYSHOLM, G., Forest Research Officer, P.O. Box 95, Lushoto, Tanzania. 1970. 

MACALPINE, R. I., B.Sc., IFS(retd.), IT.A. Bungalow, Nagrakalta p.a., Dooars, West 

Bengal, India. 1939. 

McCANN, J. C., B.Sc.(Hons)For., Forestry Office, Urbenville, New South Wales, 2475, 


MACARTHUR, R., B.A.(Hons.)(Oxon), Spring Creek, Blenheim, New Zealand. 1947. 

McCARTHY, R. B., B.Sc.For., Dip.For., Manage'ment Officer, Department of Forests, 

P.O. Box 5055, Boroko, Papua and New Guinea. 1970. 

MACCOLL, Major H. H., M.C., IFS(retd.), 16 Steels Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. 

1925. 

MACDONALD, A. A., M.A.(Oxon), Walpole House, Stansted, Essex. 1954. 

McDONALD, H., B.Sc.For.(Syd.), D.F.(Canb.), clo Resident Representative, U.N.T.A.B., 

Office, C.P.O. Box 143, Seoul, Korea. 1955. 

McDONALD, 1, Dip.For.(Cres.), Forestry Officer, State Electricity Commission, 11 

Jeeralong Crescent, Yallourn, Victoria, Australia. 1954. 

MACDONALD, J. A. B., O.B.E., Dip.For., Forestry Commission, Greystone Park, Moffat 

Road, Dumfries. 1950. 

McDONALD, P. G., Divisional Forest Office, P.O. Box 8, Thomson's Falls, Kenya. 1967. 

McELDERRY, J. C. K., B.A.For., M.A.(Oxon), Torbryan Mill, Poole Cross, Ipplepen., 

Newton Abbot, Devon. 1937. 

MACGREGOR, W. D., C.B.E., B.Sc., Forestry Consultant, Kiltane, Dunblane, Perthshire. 

1927. 

McINTOSH, D., B.Sc.(Edin.), "Heavers," Ryarsh, Maidstone, Kent. 1930. 

McINTOSH, D. H., B.Sc.For., Regional Forest Officer, Department of Forests, Konedobu, 

New Guinea. 1960. 

McINTYRE, H., Box 923, Durban, Natal, South Africa. 1925. 

MACKAY, J. S., Hon. Sec. West Otago Farm Forestry Association, "Montana," Heriot, 

West Otago, New Zealand. 1964. 

McKEE, R. G., B.S.F., 954 Terrace Avenue, Victoria, B.C., Canada. 1962. 

MacKELLAR, A. J., B.Sc., Box 84, Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. 1962. 

McKELVEY, Professor P. J., B.Sc.(N.Z.), B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Faculty of Forestry, Canterbury 

University, Christchurch, New Zealand. 1966. 

MACKENZIE, J. A., B.Sc., M.Sc., Department of Agricultural 'Biology, University of 

Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1962. 

McKERLIE, J. E., B.Sc.For.&Bot., Provincial Forest Office, p.a. Box 63, Mbeya, 

Southern Highlands Province, Tanzania. 1958. 

McKINNON, A. D., B.Sc.For., 58 Tamatea Road, Taupo, New Zealand. 1947. 

MacLENNAN, H. G., Box 22, R.R.1., Vankleek Hill, Ontario, Canada. 1966. 

McLINDEN, D. T., 93 Stanley Road, Folkestone, Kent. 1950. 

MacMILLAN, H. R., C.C., C.B.E., Graduate Forester, 1075 West Georgia Street, 26th 

Floor, Vancouver 5, D.C., Canada. 1945. 

MACMILLAN BLOEDEL LIMITED, Forestry Division, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada.- 1963. 

McNEILL, W. M., M.B.E., T.D., M.A., M.S., Dane Lodge, 4 Royfold Crescent, 

Aberde,en. 1924. 

McVEIGH, J., F.A.O., Forest Officer, clo Conservator of Forests, Porest Department, 

Suva, Fiji. 1961. 

MABONGA-MWISAKA, J. M., B.Sc.For., Forest Department, p.a. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1961. 

MAHAPATRA, B. C., Provincial Forest Office, p.a. Mubi, North East State, Nigeria. 

1970.


MAKONGO, D. }{., Assistant Forester, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, 

Forestry Division, P.O. Box 671, Bukoba, Tanzania. 1971. 

MALAWI FOREST SCHOOL, Private Bag 6, Dedza, Malawi. 1963. 

MALLAM, J. C., Three Ways, Ublcy, Bristol, Somerset. 1930. 

MALLINSON, Colonel Sir C. Stuart, C.B.E., D.S.O., M.C., J.P., D.L., The White House, 

Woodford Green, Essex. 1922. 

MALLINSON, Messrs. William and Sons, 130 Hackney Road, London, E.2. 1922. 

MANGAN, P. G., 3000 South 80th Street, West Allis, Wisconsin, 53219, U.S.A. 1970. 

MANNING SEED C01\1PANY, 11206 Bridge Port Way, Tacoma, Washington, 98499, 

U.S.A. 1953. 

MARCANO, A. R., Apartado de Carreos No. 60, Barinas Edo, Barinas, Venezuela. 1962. 

MARCH, E. W., M.A., 87 Harnham Road, Salisbury, Wilts. 1932. 

MARSH, D. E. M., B.Sc.For., J.P., 21 High Street, Sharnbrook, Beds. 1950. 

MARSH, E. K., B.A.(Cape.), M.A.For.(Oxon), Chief Research Officer, Forest Research 

Institute, P.O. Box 727, Pretoria, South Africa. 1935. 

MARSHALL, H. G. W., clo Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 

Vancouver 8, B.C., Canada. 1960. 

MARSHALL, W. E., U.N. }(orean Forest Survey and Development Project, P.O. Box 

36, Suwon, I(yonggi-Do., Korea. 1947. 

MARSHALL, W. G., 122 Winchmore Hill Road, Southgate, London, N.14. 1934. 

MARTEN, K. D., B.Sc.For., Forestry Department, Munda, British Solomon Islands, 

Protectorate. 1969. 

MASIREWA, J., Forester, Forestry Department, Lautoka, Fiji. 1971. 

MASON, C. G. W., M.Sc., F.N.Z.I.C., A.N.I.C., A.M.I.Chem.E., New Zealand Forest 

Service, P.O. Box 875, Wellington, New Zealand 1959. 

MASON, P. F., B.A.For.(Oxon), Dip.Anth.(Oxon), 11 Connaught House, Connaught 

Avenue, Frinton-on-Sea, Essex. 1939. 

MASSON, J., G.M., B.Sc.For., 3 Firth Crescent, Trumpethill, Gourock, Renfrewshire. 

1950. 

MATTHEWS, Professor J. D., B.Sc.For., F.S.For., F.R.S,E., Department of Forestry, 

University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen. 1950. 

MATTHEWS, P. K .. , B.Sc.Hons.(Bang.), M.Sc.(NB), 30 Well Street, Moffat, Dunfriesshire. 

1962. 

MATfJUR, R. B., Silviculturist, (Sal. Region), Uttar Pradewh, India. 1971. 

MAURITIUS FOREST DEPARTMENT, The Private Secretary, H.E. The Governor, 

Government House, Mauritius. 1923. 

MAXWELL-MACDONALD, J., B.A.For.(Oxon), Gortinanane, Tayinloan, Argyll. 1933. 

MAYHEAD, Dr. G. J., B.Sc., Ph.D., Forestry Commission Research Station, Alice Holt 

Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey. 1964. 

MBURU, 0., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), C.C.F. Forest Department, P.O. Box 30513, Nairobi, 

Kenya. 1967. 

MEIKLEJDHN, W., C.I.E., B.Sc.(Edin.), F.R.C.S., IFS(retd.), Falaise, Avenue du Petit 

Mont, Mount Bingham, Jersey, Channel Islands. 1930. 

MERVART, Dr. J. A., B.Sc., Ph.D., F.A.D. Forestry Officer, Federal Department of 

Forestry, P.M.B. 5011, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1971. 

MICHAEL, D., Forest Department, Suva, Fiji. 1960. 

MIDHOLI, D., B.Sc., Forest Department, P.D. Box 31, Entebbe, Uganda. 1951. 

MILLER, Dr. H. G., B.Sc.(Hons.)For., Ph.D., Senior Scientific Officer, Pest and Forest' 

Soils Section, Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Carigiebuckler, Aberdeen 

AB9 2QJ. 1964. 

MILLER, R. G., B.Sc., Forest Research Institute, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, Australia. 1931. 

MILLER, W. A., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Chief Forester and General Manager, Messrs. Bryant 

& May (Forestry) Ltd., 23 Biddenham Turn, Bedford. 1937. 

MILNER, K., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), British Columbia Forest Service, Prince Rupert, B.C., 

Canada. 1955. 

MINCHIN, A. A. F., Dip.For.(Oxon), Cruxfield House, Near Duns, Berwick. 1971. 

MISHRA, B., B.Sc.Hons., Dip.For., Provincial Forest Officer, Adamawa Province, Vola, 

North East State, Nigeria. 1970. 

MITCHELL, A. J. L., B.Sc.For., 12 St. Edmunds Gate, Attleborough, Norfolk. 1953. 

MITCHELL, . B. A., B.Sc.For.&Bot.(Wales), Southern Regional Station, Forest Research 

InstItute, Mount Gambier, P.O. Box 946, South Australia. 1950.


MITCHELL, W. B. G., B.Sc..For., Dinmont, Tullibardine Crescent, Auchterarder, 

Perthshire. 1927. 

MOBBS, Professor E. C., C.B.E., M.A., B.Sc., F.S.F., IFS(retd.), 3 Kennedy Road, 

Napier, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. 1930. 

MOHD. DARUS BIN MAHMUD, Forest De'partment, Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. 

1962. 

MOHAMAD NOR BIN Y AACOB, B.Sc.For.(Syd.), State Forest Officer, Pahang, West 

Malaysia. 1958. 

MORD. YAKIN BIN LONG, Forest Department Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. 1948. 

MOIZ, YOOSUF AND COMPANY (S'PORE) LIMITED, 4 Ampang Street, 1st Floor, 

Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. 1965. 

MOODY, B. H., Forest Department, P.O. Box 181, Belize, British Honduras. 1962. 

MOONEY, J. W. C., M.A.(Oxon), English Forest Association Limited, Woodcote Road, 

Caversham, Reading. 1949. 

MOORE, D., B.Sc.(Edin.), F.A.O. Forest Adviser, Apartado de Correos 824F, Caracas, 

Venezuela. 1954. 

·MORGAN, R. G., P.O. Box 8 Putururu, New Zealand. 1948. 

MORRISON, Dr. I. K., B.Sc.For., M.Sc.For., Ph.D., Research Scientist, 4 Huntington 

Part, Apt. 11, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. 1971. 

MORRISON, K. R., Assoc.Dip.For.(Cres.), District Forester, Forest Commission, 

Marysville, Victoria, Australia. 1960. 

MORS, L. S., B.Sc.(Syd.), D.F.(Canb.), Queen Street, Oberon, New South Wales, 


MOSS, A., B.Sc., B.e.R.F., Woodlands Manager, Messrs. S. W. Simpson Ltd., 2500 

Abbott Street, Kelowna, B.C., Canada. 1947. 

MOSTYN, H. P., B.Sc.For.(Bang.), Romalee, 9 Park Chase, Guildford, Surrey. 1951. 

MUIR, W. D., M.A., Dip.For., 7 Minnamurra Road, Northbridge 2063, New South 

Wales, Australia. 1929. 

MUKAH SAWMILL (1962) LIMITED, 21 Wing Nai Siong Road, P.O. Box 451, Sibu, 

Sarawak. 1966. 

MULLIN, L. J., Dip.For., John Meikle Forest Research Station, P. Bag 76G, 

Penhalonga, Rhodesia. 1957. 

MUNDY, T., Messrs. T. Mundy (Timbers) Limited, (Hardwoods), 70 Queen Victoria 

Street, London, E.C.4. 1949. 

MUNRO, BRICE AND COMPANY LIMITED, Royal Liver Building, Liverpool 3. 

1965. 

MURRAY, C. H., M.A.(Oxon), F.A.O. Forest Division, Via Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 

Italy. 1961. 

MURRAY, G. St. C., F.R.S.A., 11 Manor Place, Edinburgh 3. 1948. 

MURTLAND, R., B.Sc.For., M.Sc., 9 Colville' Place, Aberdeen. 1967. 

MUSTAFFA BIN MUDA, Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia. 1965. 

MUTAZZIBWAWO, Y., Forest Ranger, Forest Department, p.a. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1950. 

MUTHOO, Dr. M. K., B.Sc.(J.&K.), Ph.D., Planning Department, 166 Karan Nagar, 

Srinagar, Kashmir, India. 1959. 

MYSORE, Major-General Sir S. J. Wadiyar Bahadur, G.C.B., G.C.S.I, LL.D., His Highness 

The Maharaja Rajapramukh of Mysore, The Palace, Mysore City, South India. 

1951. 

NALUSWA, J. T., M.Sc., Dip.lng.For., Forest Department, P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1970. 

NAMASIVAYAM, M., M.A.(Oxon), Forest Specialist, Asian Development Bank, Commercial 

Center, P.O. Box 126, Makati, Rizal D-708, Philippines. 1947. 

NASH, C. A. M., M.B.E., B.Sc.For.(Aber), P.O. Box 10, Honiara, British Solomon 

Islands. 1953. 

NDEGWA, D. T., Divisional Forest Office', P.O. Box 99, Kitale, Kenya. 1971. 

NDOLERIRE, F. K., Forest Ranger, Forest Department, p.a. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1956. 

NEILSON, J. R., M.A.(Oxon), 62 Grappenhall Road, Stockton Heath, Warrington. 1946. 

NEPAL FOREST RESOURCES SURVEY OFFICE, Survey Chief, 21/31, Ram Shah 

Path, Kathmandu, Nepal. 1968.


REDMOND, Dr. D. R., D.F.C., B.Sc.F., M.F., Ph.D., Scientific Adviser, Department of 

Forestry and Rural Development, 161 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa 4, Ontario, 

Canada. 1962. 

REECE, P. 0., A.M.I.C.E., M.I.Struct.E., A.M.I.Mun.E., F.I.W.Sc., Powell Duffryn 

Timber Holdings Ltd., Powell DufIryn House, 19 'Berkeley Street, London, W.l. 1951. 

REES, T. I., B.Se.Agri. & For.(Wales), Project Manager, U.N.D.P./F.A.O./Special Fund, 

Forest Development and Watershed Management Project, 2 South Odeon Avenue, 

Kingston 10, Jamaica, West Indies. 1947. 

REEVE, R. W., Clifton Cottage, Stoke Ferry, Norfolk. 1951. 

REGAN, E. L., Dip.For., Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Assembly Hall, 

Margaret Street, P.O. Box 2667, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 1950. 

REICHEL, R. J., B.Sc.For., Forestry Commission, Forest Office" Bellangry, New South 

Wales 2446, Australia. 1970. . 

REID, P. R., B.Se.For., S.A.C.F., Forest Management Officer, H.Q., Ministry of Natural 

Resources, Forestry Division,'Maiduguri, N.E. State, Nigeria. 1970. 

RENDLE, B. J., B.Se., A.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.I.W.Sc., Glebe Cottage, Horsenden, Aylesbury, 

Bucks. 1928. 

RHODESIA NATIVE TIMBER CONCESSIONS LIMITED, Box 567, Bulawayo, 


RICHARDS, Dr. B. N., B.Sc.For., Ph.D., Dip.For., Senior Lecturer in Botany, University 

of New England, 21 College Avenue, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia. 

1965. 

RICHARDSON, J., B.Se.(Hons.)For., Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 6028, St. John's 

Newfoundland, Canada. 1968. 

RICIIARDSON, Professor S. D., M.A., B.Sc., D.Phil.(Oxon), Forestry Department, 

University College of North Wales, Bangor, Caerns. 1960. 

RICHMOND, P. C., For. Cert., Dip.For., clo Forests Department, Box 366, Kalgoorlie, 

Western Australia 6430. 1951. 

RIDDOCH, J., C.B.E., Box 40, Kisumu, Kenya, 1949. 

RIVARD, F., B.A., F.E. & Q.L.S.Hons.(Que), Chief Forest Engineer, Canadian International 

Paper Company, 1540 Sun Life Building, Montreal 2 P.Q., Canada. 1956. 

ROBERTS, R. W., B.Se.For., 6423 Brooke Street, Vancouver 16, British Columbia, 

Canada. 1971. 

ROBERTSON, I. J. M., B.Se.(Edin), M.Sc., 54 Highburgh Drive, Burnside, Rutherglen, 

Glasgow. 1961. 

ROBSON, M., B.Se., 14a Greenhill Terrace, Edinburgh 10. 1931. 

ROCHE, Dr. L., B.Agr.For., M.A., M.F., Ph.D., Laurentian Forest Research Centre, 

Department of Forestry, P.O. Box 3800, Ste Foy, P.Q., Canada. 1967. 

RODGER, G. l., B.Se.For., 38 Lynington Street, Tusmore, South Australia 5065. 1929. 

RODRIGUEZ, Eng.For.R., Carmen a Puente Arauca, Residencia "El Carmen," Apt. 42, 

Caracas, Venezuela. 1970. 

ROGERS, M. T., B.Se.(Hons)For., The Marches, Chelveston-eum-Caldecott, Wellingborough, 

Northants. 1962. 

ROSS, J. K., B.Sc.For.(Edin), Forestry Consultant, CoIn Cottage, Bibury, Cirencester, 

Glos. 1946. 

ROWAN, G. W., Port Durnford Plantation, P.O. Fleixton, Natal, South Africa. 1937. 

ROWE, R. D. H., B.Sc.For.(Wales), F.A.O./World Bank Co-operative Programme, Via 

delle Terme di Caraealla, Rome, Italy. 1970. 

ROWLAND, L., O.B.E., Director of Forestry Grosvenor Estates, Hoseley House, Gresford, 

Nr. Wrexham, Denbighshire'. 1951. 

ROXBURGH, A. L., D.Se., 32 D'arres Road, Ponteland, Neweastle-upon-Tyne. 1953. 

ROYAL COMMONWEALTH SOCIETY, 18 Northumberland Avenue, London, W.C.2. 

1923. 

ROYAL FORESTRY SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, WALES AND, NORTHER,N IRE 

LAND, 102 'High Street, 'rring, 'Herts. 1922. 

RUKUBA, M.L.S.B., B.Sc.For., Forest Department, P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, Uganda. 

1953. 

RYAN, P., B.Se.For., Department of Forests, Konedobu, Papu. 1967. 

RYLE, G. B., C.B.E., Dip.For.(Oxon), F.S.For., The White Cottage, Bank, Lyndhurst, 

Hants, S04 7FD. 1930. 

3


SABAH FORESTRY DEPARTMENT, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. 

1953. 

SABAH TIMBER COMPANY LIMITED, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. 1953. 

SACHTLER, Dr. M., Naciones Unidas, Apartado 1424, Santo Domingo, Republic of 

Dominica. 1969. 

ST. LUCIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOREST SERVICES, 

Castries, St. Lucia, Windward Islands, West Indies. 1952. 

SAFO, E. K., Forester, clo Forestry Training School, P.O. Box 31, Sunyani, Ghana. 

1958. 

SALE, G. N., B.Sc.For.(Edin), "Avrion," Heathlands Road, Wokingham, Berks. 1924. 

SALTER, B. R., B.A.(Oxon), Underbridge Cottage, Higher Walton, Via Warrington, 

Lancs. 1962. 

SAMLER, W. H. G., M.A., Dip.For.(Oxon), 39 Bloomfield Park, Bath, BA2 2BX, 

Somerset. 1926. 

SANDERS, M., B.Sc.For.(Edin), B.Sc.Est.Man., 38 Kenmere Avenue, P.O. Box 491, 

Ndola, Zambia. 1947. 

SANGSTER, R. G., C.B.E., B.Sc.For., Scottish Woodlands Owners Association, 26 Mur.. 

rayfield Drive, Edinburgh, EH12 6EB. 1935. 

SARAWAK FOREST DEPARTMENT, Kuching, Sarawak. 1958. 

SARAWAK UNITED SAWMILLS LIMITED, P.O. Box 143, 13 Island Road, Sibu, 

Sarawak, Malaysia. 1957. 

SARGENT, K., O.B.E., B.Sc., Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Development and 

Planning, P.O. Box 174, Zomba, Malawi. 1944. 

SARKI, Y. B., B.Sc.For., Ministry of Natural Resources, P.M.B. 2103, Kaduna, Nigeria. 

1956. 

SAVILL, P. S., B.Sc., District Forest Officer, Whiterock, Killinchy, Co. Down, Northern 

Ireland. 1965. 

SAVERS, Major R. J., Dip.For.(Cantab), I.F.S.(retd.), Forestry Consultant, Bryanston 

Cottage, Blandford, Dorset. 1929. 

SCHULTZ, C. D., B.A., B.Sc., M.E.I.C., M.C.I.F., B.C.R.F., 325 Howe Street, Van.. 

couver 1, British Columbia, Canada. 1943. 

SCOTTISH WOODLAND OWNERS' ASSOCIATION LIMITED, 6 Chester Street, 

Edinburgh 3. 1954. 

SCOTT, J. S., B.Sc.For.(Aber.), Dip.Ed., Principal, Thornton School, Cross House, KiI.. 

marnock, Ayrshire. 1957. 

SCOlT McBRIDE, J., B.Sc.F., B.A.Sc., P.Eng., Scarsdale, Penn Road, Beaconsfield, 

Bucks. 1969. 

SCOTTISH PULP AND PAPER MILLS, Royal Bank Buildings, Fort William, Inverness-shire. 

1958. 

SEARLE, Mrs. C. M. M., Fairfield, 115 Banbury Road, Oxford. 1964. 

SEELY, H. E., B.Sc.F.(N.B.), 214 Latchford Road, Ottawa 3, Ontario, Canada. 1935. 

SEIN GYI, Yedwin-Yegan, Myaungmya, Burma. 1929. 

SELBY, R., B.Se., 21a John Street, Luton, Beds. 1970. 

SETROPA (BUITENWEG AND COMPANY), P.O. Box 203, BUSSUffi, Holland. 1971. 

SEVASTOS, C., Senior Forestry Officer-Economist, 4 Fokides Street, Athens, Greece. 

1964. 

SHAKESPEARE, E., M.I.L., For.Cert.(U.K.), Alvord Institute, P.Bag 9181, Fort Victoria, 


SHEDLEY, P. N., B.Sc.For., clo Lauri Timber Company Limited, Nannup, Western 


SHEPHERD, Dr. K. R., B.Sc.F.(Syd.), Dip.For.(Canb.), Ph.D., Australian National 

University, Department of Forestry, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia, 1954. 

SHERWIN, I. M., M.A., Seaforest Industries Limited, 605 Courtney Street, Victoria, 

British Columbia, Canada. 1953. 

SHIRIMA, D. U., Assistant Forester, P.O. Box 26, Tabora, Tanzania. 1970. 

SHRUBSHALL, E. J., B.Se.Hons., Knowle House, Knowle St. Giles, Nr. Chard, 

Somerset. 1927. 

SIM, D., B.Sc.For.(Aber.), Dip.Ed., Uganda Forest School, Nyabyeya, P.O. Masindi, 

Uganda. 1950. 

SIMPFENDORFER, K. 1., M.Sc.For., DipI.For.(Vic.), Forests Commission, 453 Latrobe 

Street, Melbourne C., Victoria, Australia. 1958.

SECTION 1. COMMONWEALTH FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 317 

TAUPO TOTARA TIMBER COMPANY LIMITED, P.O. Box 190, Putaruru, New 


TAYLOR, S. A., Forest Office, P.M.B. 5053, lbadan, Nigeria. 1962. 

TAYLOR, C., 19 Murdieston Street, Greenock, Renfrewshire. 1970. 

TAYLOR, Dr. C. J., M.B.E., E.D., B.Se., Ph.D., F.R.S.E., Director of Studies, Edinburgh 

University, Department of Forestry, 10 Cluny Gardens, Edinburgh 10. 1937. 

TEMESI, T., Forest Guard, Forestry Department, Suva, Fiji. 1970. 

TEM,PLE-PERKINS, E. A., F.O., clo Fisheries Department Bag, P.O. Lake Katwe, 

Toro, Uganda. 1954. 

T'ESHA, P. V., B.Sc.H'ons.For.(Wales), clo Forestry Division, P.O. Box 426, Dar es 

Salaam, Tanzania!. 1965. 

THESEN (RHODEiSIAS) PTY. LIMITED, P.O. Box 108, Umtali, ,Rhodesia. 1954. 

THIRGOOD, Dr. J. V., B.Se.For.Bot., M.F., Ph.D., M.Sc.F., Associate Professor, 

Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, British Columbia, 

Canada. 1949. 

THOM, J. R., B.'Sc.For.(Edin), Project Manager, UNDP., P.O. Box 32, 71000 Serajevo, 

Yugoslavia. 1949. 

THOMAS, A. V., M.B.E., B.Sc., M.Eng., "Vivemos," Off Kappara Lane, Ms:erah, 

Malta, G.C. 1937. 

THOMAS, 1., B.'Sc., Dip.For., Woods and Forests Department, Government Offices, 

Rundle Street, Adelaide, South Australia. 1946. 

THOM'PSON, B.R., Dip.For., Erin Forest, P.O., Juliasdale, Rhodesia. 1963. 

THOMSON, A. P., B.Sc.F'or.(N.Z.), Director-General Forests, New Zealand Forest 

Service, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealend. 1936. 

THOMSON, M. G., M.Sc., B.S.A., B.C.R.F., 2226 West 35th Street, Vancouver 13, British 

Columbia, Canada. 1946. 

TILBROOK, E. M., M.A.(Oxon), B.Sc.(S.A.), clo Forest Department, P.O. Box 805, 

Ndola, Zambia. 1955. 

TILNEY-BASSETf, H. A. E., B.Sc.For.(Edin), District Officer, Forestry C'ommission, 

286 High Street, Lincoln. 1949. 

TIMBER RESEAR'CH AND DEVE,LOlp'MENT A,SSOCIATI'O'N LIMITED, Hughenden 

Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. 1945. 

TIMMIS, R., 'B.Sc.For., clo Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver 

8, B.C., Canada. 1963. 

TIMSALES, P.O. Box 18080, Nairobi, Kenya. 1952. 

TIWAR\I, K. P., B.Sc., A.I.E.C., Assistant Conservator of Forests, Hoshangabad Forest 

Division, Hoshangabad, M.P., India. 1965. 

TOLEMAN, R. D. L., B.Sc.(Hons)For., Assistant Site Survey Officer, Forestry Commission, 

Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian. 1962. 

TOOL,SIE PERSAUD, The Director, 1-4 Lombard Street, Georgetown, Guyana. 1966. 

TORRES, R. Lombo, Ingeniero Forestal, Apartado Aereo No.13350, Bogota D.E., 

C'olombia, South America. 1963. 

TOWNSEND, K. N. V., D.F.M., B.Sc.(Edin), E.D., District Forest Officer, Glengarry, 

Beechcroft Terrace, Insch, Aberdeenshire. 1947. 

TRANSVAA'L AND OR\ANG'E FREE STATE CHAMBER OF M'INES, Biological & 

Chemical Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 809, Johannesburg, South Africa. 1927. 

TRAVERS, W. W. G., B.A.(Oxon), B.Sc., clo Weyerhauser (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 

75, Homebush, New South Wales 2.40, Australia. 1959. 

TRENAMAN, K. W., M.A.(Oxon), Chief Forestry Officer, Forest Department, Honiara, 

British Solomon Islands. 1950. 

TREVELYAlN, J. F., B.Se.For., R.D.3., Te Puke, New Zealand. 1960. 

TRINfDAD AND TOBAGO FOREST DEPARTMENT, The Conservator of Forests, 

Port of Spain, Trinidad. 1934. 

TRINI'DAD, University College of the West Indies, Faculty of Agriculture, S1. Augustine, 

Trinidad, West Indies. 1923. 

TUCKWELL, E. C., B.Sc.For., Dip.For.fCanb), Senior Forest Officer, Department of 

Forests, Rabaul, T.P.N.G. 1960. 

TURNER, A. R., B.Sc.For.(Tor), 720 Evelyn Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, 

Canada. 1949. 

TURNER, B., B.-Se.For., Dip.For., M.F., D.For., 109 Ferguson Building, University 

Park, Pat 16802, U.S.A. 1960.


WARREN, Professor H. V., B.A., 'B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.(Can.), 1816 Western Parkway, 

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 1950. 

WATKINS, G., B.Sc.For.(Wales), Forest Department, Suva, Fiji. 1946. 

WATSON, J. W., M.A., B.Sc.(Lon.), Baunton Corner, Cirencester, Glos. 1959. 

WATT, A., C.B.E., B.A.(Oxon), Greenways, 4 Ravelston Dykes Lane, Edinburgh, EH4 

3NY. 1947. 

WATT, A. W. M., C.B.E., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), Forest Department, P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, 

Uganda. 1946. 

WATT, W. E., A.F.C., B.A., Dip.For., Forestry Consultant, 11 Lawley Street, Waterkloof, 

Brooklyn, Pretoria, South Africa. 1922. 

WAWIYE, J. J. Y., Forestry Department, P.O. Box 30513, Nairobi, Kenya. 1970. 

WEBB, A. W., B.Sc.For.(Melb.), 5 Genville Street, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia. 1960. 

WEBB, H. R., M.B.E., Budongo, 119 King's Acre Road, Hereford. 1930. 

WEBB, W. E., B.S.F.(B.C.), M.S.(N.Y.), R.P.F.(B.C.), Project Manager, Sabah Forest 

Inventory, clo Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia. 1953. 

WEBSTER, G., O.B.E., Private Forestry Agent, Court House, Beckford, Nr. Tewkesbury, 

Glos. 1938. 

WEDDERBURN, L. C. M., B.Sc.For.(Edin.), 129 Grieve Street, Dunfermline, Fife. 

1960. 

WEDDERBURN, R. J., B.A.(Oxon), Chief Conservator of Forests, Ministry of Natural 

Resources, North Eastern State, P.M.B. 47 Maiduguri, Nigeria. 1957. 

WELLWOOD, Professor R. W., B.Sc., M.F., Ph.D., 4305 West 14th Avenue, Vancouver 

8, British Columbia, Canada. 1940. 

WELSH, G. H., For.Cer1., Chikangawa, P/Bag, Mzimba, Malawi. 1951. 

WESTBROOK, H., 218 Farrand Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. 1971. 

WESTERN SAMOA, The Forestry Officer, Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 206, 

Apia, Western Samoa. 1967. . 

WESTMACOTf, R. E., 207 Avenue Gardens, The Avenue, Nedlands, Perth, Western 

Australia 6009. 1966. 

WESTOBY, J. C., Deputy Director Programme Co-ordination and Operations, F.A.O. 

Headquarters, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy. 1967. 

WESTON, G. C., M.A.(Oxon), B.Sc.(N.Z.), Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New 


WHITAKER, J. D., B.A.For.(Oxon), The Causeway, Beacon Close, Crowborough, 

Sussex. 1959. 

WHITE, K. J., B.Se.For., Dip.For., Chief Conservator of Forests, Department of 

Forests, Konedobu, Papua. 1960. 

WHITEHEAD, J. E., Silverdale, New Walk, North Ferriby, Yorks. 1956. 

WHITESIDE, H., Mill Manager, Mount Gambier State Mill, Woods and Forests 

Department, Mount Gambier, South Australia. 1953. 

WHITING, G., Director, Stowmarket Timber Co., All Saints Hall, Creeting S1. Mary. 

1951. . 

WHOLLEY, J. W., B.Sc.For.(Wales), clo Agriculture and Fishery Department, 393 

Canton Road, 12th Floor, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 1953. 

WHYTE, I., B.Sc.For.(A.N.U.), clo Department of Forests, Keravat, T.P.N.G. 1969. 

WICHT, Dr. C. L., B.Sc.(Stell), B.A.(Oxon), Dr.ln.g.(Dresden), F.R.S.(S.A.), Professor of 

Silviculture, Forestry Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 

1932. 

WIDDUP, Captain W., M.C., M.M., Company Director, P.O. Box 282, Highlands, Salisbury, 


WIGG, L. C. C. T., M.A.(Oxon), B.A.Hons.Bot. Dip.For.(Oxon), 5 Harbord Road, 

Oxford. 1925. 

WILLAN, R. G. M., C.B.E., B.Sc., Old Hill, Lurgashall, Petworth, Sussex. 1930. 

WILLAN, R. L., B.A.(Oxon), Via Del Caucaso 49/7, E.U.R. 00144, Rome, Italy. 1950. 

WILLIAMS, G. H. D., B.Se., Forest Department, P.O. Box 228, Ndola, Zambia. 1946. 

WILLIAMS, M. R. W., M.A.(Oxon), Calyton Road, Mold, Flintshire. 1948. 

WILLIAMSON, J. Q., M.B.E., B.Sc., Forestry Commission, Victoria House, Victoria 

Terrace, Aberystwyth, Cards. 1949. 

WIIJLIAMSON, P., I.P., P.O. Box 13, Whanamata, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. 1933. 

WILSON, Professor J. 0., Restitutcia Polski, M.A.(Oxon), F.E.Que. L.M., 61 Queen 

Mary Road, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. 1947.


SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF MEMBERS· 

BALL, J. B., B.Sc.(Edin.), Dip.For.(Oxon), "The Sheilings," Haughton Lane, Shifnal, 

Shropshire. 

BUDONGO SAWMILLS, clo Forestry Department, P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, Uganda. 

lIESMER, Professor H., Dr.For., 53 Bonn 1 (West Germany), Beethovenstr. 30, 

F orestinstitute. 

HUDSON, J. M., B.Sc.For., 10 Kings\vay, Northwich, Cheshire. 

MUTESASIRA, C., clo Forest Department, P.O. Box 31 Entebbe, Uganda. 

QUAYNOR, S. O-A., B.Sc., B.S.F., M.Sc., Research Officer, Silviculture, Forest Products 

Research Institute, University, P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana. 

ROBBINS, A. M. J., B.Sc.Hons.For.(Aber.), Cert.For.(Oxon), Sandleheath, 44 Langley 

Road, Slough, Bucks. 

CIIANGES OF ADDRESS· 

CHOATE, T. A. R., clo Standard Bank Ltd., 28 Northumberland Avenue, London, 

W.C.2. 

DANBURY, D. J., B.Sc.For., M.Sc.F., Deputy Head, Forestry Department, College of 

Agriculture and Forestry, Newton Rigg, Penrith, Cumberland. 

De ROSAYRO, R. A., B.A., B.Sc.(Oxon), B.A.(Lond.), Project Manager, U.N.D.P.I 

P.A.O., Forestry Development & Watershed Management, 2 South Odeon Avenue, 

Kingston 10, Jamaica, West Indies. 

DEVITT, J. G., D.S.C., B.Sc.For., Project Manager, F.A.O., P.O. Box 107, Kathmandu, 

Nepal. 

FEARNSIDE, A., B.Sc.(Wales), R.M.B. 113, Via Woden, A.C.T. 2611, Australia. 

HIDE, R., The Cottage, Thurlestobe, Nr. Kingsbridge, South Devon. 

JONES, G. A., B.Sc., c/o 2071 Garrick Street, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 

McKERLIE, J. E., "Windfall," Barncroft, Appleshaw, Andover, Hants. 

PEREIRA, J. A., clo Mrs. C. C. Pereira, Office of the President, P.O. Box 30510, 

Nairobi, Kenya. 

PRIDHAM, F. H., clo Forestry Department, Dwellingup, Western Australia. 

RICHARDS, Dr. B. N., B.Sc.For., Ph.D., Dip.For., University of New England. 

Department of Botany, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia. 

VYNER, Commander C., 41A Hays Mews, London, W.l. 

* Received too late for inclusion in main list.

SECTION 11 

COMMONWEALTH FOREST SERVICES AND FOREST 

RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 

AUSTRALIA 

FORESTRY AND TIMBER BUREAU 

(Department of National Development) 

CANB'ERRA, A.'C.T. 

Director-General: D. A. N. Cromer, D.Sc.F,or., M.Se., Dipt.For. 

Technical Secretary (and acting Secretary, Australian Forestry Council): L. F. 

Hammond, B.Sc(For.), Dip.For. 

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE: 

Director: A. G. M'cArthur, B.Se(For.), Dip.For. (acting). 

Officer-In-Charge, Silvicultural Research: A. G. Br,own, B.Sc.(For.), M.Se., 

Dip.For. 

Officer-In-Charge, Forest Protectio:n Research: (Vacant). 

Officer-in-Charge, Forest Management Research.' M. L. Benson, B.Sc(For.), 

Dip.F·or. 

Officer-in-Charge, Regional Research Stations.' R. D. Johnston, D.F.C., B.Se. 

(Hons.), Ph.D., D.I.C. 

TIMBER SUPPLY ECONOMICS BRANCH: 

Officer-in-Charge.· C. S. Cree, D.B.E., B.A.(For.). 

COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 

ORGANISATION 

DIVISION OF FOREST PRODUcrs 

P.O. Box 56, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia 

Chief of Division.' R. W. R. Muncy, M.E.E., D.Ap'p.Sc. 

Assistant Chief.' F. A. Blakey, B.E., Ph.D. 

Assistant Chief.' W. G. Kauman, A.M.T.C., Dr. en Se. 

NEW SOUTH WALES 

FORESTRY COMMISSION OF N.S.W. 

Forestry House, 93·95 Clarence Street, Sydney, 2000 

Postal Address: G.P.O. Box 2667, Sydney', 2001 

Telephone: 2 0236 Cables: Newforests, Sydney 

Commissioner.' F. M. Bailey. 

Assistant Commissioners.' H. Porter; A. H. Walker. 

Chief, Division of Forest Management: P. T. Cooke. 

Chief, Division of Economics and Marketing.' J. L. Henry. 

Chief, Division of Forest and Tinlber Resources.' R. B. MeLean. 

Chief Division of Wood Technology.' E. B. Huddleston. 

Secretary and Chief, Division of Administration: A. R. Cocks. 

Chief Inspector.· R. H. Luke. 

322

SECTION 11. COMMONWEALTH FOREST DEPARTMENTS 325 

Chief of Forest Protection: V. P. Cleary, B.Sc.(For.). 

Chief of Education and Research: J. B. Jack, B.Sc.(For.), M.Sc.(For.). 

SCHOOL OF FORESTRY 

Principal: A. R. Eddy, B.Sc.(For.), M.E.(Calif.). 

Senior Lecturer: R. G. Orr, Dip.For.(Oxon), B.Sc.(For.). 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA 

For.ests Department, Perth, Western Australia 

Conservator of Forests: W. R. Wallace. 

Deputy Conservator of Forests: D. W. R. Stewart. 

Chief of Divisions: B. J. Beggs, W. H. Eastman, J. C. Meachem, P. J. McNamara. 

Superintendents: J. B. Camp1bell, D. E. Grace, E. R. Hopkins. 

Fire Control Superintendent: F. J. Cam1pbe'll. 

Utilisation Officer: H. C. Wickett. 

Inspectors: J. J. Have!, P. N. Hewett, A. R. Hill, D. R. Lejeune, S. J. Quain, 

J. A. W. Robley, A. D. Van Noort, A. J. Williamson. 

Senior Research Officer: A. B. Hatch. 

Utilisation Econolnics Officer: P. H. Barrett. 

Senior Silviculturist: B. J. White. 

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 

Department ·of Forestry, P.O. Box 4, Canberra A.T.C. 2600 

Head of Department: Professor J. D. Ovington, Ph.D., D.Sc.(Sheff.). F.F.S., 

F.I.Biol. 

Reader: L. T. Carron, M.Sc.For.(Qld.), Dip.For.(Oxon.), Ph.D. (AND). 

Senior Lecturers: E. P. Bachelard, B.Sc.(For.)(Melb.), M.F., Ph.D. (Yale); I. S. 

Ferguson, B.Sc.(For.)(Melb.), M.F., D.For.(Yale); R. G. Florence, M.Se.(Qld), 

Ph.D.(Syd.); D. M. Griffin, M.A., Se.D., Ph.D.(Cambridge); W. A. Heather, 

M.Sc.(Syd.), P'h.D.(ANU); M. T. Tanton, B.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C. (Lond.), 

A.R.C.S. 

Post Doctoral Fellow: G. H. Pratt, B.S,c.Agr., Ph.D(AdeI.). 

Lecturers: K. W. GToVes., B.Sc.(For.)(Wales); E. D. Parkes, B.Agr.Sc.(New Zeal.), 

M.Agr.Sc.(Cant.); K. R. Shepherd, B.Sc.(For.)(Syd.), Ph.D.(Melb.); P. R. 

Stevens, B.Agr.Sc.(New Zeal.), M.Agr.Sc.(New Zeal.), Ph.D.(New Zeal.); D. 

M. Sto·dart, B.E.(Civil)(Adel.), M.S. in C.E.(Texas); G. B. Wood, 

B.Sc.For.(Qld.), Dip'.For.(Oxo'n.), Ph.D.(ANU). 

Senior Demonstrators: J. C. G. Banks, B.Sc.(For.)(ANU); M. U. Slee, 

M.A.(Oxon.), M.Sc.(AN'U); R. G. Buick, B.Sc.(Cant.), B.Sc.For.(ANU); 

T. J. Blake, B.S·c.For.(Syd.), Dip.For.(Canb.), M.F.(Yale). 

UNIVERSITY ·OF MELBOURNE 

Parkville, N.2 V'ictoria, Australia 

SCHOOL OF FORESTRY 

Reader-in-Charge 

Dip.For.(Vic.). 

of Forestry: John Harding Chinner, B.Sc(Ox,on.), B.Sc., 

Senior Lecturer in Fo'resf Inventory: John Antony Howard, B.Sc(Wales), 

M.F.(Minn.), Ph.D., Dip'.For.(Bangor), F.L.S., A.M.A.I.C. 

Senior Lecturer in Forest Economics and Forest Management: (Vacant). 

VICTONIAN SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, CRESWICK 

Principal: A. R. Eddy, Dip.For.(Cres.), B.Sc.F., M.F.(California). 

Senior Lecturer: R. G. Orr, Dip.For.(Cres.), B.Sc.F., Dip.For.(Oxon.). 

Lecturers: K. J. Wareing, Dip.For.(Cres.), B.Sc.F.; G. L. Morrison, 

Dip.For.(Cres.), B.Sc.F.; P. G. Sheehan, Dip.For.(Cres.), B.Sc.F.; R. R. 

Marshall, B.Sc., B.Ed.


BAHAMAS 

Crown Land Department, P.0. Box 592, Nassau 

Forest Officer: V. P. Ritchie. 

BOTSWANA 

No f.orestry staff. Fo·restry is currently the responsibility of the Ministry of 

Agriculture. 

P.D. 3, Gabarone 

BRITISH HONDURAS 

Forest Department, P.O. Box 148, Belize City 

Chief Forest Officer: L. S. Lindo. 

Principal Forest Officer: H. C. Flowers. 

Divisio·n Forest Officers: E. I. Bradley, O. Rosado. 

BRITISH SOLOMON ISLANDS 

Forestry Departm,ent, P.0. Honiara 

Conservator of Forests: K. W. Trenaman, O.B.E. 

Deputy Conservator of Forests: C. A. M. N.as'h, M.B.E. 

Assistant Conservators of Forests: K. D. Marten, E. C. Brandt, N. G. Burn 

Murdoch, M. B. Self. 

BRUNEI 

FOREST DEPARTMENT, BRUNEI 

Conservator of Forests: I. P. Tamworth, M.C., P.J.K., B.A.(Oxon). 

CANADA 

DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 

Minister: Hon. Jack Davis. 

Deputy Minister: Robert F. Shaw. 

Senior Assistant Deputy Minister: J. Lupien. 

Assistant Deputy Minister (Lands, Forests & Wildlife Service): Dr. M. L. Prebble. 

Canadian Forestry Service 

West Memorial Building, 344 Wellington Stre'et, Ottawa, Ontario· 

Director, Canadian Forestry Service: (Vacant). 

Secretary, Canadian Forestry Advisory Council: C. C. Thomson. 

Director, Forestry Relations Directorate: Dr. D. R. Redmond. 

Director, Operations Directorate: Dr. R. M. Belyea. 

Assistant Director, Operations: C. E. Brown. 

Director, Programme Co-ordination Directorate: Dr. H. Schwartz. 

Assistant Director, Progra'mme Co-ordination: Dr. R. J. Bourchier. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Economics: H. M. Babcoc·k. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Silviculture: J. H. Cayford. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Forest L,and: Or" P. J. B. Duffy. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Fire: J. C. Macle·od. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Tree Biology: Dr. J. S. Maini. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Pathology: (Vacant). 

Programme Co-ordinator, Environmental Quality: Dr. I. C. M. Place. 

Programme Co·-ordinator, Insect & Disease Survey: R. M. Prentice. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Entomology: W. A. Reeks. 

Program'me Co-ordinator, Soils: Dr. P. J. Rennie:. 

Programme Co-ordinator, Forest Products: Dr. J. E. Stone.


Head, Timber Management Branch: F. W. McDougall. 

Head, Forest Technology School: P. J. Murphy. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA 

Forest Service, Victoria, B.C. 

VICTORIA: 

Deputy Minister of Forests: J. S. Stokes. 

Chief Forester: L. F. Swannell. 

Assistant Chief Forester ilc Operations Branch: I. T. Cameron. 

Assistant Chief Forester iI c Services: N. A. McRae. 

Forest Counsel: C. Cooper. 

Forester i/c Information Division: E. H. Lyons. 

Personnel Officer: A. E. McKeever. 

Forester i/ c Protection Division: W. C. Phillips. 

Forester i/c Management Division: W. G. Hughes. 

Engineer llc Engineering Division: P. J. J. Hemphill. 

Forester ilc Research Division: W. E. L. Young. 

Foreste.r ilc Research Division: R. H. Spilsb·ury. 

Forester ile Reforestlation Division: E. W. Robinson. 

Forester i/c Training School (Surrey): L. W. Lehrle. 

Director, Grazing Division: W. C. Pendray. 

VANCOUVER: 

District Forester: H. B. Forse. 

PRINCE RUPERT: 

District Forester: H. M. Pogue. 

PRINCE GEORGE: 

District Forester: W. Young. 

KAMLOOPS: 

District Forester: A. H. Dixon. 

NELSON: 

District Forester: J. R. Johnston. 

EASTERN ROCKIES FOREST CONSERVATION BOARD 

Calgary, Alberta 

Chairman of the Board: J. R. H. Hall. 

Federal Member of the Board: M. H. Drinkwater. 

Provisional Melnber of the Board: A. T. Baker. 

Chief Forester: W. R. Hanson. 

Secretary of the Board: J. P. Hourigan. 

Research Forester: W. H. Poliquin. 

MANITOBA 

Department of Mines, Resources and Environment Management, Room 352, 

Legislative Building, Winnipeg 1, Manitoba 

Deputy Minister: W. Winston Mair. 

Assistant Deputy Minister: W. K. Web.ster. 

Special Assistant: A. W. Braine. 

Director, Resource Management Division: A. O. Jardine. 

Chief, Forestry Operations: C. D. Rannard. 

Forest Protection Officer: R. R. Ross. 

Director, Northern Region: W. C.McLean. 

Regional Supervisor: S. J. Williamson. 

Directo'r, Western Region: D. F. Stewart. 

Regional Supervisor: J. D. Robertson.


PLANNING BRANCH: 

Director: Michel Duchesneau, F.E., M.F. 

Regional Planning Service, Chief: Raymond Lord, F.E. 

Research Service, Chief: Pierre Dorion, F.E., M.F. 

TERRITORIAL DOMAIN BRANCH: 

Director: Jeon-Noel Poulin, F.E., Q.L.S. 

Lands Service, Chief: Maurice Descoteaux, F.E. 

Surveys and Geodesy Service, Chief: Mauriee Duvao, Q.L.S., D.L.S. 

Cadastre Service, Chief.' Clovis Labre'cque, Q.L.S. 

Photogrammetry and Cartography Service, Chief.' Uon Valois, Eng. 

WOODS AND FORESTS BRANCH: 

Director.' Yvon Dube, F.E., M.F. 

Forest Inventory Service, Chief.' Rene Rinfret, F.E. 

Forest Management Service, Chief.' R. G. Langlois, F.E. 

Forest Operation Service, Chief: CIaude BIais, F.E. 

Restoration Service, Chief.' Herve Lizotte, F.E. 

Rural Forest Service, Chief.' Roch Delisle', F.E. 

Domanial Forest Service, Chief.' P. M. Archambault, F.E. 

CONSERVATION BRANCH: 

Director.' Maurice' Vezina, F.E. 

Protection Service Chief.' Gerard Paquet, F.E, 

TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS BRANCH: 

Director.' Oscar Blais, F.E. 

SASKATCHEWAN 

Department of Natural Resources, Forestry Branch, Prince Albert 

Minister of Natural Resources.' Hon. Eiling Kramer. 

Deputy Minister of Natural Resources.' W. A. Hartwell (Acting). 

Assistant Deputy Minister.' M. A. Laird. 

Director of Forestry.' W. S. Bailey (Acting). 

Supervisor, Inventory Section.' A. Kabzem.s. 

Supervisor, Management Seciton.' M. C. Millar. 

Supervisor, Silviculture Section.' F. W. FlaveIle (Acting). 

Regional Superintendent, Prince Albert Region.' A. G. Stark. 

Region,al Forester, Prince Albert Region.' F. R. Ford. 

Regional Superintendent, Hudson Bay Region.' D. M. Taylor. 

Regional Forester, Hudson Bay Regio'n.· M. T. Little. 

Regional Superintendent, Meadow Lake Region.' W. A. Klassen. 

Regional Forester, Meadow Lake Region.' T. G. Budreo. 

Regional Superintendent, Northern Affairs Branch.' J. W. Clouthier. 

Regional Superintendent, Southern Region.' D. G. Wyllie. 

HIGHER EDUCATION 

lTNIVERSITY OF BRmSH COLUMBIA 

FACULTY OF FORESTRY 

Professor and Dean of Faculty.' Joseph A. F. Gardner, M.A., Ph.D., F.C.I.C. 

Associate Professor & Asst Dean.' Donald D. Munro, B.S.F., M.S., Ph.D., R.P.F. 

Director of University Research Forest.' Jo·hn WaIters, M.F., R.P.F. 

Professors.' N. C. Franz, B.S., M.W.T., Ph.D., B. C. G.oodell, B.Sc., M.Sc., K. 

Graham, B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D., P. G. Haddock, B.S., Ph.D., J. H. G. Smith, B.S.F., 

M.F., Ph.D., R.P.F., R. W. Wellwoo'd, B.A.Se., M.F., Ph.D., R.P.F., J. W. WilSOD, 

M.A., Ph.D., R. E. Foster, B.A., B.S.F., Ph.D., R.P.F. (part-time). 

4'"


Associate Professors: L. Ada:movich, Dipl.For.Eng., M.F., R.P.F., P.Eng., D. 

Haley, B.Se., "M.F., Ph.D., A. Kozak, B.S.F., M.F., 'Ph.D., D. s. Lacate, B.Sc.F., 

M.Sc., Ph.D., R.P.F., o. Sziklai, DiplFor.Eng., M.F., Ph.D., R.P.F., J. V. 

Thirgood, B.'Sc, M.F., R.P.F., E. P. Swan, B.A., M.'Sc., Ph.D. (part-time). 


LAVAL UNIVERSITY 

Faculty of Forestry and Godesy, Quebec 10 

Dean: Andre Lafond. 

Associate Dean: 

Research: Bernard Bernier. 

Administration: Gilbert Sasseville. 

Director: 

Department of Management & Silviculture: Paul-Emile Vezina. 

Department of Ecology aY!d Pedology: Bernard Bernier. 

Department of Exploitatio,n and Utilisatio'n: Jean Poliquin. 

Department of Geodesy a'nd Cartography: Andre Frechette. 

Department of Photogrammet,ry: Alithur J. Branderb'erger. 

Directors ,of Studies: Gilbert Sasseville, Rob'ert Bellefe'uille', Marcel Leve;sque'. 

UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 

Department of Forestry, Fredericton, New Bmnswick 

PROFESSORS: 

Department of Forest Management and Dean of Forestry: J. W. Ker, B.Sc., M.F. 

Chairman of the Forest Engineering Group: T. C. Bjerkelund, B.Sc. 

Forest Entomalogy: N. B,. Brown, B.A., M.A. 

Department of Silviculture: H. D. Long, B.Sc., M.Se. 

ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS: 

William H. Hilborn, B·.Sc.F.(For.). 

Norman L. K'issiC'k, B.Sc.F. (Tolr.), M.F. (Yale). 

Helmut H. Krause, Diplom-Fo,rstwirt (Freiburg), Ph.D. (Wisconsin). 

Wil1iam G. Paterson, 'B.Se., M.Sc. (U.N.B.). 

Leslie P. Sebastian, Dip!. For Eng. (Sopron), M.Sc. (State Un'iv. College of 

Forestry at Syracuse Univ). 

Arthur L. Van Slyke,B.Sc. (U.N.B.), M.F. (Mich.). 

ASSISTANT PROFESSORS: 

R,obert B. B. DicIciso'n, B.Se. (Acadia), M.A. (Duke). 

Arnold T. Easley, B.Sc.F., M.S,c.F. (U.N.B.). 

A. James Kaylll, B.S.F. (U.B.e.), M.F. (D'uke), Ph.D. (Aberdeen). 

Ohao-'ho, Meng, B.Se. (Taiwan), M.Se. (U.N.B,.). 

F. Stephen Oliver, B.Sc., M.Se.F. (U.N.B.). 

Graham R. PowelI, B.Se. (E'din.), M.Sc. (D.N.B.). 

Marc H. Schneider, B.Se., M.Se. (State Univ. College of Forestry at Syracuse 

Univ.). 

C. Antony Short, B.Sc., M.Sc. (U.N.B.). 

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 

Faculty of Forestry 

De'an of Forestry: V. J. Nordin, B.A., B.'Se.F., Ph.D., R.P.F. 

Professor Emeritus: T. W. Dwight, B.Sc.F., M.F. 

Professors: J. W. B. Sisam, B.Sc., M.F., D.Se., R.P.F., K. A. Armson, B.Sc.F., 

Dip.For., !R.P.F., F. M. Bucking'ham, B.Se., M.F., D.F., R.P.F., J. L. Farrar, 

B.Sc.F., M.F., Ph.D., R.P.F., E. Jorgensen, M.Sc.F., R.P.F., D. V. L,ove, 

B.Sc., M.F., R.P.F., A. S. Mic'hell, C.D., B.Sc.F., M.F., R.P.F.


UNIVERSITY OF WALES 

University College of North Wales, Bangor, Caems. 

Department of Forestry & Wood Science 

Telephone: Bangor 2501, Ext. 256 

Professor: S. D. Richardson, M.A., B.Se., D.Phil.(Oxon.). 

Senior Lecturers: E. R. Huggard, M.A., B.A.I., C.Eng., M.I.C.E., F.S.F.; G. K. 

Elliott, B.Sc., M.F., Ph.D., F.I.W.Sc., A.S.F. 

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 

CUMBERLAND AND WESTMORLAND COLLEGE -OF AGRICULTURE 

AND FORESTRY, NEWTON RIGG, PENRITH, CUMBERLAND 

Telephone: Penrith 3791 

Principal: W. Steele, B.Se. 

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT STAFF: 

Head of Department: A. G. Pyman, N.D.F., A.S. For. 

Deputy 'Head: D. J. Danbury, B.Sc. For.. (Hons), M.Sc.F., A.S.Por. 

Lect,urers: A. L. Rumbold, B.A. (Hons) (Forestry), A.S.For.; J. A. Saunders, 

Cert. Ed.; M. G. J. Winn, R.F.S. For. eert. (Dist.), M.S.For. 

STAFF OF OTHER DEPARTMENTS ASSISTING IN INSTRUCTION: 

H. W. Y. Bowie, S.D.A. (Hons), N.D.D., S.D.D.H., O.N.C. (Forest Machinery). 

Miss B. Balmain, B.Sc. Hort. (Forestry Scie'nce). 

W. J. Craig, F.C.B.I. (Accounting). 

A. B. Humphries, N.D.A., M.R.A.C. (Hill Farming). 

GRENADA W.I. 

Forestry Division, Premier's Ministry, Botanic Gardens, 

Tanteen, St. George's, Grenada 

Supervisor of Forests: J. W. E. Lewls. 

GUYANA 

Forest Department, Kingston, Georgetown 

Conservator of Forests: L. E. Dow. 

Deputy Conservator of Forests: C. A. John. 

Senior Assistant Conservator of Forests (Silvicultural Division): D. H. Persram. 

Assistant Conservator of Forests (Surveys and Inventory): I. A. Welch. 

Assistant Conservator of Forests (Administration and Management): V. S. Vieira. 

Utilisation Officer: C. F. Collins. 

Manager Central Timber Manufacturing Plant (Ag.): B. C. HaIley. 

HONG KONG 

Agriculture and Fisheries Department 

Canton Road Government Office, Kowloon, Hong Kong 

Cable Address: Agfish, Hongkong 

Director of Agriculture ,and Fisheries: E. H. Nichols. 

Deputy Director of Agricult.ure and Fisheries: J. M. Riddell-Swan. 

CONSERVATION & FORESTS DIVISION: 

Senior Forestry Officer: P. A. Daley. 

Forestry Officer: J. W. Whole·y.


INDIA 

Minhtry of Food, and Agriculture, Rajendra Prasad Road, 

New Delhi, India 

Inspector-General of Forests: R. C. SonL 

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND COLLEGES 

P.O. New Forest, Dehra Dun 

President: S. K. Seth, I.F.S. 

Director of Forest Education: H. C. Day. 

Director of Forest Products Research: N. J. Masani. 

Director of Biological Research: (Vacant). 

Director of Forestry Research: I. M. Qureshi. 

Registrar: V. S. Bendre. 

PubLicity and Liaison Officer: Girish Chandra. 

Head of Utilisation Research, Forest Research Laboratory, Bangalo're-3.· Dr. 

P. S. Rao. 

COLLEGES 

Dean, Indian Forest ColLege: K. P. Karamchandani. 

Principal, Northern Forest Rangers College, Dehra Dun.· K. V. Kakkar. 

Princip.al, Southern Forest Rangers ColLege and' Head of Biological Research, 

Coimbatore: A. M. Mohmood Hussain. 

BRANCtI OFFICERS 

Officers-in-Charge.· N. C. lain (Conl.posite Wood Branch), A. C. Sekhar (Timber 

Me'chanics Branch), S. R. D. Guha (Cellulose and Paper Branch), M. G. 

Karnik (C

SECTION II. COMMONWEALTH FOREST DEPARTMENTS 343 

LESOTHO 

(Formerly Basutoland) 

Conservation Division, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 24, Masem 

Foreste.r in Charge: O. K. Thabane. 

MALAWI 

Department of Forestry and Game, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 

P.0. Box 182, Zomba, Malawi 

Director of Forestry and Game: J. L. Coldwells. 

Conservator (Reserves and Plantations): P. J. Sheldrake. 

Manager, Forest Industries: C. T. Bundy. 

Game W.arden: B. G. Kinloch. 

Project Manager, Vipya Pulpwood Pr,oject: J. E. Acheson, M.B.E. 

Head, Forest Research Institute: Dr. N. Paterson. 

Principal, Forest School: M. J. Burke. 

MALAYSIA 

WEST MALAYSIA 

Forest Department Headquarters, JalaD SwetteDham, Kuala Lumpur 

Telegrams: "UTAN" 

Director of Forestry: Haji Abdul Majid bin Haji Mohd. Shahid. 

Deputy Director Of Forestry: Ismail bin Haji Ali. 

Assistant Director of Forestry: Mohd. Darus bin Haji Mahmud. 

Conservator of Foresls (Utilisation): Le·o·ng Hin Nin. 

Chief Assistant Conservaf/or of Forests: Mohd. Yakin bin Long. 

State Forest Officer, Johore: Dato· Haji Wan Hassan b·.Abd. Halim. 

State Forest Offier, Kedah/P. Pinang: S. S. Sing-ham. 

State Forest Officer, Kelantan: Othman. bin Manan. 

State Forest Officer, N. Sembilan/Melaka: Muhamm:e'd bin Jabil. 

State Forest Officer, Perak: Che' Din bin. Emby. 

State Forest Officer, Pahang: Mo'hd. Nor bin Yaacob. 

State Fo,rest Officer, Selango'r: Chong Pe,ng Wah. 

State Forest Officer. Trengganu: Ismail bin Johari. 

FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KEPONG· 

Chief Research Officer: K. D. Me'non. 

Deputy Chief Research Officer (Forest Products): Lee Yew Hon. 

Deputy Chief Research Officer (Forest): Fre'ezaillah 'b.Che Yeom. 

Senior Chemist: Pe'h Teik Bin. 

SABAH, MALAYSIA 

Forest Department, P.O. Box 311, SaDdakan, Sabah 

Telegrams: "Forests, Sandakan" 

Conservator of Forests: H. S·. Martyn. 

Deputy Conservator of Forests: M. P. Fabia. 

Senior Assistant Conservators of Forests: A. J. Hepburn, V. M. Corpuz, M. A. 

Munoz. 

Assistant Conservators of Forests: M. P. Udarbe, D. V. Jenkins, I. H. Sari0 , 

Richard Tay Yea Chee', Liew That Chim. 

Administrative Officer (Administration): Kong Kwok Wah. 

Administrative Officer (Forest Inspection): D. Williamson. 

Cartographer: Chin He'ng Yin. 

Ganle Warden.' G. S. de' Silva.


SINGAPORE 

Timber Office, Trade Division, Ministry of Finance, 2nd Floor, 

Fullerton Bu,ilding, Singapore 1 

Timber Officer: Ku Pak Ming. 

Senior Timber Inspector: Chan Ka'i Hua (acting). 

SWAZILAND 

Director of Agriculture, M'inistry of Agriculture, 

P.0. Box 182, Mbabane, Swaziland 

Appointment of a forest officer is pending. 

TANZANIA 

Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forest Division, 

National Bank of Commerce, Oock T,ower Build,ing, 

P.0. Box 426, Dar es Salaam 

Director of Forestry: D. R. Lyamuya. 

Chief Research Officer: (Vac.ant). 

Utilisation Officer: K. S. Chunsi (acting). 

Silviculturist: P. E. Kimariyo (acting). 

Forest Officer (Planning): R. M. S. Kyando,. 

Forest Officer (Research): P. V. Tesha. 

Forest Officer (Survey): F. R. Sakaya. 

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 

The Forest Division, Port of Spain 

Conservator of Forests: Bal Siew Ramdial, B.Sc. 

Deputy Conservator of Forests: Selwyn Dard:aine', B.Sc. 

Assistant Directo·r (Forestry) Eastern C,aribbean Institute of Agriculture and 

Fo'restry:: Na'rine P. Lackhan, B.Sc. 

Assistant Conservators of Forests: Lennox P. Mann, B.Sc.; Dave M. Elliott, 

B.Sc. ; Peter A. Durgnat. 

Management and Planning Officer: Thom:as I. W. Bell, B.A., M.Sc., M.A., Ph.D. 

UGANDA 

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Co-operative, Forest Department, 

P.O. Box 31, Entebbe, Uganda 

Chief Conservator of Forests:: M. L. S. B. Rukuba. 

Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests: A. W. M. Watt. 

Conservator of Forests (Administration): E. K. B. Mwanga. 

Senior Working Plans Officer: B. Kingston. 

MANAGEMENT DIVISION: 

Regional Forest Officer, Western Region: D. Midholi. 

Regional Forest Officer, Buganda Region: E. K. Serwanga. 

Regional Forest Officer, Northern Region: J. Murekezi. 

Regional Forest Officer, Eastern Region: C. L. Mutesasira. 

RESEARCH DIVISION: 

Senior Conservator of Forests (Research): A. M. Stuart-Smith. 

Senior Silviculturist: P. K. Karani. 

Senior Utilisation Officer: A. L. M. B·itarakwate. 

Forest Entomologist: M. Oloya. 

Charcoal Development Officer: J. Ma·bonga-Mwisak.a. 

TRAININO-NYABYEYA FOREST COLLEGE: 

Principal: L. S. Kiwanuka. 

Assistant Principal: C. H. Lyadda.

SECTION II. COMMONWEALTH FOREST DEPARTMENTS 349 


Department of Forestry, Makerere University, Kampala 

Professor:: N. K. Herm'ensen, 'Head of Departm'ent, Lecture'r in Forest 

Economics. 

Senior Lecturers: (a) Dr. '0. Haveraeen, Lecturer in Forest Biology; (b) Dr. L. 

Nagoda, Lecture'r in Wood Utilisation. 

ZAMBIA 

Zambia Forest Department, P.O. Box 288, Ndola, Zambia 

Chief Conservator of Forests: A. P. B. Hamilton, M.A., B.Sc. 

Deputy Chief COlnservato'r of Forests: B. O. M. Chiyabwe, B.Sc. 

Director Industrial Plantations: J. Logie, B.A. 

Chief Working Plans and Surveys Officer: D. E. Greenwo,od, M.A., B.A. 

Chief Forest Products Officer: A. A. WO'o'd, B.Sc. 

Chief Extension and Training Officer: R. H. Graham, B.Sc., Dip.Bd.


pathology; mycorrhiza; forest economics; and the elements of work study. 

Research is financed by grant giving 'bodies such as NERC, ARC, NRDC, the 

United Kingdom Forestry Commission, and especially by contributions from 

Commonwealth Governments. The latter contributJions also enable the Department 

to carry out advisory work for research authorities throughout the' Commonwealth 

o'n experimental design, inventories, sampling, and plant taxonomy and identification 

including that of wo,od specimens. 

The Forest Herbarium whlich is administered jointly with the herbaria of the 

Department of Botany may be consulted by arrang'ement. All important 'woody 

families are represented by specimens of most of the world's timber trees. Most 

of them are' correlated with bark and wood specimens, material preserved in 

spirit and information on field characters, ecology and economic uses. 

The wood collection conta!ins over 20,000 specimens from over 8,000 species, 

including many topical woods. It is available for use by visiting scientists, and 

slides and some spe,cimens can be provided on loan. 

The library facil/ities of which are available to visitors by arrangement, has a 

world-wide coverage. Its close association with the Commonwealth Forestry Bureau 

enables it to be one of the most comprehensive specialist Forestry libraries in the 

Commonwealth. 

10.-COMMONWEALTH INSTITUTE, LONDON 

Commonwealth Institute, Kensington High Street, London, W.8 

Telephone: 01-937 8252 

Director: J. K. Thompson, C.M.G. 

Deputy Director: (V,acant). 

Curator, Exhibition Galleries: J. H. Swain. 

The Co'mm,onwealth Institute is a grant-aided body under the aegis of the 

Commonwealth Office and controlled by an independent Board of Governors ot 

which the Rt. Hon. the Lord Garner, G.C.M.G., is c'hairman. It -includes all the 

High Commissione'rs of the Commonwealth countries. The Institute maintains 

public galleries with permanent exhibitions illustrating the life, scenery, resources 

and development of the Commonwealth countries and their 'dependencies. Exhibits 

include examples of the more 'important timbe'rs produced in the Commonwealth 

and these timber ex1hibits are supported by photographs and, in some cases, by 

dioramas (illuminated three'-d'imensional picture models) depicting timber extraction. 

Minor forest products are also illustrated and described. 

The Exhibition Galleries are ,open free to fhe public on -every day throughout 

the year except on Good Friday, Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and B,oxing Day. 

Weekdays 10-5.30; Saturdays 10-5.30; Sundays 2.30-6. There is a cinema, an art 

gallery and\ a licensed buffet restaurant. 

It.-EAST AFRICAN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RESEARCH 

ORGANISATION 

P.O. Box 30148, Nairobi, Kenya 

E.A.A.F.R.O. is responsible for undertaking research in the fields of agriculture 

and forestry on problems that: 

1) are common to at least two of the East African countries and can be investigated 

most efficiently and economically 'by a central research ,organisation; 

2) require ionger-term investigation o'r more intensive study than can be undertaken 

by National Departments; 

3) require highly specialised and expensive equipment or the service of such 

specialists as can only be justified on an East African basis. 

Director: Dr. B. N. Majisu, B.Sc., Ph.D. 

Deputy Director: Dr. F. J. Wangati.

SECTION Ill. DEPARTMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS 361 

20.-PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CANADA 

570 St. John's Blvd., Pointe Claire, P.Q., Canada 

T'he Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (President: Dr. Pierre R. 

Gendron) is a non-profit organisation carrying on fundamental and applied laboratory 

and 'field research, and providing post-graduate training and bibliographic 

and tec'hnical services in the pulp and paper field from logging to final products. 

It lis l,ocated at Pointe Cla'ire, a suburb about 15 miles from the centre of Montreal. 

Its staff numbers about 200. It iis affiliated with M-cGill University and has about 

45 post-graduate students who do th'esis studies under Institute staff members 

identified with the McGrill Faculty. The Institute is supported jointly by the 

Canadian pulp and paper 'industry, the Canadian Government, and the University_ 

Some technical services and applied research are undertaken through contracts 

with individua'l companies or gro,ups thereof, not only in the pulp and paper 

industry but also in allied industry. The main Divisions of the Institute are as 

follo-ws: Logging Researc1h; Applied Chemistry; Applied Physics; Process Research; 

Information Services; Te-chnical Services; Business Services. 

2t.-THE ASSOCIATION OF U.K. WOOD PULP PRODUCERS 

Chairman: J. A. Colvin (this js subject to change at the Annual General Meeting 

to be held in November). 

OBJECTS 

The objects of the Association are: 

(a) To promote the consideration and discussi.on of all questions affecting the 

manufacture of wood pulp in the U.K. and generally to watch over and 

protect the interests of persons engage-d in that trade. 

(b) To represent the 'interests of pulp mills using home grown woo-d in relation 

to the Board of Trade and other Government Departments, and nationalised 

industries, the Forestry Commission and organisations of private forestry, 

timber merchants, etc. 

(c) To encourage an increased planting programme. 

(d) To encourage economical growing of pulpwood. 

(e) To encourage the economical operation of saw mills and other wood using 

industries so that their by-products are a supplementary raw material for 

pulp mills. 

(f) To encourage the most econonlicaI harvesting and ttansportation of pulpwoo,d. 

(g) To inform the public on matters affecting the trade. 

(h) To establish, if and when -desirable, contact with the Associations of other 

industries using home grown woo-d, e.g. the manufacturers of particle board. 

(i) To collect and circulate statistics and other inform,ation on all matters 

affecting the- trade and manufacture of home grown wo-od pulp. 

(j) To co-operate with The British Paper and Board Makers' Association 

(Incorporated) in any matters affecting the interests of paper and board 

makers as a w'h-ole. 

(k) To raise suc'h funds as may be required for the furtherance of any of the 

objects of the Association either by subscriptions from the Members or in 

any other suitable manner. 

(1) To do all such -other lawful things as may be incidental to or conducive to 

the attainment ,of the above ,objects. 

22.-ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION 

Harpenden, England 

Director: Sir Frederick Bawden, M.A., F.R.S. 

FOlunded in 1843, Rothamsted is the oldest agricultural research station in the 

world. The range of its wo,rk is indicated by the names of its twelve departments: 

6

SECTION Ill. DEPARTMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS 363 

15.-SCOTTISH WOODLAND OWNERS ASSOCIATION 

OFFICERS: 

Hon. President: The· Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury, K.T., G.e.v.o. 

Chairman: Sir William Gordon Cummtng, Bt. 

Deputy Chairman: Major R. N. Jardine Paterson, Captain D. S. Bowser. 

Secretary: R. G. Sangster, C.B.E., B.Sc., 6 Chester Street, Edinburgh EH3 7RD. 

Telep,hone: 031-226 3475. 

MEMBERSHIP: 

Woodland owners in Scotland ma,y become' Ordinary M"embers and others concerned 

with forestry and timber production may become Associates. 

OBJECTS: 

To represent private woodland owners to Government and other bodies and 

ensure availability of assistance' for managing woodlands and producing and 

marketing timbe,r. 

MEETINGS: 

Annual General Meeting, Regional Meetings. The National Board meets 

quarterly. 

PUBLICATIONS: 

Annual Report and periodic Newsletters. 

16.-TIMBER GROWERS' ORGANISATION LIMITED 

National Agricultural Centre, Kenilworth, Warwickshire CV8 2LG 

OFFICERS: 

Chairman: The Rt. Hon. The Earl of L,onsdale. 

Vice-Chairman: Colonel J. F. Williams-Wynne, D'4.S.0 ., J.P. 

Secretary: The Rt. Hon. The Lord Norto'n, O.B.E. 

MEMBERSHIP: 

Annual Subscriptio'n- 

Wood/and owners: £2.50 to £250.00 according to acreage. 

Associates: £2.50. 

MEETINGS: 

Annual General Meeting, Quarterly Council Me'etings. 

Regional Me'etings and Excursions throughout the year. 

PUBLICATIONS: 

The Timber Grower-quarterly. 

17.-TIMBER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 

Telephone: Nap'hill 3091/STD 0240-24 3091 

Chairman: Fel'ix PaImer. 

Director J. Scott McBride, B.A.Sc.(Hons), B.Sc.F., P.Eng., A.M.A.S.M.E., 

M.I.Ex., F.I.W.S.C. 

TRADA is a research association jointly fin,anced by industry and the Department 

of the Enviro,nment. Its research and development work c,overs architectural 

design, building constructio,n, materia;ls handling, woodwork'ing, timber engineering, 

mining, fire testing, service triails on glues an'd finis'hes, boat building, packaging, 

joinery and other :industrial applicatio·ns of timber and timber-based panel products. 

Results of tits work are dlisseminate'd through its educational, promotional and 

advisory activities and its pu'blications. 

18.-TROPICAL PRODUcrs INSTITUTE 

56/62 Gray's Inn Road" London, WCIX 8LU 

Telephone: 01·141 5411 

Director: P. C. Spensley, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.I.C. 

Deputy Director: E. M. Thain, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.C. 

The Tropical Products Institute (TPI) c'arries out research and gives advice on the 

processing,. control .of quality, storage and marketing of the plant and animal

SECTION IV. FORESTRY AND ALLIED SOCIETIES 371 

NEW ZEALAND 

NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE OF FORESTERS (Inc.) 

P.O. Box 15096, Mira1mar, Wellington 3, New Zealand 

Officers tor 1971-72-President: J. G. Groome, Taupo; Vice-President: J. J. K. 

Spiers, Kaingaroa Forest; Treasurer: C. H. Brown,Palmerston North; Secretary: 

J. P. Lysaght, Wellington; I.P. President: M. J. Conway, Wellington; Council: 

D. A. Franklin, Rangiora; J. W. Levy, Christchurc'h; J. M. Mitc'hell, Kawerau; 

J. D. Rockell, Palmerston North; A. G. D. W'hyte, Christchurch. 

Membership: 576 in honorary mem'bers, me'mbers, associate members, affiliate 

members and student members. 

Meetings: Annual general in May each year. 

Sections: Auckland, Rotorua, Hawkes Bay, Wellington, Nelson, Westland, 

Canterbury and! S,outhland. 

Publication: New Zealand Journal of Forestry, twice a year, $NZ3.50. 

Editor: C. G. R. Chavasse, Forest Research Institute', Private Bag, Rotorua, 

New Zealand. 

NIGERIA 

FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIA 

Forestry Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. 

Officers-President: J. L. Ladip'o ; Secretary: J. F. Redhead. 

Objective: To pro'mote the interest ,of the State Forest Services and the Timber 

Trade. 

THE TREE CLUB 

(The Ibadan University Forestry S·ociety) 

Founded 1964 

Officers: President, Vice-President, Secre1tary, Treasurer and Editor are elected 

annually fro,m the undergraduate members of the University. 

Metnbership: Registration fe'e lOp. Annual subscription for students SOp. Annual 

subscription for other members one guinea. Membership ope'n to students and exstudents 

of Forestry, Agriculture or Botany in the University ,of lba'dan, and the 

staff of the University of Ibadan. 

Publication: Obeche, publis'hed annually.


(ii) To promote and encourage the practice of forestry and allied subjects. 

(Hi) To collect and disseminate information and statistics regarding silviculture, 

forest management, forest products, wood utilisation and marketing, tree planting, 

forest conservation (including flora, fauna, land and water) and the recreational 

use of forest resources in South Africa. 

(iv) To have the Association represented at conferences or meetings in any country 

of societies or organisations for promoting the interests of forestry or allied 

subjects, to collaborate in their work and to exchange pu·blications with them. 

(v) To publish quarterly a journal of the South African Forestry Association to 

promote the foregoing objects and to pUblish the proceedings of the Association. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS 

tOtO-t6th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A. 

Officers-President: R. P. Davis 

Vice-President and Editor-in-Chief: H. R. Glascock Jr. 

Membership.' 17,500 Student members $5 per annum; affiliate members $16 and $20 

per annum; associate members $16 and $20 per annum; members $16, $22 and $30 per 

annum; fellows $30; corresponding members $10 per annum. 

Meetings.' Annual national meeting, four days, October. Additional meetings. throughout 

the year are held by 24 regional sections and 140 local Chapters. 

Publications: Journal of Forestry, monthly, free to members; V.S. or Canada subscriptions 

$18 per annum, other foreign subscriptions $19 per annum. 

Forest Science, quarterly; U.S. or Canada subscription ,$10 per annum, other foreign 

subscriptions $11 per annum.

Commonwealth Forestry Review

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