t^^l

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA, 

iNCLtrraNs 

CEYLON AND 

PCBLISIIEI) rXDEli THE AVTUOlurV OF THE SECRETARY OF 

STATE FOB, IXOIA IN COUNCIL. 

£DJTED lil' A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.I). Cantab., HON. D.So. K^^"'\' '^^•^ 

ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MAKSHALL, r.Z.»ff t'-K-S^ 

MOLLTJSCA. 

(FllESHWATEll GASTROPODA & PELECYPODA.) 

t^^l 

BY 

H. B. PRESTON, F.Z.KS. 

y\^\ LONDON: 

TAYLOR ANJ) FPtANCIS, RED JAOxX COURT, FtEET STREET, 

OALCDTTA: 

THACKER, SPIXK, & CO. 

March, 1915. 

BOMBAY: 

THACKER & CO., LIMITED,

PBINTBD Br TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 

RED LION COUIIT, FLEET STCEET.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. 

Page \ 

MOL.LUSCA i 

Olass Gastropoda 1 

'Order SOUTIBRANCHIATA. 1 

Suborder KhipidogXossa 1 

Family 1. Hyiiit0CKN(D,n .... I 

'Suljfam. 1. Mydvoceninio .... 

1. Il3'4voceiia, Pmreijss .... 

2. Georissa, lllunford 

1. saritta (Benson) 

2. liratula, Stoliczka .... 

3. illex (Benson) 

4. pyxis {Benson) 

."). fratevna, Theobald 4' 

Stoliczka 

C. fnistillum (Benson). . . . 

7. rawesiana (Benson).... 

8. blanfordiaiifl, Stoliczka , 

Paiiulv 2. NimiTiDiE 

Subfam. 1. Pentium 

). Theodoxis, de Montfort . 

i, perotetiana (Rccluz) . 

'2. t'uliginosa (Theobald) . 

3. reticularis (Sowerby) . 

4. ohtWiVi. [Benson) ..... 

2. Septaria, Ferussac 

1. reticulata (i?«ei'c) ... 

2. conipressa (Benson) 

3. cprulesceus (Sowerfo/). 

Page 

4. livesayi (Dohni) & 

6. squamata (Dohrn) .... 8 

Order PEOTINI- 

BRAXCIIIATA .. 8 

Suborder Taenioglossa iS 

Family 1.- TIARID^ [ = ''^"laniida] 

8 

Subfam. 1. Tiaivm t* 

1. Faunus, de Montfort .... ^ 

1. ater (Linnmus) 0 

' var. perdecoUata, 

Nevill 9 

2. Tiara, Bolten 10 

]. oy bele (GouW) 10 

var. amara (MUrch) . . 30 

3. lladina, Preston 10 

1. hastula (Lea) 11 

var. subacutissiiiia 

(A>MV/) U 

subvar. subcreiuilata 

(Kevill) 11 

2. crenulata (Deshayes) . . 11 

var. tirouri (Ferassac). 12 

var. confusa (Dohrn). 12 

3. c\a\u3 (Lamarck) .... I'J 

var. sobrius (Zca). ... 12 

subvar. cociilidiuin 

(Zee) IS 

var. pirenoidea (Nevill) 1,'i 

subvar. perdecollftta 

(Kevill) ];! 

var. plana (Brot) .... 1.'! 

4. fuscata (Born)........ IS


Page 

5. zeleborii (Brot) 13 

var. nana (Nevill) . . 14 

vav. solidiuscula 

(Necill) 14 

6. cliaron (Preston) 14 

7. expatriata (Preston) .. 14 

8. miiltistriata (Preston) . . lo 

4. Striatella, Brot lo 

1. tuberculata {Miiller) . . 16 

vai'. aubi rebra, i\'ew7/. 16 

var. layardi (Dohrn) . 16 

var. tiifrina (Huiton) . 16 

vai'. orissaensis, Nevill 17 

var. luteomarginata, 

Nevill 17 

var. myadoungensis, 

Nevill 17 

suWar. subplicifera, 

Nevill 17 

2. sublutosa (Nevill) 17 

3. turriculiis (Lea) 18 

4. nevilii (Brot) 18 

var. andamanica, 

Nevill 18 

subvar. semilDevigata, 

Neuill 19 

subvar. appvessa, 

Nevill 19 

5. iiicobarica (Ileeve) .... 19 

subvar. canaliculata, 

Nevill 19 

subvar. gigantea, 

Nevill 19 

var. fusifoimis, 

Nevill 19 

var. per.striatuk, 

Nevill 19 

6. crebra (Lea) 20 

subvar. emaciata, 

Nevill '10 

7. rivularis (Philippi) .... 20 

var. subuuifascialis, 

Nevill 20 

8. pyramis (i?e}iS07i) .... 20 

5. Melaiioides, II. S; A. 

Adams 21 

1. herculea (Gould) 21 

2. gloriosa ( dnthony) .... 21 

v.ar. ptguensis [Hanley 

4- Theobald) _. . 22 

var. eouipacta, Nevill. 22 

vai. beddoir eanii, 

N'vill 22 

S. humerosa (Gould) .... 22 

var. \anceo\ata.( Hanletj 

&• Theobald).... 2:5 

âge 

var. inibricata (Hanley 

-S,- Theobald).... 23 

var. solidiuscula, 

Nevill 28 

4. variabilis (Benson) .... 23 

subvar. eincta (Jlimley 

S,- Theobald) .. 24 

subvar. subtuberculata, 

Nevill .... 24 

subvar. subspinosa, 

Nevill 24 

var. subvaricosa, 

Nevill 24 

var. fasciata, Nevill . . 24 

5. episcopalis (/. ^- II. Lea) 25 

var. pontificalis (v. d. 

Bmeh) 25 

6. menkeana (Lea) 25 

var. microstoma, 

Nevill 36 

7. baccata (Gould) 26 

subvar. recta, Nevill. . 20 

var. fusiformis (Hanley 

SI- Theobald).... 26 

var. pyramidalis 

{Hanley S,- 

Theobald) 26 

var. iravadica 

(Blanford) .... 27 

8. terebra (Benson) 27 

9. spinata (Godwin- 

Austen) ^27 

10. bacoifera (Theobald) . . 28 

var. sublsevigata, 

Nevill 28 

var. yittata (IVieobald) 28 

11. iugicostis {Benson) .... -28 

12. godwiui (Z/j-oi!) 29 

6. Pachycbilus, Zea 29 

1. limborgi (Hartley) .... 29 

2. hui)gerfordiana,iYc-r?'W, . SO 

7. Aorostouia, Brot 30' 

1. hiigeli (Philippi) 31 

var. compacta, Nevill . 32 

2. assamensis, Nevill .... 31 

3. prcemardica (Tryon) . . 31 

4. pagodula (Gould) 32 

8. Melanella, Swainson 32 

1. zonata (Benson) 32 

2. riqueti (Grateloup) .... -32 

9. Tarebia, H. 8,- A. Adams. . 33 

1. batana (Gould) 33 

2. broti (Dohrn) 33 

subvar. subrudis, 

Nevill 34 

3. rudis (Lea) 34

var. ce_vlonica, NeviU 

4. lineata (Gray) 

var. somigranosa (v. 

d. Busch) 

sub var. pergrauosa, 

Nevill 

var. flavida {Bunker) , 

10. Plotia, II. §• A. Adams .. 

1. scabra (MilUer) 

var. elegans {Benson). 

2. datura (Dohrn) 

3. acanthica {Dohrn) .., , 

var. roepstorfiiana, 

3.J 

35 

35 

35 

36 

36 

36 

KeviU 

subvar. brevispira, 

37 

Nevdl 

subvar. subscabra, 

37 

Kemll 

11. jMainwariugia, .Aevi/t . .. . 

1. paludomoidea, NciiU ,. 

37 

37 

37 

ijySTEMATIC IXDBX. 

"1^ 

34 

35 

Subfam. 2. Faludomince ...... 38 

1. Paludomus, Sicainson .... 38 

1. globulosa (Gray) 38 

2. spbasrica, Dohrn 39 

3. couica {Gray) 39 

subvar. cherraensis, 

Nevill 39 

subvar. dihirensis, 

NeviU 40 

subvar. chittagongeiisis, 

Nevill.... 40 

var. sibsaugorensis, 

Nevill 40 

var. pealiana, Nevill. . 40 

var. jaintiaca, Nevill . 40. 

var. kopilensis, Nevill 40 

subvar. nana, Nevill. . 40 

4. paludinoides, Beeve . . 40 

3. coiistricta, Beeve 41 

6. ornata, Benson 41 

7. audersouiaiia, Nevill . . 41 

var. myadoungensis, 

Nevill .'. 42 

subsp. peguensis, 

Nevill 42 

subvar. nana, Nevill. . 42 

8. I'egulata, Benson 42 

subvar. niiuor, Brot . 43 

9. blaiifordiana, Nevill . . 43 

10. petrosa (Gould) . ^... . 48 

11. burnianica, Nevill .... 43 

12. stephanus (Benson) . . 44 

13. reticulata, Blairford . . 44 

Page 

14. obesa (Pkilippi) 4D 

15. chilinoides, Beeve 45 

l(i. Isevis, Layard 45 

17. zeylaniea (Lea) 46 

18. iulgurata, Dohrn 46 

19. palustris, Layard 47 

20. tauscliaurica {Gmelm). 47 

var. kadapaeu;is, 

Nevill , 47 

var. malabaricn, 

Nevill 47 

21. monile, Hanley 48 

22. rotunda, BUmford .... 48 

var. luicrostoina? 

Nevill 48 

23. iuflata, Brot 49 

24. striatula, Nevill 49 

25. travanoorica, BUmford 49 

26. annandalei, Preston . . oO 

27. spiralis, Beeve 50 

28. maurus, Beeve Ol 

29. pyriformis, Dolirn . . 51 

30. ciavata, Beeve 51 

31. lutosa, Souleyet 51 

82. nasuta, Duhrn 52 

33. albreviata, Beeve .... 52 

34. acuta, Beeve 52 

85. baccula, Beeve 53 

2. Philopotamis, Layard 58 

1. sulcata (Beeve) .••••• o3 

subvar. minor, Nevill. 58 

var. contracta, Nemll. 53 

var. compacta, Nevill. 54 

2. decussata (Beeve) .... 54 

3. trifasciata (Beeve) 54 

4. bicincta (Beeve) 5-5 

5. rupajfonnis {Brot) .... 5o 

6. regalis, Layard ^'^ 

7. nigricans (Beeve) 55 

var. subgranulosa, 

Nevill 50 

8. erronea, Nevill ''" 

9. subdentata, Nevill .... 56 

10. violacea (Layard) • • • • 56 

3. Tanalia, Grm/ 57 

1. loricata (Beeve) "^^ 

2. erinaceus (Beeve) • • • • 57 

3. nodulosa (Dohrn) 57 

4. reevei, Layard .•••••)• '^, 

subvar. minor, Nevill. 58 

5. funiculata, Beeve 58 

6. picta, Beeve ''8 

7. swainsoni (Dohrn) • • • • 59 

8. distinguenda (Dohi n) ,. 59 

9. torrenticola, Dohrn 59


Page 

10. iieritoides {Reeve) . . . . vav. globosfi {Brot) .. . 

11. dilatata (Eeei-e) . 

V2. gardnei'i (Beeve) . 

13. ouruingiaua (Dohrn) . . 

14. thwaiteai (Laijard) . . . . 

15. temiantii {Reeve) 

16. dromedarius {Dohrn) . . 

17. solida (Dohrn)......... 

18. hanleyi (Dohrn) 

var. mtij or ? iêvill . . 

19. sldnneri (Dohrn) 

'20. siiuilis, Layard 

60 

60 

60 

60 

61 

61 

61 

62 

62 

62 

62 

62 

63 

'21. inelanostoma {Hanley 8, 

Theohald) 

63 

,. Stomatodon, Benso?i 63 

1. stomatodon, Benson . . 64 

Fam. 2. LiTXORiNiDiB 64 

Snbfani. 1. Cremnoconchince . . 

i. Cremnoconclius, Slanford . 

1. syhadrensis (Blanford). 

2. conicu?, Blanford .... 

Tar. canaliculatus, 

Blanford 

3. carinatus (Layard) .... 

2. Bitliinella, Moquin-Tandon. 

'1. canningensis, Preston . . 

Fam. 3. PALUDESTKINTDiB . . 

Subfam. 1. Paludestrinince .... 

1. Paludestrina, (^'Oriij/M!/ .. 

2. Belgraudia, Bourf/uignat . . 

I. miliacea, JSlevill 

subvar. gibbosula, 

Nevill 

subvar. subaugulata, 

Xemll 

var. minor, Nevill.... 

3. Tricula, Benson 

1. montana, Benson 

var. curta, Nevill .... 

4. Amnioola, Gould 

1. cincta, Gould 

2. parvula {Ilutton) .... 

Subfam. 2. Lithoyhjphinic . 

64 

04 

65 

65 

66 

66 

66 

66 

67 

67 

67 

67 

Subfam. 3. Bithyniince [Bilhiniince 

emend.] . . 

1, Bithynia, Leach. 

1. tentaculata [Ijinnceus). . 

var. kasbmirensis, 

Nevill 

2. cerameopoma (Benson). 

var. carinulata, Nevill. 

var. gigantea. Nevill. . 

3. travancorica, Benson . . 

4. kitea, Gray 

5. moreletiana, Nevill .... 

6. piilcbeUa (Benson) .... 

var. obtiisa, Nevill . . 

var. pusilla, Nevill . . 

7. subpulcliella, Nevill . . 

var. tenuior, Nevill . . 

8. incoiispicua, Dohrn.... 

9. orcula, Benson 

var. minor, Nevill . . 

var. producta, iV'eyi'W. . 

var. parvula, Nevill . . 

var. acuminata, Nevill. 

10. nassa, Theobald 

11. IjBvis, Morelet 

12. goniomplialos (Morelet). 

13'. evezardi, Blanford .... 

14. pygnifea, Preston 

15. stenothyroides, Dolwn. . 

var. biangulata, Nevill. 

16. troscbeli (Pausch) .... 

2 ? Fossaiulus, Neumayr .... 

1. costigera, KUster 

var. curta, Nevill .... 

3. Plydrobioides, Nevill 

1. turrita (Blanford) .... 

57 Subfam. 4. Stenothyrinai 

68 

68 

68 

68 

68 

69 

69 

1. Litlioglyphus, ^T«'to!«n?!. . 70 

1. martabanensis,'/V?eo5flW. 70 

âge 

70 

70 

70 

71 

71 

72 

72 

72 

72 

72 

73 

73 

73 

73 

74 

74 

74 

74 

74 

75 

75 

75 

75 

76 

76 

76 

77 

77 

77 

77 

78 

78 

1. Stenotbyra, Benson 79 

1. deltiB (Benso7i) 79 

subvar. minor, Nevill . 79 

subvar. minima, Nevill 79 

2. liungerfordiana, Nevill. . 80 

3. monilifera, Benson .... 80 

4. foveolata, Bensmi .... 80 

var. minor, Nevill . . 81 

5. blanfordiana, Nevill . . 81 

0. minima (Sowerby) .... 81 

7. -woodmasoniana, Nevill. 81 

8. chillsaensis, Preston.... 82 

9. orissaensis, Preston .... 82

Page 

Ps^. 4, VlVIPARIDiE 83 

Subfain. 1. Viciparince 83 

1. Vivipara, de Montfm-t .... 83 

1. bengalensis {Lamurck) . 83 

var. balteata (Benson). 83 

var. fasciis-elevatiiisculis 

(Xema) . . 84 

var. phaeostoma, 

{Nemll) 84 

vai'. gigaiUea {lieeve) . 84 

'2. doliaris (Gould) 84 

3. o.xj'tropis [Benson) .. ., 84 

4. nhticoidea (T/ieobiild) .. 85 

x&r. coiicolor (Xevitt) . 85 

var, carhiata {Theohalil) 

85 

var. fasciata {Theobald) 

85 

5. tlieobaldi, Kohelt 86 

0. erassa [Hidton) 86 

var. tezpurensis 

(Nevill) 87 

7. siameiisis, Frauetifeld . . 87 

var. burm:uuca(j\'c!)j7/). 87 

8. dissimilis (Midler) .... 87 

var. sindica {Nevill) . . 88 

var. subumbilicata 

(Nevill) 88 

var. assameiisis 

(Nevill) 88 

var. bbamoeiisis 

(Nevill) 88 

var. kutcheiisi.s 

(Neoill) 88 

9. variata (Ffuueiifeld) . , 89 

var. pseudobelicina, 

Kobelt 89 

var. peguensis, Kobelt. 89 

10. cevlonica (Dohrn) .... 89 

var. ecarinata (Ilanley 

Sf Theohald) 90 

11. leoythis (Benson) 90 

var. am))ullifovmis 

(Benson) 90 

12. remossii (Philippi) .... 91 

13. digona (Blanfonl) 91 

14. nagaensis, Preston .... 91 

16. hilmendensis, Kohelt . . 91 

16. anuaiidalei, XoWi .... 92 

var. balopbila, Kobelt. 92 

17. shamiensis, Tlieobald . . 03 

2. IdiopoTiia, PUsbry 93 

1. henzadensis, PiYsJr// .. 93 

SrSTEMATIC JJTBEX. 

Page 

2. belioiformis 

feld)(Irauen- 

94 

var. viridis (Reeve) . . 94 

Faiii. 5. VALVATIDA; 95 

Subfani. 1. lûhatiiue ., 95 

1. Valvata, Midler 95 

1. piscinalis (Miiller) .... 95 

2. microscopica, Nevill . . 96 

Fam. 6. PII,ID;B [ = Ampiill(iriid(e~\ 

96' 

Subfam. ]. PUinie 96 

1. Pila, Bolten 96 

1. giobosa (Sicaiusim) .... 97 

var. splwerioa (Hcudei/ 

S)- Theohald) .'. 97 

var. fasciata [Hanley 

>$• Theobald) . . 97 

var. sinistrorsa 

(Nevill) 97 

var. incrassatula 

(Nevill) 97 

var. minor (Nevill) . . 97 

2. corrugata (Swainson) . . 98 

var. longispira (Nevill) 98 

3. carinata (Swainson) . . 98 

4. malabarica (Philippi) . . 98 

5. layardi (Iteeve) 99 

var. virens (Lamarch) . 99 

6. nux (Peeve) 99 

7. raaura (Iteeve) 99 

8. theobaldi (Ilanlei/) 99 

9. saxea (Peeve) 100 

10. conica {Gray) 100 

var. expansa (Nevill) . 100 

var. orientalis 

(Philippi) 101 

11. dolinides (Peeve) 101 

12. raCEsta [Reeve) 101 

13. cinerea (Peeve) 101 

14. olea (Reeve) 102 

15. tisclibeini (Dohrn) .... 102 

10. woodwavdi (Dohrn) . . 102 

17. alucinans {Smverbi/) . . 103 

18. winldeyi (Pilsbry) .... 103

Order PULMONATA ... 

Suborder Hygrophila 104 

Fam. 1. LiJiNûiDa; , . 104 

.Siibfam. 1: Ancylhue 104 

STSTKllATIC INDEX. 

1. xVncylus, Geoffi-oy 104 

1. baconi, Jiourguignat . . 104 i 

2. ceylanieiis, Benson .... 104 

3. tenuis, Bourgiiignat . . 105 

4. verruca, Benson .... . 105 

Subfani. 2. Limnceince 105 

1. Limiisea, Lamarck 106 

2. Limnsea, Lammxk (sensu 

stricto) 106 

1. stagnalis {Linneaim) . . 106 

2. aouminata, Lamarck . . 106 

var. patula, Troschel. . 107 

var. sulcatula,7>-ose/ie^ 107 

var. aiiivgdaluui 

Troschel '107 

var. pruiium, Troschel. 108 

var. cerasuni, Troschel. 108 

var. strigata, Hariley 

^- Theobald 108 

var. chlamys, Benson . 108 

var. nifescens, Oray. . 109 

var. sylhetica, Hanley 

Si Theobald . ..'. 109 

var. gracilior, von 

Martens 109 

8. ovalis, Gray 109 

var. nucleus, Trosc/(eL 109 

4. tigrina, Dohrn 110 

var. /3 minor 110 

8. Gulnaria, Lcat-h 110 

1. \>wegev {Draperuaud). . 110 

2. auricularia (Drapei-nand) 

Ill 

3. brevicauda (Sowerby) . . Ill 

4. bookeri (ii'eew) 1]] 

5. auriformis ( Ctesi'ra) .. 112 

6. labiosa (Philippi) 112 

7. snac'mb'A, (Deshayes). . . . 112 

var. mv^xw&CTroschel). 118 

8. bians {Sowerhy) 113 

9. pinguis {Doh)*n) 118 

10. siamevisis (Soiverhy) . . 1J3 

11. simulans (Piston) .... 114 

4. Bulininea; Kaldeman .... 114 

1. truncatula (Jefreys) , . 114 

2. bowelli [Pi-eston) 114 

Page , Page 

. 104 • Subfem. 3. Plcmorbina £15 

1. Planorbis, Geoff ray 

1. exustus, Deshayes .... 

var. eburneus, Gray . . 

var. brunneus, Gray. . 

var. zonatus, Sunker. 

2. zebrinus, Dunker 

3. liindu, Clessin 

4. orientalis, Lamarck.... 

5. modieus, Benson 

,6. merguiensis, Philippi . . 

2. Gyraulus 

1. conipressus {Hutton) . . 

2. convexiusculus (Mutton) 

3. labiatus (Benson) .... 

4. sivalensis (Hutton) .... 

5. hobeuaclieri, Clessin . . 

6. huttoni (Benson) 

7. barrakporensis (Clessin). 

8. himalayanus (Ilutton). . 

9. liratus, Westerland .... 

10. deraissus, Westerland . . 

11. associatus, Westerland. 

12. elegantulus (Dohrn) . . 

13. naiuis (^Sowerby) 

14. rotula (Benson) 

lo. stelzneri (Dohrn) .... 

16. lij'ptiocyclo.s (Benson). . 

17. acutus, Clessin 

18. issylculensis, Clessin . . 

3. Hippeutes, Agassiz 

1. versicolor, Westerlnnd.. 

4. Segnientina, Fleming .... 

1. unibilicalis (Benson) . . 

2. trochoideus (Benson) . . 

3. gruneri (Clessin) 

4. spirodelus, Westerland . 

5. sindicus (Benson) .... 

6. cantori (Benson) 

7. calatlius (Benson) .... 

8. csenosus (Benson) .... 

115 

115 

110 

116 

116 

116 

117 

117 

117 

lis 

11« 

118 

118 

119 

120 

120 

120 

120 

121 

121 

121 

122 

122 

122 

122 

123 

128 

123 

124 

124 

124 

124 

125 

125 

125 

126 

126 

126 

127 

127 

Fam. 2. PHYSID^ 127 

Subfam. 1. Phijsince 

1 

127 

Pliysa, Drapcrnaud 127 

1. coromandelica, Dunker. 128 

Class Pelecypoda 128 

Order TETRABPtANCHIA . . 128 

Suborder 1. Mytilacea 128

Page 

Fiuff ]. AuciD^ lL'8 

Subfam. 1. Arcince 128 

1. Scapliula, Benson 1-29 

1. oelox, Bensou ] 29 

2. pinna, Benson 130 

3. deltas, Blanford 130 

Suborder 2. Submytilacea . . 132 

i'am. 1. UNioNiDiE 132 

Subfam. 1. Tlnionince 132 

1. Solenaia, Conrad 132 

1. soleuiformis (Benson) . . 132 

Subfam. 2. HyrwM 134 


1. Unio, Betzius 13-1 

2. Lj'mnium, Oken 134 

1. uiongolicus, Middendorff' 135 

3. Nodularia, Conrad 135 

4. Nodularia, Conrad (sensu 

stricto) 135 

1. dig'itiformis('S'o!tw6y). . 135 

2. caerideus (^Lea) 130 

var. gaudichaudi [Eydoux) 

137 

var. Iferaudreni (Eydoux) 

137 

8, sburtleffiana (Lea) .... 138 

4. occata (Lea) 138 

5. pachj'soma (Benson) . . 139 

SYSTEMATIC IX.DEX. 

Page 

14. Laniellidens, Simpson (sensu 

stiicfo) . 175 

1. marginalis (i«!H«;'c/i:) .. 175 

var. obesa (JItmley 4" 

Theobald) 17G 

var. tricolor {Kmter) . 17() 

\'ar. zonata {Duslmyes) 177 

var. candah arica {Hanley 

S,- Theobald).... 178 

var. cylindrica {Hanky 

^- Theobald) . . 179 

var. hanleyi, Simpsoji. 179 

subsp. tlnvaitesi {Lea') 179 

subsp. coiisobriiia 

(Lea) 180 

subsp. lamellata (Lea) 180 

var. sublamellata, 

Preston 

siibsp. sciititiu {Sower- 

181 

by) 

var. iiumilior (v. Mar- 

181 

lens) 181 

subsp. corrLaiius {Lea) 183 

subsp. g-enerosus 

(Goidd) 184 

subsp. jenldiisiainis 

(Benson) 184 

subsp. sa-waddyensis, 

Freston 185 

2. pulcher (Tapperone- 

Canefri) 185 

var. lamellatifonnis 

(Ihpparone-Canefri) 

var. pouderosus {Tap- 

186 

perone-Canefri). . . . 185 

3. exanthematicus{Kuster) 187 

4. canefriamis, Simpson . . 187 

6. iiaraiiiporeiisis, Preston . 187 

G. iiongyangensis, Preston . 190 

7. phenchooganjensiSjPreston) 

190 

8. mainwarinsi, Prestai. . 190 

16. Trapezoideus, Simpson .... ] 93 

1. foliaceua (ffoi

Page 

'^22. aihevfi, Presiim 2]i) 

23. iiiHata, Ctessi7i 220 

24. picta, Clessiii 220 

25. indiea, Clesn)) 221 

26. regia. Clesnin 221 

27. noetingi, v. Martens. . . . 222 

28. avata {Smvei-by) 222 

Siib&m. 2. SpJiceriina- 22.3 

1. Sphferiiim, ScopoU 223 

1. avanuni, Theobald .... 224 

2. indicuni. ji. Admits. . . . 224 

2. Pisidimn, C. IJeiffer 224 

1. clai'keaniiiu, G. ^" //. 

NeciU 225 

SYSTJ531ATIC' IXDEX. 

Page 

2. lijdnspicola, Tleohald . . 225 

3. bonibayamim, Theobald. 226 

4. atkinsonianum, Theobald 226 

5. iievilliniiura, 27ieo()f(W. . 227 

6. stewarti, Preston 227 

7. ziigiiiaj'ei'i, JJ^tsler .... 227 

Fani. 3. SOI.EISIDA: 228 

Subfara. 1. Solenince 228 

1. NoYaculina, Benson 229 

1. gaiigetica, Benson .... 22S) 

2. niidamauensis, Presfcn. . 230

INTEODUCTION. 

IN collectiug the materials for the following pages, the Author 

has been chiefly concerned in assembling, as far as possible, the 

original descriptions of all the freshwater species of both 

Gastropods and Pelecypods inhabiting the regions in question. 

Many of these, however, are of so short or fragmentary a nature 

that it has been deemed advisable either to supplant them 

altogether or to supplement them considerably by various notes 

of his own or of other writers on the subject. Moreover, even 

original descriptions have only been retained when printed in 

English or Latin, those in other languages having been either 

translated or rewritten. 

An effort has been made to reduce all original measurements, 

as far as possible, to millimeters, and thus to eliminate a host of 

diiierent systems ranging from English inches to German lines. 

Wherever possible, illustrations of hitherto unfignred species 

have been given, though in a few cases, owing to the lack of 

authentic specimens, this has not been found practicable 

In some cases considerable difficulties have presented themselves 

with regard to the inclusion or rejection of certain genera which 

include both fresh and brackish-water forms, but generally 

speaking a genus has been included where members are liable, 

when occasion arises, to adapt themselves readily to new conditions, 

such, for instance, as in the case of the ponds and pools 

of the Gangetic Delta, which, though normally brackish, may 

become practically fresh through excess of rainfall after a dry 

season, or through the gradual silting up of the saltwater channels 

feeding them ; in such instances the Mollusca which inhabit 

them will generally thrive equally well under the new conditions 

and become, in effect, freshwater species. 

At one time it was intended to add to the present volume the 

terrestrial operculate genera, and a certain portion of the work 

was actually done when the Author was informed that this group 

had already been entrusted to other hands; under the circumstances 

the work was immediately stopped and, presumably, these 

families will ff>rm the subject of another volume by a diffez-ent 

author. 

It is much to be regretted that the present volume can, in most 

instances, only deal with the shells of the species quoted, this 

being largely due to the little anatomical work which has been so 

far done on the freshwater genera inhabiting the Indian region

XIV iNinoDtrcTiox. 

chiefly owing to the Lack of properly preserved material fgtr 

iuvestigatiou ; it may not, however, be out of place to here insert 

a few binomic notes which concern the families generally, these 

being grouped under the various headings as below :— 

1. Breeding Habits. 

2. Larval Stages. 

3 Development from Post-Larval Stages. 

4. Habitat and Mode of Life. 

5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal. 

6. Economic Uses. 

1. Breeding Habits.—Generally speaking the sexes in both the 

freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda are distinct, though here 

and there examples of hermaphroditism are Jmown to exist, as, 

for instance, in the case of certain species of Anodonta. 

In the former case, the sexes can frequently be distinguished 

by the form of the shell, that of the female being of a larger size 

and generally more inflated than is that of the male. In the 

Gastropoda this is especially to be remarked in the Viviparida;, 

while in the Pelecypoda it is chiefly evident in the UnionidsE, the 

female in this group being noticeably broader than the male. 

In the fluviatile Gastropod families sexual contact usually takes 

place, ova as a result being de])Osited in the majority of instances, 

though in the case of the Tiaridse and Viviparidse, as the name of 

the latter would imply, the young are produced alive. 

In the Pelecypoda, however, union of the sexes does not take 

place, the male at certain seasons in the year freely discharging 

the spermatozoa into the water, these being introduced into the 

inhalent siphons of the female by means of currents set up by 

ciliary movements, fertilization taking place either in the oviduct 

itself or else in specialized spaces of the mantle cavity. 

The quantity of eggs or young produced by the different 

families varies enormously, this, while attaining in the Pelecypoda 

to thousands, and sometimes even to hundreds of thousands, as in 

the case of certain species of Unio and Anodonta, falls in Planorhis 

and Limncea to anything from twenty to a hundred, and in Ancylus 

to such a small total as five or six only, while Vivipara and Tiara 

average not more than about fifteen individuals at .a time. 

In Tiara the embryos are developed in a marsiipium which is 

formed by an infolding of the skin near the base of the right 

tentacle, while in the TJnionidse, CyrenidsB, and some other 

Pelecypoda development takes place in the spaces betweenlthe 

folds of the gills where, in the Cyrenidas, special marsupia exist 

for their reception'. 

2. Larval stages.—In the fluviatile Gastropoda at birtli the 

animal is generally more or less similar to that of the half-grown 

or adult state, though the shell differs considerably; in the earlier 

stages it is exogastric or coiled forward over the head of the 

animal, but rapidly assumes the normal spiral of the adult. In

IIs-TEOnuCTIOK. 

the hypersti'0]5h genus Planorbis the embryonic shell is sinistral, 

becoming dextral at a very early stage of growth, though the 

animal remains sinistral thi-oughout life, moreover the protoconch 

or embryonic shell is frequently of a horny texture, even though 

the later growth is of a calcareous nature, and in all cases the 

line of demarcation can be plainly seen between tlie embi-yonic 

shell and the later formed test, this line being probably caused by 

a rest period during which the young animal w-as occupied in the 

fuller development of other parts. 

The larval stage of the freshwater Pelecypoda calls for considerable 

comment, so different is the embryo of the Unionidse 

from the later stages of development that it was at first described 

as a different creature under the name GlocJiiduim, a name which, 

though it can no longer be employed in a generic sense, is still 

used to differentiate it from the later stages of growth. The 

Glochidium upon its emancipation from the parent animal is a 

helpless creature enough, beiug unable to swim freely or to fend 

for itself in any way, indeed so helpless is it, tliat it must perforce 

become parasitic in its habits ; so that it may attain this object, 

it is funn'shed with a hook-like process iu the median part of the 

margin of each valve, which is perforate, and in addition a long 

byssal thread ; should a fish ajjpi-oacb, the valves are rapidly 

opened and shut, by which action the byssal tliread is thrust 

forward, and should this touch the approaching fish it clings fast 

to it; tinis attached it will generally, by the movements of the 

fish, be drawn into close contact with it, when the hook-like projections 

immediatel}' grip the intended host beyond power of 

dislodgmeiit; to allay the limitation occasioned by the adherence 

of the Glochidium the unwilling host causes a skin or cyst to 

form over it, and thus the embryonic naiad obtains a new home 

in which to continue its development, while obtaining its svistenauce 

from the tissues of the fish. During this second period of 

development considerable changes take place, both the byssus and 

the aductor muscle are dispensed with, and iu place of the latter 

two new aductors, together with the foot, make their appearance, 

a new shell is formed underlying the embryonic test, and finally 

the cyst is eliminated and tiie animal, falling from its host, begins 

its normal life as a free agent. 

Post-larval development.—On this subject little need be said, 

the Gastropods having passed the embryonic stage proceed to 

develop on quite normal lines, only pausing frequently for j-est 

periods, which may be due to seasonal conditions or other causes ; 

generally just before these periods of rest a thickening of the 

shell is more or less formed round the outer rim of the aperture, 

in some species when the new growth activity commences these 

thickenings are left and appear as either slight transverse ridges 

or sometimes varicose costulse on the adult test, in other species 

upon the resumption of growth they are absorbed by the animal, 

the material thus secreted beiug doubtless used in the further 

building up of the shell; in a few genera, such for instance as

xvi ixTBOuuCTioir. 

Flanorhis, denticles and lamellsB are also found on the iinier walls 

of the shell, these also being absorbed at a later stage ; tlTus 

should an immature shell be split open these are often disclosed, 

though the inner walls of an old specimen would be quite smooth 

and without excrescence of any kind 

This post-embryonic shell is formed both in the Gastropods 

and Pelecypods of three layers, the outer or " periostracum " 

being formed almost entirely of " eonchyolin," a chitinous substance 

indissoluble in water, acid, alcohol or ether; the two 

inner layers are composed chiefly of about 95 per cent, of 

calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or arragonite, the 

remaining parts being made up of small quantities of calcium 

phosphate and magnesium carbonate with a small admixture of 

eonchyolin, this compound being known as " ostracuui," and, as 

will be readily seen, is easily subject to erosion by reason of the 

extreme vulnerability of most of its component parts by acids in 

the water, hence the outer chitinous layer for its protection. 

The progress of post-larval growth in the Pelecypods is the 

same, the growth jnarkings appearing as consecutive lines or 

ridges; in many of the tJniouidse, and especially the Indian 

members of the family, the umbonal region of the shell is frequently 

corrugatedly sculptured, this sculpture becoming obsolete 

and gradually disappearing in the later formed portions of the 

test, though in some cases, notably of African or Tar Eastern 

forms, the corrugated sculpture is carried on to the end. 

4. Habitat and Mode of iife.—The habitat of the freshwater 

pulmonates and prosobranchs varies usually according to the 

genus, and even sometimes the species; thus Hydrocena and 

Cremnoconclms are more or less amphibious dwellers in wet 

vegetation, clinging to the faces of rocks continually washed by 

the spray from waterfalls; Theodoxis and SfenoiJtyra are inhabitants 

of either absolutely fresh or brackisli Avater, and even 

in the case of the former, of pure sea-water, these generally 

requiring a rocky bottom, while the latter delight in a muddy or 

sandy bottom on which to crawl; the habitat of Faludomus is 

cliiefly rocky mountain-streams, though the author has found 

more than one species plentifully occupying the muddy runlets 

among the paddy-fields of Ceylon. 

Tiara, Bithynia, Vivijmra, and Pila, as also the pulmonate 

genera Limnaa and Planorhis, chiefly iuliabit either stagnant or 

slow running water, especially where decaying vegetable matter 

and mud are abundant. 

Among the Pelecypoda the UnionidiB are chiefly, though not 

always, to be found on sandy bottoms in clear running water, 

though some species are by no means averse to an abode in the 

mud of pools and tanks, in which situations they lie almost buried 

in the sand jr mud with only the posterior side and the projecting 

siphons showing ; Scaphula, which is obviously a descendant from 

the marine Area, is found not only in the brackish waters of the 

Gangetic and other Indian deltas but also in perfectly fresh watei^

INTEODTJCTIOJST, XVU 

a thousa-nd miles from the coast; Corhicida and Sphceriitm. are 

generally sand or mud dwellers ; while Pisidium largely affects 

running streams where there is still considerable vegetation in 

which to lurk. 

As would be naturally supposed the waters of the plains and 

lower mountain-slopes are the most productive of molluscau life, 

though the writer was able to record some years ago the presence 

of Limncea and Pisidium in Thibet at an altitude of 14,500 feet,* 

this probably establishing a record for the elevation at which 

inollusca are known to exist, though it is only fair to state that 

the stream in which they were found was fed from a warm spring 

and was only completely fi'ozeu over in the coldest months 

(Eebruary to March). 

The extraordinary adaptability, in adverse circumstances, of 

certain of the delta genera is remarkable, being able, as they are, 

to thrive equally well in either brackish or almost salt and jierfectly 

fresh water as occasion arises, as is also the power of S(;me 

species of both Gastropods and Pelecypods to aestivate buried 

deep down in almost dry mud during tiisies of drought. 

To illustrate the powers of endurance of certain species it may 

here he stated that Limncea pereger has been known to occur in a 

spring in Iceland having a normal temperature of 40° Centigrade, 

while a species of Paludestrina has been taken also in a warm 

spring with a temperature as high as 50° Centigrade. 

As far as is known, the freshwater Gastropoda are usually 

vegetable feeders, though some specimens of an African prosobranch 

(Cleopatra), kept alive recently by the author, eschewed 

oatmeal and all other vegetable food provided for them, prefering 

instead to devour the periostracum of one another, this canibalistic 

action, however, was probably produced by the sudden change of 

climate and environment to which they were subjected. 

The Pelecypoda, having once passed the parasitic embryonic 

stage, are equally vegetarian in. their habits. 

5. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal.—The progress of the 

fluviatile Gastropods is necessarily slow as they glide along on 

the "foot" across the mud, rocks, or up the aquatic plants on 

which they live, this gliding motion is caused by the alternate 

contracting and expanding of certain portions of the lower surface 

of the foot, several contractions and expansions being frequently 

in operation in different parts of its "sole" at the same time ; in 

the Pelecypods, however, the causes of the mode of progression 

are rather different, the foot, it is true, is also used to propel the 

creature on its way, but the ghding motion of the Gastropods 

gives place to a jerky movement caused by the foot being extended, 

then swollen by the blood being, as it were, pumped into 

it, thus giving it power in its swelled condition to obtain a grasp 

of the object or exact spot which is to form the end of the step, 

* Bee. Iiid. Mus. Calcutta, iii, 1909, pp. 115-116.

• XVlll INTEODUCTION. 

this being accomplished by a sharp contraction of the pedal muscle, 

the sliell and the remainder oi the animal are forced suddenly 

forward. 

Both Gastropods and Peleeypods, however, are not d^^pendent 

on the foot only for voluntary movement, amoug the torriier 

LiviiKea especially, and among the latter Pisidium are able to put 

forth filaments of mucous by which they are enabled to ascend 

and descend to and from the surface of the water and not only to 

float on, but to skim along it, foot uppermost. 

Tlie more or less artificial dispersal of mollusca is a subject 

upon which, from time to time, a good deal has been written; 

undoubtedly the larval Gasteropod forms are often swept many 

miles by floods, frequently by this means being stranded in pools 

and ponds isolated in normal times and to which it would 

necessarily be impossible for them to obtain access were it not for 

the agency of waterfowl which, there can be little doubt, do carry 

certain species about in the plumage just above the legs, considerable 

opportunity being given for the mollusca to ascend these 

and become entangled in the feathers during the lengthy periods 

in N-shicli tbe birds Tbtnain stationary in tiie watex watetiing ioT 

their prey. 

The Pelecypoda also are great travellers, but this is due to their 

being carried far in their embryonic state by the hosts to which 

they have attached themselves; once the parasitic larval stage is 

over, they are seldom able, except through an exceptional accident, 

to move far afield. 

Prom the foregoing remarks, however, it must not by any means 

be assumed that all the fluviatile species are widely distributed, 

many instances occur of extremely localized forms, among which 

may be mentioned as exam])les the Limncea mvoluta of Killarney 

and some of the peculiar forms of Lake Tanganyika which do not 

seem to have become diffused in the remainder of the Congo basin. 

6. Economic Uses.—The purification of water is doubtless to 

a certain extent performed by the mollusca in their capacity of 

scavengers, in addition to wliich they also provide food for valuable 

birds and fish; as a rule, however, the fluviatile species are 

not in much request as food for man ; though in Guadeloupe, 

Mauritius, China, Japan, and even in Prance, certain species of 

freshwater bivalves are used for human consumption. 

The chief services rendered to the human race are, however, 

rather ornamental than actually useful; in the Unites States 

certain species of Unionidoi are extensively fished and even cultivated 

for their nacre which is used largely for button punching, 

small kuife handles and other purposes to which mother-6'-pearl 

is put, while as ai bi-product pearls themselves are doubtless 

obtained ; indeed, a case has recently been placed on record of as 

many as nine hundred and twelve being taken from a single 

individual *, one hundred of which wore of marketable size, though 

* INantilus, Boston, JIass.. xxv., p. 84.

IJfTBODTJCTIOJSr. XIX 

the large majority of tlie remainder must have been so small as to 

be corainerciall}' worthless ; there is uo doubt, however, that the 

whole industry is of considerable value. 

There is also a legend, which may or may not be true, that one 

of the reasons which tempted Oresar to the invasion of Britain 

was the exaggerated stories current in Rome of the magnificent 

pearls produced by the river mussels of these Islands; whether 

this is true or not, the fact remains that, certainly up to a few 

\ears ago, the Highland peasants were in the habit of eking out 

their scanty incomes by fishing for Margaritana margaritifera in 

the Scottish rivers, though the pearls obtained therefrom were 

not of great value, they being generally small and of a dark 

colour; but the shell itself does not seem to have been a commercial 

article, possibly because of the small quantities only 

obtainable. 

In China an extensive artificial cultivation of "blister pearls " 

was at one time in vogue, the mode of culture being as follow.-;. 

When adult, or nearly so, a large species, Dipsas pUcaia, was 

selected; a wedge was placed temporarily between the valves in 

order to present their closing, while obstructions, often in the 

shape of small metal images of Buddha, were inserted between the 

njantle and the shell, generally in horizontal rows, the irritation 

caused by these foreign bodies in the shell induced the animal to 

cover them over with a layer of shelly nacre, though how long 

the whole operation took before they were fully and sufliciently 

thickly coated it is dillicult to say; as many as twelve of -these 

metal images were frequently placed in a single shell, each image 

measuring about 19 by 13 millimeters. 

In India and the middle East, however, the author has never 

heard of any economic use for the freshwater moUusca, and 

certainly, after a sojourn of some years in Ceylon and Southern 

India, no case of this ever came to his notice. 

In conclusion the author's thanks are due to many friends for 

help most willingly given in various ways, among w hom may he 

mentioned Messrs. B. A. Smith, I.S.O., B. B. Woodward, E.L.S., 

and G. C. Eobson, of the British Museum, Lieut.-Colonel U. H. 

(xodwin-Austen, I'.K.S., Mr. T. Ii-edale, and especially to Dr. N. 

Auuandale of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who has been kind 

enough to place the whole of the Indian Museum Collection of 

Naiades at his disposal in order to assist him in his work. 

To Mr. Porster Cooper, of the Museums at Cambridge, the 

author is also indebted for the loan of certain specimens from the 

Benson Collection for purposes of figuring. 

farther, the author would wish to acknowledge the help 

afforded to him in compiling the above binomic notes by 

Mr. B. B. Woodward's admirable book ' The Life of the Mollusca.' 

5a West Cromwell Road, S.W. 

Maicli 191S.

MOLLUSCA. 

Class GASTROPODA. 

Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA. 

Suborder EHIFIDOGLOSSA. 

Family HYDEOCENID^. 

Subfamily HYDROCENINJS. 

Shell globose, imperforate, small; operculum calcareous, with 

concentric stria. 

Distribution. S.E. Europe ; S. Asia ; Malaysia ; S. Africa. 

Genus HYDEOCENA. 

Hydnceiitt, Parreyss, 1846, Ilermannsen's Indicis Generum Malac. 

'i, p. 546. 

TYPE, H. cattaroensis, Pfeiffer; Dalmatia. 

Range. S.E. Europe; S. Asia; Malaysia; S, Africa. 

Shell small, thin, imperforate, with few volutions; whorls 

convex; aperture oval, angled at the base ; labrum having the 

margins joined by a light parietal callus, not reflexed, acute; 

operculum subconcentric, outwardly spirally striate. 

Subgenus GEORISSA. 

Georissa, W. Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 463. 

TYPE, Hydrocena pyxis, Benson ; Burma. 

liange. India; Malaysia. 

Oriyinal description :—Testa imperforata vel vix perforata, 

minima, conica, succinea vel rubella, plerumque spiraliter sulcata 

vel striata. 

Operculum semiovale, sine ullo vestigio structuras spiralis, excentrice 

striatum, testaceum, transparens. 

Animal parvum, lobis hemisphsericus in loco tentaculorum 

munitum. 

Oculi normales. Pes brevis, rotundatus.

2 H rDROCE>-II).U. 

1. Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta {Benson). 

Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta (Benson), A. iM. N. H. ser. 2, viii, 1851, 

p. 188 (as Cydostoma); PfeifEer, Blon. Pneuni. i, p. 314 (as Oyclo~ 

stoma) ; H. & T., 0.1, pi. 117, fig. 2 (as Hydroccena). 

Original description:—Testa subiniperforata, ovato-conica, liris 

spiralibus crebris, sulcis angustis divisis, munita, ferrugineo-albida, 

apice rubente, sutura bene impressa, apice obtuso; anfractibus 4 

valde convexis; apertura vix obliqua, ovata, g longitudiiiis lequante, 

peiistomate aeuto, expansiusculo, marginibus disjunctis, columel- 

]ari superne angulnto, pariete ealloso. 

Alt. 2, diara. 1-25 mm. 

JIab. Cherra Poonjee, Graro Hills. 

2. Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka. 

Hydrocena (Georissii) liratula, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. x\, 1871, pt. 2, 

p. 157, pi. (5, fig. 6. 

Orir/inal description:—-Testa globoso-conica, solida, imperforata, 

carneo-luteola; anfractibus 3-3^, convexis, sutura profunda sim- 

Ijlici junetis, prime apicem subobtusum formaiite mammillato, 

Ifflvigato, luteolo vel rubescente, ceteris supra (infra suturam) 

paululum depressiusculis, spiraliter liratis, liris atutis, simplicibus 

i'ere aequidistantibus, in anf. penultimo 6-7, in ultimo 9-10, basi 

convexa, centraliter minute multistriata; apertura semilunari, 

altitudine fere spiram aequante, baud dilatata; labro simplici, 

curvato, intus strialo, labio incrassato, albido, adnato, intus rectiusculo, 

Isevi. Operculum testaceum, tenue,

HYDROCENA. O 

lucente, versus spiram rubello-fu.=ca, spira nitida, elongato-conica, 

sutura profunda, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 4 valde eonvexis, 

ultimo ^ totius testse superante ; aperfcura obliqua, ovata, superne 

angulata, peristomate tenui, nou continue, marginibus conniventibus, 

dextro recto acuto, columellari reilexiusculo. Operculo 

tenui, corneo, pellucido, paiici-spirato, nucleo basali. 

Alt. 2-65, diam. l'6o mm. 

Hah. Phie Than, Tenasserim, adhering to stones. 

"Nearly allied to Hydrocena {Gydontomn) saritta, nobis, 

but more slender in form." 

4. Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis {Benson). 

Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis (Bensonl, A. M. N. 11. ser. 2, xvii, 185G, 

p. 232 {asHydrocena) ; Pfeiifer, Mon. Pneum. ii, p. 161 (fisHydroccena); 

H. & T., 0.1, pi. 117, fig. 3 (as Hydrocisna). 

Original dexcription :—Testa obtecte perforata, ovato-coniea, 

spiraliter sulcata, succinea, translucente, spiram versus rubente ; 

spira eonica, sutura profunda, apice obtuso; anfractibus 4 eonvexis, 

ultimo t totius testae aequante; apertura obliqua, semicirculari, 

peristomate tenui, acuto, nou continuo, margine 

columellari expanse, reflexiuseulo. Operculo — ? 

Alt. l-r>, diam. 1-25 mm. 

Hai> Thyet-Mio. 

" H. pyxis, although smaller than H. illex, is more coarsely 

sulcate, and the furrovs^s on the lower whorl are more distant near 

the suture than below." 

5. Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald ^- SioUczka. 

Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 

xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6. 

Original description :—Testa cylindraceo conoidea, solidula, 

pallida, imperforata, regione umbilicali paulo impressa ; anfractibus 

3g, eonvexis, supra modice subtruncatis, sutura per-prcfunda 

junctis, spiraliter crasse liratis, liris in anfractu penultimo quinque, 

supera a sutura remotiuscula: apice valde mamillato ; ultimo 

anfractu spira breviore, basi convexiusculo, spiraliter striato; 

apertura fere semicirculari, labro simplici, antice modice recedente, 

margiue subobtuso instructo, labio recto, incrassato; operculo 

testaceo, tenui, subdiaphano, paucispirato. 

Alt. 1'4, diam. maj. -95 mm. 

Hah. Ataran Kiver Valley, near Moulmein. 

" Allied to G. pyxis in having the uppermost spiral ridge on the 

whorls somewhat remote from the suture, but the ridges themselves 

are stronger, the whorls somewhat less numerous, the apex 

very distinctly mammillate, and the entire form of the shell more 

slender and cylindrical." 

Ji2

uyDiiocEXiu.E. 

6. Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson). 

Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 3, Vt, 

1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeiffer, JNIon. Pneum. iii, p. 261; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 117, fig. 5 (as Hydroca ^ 

Original description : —Testa iraperforata, ovato-oblonga, solidinseula, 

spiraliter eonfertissime tenuisulcata, suecinea?; spira 

subpji-amidata, apice obtiisiusculo, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5, 

convexis, ultimo f testse subsequante ; apertura obliqua, truncatoovata, 

superne neonon ad latus sinistrum angulata, peristomate 

tenni, non continuo, pariete calloso. Operc. — ? 

Alt. 2*5, diam. l'7o inm. 

Jlab. Ava. 

Differing from G. illex (Benson), " in the absence of the very 

elongate slender spire of that species, in the want of an umbilicus, 

and in the form of the aperture, which presents internally aii 

angle at the j unction of the columellar lip." 

7. Hydrocena (G-eorissa) rawesiana (Benson). 

Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson), A. M. N.H. ser. 3, vi, 

1860, p. 193 (m Hydrocena); Pfeiffer, Men. Pneum. iii, p. 252; 

Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xli, 1872, pt. 2, p. 332 ; H. & T., 

C. I. pi. 117, fig. 6 (as Hyclrocana). 

Original description:—Testa imperforata, subgloboso-conica, 

solida, confertim spiraliter striata, luteo-albida; spira conica, apice 

obtuso, sutura prol'undiusoula; anfractibus 4, valde convexis, 

ultimo spiram suboequante ; apertura vix obliqua, semicirculari, 

superne et ad latus sinistrum angulata, peristomate tenui, margine 

parietal! calloso, intus recto, stricto ; loco umbilicali subfoveato. 

Operc. — ? 

Alt. 2, diam. 1'5 mm. 

Hab. Near Moulmein in the JTarm Caves. 

" The shell is more globose than that of H. py.vis, Benson, and 

the sculpture is altogether different. In the forn)ation of the 

aperture there is an approach to that of H. frustillum, but it 

exhibits a straight knife-like edge at the internal parietal 

margin." 

8. Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka. 

Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka, J. A. S.B. xl, 1871, 

pt. 2, pp. 157-168, pi. 6, fig. 6; xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 332; H. & T., 

C. I. pi. cxvii, fig. 2 (as flydroceena). 

Original description:—Testa globoso conoidea, imperforata, 

moderate sol'dula, luteola, apice rubesoente, mammillato laevissimo; 

anfractibus 3^, eon\ exiusculis, transversaliter striis incrementi 

minutis tectis, subltevigatis; ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, in 

altitudine spiram subsequaute ; apertura late semilunari; labro,

uniforme curvato, postice (vel supra) anojulata, labio incrassato, 

levissime arcuato, supra paululum dilatato, infra angustiore. 

Alt. 18, alt. ult. anf. ad apert. -8, diam. maj. 1'2, diatn. min. 

1 mm. 

Aperture : diam. '5 mm. 

Hab. Farm Caves, near Moulmein. 

Family NERITIDÊ. 

Subfamily NERITINiE. 

Shell imperforate, siibglobular or subpatelliform; operculum 

calcareous, the internal surface furnished with projecting apophyses, 

the internal margin being thus articulated to the columellar 

septum. 

Distrihution. Temperate and Tropical Kegions of the World. 

Genus THEODOXIS [jVeritim]. 

Theodo.vis, de Montfnrt, Concli. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 350. 

A'eritina, Lamarck, 1822 [Neritine, 1809]. 

TYPB, T. liitetianus, de Motitfort {flavialilis, Linn.) ; Europe. 

Eange. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World. 

Sliell globular, oval, or turrioulated, smooth or spirally striated, 

often adorned with vivid and varied colours; inner lip septiform, 

crenulated, rarely simple. 

9. Theodoxis perotetiana {Reduz). 

Neritinaperotetiana, Recluz, Rev.ZooI. Cuv. 1841, p. 333; Sowerby, 

Thes. Conch, ii. pi. 115, %s. 200, 201; Keeve, Con. Icon., Ner. 

sp. 124; II. & T., C. I. pi. 1.57, hgs. 2, 3. 

Original description-.^Testa ovato-semiglobosa, fusco-nigricante, 

tenuissime striata ; anfractibus tribus : ultimo superne coarctato; 

s'">ira brevi, convexa, obtusata; apice pallido, sub-hyalino; apertura 

extus rotundata; labio piano, albido, in medio vix arcuato 

obsoleteque crenato. 

Alt. 9, diam. 11 mm. 

//«&. Streams of the Nilgherries. 

T. ceylonensis (Eeeluz), J. Conch. 1851, p. 202, appears to be a 

variety having an orange edge to the otherwise black operculum. 

10. Theodoxis fuliginosa {Theobald). 

Neritina fuliginosa (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxvii, 1859, p. 316. 

Neritina reticularis', var. capilhdata, Sow. Thes. Conch, ii, pi. 166, 

figs. 265, 266; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 157, figs. 8, 9, 

Original description :—Testa neritinsefornii, subglobosa, spira

6 IJEEITID.I;. 

minima; colore luteo-flavescente rubro reticulata; intus flavescente-pallida; 

aliquando ceerulescente; non raro fasciis duobus 

cincta in apertura facilius visis. Epidermide plerumque nigro 

colore, extraneo fucato; semipolita, operculo pallide aurantiaeo, 

margine anteriore rubro. 

Alt. 12-5, diam. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 266 in Thes. Conch.). 

Hab. Burma, near Amrapoora. 

11. Theodoxis reticiilaris (Soiverhy). 

Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerbv) (for Neritina reticulata, Bens, not 

Sow. in P. Z. S.), Conch. lllust., Ner. fig. 44 ; Thes. Conch, ii. 

p. 536, fijfs. 264, 265; H. & T., C. I. pL 157, figs. 5, 6. 

Neritina humeralis, Th. (name only). 

Original description:—Testa subconica, Itevi, pallide fulva, 

rufescente, epidermide tenui, subviridi induta, lineis angulatis 

transverse reticulata; spira plerumque exsertiuscula, apice subcomplanato, 

anfractu ultimo, supra suturam angulatim elevato, 

infra medium ventricoso; apertura subcontracta, labio externo 

superne declivo, infra medium producto; columella tumida, margine 

sublaevigato. 

Alt. 15, diam. maj. ]5 mm. (from fig. 264 in Thes. Conch.). 

Hah. Calcutta. 

12. Theodoxis obtusa(B«nso)i). 

Neritina ohtusa, Benson, in Sow. Conch. lllust., Ner. fig. 43; Thes. 

Conch, ii, p. 517, pi. Ill, figs. 72, 73. 

Neritina spiralis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ner. fig. 99 (from type); 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 167, fig. 7. 

Original description :—Testa transverse ovali, leviter striata, 

epidermide subviridi induta ; spira depressa, anfractibus duobus; 

apertura magna, subcinerea ; labio externo interne crassiusculo ; 

labio interno complanato, recedente, margine sinistro oblique 

acute, margine dextro in medio subarcuato, subcrenulato. Operculo 

cinereo. 

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 72 in Thes. Conch.). 

Uab. Banks of the Granges, Calcutta. 

Genus SEPTARIA. 

Septaria, Ferussac, Essai M^th. Conch., Paris, 1807, p. 61. 

Naoicella, Lamarck, 1809. 

Cimber, de Montfort, 1810. 

Sandalium, pars, Schumacher, 1817. 

Catilhis, Humphrey, 1797, fide Swainson, 1840. 

TYPE, Patella porcellana, Tuinn. : Islands of Bourbon, Eodriguez, 

Mauritius, and Mad.^gascar. 

Range. S. Asia ; N. Australia ; Malaysia; Tropical Islands of 

Indian and Pacific Oceans.

BBPTAEIA.. 7 

Shell oblong-ovate, depressed, Patella-shaped, sometimes concentrically 

striated, more frequently smooth, olive-yellow or 

greenish, generally reticulated with black, no spire, vertex rather 

obliquely inflected, sometimes beaked, lip simple, columellar area 

thin, flat, septum-like, aperture very large, muscular impressions 

two, disdnct. Operculum testaceous, nearly square, flat, with a 

sharp tooth at the side. (Reeve.) 

13. Septaria reticulata {Reeve). 

Septaria reticulata (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Navic. pi. 5, figs. 20 a, b, 

& pi. vi, figs. 26 a, b (as Navicella eximia); H. & T., 0. I. 

pi. 137, figs. 5, 6. 

Original description:—Shell depressly ovate, thin, semitransparent, 

yellowish, tinged with rose towards the apex, openly 

reticulated with olive-black, columellar area small. 

Diam. maj. 20, diam. min. 13 mm. (from fig. 20 a in Conch. 

Icon.). 

Diam. maj. 31, diam. min, 205 mm. (from fig. 26 & in Conch. 

Icon.). 

Hah. Ceylon. 

14. Septaria compressa (Benson). 

Septaria compressa (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 749. 

Navicella lineata, var,. Sow. Thes. Conch, ii, pi. 118, tig. 25 ; II. & T., 

C. I. pi. 137, tigs. 1, 4. 

Original description:—Testa transverse elongata, compressa, 

lutea, albida, vel cornea, lineis munitissimis transversis diverse 

coloratis, maculisque alteruatis radiantibus decoloratis picta; 

dorso elevato ; limbi extremitatibus emarginatis. 

Diam. maj. 21-2o, diam. min. 11'25 mm. 

Hah. Hooghly Eiver. 

Generally found adhering to the stems of shrubs growing in 

the water. 

15. Septaria cserulescens (Sowerhy). 

Septaria ccendescens (Sowerby), Thes. Conch, ii, p. 550, pi. 118, 

tig. 29, & pi. 118 bis, figs. 36, 37, 38; Reeve, Conch. Icon., 

Navic. pi. 7, fig. 29. 

Navicella orientalis, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 33 (3'oung). 

Navicella tessellata, Benson (not well of Lam.), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, 

p. 750; H. & T., C. I. pi. 137, figs. 2, 3, 7, 10. 

Original description :—Testa breviuscula, subdepressa, subquadrata, 

cajrulea, maculis nigris angulatis picta; raai-giue apicem 

superante ; septo angustissimo, arcuato. 

Diam. maj. 17-5, diam. miri. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 28 in Thes. 

Conch.). 

Hab. Eiver Ganges, Bengal.

S TIAEID^. 

16. Septaria livesayi {Dohm). 

Septaria livesayi (Dohm), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 185 (as Navicella) ; 

H. & T., C. i pi, 137, figs. 8, 9. 

Original descrijption :—Testa oblongo-ovata, tenuis, parum 

pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangularibus 

luteis ornata; apex ad dextram spectans, prominulus; 

apertura alba. 

Alt. 6, diam. maj. .35, diam. min. 15 mm. 

Aperture: diam. 18 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

17. Septaria squamata {Dohm). 

Septaria squamata (Dohm), P. Z. S. 18S8, p. 135; H. & T., 0.1. 

pi. 157, figs. 1, 4 (as Navicella). ' 

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fuscoviridis, 

ad apicem rubescens, maculis luteis squauiseformibus, striis 

fulguratis at maculis nigrescentibus picta; apex ad sinistram 

spectans, margiiialis ; apertura alba. 

Alt. 5'5, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 12-5 mm. 

Aperture : diam. 15 mm. 

Ilab. Ceylon. 

Order PE CT INI BRANCH lATA. 

Suborder TJSNIOGLOSSJ. 

Family TIARID^ [^Melaniidas]. 

Subfamily TIARINÊ. 

Shell ovately or subulately fusiform, smooth, striate costulate 

or spinously nodulate. 

Distribution. S.E.Europe; S. & E. Asia; N.Australia; Africa; 

America ; Tropical Islands of Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

Genus FAUNUS. 

Faunus, de Montfort, Oonoh. Syst. 1810. 

Pirena, Lamarck, 1822. 

Melanamona, Bowditch. 

TYF'E, Stromhis aier, Linnseus : Moluccas; New Guinea ; New 

Ireland; Java; Philippines; Timor, Buru, Amboyna; Ceylon. 

Jiangs. The above Islands and also Ne-,v Caledonia; Penang; 

China.

I'AUJfUS. 9 

Sliell subulate, acuminate ; columella smootl), arched, extending 

into a parietal callus; aperture ovate, having an anterior canal 

at the base. 

18. PaTimis ater (Linnceus). 

Strombus ater, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1218, no. 516; Kumph. Anib. 

pi. aO, fig-. R; Chemn. pi. 13.5, tig. 1227. 

Nerita atra, Miill. Verm. no. 375 ; Schroter, Plussconch. p. 371. 

Stromhus utropurpureics, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 372. 

Strombus dealbatus, Gmel. no. 46, p. 3523; Seba, Mus. pi. 56, 

figs. 13, 14. 

Cerithitim Jluviatile, Fer. Syst. Conch, p. 69, no. 1. 

Melanamona, Bowditoh, Elem. Conch, pi. 6, fig. 19. 

Pirena atra (L.), Mousson, Moll. Java, pi. 10, tig. 1; Reeve, Conch. 

Icon. fig. 5. 

Faunus ater (L.), H. & A. Ad., Gen. of Rec. Moll.; Gray, Guide 

Syst. Distrib.; Chemn. xMan. Conch, fig. 2080. 

Melanopsis atra (L.), F^r. Monogr. Melanops. pi. 2, fig. 7, p. 32; 

Sow. Gen. of Shells, tig. 1; Deshayes, Encycl. Meth., Verm, ii, 

p. 337, no. 11. 

Pirena terebralts, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. no. 1; Quoy & Gaimard, 

Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360 ; Sowerby, Conch. Man. fig. 316; Brot, 

Mat^r. iii, p. 23. 

Pirena picta, Reeve, Conch, Icon. fig. 3. 

Buccinum acicula, Gmel. p. 3503; Lister, Conch, pi. mlv, fig. 7. 

Pirena acus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360. 

Melanopsis atra, Pot. & Mich. Gal. pi. 31, figs. 7, 8. 

Melanopsis princeps, Lea, Trnns. Am. Phil. Soc. v, pi. 19, fig. 74; 

Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, i, p. 194, pi. 19, fig. 74. 

Fatmopsis princeps (Lea), Gill, Proc. Ac. N. S. Phil. 1863 (Monstr.). 

Pirena pagodus, Reeve, Couch. Icon. fig. 4. 

Faunas ater, Linn., Nevill, Hand List, ii, p. 217. 

Shell sharply elongately tapering, intense black, obscurely 

rhinutely yellow-mottled; whorls twenty or more, concavely 

flattened, densely minutely wrinkle-striated; aperture small, 

columellar margin callously incurved. (lieeve.) 

Alt. 84, diam. 19 mm. (Eeeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5). 

Hab. Ceylon; Nicobars ? ; Moluccas ; New Ireland ; Penang ; 

Java ; Philippines ; Timor ; Burn ; Amboyna; Celebes, etc. 

Var. perdecoUata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 218. 

" Apparently a form constantly characterized by the strong 

decollation, erosion of the surface and iron-rust, reddish colour of 

the peristome, etc Very variable in size." {Nevill.) 

Alt. 76-5, diam. 21 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon, Southern Province (Nevill).

10 TIAHIDJ!. 

Genus TIARA. 

Tiara, Bolten, 1798, Mus. Bolten. 

Melania, Lamarck, 1799 et auet. 

Turritella, Link, non Jjamarck. 

JEUistoma, Rafinesque. 

Melanites, Krugel. 

Hygronoma, Gistel. 

TrPE, Helix amarula, Linn.: Mauritius ; Madagascar; Comoro 

Islands. 

Range. Tropical Islands of the Indian Ocean and Moluccas. 

Shell ovate ; spire and aperture of nearly equal length ; whorls 

coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate, entire in front, 

pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer lip simple, acute. 

19. Tiara cybele {Gould). 

Tiara cyhele (Gould;, Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist, ii, 1847, p. 222 (as 

Melania cybele). 

Melania crenularis, Beshayes, Mag, Zool. 1884, pi. 83; Nevill, Hand 

List, pt. 2, p. 279. 

Original description:—Testa ovata, turrita, crassa, fuliginosa, 

ftpidermide velutina induta; spira ad apicem valde erosa, anfr. 

superstit. ad 3 planulatis, superne tribulatis, et pinnis curtis acutis 

arrectis ordinatim dispositis coronatis; apertura angusta, elongatoovalis, 

postice angulata; intus livida. 

Alt. 25, diam. 15'5 mm. 

Hah. Piji, Navigators' Islands, etc. 

Var. amara {March), J. de Conch. 1872, p. 319, as Melania 

amara, for Jf. mitra, Keeve (not of Meuschen), Con. Icon. sp. 175. 

Original description :—Shell ovate, ventricose, black-brown, 

sometimes covered with a soft epidermis; whorls few, smooth, 

sharply concavely angled at the upper part, prickly-tubercled at 

the angle; aperture obliquely ovate; columella callously effused, 

interior sometimes blood-stained. 

Alt. 47, diam. 24-5 mm. (fig. 6 in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Sumatra (Cummr/) ; Pulo Panjang (iforc/i) ; Great Nicobar 

{Boepstorff). 

Melania, Lamarck, being an absolute synonym of Tiara, Bolten, 

and as none of the names used in the genus appear to bo 

applicable, the author proposes the subgeneric name Badina for 

the following group. 

Subgenus EADINA, nov. 

Melania, TL. & S. Adams, 1856 ; Brot, 1874. 

TYPE, Melania hastula, Lea; PhiHppiues; Fiji; Ilalmaheira; 

Aru Islands.

TIA.EA. 11 

Itange. S. & E. Asia; Malay Archipelago; islands of the 

Pacific. 

Shell subulate, elongated ; spire many-whorled, acute; whorls 

smooth, not spinose; aperture ovate, acuminate, posteriorly entire, 

rounded in front; inner lip thin, not callous : outer lip simple, 

acute, margin entire. {H. ^ A. Adams.) 

20. Tiara (Radina) hastula {Lea). 

Tiara {Radina) hastula (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 189; Conch.-Cab. ii, 

pi. 16, figs. 3, 3 J; fide Brot. 

Melania costata, auct. [not of Quoy]. 

Melaniajlammulata, Busch [not of Reeve]. 

Melania picta, Kve. [not of Hinds]. 

Melania acuta, Rve. [not of Lea]. 

Melania arroensis, Rve., Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 228. 

Original description :—Testa striata, nonnunquam plicata, elongata 

subulata, diaphana, tenui, fusca, striis transversis crebris 

costulas decussantibus ; spira acuminata; suturis linearibus ; anfractibus 

plano-convexis_'; apertura parvula, ovata, intus vel fusca 

vel albida ; columella incurva tortaque. 

Alt. 83, diam. 20-25 mm. 

Hab. Philippines; India. 

Var. suhacutissima, Nevill, toin. cit. 

" Spiral striation on base of last whorl distinct; 

upper whorls obscurely dotted and fiamed with brown and 

peculiarly alternate " 


Hab. Andamans {Eoepstorff). 

Subvar. subcrenulata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 229. 

Alt. 51, diam. 16'75 mm. 

Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff). 

21. Tiara (Radina) crenulata {Deshayes). 

Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshaves), Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert. 

ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 434. 

Bulimus torulosus, JBrug. Encycl. Meth., Vers, i, p. 852 ? 

Helix a-enata, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, p. 950, no. 144; Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 225. 

Original description:—Testa elongato-turrita,apice truncata albofuscescente 

obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus latis subplanis ad suturam 

depressis, marginatis; margine lato, excavate; apertura magna, 

ovali, ad basim dilatata ; columella coutorta, crassa. 


Hab. Philippines.

12 IIAUIDJE. 

Ynr. tirouri, Ferussac, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de I'Astr., Zool. iii, 

p. 159, pi. Ivi, figs. 38, 39 (as Melania tirouri); Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 226. ' 

Original description:—Testa turrita, solida, crassa, rudenter 

transversim sulcata, albida; anfractibus plano-couvexis ; postice 

siilco impresso divisis ; spira erassa, truncata; apertura ampla, 

ovali et cserulea. 

Alt. 54 mm. 

Hah. Celebes ; Philippines ; Puniar Biver, Cuddalore {Beddome) , 

Vizagapataoi {Stoliczka) ; Aiidamans {Roepstorff). 

Var. confusa, Dohrn, Kevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225. 

Melania confusa, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 72, 

fig. 4. 

Original description:—Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel nigricans ; 

anfr. lU-11 planulati, spiralisulcati aut varicosi, longitudinaliter 

striati; apertura oblonga, albida, non detruncata. Operculum 

corneum, nigrescens, oblongum. 


Aperture: alt. 22, diara. 11 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon. 

22. Tiara (Eadina) clavus, Lamarck. 

Tiara {Madina) clavus (Lamarck), Hist. Anim. s. Vert, vi, 1822, 

p. 165. 

Melania acuminata, Bkr. Phil. Abb. 

Melania acus, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850 ; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92. 

Melania gaudiosa. Hinds, A. M, N. H. xiv, 1844; Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 223. 

Shell shortly subulate,' spire sharply acuminate towards the 

apex, horny, rather thin, livid purple, white at the sutures ; whorls 

twelve to thirteen, rather flat, the first longitudinally ribbed, the 

rest smooth ; aperture ovate, columellar margin callous white. 

Alt. 25, diam. 85 mm. (Eeeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92 as M. acus. 

Lea.) 

Jiab. JSTicobars {Nevill). 

Var. sobrius. Lea. 

Melania sobrius, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 181, and Eeeve, Con. Icon. 

figs. 32, 80; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 223. 

" of a plain uniform colouration, without traces either of 

spots or bauds." {A''eviU.) 

Alt. 31-5-39 5, diara. 10-12-75 mm. 

Hab. jSîcobars.

TIARA. 13 

Sub\ar. cochlidium, Lm. 

MeUmia cochlidium, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 183 ; Reeve, Con. Icon, 

fi}^. 27; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 3, p. 224. 

Original description:—Testa la;vi, subulata, subcrassa, rufocornea 

; spira elevata, acuminata, ad apicem minute plicata; 

suturis regiilariter irapressis ; anfractibiis tredecim, subcompressis, 

anfractu ultimo supra angulato, magno ; apertura late ovata, parva, 

ad basim retusa, iiitus albida; columella regulariter incurva. 

Alt. 37-5, diam. 12-5 mm. 

Hah. Philippines ; Katchall, Nicobar Islands {Boepstorff). 

Vav. pirenoidea, Ntvill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224. 

" A remarkable, ' Pirena-like,' strongly decollate and massive 

form, " {Nevill.) 


Hah. Nicobars. 

Subvar. perdecollata, Nevill, torn. eit. 

A smaller form, still more decollate, only two or three whorls 

remaining. 

Hab. Nicobars. 

Var. plana, v. d. Busch, MS., Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 21, 

fig. 17 a. 

? Melanin gaudiosa, Hinds, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225. 

" The apical eight whorls are very prominently and regularly, 

longitudinally ribbed and spirally striated ; last «liorl, ot course, 

smooth at base; of uniform dark olive-green colouration." 

{Nevill.) 

Alt. 28'5, diam. 7-75 mm. 

Hah. Great Mcobar. 

23. Tiara (Eadina) fuscata {Born). 

fiara (Radina) fuscatu (Born), Test. Vindob. 1780, p. 390 (as Helix) 

[not of the Oon. Indica], and Test. Mus. Csesar. Vindob. pi. 16, 

tig. 17 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 221.. 

Original description:—Testa subulata, Imvis, transversim subtili'ssime 

striata; anfraotus decern teretes ; apertura ovata; labrum 

teve ; faux cinerea ; color e luteo fuscus. 


Hab. Nicobars. 

24. Tiara (Radina) zeleborii {Brot). 

Tiara Tiara {Radina) zeleborii zeleborii (Brot), j Mat. MiSIaniens, iii, p. 35, pi. 2, 

figs. 13, 14 ; Nevill, Hand List, ; pt. 2, p. 230. «* 

Original description :—Testa subulata, solida, fusco-nigra, polita;

14 TIA.aiD.'E. 

spira eroso-decollata (speeim. adult.); anfraet. 5-6 incolumes subplaTiulati, 

IsBvigati, sufcura subcanalicnlata, angusta marginata 

divisi, ultimo magno, basi obtuse angulato, circa columellam striate. 

Apertura piriformis, superne acute angulata, basi producta, late 

effusa, columella torta, margine dextro recto, basali arcuato. 

Opercul. subspiratum, nucleo basali, marginali. 

Testa juvenilis spira subintegra, colore fusco-corneo; anfr. 

ultimus basi angulatus, parte mediana fusco tinctus. Anfr. 

circa 11, supremi longitudinaliter crebre striati, striis sensim 

evanescentibus. 

Dim. speeim. adult. decoUati (anfr. 5-6). 


Apertm-e : alt. 18, diam. 10 mm. 

Dim. speeim. juv. (anfr. circa 11), 


Hah. Nicobars (Roepstorff). 

Var. nana, Nevill, torn. cit. 

" Strongly decollate, only 3 or 4 whorls remaining." 

Alt. 29-5, diam. 10-5 mm. 

Hah. Great Nicobar {Roepstorff). 

Var. solidinscula, Nevill, torn. cit. 

" A very distinct variety, slightly decollate, 6 whorls i ; 

constantly distinguished from the preceding by its greater 

solidity and by the less convex whorls, especially noticeable in the 

last one." 

Alt. 37, diam. 11 "5 mm. 

Hah. Andamans (Roepstorff). 

25. Tiara (Eadina) charon (Preston). 

Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196, pi. 15, 

lig. 23. 

Shell elongately subulate, dark brownish black; remaining 

whorls 12, convex, marked throughout with lines of growth and 

spirally sculptured with faint, somewhat distant raised striae ; 

sutures well impressed ; columella descending in a rounded curve 

and extending into a slight callus which reaches the lip above ; 

peristome simple; aperture oblong-ovate ; interior slate-colour. 

Alt. 56, diam. maj. 12 mm. 

Aperture, alt. 11'75, diam. 7 mm. 

Hah. Andaman Islands. 

26. Tiara (Radiiia) expatriata (Preston). 

Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196, 

pi. 15, flg. 23. 

Shell subulately turreted, dark blackish brown; remaining 

whorls 4|, spirally striated on the lower half of the upper whorls;

TIAHA. 15 

the body-«horl encircled by an infra-sutural ridge forming a 

distinct shoulder and weakly spirally lirate throughout below the 

ridge • sutures impressed ; peristome simple ; columella arched, a 

callus joining it with the lip above ; aperture inversely auriform. 

Alt. 33-25, diam. maj. 12-25 mm. 

Aperture, alt. 10-5, diam. 5-5 mm. 

Hah, Andaman Islands. 

The shoulder formed by the infra-sutural ridge presents a somewhat 

striking appearance and recalls some of the Western Pacific 

Island forms in vvhich this character occurs ; the other characters, 

however, when taken collectively or singly, easily separate it from 

any of the species described from those regions. 

27. Tiara (Eadina) multistriata (Preston). 

Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196, 

pi. 15, fig. 24. 

Shell decollate, subulate, dark olive-brown ; remaining whorls 4, 

rather flat, sculptured throughout with fine transverse striae and 

coarser spiral strioe ; sutures deep and incised ; columella arched ; 

peristome acute ; aperture ovate; interior bluish grey. 


Apei-ture, alt. 9'5, diam. 4 mm. 

Bab. Andaman Islands. 

Subgenus STEIATELLA. 

Stn'aietta, Brot, Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 7, 193. 

TYPES, Melania corporosa, Gould, Tahiti; and Melania tuberculata, 

Miiller, N. Africa, S. & E. Asia, Malaysia, N. Australia. 

Range. Add to the above S. & E. Africa and Tropical Islands of 

the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

Original description :—Testa turrita, mediocris, longitudinaliter 

plus minusve striata, ssepe transverse plicata; apertura basi rotundata, 

columella modice torta. 

Testa longitudinaliter inciso-striata, sutura canaliculata. 

(Typ. M. corporosa.) 

Testa longitudinaliter elevato-lirata; rubropunctata vel flamniulata. 

(I'yp. M. iuberculata.) 

28. Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata {MUlkr). 

Kerita tuberculata, Jliiller, Hist. Verm. 1774 (as Nerita), Coromandel; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 74, flgs. 1-4 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, 

p. 239. 

Shell elongate, very acuminate or subulate, pale, thin, sculptured 

with raised spiral striae and undulating grooves, blotched with 

blood-red, these red markings often forming zigzag bands. Whorls 

8 or 9, ornamented with longitudinal tubercular ridges, each bearing

16t TIARIIiiE. 

about 9 tubercles on the body-whorl; aperture ovate, outer lip 

acute, polished within aud marked with more or less transparent 

bands. 

Hab. Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, and perhaps one 

of the most widely distributed and variable of species extending 

as it does from Morocco in the AVest to China and Australia in 

the East. 

The principal Indian varieties would seem, according to Nevill, 

to be as follows :— 

Van subcrebra, Nevill, Hand List, p. 241. 

"A subgranulose variety approaching M. crebrn, Lea ; 

of a uniform straw-colour; spire not much produced; last whorl 

convex, whorls 6-7." 

Alt. 22, diara. 7'75 mm. 

Uab. Baudarawella, Ceylon. 

Var. layardi {Boh-n), Nevill, Hand List, p. 242. 

Melania layardi, Dohvn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 1.3.5; Reeve, Conch. Icon, 

pi. 15, sp. 104; H. & T., C. I. pi. 73, figs. 8, 9. 

Oriyinal description:—Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea; anfr. 

6-7 convexi, striis spirajibus, rugis longitudinalibus regulariter 

ornata, ad suturam fusco-maculata : apertura ovato-oblonga, intus 

cseruleo-albida; columella rotundata, peristomium valde productum, 

arcuatum. 


Aperture : alt. 10, diam. 5 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon; S. Canara {Beddome). 

On the S. Canara specimen Nevill makes the following 

remarks :— 

" The first specimens, I believe, of this very characteristic variety 

described from Continental India. They are a very fine form.— 

long. 33, diam. lOf mm.—7 whorls." 

The dimensions given in the original description are those 

of Dohrn's largest specimen, he gives them, together with the 

following description, of a smaller form, thus :—' 

" Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens. intus cserulea." 


Aperture: alt. 7, diam. 4 mm. 

Var. tigrina (llutton), Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 242. 

Melania tigrina, Button, J. A. S, B. 1850, p. 658; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 110, fig. 2. 

Original c?«script)on-;^Shell devoid of apex, the spire being 

invariably much eroded; general appearance that of M. pyramis.

TIAKA. 17 

but differs in being coarser, in wanting the strong and prominent 

longitudinal furrows which characterise that species, and which 

are observable throughout its length ; the outer lip also has a 

tendency to be more produced ; while the flame-shaped streaks of 

colouring are narrower, closer, and less devious or zigzag, often 

becoming bifid or pronged on the body-whorl; epidermis pale 

olive-green or olive-brown, ornamented with close, narrow, irregular 

transverse dashes. General number of whorls in eroded and 

decollated specimens five, though nine or ten would appear to 

be the correct number, wrinkled transversely by coarse lines of 

increase ; the upper angle of the aperture is never so acute as in 

M. pyramis, and the sutures are deeper and whorls more tumid at 

their junction. 

Var. orissaensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 243. 

" A remarkable form ; spire short, with ventricose whorls, substance 

thick, coloration uniform green (or almost so), longitudinal 

ribbing remarkably developed, even on the last whorl." 

Long. 25, diam. 9 (scarcely) mm. 

Hah. Cuttack, Orissa (J. Caldwell). 

Var. luteomarginata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 244. 

Long. 37"5, diatii. 13 mm. 

Hah. Kalgan, Persia ; Baluchistan. 

Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245. 

" A very distinct form remarkable for its ' terebra-like' produced 

spire, its contracted or appressed whorls (especially the 

last) ; the spiral, undulating sculpture is more acutely prominent 

than in any form I know; all the whorls, except the last, have 

a light longitudinal ribbing as well; of a light yellowish-green 

colour, prettily marbled with brown. Anfr. 8 ; long. 27^, diam. 

7-p^ mm." 

" PI. 74, fig. 1 of the Con. Indica resembles it, only 

the last whorl is too ventricose, etc." 

Hah. MyadouDg, Upper Burma {Anderson). 

Subvar. subplicifera, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 245. 

" A form nearer Eeeve's fig. 109 B ; distinguished from the 

preceding by the more developed longitudinal structure throughout." 

Hah. Myadoung {Anderson). 

29. Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa {Nevill). 

Tiara [Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 234. 

Original description ;—" Very strongly decollate, an exact 

0

18 - TIAEID^. 

' miniature' of M. Brot's pi. 24, fig. 16, ' M. lutosa, Gould,' from 

Upolu " 

Alt. ]5, diam. 6-10 mm.; whorls 3. 

JIah. Great Nicobar {Roepstorff). 

30. Tiara (Striatella) turriculiis {Led). 

Tiara (Striatella) tiirriculus (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 190. 

Melania perpinguis. Reeve [not of ilindsl, sp. ] 13; Nevill, Hand 

List, pt. % p. 234. 

Original description:—Testa striata, conoidea, subtenui, obscure 

maculata, cornea, spira subelevata ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus 

novem,conYexiusculis, lineis subraris impressis, superne angulatis ; 

apertura parva, subconstricta, intus albida et obscure maculata, ad 

basim rotunda; columella regulariter curvata. 

Alt. 27*75, diam. 10 mm. 

Hob. Philippines; Andamans {Roepstorff). 

31. Tiara (Striatella) nevilli {Brot). 

Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot), Conch.-Cab. ii, 1877, p. 200, pi. 22, 

iig. 13; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 236. 

Original description :—Testa subulato-turrita, subc.ylindracea, 

solida, virenti-olivacea, nitidula. Spira erosa; anfr. persist. 6-7, 

declivi-convexiusculi, sutura appressa, subcanaliculato-incisa divisi, 

supremi longitudinaliter arete inciso-striati, ultimi 3-4 omnino 

Iffivigati vel lineis increraenti leviter striatuli. Apertura piriformis, 

basi latiuscula, vix effusa ; columella subincrassata, parum torta et 

arcuata; margine dextro subrecte descendente, hand protracto. 


Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 5-5 mm. 

Bab. Andaman Islands {Hanley); Tahiti {Morelei). 

Var. andamanica, Nevill, tom.cit. 

" distinguished by the upper three or four whorls being 

invariably longitudinally ribbed, the ribs being not at all prominent 

and slightly but distinctly arcuate; quite young specimens 

show the ribbing throughout, the ribs only becoming obsolete on 

the lower portion of the last whorl. Generally but slightly 

decollate, eight whorls remaining; covered with a rust-brown 

coating, beneath which the shell is light green, irregularly and 

very slightly spotted with brown below the suture; throughout 

spirally striated; a single specimen only has this spiral sculpture 

obsolete on the central portion of the last two to three whorls. 

The majoritv of specimens are smaller than type-figure of 

M. nevilli, and have the last two whorls increasing much more 

rapidly in breadth "

Subvar. semilsevigata, Nevill, torn. cit. 

TIABA. 19 

The author gives no further description than that implied by 

the name. 

Hah. Andamans (Ford). 

Subvar. appressa, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 237 

The last two whorls are contracted much as in typical 

T. (S.) nevilli. 

Hai. Andamans {Anderson). 

32. Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve). 

Tiara {Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve), Con. Icon. sp. 54; Nevill, 

Hand List, pt. 2, p. 237. 

Original description:—Shell turriculated, rather solid, black,: 

whorls ten to twelve, somewhat rounded, the first spirally grooved 

throughout, the rest with the upper and lower grooves fading 

away; aperture rather small. 

Alt. 33'5, diam. 10 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.). 

Bah. Nicobar Islands. 

Subvar. canaliculata, Nevill, torn. cit. 

Apparently channelled below the suture. 

Hab. Nicobars (lloepstorff) ; S. Andaman (Roepstorff). 

Subvar. gigantea, Nevill, torn. cit. 

A large form which, though only having four whorls remaining, 

is of the following dimensions:—• 

Alt, 43, diam. 17 mm. 

Hah. Camorta (Roepstorfi) ; S. Andaman (Roepstorff). 

Var. fasiformis, Nevill, tom. cit. 

" Well distinguished by its produced and fusiform shape ; the 

whorls increase regularly and are more convex than those of 

the type form, iu which the upper whorls are abruptly and coutractedly 

attenuate, the lower ones increasing rapidly in size, 

especially the last, which is always very tumid. In var. fusiformis, 

on the contrary, it is only a trifle more swollen than the 

preceding one. More solid and of brighter coloration ; sculpture 

rather less distinct." (Nevill.) 

Alt. 32-5 (9 whorls), diam. 9 mm. 

^ Hab. S. Andaman (Roepstorff). 

Var. perstriatula, Nevill, tom. cit. p. .'^38. 

"The last two whorls are throughout regularly and evenly, 

finely spirally striated." 

Hab. Andamans ['?] (Stoliczka). 

02

20 - TIABIDiE. 

33. Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea). 

Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 193 (as M. crebra) • 

Reeve, Con. Icon. 1860, sp. 162 ; var. from Nicobars, Brot, pi. 33, 

iig. 2, as of Sect. Tarebia ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 238. 

Original description :—Testa cancellata, elevato-conica, cra.ssa, 

tenebroso-castanea; spira valde elevata; anfractibus decern, eonvexiusculis, 

ad basim striis impressis ; apertura parvula, ovata, 

intus albida ; ad basim rotunda ; columella incurvata. 

Alt. 37-5, diam. 12-5 mm. 

Hah. Philippines {Lea); Preparis Isd., Bay of Bengal {Stoliczka, 

Wood-Masoii) ; S. Andaman {Eoepstorff) ; Nancowri and 

Katcball, Nicobars (Soepstorff). 

Subvar. emaciata, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 239. 

" Besides the more contracted whorls the coloration is darker 

and the longitudinal sculpture less developed." 

Alt. 28"5, diam. 7 mm. 

Hob. Katcball and Kancovvri, Nicobar Islands {Roepstorff). 

34. Tiara (Striatella) rivolaris {PUlippi). 

Tiara (Striatella) rivulaiis (Philippi), Abbild. ii, pi. 4, fig. 6,1847, 

p. 171; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 247. 

Original description:—Testa turrita, virescente, apice deeoUata ; 

anfractibus 7, convexis, sutura profunda divisis, transverse striatis, 

superioribus lineis rufls longitudinalibus, medianis serie transversa 

punctorum infra suturam, pictis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, superne 

acuta, basi effusa ; labro basi valde produeto. 

Alt. 20, diam. 6-75 mm. 

Hal. Java; Andamans {Roepstorff). 

Var. subunifascialis, Nevill, tom. cit. 

" ., . . the spiral striation is more or less obsolete on the upper 

portion of the whorls, imparting a very characteristic appearance 

to the shell; basal band round the columella not visible within 

the aperture." 

Alt. 19 (whorls 8J), diam. 6 mm. 

Hob. Andamans {Roepstorff). 

35. Tiara (Striatella) pyramis {Benson). 

Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson), as Spqcies B, Gleanings in 

Science, no. 13, 1830, p. 22; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, 1850, 

pt. 2, p. 658; H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, figs. 3, 4. 

Onginal description :—Shell subulate-turreted, translucent; 

whorls depressed, with longitudinal and transverse ruga3, which 

give a decussated appearance to the upper whorls. Colour pallid.

TIAEA. 21 

with bands of red-brown dots or irregular longitudinal streaks of 

the same colour, sometimes altogether devoid of markings. 

" This shell occurs alive in the Gumti, Yamuna, Betwa, and 

Cen rivers. I have met with the exuviae in the Ganges. In this 

.... species the foot is of a pallid colour with brownish black 

markings. The body is light verdigris-green." 

Alt. 29-75, diam. maj. 8-75 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 8-5, diam. 4 mm. 

The above dimensions are taken from a specimen in the British 

Museum, none being given in the original description. 

Subgenus MELANOIDES. 

Melanoides, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Kec. Moll. 1854, i, p. 296 ; Nevill, 


TYPE, Melania asperata, Lamarck; Philippines. 

Range. S. and E. Asia ; Japan ; Malaysia. 

Shell subulate, solid ; whorls often nodulous or rugose; aperture 

subcircular, produced in front; inner lip somewhat callous; 

outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated and produced anteriorly. 

Operculum subcircular, subspiral, of few rapidly-enlarging whorls. 

36. Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould). 

Tiara {Melanoides) herculea (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 

1846, ii, p. 100; Otia Conch, p. 199; H. & T., 0.1, pi. 72, fig. 5. 

Original description :—Testa ponderosa, elongato-conica, fuscoviridis, 

decollata : anfr., numero integro ad 15, superstitibus 2-5, 

planulatis, infra suturam constrictis, plicis profuudis 4-nodosis 

longitudinalibus ; ultimo subcarinato, basi striis crassis cineto ; 

apertura subrhomboidali; antice producta, callo columellari rotundato, 

crasso, fauce plus minusve fusco. 

Alt. 71-'5, diam. 25-5 mm. 

Hah. Tavoy Eiver. 

37. Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa {Anthony). 

Tiara {Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony), Amer. Journ. Conch, i, 

1865, pt. 3, p. 207, pi. 18, fig. 2; YL & T., C. I. pi. 72, figs. 1, 2. 

Original description:—Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous ; 

spire elevated, but abruptly decollate, exhibiting only four whorls, 

which are convex and quite broad; sutures very deep and distinct 

; lines of growth remarkably prominent, often amounting to 

varices, and with revolving strisB less prominent, but, nevertheless, 

distinct, decussating with them ; aperture large, ovate, blotched 

with reddish-brown within; columella very much curved, thickened

22 , TIAEID^, 

\vith a white callus, and forming, with the sinuous outer lip, a 

lengthened, hut not very decided sinus at the base. 

Alt. (as eroded) 63, diam. 25 mm. 


Hah. Pegu. 

Belongs to a group of which M. Jierculea, Gould, may be cited 

as an example, but is much larger, has never such regular folds as 

that species, nor are its concentric striae so prominent as to form 

nodulous ridges as in 31. hereulea ; it ^s probably one of the most 

ponderous species of the genus ; the revolving striiB are more 

prominent near the sutures, and at the base of the shell they are 

also much crowded and more elevated. 

Var. peguensis, Hanleij ^- Theobald, H. & T., 0. I. pi. 72, fig. 6 

(as M. 'peguensis); Jêvill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 250 (as var. of 

M. touranensis, Soul.). 

Differing chiefly from the typical form in the absence of spiral 

striation and basal contraction of the aperture. 

Alt. 88, diam. 31 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.). 

Hab. Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczica). 

Var. compacta, Nevill, torn. cit. (as var. of M. touranensis. 

Soul.). 

Smaller and more compact than the above, with the spiral striae 

at the base of the last whorl very distinct but more crowded than 

iu typical M. gloriosa. 

Alt. 63-5, diam. 23-5 mm. 

Hah. Henzada (Stoliczka). 

Var. heddomeana, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 251 (as var. of M. touranensis, 

Soul.). 

'' Closely resembles the preceding in shape of the whorls and 

spiral striation at base of the last whorl; relatively even more 

solid; appears to be perfectly smooth throughout, with the 

exception of the above-mentioned basal striation." (Nevill.) 

Alt. 44, diam. 17| diam. 

Hah. Near Moulmein (Beddome). 

38. Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould). 

Tiara (Melanoides) Immerosa (Gould), Proc. Boston See. Nat. Hist. 

ii, 1847, p. 219; Otia Conch, p. 200; Brot, Conch.-Cab. 1875, 

p. 107. 

Melania (Meldnoides) reevei, Brot, Mater. ;, 1862, p. 'iQ=baUeata, 

Eeeve, sp. 144, fide Nevill. 

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita simplex, viridicornea 

; spira derosa, anfr. ad 8 convexis, prope suturam obsolete 

angulatis, lineis tenuissimis spiraliter striatis, ultimo antice

TIAEA. 23 

costato-striato; apertura subovali, antice vix effusa; columella 

rotundata, alba, fauce fasciatim sublividu. 

Alt. 47-5, diara. 12-5 mm. 

Hah. Manko, Tavoy. 

Var. lanceolata {Hanley ^- Theobald), Concli. Ind. pi. 153, 

fig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248. 

A slender form. 

Alt. 63, diam. 22'75 mm. 

Hah. Mandalay {Anderson) ; Henzada, Pegu {SfoKczha) ; Thyet 

Myo (Hungerford). 

Var. imbricata {Hanley 4' Theobald), torn. cit. fig. 4; Nevill, 


"In quite young specimens the 'imbricated' sculpture can 

scarcely be detected." {NeviU.) 


Hah. Henzada {Stoliczha) ; Taylaymaw {Anderson). 

Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249; Brot, 

Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 13, fig. 6 (as " M. reevei [juv.] "). 

" . . . . Solid and light yellow coloured ; a quite young specimen 

having a single broad brown belt on the middle of the last whorl." 

(mviU.) 


Hab. Pegu {Stoliczha). 

39. Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis {Benson). 

Tiara {Melanoides) variabilis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, 

pp. 746-747; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 85-87, pi. 10, figs. 1, 

1 a-d; H. & T., C. L pi. 109, iigs. 2,3, 5, 6. 

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita, solida, olivacea vel 

picea, sub epidermide albida; anfractibus convexis transverse 

liratis, longitudinaliter striatis et costatis; costulis anfractus 

ultimi superne nodulosis; apiee plerumque truncate; suturis 

excavatis. Apertura intus violacea, columellse basi sinuata. 

Hab. Goomty Eiver at Jonpur, Tolly's Nullah, near Calcutta. 

Var. A. Anfractuum inferiorum liris elevatis, nodulis elevatoribus. 

Hah. Eiver Hooghli at Calcutta. 

Var. B. Liris, mediana excepta, obsoletis; nodulis subspinosis 

carinam humeralem coroaantibas. 

This is the var. spijiosa, Benson. 

Var. C. Lsevis liris costulisque obsoletis ; anfractus ultimi medio 

subcarinato, adulti nodulis humeralibus frugaliter sparsis.

TIABID*. 

Var. D.'Â^ftactuum superiorum costulis obsoletis, ultimi et 

penultiiiu-''1iris transversis costulis longitudinalibusque superne 

, ^__,.„.seriûplici nodulosis. 

Benson further adds :—" Varieties B, C, and D are in the 

Silhet collection. The type specimens of several of these varieties 

would, if viewed apart, be easily mistaken for distinct species, but 

they melt into each other so gradually, occasionally showing the 

characters of more than one variety combined in the same shell, 

that no doubt remains of their blending in one species. In 

Tolly's !N"uIIah I took larger specimens than any in the collection 

[Museum of the Asiatic Society] ; though at least four twists of 

the spire vêre defective, one individual measured 3'4 inches in 

length. The Gumti specimens are less liable to truncation, and 

in young specimens the apices are nearly perfect. I have not 

observed more than 12 whorls present in any specimen. I described 

the type of the species without a name as species A in the 

IBth no. of the ' Gleanings in Science.' It was figured as no. 7 

in plate vii. vol. i." 

Subvar. cincta {Hanley 4' Theobald), H. & T., C. I. pi. 109, 

fig. 5 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 252. 

The ribs in this variety show a strong tendency to become 

spinose. 

Alt. 58, diam. 19 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.). 

Hab. Assam (Bacon) ; Baniganj {Stoliczka). 

Subvar. subtuberculata, Nevill, torn. cit. 

" Aperture relatively very small, almost round ; last two whorls 

with scarcely any sculpture.'' (Nevill.) 

Alt. 36, diam. 12-5 mm. 

Hah. Calcutta (Stoliczha). 

Subvar. suhspinosa, Nevill, torn. cit.'p. 253. 

No other description given than that implied by the name. 

Hab. Tank opposite Bengal Club, Calcutta (Nevill). 

Var. subvaricosa, Nevill, torn. cit. 

Appears to be more or less varicose. 

Alt, 65-5, diam. 24 mm. 

JIab. Arakan and Pegu ? (Stoliczka). 

Var. fasciata, Nevill, torn. cit. p. 256. 

Having " a somewhat indistinct brown band in the middle of 

the whorls, two at ba«e; substance rather thin, outer hp not 

acutely angled a.\ hase, although angled at the periphery; no 

tendency to posses a raised keel there, as is often the case." 

Alt. 33, diam. 17 mm. (4 remaining whorls). 

Hab. Bhootan (Stoliczha).

TIAEA. 25 

40. Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (i. d; H. Lea). 

Tiara {Melanoides) episcopalis (I. & H. Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 184, 

in part; Eeeve, Oon. Icon., Melania, pi. 3, sp. 12; H. & T., 

C. 1. pi. 72, fig. 7, & pi. 75, figs. 6, 7. 

Original description:—Testa plicata, turrita, subcrassa, tenebrosa-castanea; 

spira elevata; suturis impressis; aufractibus 

subconvexis, prope suturam superiorem concavis; plicis raris, 

subacuminatis; apertura magna, elliptica, intus caerulescente; 

columella contorta. 


Nab. A sluggish river, Malacca. 

The authors also append the following note:— 

" This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs from 

any which has been described in having rather large and somewhat 

distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points 

in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex 

of these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls carmot 

be ascertained. A perfect adult would probably present about 

ten. The folds are distinct on the four lovier whorls only. On 

the middle of the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line, 

beiow which are about six obscure stria. The aperture is large, 

and more than one-third the length of the shell; it is twisted, 

and has an elongated base. The columella is whitish and very 

much incurved. The operculum is more spiral than usual, and 

the polar point more toward the centre." 

A number of minor varieties are cited by Nevill in his ' Hand 

List,' from which, however, for the purposes of the present work 

it will be sufficient to quote the following : — 

Var. pontiflcalis (v. d. Busch), Mousson, L. & S. Moll. Java; 

p. 65, pi. 10, fig. 3 (as Melania pontifiealis'). 

Melania infracostata, v. d. Busch, in Reeve, Conch. Icon., Melania, 

sp. li; Kevill, Hand List, pt. •>, p. 269. 

Original descrijAion:—Testa turrita, magna, crassa, lactea, 

superne flammulis nonuullis picta, epidermide olivacea induta, 

anfractibus longitudine transversimque tenuiter striatis, superioribus 

fere planatis, inferioribus convexis, ultimo et penultimo 

crassicostatis, costis distantibus superue in nodulos exeuntibus ; 

columella arcuata, labro acuto ad basin producto ; apertura ovata, 

lactea. 

Alt. 72, diam. 24-5 mm. 

Hah. Borneo ; near Sibsagar (Peal). 

41. Tiara (Melanoides) menkeana (Lea), emend. 

Melania menkiana, in Lea, Obs. Unio, iv, p. 24, for Melania phcata, 

Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (& Obs. Unio, ii, p. 20), pi. 2,3, fig. 95 

(not of Menke, Synops. 1830).

26 TIAEID^. 

Melania meiikeatia, Lea, Brot in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 91, pi. 11, 

. figs. 1, 1 fl, i; H. & T., C. I. p. 45, pi. 110, fig. 6. 

Testa tiirrita vel conoideo-turrita, solidula, fusco-olivacea nonnunquam 

brunneo bi- vel trifasciata ; spira decollata, anfr. superstit. 

ad 8, convexi, in medio angulaii, infra angulum transversim 

plicati, plicis ad aDgulum in spinas breves, extus directas terminatis. 

Ant'r. viltimus basi obsolete' liratus, linea suturali conspicue 

filoso-angulata. Apert. elliptieo-ovata, superne acuta et 

angustata, basi angulatim producta; columella coDtorta, margine 

dextro simplici, basin versus protracto. {Brot, in Conch.-Cab.) 


Aperture : alt. 18'5, diam. 9 mm. 

Hah. Bengal. 

yar. microstoma, NtviU, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 261. 

A small form with a small and almost rounded aperture. 

Alt. 25, diam. 11'75 mm. 

Hah. Sjlhet. 

42. Tiara CMelanoides) baccata (Goidd). 

Tiara {Melanoides) baccata (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, 

ii, p. 219; Otia Conch, p. 200; H. & T., C. I. pi. 75, figs. 1, 4 : 

Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262. 

Original description :—Testa magna, crassa, elongato-turrita, 

epidermide fusco-eastaneo induta; spira decollata, anfr. 6 rotundatis, 

plicis longitudinalibus et costis volventibus triseriatim 

nodoso-decussatis, ultimo ad basim 4 costato ; apertura lunata, 

labio antice producto,, columella aurantia valde arcuata; fauce 

cserulescente fusco-fasciato., 

Alt. 51, diam. IS'O mm. 

Hah. Thoung-yin Eiver, Biirma. 

Subvar. recta, A'mZZ, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262; Brot, in Conch.- 

Cab. 1874, pi. 9, fig. 6 (as M. haccata, Gld.). 

" Well represented by the above figure, but more decollate, 

only 2^ whorls remaining." {Nevill.) Upper Salwin. 

The following varieties are depicted by Hanley and Theobald 

in the Conch. Indica, pi. 75, tigs. 2, 3, both from the Shan 

States:— 

Yar. fusiformis. 

Var. pyramidalis. 

Melanoides variabilis, var. pyramidalis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 

xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, pi. 19, fig. 7.

TIAEA. 27 

Var. iravadica (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 71, fig. 1; Nevill, Haud List, pt. 2, p. 262. 

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita, tenuis, fuscoolivacea, 

decollata. Anfr. circa 7, primi erosi, 3-4 superstites 

convexi, superi seriebus duabus spiralibus nodorum coiif'ertorum 

circumdati, ultimus spiraliter liratus, nodis fere vel omnino 

obsoletis. Apertura rhomboideo-ovata, antice subeifusa; peristoma 

tenue, margine externo subrecto, basali antice porrecto, 

columellari sinuato. Operc. ? 

Length (of a large decollated specimen) 25, diam. 15 mm. 

Aperture taken obliquely: length 13, diam. 8 mm. 

Total length (of a medium-sized example, also decollated) 13, 

of the last whorl 11, largest diameter 14, smallest 12-5 mm. 

Aperture taken obliquely and including the labrum : length 13, 

diam. 8-5 mm. 

Bab. Irawady Eiver above Male and Bhamo ; Manwyne and 

Taylaymaw. 

43. Tiara (Melanoides) tere"bra (Benson). 

Tiara {Melanoides) terebra (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ; 

Reeye, Conch. Icon. pi. 11, sp. 59. 

Melanoides torquata, Busch, in Philippi, Ab. N. Couch, i, Melania, 

pi. 1, fig. 18; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 264. 

Original des

28. TIAEIDiE. 

well channelled at the base, a thin milky callus on the columellar 

margin, within pale grey with two or more bands of brown 

coinciding with the rows of spines and the corded surface of the 

outer base. 

Operculum paucispiral, nucleus subcentral. 

Animal 1'4 in. long; foot round and large, not angular in 

front; colour grey, mottled with ochre; body also grey, the ochre 

markings showing as streaks; tentacles very short, 0'4 inch. 



Hah. Kopili Eiver, North Cachar Hills, a tributary of the 

Brahmapiitra. 

45. Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera, Theobald. 

Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, 

pt. 2, p. 274, pi. 9, fig. a (as M. variabilis, var. baccifera). 

Melanoides stcbasperataj.lêvilX, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262. 

Difiering from M. variabilis in having the " whorls ornamented 

with four or five rows of beaded keels, the transverse ribbing being 

often well marked likewise " {Theobald). The small and circular 

aperture is also a distinctive character. 

Alt. 47-5, diam. 18'75 mm. 

Hob. Shan States. 

Aâr. sublaevigata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,'p. 262. 

A rather smoother form. 

Ilab. " Burma -"' (Stoliczka) ; Shan States (Fedden). 

Var. vittata (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866^ pi. 9, fig. 4, 

p. 273 (as AT. variabilis, var. vitiata) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, 

p. 263. 

Shell smooth, with somewhat convex whorls, rather pale in 

colour, ornamented with a dark median band which becomes 

obsolete on the last whorls; it is, however, well marked on the 

earlier convolutions. 

Alt. 50, diam. 18-30 mm. 

JIab. Shan States (Fedden). 

46. Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson). 

Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson), MS. (Haiiley & Theohald), 

Coilch. Lid. 1876, pi. 110, tigs. 8, 9 ; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 

1877, pt. 2, p. 33. 

" Shell small, slightly decollated ; whorls five, abruptly angular, 

smooth and shining, with a few rather distant, somewhat obsolete 

and irregular, transverse ridges on the lower half of the last 

whorl; longitudinally angularly ribbed, ribs very distant, thick

TXAEA. 29 

prominent, almost varicose, eight of them on the last whorl, 

disappearing towards the base ; very pale green, with no markings 

except a subobsolete brown band at base." {Nevill.) 

Fig. 1.—Tiara {Melanoides) jugicostis, Bens. (type). X 2. 


Hah. Tenasserim Eiver (Goncli. Ind!); Myadoung, Burma 

{Nevill). 

47. Tiara (Melanoides) godwini {Brot). 

Melanoides hanleyi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 514, pi. 30, 

fig. 2 (as Melanoides); H. & T., C. I. pi. 110, fig. 5. 

Tia7-a (Melanoides) godicini (Brot), in Conch.-Oab. 1876, p. 90, 

pi. 10, fig. 3. 

Original description :—Shell turreted, colour rich dark chestnutbrown 

; spire rather acuminate, rapidly decreasing ; apex eroded ; 

suture impressed but slightly, but strongly marked; whorls 5 

(without the apical), flat, sharply angular above with a single row 

of well-deiined small tubercles on the angular margin ; body-whorl 

large, well rounded below, distinctly corded at base near the 

columellar margin ; aperture vertical, ovate, very slightly effused 

at base ; within pale grey, with three or more red-brown bands. 



Hob. Diyiing Eiver, North Cachar Hills. 

Subgenus PACHYCHILUS. 

Pachychiltts, Lea, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 179. 

TxPE, P. ciimingii, Lea [as gen. n.]; Central America. 

Range. W. Indies ; C. & S. America; Tropical Asia. 

Original description:—Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi 

integro. Labrum crassum. Collumella superne incrassata. 

Operculum suborbiculare, corneum. 

48. Tiara (PachycMlas) limborgi {Hanley). 

Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi (llanley), Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv, 

1878, p. 580; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 269.

(30 TIAEID^. 

Original description:—Testa oblongo-tiirrita, brevis, magis 

minusve crassa, olivaceo-flava. Anfractus pauci (circiter 8), 

niagni, convexi, rapide crescentes ; supremi Iscves, fascia spirali 

livida aliquantulum supra medium ssepius picti; inferiores costellis 

subdepressis (nonnunquam versus costellas basis acutiores angustas 

magisque distantes obsoletis) spiraliter ornati. Sutura distineta. 

Fig. 2,—Tiara {Fachychilus) limhorgi, Haiiley (type). 

Apertura ovato-elliptica, basi rotundata, circiter f longitudinis 

testsB jBquans, lin'da vel livido-fasciata; peristomo pallida; 

columella arcuata, macula livida picta, baud angusta. 

Alt. 25 mm. 

Hah. Mule-it Eange, Tenasserim (Limborg). 

" The sbell, displays no other painting than the narrow 

livid band which winds occasionally to the outer lip; it is probable, 

however, that additional ones are sometimes developed upon the 

body-whorl. The spire tapers quickly to its point There 

are no longitudinal folds." 

49. Tiara (Pachycliilus) hunger for diana, Nevill. 

Tiara (Fachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill, Hand List pt 2 

p. 270. 

" Slightly truncate, seven whorls remaining, thick and 

solid, of a yellowish-brown colour, girt with a single well-marked 

band in the middle of the upper whorls; three bands on the last 

whorl; the basal margin subacutely angled, not rounded . . . . ; no 

spiral sulcation at base of last whorl.' 

Alt. 39"5, diam. 16 mm. 

Hah: Upper Burma (type) (Hungerford) ; Pegu. 

Subgenus ACROSTOMA. 

Acrostuma, Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1874, p. 17. • 

TYPE, Melania Itiigeli, Philippi; India. 

Range. India ; Java. 

Original description :—Testa fusiformis subbiconica; apertura 

basi angulatim producta.

50. Tiara (Acrostoma) Mgeli (PMlippi). 

TIAEA. 31 

Tiara {Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi), Abbild. N. Coneli. i, p. 61, 

Melanin, pi. 2, fig. 8. 

Melanin siphonata, Reeve, OoGch. Icon. pi. 20, sp. 143; H. & T., 

0.1, pi. 71, figs. 5, 6 ; NeviU, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270. 

Original description :—Testa oblongo-conica, obscure fusca; 

anfractibus planiusculis, transversim striatis; ultimo ventricoso, 

basi grosse sulcato; apertura ovata, anfractus 3 antecedentes 

simul sumptos aequante, basi manifeste effusa ; columella arcuata. 

Alt. 33, diam. ]9'5 mm. 

Hab. Khasi Hills ; Mysore ; Upper Canvery Eiver {Blanford). 

Var. compaota, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270. 

" Easily distinguished by its short, stout form, relatively contracted 

aperture, less tumidly swollen, but more subangulate last 

whorl, and closer spiral sculpture ; the spire is more truncate, the 

coloration darker." 

Alt. 25-5, diam. 13-7o mm. 

ffab. Wynaad [type var.] and Cochin Hills (ZJetZtfonie); Canvery 

River (Jerdon). 

51. Tiara (Acrostoma) assamenis, Nevill. 

Tiara {Acrostoma) assamensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 271; 

Hanley, Conch. Misc. pi. 5, fig. 43, as " M. hiigeli, var, of Philippi, 

from Khasya." 

Original description:—Remarkably close to Mel. hiigeli, from 

which it can be distinguished by its less solid substance, its much 

more convexly rounded whorls, the last not being (more or less) 

subangulate as in its ally ; of a plain, uniform, dark colouration ; 

of similar minute striation, but wanting the spiral sulcations at 

base of last whorl; characters of the columellar margin and 

aperture generally much 'as in typical M. hiigeli, strongly decollate, 

three whorls only remaining. 

Alt. 35, diam. 18"5 mm. 

Hah. North Cachar {Oodwln-Austen); " Delaima " ? {Nevill). 

52. Tiara (? Acrostoma) prsemordica {Tryon). 

Tiara (P Acrostoma) prcemorAica (Trvon), Amer. J. Conch, ii, pt 2, 

1866, p. Ill, pi. 10, fig. 8 ; Brot, in Conch.-Oab. 1875, p. 108, pi. 13, 

figs. 8, 8 a ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 153, fig. 2. 

Original description :—Shell ovately conical, robust, covered with 

regular, close, curved' growth lines, and with rounded revolving 

ribs, of which seven are on the body-whorl; spire conical elevated, 

(?eroded), suture deeply impressed; whorls convex, surface

32 TIABID^. 

formed into a succession of planes by the revolving ribs; aperture 

ovate, a little broadly efi'used below; the ribs form slight sulcations 

within the aperture. Eeddish brown, sometimes dark greenishbrown; 

internally white or light yellowish, the sulcations deep 

brown. 

Alt. (eroded) 30, diam. 22 mm. 

Hah. Burma. 

53. Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould). 

Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 

1847, ii, p. 219; Otia Conch, p. 200 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon., lo, fig-. 

10 (as lo), H. & T., C. I. pi. lo.3, fig. 3. 

Original description:—Testa crassa sub-rhombea, turrita, 

tenuiter striata, fusco-eastanea, decoUata; spira elevata, conica ; 

anfr. 4 angulatis, angulo spinis 6 rdbustis armato; ultimo antice 

sub-rostrato, et costulis ad 4 eincto ; apertura ovata, antrorsum 

prodncta, fauce cserulescente, fusco-maculato. 

Alt. 38, diam. 22-5 mm. 

Bab. Thoungyin Eiver, a branch of the Salwin. 

Subgenus MELAKELLA. 

Melanella, Swainson, 1840, Treat. Malac. p. 341: Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 271. 

TYPE, Melania Jwlandri, Ferussae ; Austria-Hungary. 

Range. S.B. Europe ; S. & E. Asia ; Malaysia. 

Original description :—Obovate ; spire scarcely longer than the 

aperture, which is entire; inner lip much thickened its whole 

extent. 

54. Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson). 

Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 747 ; 

Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i, Mdania,pi. 1, fig. 12; Reeve Conch. 

Icon. pi. 31, sp. 217 ; H. k T., 0. 1. pi. 71, fig. 4; Nevill, H.and 

List, pt. 2, p. 272. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-conica-lsevi, longitudinaliter 

striata, olivacea, zonis tribus brunneis fasciata, anfractibus leviter 

convexis, suturis minime profundis ; apertura albida, ovato-oblonga, 

infra subangulata. 

Alt. 21-25 mm. 

Hab. North-East Frontier of Bengal; Sylhet. 

I 

65. Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup). 

Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup), Trans. Lin. Bordeaux, li pi. 5, 

fig. 28; H. & T., C. I. pi. 71, fig. 10 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, 

p. 838, pi. 34, figs. 6, 6 a.

TIARA. 33 

" Testa ovcito-turrita, tenuicula, nitida, cornea, sparsim fuscopunctata. 

Spira modice exserta, integra, acuta; ani'r. 8-9; 

supremi transverse plicati et longitudinaliter striati, medio 

angulaii et submuricati, sequentes convexiusculi, infra suturam 

leviter eonstricti, transversim sinuose costati, sparsim longitudinaliter 

striatuli, costis ad suturam in nodulis terrninatis; anfr. 

ultimus basi liris elevatis 6-7 ornatus. Apert. ovata, superne 

acuta, basi valde et subanguste eSusa; margine dextro valde 

sinuoso, et versus basin conspicue arcuatim producto ; columella 

torta, modice arcuata." (Brot, in Conoh.-C'ab.) 



Ifab. India, Bombay {Grateloup), Quilon, Travancore, Cochin 

{Hanley) ; Philippines {Cuming); Java? {Dunher). 

Subgenus TAEEBIA. 

Tarebia, H. ^- A. Adams, 1854, Gen. Eec. Moll. p. 304 (as subgenus 

of Vibex, Oken). 

TYPE, Melania granifera, Lamarck; Timor. 

Range. S. & E. Asia; JMalaysia; Pacific Islands. 

Original description:—Shell ovato-fusit'orm, whorls granulose or 

tessellated with nodules: outer lip sinuated towards the hind 

part; interior of aperture often furnished with spiral grooves. 

56. Tiara (Tarebia) batana (Gould). 

Tiara (Tarebia)batana (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, p. 144; 

Otia Conch, p. 191; H: & T., 0. 1. pi. 74, figs. 8,9; Nevill, Hand 

List, p. 274.^ 

Original '^description :—Testa turrita, solida, fusco-virescente, 

apiceerosa; anfract. 6-7, planulatis, postice sub-coronatis, costulis 

longitudiualibus et volventibiis gemmularum series tres efEormantibus 

\ apertura angusto-ovata, postice coronata, intus 

cserulesoente, columella alba. 

Alt. 25-5, diam'. 38 mm. 

Hab. Tavo}'; Tenasserim Eiver. 

57. Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohm). 

Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohm), in Reeve's Con. Icon. pi. 22, sp. 160. 

Melania, chocolatum, Brot, Kevue Zool. 1860, June, pi. 16, fig. 2; 

H. & T., C. L pi. 71, figs. 2, 3; Nevill, Hand List, p. 276. 

Shell ovately turreted, rather solid, burut-olive; whorls few, 

decussately wrinkle-edged throughout, concavely angled at the 

upper part, spinously tuberculed at the angle; aperture rather 

small, truncated at the base, lip notched at the upper part. 

Hab. Ceylon 

D

34 TIAMDiE. 

" Strongly grain-wrinkled throughout, and conspicuously coronated 

with spine-tubercles." {Beeve.) 

Subvar. suliviridis, Nevill, torn. cit. 

"... it may fairly be considered a connecting link between this 

species and M. rudis." {Nevill.) 

Alt. 26, diani. 11-25 mm. (decollate, 3| whorls only remaining). 

Bah. Ceylon (Layarcl). 

58, Tiara (Tarebia) rudis {Lea). 

Tiara {Tarebia) rudis (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 186 ; Eeeve, Conch. 

Icon. pi. 24, sp. 173; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 74, figs. 7, 10, as Melania 

nidis; Nevill, Hand List, p. 275. 

Original description:—Testa plicata, subfusiformi, crassa,[cornea; 

spira subelevata ; suturis irregulariterimpressis ; anfractibus planulatis 

transversim lineis impressis cinctis, superoe canaliculatis; 

plicis numerosis, crebris; apertura parva, ovata, intus [albida; 

labro superne emarginato; columella Isevi, subcrassa, torta. 


JIab. Ceylon ; Tenasserim Eiver. 

The original locality is given as Amboyna. 

Nevill in his Hand List cites a " var. ceylonica," but without 

figure or description. 

59. Tiara (Tarebia) lineata {Gray). 

Tiara {tarebia) lineata (Gray), Wood, Index Test. Supp. (1828), 

Helix, fig. 68 ; Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. Nat. 1837, p. 176. 

Melanin Ih-ata, Benson, J, A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 782, name only for 

nameless fig. D in Glean. Sci. Ciilcutta, i (1829); Reeve, Con. 

Icon. pi. 24, sp. 170 ; H. & T., C. L pi. 71, fig. 7 ; Nevill, Hand 

List, p. 276. 

Original description:—Testa conica, exserta, tenui, subdiaphana, 

anfractibus applanatis, lineis elevatis spiralibus 7-8, quarum superiores 

plerumque tuterculatse sunt, cinctis; apertura ovato-acuta. 

Anfr. 10. 

Alt. 22, diam. of the last whorl 9, alt. of aperture 10 mm. 

Hah. lliver Goomty ; Tenasserim, etc. 

Nevill in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum ' 

notes the following forms:— • 

" With one or two undulating, subgranulose keels below the 

suture only; well represented by the Con. Indica, pi. 71, fig. 7 

—Calcutta—granulose sculpture distinct and well developed ; 

fairly represented by M. Brot's pi. 33, fig. 6, excellently by Eeeve's 

fig. 170 (Sikkim). Long. 30, diam. 14; another long. 34, diam. 12^ 

mil." ; Calcutta [in tanks]. 

"Long. 19, diam. 8 mill., granulose sculpture almost obsolete.'' 

Teria Ghat; Ceylon ; Tespore; Goalundo; Mandalay ; Gowhatty 

and Bhootan.

TIAEA. 35 

Var. semigranosa (y. d. Busch), Nevill, Hand List, p. 277. 

Melania semigranosa, v. d. Busch, Philippi, Abbild. i, 1884, Java. 

" Differs conspicuously by the shorter spire, and the moretumidly 

ventricose last whorl, which is also more produced, etc.. 

Long. 31. 

" Diam. 15 mm ; apex eroded. 

" Hah. Jifear Moulmein. 

"Long} 18, diam. 8| mm. May be considered as a connecting 

link with M. batana, Grid.— Pegu. 

" A fine form with turriculately planulate whorls. Long. 30, 

diam. 13 mm.—Meetan, Tenasserim Province; Teria Ghat?" 

(Nevill) 

Subvar. pergranosa, Nevill, tom. cit. 

" Long. 15|, diam. 7i mm. Granulose sculpture very prominent." 

(Nevill.J 

JIab. Port Canning. 

Var. flavida {Dunher), JVevi]), tom. cit. p. 277; Philippi, Abbild. 

i, 1884, p. 164, pi. 3, fig. 15. 

Original description:— Testa parva, oblougo-pyramidata, solidula, 

flavida, diaphana, anf ractibus senis planulatis, transversim sulcatis;, 

apertura subeyiptica. 

Alt. 12, 4iam. 4-5 mm. 

A pale yellowish variety originally described as a species without 

locality, it is a common Javanform, Indian specimens of which, 

according to Nevill, have the spire more subcylindrically produced 

than those from Java. 

Hah. Teria Ghat {Stoliczha). 

Subgenus PLOTIA. 

Phtia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Kec. Moll. 1854, p. 295. 

TYPE, Melania spinidosa, Lamarck = M. scabra, Miiller ; S. Asia. 

Range. S. Asia, Malaysia and Tropical Islands of Indian and. 

Pacific Oceans. 

Original description :— Shell ovate, fusiform ; whorls spiuose, 

transversely sulcate ; aperture elongate, simple in front. 

60. Tiara (Plotia) scabra {Midler). 

Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Miiller) (as Buccinuin scabra), Hist. Verm. 

ii, p. 130; Chemn. Conch.-Cab. figs. 1259, 1260, badly as (Heliv 

scabra); Brug. Enc. M^th., Vers, i, p. 330 (as Bidimus scabra);. 

Desh. ed. Lam. Aiiim. s. Vert, ix, p. 443. 

Heliv aspera, Gmel. Syst. Nat. fig. 3656; Dillw. Cat. ii, p. 950;. 

Wood, Ind. Testae, pi. 34, tig. 141. 

Melania eleyans. Reeve, Con. Icon., Mel. sp. 178; H. & T., 0. I. 

pi. 73, tigs. 1-4; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, pp. 266-209, pi. 27,. 

figs. 14, 14a-(?, 15, 15 a. 

" Shell ovate, sometimes a little elongated, rather thin, brownish- 

D2

36 TIAEIDJ3. 

olive, dotted, aud sometimes streaked with purple-rust; whorls 

seven to nine, specially unequally striately ridged, slopingly angled 

round the upper part, prickly spined at the angle, spines a little 

descending in varices ; aperture ovate." {Reeve, Con. Icon.) 

Alt. 13-26, diam. 7-11 mm. 

Aperture : alt 6-11, diam. 2'5-o-5 mm. 

Hah. India; Pondichery, Madras (Blanford), Poena, Coromandel, 

Cochin {Hanley Sf Theobald) ; Ceylon {Humbert) ; also 

Timor {Lamarck); .Vanikoro {Quoy S,- Oaimard); Java {Mousson); 

jNew Gruinea {Less.); Ilalmaheira {Landaner) ; also Mauritius and 

Seychelles. 

Var. elegans {Benson). 

Mclania elegans, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836. p. 782, name only for the 

unnamed turreted form in Gleanings in Science, ii, 1830, p. 22. 

Melania letter c, Hutton, J. A. S. B. xvii, pt. 1, 1849, p. 657; H. & 

T., 0. I. pi. 73, figs. 5-7 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, p. 274, 

pi. 28, figs. 9, 9 a. 

"Testa turrita, solidiuscula, cornea, palllde ruhro punctata vel 

eieganter interrupte flammulata. Spira integra ; anfr. 9 convexi, 

;superne subangulati, transverse plicato-costati, piicis ad angulum 

spinulosis, longitudinaliter lirati, elegantissima granoso-clathrati. 

Apertura ovata, basi subanguste rotundata ; columella vix arcuata, 

jnargine dextro vix sinuoso." {Brot, in Conch.-Cab.) 

Alt. 16-32, diam. 7-5-12 ram. 

Aperture : alt. 7-11, diam. 4-6 mm. 

Hah. Elvers Grumti, Belvva and Cen. 

TIAEA. 37 

regularibns, subobliquis, superne in spiuis productis ; spinis longis, 

tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis, crebris, parvis, 

subalternantibus ; aufractu ultimo parvo, ad basim lineato; apertura 

elliptica, inferne eiliisa ; labro inferne producto ; columella 

parva, inferne incrassata. 

„ Alt. 20, diam. 10 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon ; also occurs in the Philippines, Sumatra, etc. 

_ Nevill is'Tiis ' Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus., Calcutta,' p. 281, 

gives the following varieties, all from the Andaman Islands. 

Var. roepstorffiana, Nevill. 

Long. 18|, diam. 9| mm.; whorls 7. 

Very near M. Brot's pi. 28, fig. 10 A. [PhiHppines]. 

Subvar. brevispira, Nevill. 

Long. 12|, diam. 6| mm. 

Subvar. sabscabra, Nevill. 

Long. 141, diam. 7f mm. A connecting link with Tiara (P.) 

scabra, the spines being rather less developed. 

Subgenus MAINWARINGIA. 

Maimoaniiffia, Nevill; Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 28G. 

TYPE, Melania (Mainwarinc/ia) paludomoidea, Nevill; Gangetic 

Delta. 

liange. Gangetic Delta. 

Original description :—" apparently connecting Melania 

and Paludomus, distinguished by the presence of rows of hairs or 

bristles, especially noticeable on the body whorl, which is ornamented 

with broad revolving brown bands ; not umbilicate ; apex 

remarkably acute, ' quasi styliform '; peristome acute, columella, 

thickened and excavatedly inflected. Operculum transparent, of 

one substance throughout—that is, without any thickened process 

for attachment—of very light horn-colour, without sculpture, 

ovate, acuminate at one end, at the other rounded, and distinctly 

terminally subspiral, with 2^ whorls, closely resembling Adams' 

pi. 35, fig. 10 A-B, operculum of Hydrohia ulvce." 

63. Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill. 

Tiara {3Iaimcarinf/ia) paludomoidea, Nevill, torn. oit. 

Original description :— [Shell] imperforate, conically produced, 

spire turretedly acuminate, apex very acute, suture distinct; of a 

rather yellowish, bright '• horn-colour," girt on the last whorl with 

three distinct, broad, dark-brown bands, showing clearly within the 

aperture; spirally regularly striated, below the shght subangulation

58 TIAEIDiE. 

«f each whorl, the striae prominent, with a minutely -'quasi 

punctate" appearance, the above becoming somewhat obsolete; 

covered more or less with rather long and well-developed hairs ; 

whorls nine, the apical three exceedingly minute, white and sculptureless, 

the next five slightly subangulate a little above the middle, 

•cylindrically turreted, last whorl rather tumidly convex, about the 

same length as the spire; aperture rather small, vertically ovate, 

peristome acute, columella thickened, dark violet coloured, inflected 

obliquely, at base sharply angulate. Operculum as above described ; 

it seems to me slightly convex. 

Alt. 9-5, diam. 4 mm. 

Hah. Mutlah Eiver at Port Canning, in brackish water on trunks 

of trees submerged at high tide (Mainivaring). 

Subfamily PALUDOMIN^. 

Shell solid, ovate or ovately fusiform, imperforate, without 

"basal canal, smooth or spirally striate or Urate. 

Distribution. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 

The above was introduced by Stoliczka in his Pal. Ind., Cretac. 

Pauna S. India, p. 207, but appears to be a nomen nudum, hence 

the above deseriptiou by the present author. 

Genus PALUDOMUS. 

Paludomus, Swainson, Treat. Malac. 1840, p. 340. 

TYPE, Melania globulosa, Gray ; Ceylon. 

Bange. Ceylon ; India ; Malay Peninsula ; BorEoc. 

Shell oblong-globose, strong; spire shorter than the aperture ; 

inner lip very thick. , 

The above may be supplemented by Benson's amended description 

(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xvii, 1856, p. 495) :— 

Testa plerumqvie imperfovata, globoso-ovata, ovato-oblonga, 

vel ovato-acuta, fere solida, glabra, spiraliter sulcata, vel lirata, 

interdum spinuloso-costata, epidermide cornea induta; apertura 

subverticali, ovato-acuta, callo parietal! raunita, margine columellari, 

crasso, arcuato, basali integro, interdum subefEuso. 

Operculo corneo, concavo; nucleo subspirali insulari, submediano, 

ad sinistram sito, striis lamellatis concentricis partem 

majorem disci usurpantibus, circumdato. 

64. Paludomus globulosa (Gray). 

Pal>,idomiis globulosa (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig-. 6 

(as Melania); Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 4; II. & T., C.I. 

pi. 123, fig. 5. 

Original description :—Shell globular, solid, spire flatly depressed,

PALUDOMUS. 39 

whorls swollen rouud the upper part, smooth throughout; olive, 

aperture whitish, conspicuously marked with three black bands. 

Alt. 24, diam. 21-25 mm. (taken from fig. 4«, pi. 123, in 

Con. Icon.). |C 

Hah. Kopili Eiver, Assam (Godwin-Aiisteii). 

" Distinguished from all others at present known by its solid 

globular form, and is figured and named in Griffith's Cuvier .... 

but not described." 

The locality given in the Conch. Ind. as " Ambegamoa, Ceylon " 

is, according to Col. Godwin-Austen, who lent Hanley the specimen 

from which the species was figured, a mistake, the true locality 

being as above. 

65. Paludomus sphserica, Dohm. 

Paludomus spliarica, Dohm, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124; H. & T,, 0. I. 

pi. 124, fig. 8. 

Original description:—Testa solida, globosa, olivacea, parum 

uitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata; spira 

depressa, exserta ; anfractus rotundati, fasciatim spiraliter nigromaculati; 

sutura simplex, alba. 



Hah. Ceylon. 

Still rounder than P. ghhulosa, Gray, and difierent in the 

markiugs and sculpture ; P. ghhulosa is in the upper part of the 

whorls slightly angulated; the whorls of P. splicerica are round. 

66. Paludomus conica (Gray). 

Paludomus conica (Gray), Griff, ed. Cuvier, Moll. pi. 14, fig. 5 (as 

Melania); Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 14; Benson, J. A. S. B. 

V, p. 747 (as Melania^. 

Melania crassa, Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch, i, Mel. pi. 1, 

figs. 10,11. 

Paludomus rudis, Eeeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126 ; II. & T., C. I. 

pi. 124, fig. 4. 

Original description :—Testa solida, globoso-conica, longitudinaliter 

striata plerumque transverse obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus, 

ultimo ventricoso, cseteris rapide diminutis ; suturis bene signatis ; 

apertura ovata, iutus albida, fasciis quibusdam castaneis omata; 

labro intus denticulate. 

Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm. (taken from fig. 14 c, pi. 3, in Con. 

Icon.). 

Hah. Sylhet, Bootan, Assam, etc. 

Subvar. cherraensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 288. 

" A short spired form. . . ." 

Alt. 16, diam. 13'5 mm. 

Hah. Teria Ghat (type), {Godwin-Austen); Mangken Eiver, 

Assam {Godwin-Austen).

40 TIXEID^. 

Subvar. diMriensis, Nevill, torn. cit. 

Nevill gives no description other than the following dimensions:— 

Alt. 17-5, diam. 12 mm. 

Hah. Stream on the Dihiri Hill (Brahmaputra watershed) 

( Oodiuin-Austell). 

Subvar. chittagongensis, JVevill, torn. cit. 

" Eesembling M. Brot's [figure iu Conch.-Cab.] pi. ii, fig. 13, 

but with spire even more produced and the last whorl less tumid." 

(Mvill.) 


Hub. Chittagong (type) (Salan). 

Var. sibsaugorensis, JVevill, tom. cit. 

" Agrees well with M. Brot's [figs, in Conch.-Cab.] pi. viii, 

figs. 8, 9." 

Var. pealiana, Nevill, tom. cit. 

No description given, other than dimensions. 

Alt. 19'5, diam. 15 mm. 

Hah. Assam (Robinson) ; Sibsagar (Peal). 

Var. jaintiaca, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 289. 

" Spire not decollate, unusually sharp-pointed." (Nevill.) 

Alt. 14-25, diam. 10 mm. 

Hah. S. Jaintia Hills. 

Var. kopiliensis, Nevill, tom. cit. 

" Whorls li only, the apical ones being decollate, last whorl 

remarkably inflated, subangulate." (Nevill.) 

Alt. 24-5, diam. 21 mm. 

Hah. Kopili Eiver, JN"orth Assam (Godwin-Austen); N.Assam 

(Oldham). 

Subvar. nana, Nevill, tom. cit. 

Presumably a dwarf form. 

Alt. 16, diam. 14*5 mm. (1^ whorls). 

Hah. W. Khasi Hills (Godvnn-Austen). 

67. Paludonivis paludinoides, Reeve. 

Paludomus paludinoides, Eeeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127; H. & T., 

C, I. pi. 123, fig. 9 ; Nevill, Hand List, as P. cornea var. paludinoides, 

p. 289. 

Original description:—Testa oblonga, spira subelevata; anfractibus 

convexis, longitudinaliter lirato-striatis, superne leviter

PAlUDOMirS. 41 

depressis et marginatis ; apertura mediocri; virescenti-olivacea, 

riifo-Digficante irregularifcer fasciata. 

The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the 

' Conchologia Indica.' 

Alt. 20-25, diam. 1575 ram. 

Hah. Sikkim branch of the Ganges. 

Characterized by a line sculpture of close-set longitudinal ribs. 

68. Paludomus constricta, Reeve. 

Paludomus constricta, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 126, figs. 1-4. 

Original description :—Testa subpyramidali - oblonga, solida, 

spira exserta; anfractibus laevibus vel obscurissime sulcatis, 

superne concavo-constrictis ; olivacea, fascia nigropunctata, moniliformi, 

versus apicem picta; apertura ovata, callosa, alba. 

The dimensions quoted below are taken from fig. 1, pi. 126, 

in the ' Conchologia Indica.' 

Alt. 25'2o, diam. 18'5 mm. 

Hah. Mountain streams of Ceylon. 

Difi'ering " from P. conica, to which it is most nearly allied, 

chiefly by its more oblong and constricted form." 

69. Paludomus ornata, Benson. 

Paludomus ornata, Benson, A. M. N. H. (ser. 2) xvii, 1856, p. 496 ; 

li. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 8. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-conica, solidiuscula, laeviuscula, 

strus remotis obsoletis, cincta infra suturam marginatam bisulcata, 

luteo-olivacea, fasciis 4 fusco-castaneis, suturali angusta, secunda 

latissima, quarta inconspicua, ornata; spira conica, apice eroso; 

anfractibus 4 superstitibus convexis, ultimo | testae vix superante; 

apertura vix obliqua, ovata, fauce cjeruleo-albida, 4 fasciata, 

superne angulata, angulo intus calloso ; peristomate tenui, aeuto, 

marginibus callo albo junctis, columellari subrevoluto, angusto, 

albo. Operc. — ? 



Hah. Burma. 

70. Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill. 

Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35; 

loc. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 2. 

Original description :—[Shell] large and globose ; spire produced 

and pointed; of a striking greenish-yellow colour, with four 

intense black bands on the last whorl, the one at the suture and 

the two near the base about the width of the broadest band on 

P. ornata; the second band from the suture twice this width.

42 TIAEID^, 

this latter, in all but veiy old specimens, is very distinctly visible 

within the aperture ; whorls seven, the first two or three generally 

decollated, transversely superficially ridged, ridges more or less 

obsolete towards the centre of the upper whorls, one of them 

below the suture more prominent than the rest; columella pure 

white; the operculum constantly differs on its inner side from 

those of the other Burmese species by the remarkably raised ixnd 

very rugose nucleolar portion and by the distinct, though minute, 

granular margin. 

Alt. max. 29, diam. max. 22 mm. 

Hab, Mandalay, Ava, Bhamo, Kabyuet, and Myadoung. 

]N"OTE.—The width of the band on P. ornata, according to fig. 8, 

pi. 108, of the Conch. Ind. is nearly a millimetre. 

A''ar. myadoungensis, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160. 

Original description :—" A small decollate and prettily marked 

variety, with the whorls markedly more rounded." 


Hah. Myadoung, near the Yunnan Frontier. 

Subsp. peguensis, JSfevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35. 

Paludomus rcgulata, Benson, var., H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig. 6. 

Original description:—Differs from the preceding [P. anderssoniana]\)y 

the slightly more rugose sculpture, by its more decollated 

apex, by the less cylindrical whorls and less produced and pointed 

spire (more apparent in young specimens), by the columella being 

apparently invariably faintly stained with brown, by the almost 

entire apparent absence of colouration on the last whorl, especially 

in the absence of the second broad band within the' aperture. 


Hah. Pegu. 

" The specimen figured in the Conch. Indiea is a very old 

decollated one." 

Subvar. nana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160. 

Original description :—Spiral sculpture a trifle less distinct.' 


Hab. Pegu. 

71. Paludomus regulata, Benson. 

Paludomus regulata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496 ; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig.' 5. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, regulatim 

distincte spiraliter sulcata, interstitiis latis planatis, minutissime 

confertissimeque decussato-striatis, sulcis 2-3 prope suturam 

latioribus profundioribus, pallide lutea, fasciis subquatuor, tertia 

latiori, ornata; spira elata, conica, apice acuto; anfractibus 6,

PALUDOlTdS. 43 

'Convexiuscnlis, ultimo dimidium testae vix superante; apertura 

"verticali, ovata, superne angulata, albida, intns 4-fasciata, peri- 

•stomatis margins dextro rectro acuto, state intus vix incrassatomarginatQ, 

parietali calloso, columellari versus basin subdilatato, 

-appresso. Operc. ut in sp. typ. 

Alt. 19-24, diam. 12-14 mm. 

Aperture: alt. maj. 13, diam. 9 mm. 

Hab. Thyet-Myo, Burma. 

jN"evill in his ' Hand-list,' on p. 391, cites a 

.Subvar. minor, Bvot, Conch.-Cab. pi. 7, fig. 16. 

Alt. 15-25, diam. 10 mm. 

Hah. Burma. 

72. Paludomus l)lajifordiana, NevUl. 

Paludomiis blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. slvi, pt. 2, p. 37; 

op. cit., 1, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 3. 

Allied to P. lahiosa, Benson, but larger and more angularly 

globose than that species, the columella is less vividly stained 

with brown, the brown bands are more regular and distinct, and 

neither young nor old specimens are truncate ; the sculpture of 

both is the same, quite smooth except for a few irregular spiral 

striae below the teiture. 

Alt. 19, diam. 15 mm. (type). 

Hah. Ava; Assam. 

An Assam specimen measures, according to Nevill:—Alt. 20, 

•diam. 15 mm. 

73. Paludomus petrosa (Gould). 

Paludomus petrosa (Goiild), Proc. Boston Sec. Nat. Hist, i, 1844, 

p. 144 (as Paludina). 

Paludomus labiosa, Benson, A. M. IST. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 495; 

Nevill, J. A. S. B. ], pt. 2, p. 159, pi. 5, fig. 5. 

Original description:—Testa solida, imperforata, subglobosa, 

a,pice erosa, saturate viridi,rufo-fasciata; anfract. 3, ultimo amplo, 

ûtura praecipue marginata; apertura semi-circulari, columella 

late planulata, rufescente; intus _ nigrescente vel holoserica; 

operculo apice subcentrali, elementis concentricis. 

Alt. 13, diam. 10-5 mm. 

Hah. Burma {Mason). 

74. Paludomus burmanica, Nevill. 

Paludomus burmanica, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 36; 

op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 4. 

•Original description :—Shell small, very thick, spire depressed,

44 TIAEIDiE. 

in shape closely resembling the European Litorina obfusata ; only 

two whorls, the others decollated in both young and old specimens ;smooth, 

with a few irregular striae at suture; columella very 

thick, pure white; aperture somewhat compressed as in typical 

P. lablosa [=j)e

PALtTDOMirs. 45 

" This is an ally of P. stephanus, Benson, so far as form is c6n- 

«erned, but it difl'ers widely in sculpture, and although that is not 

«. character of much importance in the genus PaJudoinus and its 

•allies, still, as no intermediate forms between the two are known, 

it appears quite justifiable to separate them." 

77. Paludomus obesa {Philippi). 

Paludo7nu-i obesa (Pliilippi), Abbild. Neue Conch, ii, 1842, p. 170, 

Melanin, pi. 4, fig. 3 (as ? Melania). 

Paludomus mactdatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. viii, p. 110. 

Pivulina maculatus, Lea, Journ. Acad. Philad, ser. 2, vi, p. 118, 

pi. 20, fig. 10; II. & T., 0. I. pi. 126, figs. 7,10. 

Original description :—Testa oblonga, tenuiuscula, lutescente, 

punctis rufo-fuscis per series transversas dispositis picta ; anfractibus 

4, prseter suminos erosos, convexis, superne subangulatis ; 

-apertura ovato-oblonga ; labro perpendicular!, recto; columella 

arcuata, incrassata. 

Alt. 13-25, diam. 10 mm. 

Hah. Bombay, Ahmednuggur (Conch. Ind.). 

78. Paludomus chilinoides, Eeeve. 

Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 7, pi. 2, 

fig. 7 a, & pi. 8, figs. 7 b, c. 

Paludomus pliZ:sianimis, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127. 

Paludomus parvus, Lavard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 90; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 123, fig. 2. 

Original description :—Shell ovate, rather thin, spire small, 

•exserted, whorls depressed round the upper part, smooth ; olive, 

longitudinally waved with black, aperture white. 

Alt. 17'5, diam. V&o mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 7 c, in Con. 

Icon.). 

Ilab. Bed of the Mahawelle Granga, near Kandy, Ceylon; 

Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon {Preston). 

"Pound abundantly in the stream above noted; the chief 

Tariation of form consists in the whorls being more or less depressed 

round the upper part, after the manner of a Chilina, with 

the spire varying considerably in its elevation." 

79. Paludomus Isevis, Layard. 

Paludomus kevis, Lavard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 108, fig. 3 ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 293 (as P. chilinoides 

var. lavis). 

Original description:—Shell oblong-ovate, axis 11 lines, diam. 

Hues; spire acute, exserted, moderately long; whorls rounded, 

not depressed round the upper part, smooth. Colour olive-yellow, 

the lower whorls seldom marked, but the upper always spotted

46 TIAEIDJE. 

with one or two rows of arrow-headed dots; apex bluish; 

aperture white. 

Operculum as in P. ehilinoides, Eeeve. 

Hab. Ceylon, in slow-running streams on the northern side oi 

the mountain-zone extending into the flat country beyond 

Anarajahpoora. I also obtained a few in a paddy-field iu the 

south of the island, near the village of Heneratgodde. 

Possibly a variety of P. ehilinoides, from which it " only differs, 

in wanting the depression round the upper part of the whorls 

and in the colouring." It is found iu the same localities as that 

species. 

80. Paludomus zeylanica {Lea). 

Paludoimis zeylanica (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, pp. 194-195 (as- 

Melania). 

Original description :—Testa lasvi, ovata, crassa, nitida, albida 

aut virido-fusca; badio flammulata, spira brevi, acuminata, apice 

acuta, aliquando erosa ; sutura lineari; anfractibus quinque, convexis, 

ad suturam superiorem impressis, maculis flammulatis aut 

sagittatis badiis; anfractu ultimo magno, buUato; basi loevi;: 

apertura ovato-rotunda, superne angulata, inferne rotundata, intusalbida; 

columella magna, alba, superne incrassata, inferne eurvata. 

Fig. 3.—Faludomus zeylanica (Lea). 

Alt. 22-75, diam. 14-75 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon (also reported from the Seychelles). 

" The markings are very variable, being sometimes oblique, 

zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls,, 

sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series. 

Indeed, some specimens are of a uniform dark green. The last 

whorl sometimes has two impressed transverse lines. The mouth 

is nearly two-thirds the length of the shell." 

81. Paludomus fulgurata, Dohm. 

Paludomus fitlgnrata, Dohrii, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 12.S ; II. & T., 0.1. 

pi. 123, iig. 1. 

Original description:—Testa oblongo-ovata, tenera; spira elevata, 

apice obtuso, leviter longitudinaliter et spiraliter striata, tete 

olivacea, fuseo fulgurata, ad suturam impressam fusco fasciata';-

PALUDOMUS. 47 

anfractus quatuor convexi, supra medium obsolete carinati; 

apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, lineis fuscis, pellucentibus. 

Operc. — ? 



Hah. Ceylon. 

82. Paludomus palustris, Layard. 

PaluSomus palustris, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 89; II. & T., C. I. 

pi. 126, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description :—Shell ovate, thin ; axis 10 lines, diam. 

6 lines ; spire exserted, long; whorls rounded, rather flat, spirally 

closely grooved with minute granular strise (visible "under the lens). 

Colour of adult shell a rich yellow spotted with dark brown, the 

markings frequently running into wavy lines ; apex bluish; aperture 

white. Operculum nearly oval, the apex slightly inclined to 

the le£t; concentric nucleus subcentral, sinistral. 

Hab. The grassy margins of a tank at Anarajahpoora, Ceylon. 

In young shells the ground colour is almost hidden by the dark 

markings, and the aperture is found to be spirally marked with 

thin lines of ;fhe same colour. 

83. Paludomus tanschaurica, Omelin. 

Paludomus tanschawica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3655, for the Helix 

Jluviatilis tanschaurensis of Chemn., Conch.-Cab. ix, p. 174, 

%. 1243. 

Helix Jluviatilis, Dillwyn, Desc. Uat. Shells, p. 959 ; H. & T., 0.1. 

. pi. 123, fig. 8. 

Paludomus tanjoriensis, H. F. Blanford, emend. Trans. Linn. See. 

1863, p. 173, pi. 27, figs. 2a-e. 

Original description;—Testa subturrita, brunnea, glaberrima, 

anfractibus septem, maculis obscurioribus seu nigricantibus cor;spersa, 

ore subrotundo, fauce albieante. ' "_ 

Alt. 16, diam. 13 mm. (taken from fig. in 'Conchologia Indica'). 

Hab. India. 

Var. kadapaensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 294. 

" Apparently without sculpture; apex not acute; spire pointed, 

of four to five whorls, longitudinally, regularly, handsomely 

flamed, somewhat as in P. parva, Layard [^ddlinoides, Eeeve], 

but in a less " zigzag " manner." (Nevill.) 

Alt. 15-5, diam. 9'75 mm. (spire slightly eroded only). 

Hab. Kadapa District, Madras {King). 

Var. malabarica, Nevill, torn. eit. 

"Decollate and in shape exactly resembling the Ceylon var.

48 TIABID^. 

2Mliistris [P. palustris, Lajard] ; decussating stria3, however, 

obsolete in the adult, as in the typical Madras form, spiral striation 

I'ery variable in amount of de^'elopiiient." (NeviU.) 

Alt. 16"5, diam. ll'o mm. (decollate, three whorls only remaining). 

Hah. Travancore (Beddome) ; Piilney Hills (Fairhanh). 

84. Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., Hanley. 

Paludomus monile, Thoj-pe MSS., H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig. 10 

(tig. only). 

Shell fu-siformly turbinate, small, yellowish-olive, painted with 

interrupted spiral lines and bands of reddish-purple; remaining 

wliorls 3|, regularly increasing, sculptured with spiral lines crossed 

by transverse striae which present a somewhat decussate appearance 

; suture impressed, callously and decussately margined below; 

columellar margin descending in a curve, whitish, extending above 

into a thickish, \vell-defined, parietal callus which reaches to the 

upper margin of the labruin ; labrum acute, bevelled in-\vardly at 

the base: aperture o\'ate; interior of shell showing the reddishpurple 

bands through the test. 

Alt. 12'o, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 7 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 6'75, diam. 4 mm. 

Hab. Southern India. 

Type in British Museum. 

85, Paludomus rotunda, Blanford. 

Paludomus rotunda, Blanford, J. A. S. B. 1870, xxxix, pt, 2, p. 10. 

pi. 3, fig. 2 ; 11. & T., C. I. pi. 108, fig. 2. 

Original description;—Testa non rimata, globosa, rotunda, 

solida, epidermide fusca induta, sub-laevigata, striis incrementi 

et liris sub-obsoletis confertis, miuutis, spiralibus decussantibus 

signata; spira brevissima; apice erosulo; sutura vix impressa. 

Anfr. 2|-3 rapide crescentes, primi parum convex!, ultimus valde 

major, tumidus, antice non descendens, subtus convexus. Apertura 

sub-obovalis, postice angulata, obliqua, intus .fasciis 2-3 intrantibus 

ornata ; peristoma simplex, aoutum, margine basali 

expansiusculo ; columella albida, callosa, lata. Operc. normale. 


Hah. Travancore. 

Var. microstoma, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,Np. 295. 

No other description than dimensions given. 

Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm. (much eroded, H whorls only remaining). 

Hah. Anamallay Rivers {Beddome); Madura Hills (Beddome).

86. Paludomus inflata, Brot. 

PALUDOMTJS. 49 

Paludomus inflata, Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, 1879, p. 44, pi. 8, 

figs. 25, 26; Nevill; Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295. 

Original description:—Testa globosa-turrita, solidiuscula, lutescenti-olivacea, 

profuse et distincte nigro undulatim fasciata et 

punctata. Spira erosa, sat exserta, anfr. 3 persist, declivi-convexiusciili, 

longitudinaliter insequaliter sulcati; anfr. ultimus subito 

globose dilatatus, sulcis longitudinalibus superficialibus, infra 

suturam constrictus deinde gibboso-inflatus. Apertura late ovata, 

intus vivide maculata et strigata, superne acuminata;, basi obtuse 

subangulata; columella arcuata incrassata; callo parietali distincto; 

margine dextro acuto, superne impresso, deinde valde 

arcuato. Opercul. typicum. 

Alt. 18, diam. 14 mm, (eroded, 3 wborls remaining). 

Aperture: alt. ll,^diam. 7 mm. 

Hah. Travancore (Hanley, Beddome); Amerghat; Tinnevelly 

{Beddome). 

87. Paludomus striatula, Nevill. 

Fahidonws striatula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 297. 

" In Brot's- pi. 7, figs. 7, 8, in the Oonch.-Cab., P. isseli from 

Borneo gives an exact representation of this new and rare Ceylon 

form ; the well-developed, crowded, almost granulose spiral 

striation will at once distinguish it." {Nevill.) 

Alt. 18, diam. 13-5 mm. (Strongly decollate, two whorls only 

remaining). 

Hah. Ceylon (type) {H. N'evill). 

Brot's figures appear to depict a conically fusiform, solid, lightbrown 

form, with yellowish labrum and aperture; they do not, 

however, give any appearance of spiral sculpture. 

88. Paludomus travancorica, Blanford. 

Paludomus travancorica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 219, 

pi. 2, fig. 22. 

Original description :—Shell imperforate, ovately conical, rather 

thick, covered with a dark-brown epidermis ; beneath the epitlermis 

white, with narrow vertical, very wavy dark purple stripes ; 

all the whorls spirally ribbed, the ribs rather close together, with 

the interspaces smooth, the strisB of growth being inconspicuous. 

Spire conical, apex eroded (doubtless acute when perfect), suture 

impressed. Whorls remaining 3 (probably in the perfect shell 

5 or 6), convex, the last exceeding half the length of the shell. 

A])erture nearly vertical, ovate, angulate at the posterior extremity, 

bluish white, with conspicuous, close, vertical, wavy, deep 

purple bands within ; peristome in one plane, the external margin

60 TIABID^. 

sharp, the columellar and basal margins white, thickened within, 

and dilated. Operculum normal. 

Alt. (apex wanting) 23 (when perfect about 25), diam. maj. 16, 

diam. min. 13'5 mm. 


Hah. Streams traversing the plains between Trevandrum and 

the foot of the Aghastyamali. 

" In a young specimen of P. travaneorica, there appears to be a 

tendency to the development of minor parallel ribs between those 

forming the spiral sculpture, and the latter are rather closer 

together near the suture." 

89. Paludomus annandalei, Preston. 

Paladomus annandalei, Vrestou, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, iii, 1909, 

p. 277 (figs, in text). 

Original description:— Shell conoidal, upper whorls eroded, 

solid, dark olivaceous brown, a paler yellowish brown band 

appearing at the periphery, above this obscurely painted with 

regular, transverse, vertical, deep chestmit flammnles and below 

with very oblique flammules of the same colour; remaining whorls 

about 3, sculptured with revolving, spiral lirse rather coarser just 

below the sutures and disappearing altogether or becoming obsolete 

towards the periphery, but reappearing on the base of the shell, 

the interstices between the lirse having a somewhat punctate 

appearance ; sutures lightly impressed ; columella arched, white 

and diffused into a minutely granular callus which joins the upper 

lip and is thickened almost into a nodule above ; peristome acute, 

scarcely serrated; interior of shell bluish white, showing the rows 

of flammules distinctly; operculum spirally laminiferous, with 

subcentral nucleus. 

The dimensions of the three specimens taken as the type series 

are as follows:— 

Alt 

Diam., maj 

Aperture : alt. .. 

„ diam... 

1. 2. 3. 

24 mm. 

18 „ 

16 „ 

9-5 „ 

22 mm. 

17 „ 

13 „ 

8 „ 

21*5 mm 

16 „ 

12-5 „ 

8 „ 

Hah. Tenmalai, W. Ghats (W. side), Travaucore (rocky mountain 

stream [N. Annandale). 

Types in Indian Museum. 

90. Paludomus spiralis, lieeve. 

Paludomus spiralis, Reeve, Don. Icon., Palud. p. 15, pi. S, fig. 15. 

Original description:—Shell ovate, spire large, prominent, whorls 

rounded, smooth ; olivt, spotted here end there with black, interior 

white. 

Alt. 17'5, diam. 12-5 mm. (taken from Con. Icon.). 

Hah. Streams of Ceylon.

91. Paludomus maurus, Beeve. 

PALUDOMUS. 51 

Paludomus maurus, Keeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 : H. & T., 0.1, 

pi. 124, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description:—Testa subacuminato-turbiuata, spira prominente; 

anfractibus rotundatis, superne subexcavatis et obsolete 

lineatis; apertura parva; castaneo-i'usca, immaculata. 

The following dimensions are taken from fig. 3, pi. 124 in 

the ' Concbologia Indica.' 


Hah. Branch of the Ganges. 

92. Paludomus pyriformis, Bohm. 

Paludomus pyriformis, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 530 ; H. & T., 0.1, 

pi. 125, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description : — Testa solidiuscula, pyriformis, laete 

olivacea, striis viridibus brunneisque ornata, "decussata; sutura 

striis aliquot valde impressis circumdata; anfractus 4 conveiiusculi, 

ultimus I spirffi subsequans ; apertura oblonga, margine columellari 

arcuiito albido, striis pellucentibus. 



Hah. Ceylon. 

93. Paludomus clavata, Beeve. 

Paludomus clavata, Keeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129; II. & T., 0. 1. 

pi. 123, fig. 4. 

Ovi

52 TIAEID^. 

lescente; labro incrassato, albo ; labro acuto. Operculum corneum, 

fusco-nigrum, concentriee striatum. 


Hah. Ganges. 

According to a note appended to the original description the 

animal is of a blackish-brown colour. 

95. Paludomus nasuta, Dohrn. 

Paludmnus nasuta, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; H. & T., 0. 1. 

pi. 124, flg. 7. 

Original descripUon :—Testa solida, oblongo-eonica, apice acuto, 

nigrescens, versus apieem albicans,! ad suturam linea valde impressa 

distincta, obsolete decussata; aufractus quatuor convexiusculi, 

ultimus medio leviter angulatus ; apertura simples, oblonga, 

albida. Operc. — ? 


Aperture; alt. 7"5, diam. 4-5 mm. 

Bab. Ceylon. 

96. Paludomus abbreviata, Eeeve. 

Pahulomns ab%-eviata, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 125, fig. 7. 

• 

Original descrijition :—Testa abbreviato-o\'ata, solida, Neritiuseformi, 

spira brevissima ; anfractibus superne plano-declivibus, 

deinde convexis, IsBvibus; apertura subampla; olivacea, lineis 

duabus fuscis interdum obsolete cingulata, aperturss fauce fasciata. 

The following measurements are taken from the figure in the 

' Concliologia Indica ':— 

Alt. 20'5, diam. 16 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon. 

Of a solid JS'eritina-like form. 

97. Paludomus acuta, Jleeve. 

Paludomus acuta, Eeeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 ; II. & T., 0. 1. 

pi. 123, fig-. 7. 

Original description :—Testa acuminata-turbinata, spira acuta; 

anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam excavatis et liueatis, medio 

lineis incisis cingulatis ; apertura parva, virescenti-olivacea. 

The measurements of the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica' 

are as below :— 

Alt. 17'2o, diam. 10-75 mm. 

Hab. Near Tondicherry. 

The apex of the shell, which in most species is eroded, is here 

sharply developed. The whorls are characterized by being encircled 

round the middle with conspicuous engraved lines.

98. Paludomus baccula, Beeve. 

PALUDOJIOS. 53 

Faludomus baccula, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 128; Hauley, Conch, 

ilisc, Melan. fig. 63; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 124, fig. 10. 

Original description:—Testa oblongo-turbiuata, spira prominente, 

anfractibus, plano-cohvesis, Isevigatis, vel, sub lente, subtilissime 

striatis ; apertura parva ; olivacea, brunneo-nigro tincta. 

The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Conchologia 

Indiea' are as follows :— 


Hah. Branch of the Ganges. 

A small dark olire turbinated species, besmeared with, shining 

brown-black. 

Subgenus PHILOPOTAMIS. 

I'hilopotamis, Layard, A. M. N. 11. ser. 2, xvi, 1855, p. 134. 

TYPE, Paludomus sulcata, Eeeve ; Ceylon. 

Range. Ceylon. 

Original description :—Animal fluviatile, amphibious, delighting 

in rocky torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly ovate; 

apex superior, paucispiral; nucleus sub-basal, dextral. 

The subgenus is based upon the characters of the operculum. 

99. Paludomus (Philopotamis) sulcata (Reeve). 

Paludomus (Philopotamia) sulcata (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 8; 

H. & T., C. 1. pi. 122, fig. 2. 

Original description:—Shell ovate, spire prominent, whorls 

rounded, spirally very closely grooved, grooves and intermediate 

ridges very closely decussated \vith longitudinal strise ; jêllovvish 

olive, painted here and there with black, sometimes entirely black, 

interior whitish. 

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. 8 c in Con. Icon.). 

Hah. In a mountain stream at Eatnapoora, Ceylon; TJda 

Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston). 

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299 ; cf. Brot, Conch.- 

Cab. ii, pi. 5, fig. 18. 

Apparently a small form. 

Alt. 14-5, diam. 11"5 mm. (according to Brot's figure). 

Hah. Ceylon (Stoliczka). 

Yar. contracta, Nevill, torn. eit.; Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pi. 5, 

figs. 19, 20 (as " P. sidcatus, var."). 

Nevill gives no description beyond the reference to Brot's 

figure ; it appears to be a narrow form. 

Hah. Aiabegammoa, Ceylon (Blcwfoixl).

54 TIAEIDJE. 

Var. compacta, Nevill, torn. eit. 

" Eemarkable for its small aperture." (Kevill.) 

Alt. 16-5, diam. 11-75 mm. 

Bab. Ceylon {H. Nevill). 

100. Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Beeve). 

Paludomus {Pldlopotamis) decussata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 127 ; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 123, fig. 3. 

Original description :—Testa aciiminato-oblonga, tenuiuscula, 

spira subacuta; anfractibus convexis, striis minutis longitudinalibus 

et transversis undique subtilissime decussatis ; apertura 

parviuscula ; viresceiiti olivaeea, faseiis tribus rufo-nigricantibus 

cingulata. 

The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the 

' Conchologia Indica':— 

Alt. 23-5, diam. 22 mm. 

Hub. Ceylon. 

Chiefly characterized by its finely decussated surface. 

101. Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata {Reeve). 

Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 126; 

H. & T., 0. I. p. xvii. 

Original description:—Testa oblonga, spira subelevata ; anfractibus 

plano-convesis, undique costellato-striatis ; apertura 

Fig. 4.—Paludomus {Philo2Mtmnis) trijasciata, Eeeve. 

(Specimen.) Nat. size. 

parviuscula, intus vix eallâ ; olivaeea, faseiis tribus nigricantifuscis 

subirregulariter cingulata. 


Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 9'5 mm. (specimen). 

Sab. Branch of the (5anges. 

102. Paludomus (Philopotamis) biciucta {Eeeve). 

Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Eeeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 129 

II. & T., C. I. pi. 123, %. 10. 

Original description ;—Testa globosa vel oblongo-globosa, longi

PALUDOMUS. 55 

tudinaliter subobscure sulcato-striata, spira brevi; anfractibus 

convexis superne subdepressis, et minute spiraliter sulcatis, 

olivaceo-fusca, nigricante obscure bifasciata ; apertura albida. 

The dimensions according to the figure in the ' Conchologia 

Indica ' are as follows :— 

Alt. 17'5, diam. 14 mm. 

Hah. Mountain streams of Ceylon. 

" Allied to P. decussata, but of more acuminated growth." 

103. Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupseformis {Broi). 

TaluAomus {Philopotatnis) rupoiformis (Brot), 0011051.-0310. ii, 

p. 30, 1880, pi. 5, tig. 10; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 298. 

Original description:—Testa globoso-mucronata, solidula, corneoolivacea, 

nigro inquinata, unicolor. Spira subintegra, parvula, 

breviter concavo-mucronata; anfr. 6 (integrae ad 7) convexi, 

sutura distincta divisi, Isevigati, lente creseentes; ultimus subito 

inflatus, globosus, sublsBvigatus vel striis iucrementi tenuibus vix 

striatulus. Apertura ovata, superne acuminata, basi rotundata, 

intu'"s alba, vel pallide late bifasciata ; columella arcuata, crassiuscula. 

Operculum typicum. 


Aperture : alt. 10-5, dinm. 6 mm. 

Ilai. Matale, Ceylon (Laijard). 

104. Paludomus (Philopotamis) regalis, Layard. 

Paludomus [Philopotmnis) regalis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 ; 

H. & T., C. 1. pi. 121, fig. 10. 

Original description :—Shell oblong ovate ; axis 1 inch, diam. 

9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, depressed at 

the upper part, spirally corded with close-set slight ridges, longi- 

' tudinally minutely striated, and crowned with a single row of 

short, sharp, hollow, angular spines, closely set. Colour yellowisholive, 

painted with wavy, dark brown longitudinal lines. Aperture 

pure white. 

Operculum unknown, but most probably as in P. sulcata. 

Hob. Stream in the Cnia Corle, Western Province, Ceylon. 

105. Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Reeve). 

Palndomus {Philopotamis) nigricans (Eeeve), Con. Icon., Palud. 

sp. 6; H. &T., C. Lpl 124, fig. 1. 

Original description:—Shell ovate, spire rather prominent, exserted 

; whorls smooth, faintly angled towards the base; blackish, 

interior bluish white. 

Alt. 13-75, diam. 9'25 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Ceylon (in mountain streams at 6,000 feet elevation).

50 TIAEID.l:. 

Var. subgranulosa, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299; Brot, 

Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pi. 6, fig. 6 (as var. B). 

No other description given than that implied by the name. 

Hah. Ceylon (Blanford). 

106. Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, NevilL 

Paludomus {Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. SCO; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig. 7 (as P. parvd) [not of Layard]. 

Pahidomus phasianinus, Layard, A. M. N. H. 1855, p. 136 [not of 

Reeve]. 

"The only ally, I know, of Paludomus erronea is P. nigricans 

of which Mr. H. F. Blanford considers it a smooth variety ; the 

above-quoted iigure, however, shows the differences at a glance." 

Alt. 10'5, diam. 6'5 mm. 

Hah. Hackgalle [Hakgalla], Ceylon (Layard); Ceylon {Blanford). 

107. Paludomus (Philopotamis) subdentata, Nevill. 

Paludomus {Philopotamis) subdentata, jSTevill, Hand List, pt. 2 

p. 300. 

Original description:—Almost smooth, prettily longitudinally 

striped, "ilames" only sHghtly flexuous; columella very broadly 

exca\'ated, alabaster white, subdentate at basa; spire truncate, 

two whorls only remaining, the last one convexly swollen ; flames 

are discernible within the aperture. 

Alt. 13-75, diam. 9-75 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon (type) {H. Nevill). 

108. Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea {Layard). 

Paludomus {Philopotamis) violacea (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854, p. 92, 

(as Tanalia) ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, p. 15, pi. 5, ligs. 3, 

3 «, 3 6. 

Original description :—Shell globose ; axis 6 lines, diam. 5 lines. 

Spire very short, slightly exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose, 

spirally grooved with close-set, fipe, minutely decussated striae (in 

one variety the striae become ridges). Colour a dark bluish-brown, 

almost amounting to black, with darkish brown patches appearing 

in some specimens. Aperture deep violet mside; columella 

white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown. 

Hah. A small mountain torrent in' a dense forest between 

Gillymalle and Pallabaddoola, towards Adam's Peak, Ceylon.

PALUDOMUS. 57 

Subgenus TANALIA. 

Tanalia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 153; Layard, op. cit. 1854, p. 88. 

TYPE, Nerita aculeata, Chemnitz; Ceylon. 

Range. Ceylon. 

Oii[/inal clescrij)tion:—Animal fluviatile, delighting in the most 

rapid mountain torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly 

ovate ; apex lateral, lamellated ; nucleus lateral, dextral. 

As in the subgenus Philopotamis, the present subgenus is also 

based upon the structure of the operculum. 

109. Paludomiis (Tanalia) loricata (Eeeve). 

Paludomus {Tanalia) loricata (Reeve), Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 1. 

Paludomus (erea, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128. 

Tanalia loricata, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 91. 

Paludomus layardi, Reeve, 1. c. 

Paludonius undata, Reeve, Con. Icon, iv, Palud. sp. 2; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 121, fig. 3 as P. undata, fig. 5 as P. area, fig. 6 as P. layardi. 

Oriyhial description :—Shell obovate, spire scarcely exserted, 

whorls slightly angularly depressed round the upper part, spirally 

encircled with close-set squamate ridges ; aperture large; very 

black-brown, interior white, columella and edge of the lip purplebrown. 

Alt. 20'5, diam. 20-5 mm. (from original figui-e 1 a). 

Alt. 32-25, diam. 34-5 mm. ( „ „ 1 &)• 

Mab. In rapids flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon (Gardner). 

110. Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea {Reeve). 

Paludomus {Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 121, fig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 301 

(as P. (^Tanalia) acideata var. erinacea). 

Original description:—Testa obovata, tenuinscula, anfractibus 

convexis, liris muricato-squamatis spiraliter cingulatis; apertura 

subampla; atra, intus caerulescente, columella et apertures limbo 

castaneo-nigris. 

The following dimensions are taken from the figure in the 

' Oonchologia Indica.' 

Alt. 21-5, diam. 21 mm. 

Hob. Mountain streams of Ceylon. 

111. Paludomus (Tanalia) nodnlosa (Bohm). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 125; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 126, figs. 8, 9; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 3, 

p. 302 (as P. (T.) aculeata var. nodulosa). 

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, Isete olivacea, longitudinaliter 

nigro fulgurata; spira exserta; anfractus costis

58 TIAEIDiE. 

tuberculosis spiraliter cingulati, sutura crenulata; apertura 

subciicularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucentibus. 


Aperture: alt. 20, diam. 16'5 mm. 

Bah. Ceylon. 

112. Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei, Layard. 

Fdudomus {Tanalia) reevei, Lavard, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 92 ; II. & T., 

C. I. pi. 121, fig. 7, and pi. 124, fig. 5 ; Nevill, torn. cit. (as 

P. {T.) nodulosa var. reevei). 

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate; axis 1| inch, diam. 

1 inch 2 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, spirally 

corded with rather distant obtuse ridges, longitudinally sti'iated 

\rith well-marked close-set strise, the great characteristic mark of 

the species. Aperture : outer lip edged with deep purple-brown, 

columellar lip white. Colour a dark yellow-brown, thickly marlted 

ynkh longitudinal, slanting, jet-brown wavy bands. 

Hah. The Calloo Ganga, Eatnapoora [Kaluganga, EatnapuraTj, 

Ceylon. 

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 302. 

No description is given by Nevill, but presumably it is a small 

form. 

Eal. Ceylon {H. F. Blanford). 

113. Paludomus (Tanalia) funiculata, Beeve. 

Palutlmmis {Tanalia) funiculata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 1§, 

Tanalia funiciduta, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 93 (amended description) 

; H. & T., C. I, pi. 125, figs. 1-4; Nevill, torn. cit. 

(as P. (y.) actdeata \-ax, funiculata). 

Original description:—Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted,,whor]s 

rather depressed round the upper part, spirally corded ^vith rather 

distant obtuse ridges ; jet-brown, interior whitish. 

Alt. 25, diam. 22 mm. (taken from %. in Cou. Icon.). 

Hah. In a mountain stream at Eatnapoora, Ceylon. 

" Of a dark sombre colour, without any indication of pattern, 

encircled throughout with rather distant i-idges." 

114. Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Beeve. 

Faludomus {Tanalia) picta, Beeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 10 ; 

H. & T., 0.1, pi. 122, fig. 7 ; Nevill, torn. cit. p. 303 (as P. {T.) 

aculeata var. picta). 

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls 

spirally obtusely striated: olive, painted longitudinally «ith 

narrow undulated waved bands, interior white, margin of the 

columella stained with brown.

PAirDOMUS. 59 

Alt. 23-5, diara. 19-25 ram. (taken from pi. 2, fig. a in Con. 

Icon.). 

Hah. In a mountain stream at Itatnapoora, Ceylon. 

" Tlie waved painting may be observed in adult specimens on 

the outside, when not visible in the interior." 

115. Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dohm). 

Paluclmmis {Tanalia) sivainsoni (Dolirn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 125; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 124, lig. 6. 

Original description :—Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis nigris 

spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata; 

spira esserta; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigrieantem 

depressi; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, interdum 

fusco-maculata. 



JIab. Ceylon. 

Allied to P. iT.)'picta, but differing in havitig black ribs. 

116. Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda {Dohm). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dohm),P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124; 

H. & T., 0.1, pi. 122, fig. 3 j Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 

(as P. (T.) aaileata var. distinguenda). 

Original description :—Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida, fasciis nigris 

fulguratis longitudinaliter picta, spiraliter et longitudinaliter 

striata; spira exserta; apertura ovata, cierulescens ; peristomata 

nigro, obsolete dentato; margine columellari planato, fasciis 

nigris, pellucentibus. 


Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 12-5 mm. 

Hab. Ceylon. 

117. Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohm. 

Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 536; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 124, fig-. 9 ; Neviil, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 

(as P. ( T.) aculeata var. torrenticola). 

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, 

obscure fulgurata et maculata, spiraliter confertim, longitudinaliter 

rarius striata ; spira exserta; anfractus convexi; sutura simplex ; 

apertura ovalis, violacea, margine columellari -albo. 



Hah. Ceylon.

60 TIARID-Ti. 

118. Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides (Reeve). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides (Reeve),Conch. Icon.,Pafeî.sp. 3 j 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 122, fig. 8. 

Original description:—Shell oblong-ovate, spire a little exSErted, 

whorls rounded, obscurely obtusely ridged ; aperture rather large; 

olive, sharply waved in the young shell with brown, interior 

white, columella and edge of the lip sometimes blotched here and 

there with blackish brown. 

Alt. 31'5, diam. 24'5 mm. (taken from pi. 1, fig. 3 6 in Con. 

Icon.). 

Hah. In the bed of a river at Ambegamoa, Ceylon. 

" This species has more the form of a JVerita than any other, 

and is distinguished in an early stage of growth by a brilliant 

pattern of zigzag painting in the interior. The lip and columella 

are sometimes white, sometimes blotched with blackish brown." 

Var. globosa, Brot, Conch.-Oab. ii, 1880, pi. 8, fig. 1; Nevill, 


A somewhat swollen form. 

JIab. Ceylon (A^'eviU). 

119. Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Heeve). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve), P. Z. S. IS'oS, p. 128; H. & 

T., 0. I. pi. 125, figs. 5, G; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 (as 

P. {T.) neritoides var. dilatata ?). 

Original description :—Testa suboblongo-ovata, spira exsertiuscula; 

anfractibus rodundatis, superne vix d^pressis, spiraliter 

obscura superficialiter liratis ; intense nigrieanti-fusca, immaculata; 

apertura oblonga, inferne dilatata, intus coerulescen'ti-alba, 

hi- vel trifasciata, nigro-limbata. 

The following dimensions are talien from fig. 5, pi. 125, in the 

' Conchologia Indica.' 

Alt. 36-75, diam. 29 mm. 

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon. 

120. Paludomus (Tanalia) gardneri (Beeve).. 

Paludomus (Tanalia) qardneri (Reeve), Couch. Icon., Palud. sp.Q:- 

II. & T., C. I pi. 122, fig. 6; Nevill, torn, cit, (as P. (T.) neri-_ 

toides var. (jardneri). . • 

Original description:—Shell orbicularly ovate, spire flatly 

depressed, whorls regularly convex, very closely spirally ridged, 

ridges rather thin, obtuse, alternately larger ; aperture very large ; 

jet-black, intei'ior whitish, columella and margin of the aperture 

stained with purple-black. 

Alt. 35, diam. 34 mm. (taken from pi. 2, fig. 9 J in Con. Icon.). 

Hab. In a strearii at the foot of Adam's Peak, Ceylon.

PAIiUDOMUS. 61 

121. Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dohrn). 

Pahidonms (Tanalia) cmnhigiana (Doliru), V. Z. S. 1857, p. 124 ; 

H. & T., 0. I. pi. 126, figs. 5, 6. 

Original description:—Testa globosa, solida, olivaceo-fusca, 

obsolete spiraliter sulcata; spira valde depressa, exserta; anfractus 

ultimus ceteros superans, ad siiturain in formam canalis impresaus; 

apertura magna, obliqua, flaveseens, intus albida, lineis nigris 

undatis longitudinaliter distincta. 



Jlab. Cej'lon. 

Allied to P. (T.) gardneri, Eeeve, but distinguished by tbe 

" deep cbannel-like impression on the upper part of the whorl, and 

in the large size of the mouth." 

122. Paludomus (Tanalia) thwaitesi {Layard). 

Paludomus {Tanalia) llnvaitesi (Layard). P. Z. S. 1854, pp. 93-94 

(as Phi/opotamis) ; 11. & T., C.l. pi. 125, iigs.8,9; Nevill, Hand 

List, pt. 2, p. 304 (as P. (T.) neritoides var. thwaitesi?). 

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 13 lines, diam. 

9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls almost carinated round 

the upper part, spirally corded with unequal sized, close, but 

irregularly set ridges, granulated or minutely striated. Colour 

yellowish olive, painted more or less with wavy, dark brown 

longitudinal lines. Aperture pinkish white, occasionally having 

the outer lip dotted with dark pink-brown marks. 

Alt. 30-6, diam. 23-75 mm. (Conch. Ind. pi. 125, fig. 9). 

Hab. Weyweldenia, Ceylon. 

123. Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii {Reeve). 

Pahtdomus {Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve), Con. Icon., Paliid. sp, 12 ; 

H. & T., C. 1. pi. 122, fig. 5 (as P. temientii); Nevill, tom.„cit. 

(as P. (T.) neritoidesYar. tennenti). 

Original descripition :—Shell obovate, rather thick, spire scarcely 

exserted; whorls rounded, smooth, or very obscurely ridged; 

aperture rather largely efEused ; olive, indistinctly longitudinally 

waved, interior white, columella and edge of the aperture stained 

with purple-brown. 

Alt. 31, diam. 29 mm. (taken from pi. 3, fig. c, in Con. Icon.). 

Hab. In a rocky stream flowing from Adam's Peak, Ceylon. 

" . . . . distinguished in early growth by an elaborate pattern of 

waved painting, which is very conspicuous in the interior of the 

shell. At a more advanced period, this striking display of pattern 

is entirely obscured by a superincumbent deposit of colourless 

matter."

62 TIAEIDJE. 

124. Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius {Dolini). 

Paludomus {Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124; 

H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 122, fig. 9; Nevill, torn. cit. (as P. (r.J-y;en"toides 

var. dromedarius). 

Original description:—Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra, obsolete 

spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata; anfractus convexi, ultimus 

antice valde deflexus; apertura suboircularis, alba, obsolete 

dentata, interdum flavocincta. Operculum subtriangulare, corneum, 

nucleo laterali dextrorse. 


Aperture : alt. 20'o, diam. 16 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

125. Paludomus (Tanalia) solida {Dohrn). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124; H. & 

T., C.I. pi. 122,%. 4. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava, 

brunneo-maeulata; spira exserta; anfractus convexi, spiraliter 

sulcati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati; sutura impressa; apertura 

crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculum corneum, uigrescens, 

concentrice striatum, nucleo sinistro. 

Alt. 19, diam. 14'5 mm. 


Hah. Ceylon. 

126. Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dolirn). 

Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn) P. Z. S. 1858, p. 535 ; II. & 

T., 0.1, pi. 125, fig. 10. 

Original description:—Testa semiovalis, neritteformis, solida, 

olivacea unicolor vel saturatius longilîdinaliter striata, decussata ; 

spira exserta ; anfractus bonvexi; apertura obliqua, ampla, labio 

columellari magno, margine interne vix curvato, externo semicirculari; 

alba vel flavescens, Opere. ? 



Hah. Ceylon. 

Var. major, ? Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 305. • 

A large form. 


Hah. Ceylon (H, Nevill). 

127. Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn). 

Paludomus Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn), P. P Z. S. 1857, p. 124 ; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 121, fig. 4. 

Original description :—Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, confertim

PALUDOMUS. 63 

costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium obsolete 

earinata; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus cserulescens. 



Hah. Ceylon. 

128. Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard. 

Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 92 ; H. & T., 

0.1, pi. 122, fig. 1. 

Original description:—Shell rather globose; axis 8 lines, diam. 

6 lines. Spire short, exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose, 

spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated striaa. 

Colour rich olive-yellow, profusely marked with longitudinal, 

wavy, dark lines, interrupted by four or five fine transverse bands 

of the same colour. Aperture : the dark markings of the shell 

show through, and are dimmed by a bluish haze; columella lip 

white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown, which runs 

round the outer lip in a thin band. 

Hah. A mountain torrent at Kandangamoa, near Eatnapoora, 

Ceylon. 

129. Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley &f Theohdld. 

Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Ilanley & Theobald, Con. Ind. 

pi. 121, figs. 8, 9 (figs. only). 

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, dark yellowish-brown, paiuted with 

oblique, transverse, zigzag bands of black ; remaining whorls 3, 

rapidly increasing, the last large, sculptured with more or less 

beaded, spiral liree; suture impressed ; columella margin excavated, 

white within, stained with brownish-black without, extending 

upwards into a thickisb, well-defined, parietal callus which has 

the game colouring and reaches to the upper margin of the 

labrum; labrum edged with a variegated band of brown and 

yellowish white just within, acute ; aperture ovate ; interior of 

shell white. 

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 21-25, diam. min. 15-2o mm. 

Aperture : alt. 20, diam. 11"25 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

Type in British Museum. 

Subgenus STOMATODON. 

StomatodoH, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, x, 1862, p. 414. 

TTPE, Paludomus stomatodon, Benson ; Travancore. 

Range. Travancore. 

For description see that of Paludomus (S.) stomatodon given 

below.

64 TIAEID^.—LITTORSID^. 

130. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson. 

Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, 

X, 1802, p. 4U (as ? Tanalia) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 108, fig. 1. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-globosa, solida, lasviuscula 

(juniorum polita), striis spiralibus obsoletis induta, oliraceonigrescente 

; spira brevi erosa, sutura impressa; anfractibus 3 

superstitibus, siiperioribus convexiusculis, ultimo convexo; 

apertura ovato-acuta, albida, intus deiiium angustiore, sinuata; 

peristomate integro, margins dextro basalique acnto, columellari 

late calloso, infra latiore, subito intus trimcato, dente prominente 

crasso munito, 

Alt. 14, diam. 12 inm. 

Hub. Mountain streams near Cottyam, Travancore. 

" . . . . There is some resemblance in this shell to Neritind, for 

which genus a specimen might, on a cursory glance, be taken. 

The upper part of the columellar callosity exhibits in some 

specimen.s a blackish-brown tint, snd a patch of the same colour 

may occasionally be observed at the base, in the interior of the 

aperture, the throat of which is tinged with violet and purple and 

presents a minutely corrugate surface." 

Family LlTTORNIDiE. 

Subfamily CREMNOCONCHINiE. 

Shell ovate, depressedly turbinate, with large aperture. 

Bistrihution. S. Asia. * ' 

Genus CREMNOCONCHUS. 

Cremnobates, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, xii, 1860-, p. 18"4. 

Cremnoconchns, Blanford, A. M-. N. II. ser. 4, iii, 1869, p. 343. 

Ti'PE, 0. syliadrensis, Blanford ; Western India-. 

Eange. W.India; Tonkin. 

Original description :—Testa perforata, .turbinato - globosa, 

costulata. Apertura mediocris, subovata; peristomatis margine 

dextro simplici, columellari vix calloso. . 

Operculum tesâceum, subovatum, paucispirale ; nucleo sinistro'; 

margine membranaceo. 

Animal (pulrooniferum ?) parvum ; tentaculis duobus brevibus 

subulatis, oculos in lobis tumidis ad basin gerentibus prseditllm. 

Pes brevis, rotundatus. Proboscis brevis.

131. Cremnoconchiis syhadensis (Blanford). 

CEEjiNOCoycntTS. 65 

Cremnoconchus sijJuidensis (Blanford), A. M. N. 11. ser. 3, xii, 1863, 

p. 184 (as Crenmobates), pi. 4, figs. 1-7 ; H. & T., 0.1, pi. 146, 

fig. 6. 

Original description:—Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso- 

Turbinata, costulis elevatis erenulatis cirouindata, inter costiilns 

liris minoribus spiralibus lineisque obliquis decussantibus incrementi 

ornata, periomphalo baud costulato conceiitrice decussatostriato 

albida, ad apicem rubella, epidermide viridi-f'usca induta ; 

spira brevis, conoidea, sutura impreiisa, apice at-uto, plerumque. 

erosulo; aiifraclibus 3, rapide accresoeiitibus, convexis, ultimo 

rotnndato, circa perl'orationem angulato; apertura diagonalis, 

ovata, lineis loiigitudinalibus fusco-purpureis prope suturam et 

versus basin marginis dextri, spatio intervenieute, interne signata, 

interduni omniiio colorata ; peristoma simplex, marginibus eallo 

juiictis, dextro recto, basili expansulo, columellari reflexo, appresso 

perforationem partim tegente. Operculum normtde. 



Bah. Western Ghats. On wet rocks {Blanford). 

Witb regard to the animal the author doubts the existence of 

gills and makes the following remarks : " . . . . the large vascular 

sac at the back of the neck exactly resembles that in the opercuiated 

land-shells. The mantle-margin is free, and the sexes 

distinct. The lingual ribbon is very long; one from a large 

specimen measurecl | inch (17 mill.); the teeth are 7-ranked, but 

differ in form from those of Cyclostomaceous genera. The 

amphibious habits of the animal, the short foot, and the olivegreen 

epidermis, so characteristic of fresh-water shells, induce me 

to place it in the vicinity of Lithoglyphus." 

132. Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford. 

Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, 

p. 10, pi. 3, fij>s. 3, 3 a; H. & T., C. I. pi. 146, figs. 8, 9, and 

C. conicus var. fig. 10, Jide Blanford, J. A. S. B. ilix, pt. 2, 

p. 221. 

Original description :—Testa imperforata, ovato-eoniea, solida, 

albida, fascia spiral! castanea supra periplieriam interdum ornata, 

epidermide olivacea, baud nitida, induta. Spira conica; apice 

acuto, plerumque eroso; sutura profunda. Anfr. 5 convexi 

(primi stepissime carentes), ultimus ad peripheriara sub-angulatus, 

subtus convexus, non descendens. Apertura obliqua, ovata, 

postice subangulata, intus fulvesceiis vel alba, aliquando fascia 

castanea intranti instructa; peristoma tenue rectum, marginibut. 

callo junclis, basali sub-effuso, columellari calloso. Operc. norniale, 

corneum, pauci-spirale, nucleo sub-basali, baud procul a 

latere columellari sito.

GO LTTXORXID.^. 

Alt. 8, diam. 6 mm. "1 A young specimen with 

Aperture : alt. 4-5, diam. 3'5 mm. [ perfect spire. 

Alt. 9-5, diam. 7 mm. 1 An old specimen with eroded 

Aperture : alt. 6, diam. 5 mm. J spire. 

llah. Near Poonab. 

Var. canaliculatus, Blanford, .T. A. S. B. xvxix, pt. 2, 1870, 

p. 11, pi. 3, fig. 4. 

Original description:—Sutura Cianaliculata, anfractibus juxla 

suturam acute carinatis. 


Hah. Torna. 

133. Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard). 

Cremnoconchns carinatus (Layard), P. Z. S. 1854, p. 94 (as 

Ancidotus) ; Blanford, .1. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, p. 1-2, 

pi. S, fig', 5; op. cit. xlix, pt. 2, p. 221. 

Original description:—Shell somewhat globose; axis 5 lines, 

diam. 4 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls inflated, rather 

square, sharply keeled round the inferior angle, minutely longltiidinally 

striated. Colour dull olive, marked faintly with two or 

three broad bands of dark rufous-brown, which are very apparent 

in the aperture ; columellar lip white, stained with a liglit dash of 

the same rufous-brown on the exterior margin. 

No dimensions being given the following is taken from 

Blanford's description (J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, p. 12). 

Alt. 7'o, diam. 5 mm. 

Jlrdj. Streams in the Mahableshwar Hills, Bombay Presidency. 

Subgenus BITHINELLA. 

Tiithtnella, Moquin-Tandon, 1851, ,1. de Conch. Paris, p. 239, 

& Hist. Moll. Terr. Fluv. France, 1855, p. 516 (as Jhjthinella). 

TiTE, Bulimus viridis, Poiret; Europe. 

Bange. Europe ; Asia ; N. America. 

Shell having the operculum set far back in Ihe interior ; it is 

also subcorneous, spirally striate, with excentric nucleus-. 

134. BitMnella canningeiisis, Preston. 

Bithinella canningensis, Preston, A. Jl. N. H. ser. 7, xix, 1907, 

p. 2 IP (fig. in text). 

Original description : — Shell subperforate, pyramidal, dull 

vellovvish-brown horn-colour; remaining whorls 3, somewhat 

convex ; sutu es well impressed ; aperture oval ; peristome 

simple, continuous; operculum horny, paucispiral. 

h\ . 1"75, diam. nuij. 1 mm. 

Hah. Port Canning, Lower Bengal; in brackish pools. 

Tjpe ill Indian Museum, Calcutta.

PALUDBSTEnflD.E. 

Family PALUDESTRINID.E [=Eydrobiid(B]. 

Subfamily PALUDESTRININ^. 

Shell small, corneous, fusiform, narrowly rimate or imperforate. 

Distribution. AVorld-wide. 

Genus PALUDESTBINA. 

Jli/drobia, Havtinann, 1821,_reec Leacli in Ooleoptero, 1817. 

Paludestrina, d'Orbigny, Voy. Aiuer. Merid., Moll. 1840, p. 381. 

TYPE, P. auberiana, d'Orb.; S. America. 

llange. World-wide. 

Auiiiials having no eyes on the tentacles, these being placed 

outwardly at their base; operculum horuy, spiral, resembling 

Littorina. An iahabitaut of both fresh aad brackish water. 

Subgenus BELaRANDIA. 

Belyrmidia, Bourguignat, Cat. Moll. Ter. Fluv. Env. Paris, 18G9, 

p. 15. 

TrPE, Blthinella gibha, Drapernaud; France. 

llange. Europe; Asia. 

Shell having one or two ronnded swellings on the last whorl, 

these, as the author explains at some length, being quite different 

from those caused by rest periods. 

135. Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Aêvill. 

Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt, 2, 

p. 161; op. cit., 1, p. 158, pi. vii, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand List', 

pt. 2, p. 52 [aa Hydrobia {Bythinella)]. 

Original description:—Testa minuta, vix rimata, conicoelongatula, 

solida, paruni nitida, albido-viridula, laevigata; spira 

paululum producta, apice miauto, acutiusculo; anfr. 5, couvexiusculi, 

ultimis duobus rapide accrescentibus, ultimo basi 

subplanulato, ad apertuvam gibbositate crassa circumscripto; 

apertura ovato-rotundata, intus incrassata, peristoma continuum, 

valide incrassatum, margine externo arcuato, basi sinuato, margine 

eolumellari subangulatim contorto, subreflexo. Operculum 

sat profunde imraersum, tenue, pellucidum, vitreum. 

Alt. about 2-75, diam. 1-75 mm. 

Hab. Port Canuiiig (iVevill, Mainwaring). 

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. 

Siibvar. gibbosula. 

Hah. Port Canning {Stoliczica).

68 PALTJBESTBIXII)^. 

Subvar. snbangulata. 

Hah. Port Canning (Nevill) ; Chilka Lake (Blanford). 

The above two subvarieties are given by Kevill in bis''Hand 

List,' p. 52, but without further descriptions than those implied 

by the names themselves. 

Yar. minor, Nevill, J. A. S. -B. 1880, pt. 2, p. IGl. 

Alt. 2, diam. 1-25 mm. 

Hah. Port Canning. 

Genus TEICDLA. 

Trkula, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Ilist. 1843, p. 467. 

Ti'PE, T. montana, Benson ; India. 

Range. India. 

Original descnpiion:—Testae spira (^longatiuscula, apertura 

obliqua, ovata, iutegra superne angulata; peristomate contiriuo, 

snbreflexo ; anfractu ultimo subunibilicato. 

Animal. Melanise simile, proboscide elongata, antice emarginata, 

tentaculis filiformibus duobus oculos postice prope basin 

gerentibus; pede mediocri ovato, antice subquadrato. Operculo 

corneo subspirali. 

136. Tricula montana, Benson. 

Tricula montana, Benson, Calcutta .Tourn. Nat. Hist. ]84-'3, p. 467 ; 

A. M. N. H. 1862, pp. 415-416; H. & T., C. L pi. 16-5, fig. 1. 

Original description :—Testa oHvacea ovato-conica, anfractibus 

sex rotundatis, suturis iinpressis, apertura iutus albida, peristomate 

nigrescent!; apioe obtuso, plerumque decollate. 

Alt. 3, diam. maj. 1'25 mm. 

Hah. Bhimtal. 

Nevil! (Hand List Moll. Ind. Mas., Calcutta, p. 62) cites a 

presumably short variety under the name vaf. carta, but without 

other description; it is from the Jhiri Valley, N. Cachar, at an 

altitude of 3000 feet. 

Genus AMNICOLA.. 

Amnicola, Gould & Haldeman, Rep. Inv., Mass., 1841, p. 228. 

TYPE, A. jwata. Say ; Massachusetts. 

Range. N. America ; E. & 8. Asia. 

Original description:—Shell ovate-conic, thin; spire acute, 

composed of a lew rounded whorls; aperture small, oblique, 

rounded-ovate; lips continuous, simple; operculum horny, spiral, 

with a few volutions.

AMXicor,A. 69 

Animal having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with 

each anterior angle produced laterally ; head half the breadth of 

the foot, and protruding beyond it; tentacula short, fihform, 

unequal, ? the eyes seated at the side of the external base; 

oviparous. Inhabits fresh water. 

137. Amnicola cincta, Gould. 

Ainnicola cincta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 100 : 

Otia Conch, p. 199. 

Original description:—Testa minuta, tenuis, ovato-oblongata, 

imperforata, pallide cornea, decollata: anfr. (superstitibus) 3, 

veiitricosis, ultimo magno, subcarinato, lineis volventibus, et 

interdum fascia fusoa, cincto: apertura ovata, basi admodum 

prodncta, labro simplici. 

Alt. 2 mm. 

Hah. Tenasserim, Burma. 

Unfortunately no actual specimea has been accessible to the 

author of the present work; hence the impossibility of illustrating 

this hitherto uufignred species. 

138. Amnicola parvula {Button). 

Amnicola parvula (Hutton), J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 2, p. 655 

(as Paludina). 

Bithinia glohula, liea, Proc. Acad. PMlad. 1856, viii, p. 110, 

& Jouru. Acad. Philad., n. s., yii, p. 119, pi. '22, tig. 12 (= Obs. 

Unio, xi probably); H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 151, figs. 8, 9. 

Original description:—Animal dusky grey. 

Shell conoid, of four whorls exclusive of apex; colour of 

epidermis dull or dusky green ; aperrure ovate, rounded below, 

angular above; oblique; operculum horny; subumbilicate, pillar 

lip partially reflected; sutures deep; epidermis of the upper 

whorls usually eroded ; transversely striated by fine lines of 

growth. 

Alt. 4-5 mm, 

Hab. A marshy patch of ground caused by a spring oozing from 

the side of the Kojuck Pass, at Chummun. 

SuMamily LITHOGLYPHIN^. 

Animal with simple foot; radula with several basal denticulations; 

penis simple or forked; operculum horny, spiral or 

subspiral. 

Distribution. S.E. Europe; S.E. Asia ; C. Africa ; N., S. and C. 

America; Melanesia.

70 PALirnESTHixiBa;. 

Genus LITHOGLYPHUS. 

Lithoijlyphus, Hartmann, Sturm's Fauna, ]821, vi, Heft 5, p. 5/. 

TiPB, L. ehurneus, Meg. v. Miihlfeld ; Europe. 

Mange. Europe ; India ; Tonkin. 

Shell imperforate, globular with short spire, solid, suture 

lightly impressed; aperture large, subovate or nearly circular; 

labrum simple; columellar margin callous; operculum horny, 

paucispiral, with excentric nucleus. 

139. Lithoglyphus martabanensis, Theobald. 

LithoylypJius martabaiiensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxix, 1870, 

pt. 2, p. 402, pi. 18, fig. 9; II. & T., 0. I. pi. 81, fig. 10. 

Original description :—Testa globose conica, imperforata, solida, 

virescente albida, translucente, fere Isevi, transversim exilissime 

striata, spira parva, regulari, subobtusa; anfractibus 4i, celeriter 

creseentibus, ultimo |- iongitudinalis jequante, apertura elliptica, 

antice rotundata, postice angulata. Columella callosa, polita, 

paiilo dilatata, labro acuto leviter curvato, antice ad latus 

Bubtruneato. 

Alt. 4 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.). 

Hal. Martaban. 

Subfamily BITHYNIINiE [Bithiniinee emf-^d,;}. ^ 

Animal with simple foot; radula \uih several basal denticulations 

; penis bifid; operculum calcareous, concentric. 

Distribution. Europe; Asia. 

Genus BITHYNIA. 

Bithynia, Leach, in Abel's " Narrative of Journey into Interior of 

Cliina," 1818, p. 362. 

TYPE, Helix tentaculata, Linnteus ; Europe. 

Bange. Europe; Asia. 

Shell small,, ovately fusiform with more or less convex whorls ; 

aperture oval; labrum continuous; operculum testaceous. 

140. Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaus). 

JlelLv tentaculata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 774. 

Neritajacidatur, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, 1774, p. 185. 

Turbo nucleus, La Costa, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 9t, pi. 5, fig. 12. 

Bulimiis tentactilatus, Poiret, Coq. de I'Aisne, 1801, p. 61. 

Cyclostoma tmpurum, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 41. 

Turbo janitor, Vallot, Exerc. d'llist. Nat. 1801, p. 6. 

Cyclostunta jucalator, Fiirussac, Ess. 31eth. Conch. 1807, p. 66. 

Lynmoea tentaculata, Fleming, Edin. Encj'c. vii, 1814, p. 78.

BlTlIi'XIA. 71 

Fahulina impura, Brard, Coq. Paris, 1815, p. 183, pi. 7, fig'. 2. 

PahiduwJactdator, Studer, Kurz. Verz. 1820, p. 91. 

Turbo teiitaculatus, Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiy, 1823, p. 152. 

Bithynia jaculator, Eisao, Hist. Nat. Eur, Merid. iv, 1826, p. 100. 

Paludiyia tentaculata, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 816. 

liithinia tentaculata, Gray, Turtou Man. 1840, p. 93, pi. 10, fig. 120. 

Bithinia (Elona) tentaculata, Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll, ii, 1855, 

p. 628, pi. 39, figs. 23, 24. 

* Bythinia tentaculata, Keeve, Brit. L. & F. W. Moll. 1868, p. 189. 

" Shell: conically ovate, with a minute nearly closed umbilicus, 

fulvous green, subtransparent, apex rather sharp ; whorls five, 

smooth, convex, the last rather ventricose ; aperture somewhat 

pyriformly ovate, lip dark-edged, scarcely reflected. Operculum 

subtestaceous, striated concentrically around a central nucleus." 

(^lieeve.) 

Hub. Throughout Europe (in gentle streams and still waters). 

jNêvill gives tlie following variety without other description 

than the dimensions :— 

Var. kashmirensis. 

Alt. 7, diam. 4-5 mm. 

Huh. Kashmir (Stoliczlca) ; Srinagar (Kashmir) (Theobald '!). 

141. Bithynia cerameo-povaa, {Benson). 

Bithynia cerumeupoma (Benson), Gleanings in Science, Calcutta, 

ii, p. 125 (name for sp. in vol. i, p. 362) (as Puludina); J. A. S. B. 

xxiv, 1855, p. 131. 

BHIiynia cei-ano.ipatana, Frauenfeld, "Verliandl. zool.-bot. Wieu, 

1862, p. 1166; H. & T., C. I. pi 38, figs. 1, 4. 

Original description : — Small, ovate-oblong, whitish-yellow, 

subliyaline, the lip at the base of the columella slightly produced; 

operculum calcareous. 

The above meagre description may be supplemented by the 

following, based on a specimen in the British Museum :— 

Shell oblong-ovate, cinereous shading to yellowish white; 

whorls 5, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, convex, 

minutely and obsoletely sculptured with very fine, spiral striaj 

and marked with rather weak growth lines; suture well impressed; 

umbilicus moderately narrow, deep; labrum continuous, 

slightly reflexed, bevelled within ; aperture a little oblique, ovate ; 

operculum shelly, slightly concave, with subcentral nucleus, 

having about seven convolutions. 

Alt. 10'75, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 6 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 6, diam. 4-25 mm. 

Ilab. Bengal. 

There is in the British Museum a second set of this species, 

presented by Captain T. Hutton and labelled " Plains—India." 

The shells in this set are of rather smaller dimensions than those

72 PALUDESTEIXIDvE. 

to which the specimen above described belongs, and are all of a 

dark colour, varying from lich^ chestnut to yellowish-brown. 

Nevill, in his ' Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museupa,' 

p. 34, quotes two subvarieties, as below :— 

Var. carinulata. 

Apparently a deformed specimen from Assam. 

Yar. gigantea. 

No description, but presumably a large form from Calcutta. 

142. Bithynia travancorica, Benson. 

mthynia travancorica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860, 

p. 259; II. & T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description:—Testa imperforata, conoideo-globosa, irregulariter 

striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus c-onfertim decussata, 

albida, vel corneo-ilavescente, translucente ; spira diniidium testae 

ffiquante, apicem versus conoidea, vertice obtusiusrtilo hyalina, 

sutura impressa; anfractibus 4| convexis, uliimo globoso, antiee 

Bensim descendenfe.; apertura obliqua, ovata, margine sinistro 

calloso, callo extus sulco marginato. Operculo normali, c-rassiusculo, 

extus nonnunquani tenuiter radiatim striate ; nucleo 

subcentrali. 


Hah. Ponds near Quilon. 

143. Bithynia lutea. Gray. 

Bithynia lutea. Gray, Ann. Phil. ]824, p. 277. 

Bithynia goniostoma, Hutton MSS. 

Paludinn pulchella, Kiister (not Benson), ed. Chemn. Paludina, 

p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 19; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 37, fig. 7. 

Testa anguste perforata, globoso-ovata, sericina, tenera, subpell 

ucida, obsolete striata, subtilissime concentriee lineata, pallide 

ferruginea; spira obtusa; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo basi 

albo; apertura subovali, marginibus eonjunctis, albo-callosis; 

perisfomare reflexinsculo, basi angulato subauriculato. {Kiister.) 

Alt. 7'25, diam. 5'5 mm. 

Hah. Punieah (Conch. Ind.). 

144. Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill. 

Bithynia Tnoreletiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 29; 

op. cit, 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 6, fig. 14. 

Original description:—In shape resembling B. lutea, Gray 

(Conch. Ind. pi. 37, fig. 7); spire peculiarly short, apex verj' 

obtuse and flattened, always eroded, but not decollated; whorls

BITlIi'NIA. 73 

3|, the last obliquely produced ; always imperforate, both in very 

young and very old shells ; margins of aperture entire, broadly 

reflected, produced aud angled at base, outer margin rounded ; 

epidermis dark olive-green; under the lens a minute spiral 

sculpture can be detected. Young specimens invariably show 

a sort of varix, formed probably at ai~period when their growth 

is arrfested by some cause, this varix becoming absorbed in adult 

specimens. 

Alt. 8'7o, diam maj. 6 ; alt. anfract. ult. 7 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 5-25, diam. 3 nun. 

.Hah. Yaylaymaw, ? Upper Burma. 

" This species can easily be distinguished from the Indian 

B. cerameopoma and B. lutea; it is imperforate, has fewer whorls, 

a shorter and more obtuse spire, the columellar margin is less 

acutely angled at base, the epidermis green instead of brown." 

The original dimensions given by IS'evill are quoted below, 

though some of them are not intelligible. 

"Long. max. 8|, min. 71, diam. max. 6, min. 7| mil., long, 

anfract. ult. 7 ; long, apert. o\, diam. 3 mil." 

145. Bithynia pulchella (Benson). 

mthynia pulchella (Benson), .7. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 746 (as 

Paludina) ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 38, figs. 5, 6. 

p = Valveta, no. 9, Hutton, J. A. S. B. iii, p. 90. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-coniea leviter striata, epidermide 

olivacea, anfractibus rotundatis, suturis depressis. Aperturse 

peritremate nigrescente; umbilico arco. 

Alt. 7'25 mm. 

Hab. Sylhet (Conch. Ind.). 

Nevill designates two new varieties in his ' Hand List of 

Mollusca in the Indian Museum,' p. 35, but without descriptions, 

as follows':— 

Var. obtusa. 

Hah. Port Canning {Stoliczlca). 

Var. pusilla. 

Presumably a stunted form. 

Alt. 6'5, diam. 4'5 mm. 

Hah. Perozpur (Temple). 

146. Bithynia suhpulchella, Nevill. 

Bithynia subpulchella, Nevill, J. A. S, B. I, pt. 2, p, 157, pi. 0, 

fig. 12. 

Original description:—[Shell] narrowly rimate, conically ventricose, 

of rather thin substance, slightly transparent, without

74 PALU"DESTEiyiD,T3. 

sculpture, almost white, with a veiy slight hrowuish tinge here 

and there, suture very distinct, spire eloiigatelj^ drawn out, apex 

rather obtvise; whorls 4g, convexly ventricose, the last one 

tumidly and globosely swollen, about the same size as the others 

together, a distinct opaque varix ou the left-hand side (away 

from the aperture) on each side of the two last whorls ; aperture 

nearly round, not oblique, with scarcely thickened, convex, 

peristome, and columellar margin nearly straight, subangulate 

at base. 

Very variable in size. Type : Alt. 6, diam. 4 mm. 

Hab. Kutch. 


A thinner form designated by Nevill, var. tenuinr, also occurs 

in the same locality, 

147. Bithynia inconspicua, Dohm. 

Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 123 ; H. & T., 0. I. 

pi. 37, figs. 5, 6. 

Original description ;—Testa obloiigo-conica, tenera, alba vel 

fulva, pellucida ; spira acuta; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, sub » 

lente leviter longitudinaliter striati; apertura oblonga. Operculum 

testaceum, concentricum. 


Aperture: alt. 2'5, diam. 1'75 mm. 

Ilah. Ceylon. 

148. Bithynia orcula, Benson. 

Bithynia orcxda, Benson, jUSS. in Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zuol.-bot. 

. Wien, 1862, p. 1154; H. &. T., C. 1. pi. 38, iigs. 8, 9. 

Shell very convex, globosely conic, scarcely perforate, milkwhite, 

smooth though httle polished; wliorls 4, slightly rounded 

with the exception of the last which is considerably swollen; 

aperture large, roundly ovate ; columellar margin somewhat 

reflexed; operculum weakly convolute, rather concave with 

central nucleus. 

Alt. 6'4, diam. 5 mm. 

Hab. Purneah (Con. Icon.). 

Nevill in his ' Hand List,' pp. 36-37, cites several varieties 

without other descriptions than those contained in the names 

themselves ; these are as below :— 

Var. minor. 

Eah. Orissa {'Ball). 

Var. prcducta. 

Hab. Sambhar and Salt-Lakes (Sloliczka'):, Jamalpur (-S;o?(«/i-a); 

Ferozpur {Ttnqde). 

The dimensions of the latter are :—Alt. 7, diam. 5-25 mm.

Var. parvula. 

Hah. Moradiibad ; Jaunpur. 

Var. acuminata. 

BITIIYXIA. 

Hab. Andamsinti"! (Eoepstorff). 

149. Bithynia nassa, Theohald. 

Bithynia nassa, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xxxiv, pt. 2, 18R5, p. 275 ; 

op. cit., xxxix, pt. 2, p. 404, pi. 18, fig. 8; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 37, 

figs. 8, 9. 

Original description :—Testa elongata, f iirbinata, polita, diaphana, 

solidiuscula. Labio expansiusculo, pliya callosa externa munita. 

Anfractibus quinqne. 

Alt. 10-25, diam. 6-25 mm. 

Hab. Shaa States. 

A supplementary and fuller description is given in the Journ. 

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxix, as follows :— 

Testa elongate turrita, polita, diapliana, solidiuscula, imperforata; 

anfractibus 6, lente convexis, sutura simplici junctis, 

striis exilissimis inorementi tectis ; ultimo basi convexiusculo ; 

spira breviore ; apertura siibovata, intus lasvi, supra (vel postice) 

acute angulata, antice rotundata, sensiin producfa; labio et labro 

leviter curvatis, prime paulo incrassato, altero acuto, margine 

tenui, extra prope mai'giiiem costa solidiuscula crassa instructo ; 

operculo testaceo, ovato, concentrice striate, nucleo subcentrali. 

Alt. 8'5, diam. maj. 6-25 mm. 

Aperture : ait. 4-75, diam. 3-25 mm. 

Hab. Shan States. 

150. Bithynia laevis, Morelet. 

Bitliynia Icevis, Morelet, Ser. Conclj. iv, 1876, p. 313, pi. 13, fig. q 

(as Bithinia kevis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 38. 

Original description : — Testa superficialiter arcuato-rimata, 

conico-oblonga, corneo-rubella vel lutescens, lineolis spadiceis, 

distantibus, longitudinaliter notata, nitida, lievis, apice trunca- 

•tiila; anfr. 5| convexiuseuli, sutura simplici juncti, ultimus 

ventriculosus, circa rimam compressus: apertura ovalis, basi 

angulata, intus albido-tcerulea, marginibus crassioribus, obtusiusculis, 

fusco anguste linibatis, oolumellari strictim dilatato. 

Operculum testaceum, pagina interna homogenea, alba, externa 

concaviuscula, epidermide i'ulva, concentrice striata iuduta, nucleo 

subcentrali. 


Aperture: alt. 4-5 mm. 

Hab. Siam, Cochin China {Morelet); Damotha, Moulmein 

(^fStoliczJca (^' Sichlhofen).

76 rAlTJBESTIlIICIDJi:. 

151. Bitliynia goniomphalos (Mor 

JBithyida goniomphalos (Morelet), Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1866, p. 167 

(as Paliidma); Ser. Conch, iii, pi. 13, tig. 4. 

Bithynia irmoadica, Blanford, P.' Z. S. 1869, p. 446: II. & T.,'C. I. 

pi. 37, fig. 10 (as Bythinia ircnvadica); Nevill, in J. Anderson's 

Anat. & Zool. Researches during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878 

[1879], p. 890. 

Original description:—Tesla rimato-perforata, oblongo-conoidea, 

solidula, sub lente subtilissime decussata, parum nitens, viridif 

usca; epira elongato-conica, apice tnincata, anfr. superst. 4| 

convexi, ultiinus circa pert'orationem compresso-carinatus, spiram 

non sequans; apertura ovalis, basi angulata, intus lilacina, margiriibus 

fusoo anguste liinbatis. Operculum testaceum, extus 

concentriee lamelloso-striatum, intus candidum. 


/lab. Cochin China {Morelet); marshes and rivers round 

Mandalay (Blanford). 

152. Bitliynia evezardi, Blanford. 

Bithynia evezardi, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 220; Nevill, 

op. cit. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 6, tig. 13. 

Original description:—Shell narrovi'ly umbilicate, ovately conical, 

solid surrounded hy regular spiral impressed lines rather c.lose 

together, whitish horny, covered with an olive epidermis. Spire 

conical, apex eroded, suture deeply impressed. Whorls remaining 

3 (in a perfect shell about 4 to 5\ rounded, the last 

about half the whole length, moderately ventricose, angulately 

compressed at the base around the umbilicus, which is conical 

and smooth inside. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, subangulate 

in front at the base and at the posterior extremity ; peristome 

simple, straight, obtuse ; operculum normal. 

Alt. 3-75, diam. maj. 3-25, diam. min. 2 mm. 


Hab. Lanowlee (Lanaoli), on the r.ailway-line between Bombay 

nnd Poena, a few miles east or Khandalla at the top of the 

Bor-gliafc. 

153. Bithynia pygmaea, Preston. 

Bithynia pygnusa, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 45, fig. 

in text. 

Original description :—Shell ovately fusiform, dark'olive-brown; 

whorls 3|, convex, smooth; sutures well impressed; aperture 

oval; peristome simple, continuous; umbiliclas narrow; operculum 

shelly, spiral with central nupleus. 

Alti 3-25, diam. maj. 2 mm.

Aperture: Tilt. 1'75, diam. 1 mm. 

Hah. Myetmyo, Burma. 


154. Bithynia stenothyroides, Bohm. 

BITHTNIA. 77 

Bithynia stetiothi/roides. Dolirn, P. Z. S. 18-57, p. 123; H. & T. 

C. I. pi. 38, figf. 7, 10. 

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel fulva, 

pellucida, nitida; aiifractus 4-5 conve.xiuseuli, uJtiraus efflatus, 

ventricosus, ad basin leviter f-arinatus, antice descendens ; sutura 

simplex; ap*tura oblongo-ovata, parum foarctata, ad basin acuta, 

alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum, crassum, coneentrice 

striatum. 

Alt. 5'5, diam. 4*75 mm. 


Hah. Ceylon ; Nilgherries. 

'• This species bus some characters oF Stenotliyra. The last 

whorl is unusually great, the mouth somewhat coritracted, but 

the general aspect is that of Bithynia." 

Nevill gives the following variety as new, but without other 

description than the mere name (Hand List Moll, in Ind. Mus., 

Calcutta, pt. 2, p. 37):— 

Yar. biangulata. 

Hah. Madras. 

155: Bithynia troscheli (Paasch). 

Bithynia troscheli (Paasch), Archiv fiir Naturg., Berlin, 1842, 

p. 300, pi. fi, iigs. A-D (as Paludina). 

Faludina simiiis, Boll. Moll. Arch. Ver. Freunde Nature., Mecklenburg, 

V, 1851, p. 102; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 40.' 

Shell small, ovately fusiform; whorls 4-5, vouvex; suture 

rather deep ; labrum continuous ; aperture ovate. 

Alt. 5-5, diam. 4-25 mm. 

Hah. Europe ; Kashmir. 

"All the Kashmir specimens are decollate; the who'rls are 

even more convexly rounded than usual." {Nevilh) 

Subgenus FOSSARULUS. 

Fossandiis, Neumayr, Jalirb. Geol. Peichs. Anst., "Wien, 1309 

p. 361. 

5^YPE, F. stachei, Neumayr : Miocene of Dalmatia. 

llamje. India.

S PAI.IIBESTKIXIDJB. 

Original descviption:—Testa parva, subglobosa, rimata, longitudioaliter 

nodoso-eostata; apertura late ovata, superne et ad 

basin efiusa : peristomate continuo, incrassato, duplicato. 

156. Bithynia (? Possarulus) costigera, Kiister. 

Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Paludlna, 

p. 33, pi. 7, figs. 18, 19. 

Valvata sulcata, Eyd. & Soul, Vov. ' Bonite,' Zool. p. 517, pi. 31, 

figs. 19-yi; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 151, fig. 10. 

Original description :—Testa perforato-rimata, ovato-conica, 

turrita, solidula, pallida flava ; spira acuta; ant'ractibus 6 con- 

A'exis, subtilifcer concentrice lineatis, loiigitudinaliter stfiatis, 

superne planulatis ; superioribus lineis tribus, ultimo numerosis 

lineis elevatis, trans^êrsis obsitis ; apertura subrotunda, peristomate 

recto, margine angulato. 

Alt. 7*5, diam. 5-5 mm. 

Jlab. Bengal. 

Var. curta, Mvill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 42. 

A short form, apparently constant, with the spire less pi-oduced 

or exserted. 

Alt. 6-5, diam. 5-5 mm. 

Ilab. Bangalore. 

Subgenus HYDROBIOIDES. 

Jlydrobioides, Nevill, Hand List, 1881, pt. 2, p. 42. 

TYPE, Bithynia'! turt-ita, Blanford ; Burma. 

liange. India ; Burma. 

Shell sohd, turrite, rimato ; aperture ovate ; the margins of the 

peristome united by a parietal callus. 

157. ? Bithynia (Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford). 

? Bithynia (HydrobioiOes) turrita (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 446 

(as Fairbankia (an BithyniaJ). 

Bithxjnia turrita, Nevill, in J. Anderson's Anat. & Zool. Hesearches 

during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878 [1879], p. 890, pi. 80, 

figs. 4, 4 a. 

Original description:—Testa subpert'orata, turrita, sohdnla, 

fulva, glabra, nitidula. Spira elongato-couica, sutura impressa. 

Anfr. 7, convex!, ultimus antice subascendens, subttis rotundatus. 

Apertura ovata, postice vix angulala, varice externa medioeri 

instructa; peristoma undique expansiusculum, marginibus callo, 

juii,ctis, exteruo leviter arcuato, columellari obliquo, antice cum 

basali subaugulatim juncto. Operc.— ?

Alt. 0-25, diam. 3 nun. 

Aperture : alt. 2'5, dian!. 1'75 mm. 

Hah. Kyoukporig, Eiver Irawad^'. 

STEXOTIIVEA. 79 

Subfamily STENOTHYRIXvE. 

Foot simple; radula of ]iii}iy,nia : operculum e.'ilcareoiis, spiral. 

DistrihuiioH. S. and E. Asia; N. Australia (liecent): Eocene 

of Europe (Eossil). 

Genus STENOTHYEA. 

Stenothijra, Benson, A. iM. N. H. sev. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496. 

Nematura, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 781 ^not of Fischer, 

genus Orthopt., 1813). 

TYPE, S. deltce, Benson ;.,6angetic Delta. 

liiim/e. S. & E. Asia; N.E. Australia. 

Original description.—Animal. Caput tentaculis duobus setaceis 

oculis postice prope bases tentaeulorum sessilibus; proboscide 

elongata, cflindracea, extensili. Pes ovato-oblougiis, medio ventricosus, 

postice angustatus, acuminatus, processu brevi filit'ormi 

subito desinens ; antice expansus, medio profunde emarginatus; 

ala utroque latere porrecta late angustata, acuminata. 

Testa ovata, ventricosa, a latere coinpressa, ultimo anfractu 

insuper aperturam angulato, deflexo. Apertura Integra constriota, 

orbiculari, supra vix angulata; peritremate acuto leviter intus 

iucrassato. Operculo teuui in spiram plenam convolute. 

158. Stenothyra deltse (Benson). 

Stenoihyra deltce (Benson), J. A. S. B. T, 1836, p. 781 (as 

NemaUtra) ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 499; Sowerby, 

jMag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth's series) i, 1837 (as NemaUira) ; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 37, iig. 2. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-conica, a lateribus tumida, 

lutescente, ultimo anfractu ventricoso, majori omnibus oblique 

ininvite striatis; spiva brevi, apice acuto; vunbilico evanescente. 

All. 6 mm. . 

Jfab. Gauges Delta. 

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 43. 

Alt. 4, diam. 2-5 mm. 

Hah. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-]\Iason). 

Subvar. minima, Nevill, tom. cit. 

jflt. 2-75, diam. 1'75 mm. 

Hub. Port Canning {Nevill, Wood-21ason).

80 PALTJDESTEINIDJE. 

159. Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevlll. 

Stenothyra hunyerfovdiana, Ne\4n, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159; 

op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig-. 9. 

Original description:—Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-elongata, 

solidiuscula, viridula, vix nitida (sab lente), lineis iinpressis ac 

dense punctioulatis confertiin cinf;iilata; spira panlukim elongata, 

ovato-eonvexa, apice obtuso, sutnra profunda ac obsoleta inarginata 

; anfr. 4, convexi, ultiums compresse ovuliformis, antice 

subapplanatus, valde (lescendens; apertura perpusilla, suboblique 

rotund ato-ovata, superne leviter angulata, sulco profundiori ab 

ani'ractu ventrali separata, peristomate obtuso. 

Alt. 2-5, diam. 1-5 mm. 

Hab. Andaman Islands. 

" This is one of tte most distinct and interesting species of the 

genus as yet discovered ; the few imperforate whorls, -with markedly 

obtuse apex ; the distinct, though minute, close punctnlation ; the 

unusually convex whorls, with the remarliable long, compressed, 

slightly flattened, and egg-shaped last'whorl are all good chnracters. 

The suture is very distinct and, on the last whorl, distinctly 

marginate below. The operculum is normal." ^^ 

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta. « 

160. Stenothyra monilifera, Benson. 

Stenothyra motiilifera^ Benson, A. M. N. [T. sor. 2, xvii, 18156, 

p. 497 ; Blanford, Cent. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, pi. 2, fig-. 15 ; H. & T., 

0. I. pi. 37, fig. 4 (as Nematura in Index). / 

Original description.—Testa subperforato-riinata, oblongo-ovata, 

compressiuscula, nitidiuscula, sulois coufertioribus, dense pijncti* 

culatis, spiralibus impressa, fusco-cornea, fascia pallida supra, 

mediam ornata, versus apicem obtusulum hyalinum rubente, spira 

convexo-conica, sutura profunda, cannliuulata; aufractibus 4i convexis, 

ultimo subsoluto, ^ te5ta3 seqnante, antice valde deseendente, 

subtus rotundato, periomphalo subcompiffesso •, apertura obliqua 

diagonal!, rotundato-ovali, sules profundiori ab anfi;^ctu penultim© 

divisa, peristomate obtusulo, callo parietfdi superne splum conspicuo. 

Operculo corneo-pellucido, apice ad dexkram spectante. 

Alt. 4'5, diam. 3 mm. ' ^ ' 

Hab. Mergui; Pegu. 

161. Stenothyra foveolata, Benson. 

Stenothyra foveolata, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, 

p. 4971; it. & T., 0.1, pi. 37, tig. 3 (as Nematura in Index). 

Original description.—Testa vix rimata, ovato-acuta, spiraliter 

foveolato-striata, striis versus basin confertissimis, spira conica, 

apice acuto, sutura mediocri; aufractibus 5 convexiusciilis, nltiuio 

at ventrem planiusculo, \ testa) asquante, antice deseendente, basi

STENOTHYEA. 81 

l-otundato ; apertura obliqua. rohmdato-ovata, peristomate obtuso, 

margins parietal! sulco mediocri ab anfractu ventrali separate. 

Operculo — ? 

Alt. 5, diam. 3-25 mm. 

Hah. Ganges, near Sikrigali, Bengal. 

Nevill cites a var. minor (Hand List, p. 44) also from Sikrigalij 

162, Stenothyra blanfordiana, Jêvill. 

Sienothyra blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B, xlix, pt. 2j p. 160) 

op. cit., 1, pt.'2, p. 156, pi. 7, tig. 10. 

Original description:—Testa minima, eiiperficie rimata, subventricoso-ovata, 

vix solidiuscula, nitida, l£Bvis, pallide corneaj 

subpellucida ; spira subacuta, apice minuto, subobtuso; anfr. 4|, 

couvexi, ultimus magnus, subsolutus, tumide-ventricosus, subbiangulatus, 

antiee subapplanatiis; apertura subovalis, paululum 

postice retrorsa, peristomate continuo, siiperne ahgulato. Oper^ 

tiultim ovale, stiperne leviter aeuminatum, \ix crassivisciiliam, 

subtranslucidum, spirale, apice subcentrali, interne testaceocostatum. 

Alt. 3-1, diam. 2-1 mm. 

Hah. Lake Chilka (type); also Port Canning and Madras. 

Of the operculum the author further states ; " it is oral, semitransparent, 

spiral, of few whorls, with the apex also central, on 

the inner side three ridges, one semicircular and two short ones 

with a slight S-curyature, for the attachment of the animal. 

" The species is somewhat variable, especially as regards size 

and the greater or less distinctness of the aiigulation of the last 

whorl. Specimens from Port Canning agree better with the above^ 

described typical form than do those from Madras." 

The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 

168. Stenothyra minima {SowerbT/). 

Sienothyra minima (Sowerby), in Mag. Nat. Hist, (Charles-North's 

series), i, 1887, p. 217, fig, '221 (as Nematura); Adams, P. Z. S. 

1851, p. 22^ (as Nematura) ; BeDson, A. M. N. H. set. 2, xvii, 

18.56, p. 601; H. & T., 0. L pi. 37, flg. 1. 

Original description:—Testa parva, cornea, semipellucida, ovali, 

spii'a subproducta; polita, fasciis rufis subobsoletis ornata; apertura 

orbiculari, peritremate simplici. 

Alt. 8 mm. 

Hab. Western India ; Lake Chilka, 

164. Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill. 

Stenothyra tvoodmasoniana, ivoodmasoniana, Neyill, Neyill, J. J. A A. S, B. xlix/ pt. 2, p, 159 J 

op, cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pi. 7, fig. 8. 

Original deseri2)tion -.—Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-acnta

ez PALUBESTEINIDiE. 

solida, crassa, pallide viridula, polita, nitida (sub lente), obsolete 

submalleata ; spira aculeiformis, subconcava, producta, apice peracutissimo; 

anfr. 6, baud convexi, ultimus pertumidus, medio 

subangulatus, basi applanatus, antice ad aperturam abrupte et 

valide deflectus; apertura percontracta, perfecte rotundata, marginibus 

continuis, valide incrassatis. 

Alt. 3'5, diani. 2 mm. 

Hab. Port Canning. 

" This interesting form is easily recognized by the very acute 

and concavely-exeavated spire, the subangulate last whorl, 

flattened round the umbilical region; it is not spirally pitted, 

as in most species of the genus, but appears absolutely malleated 

or indented under a powerful lens." 


165. Stenothyra cMlkaensis, Preston. 

Stenothyra chilkaensis, Pieston, Eec. Ind. Mas., Calcutta, x, 1914, 

p. 300, fig. oil p. 298. 

Shell minutely rimate, ovate, yellowish brown; whorls 5, the 

first very small, the second large in proportion, the last also 

large, convex, without sculpture; suture well impressed; perforation 

reduced to a very narrow chink; labrum continuous; 

aperture oblique, ovate. 

Alt. 2-75, diam. maj. 2 (neajly), diam. min. 1-5 mm. 

Bab. Barkul, Lake Chilka, Orissa, among weeds at the edge of 

the lake. 

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 

166. Stenothyra orissaensis, Preston. 

Stenothyra orissaensis, Preston, torn, cit. 

Shell small, narrowly perforate, ovately turbinate, pale greenish 

yellow ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, smooth, but for growth 

markings, the last convex and rapidly descending in front; 

labrum continuous, slightly erect; aperture strangulate, oblique, 

oval. 

Alt. 2-25, diam. maj., I'o mm. 

Hab, Off Satpara, Lake Chilka, Orissa, at a depth of from 4 to 

6 feet, close in shore (type); dead specimens were also taken at 

Manikpatua at a depth of 4 feet. 

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

TITIPAEIDyE, 83 

Family VIVIPARID^. 

Subfamily VIVIPARIN^. 

Shell turbinate, subperl'orate or imperforate; wliorls more or 

less couvex ; operculum horny, concentric with excentric sublateraL 

uucleus placed near the inner margiu. 

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and N. America. 

Genus VIVIPARA. 

Visipara, de MontfoTt, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 247, as Viviparus, 

emend. Dupuy, Hist. nat. des Moll. . . . qui viveiit eu i'rance, 

1851, p. .534. 

Paludiim, auct. 

TrPB, V.fluviorum, de Montf. {yivipara, Linn.); Europe. 

Bange. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; N. America. 

Shell conoidal, rather thin, with obtuse apex ; whorls convex ; 

labrum not sinuous; operculum horny with sublateral nucleus. 

Animal having the foot moderately large ; tentacles long ; right 

cervical lobe very large and bent back to form a groove ; teeth ot 

the radula iinely crenellated on their reflexed margin. 

167. Yivipara bengalensis {Lamarch). 

Viuipara bengaknsis (Lamarck), Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desli.), viii, 

p. 513; Deles. Rec. Coq., Lam. pi. 31, tig. 2 (as Paludina); 

lleeve, Oon. Icon., Paludina, sp, 5; Kiister, ed. Cliemn., Paludina, 

tigs. 16, 16. 

Paludina elongata, Swains. Zool. III. ser. 1, pi. 98, top. 

Paludina lineata, Valenc. in Humb. & Bonpl. Voy., Zool. ii, p. 25-5 ; 

II. & T,, 0. L pi. 76, tigs. 8, 9, 10. 

Original description:—Testa ventricosa, ovato-aeuta, tenui, 

virescente; transversim fusco-lineata ; striis exilissimis decussatis ; 

spira conica ; anfractibus septenis, convexis. 

To supplement the above, Beeve's description is given below. 

Shell elevatedly conical, thin, greenish, shining lineated and 

narrowly banded with dark-green; whorls convex, smooth, very 

minutely decussately striated. 

Alt. 38, diam. 24; mm. (fig. 5 a in Conch. Icon.). 

Alt. 44, diam. 29'5 mm. (fig. 5 b in Conch. Icon.). 

Sab. North-West-Provinces of Hindostan. 

A shining pale-green shell, banded and lineated throughout 

with dark green, sometimes turning to rusty-brown. The surface 

is very minutely engraved with impressed spiral striDS, decussating 

slightly-raised longitudinal striae, which are strise of growth. 

Vâr. balteata (Benson), J. A. S. B. 1836, pt. 2, p. 745 ; lYevill, 


JIab. Silchar, etc.; Cachar. 

G2

84 VJYIPARJD^. 

Var. fasciis-elevatiusculis. 

Hah. Sylhet (5««so)() ; Silchar and Cacliar (TFoo(Z-j1/a«ow). 

Var. phaeostoma {Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21 (without 

description). 

Presumably a dark-lipped form. 

Hah. Calcutta. 

Var. gigantea {Reeve), van den Busch, MS., in Eeeve, Con. 

Icon, sp, 7 (as Paludina gigantea) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21. 

Original description :—Shell elevately conical, rather ventricose, 

pale green, moro or less obscurely banded and lineated with dark 

green, whorls obtusely swollen round the upper part, then rounded, 

decussately very minutely striated, longitudinal strire numerous, 

close-set. 

Alt. 54, diam. 37'5 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.). 

Hah. Hengal (Jieeve) ; D'ma,\)\iv {Mainivaring). 

168. Vivipara doliaris {Gould). 

Vivipara doliaris (Gould), Proc. Best. See. Nat. Hist, i, p. 144 (as 

Paludina); Otia Conch, p. 191; Keeve, Con. I 

sp. 1 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 77, lig. 6. 

Original description :— Testa tenui conico - globosa, luteoviridescente, 

arctissime umbilical a; anfract. 5 ventricosis, striis 

minutissimis reticulatis, costulis numerosis inequalibus, purpureis, 

cinctis; apertura sub-circulari; columella reflexa, non appressa, 

alba ; labiis postice disjunctis. 

Alt. 28, diam. 22-5 mm. 

Hab. British Burma (Conch. Tnd.), 

169. Vivipara oxytropis {Benson). 

Vivipara oxytropis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 745 (as 

Paludina) ; Reeve, Con. Icon,, Paludina, sp. 9. 

Paludina pyramidata, Philippi, Ab. N. Conch, i, Paludina, pi. ], 

figs. 3,4; Kiister, ed. Cbeum., Paludina, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2 ; H. & T., 

0. I. pi. 76, fig. 5. 

Original description:—Testa tenui ovato-conica olivacea, decussatim 

striata; anfractibus superne carinis plurimis fuscis ornatis, 

ultimi carina media saliente subacuta ; interne faseiis quibusdam 

elevatiusculis f uscis; suturis inconspicuis ; apice acuta ; canali 

urbbilicali e.xcaVato; apertura intus violacea, peristomate acuto, 

nigro. 

All. 42, diam. 32-5 mm. 

Hah. Bengal.

170. Vivipara naticoides (2'Aeo6aW). 

VIVIPARA. 85 

Vm'para naticoides(Theohuld), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, p. 274, 

pi. 9, figs. ], 2, 3 (as Paludina naticoides); H. & T., 0. I. pi. 76, 

figs. 1, 4. 

Original description:—Testa turbinata,siib-polita,solida, pallide 

flavesceiite cornea ad peripheriam carina munita; marginibus 

callo junctis, callo columellari non raro valde incrassato, 

umbilicum obtegente. 

Alt. 33, diam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. 1 in Conch. Ind.). 

Alt. 34-5, diam. 24 mm. (taken from fig. 4 in Conch. Ind.). 

Hah. Shan States. 

Var. concolor {Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 25. 

Of a light, uniform, olire-green colour; whorls not so exserted 

as usual, last one less swollen in proportion, more regularly and 

globosely swollen, with a single, somewhat inconspicuous, raised 

i-idge at the peripliery; aperture small, with the outer margin 

regularly rounded. 

Alt. 25-75, diairj. 18 mm. 

Hah. Upper Salween (type) (Theobald). 

Var. carinata (Theobald), tom. cit. p. 275. 

Original description:—Var. carinata. Carinis quatuor foi'tissimis 

supra munitur, et infra peripheriam sex vel quinque Ifflvioribus; 

colore albido ; epiderraide flavescente, fasciis jionuullis castaueis 

interdum ornata. 

Aiti 35, diam. 25 mm. 

Hah. Shan States. 

" These two varieties pass into each other, but the peculiar 

columellar callus is pretty constant in all specimens. But for 

this character, some of the smooth variety might be referred to 

P. hengaleiisis, which is an extremely variable species. 

" The strongly corded var. is well marked, but I have preferred 

taking the smooth shell as the type of the species, and have 

regarded the keeled individuals as hypertrophied, placing the 

greatest value, as a specific character, on the columellar callus, 

occurring in both varieties." 

A^'ar. fasciata (Theobald), tom. cit. & Cat. MolL, Fasc. E, p. 34. 

Original description:—Varietas fasciata, fasciis duabus castaneis 

ornatur, hac superperipheriali, ilia juxta suturam posita. Anfractu 

ultimo tertia notest a carina paulum remota. Callo flavescente, 

ore interiori coerulescente. Anfractibus (5|. 

Alt. 36, diam. 27"5 mm. 

Hah. Shan States.

«0 TlVIPAKIDiE. 

171. Vivipara theobaldi, KoLelt. 

Vivipara tTieohaldi, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Concli.-Cali. 

1907, p. 151, pi. 30, figs. 10, 11. 

Original description:—Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, tennis, 

baud nitens, unicolor fusco-olivacea vel subnigrans, subtiliter 

sttiatula, plerv\mqv\6 limo fern^gineo adliserente iuduta,' apice 

nigricante. Spira conica, apioe acuto, sutura parum iropressa. 

Anfractus 7, siiperi convesi, inferi supra planati et angiilati, 

carinis spiralibus plus minusve distinotis 3 cincti, ultimns acute 

cariiiatus, carina versus aperturara distinctiore et subtuberculata, 

utrinque convexus, carinulis tribus superioribus, prima et secunda 

niagis approximatis, duabiis inferis minoribus cinctus, antice 

descendens, basi irregulariter eostato-suleatus, spirae altitudinem 

superans. Apertura parum obliqua, basi recedens, ovata, supra 

acutiuscula, faucibus ccerulescentibus, vix fasciatis; peristoma 

callo angusta nigro-marginato continuum, margine exteruo vix 

incrassato, extus ad carinam angulato, columellari calloso, distinete 

duplici sed parum incrassato, albo, nigro-marginato. 

Alt. 31-5, diam. 24 mm. 


Hah. Burma {Moellendorff Coll.). 

172. Vivipara crassa (ffutton). 

Vivipara crassa (Hutton), MSS. in Benson, J. A. S. B, v, 1830, 

p. 745 (as Paludina); Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 33. 

Taludina ohtvsa, Troschel, Wiegniann's Arch. Nat. Hist. 1837, 

p. 178; Philippi, N. Conch, i, p. 116, pL 1. fi

VIVIPABA. 87 

Var. tezpurensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 35. 

"A very interesting form, almost exactly intermediate between 

P. crassa and P. siamensis. Spire much shorter than in typical 

form, and only a little more produced than in the Siam species ; 

whorls more globose; aperture less deflected, umbilicus less open, 

sculpture more distinctly malleated " 

Alt. 17'5, diam. lo"5 mm. 

Aperture: alt. 9'5, diam. 11-5 mm. 

Hab. Tezpur. • 

173. Vivipara siamensis (Frav.enfeld). 

Vivipara siamensis (Frauenfeld), Verli. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1865, 

p. 531, pi. 22,; Nevill, S. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 32, & op. cit. 1, 

p. 32. 

Shell solid, aeuminately conic, flattened below, widely perforate, 

somewhat polished, very pale olive-green, margins of the 

upper whorls almost whitish, the third and fourth convolutions 

tinged with purplish-brown ; whorls 5, very convex, though 

somewhat flattened in the sutural region, marked wirh faint 

growth lines which show darkly here and there and sculptured 

with weak, interrupted, spiral striae ; aperture large, broad ; 

labrum thick, black ; interior of shell white ; operculum thin, 

pale brownish, with very excentric nucleus. 


Aperture : alt. (including the labrum) 17'5, diam. 14-5 mm. 

llah. Siam. 

Var. burmauica {Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26. 

Original description :—A very small variety; spire short, apex 

obtuse, with the whorls even less acute and exserted, the last one 

larger in proportion and more globosely swollen, with the keel 

round the umbilicus obsolete ; aperture more contracted, that is, 

less dilately expanded; colouration of epidermis and the black 

peristome exactly similar. 


Hah. Prome, on the Irawady (type) {Theobald); Tenasserim 

Province {Limborcj); Taylaymavv, tipper Burma {Anderson). 

174. Vivipara dissimilis {Mutter). 

Vivipara dissimilis (Midler), Verm. pt. 2, p. 184 (as Nerifa.); 

. Schroter, Einleit. Conch, ii, p. 253, pi. 4, iig. 10 (Nerita). 

Helix dissimilis, Gmelin, Sysl.. Nat. 3647 ; Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. 

p. 941 {Nerita). 

Paludina refuossit, Kiister (not Philippi), ed. Chemn., Pahcdina, 

p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18; 11. & T., C. 1. pi. 77, figs. 3, 4. 

Original description :—Testa pellucida glabra f uscescente-alba ; 

albido maxime in inferiore anfractus parte conspicitur, quasi

So TIVIP.VIlIDyE, 

fascia lata alba cincta esset. Anfractus sex eonvexitate inter 

viviparam. et fusciatam media,. Apertura distinguitur margine 

minus acuto, nigro, nitido. Operculum pellucidum luteo-fuscum, 

nitidum. 

Alt. 28, diam. 20 mm. (from fig. 3, pi. 77 in Conch. Ind.). 

Bab. Tanks, near Calcutta; Kondooruwave, etc. (Conch. Ind.), 

Var. sindiea {Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 28, 

•',... not decollate, 6 whorls, almost colourless," 

Alt. 32, diam. 21-75 mm. 

Hob. Sind ; Kathiawar (Fedden), 

Var. subumbilicata {NevUl), tom. cit. 

Columella straighter than usual, only slightly edged with black ; 

distinctly openly rimafce, almost umbilicate ; slightly more convex 

whorls, the last one almost perfectly rounded ; belt at periphery 

less distinct than in typical form, substance of shell a trifle 

thicker and less brightly coloured. 

Hah. Ferozpur {Temple). 

Var. assamensis (Nevill), tom. cit. 

Original description :—This is a well-marked and characteristic 

variety, easily distinguished from all the preceding forms by the 

turreted and remarkably produced spire, the cylindrical instead of 

convex whorls ; the deep, uniform green colour, the last whorl 

and aperture much smaller and more contracted in proportion, 

the latter less everted; periphery subangulate, with the belt 

obsolete ; scarcely rimate ; peristome black. 

Alt. 22-76, diam. 16 mm.; slightly decollate. 

Hab. Tezpore, etc., Assam (type) (StoliozJca, Oldham); Jamal' 

pur? (Stoliczka); Silcuri, Cacliar (iVood-Mason). 

Var. 'bhamoensis {Neuill), tom. cit. p. 29. 

'' An interesting small form of the preceding, with shorter and 

less produced spire . . . ." 

Alt. 17-25, diam. 13-75 mm.; slightly decollate. 

Var, kutchensis {Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fasc, E, p. 40 (sine nom.); 

Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30 (as Paludina); Kobelt, in Martini & 

Cliemnitz, Con.ch,-Cab. 1908, p. 287, pi. 58, figs. 1-4, 

Oriqinal description :—A very fine, interesting form, with 

sculpture even more developed than in Madras specimens; no 

trace of a white band ; sharply angulate in young specimens, 

beooming more or less obsolete in adult ones, no trace of bj» 

angulation ; imperforate. 

Alt, 28, diam, 22 mm. 

Hah, Kaeh [Cutch] {StoUcsl-a),

TIVIPAHA. 89 

175. Vivipara variata (Frauenfeld). 

Vivipara variata (Frauenfeld), Verhandl. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien, 

1862, p. 1163 (as Paludina) ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 115, fig. 8. 

Shell somewhat conic, narrowly deeply umbilicate ; olive-green, 

slightly polished ; whorls 5?, not very convex, the last descending 

behind the aperture, marked with weak growth lines and sculptured 

with regular, numerous, very fine, punctate, spiral stria; 

suture well impressed ; aperture pj'riform ; interior of shell of a 

dirty bluish colour; labrum polished, black, 



Hob. Pondicherry. 

Var. pseudohelicina, Kohelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.- 

Cab. 19U8, p. 293, pi. 59, iigs. 5-8. 

Vivipara dissimilis subsp. heliciformis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30 

(nee Frauenfeld). 

Original description :-—Testa subobiecte rimata, ovata, solida, 

subtiliter striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, olivaceo-viridis ; spira 

erosa, sutura linearis. Anfractus, superst. 4-5 convexi, inferi 

supra subangulati, ultimus ad peripheriam obsolete angnlatus, 

hasi convexus, antice baud descendens. Apertura vix obliqua, 

sat angusttj ovata, supra leviter acuminata, intus cceruleo-albida, 

late, nigro-limbata; margo columellaris leviter incrassatulus. 

Alt. 20, diam, 17 mm. 

Aperture: alt. 11, diam, 9 mm. 

Hah. Pegu. 

Var. peguensis, Kohelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 

1909, p. 378, pi. 58, iigs. 7, 8. 

Original description :—Testa anguste et subobtecte umbilicata, 

ovato-globosa, spira breviter toiiica, erosa, saturate viridescentefusca, 

hie illic anguste uigro strigata, anfractibus convexis, sutura 

profunda discretis, ultimus magnus, obsoletissime angulatus, circa 

umbilicum suboompressus ; peristoma late nigrolimbatum. Operculum 

crassiusculum, extus limbo incrassata, intus disco pedali 

])rominente munitum, 



Hah. Mouljnein, Pegu. 

176. Vivipara ceylonica (Dohm). 

Vivipara ceylonica (Dohm), P. Z. S. 1867, p. 123 (as Paludina); 

Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 32 (as F. ceylaniea); H. & T., 

C, I, pi. 77, figs. 1, 2, P. ceylaniea. 

Original description-.—Testa ovalo-conica, perforata, solidiuscula,

90 TITIPAEID^. 

viridis, versus apicem fnscescens ; spira magis minusve elevata, 

exserta ; anf'ractibiis convex!, ad suturam et basin obsolete, medio 

acute carinati; spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata; sutura 

simplex, impressa ; apertura ovata, intus alba, peristoma subincrassatum, 

reflexiusculum, nigrum. 


Aperture: alt. 12*5, diam. 9 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

Var. ecarinata {Hanleij

178. Vivipara remossei (Philipjn). 

TIYIPAEA. 91 

Tivipara remossei (Philippi) (erroneously as of Benson), Abbild. 

N. Conch, ii, Pdudina, p. 134, pi. 2, fig. 3; H. & T., 0. 1. pi. 77, 

figs. 8, 9. 

Original description :—Testa anguste-perforata ; rentricosa, 

solida, laevigata, corneo-virente ; spira exserta, acutiuscula; anfr. 

seiiis parum ^convexis, superne baud aiigulatis, sutura parum 

'impressa divisis, ultimo siibangulato; apertura ovato-orbiculari, 

spiram lion seqtiante, iiigroliiiibata; labio calloso. 

Alt. 29-25, diam. 22 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 13-25 mm. 

Hub. Jounpore, Soobathur, etc. (Conch. Ind.). 

179. Vivipara digona (Blanford). 

Vivipara digona (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 (as Paludina); 

H. & T., 0. I, pi. 115, fig. 7. 

Original description :—Testa P. hengalensi persimilis, sed decussatini 

striatula, anfractibus superioribus juxta suturam angu- 

]atis; n\timo bianguhto, efc supra et ini'ra periphenaro, anguhs 

singulis fasoiis fuscis spiralibus congruentibus, zona tertia intermedia, 

altis basalibus, lineis angustioribus spiralibus interdum 

interjectis. 

. Alt. 2b-5-32, diam. 17-5-23 mm. 

Aperture -. alt. 13-17'5, diam. 10-5-14'5 mm. 

ffab. The Iraw

92 TIVIPABID.E. 

vel ovato-turrita, solidula sed parura crassa, nitida, subtiliter 

sfcriatiila, sculptura spirali inconspicua, albida, obsolete fusco 

fasciata, fascia lata in ant'ractibus superis, duabus latis in ultimo. 

Spira couica vel turrita, apioe in speciminibus extantibus i'racto, 

in erabryonalibus acutissimo ; sutura distincta sed vix impressa. 

Anfractus 7 (superstites plei-umque 5) convexi vel siibteretes, 

mediani infra sufurani plus minusve planati, ultiinus tumidus, 

rotundatus, vix descendens. Apertura ovato-rotundata, supra 

vix acuminata, intus fuscesoenti-aibida ; peristoma album, tenue, 

acutum, niargiiiibiis callo teiiui junctis, columellari leviter super 

umbilicum dilatato. Opei-CLdum intus disco pedali rugoso vix 

promiaente munitum. 


Aperture: alt 13, diam. 15'5 mm. 

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 22-5 mm. 

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 12 mm.- 

Hah. Seistan. 

182. Vivipara annandalei, Kohelt. 

Vivipara annandalei, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 

1908, p. 296, pi. 57, figs. 11, 12 (F. annendalei [sic]). 

Original descriiition :•—Testa vix rimata, ovata, tenuis, subtiliter 

striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, viridifusca, saturate fusco varie 

fasciata. Spira late cotiica, sat brevis, apice ticittissimo; sutura 

linearis, impressa. Anfractus 6 vix celeriter accrescentes, superi 

convexiuseuli, penultimus convexus, supra angulato-planatus, 

bifasciatus ultimus tumidus inflatus, supra vix planatus, medio 

obsolete angulatus, basi convexus, fasciis 4-6 lineolisque nonnuUis 

augustis ornatus, antice baud descendens. Apertura magna, 

irregulariter ovata, supra angulata, faucibus livide coBrulescentibus 

fasciis externis vix translucentibus; peristoma acutum, tenue, 

inarginibus vix callo tenuissimo junctis, externo supra producto, 

basi cum columellari levit;er dilatato et umbilicum fere obtegente 

angalum parum distinctnm formante. ' 

Alt. 26-Q, diam. maj. 21 mm. 

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 11'5 mm. 

Hah. South India? 

Var. halophila, Kohelt, tom. cit. p. 297, pi. 59, figs. 17-20 (as 

V. atinendalei halophila [sic]). 

Original description :—Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-globosa, 

summo omnino cariose-erosa, tenuis sed solidula, parum nitens, 

striatula, sub vitro fortiore vix subtitissime spiraliter sculpta, 

viridi-fusca, fasciis nigro-castaneis 4-5 cincta. Spira in speciminibus 

adultis erosa, in junioribus breviter conica apice acuto; 

sutura linearis. Anfractus 6 (persistentes 3-4), penultimus 

angulato-tabulatus, ultimus inflatus, ad peripheriam obsolete 

angulatus, fasciis fribus majoribus, 2-3 linearibus ductus, antice

VIYIPAEA., 93 

baud descendens. Apertura magna, ovata, supra acuminata, 

infra subefEusa, faucibus coerulescentibus; peristoma tenue, aoutum, 

marginibus vix junctis, columellari vix dilatato. Operculuiii 

magnum, tenue, corneum, extus concavum, disco pedali hand 

rugoso. 


Aperture: alt. 13, diaui. 11 mm. 

Hub. Salt Eange (N. India). 

183. Vivipara shanensis, Theobald. 

Vioipat'a shanen.ns, Theobald, Catalogue, 1870, p. 17 ; Kobelt, in 

Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1909, p. 411, pi. 77, Hgs. 4, 6. 

Original description:—Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, solida, 

crassa, oblique striata, in anfractibus inferis spiraliter et peculiariter 

costata, costis nodosis, nitida, virescenti-t'usea, subunicolor vel subnigro 

trifasciata. Spira elata, apice acuto, iiigro ;. sutura distincta, 

inter anfractus inferos subirregularis, impressa. Anfractus 7, 

superi 3 lentissime accrescentes, Iseves, conuluni regularum formantes, 

superi subscalati, liris spiralibus rudibus tribus primum 

IsBvibus, dein tuberculatis, sculpti; ultimusposticefcref altitudinis 

eequans, liris tuberculiferis vel seriebus tuberculorum obliquiis 

4-5 majoribus nonnuUisque minoribis cinctus, serie quarta peripherica 

peculiariter squamosa, aperturam versus supra subdeclivis, 

subangulatus, ad angulum productus, vix descendens. Apertura 

irregulariter ovalis, supra acuminata, basi valde recedens, intus 

concolor vel fasciata; peristoma callo anguste nigro-marginato 

continuum, margine externo tenui, acuto, ad peripheriam subaugulato, 

margine columellari ,calloso; dilatato, fuseo, nigromarginato, 

processum semilunarem, umbilicum omnino occludeatem 

emittente. 


Aperture : alt. 18, diam. 14-1.5 mm. 

Rah. Shan States. 

Section IniOPOMA. 

Idiopoma, Pilshrv, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, liii, 1901, 

p. 189. 

TTPB, V. (/.) Tienzadensis, Pilsbry; Burma. 

Range. C. Africa; S.E. Asia. 5, 

This section is based upon the characters of the operculum as 

given in the following description of V. (I.) Tienzadensis, Pilsbry. 

184. Vivipara (Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilshnj. 

Vivipara {Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Pr Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, liii, 1901, p. 188, pi. 5, fig. ]. 

Original description :—Shell umbilicate, broadly ovate-conic ;

94 TiviPAEiDa;. 

olive-green with some narrow slightly darker streaks ; surface 

glossy and smooth, under a lens showing fine, delicate and spaced 

spiral stria), which become crowded and somewhat granulose ou 

the base. Spire short, obtuse, the earlier whorls eroded, the 

eroded portion reddish, tipped with black. Sutures deeply impressed, 

the whorls strongly swollen just below them ; last whorl 

HUgular at the periphery in front, the angle disappearing on the 

last half whorl, which is rounded; umbilicus narrow, excavated 

behind the columellar lip, surrounded by an angle. Aperture 

oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish white inside; peristome narrowly 

expanded at the edge, blunt, black, with a blackish border inside 

and out; continuous across the parietal margin. Operculum 

chestnut-brown and slightly wrinkled outside, with a conspicuous 

raised or reflexed cuticular border; inside with a conspicuously 

raised and minutely roughened ovate area nearer the columellar 

side, radiating striae ou the outside of this area, and a raised 

border all around. 

Alt. 23, diam. 16-5-17'5 mm. 

Hob. Henzada, Burma ( Winkley). 

185. Vivipara (Idiopoma) heliciformis (Frauenfdd). 

Vivipara {Idiopoma) heliciforinis (Frauenfeld) fas Friludina], 

Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wieu, xv, 1865, p. 532, pi. 22; Zool. 

Misc. pt. 6. 

Paludina dissimilis, var. decussatula or P. decussatula, Blanford, 

P. Z. S. 18H9, p. 445 ; H. & T., C.^. pi. 77, tigs. 6,10. 

Shell aciiminately conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather solid, 

smooth, polished, pale olive-green with eight or nine more or less 

conspicuous brownish bands which disappear entirely on the 

upper whorls; whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex; suture 

well impressed; aperture oval, somewhat angled above ; interior 

of shell bluish white; peristouie acute, erect, somewhat thickened 

towards the columella. 

Alt. 20'5, diam. 14-5 mm. 


Hah. Pondicherry ; Pegu {StoliczJca). 

Tar. viridis {Reeve), Hanley MS., Eeeve, Coneli. Icon. 1862, 

sp. 20 (as Paludina viridis) ; JSTevill, J. A. S. B. 1877, pt. 2, p. 31, 

& Anderson's Zool. Yunnan Exp. 1879, pi. 80, tig. 1; JVevill, 


Original description:—Shell clavately conical, dark green, whorls 

rounded, smooth, rather constricted at the sutures, beneath the 

lens minutely decussately striated throughout. 

Alt. 39, diam.i25 mm. (fig. in Conch. Icon.). 

Ilah. Kiibyuet, Upper Burma {Anderson).

TALVATIDJB. 95 

Family VALVATID^. 

Subfamily VALVATIN.î. 

Shell umbilicate turbinate or siibdiscoidal depressed; labrum 

continuous ; operculum inultispiral. 

Distribution. Europe, N. Asia, IS". America. 

Genus VALVATA. 

Valvata, Miiller, Verm. Hist, ii, 1774, p. 198; Zool. Dan. Proiir. 

1770, p. 239. 

Buccinum, d'Arênville. 

JVeriia, Geoffroy; Miiller; Schroter; Gmelin; Alien. 

Helix, Schroter ; Gmelin; Moutagu ; Alten. 

Trochm, Schroter. 

C'l/dostoma, Drapernaud ; Voith ; Lesueur. 

Turbo, Uonovon ; Poiret; Montagu ; Turton dim. 

Valuearitis, Dum^ril. 

Paludina, Menke olim ; Michaud; Deahaj-es. 

Oijrorhis 8f Valoata, Fitziuger. 

Fofuata, Bergtt. 

TyPE, Valvata cristata, Miill.; Europe. 

Itange. Europe ; N". Asia. 

Shell umbilicate, turbinate or subdiscoldal, \vith little exserted 

spire, whorls few, not numerous; aperture circular, oblique; 

labrum continuous, thin ; operculum multispiral. 

186. Valvata piscinalis (Miiller). 

'Nerita piscinalis §• pusilla, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2 (1774), 

pp. 171-172. 

Trockus ' cristatus, Schroter, Gesch. Fluss-Conch. (1779), p. 280, 

pl.6,%. IJ. 

Helix piscinalis ^- fascicularis, Gmelin, Syst. jSTat. (1788) pp. 3627, 

S611. 

Nerita obtusa, Studer, Coxe, Trav. in Switz. iii (1789) p. 436. 

Turbo fontinalis, Pulteney, Cat. Shells Dorset. (1799), p. 45. 

Turbo cristatus, Poiret, Ooq. de I'Aisne (1801) p. 29 (not of Maton 

& Eackett). 

Cyclostoma obtusum, Draparnaud, Tabl. I\Ioll. (1801) p. 39. 

Valvata minuta, Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. (1805) p. 42, pi. 1, 

tigs. ;36-38. 

Valvata piscinalis, Ferussac, Ess. Syst. Conch. (1807) p. 75. 

Liimniea fontinalis, Fleming, Edin. Encyo. vii (1814) p. 78. 

Valoata ohiusa, Brard, Coq. Paris (1815) p. 190, pi. 0, tig. 17. 

Turbo tkermalis, Dilhvyn, Uesc. Oat. Shells (1817) p. 852. 

Valvata depresâ, C. Pleiffer, Deuts. Moll, i (1821) p. 100, pi. 4, 

lig. 33. 

Valvata moquiniana, Regnifis, Dupuy,Hist. Moll, v (1851) p. 580, 

pi. 28, fig. lo. 

The following description of this species, which is widely spread

96 YALTATlDifi.—P1LID.E. 

througliouu Europe, Siberia, and Asia Minor, is taken from Eeeve's 

" Land and Freshwater Molkisks indigenous to the 

British Isles " :— 

Shell: somewhat globosely heliciform, deeply narrowly um-bilicated, 

pale straw-colour, semitransparent but solid; whorls 

four and a half to five, depressed at the apex, longitudinally 

densely finely striated, spirally faintly ridged, ridges sometimes 

obsolete ; aperture somewhat pyriformly rounded. 

" Valvata piscinalis is almost milk-white, showing its bright 

blue-black eyes very conspicuously on the inner base of each 

tentacle." 

It is recorded from Kashmir. 

187. Valvata, (?) microscopica, Q. Nevill. 

Vahata (?) tnicroscopicii, G. Nevill, Cat. MolI.,-Fasc. E, 1877, Si 


Original description :—Shell exceedingly minute, orbicular, 

moderately thin, depressed, and diseoidal; whorls four, moderate, 

convex, with distinct suture, the last whorl increasing rapidly ; 

the shell, both above and below, rugosely and distinctly s[«rally 

striated, deeply urabilicated, with rounded and proportionately 

rather large aperture : the specimens were coated with soine thick 

black deposit; when cleaned the shell presents a brownish-red 

appearance ; the operculum examined under the microscope is 

horny and circular, of comparatively rather thick substance ; it 

appears to be multispiral, but we were not able to make out tlvw 

structure quite satisfactorily. 

Diara. 1"5 mm. 

Hab. Port Canning, in brackish water. 

Family PILIDÊ [^=:Ampullariida;\ 

Subfamily PILlN^^l. 

Shell globose, large, holostome, with calcareous operculum. 

Genus PILA- 

Pita, Bolten, Mtls. Bolten. 1798. 

Amputlaria, Lamarck, M^m. Soc. Hist. Kat. Paris, 1799, p. 76. 

TrpE, Helix ampuUacea, Linn.; MaLaysia, 

Range. S.E. Asia; C. Africa. 

Shell turbinate, globose, with little exserted spire; aperture 

oblong, oval; labrum arched, simple, occasionally reflexed j 

operculum calcareous.

PILA. 97 

188. Pila globosa (iS'w«j)i«on). \ 

nia ()litb

98 PILIDJ5. 

L89. Pila corrugata (Swainson). 

Pila corrugata (Swainson), Zool. Illust. ser. 1, iii, pi. 120 (badly 

copied in Kiister's ed. Chemn., Ampul, pi. 1, flg. 10); H. & T., 

U. I. pi. 113, fig. 2. 

Ampullaria ylobosa, Sw., var. corrugata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll., 

Ease. E, p. 2. 

Original description:—Shell globose, wrinkled, olive ; spire 

prominent, acute, the whorls ventrioose ; margin of the apertnre 

thick, fulvous, grooved ; umbilicus small, linear, near the middle 

of the inner lip; operculum shelly. 

Alt. 63, diam. 54 mm. (measurements of Swainson's figure). 

Uah. Bengal; Pondicherry (Conch. Ind.). 

Var. Ibngispira {Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p, 2. 

Eugoselv malleated, Deristome of a pale yellow colour. 

Alt. 68,'diam. 63 mni. 

Hab. Benares {Mainivarinc/). 

190. Pila carinata (Swainson). 

Pila carinata (Swainson), Zool. 111. ser. 2, Ampul, pi. 1, from which 

Philip. Mon., Am]ml. (in Kiister's ed. Chenm.), pi. 1, fig, 2 ; 

? Reeve, Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 58 ; II. & T., C. I. pi. 114, tig. 1. 

Ampullaria jjlobosa, Sw., var. carinata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. JNIolL, 

Fasc. E, p. 3. 

Original description :—Shell olive, ventricose, without bands; 

whorls carinated near the suture. 

The above description being so meagre, Philippi's description in 

Raster's edition of Martini Chemnitz is given below :— 

Testa globosa, laevissima, olivacea, fasciis destituta, anfractibus 

prope suturam carinatis, supra planis ; apertura ovaVo-oblonga, 

intra medium latiore, fulvo limbata ; labro subreflexo; uuibilico 

mediocri ad dimidium labri sito. 

Alt. 57, diam. 52-75 mm. 

Bab. Ceylon. 

191. Pila malabarioa (Philippi). 

Pila malabarica (Philippi) fnot Reeve), Mon. Ampul. (Kuster's ed. 

Chemn.) p. 29, pi. 7, tig. 8; H. & T., C. I. pi. 114, %, 2. 

Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. malabarica, Phil. Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 3. 

Original description :—Testa ovata, anguste nmbilicata, olivacea, 

unicolore, ISBV. ; spira fere tertiam ajtitudinis partem sequante, 

subcontabulata; anfractibus ad suturam hori/.ontahbus, ibique 

radiatiin subi'ugojis, ultimo versus basin pauUuhnn attenuato; 

apertura ovuto-oblonga; peristomate intus incrassato. 

Alt. 36-25, diam. 32 mm. 

Hah. Mangalore.

PILA. 99 

192. Pila layardi {Reeve). 

Fila Im/iirdi (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 27 ; H. & T., 0. I. 

pi. 114, fig. 4. 

AmpuUaria glohosa, Sw., var. layardi, Reeve, Nevill, Hand List, 

pt. 2, p. 3. 

Original descriftion :—Shell rather compressly globose, whorls 

narrowly flatly impressed round the upper part, then rounded, 

smooth, shiniug ; umbilicus small, contracted; aperture ovate ; 

whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis. 

Alt. 48, diam. 44 mm. (taken from fig. in Oon. Icon.). 

Hub. Colombo, Ceylon. 

Var. virens, L%march, Hist. Anim. s. Yert. vi, 1822, p. 179, 

Hab. ?; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 3. 

" cariuation at suture obsolete." 

Hab. Kollam {Beddome). 

193. Pila nux {Reeve). 

Fila nux (Reeve), Oon. Icon., Ampul, sp. 133; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 115, iig. 1. 

Original description :—Shell oblong-conoid, solid, scarcely uuibilicated, 

spire obtusely exserted, whorls convex, slanting and 

obsoletely plicately wrinkled at the suture; fulvous-chestnut; 

aperture ovate, rather small, coluiuellar lip callously reflecfed. 

Alt. 30, diam. 23 mm. (taken from fig. 132 a, pi. x.Tviii, in 

Conch. Icon.). 

Hab. Bombay. 

" A solid fulvous-chestnut shell of an oblong-conoid form, with 

the columellar lip rather unusually callôusly reflected." 

194. Pila maura {Reeve). 

Fila maura (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 57. 

Origiival descrijition :—Shell globos?., narrowly umbilicated, spive 

rather short, whorls a little flattened at the sutures, then rounded, 

smooth; dark olive; aperture ovate, lip stained within with 

purple-black. 

Alt. 45, diam. 41 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.). 

Hab. Assam (Conch. Ind.). 

" Of a particularly globose form, the lip being characteristically 

stained within with purple or chestnut-black." 

195. Pila theohaldi {Hanhy). 

Fila thenbaldi (Iliinley), ll. & T., C. I. pi. 115, fig. 2 (as 

AmpuUaria), 

AmpuUaria maura, Reeve, var. tlieobaldi, Hanley, Xevill, Oat. Moll., 

Fasc. E, p. 6. 

Figured as above, but not described, and as no specimen is 

u2

100 PILID.E. 

available to the autlior a few remarks only on the figure are 

possible. The shell appears to be of large dimensions, globular in 

form, of an olive-green tint ornamented with groups of narrow 

spiral reddish bands, each group varying in having from two to 

four bands in number, the umbilicus would appear to be 

moderately wide and the columella is diffused above into a welldefined, 

purplish, parietal callus wliieh joins the upper margin of 

the labrum, the outer lip is rather irregularly streaked or blotched 

with the same colour and the aperture is obliquely ovate. 

Alt. 80, diam. 77'5 mm. 

Hab. Burma ? or Pegu ? (Conch. Ind.) ; Bhamo {Nevill). 

196. Pila saxea [Reeve). 

Pila saxea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 108; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 115, figs. 3, 4. 

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, with a 

narrow covered umbilicus, spire rather obtuse, whorls a little 

depressed round the upper part, obsoletely angled, then rounded ; 

olive ; aperture pyriformly oblong, coluinellar Jip thinly reflected. 

Alt. 29, diam. 25 mm. (taken from fig. 3 in Conch. Ind.). 

Hab. Bassein, Pegu (Conch. Ind.). 

" An oblong-ovate shell, of rather solid texture, characterised 

by a faint depression round the upper whorls, causiug a scarcely 

perceptible angle." 

197. Pila conica {Gray). 

(AmpuUaria) conica (Gray), Wood's-Index Test. Sup. p. 29, 1828, 

& llanjey. Conch. Mi^c. pi. iii, fig. 13. 

Ampullaria scutata, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849 (not of Phil.). 

AmpuUaria juvanica, Reeve, var. 1856, fide Martens ; from Cam- 

* \)oA\a.Jide Morelet; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5. 

" Shell conically oblong, scarcely umbilicated ; spire exserted ; 

whorls convex, rather narrow, smooth; dark olive; aperture 

ovate, rather small; lip thin." {Reeve.) 

Alt. 40'75, diam. 30'5 mm. 

Ilah. Java {Reeve); Moulmein {RicliLliofen, Sloliezka) ; Akyab 

{Stolicsl-a). 

Var. expansa, Nevill, Cat. Moll., Pasc. E, p. 9, 1877. 

AmpuUariapaludinoideSjW. & T., C. I. pi. 114, fig. 5 [not of Philippi 

or Crist. & Jan.] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5. 

Original descriptioni—Testa subglobosa, umbilieato-perforata, 

plerumque glarua, fusco-zonata; epidermide olivacea ; spira conica, 

tertiam altitudinis partem occupante; anfrac,tibus ad suturam

PILA. 101 

horizontalibus; apertura oblongo-ovata; labro intus incrassalo, 

obtuso. 


Hah. Mangalore ; Pesii (type of var.) ("FT. Theobald); Tenasserim 

(Stoliczka) ; Slandalay {Stoliczka). 

Var. orientalis {FMlippi), Zeits. Malak. 1848, p. 192, •'' China " ? 

Ampullwia scufatit, Phil. Couch.-Cab. ii, pi. 1, figs. 4, 5 [not of 

Moussoii] ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5. 

Original description:—Te.sta obovata, subimperforata, satis 

teiiui, obsolete fasoiata, ssepius unicolore; epidermide nitida, 

olivaoea; anfractibus convexis, superiiis subaDgiilatis; spira 

dimidiam aperturam fere sequante, plerumque erosa; apertara 

ovato-obloiiga, semilunari ; operculo ealcareo. 

Alt. 39'5, diam. 36 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 30 mm. 

Hob. China ; Bassein, Arakan (Blanford). -^ 

198. Pila dolioides (Reeve). 

Pila dolioides (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. 1856, sp 75; Nevill, 

Hand List, p. 7. 

Original description:—Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, narrowly 

umbilic.ited, spire short, sharp; whorls convex, shining, impressed 

at the sutures, last whorl largely swollen and expanded; ash-olive, 

obscurely red-bauded, bands linear, irregular ; aperture very large, 

open, columellar lip reflected. 

Alt. 56, diam. 47 mm. (dimensions of fig. 75 a in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Bombay (Reeve); Ceylon (^NevilT). 

199. Pila moesta (Beeve). 

Pila mcesta (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, p. 92 ; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 115, %. 6. 

Original description:—Shell ovately globose, narrowly umbilicated, 

spire rather exserted ; whorls slightly flattened at the upper 

part, then rounded, smooth ; dull olive, encircled with narrow 

darker bands ; aperture lunar-ovate, lip yellowish-white within. 

Alt. 36, diam. 30-75 mm. (taken from tig. in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Ceylon. 

"A dull greenish-olive species, of globose form, narrowly 

compressly umbilicated, encircled vvith numerous faint bands, 

irregular in width, but mostly linear." 

200. Pila cinerea (Reeve) 

Ma Pila cinerea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Amptd. sp. 94; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 113, fig.]. 

Original description :—Shell globose, thin, rather inflated

102 PILIDiE. 

narrowly umbilicated, spire short, whorls rounded, smooth, the 

last ascending in front; pale ash, encircled with three to four 

linear reddish-brown bands ; aperture pyriformly ovate, columellar 

lip thinlv reflected 

Alt. 39'5, diam. 35'2o mm. (taken from. fig. in Con. Icon.). 

Hab. Ceylon. 

"A peculiarly rounded species, thin and somewhat inflated, of 

a light ash-colour, encircled with faint bands, which, towards the 

apex, are like red-brown lines, of which only the uppermost one 

is visible." 

201. Pila olea {Reeve). 

Pila olca (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul, sp. 102. 

Original description:—Shell subglobose, scarcely umbilicated, 

epire rather short, whorls rounded, longitudinally striated ; shining 

olive, encircled with two distant narrow blackish-red bands; 

aperture pyriformly ovate. 

Alt. 29, diam. 23-25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.). 

Hab. India? 

" Of a peculiar compact subglobose form, with a shining olive 

sttrface, encircled with two distant linear bands." 

202. Pila tischbeini (Dohm). 

Pila tischbeini (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 114, fig. 3 (aa Ampullarid). 

Original description:—Testa ovato-glohosa, solida, peranguste 

umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime spiraliter 

striata, olivacea, fasoiis saturatioribus cingulata; spira exserta; 

anfr. 3-4 integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, ad suturam impressam 

angulati; ultimus efflatus; apertura lunato-ovalis, intus 

i'usoa, dense fasciata ; peristomium rectum, labro intus albido. 

Alt. 33, diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 28 mm. 


Bab. Ceylon. 

203. Pila woodwardi {Dohm). 

Pila woodwardi (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134; H. & T., C. I. 

pi. 115, fig. 5 (as Ampullaria). 

Original description;—Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula, parum 

nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea, fasciis 

viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata; spira exserta; anfractus 

4-4| integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, supra medium angulati; 

iiltinius efflatus, antice descendens; apertura ovato-lunaris, alba, 

fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium simplex, rectum. 


Aperture : alt. 19"5, diam. 11-5 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon.

iLA. 103 

204. Pila alucinans (Sowerbij). 

Pila alucinans (Sovverby), Proc. Malac. Soc. ix, p. 63 (Rg. in text) 

(as Ampullaria). 

Original description :—Testa late turbinata, mediocriter umbilicata, 

fusco-olivacea, fasdis numerosis angustis nigro-i'uscis oriiata, 

Jongitudinaiiter irregiilariter plit-ata et striata, striis transversis 

siibtiiissiiiiis decussa'ta; spira brevis; anfractus convex!, supra 

planulati; ultimus latiuscuhis, superne rotunde angulatus, supra 

ansûlutn leviter depressus, infra angulum rotunde convexus, 

basim versus leviter contractus; apertura latiuscula, intus fasciata ; 

peristoma tenue. 


.Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 12 mm. 

hah. Ceylon. 

205. Pila winkleyi (Pihbry). 

Pi/a ivin/deyi (Pilsbiy), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelpliia, liii, 

1901, p. lad, pi. 5, tigs. 2, 3 (as Ampullaria). 

Original description :^8hell narrowly umbilicate, globose ; 

yellowish-olive, uniform or with few or numerous dusky olive 

spiral bands, the earlier whorls eroded, blackish or ruddy. Surface 

smooth, somewhat shining, under a strong lens seen to be very 

densely, microscopically striated spirally, the striis minutely granulose 

; spire low-conic; sutures impressed, the whorls flattened 

below them, elsewhere symmetrically convex. Aperture vertical, 

semi-rotund, narrower above, reddish-tawny and sometimes banded 

within, hecoming white near the lip; peristome a trifle expanded 

below, white or dirty yellowish, the outer margin equably curved, 

columella concave, blunt and more or less thickened but not 

i-etlexed, parietal callus rather thin, white, thinner within. Operculum 

thick and solid, concave externally, and partially covered 

with a thin, yellowish-brown cuticle. Inside bluish, with a micalike 

gleam, the scar of attachment sunken, the columellar side 

concentrically striate, the enclosed eminence narrow, curved and 

smooth. 

Alt. 58, diam. 50 ram. 

Aperture : alt. maj. 43 mm. 

Hah. Henzada, Burma ( Winlcley). 

Types in Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia.

104 LIMNÎI)^. 

Order PULMONATA. 

Suborder HYGROPHILA. 

Family LIMNÎD.E. 

Subfamily ANCYLIN^. 

Sbell patelliform, without spivp. 

Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Eegions of the World. 

Genus AECYLUS. 

Anciflus. Geoffror, Traits de Coq. de Pai'ig, 1767; Clessin, Oonch.- 

Ciib., 1882, p. 11, etc. 

TTPE, A. Jluviatilis, LinniBus, from Europe generally, Algeria 

and Madeira. 

llange. Europe, Asia. 

Shell small, patelliform, either dextral or sinistral, thin, conoidal; 

aperlure either ovate or rounded ; peristome ncute, simple. 

Animal having the lateral teelli of the tongue narrow, sharp 

pointed, and the cardinal [median] tooth, s'mall, rounded. 

206. Ancylus baconi, Bourguignat. 

Anctflus haeoni, Bourguignat, Cat. Ancvl. in Joiirn. de Conch, ir, 

1853, p. 181; Boiu-a. Uesei-. Ancvl.'Cuming in P. Z, S. 1853, 

p. 89, pi. 25, fio?."18-25; H. &" A. Adams, Gen. Rec. xMoll. 

ii, 1855, p. 266; Bourg. Spicil. Make. 1862, p. 205; Clessin in 

Couch.-Cab. 1882, p. 61, pi. 7, fig. 7. 

Original description :—Testa antice recta vel paululum convesa, 

postice recta vel paululum concava ; apice poslico, obiusi^simo, 

paululum dextrorsus dejecto ; (k'pressione apica'i vix coi.spicua, 

in extreniitate vertieis sita. Te.-la par\a, fragili, diaphima, 

Isevissima, vel concentrice striatula; epidermide albido-virescente ; 

apertura ovata. 

Alt. 1, diara. maj. 3, diam. min. 2 mm. 

Bab. Bengal. 

207. Ancylus ceylalnicus, Benson. 

Anet/lus ceylanicus, Benson, A. M. N. H, ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 139 ; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description :—Testa suboblonge conoidea, antice convexa, 

postice concava, extus tenuissime radiato-costulata, costis 

subremotis elevatioribus munita, striis confertis concentricis decussata, 

viridesoenti-cornea, margine lato, lulescenti-cornea, apice

AlfCTLUS. 105 

subraediano, subelongato, postice attenuato, acutiusculo, ad dextrum 

leviter verso ; apertura subrotuudato-ovata, intus albida 

Bitente. 


Bah. Matelle CMafale) District, Ceylon. 

Eesembliiig in some respects the A. fluviaiilis of Europe. 

208. Aucylus tenuis, Bourguignat. 

Ancyhis tenuis, Bourcuipnat, SpicJl. Malac, 1862, p. 208 ; Clessin, 

in Concli.-Cab. 1882, p. 63. 

Original description :—Testa p3'gmea, depresso-oblonna, fragili, 

laevi, cornea, vel lufeolo-nigresceute ; — antice siuistrorsusque 

piiiilulum convexa; postice dextrorsusque recta, vel pauliilum 

concava ; — apice maximo, obtusissimo, paululum cani'.liculato, 

postico, dextrorsus paululum dejecto ; — depcessione apicali 

ininima, rotundata, ad sinistram partem verticis sita; — apertura 

oblonga. 

Alt. 1-5, diam. maj. 2 mm. 

Ilab. Streams in the Nilgiri Hills. 

209. Aucylus verruca, Benson. 

Ancyliis verruca, Benson, A. M. N. PI. 185o, ser. 2, xv. p. 12; 

11. & T., 0. I. pi. 81, figs. 2, 3; Clesiin, in Oonch.-Oab. 1882, 

p. 62. 

Original description.—Testa vix sinistrorsa, depressa, subelongato-o\ata, 

postice vix angustiori-liBvigata, pallide vireuteflavida 

vel cinerea, tenui, intus albida, submargaritacea, antice 

superne convexiuscula, postice prope uinbouem breviter declivi, 

rniibone vix elevato, compiessiusculo, submediano, ad spatium 

•| to'se testte posita. , 

Alt. 1, diam. maj. 3'5, diam. min. scarce!}' 2 mm. 

Hah. Bhiiiilal; Remaon Lake; marshes near Moradabad; 

near Budaon Eohilla; Orissa ; Ceylon, etc., always adhering to 

the floating leaves of water plants. 

Prom Benson's notes, attached to bis original description, it 

would seem that the present species, though generally slnggish 

in its habits, is able to swim shell downwards on the surtace of 

the water. 

Subfamily LIMNiEIN^. 

Shell ovate or fusiform with exserted, or more or less contracted, 

spire. 

Distribution. World-wide.

106 LIMXiElD.I. 

Genus LIMNÂ. 

Lhnntsa, Lamarck, 1799, M^m. Soc. Hist. Nat., Pari.", p. 7o, as 

Lymntpa, emend. Rang, 1859, Man. de IHist. Nat., Moll. p. 176; 

Sowerby in Reeve, Oon. Icon, xvifi, etc. 

Helix, Linn., Gmelin, Burrow. 

Sucinum, Miiller. 

Bulhnus, Poii'et, Brtjoûiere. 

Limnceus, Drapnrnaud, Born. 

Limncea, Lamarck, Nilsson. 

Stagnicola, Leach. 

Limnceus, auct. reliq. 

TYPE, L. stagnalis (Linnaeus) ; Europe generally. 

llaruje. World-wide. 

Shell dextrally spiral, horny-testaceous, ovate ov pyramidal, 

covered with a thin epidermis ; spire acuminated, whorls generally 

turreted, inner lip of the aperture narrowly spread on the bodywhorl, 

generally with a single plait. No operculum. 

Animal rather long and twisted in a spiral coil; head prominent; 

tentacles short, triangular and flattened; foot oblong, bilobed or 

notched in front and obtusely rounded behind. 

Section LIMNÂ (sensu sfricto). 

For characters, type and range, see above. 

210. Limnsea (Limnsea) stagnalis (Limiceus). 

Limnceus, Linn., 1758, Syst. Nat. lOth ed. p. 774, as Helix stagnalis 

anifragilis. 

Limncsa (Limnaa) stagnalis, liamarck, 1801, as Lymnma stagnalis, 

Syst. Anim. sans Vert. p. 91 ; Sowerby in Reeve's Conch. Icon. 

xviii, pi. 1, no. 4 ; II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. xvi. 

Lymncea stagnalis, in Reeve, L. & f. W. Moll. British Isles, p. 160. 

'^ Shell: ovately turreted, compressly umbilicated, rather thin, 

yellowish horny, spire produced and sharply acuminated; whorls 

five to six, slopingly convex round the upper part, then ventricose, 

striated in the direction of the lines of growth, sometimes evanescently 

obscurely irregularly ridged and malleated in the opposite 

direction ; aperture moderate, somewhat squarely o\ate, columella 

callously twisted, lip broadly appressly dilated over the umbilicus." 

{Reeve.) 

Alt. 47"5, diam. 22-5 mm. (spec). 

Hab. Europe; Afghanistan ; Kashmir. 

211. Limnsea (Limnsea) acuminata, Lamarclc 

Limncea {Limncea) acuminata, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, 

p. 160 ; Deles. Rec. Coq. Lam. pi. SO, tig. 6 ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 69, 

tigs. 8j 9; Sowerby, in Reeve's Couch. Icon, xviii, pi. 10, no. 66. 

Ori-ginal description : — Testa ovato-ventricosa, tenuissima, 

hyalina, subalbida; spira brevissima, apice acuminata. 

Alt. 25 mm. 

JIab. Bengal; liO miles S.E. of liingola, etc.

LIMJCiEA. 

Sowerby's description in Eeeve is as follows :— 

" Shell oblong, ventrioose, reddish pui-ple, thin, semipellucid, 

smooth, spire short, narrow, whorls attenuated ; last whorl 

slightly angular above, inflated below the middle; aperture large, 

rounded anteriorly, columellar lip tortuous." 

The species, as are most of the group, is exceedingly plastic, 

and a number of varieties have been described by various authors 

as follows:— 

Var. patula, Troschel, in Wiegmann's Archiv for 1837, iii, p. 167; 

H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi. 69, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description :—Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovatoacuta, 

tenuissima, pellucidissima; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo 

anfractu ventricoso; | testae longo, margine exteriore patulo, 

aufr. 5-6. 

Alt. 44, breadth of the last whorl 24, height of the last whorl 

13, height of the aperture 33 mm. 

JIab. Granges. 

Var. sulcatula, Troschel, von Martens, Conchologische Mittheilungen, 

i, p. 75, pi. 14, tig. 6. 

107 

Limneaus sulcatulus, Troschel in Wiegmann's Arch, fiir Naturg, iii, 

1837, p. 167. 

Limnmus striatus (Benson), Kuster, in Conch.-Cah., Martini & 

Chemnitz, Lim. p. 33, pi. 6, figs. 11,12. • 

Limncea amygdala (non Troschel), II. & T., C. I. pi. 69, figs. 7, 10. 

Original description :—Testa rimata, ovata, acuta, tenui, longitudinaliter 

sulcata; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo anfractu | 

testsB longo; apertura ovata, plica columellari profunda. Aufr. 

6-6. 

Alt. 33, breadth of last whorl 17'5, height of last whorl 15'25, 

alt. of aperture 21-75 mm. 

Hah. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot). 

Var. amygdalum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, 

p. 76, pi. 14, figs. 7, 8. 

Limncea amygdalus, Troschel, "Wiegm. Archiv, iii, 1837, p. 168; 

Kiister, ed. Martini & Chemn., Lim. p. 35, pi. 6, figs. 15, 16. 

Original description :—-Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, colore 

stramineo vel cycaceo, nitida, ovata ; spira mediocri, acuta ; 

ultimo anfractu | testse longo, margine exteriore plus minus 

adpresso. Anfr. 5, rarissime 6. 

Alt. 28-75 breadth of last whorl 17-5, height of last whorl 

13-25, alt. of aperture 20-75 mm. 

Hah. India.

108 MMJfJilD^. 

Var. prunum, Troschel, yon Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81, 

pi. 15, figs. 1, 2. 

Limncsus prunum, Troschel in Wiegmaim's Archiv. fiir Naturg. 

iii, 1837, p. 170. 

LimntBus singaporinus, Kiister, In Concli.-Cab., Martini & Chemn., 

Lim. p. 35, pi. 0, fig. 17. 

Limncea oi-alis, Gray, Ree-ve in Conch. Icon. xTiii, pi. 9^ fig. 59 

(small). 

Limnaa luteola, Lk., Reeve, id. pi. 15, fig. 104; H & T , 0. I. 

pi. 70, fig. 6. 

Original description:—Testa ovata, rimata, subglabra, subtiliter 

striata; spira globoso-acuta, anfractibas convexis, suturis profundis 

; ultimo anfractu testae diniidium superante; apertura 

ovato-aeuta. Aiifr. 6. 

Alt. 26-75, breadth of last whorl 15-25, height of last whorl 

13'25, alt. of aperture 17'o mm. 

Hah. Bengal {Lamare-Ficquot). 

Var. cerasum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81, 

pi. 15, iigs. 3, 4. 

Limnceus cerasum, Troschel in Wiegniann's Archiv fiir Naturg. 

iii, 1837, p. 170. 

Limncsun peiinoides (Benson), Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & 

Chemn., Lim. p. 34, fig. 6, fia. 14. , 

Limncea ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Conoli. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, figs. 59, a, b. 

Limncsa hiteola^(L&m.), H. & T., 0.1, pi. 70, fig. 5. 

Original description:—Tfsta siibglobosa, rimata; spira promi 

nula, acuta ; ultimo anfractu ventricoso I testae longo; apertura 

ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6. 

Alt. 21-75, breadth of last whorl 16-75, height of last whorl 

13-25, alt. of aperture 17-5 mm. 

Hab. Bengal {Lamare-Picqûot). 

Var. strigata, Hanley ^- Theobald, Conch. Ind. pi. 70, fig. 4. 

Said to have the aspect of var. cerasum, Troschel. 

Hab. Jounpore. 

Var. chlamys, Benson, von Martens, Conch..Mittheil. i, p. 76. 

Liinn6ea eldamys, Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. BenpHl, 1886, v, 

p. 744 ; H. & T., C. 1. pi. 69, figs. 6, 6; Reeve, Conch. Icon, 

xviii, pi. 10, fig. 65. 

Original description :—Testa translucente, cornea aut castanea, 

eloiigato-ovata ; spira gracili, breviore, acuminata ; anfractu 

ultimo infra prsecipue ventricoso ; suturis parce depressis ; 

apertura infra patente, basi leviter evasa. 

The dimensions of two speci-nens given by von Martens are as 

below: — 

Alt. 29, diam. maj. 19, diam, min. 13'0; apertura, alt. 22-5, 

diam. 12 mm. - >

LIMNÂ. 109 

Alt. 31, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 13 ; apertura, alt. 21-5, 

diain. 12 mm. 

Hah. Calcutta {Nevill), Benares and Moradabad (Benson & 

Theobald). 

Var. rufescens, Gray, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76, 

pi. 14, fig. 3. 

]_,inincea rvfescens, (Sray, in Sowerby's Genera Shells, pt. vii, 

Limn. fig. 2 ; Reeve, 'Concli. Svstem. pi. 191, fig. 2 : li. & T., 

C. I. 187(5, pi. 69, figs. 1, 4, and pi. 70, fig. 1. 

Limruea chlamys, Benson, in part. 

Shell oblong-lanceolate, thin, hyaline, purplish-red, whorls 4. 

Spire very short, acute, sutures very oblique. Aperture lanceolate, 

elliptical. Columella very oblique. 

Diameter to the length as 6 to 13. 

Hah. Ganges etc. 

Var. sylhetica, HanUy Sj- Theoh., 0.1, pi. 70, fig. 9. 

According to the figure in the ' Conchologia ludica,' a form with. 

short spire and ral.her inflated whorls. 

Hah. Maislies in Sylhet. 

A-âr. gracilior, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 77. 

Limncea rufescens (Gray), Reeve in Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 3 

figs. Ua,b; II. & T., 0. 1. pi. 70, fig. 1. 

Original description :—Minor, pallide flavescens (vel rosea), 

valde gracilis, auiractu viltimo supra perangiisto,iiaargine aperture 

externo siuipjice, oblique paulum arcuato. 



Hah. Bengal {Nevill). 

212. Limnsea (Linmasa) ovalis, Oray. 

Li'iinaa [Linincea) ovulis, Giay, in Sow. Gen. Shells, pt. vii, Limn. 

fia-. 4 ; Reeve, Conch. SyttI pi. 19], fig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876' 

pi. 70, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell oval, pellucid, pale horn-colour : finely transversely striate, 

whorls 5. Spire very short, acute, suture almost horizontal. 

Aperture oval, elliptical. 

Diameter to the length as 5 to 9. 

Hah. Calcutta ; Almorah, etc. 

Var. nucleus, Troschel; vou Martens, Gonch. Mittheil., i, p. 82 

pi. 15, figs. 8, 9. 

Limnceus ovalis. Gray; Sow. Gen. Shells, pi. 43, fig. 4 • H. & T 

_C. I. pi. 70, tigs. 2, 3. 

Ljimnaus nucleus, Troschel, Martens, Conch. Mittheil. p. 171 ; 

Reeve, Conch, icon. pi. 10, fig. 67.

110 I.IlIITiF.IBif;. 

Original description :—Testa ovata, vix rimata, cornea; aufractu 

ultimo I tesras longo, impresso ; apertura ovata, margine exteriore 

impresso subcordata ; margine columellarL reflexo, Anfr. 6. 

Alt. 22, breadth of last whorl 15-75, height of last whorl 13, 

alt. of aperture 15-75 mm. 

Hab. Bengal (^Lamare-Picguof). 

213. Limnsea (Limnsea) tigrina, Bohm. 

Limncea (Limniea) tigrina, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ; 

von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 85, pi. 16, fig. 5. 

Limnma pingiiis, var. strignta, Reeve, Uoiich. Icon, xviii, pi. 9, 

fig. 18 b. 

Original description:—Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, iniperforata 

vel vix rimata, tenuis, pelliicida, nitida, cornea, longitudinaliter 

irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et 

longitudinaliter striata ; sutura simplex, plerumque brunnea ; 

spira acuta, apice fusoescente ; anfr. 4- 5 vix convex!, ultimus 

efflatus, I longitudinis subsequans; apertura ovato-oblonga vel 

oblonga; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine eolumellari reflexo; 

marginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis. 

Alt; 25, diam. 13 mm. 


Hah. Ceylon. 

Var. /3. Var. miiior: cornea vel albida, interdum unicol'or. 



Hah. Ceylon. 

Section GULNARIA. 

Guhiaria, Leach, Syn. Moll. Great Britain, 1852, p. 108. 

TYPE, Limncea pereger, Draparnaud; Europe. 

Range. World-wide. 

Original description :—Test? spira brevissima, abrupte formata, 

ad apicera acuminata. Umbilicus perforatus, apertus. Tentacula 

latissima. Pallium non dilatatum. 

214. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pereger {Drap.). 

Limnaia (Gulnaria) pereqer (Drap.), Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 48; 

H. & T., 0. 1. 1876,(as Z. peregra, Linn.). 

Lymnaia limosa, Linn., Reeve, L. & E. W. Moll. Briirsh Isles, 

p. 57. 

Shell: obliquely oyate, compressly minutely umbilicated, rather 

tbin, yellowish htDrny, spire short, acuminated; whorls four, 

convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the lines of grow»th, 

the last much the largest;, ventricosely inflated; aperture ovate, 

columella arcuately twisted, lip broadly appressed over the 

umbilicus. {Reeve.) 

Alt. IS), diam. 12 mm. (spec). 

Hah. Europe ; Afghanistan; Kashmir.

215. Limnsea (Gulnaria) auricularia (Drajj.). 

LIjrX.TiA. Ill 

lAmncea {Oulnarid) auriculana (Drap.), as LymncBus auricularius, 

Tabl. Moll. 1801, p 48. 

LimruEUs, Svst. Nat. lOth ed. 1758, p. 774, as Helix auricularia, 

H. & T., C. I, 1876, p. xvi. 

Lijmntsa auricularia, in Keeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles, 

p. 159. 

" Shell: somewhat squarely semiglobose, compressly umbilicated, 

ra^ther thin, pallid horny, spire very small, sharp ; whorls 

three to four, convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the 

lines of growth, sometimes evanescently obscurely irregularly 

ridged and malleated in the opposite direction ; extremely rapidly 

enlarging, last whorl abruptly widely auricularly inflated ; aperture 

Yerj large, outer lip thinly expanded, columella callously twisted, 

lip appressly dilated over the umbilicus." {Heeve.) 

Alt. 30, diam. 23 mm. (spec.).. 

Hab, Europe ; Afghanistan ; Kashmir. 

216. Limnsea (Gulnaria) brevicauda {Sowerhy). 

Limnaa {^Gulnaria') hrevicauda (Sowerby), Con. Icon., Limn., 

sp. 105 ; H. & T., C. I., pi. 158, fig. 7. 

Original description:—Shell obliquely tortuous, pale horn, 

veutricose ; spire short, acuminated ; whorls three, small ; last 

whorl much inflated, rather short, excavated behind the columella, 

aperture expanded, anteriorly subacuminated; columellar fold 

prominent, spirally tortuous. 

I'rom the figure in the ' Conchologia Indica' the dimensions 

would seem to be about as follows:—Alt. 21, diam. maj. 17 mm. 

It is j3rol)ably a form of L. auricularia, Linn. 

Hah. Kashmir {W. Blanford). 

Sowerby's specimen was said to be from Australia, but this was 

vindoubtedly an error. 

2'17. Limnsea (Gulnaria) hookeri {Reeve). 

Limncea [Oulnaria] liookeri (Reeve), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 49; Gray, op. 

cit. 1856, p. 180; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 11, 

sp. 74: Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 381, pi, 42, tig. 3 ; 

Preston, Rec. lud. Mas., Calcutta, iii, pt. 2, no. 3, p. 115. 

Original description:—Testa ovata, tenuieula, conspiciie umbilicata, 

anfr. 4-5, convexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis 

siibimpressis, apertura orbiculari-ovata, marginibus lamina 

latiuscula subverticali conjunclis ; sordide olivaceo-fusca. 


Bab. Thibetian or jMorth side of Sikkim Himalaya at 1800 feet 

elevation [HouJcer) ; Gyantze, 13,120 feet, Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet; 

Se-chen, 13,100 feet, Thibet (Stewart). 

Eeeve, in his paper describing the shell, seems to think that it 

is closely related to L. pereger, the common European form, an

112 LIMXiEID.B. 

idea which is certainly borne out by its general aspect. '"When, 

however, recently working oat some material for the Indian 

Museum, the author had occasion to send specimens oE what, after 

comparison with the type specimen in the British Museum, he 

believed to be this species to the Eev. E. W. Bowell for dissection, 

his report states " that tlie genitalia ai'e very similar to those of 

the common European torm L. auricularia, Linn. The vas deferens 

is, however, markedly shorter, and the radula is remarkable for 

the length of the cusps and their subulate appearance, and also 

for there being no great distinction in type between the laterals 

and marginals." 

Reeve, in his description, gives no actual dimensions, but those 

above given are taken from his smaller figure which is said to be 

of natural size. 

218. Limnsea (G-ulnaria) auriformis (Olessin). 

Limneens auriformis, Clessin, in Conch.-Oab. 1886, p. 391, pi. 43, 

tig. 11. 

Original description:—Testa auriformis, angustissime rimata, 

solida, leviter striata, pallide cornea ; spira minuta., acuta; anfr. 4, 

valde convexi, sutura profunda separati, celerrime accrescentes ; 

penidtimus et ultiinus inflatus, ultinuis 4 lougitiidinis ffiquans; 

apertura ampla, auriformis; peristoma acutum ; margiuibus callo 

columellari levi conjunctis ; columella fere recta. 

Alt. 12 3, diam. 10-5 mm. , 

Eah. India. 

219. Limnsea (Gulnavia) labiosa {Philippi). 

Limnaa (Oulnaria) labiosa (Philippi), Olessin, in Oonoh.-Cab. 

1886, p. 397, pi. 16, figs. 3-4 i,as X. labiosa). 

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenuis, cornea ; spira brevis, 

acuta; anfr. 5, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, sutura leviter 

impressa separati ; ultimus inflatus, | longitudiuis sequans ; 

apertura ovata, superue acuminata, peristoma acutum, mai-ginibus 

eallo columellari tenui latissimo conjunctis; columella valde 

contorta. 

Alt. 21, diam. 11-75 (fig. 3, pi. 16, in Conch.-Cab.). 

Hab. India. 

220. Limnsea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes). 

Limncaa (Oulnaria) succinea (Deshayes), Voy. dans I'Inde par 

Belanger, Zopl. p. 418, pi. 2, fi>rs. 13, 14; Deshayes in Lamarck, 

Anim. s. Verit. ed. 2, Viii, p. 417, no. 15. 

• LimncBiis succineus, Desh., Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chemnitz, 

Lim. p. 29, pi. 5, figs. 18, 19. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-acuta, tenuissima, fragili, 

succinea, IsBvigata ; spira acuta ; anfractibus convexiusculi, ultimo

LllI.N'iEA. 1 1^3 

maximo ; apertura ovata-aciita, basi dilatata ; uiarginibus iiitegris, 

tenuissimis, acutis ; columella contortuplicata. 

Alt. 22, diam. 12. 

Hah. Malabar. 

Var. impura {Troschel), von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 86, 

pi. 15, figs. 6, 7. 

Limnmus impurus, Troscliel, in Wiegnianu's Ai'cliiv fiir Iâturgeschiehte 

iii, 1837, p. 172. 

Original descrijiiion:—Testa ovato-oblonga, rimata, tenui subtilitei- 

striata, i'usea, subolivacea ; spira inediocn, acuta, suturis 

satis excavatis; ultimo anfractii aubventricoso, testse dimidium 

superante, apertura ovata, plica columellari iiullo vel exigiia. 

Anfr. 5. 

Alt. 15-5, breadth ol' last whorl 8-5, height of last whorl 6-5;. 

alt. of aperture, 8"5 mm. 

Ilab. Bengal {Lamare-Ficquot^. 

221. Limnaea (Gulnaria) Mans (Sowerby). 

Limncea {Gulnaria) fdans (Sowerby), iu Reeve, Conch. Icon.xviii, 

pi. 9, sp. 57 ; Clessin. in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 392, pi. 4o, 

fi. 9. 

Original description:—Shell thin, semipellucid, polished, ovateoblong, 

subfusil'orm, pale^horny; spire acuminated, elevated 

whorls three, narrow; last whorl ovate; aperture auriform, 

columellar fold tortuous, outer lip more or less expanded. 

[Sowerhj/.) 

Hab. Malabar. 

Closely related to, if not identical with L. succinea, Desh. 

222. Limnaea (Gulnaria) pinguis (DoJim). 

Limncea pini/tiis (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134 ; 11. & T., C. Ipi. 

70, gs. 7-10. 

Original dtsaripiion:—Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovatooblonga, 

pellueida, tenuis, nitidissima, longitudinaliter levissime 

striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira elevata 

apiee acuto, rubicundo; anfr. 4-4| convexiusculi, ultimus- 

I longitudinis subsequans; apertura obliqua, ovato-oblonga; 

peristomium rectum, simples, margine columellari reflexo;, 

marginibus callo tenui junctis. 

Alt. 18, diam. 9'5mm. 

Aperture : alt. ll'To, diam. o'o mm. 

Hub. Ceylon [DoJirn); Bombay (P«7«); ISladraa {Dalgliesh}^ 

223. Limnsea (G-ulnaria) siamensis (Soiverbg). 

Limncea {Gu[naria) siamensis (Sowerby), iu Reeve, Conch. Icon;. 

xviii, sp. 63; Clessin, in Conch.-Gab. 1886, p. 330, pi. 50, fig. 9: 

Original description :—Shell ovate, obese, smooth, finely red- 

I

114 iiMNjUrDii:. 

lined ; spire rather shorfc, conical, acuminated ; whorls 3, small, a 

little convex ; aperture pj'riform, rounded anteriorly, columellar 

fold strong, raised to the middle, arched. 

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 12-25 (%. in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Siam. 

Uesembling Limncea iiinfjuis, but marked with reddish lines. 

{Soiverby.) 

224. Limnaea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston). 

Limnma (Gulnaria) simulans (Pre-ston), llec. Jnd. Mus Calcutta, 

ii, pt. 1, 1908, \). 46, fig. 6 (as L. simulans). 

Original description :—Shell fusiform, brownish horn colour; 

whorls 5; sutures impressed; umbilicus narrow, partly concealed 

by the reflexed columella; columella arched, thick, extending into 

a callus which reaches the lip above; peristome simple ; aperture 

inversely auriform. 

Alt. 7-7o, diam. maj. 4-25 mm. 

Aperture : alt. 4, diam. 2 mm, 

JJah. Pharping, Nepal. 

Section BXJLIMNEA. 

Bulimnea, Haldeman, Men. Freshwater Univ. Moll. U.S.A. 1842 

(Limnea), p. 6. 

SwE. Limncea megasoma, Say; N.'U'". Territory, U.S.A.; Vermont, 

U.S.A. 

llanm. N.America; Europe; Asia. 

Original description:—Shell thick in texture, inflated, lip not 

exjianded. 

J225. Limnsea (Bulimnea) truncatula (Jeffreijs). 

Limncea lBul'

I'LANORBIS. 115 

solid, polished, shining, pale yellowish horn colour; whorls 4, 

shouldered above, marked with rather coarse lines of growth; 

sutures deeply impressed ; columella descending obliquely and 

diffused above into a thick callus which joins the upper margin 

of the peristome ; peristome simple ; aperture ovately, inversely 

auriform. 

Alt. 8-5, diani. maj. 5-2.5. 

Aperture: alt. 5, diara. 3'75 mm. 

Hah. Te-ring Gompa, 14,000 feet; Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet; 

High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, 14,500 and Gyantse, 13,120 

feet, in small streams. 

" 31r. Bowell informs me that the radula bears a strong resemblance 

to that of L. (jluhrn, Miill., but has fewer laterals, the 

general appearance being more suggestive of the radula of a 

Planorhis than that of a Limncea ; the maxilla is also very 

remarkable, «'ith a large blunt beak arising from the centre of 

the semicircular piece." 

Subfamily PLANORBIIN^. 

Shell sinistral, spire flattened or elevated. 

Distribution. World-wide. 

Genus PLANOEBIS. 

Planorhis, Geoffrey, Coq. de Paris, 1707, pp.12, 81; Guettard, 

1750 (pre-Limiean'). 

Coretus, Adamson, 1757. 

Heli.v (pars), Limifeus, 1758. 

Angarius, Martens, 1773. 

Orbis, Schrciter, 1770. 

Nautilus, Lightfoot, 1780. 

TYPE of genus, P. corneus, Linu. 

Range. World-nide. 

Shell spiral, sometimes sinistral, spire depressed, whorls 3 to 7 ; 

aperture semilunar, or ovate or trigonal, margin generally tinn. 

227. Planorhis exustus, Besh. 

Planorhis exustus, Desh., Belang'. Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool. 1834, 

p. 417, pi. 1, figs. 11-13; ed. Lam. viii, p. 392 ; Muller, Synopsis 

Test. p. 34. 

Planorhis indiciis, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1830, p. 743; Martens, 

Mai. Blatt. xiv, p. 212 ; II. & T., 0. I. pi. 39, tig. 10, & pi. 40, 

fig. 10; Sowerbv, in Reeve, Couch. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig. 31; 

Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1880, p. 43, pi. 0, figs. 20-22, & p. IKi, 

pi. 17, tigs. 1, 2. 

Original description:—Testa orbicitlata, utroque latere depressa, 

sutus concaviuscula; anfractibus convexis, tenue strialis 

i2

116 MSIlfjKIII.B. 

obliquatis; apertura semi-lunari, obliqua, alba; colore externo 

fusco, subcorneo. 

Shell greenish brown, finely ridged ; spire rather flattened ; 

whorls 3, last large; aperture angularly raised, then depressed, 

sloped, expanded below, rather produced; lower disc broadly 

concave. 

Alt. 10-25, diam. maj. 20-5 mm. (fig. 10 in Oonch Ind.). 

Hah. India; Oeylon. (Generally diffused.) 

The P. coromcindelicus, Kiister, described and figured by Sowerby 

in Eeeve's ' Conchologia Iconica,'vol. xx, pi. 4, sp. 34, seems to 

be a synonym. 

Var. eburneus, Gray, Sowerby, in Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5, 

sp. 38 ; Clessin, in Conch .-Cab." 1885, p. 226. 

Shell high, tumid, undulating, smooth, white, banded with 

chestnut in the middle of the whorls ; apex small; whorls 3, 

rather flattened above then sloped, inflated below; last large, 

high, rapidly increased ; lower disc convex, apical whorl hidden ; 

aperture large, flexuously depressed above, inflated below, 

produced. {Sowerby in lieeve.) 

Diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13'5 mm. (fig. 38 6 in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Ceylon. 

Var. brunneus, Gray, Adams, Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261; Sowerby, 

in Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 5, sp. 40 ; Clessin, in Conch.- 

Cab. 1885, p. 226. 

Shell subglobose, high, smooth, ferruginous, spire small; whorls 

contracted above, raised, a little angular above the suture, then 

rounded, inflated in the middle ; lower disc narrowly umbilicated ; 

aperture semilunar, produced and expanded below. {Soiverhy in 

Reeve.) 

Alt. 8-25, diam. maj. 12-5 mm. (fig. 40 i in Conch. Icon.). 

Hah. Bombay. 

The following are the dimensions taken from Sowerby's figures 

in Eeeve: alt. (excluding labrum) 6-5, diam. maj. 11-25, diam. 

rain. 9; aperture : alt. (including labrum) 8, diam. 6 mm. 

There can be little doubt that it is a small variety of PI. exustils. 

Var. zonatus, Dunker, in Conch.-Cab. 1884, p. 117, pi. 17, 

fig.l. 

Alt. 6|, diam. 16 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

Appears to be irregularly transversely banded with purplish red. 

228. Planorbis zebrinus, Bunker. 

Planorhis zebrinus, Dunker, ( Conch.-Cnh. 1850, p. 67, pi. 6, 

flg-s. flo-s. 11-13. 

Original description:—PI. testa solida, stramiuea strigisque rufis

PIANOHBIS. 117 

picta, nitida deoseque striata, liaud pellucida, supera facie 

planiuscuJa, in medio profunde uinbilicata, inferne concava ; 

anfr. 3|-4 tumidis, rotiindatis infra prope suturam profundam 

subangulatis ; apertura reniformi perparum obliqua ; labro tenui 

f useo vel castaneo ; lamella in pariete aperfcurali tenuissima. 

Height 6'25, greatest diameter 16-25 mm. 

Hab. Pondicherry and the Coast oi Coromandel. 

A very doubtful species. 

229. Planorbis Mndu, Clessin. 

Planorhis hindu, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 224, pi. 33, fig. 9. 

Original description :—Testa discoidea, depressa, leviter regulariterque 

striata, albidula, diapliana, nitida; supra infundibuliforme 

concava, infra concava ; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes, 

depresso-rotundati, utrinque siitura modice profunda separati, 

inferne ad suturam vix obtuse angulati; ultimus amplus, 

penultimo duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, late-lunata; 

peristoma acutnm, marginibus callo tenni conjunctis; margine 

superiore valde arcuate producto, 


Hub. India. 

230. Planorbis orientalis, LamarcJc. 

Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, vi [2], p. 153; 

Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 89; Clessin, in 

CoDch.-Cab. 1885, p. 227. 

Original description:—PL testa discoidea, utrinque planodepressa, 

subrugosa, fragili, cornea ,• ultimo anfractu subaiigulato. 

Shell thin, irregularly undulated, yellowish-white, sinistral: 

spire narrow depressed ; whorls a little raised above the suture; 

last broad, sloped, expanded towards the aperture; aperture compressed 

above and below, large, obliquely deflected; margin 

sinuous ; lower disc concave. 

Lamarck in his original, though scanty, description, gives the 

diameter of the shell as 4 lines (= 9 mm.). 

231. Planorhis modicus, Benson. 

Planorbis I?IO&'CMS, Benson, Adams Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261; Sowerby, 

in Reeve, Concli. Icon, xx, pi. 9, sp. ^76. 

Shell horny, tumid, spire funnel-shaped ;, wliorls 5, raised and 

anguhir near the suture, last broad, sloped, concentrically finely 

wrinkled; aperture subtrigonal, lower disc concave, wborls 

rather flat. 

Diam. mai. 19'75, diam. min. 16'25 ram. 

ffah. India.

1]8 LIMNJMD.'E. 

232. Planorbis mergniensis, Philipin. 

Tlanorbis merguiensis, Pliilippi ubi ?; II. & T.,C. I. pi. 151, figs. 5, 6; 

Sowei'by, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 85; Clessin, Conch.-Cal). 

1886, p. 140, pi. 12, figs. 26-28, & pi. 20, tig. 4. 

Shell depressed, solid, striate, shiuing, pale horn-colour or 

brown; deeply umbilicate, slightly concaTe above; whorls 4, 

rapidly and regularly increasing, rounded ; suture above deep, 

umbilical suture only lightly impressed ; the last whorl twice as 

broad as the penultimate; aperture broadly semilunate, oblique ; 

labrum acute, thickened. 

Alt. 6, diain. 12 mm. 

Hob. Mergui (Coll. Duuker legit Phil.): Chybassa, Bengal 

(var. major) (Coll. Dunker). 

Section GYBAULUS. 

(rJ/faMtojAgassiZjNouv. M^m. Sec. Helv. i, 1887 (Ilartniann, 1844). 

Nautilina, Stein, Sclinecken Berlin, 1850, p. 50. 

TYPE, Planorbis albus, Miiller ; Europe. 

Range. AYorld-wide. 

Shell small, compressed, paucispiral; whorls rapidly iucreasing, 

the last broadening towards the aperture ; aperture rather wide. 

233. Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus {Uutton). 

Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (Ilutton), J. A. S. 13. iii, p. 91 

(no. 13), 93; Benson, J. A. S. B. v, p. 748; Martens, Mai. 

Blatt. iv, p. 213 ; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 99, figs. 1, "4 ; Sowerby, in 

Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 14, fig. 118 ; Clessin, in Conch.-C&b. 

1886, p. 107, pi. 16, fig. 10. 

Planorbis tondanensis, Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 44, pi. o, fig. 4. 

Shell compressed, rather broad, pale, smooth, dextral, narrowed 

above, broad below, somewhat keeled, spire depressed; aperture 

obliquely pyramidal, angular' above, lower margin produced. 

(Sowerby in Reeve.) 

Alt. 3'5, diam. maj. 11-5 mm. (fig. 118 a iu Conch. Icon.). 

JIab. Eiver Ganges, etc. 

234. Planor'bis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus {Hutton). 

Planorbis (Gyraulus) conve.viusculus (Hutton), J. A. S. B. xviii, 

pt. 3 (1849), p. 657 ; H. &. T., C. I. pi. 99, figs. 8-10; Sowerby, 

in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 11, sp. 93 ; Clessin, Conclx.-Cab. 

1884, p. 127, pi. 17, fig. 9. 

Original description :—Shell depressed, | of an inch iu diameter; 

pale horn-colour; polished ; closely and obliquely striate; whorls 

4 or 5 ; rounded ; suture well defined ; periphery subangular, but

PLAKOEIJIS. 119^ 

not influencing the aperture, wliicb is ovato-lunate; umbilicus 

wide, discovering all the previous volutions ; the whorls rising 

gradually and spirally from the horizontal, and rounded below. 

Animal blaclc or dusky. 

Hah. Kandahar, plentiful iu tanks; Quettab and the Kojuok 

Pass, in marshes, and along the marshlands of the lliver Helmuud 

at Girishk (Hutton); GrangeticProvinces {Tope Chancey); Pinjore, 

below Simla {Hutton). 

It differs from Plunorbis compressns in wanting the delicate 

carina at the periphery and in having a lunate aperture without 

the angle on the middle of the outer lip ; in being more convex, 

with rounder whorls ; and in having its •solutions wound round 

on a more open and less hori/.ontal twist. 

235. Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus {Benson). 

Planorhis {Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson), A. M. Jf. H. ser. 2, v,, 

1850, p. 350. 

Original description :—Testa solidiuscula, plano-depressa, nitidav 

albido-cornea, subdiaphana, oblique arcuato-striata, striis remotiuscutis 

spiralibus decussata; apice prof unde concavo; sutura 

profunda; anfr. 3|, cito crescentibus, convexis, ultimo anticemajori, 

ab axe superiorum discedenti, rotundato, carina mediaua' 

levissima submembranacea instructo, infra valde convexo;: 

umbilico subaperto profundiori, margine iuteriori subangulato ;: 

apertura obliqua, cordiformi, intus albo-labiata ; margine superiori 

arcuato, inferior! rotundato. 

Alt. scarcely 2, diam. maj. 5, diam. min. 4 mm. 

•2 . ! 

Pig. b.— Planorbis {Gyraulus) lahiatus, Bens. (Types.) 

1, spire ; 2, base of shell. X 4. 

Hah. Moradabad (found amoug specimens of Phmorhis coni' 

pressus, Hutton). 

'•This little shell is remarkable for the departure of the last 

whorl from the axis which governs the previous volutions. This 

is especially apparent underneath, where the earlier whorls in the 

umbilicus proceed regularly, the last whorl becoming suddenly 

excpntric. The wliitish rib within the lip is also a marked 

character, as well as the proportion of the axis to the dijinieter."

120 iiMNJi;ii)iE. 

236. Planorliis (Gyraulus) sivalensis {Hutton). 

Planorbis (Oyraulus) sivalensis (Hutton, MS.), Clessin, in Conch.-- 

Cab. 1884, p. "194, pi. 28, fig. 9. 

Origi'iial description :—Testa minuta, compressa, solidula, pallidecoriiea, 

subtilissime striata, aitidula; supra centro immerso, 

infra concava; anfr. 3|-4, lente et regulariter accrescentes, 

superne convexiusculi, sutura profunda separati, inferne subplanulata 

; ultimus infra obtuse angulatus, penultimo vix duplo 

latior ; apertura ovata, perobliqua; peristoma acutum, marginibus, 

callo tenuissimo conjunctis. 

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4'6 uiun. 

Hah. N. India, Dehra Dun (Benson). 

237. Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackei-i (Clessin). 

Planorhis (Gt/rauhis) hohenacheri, Clessin, in CQncli.-Cab. 1884, 

p. 205, pi. 31, fig-. 7. 

Original description:—Testa solidula, diaphana, leviter et 

regulariter costuiata, fulvo-cornea, supra profundissirae perforata, 

infra parum concava; anfr. 3| celerrime accrescentes, tefetes, 

ntrinque sutura profunda separati; ultimus g omnis diametri 

superans, ad aperturam breve descendens; apertura lunata, 

rectum ; peristoma acutum, fuseo-labiatum; marginibus callo 

tenui juDotis. 

Alt. 4'5, diam. 9 ram. 

Ilcdi. Himalayas. 

238. Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson). 

Planorhis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson, MS.), Clfessin, in Concli.- 

Cab. 1884, p. 139, pi. 18, fig. 4. 

Original description:—Testa parvula, depressa, tenuis, transverse 

striata, pallide-cornea, supra plana centro immerso, subtvis 

modice umbilicata; anfr. 3j, eelerritne accrescentes, ovatodepressi, 

sutura profunda separati, ultimus valde dilatatus, 

penultimo triple latior ; aperturam versus paululum descendens ; 

apertura ampla, valde obliqua ; peristoma acutum, margine 

supBriore producto. 


Bab. Calcutta; Benares. 

239. Planorbis (Gyraulus) barrackporensis (Clessin). 

Planorbis (Gyraulus) harrack/torensis, Clessin, Conc-li.-Cab. 1884, 

p. 125, pi. 18, fig. 7. 

Original description:—Testa depressa, supra paulo convexiuscula, 

centro immerso; infra umbilicata; subtiliter striatula, 

diapbaua, tenuis, paulo nifidula, pallide-cornea; anfr. 3J, ovatorotundati, 

utrinque iequaliter convexiusculi, angulati; celerrime

PLAKORBIS. 121 

acerescentes ; ultimus penultimo fere tertio latior ; apertura valde 

obliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum, margine superiore valde 

producto, arcuato. 

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4 mm. 

Hab. Barrackpore. 

240. Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus {Button). 

Planorhis (Gyraulus) hhnalayanus (Hutton, MS.), Olessin, Concli.- 

Cab. 1884, p. 141, pi. 20, tig. 8. 

Original description:—.Testa depressa, solidula, nitidula, 

pellucida, arcuate striata ; supra plauulata centro concavo ; subtiis 

pauluJiim concava ; anfr. 4, modice eeleriter acerescentes, depressoovati, 

sutura leyiter immersa separati, in peripheriain fere 

«,ngulati, utrinque sequaliter convexiusculi; ultimus penultimo 

duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum, 

marginibus disjunctis, margine superiore arcuata producto, 

iaferiore fere recto, 

Alt. 1-2, diam. 5'5 mm. 

Hab. Tinjori Valley, 

241. Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerhmd. 

Planorbis (Gyrauhis) liratus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetenskapliga 

Jakttagelser, iv, p. 200, pi. 4, fig. 18. 

Original description:—Testa parva, plana, utrinque eentro 

subaequaliter impressa, lutescenti-cornea, supra et infra, ab apice 

ad aperturam sub lente perdistincte spiraliter liiieata, transversim 

vix striatula; anfr. 4, convexi, regulariter acerescentes, ultimus 

lente accresceus, subcylindraceus, basi perobsolete angulatus, supra 

paullo magis convexus ; apertura rotuudata. 


Ilah. Point de Gralle, Ceylon. 

242. Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund. 

Planorbis {Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetenskapliga 

Jakttagelser, iv, p. 204, pi. 4, fig. 16. 

Original description:—Testa depressa, utrinque centro impressa 

(supra magis), striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, angulo peripherico 

distincto, juvenis cornea, nitidula, matura alba, opaca; anfr. 4^, 

eeleriter sed ssepius (prtesertim subtus) irregulariter acerescentes, 

utrinque magis magisque centrum versus demissi, ultimus dilatatus, 

medio angulatus, utrinque subfsqualiter convexiusculus, antice 

paullo descendens; sutura sat profunda; apertura perobliqua, 

intus semper nitida, ovata, extus acutiuscuja, margiuibus callo 

elato in pariete contiguis, interiove leviter curvato, exteriore forte 

arcuato. 

Alt. 1-5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm. 

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

122 r.iMXvEiD^TS. 

243. Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund. 

rianorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, "Westerlund, in ^''ega Exped'., 

Vetenskapliga Jakttaêlser, iv, p. 205, pi. 4, fig. 17. 

Original description :—Testa depressa, supra plana, centro \ix 

impressula, subtus late convexiuscula (anfractus ultimus cireumciroa'altior 

et spira sensiin profuudior), striatula, iiitidula, cornea ;. 

anfr. 5, lente accrescentes, primi convexi, cseteri convexiiisc-uli, 

sntura sat profunda disjunct!, ultimus sensim latior, iion dilatatus, 

peripheria obsolete angulatus, uti-inque subiequaliter convexiusculus 

; apertura obliqua, ovato, peristomate subincrassato. 

Alt. 1'5, diam. 5-5-6"5 mm. 

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon. 

Almost certainl}'" a variety of P. (G.) demissus. 

244. Planorbis (Gyratilus) elegantulas (Dohm). 

Planorbis (Gi/raulus) elegantnlus (Dobrn), P. Z. S. 18.58, p. 134; 

II. k T., C. 1. pi. 151, figs. 1-3. 

Original deseription:—Testa discoidea, albida sub lente teiuiiter 

striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula, umbilicata, subtus 

plana ; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ultimus infra medium obsolete 

carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris; peristomium rectum, 

intus calloso-albo-labiatum. 

Diam. maj. 4'75, diam. min. 4 mm. 


Hah. Ceylon. 

245. Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus {Sow.). 

Planorbis {Gyraulus) nanus (Sow.), Sowerby, iu Reeve. Concli. Icon. 

XX, pi. 9, sp. 75 ; Benson, V. Z. S. 1856, p. 186. 

Shell pale fulvous, compressed, i-ather convex above, broadly 

and deepl}^ umbilicated below; spire narrow, flat; whorls 3, 

obliquely striated, rapidly increased, last very broad ; aperture 

depressed, very bread, outer lip obliquely produced above. 

{Sowerby in Seeve.) 

Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. (fig. 75 a in Conch, Icon.).- 

J/ah. India; subfossil, Tsoral Lake, Tibet {Captain II. Stracliey). 

246. Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula {Benson). 

Planorbis {Gyraulus) rotula (Benson), A. J[. N. 11. ser. 2, v,. 

I860, p. 351; H. & T., C. I., pi. 90, figs. 2, 3. 

Original description;—Testa minuta, depresso-planata, apertissime 

umbilicata, luteo-cornea, diaphana, impolita, spiraliter 

obsolete striata; anfr. 55^, cylindraceis, lente borizontaliter increscentibus, 

supra et subtus roqualifer apparentibus; ultimo ad 

periphterium rotiindato, nullo mode angulato : sutura sp^"a infraque 

profunde impressa ; umbilico mininie profundo ; apertura 

vix obliqua, rotundato-lunata; margine superior! arcuato.

PLAXORBIS. 123 

Alt. 1, diaiu. maj. 2-66, diam. iniii. 2 (about) mm. 

JIah. Moradabad. 

The figures and description given by Sowerby in Eecve's 

' Conchologia Iconica,' vol. 20, and copied b}' Clessin in the 

' Concbylien-Cabinet,' 1885, obviously can have nothing to do 

with Benson's species. 

247. Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelzneri (DoJmi). 

Planorbis {Oyrmdus) stelzneri (TJolu-n), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 91, figs. 4, 7; Clessin, in Concb.-Cab. 1884, 

p. 117, pi. 11, fig. 11. 

Original description:—Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, tenuiter 

longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana, subtus pauUo 

convexior, utrinque foveolata; anfr. 3-4 vix con\ex\, nltiinus 

acute carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris; peiistomiuni 

rectum, intus albolabiatum. 

Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 5-5 mm. 


Hah. Ceylon. 

248. Planorbis (? Gyraulus) hyptiocyclos {Benson). 

Planorbis (? Gyraulus) lit/ptiocyclos (Benson), A. M. N, H. ser. .3, 

xi, 1863, p.'89, &rfeiflei-, Mou. Holic. v, p. 117 {as Heli.v) ; 

H. & T., C. I. pi. 99; Sowerbv in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, 

pi. 14, fig. 120; Clessin, in Conoii.-Cab. 1885, p. 228. 

Original description:—Testa latissirae umbilicata, orbiculatoplauata, 

plaiiorbit'orini, depressa, fragili, oblique striatula, transluceute, 

polita, olivaceo-cornea ; spira concaviuscula, apice foveolato, 

euturis profundis; anfr. 4|, gradatim inerescentibus, 

utrinque convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, peripberia subearinata; 

apertura valde obliqua, elliptieo-lunata ; peristomate tenui, acuto, 

marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis. 

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 ram. 

Hah. Port MacDonald, Ceylon (Province of Uva) {F. Layard). 

Clessin (K"achr. Bl. Malak. Ges. xxxix, 1907, p. 7) reports 

PI. (Tropidiscus) marginatiis, Drap. var. suhmarginatus, Jan, and 

PI. {T.) carinatus, Miill. from the Pamirs, together with the 

following two species described by him at the same time, 

without figures. 

249. Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin. 

Planorbis {Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin, Nachr. BL Malalr. Ges. 

xxxix, 1907, p. 7. 

Shell flattened, whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, the last onethird 

of the total diameter of the shell, whorls very compressed, 

in section almost lancet-shaped ; sharply keeled, more convex 

above the keel than below ; suture slightly impressed; finely 

sculptured ; umbilicus wide; aperture very oblique, compressedly 

ovate. 

Ait. 1"5, diam. 7 mm. 

Hah. Pamirs, numerous but very local.

124 lIMNvEIDiE. 

250. Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Glessin. 

Planoi-bis (Gyraulus) iasykulensis, Glessin, Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges. 

xxxix, 1907, p. 7. 

Shell small, slightly compressed, whorls 4, rapidly increasing 

(the last scarcely one-third of the total diameter of the shell) ; 

suture moderately deep; umbilicus rather wide; sculpture fine, 

irregular ; aperture oblique, compressedly ovate. 

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4*5 mm. 

Hah. Pamirs, from only one locality, but very plentiful. 

Section HIPPEUTES. 

Ilippeutes, Agassiz, Nouv, Mem. Soc, Ilelv. i, 1837. 

Tl'PE, Planorbis fontanus, Lightfoot; Europe. 

Jiangc. Europe; Asia. 

Siieh small, lenticular, much depressed, paucispiral; whorls very 

rapidly increasing, carinate ; aperture obliquely heart-shaped. 

251. Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund. 

Planorbis {Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund, in Vepâ Exped. 

Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pi. 4, lig. 19. 

Original description:—-Testa juvenis rufo-castanea, nitidissima, 

adulta rufescenti-cornea, nitidula, subtilissime oblique striatula, 

supra convexa, centre sat profunde immersa, subtus planiuscula, 

umbilicata (umbihco centro augustissimo, aperturam versus 

dilatato) striatula; anfr. 4, primi angusti, spiram minimam formantes, 

ultimus maximus, extus declivis, subtus convexiusculus, 

peripheria acute angulatus ; apert. perobliqua, cordiformis, 

margine columellari subrecto, exteriore antrorsum valde convexo. 

Alt. 1.-5, diam. 5 mm. 

Mab. Point de Galle, Cejdon. 

Subgenus SEGMENTINA. 

Segmentinn, Fleming-, Hist. Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 279. 

TypB, Planorbis nitidus, Miiller; Europe. 

Mange. Europe ; A sia ; Africa ; Australia. 

Shell orbicular, depressed, furnished internally with transverse, 

testaceous partitions or teeth; apertflre transversely oval, or 

circular. 

See also description of Planorbis, p. 115.

TLAXOBBIS. 125 

252. Planorbis (Segmentina) umbilicalis (Benson). 

Planorbis {Seginentind) umbilicalis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, 

p. 741 ; A. -M. N. II. ser. 2, v, 1853, p, 351; Martens, Mai. 

Bliitt. xiv, p. 216; H. &T., C. I. pi. 40, figs. 7-9; Sowerby 

in. Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 77; Clessiu, in Ooncli.- 

Cab. 1884, p. 136, pi. 15, fig. 6. 

Original description :—Testa quasi dextva luteo-coriiea, polita, 

leviter radiato-striata, iufra excavato-depressa, anfractibus omnibus 

versus umbilicum profundum spectantibus, ultimo interiores pene 

tegente; supra convexa versus apicem plaiiata, apice concavo, 

omuibus anfractibus satis apparentibus ; periplioeria obtuse 

angulata. 

The dimensions as given by Clessin are as follow :— 


Hah. Syihet. 

2.53. Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson). 

Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, 

p. 742 (Glean. Scien. Calcutta, i, pi. 8, flo-. 10) ; A. M. N. H. 

ser. 2, V, 1850, p. 352 ; H. & T., C. I. pi. 39, figs. 4-0; 

Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pi. 9, fig. 70; Clessin, in 

Conch.-Oab. 1886, p. 225. 

Original description:—Testa quasi dextra diaphaua, subtrochiformi, 

supra glabra, rotuiidato-convexa, apice concavo-depresso 

quasi umbilical!; anfractibus omnibus parum apparentibus, sutura 

exciivata divisis ; infra radiatim striata, truncata, planata, umbilico 

confracto. Anfractu ultimo majori reliquos amplectente, supra 

pene, infra omnino obtegente ; periphseria acuta. 

Alt. scarcely 2, diam. 3 mm. 

Hah. Barraekpore. 

254. Planorbis (Segmentina) grun^ri (Clessin). 

Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin), in Conch.-Cab. 1884, 

p. 148, pi. 21, fig. 9. 

Original desei-ipttion :—Testa depressa, supra centro paululum 

concave, .siibtus subplauata, nitidula subtilissime irregulariter 

striata, diaphana. cornea ; anfr. 4^ lenteet regulariter accrescentes, 

depresso-ovati, utrinque convexiusculi ac sutura profunda separati; 

ultimus penultimo t'ix duplo latior; apertura obliqua, ovata; 

peristoma acutum, marginibus disjunctis ; niargine superiore 

paululum producto. 


Hah. India; Singapore.

120 LIMNJEID^B. 

255. Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund. 

Plmiovhis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. 

Vetenskapliga Jaktlagelser, Lv, p. 209, pi. 5, fig. 21. 

Orujinul description :—Testa flavescenti-cornea (anfr. prioribus 

rufis), supra convexa, medio impressa, subtus plana, concaviuscula, 

latiuseule unibilicata; afr. 5, primi lente, ultimi regulariter 

accrescentes et diameter penultimi ad apertiirain perfecte duplo 

minor quam reliqua spiraet spira tota magna, latitiidineanfractum 

ultimum ad aperturam multo superans ; anfr. ult. convexus, extus 

lente descendens, basi .«at acute angulatus, aritice non dilatattis ; 

apertura descendens, valde obliqua, forte lunata, obtuse cordnta, 

margine coKimellari subrecto, exteriore A*alde arcuatini producto ; 

faux pluries lamellis 3 albis coarctata. : 

Alt. 1'25, diam. 4'o mm. 

Hah. Point de Galle, Ceylon. 

256. Planorbis (Segmentina) sindicus {Benson). 

Planorhis (Sef/mentinn) sindicus (Benson), A. M. N. II. 18-50 

p. 350; H. •& T., 0, I. pi. 40, iigs. 4-6. 

Oricjincd description :—Testa minuta, perforata, sublenticulari, 

albida, IsBvi, subdiaphana, supra convexa; spira planiilata, apice 

depresso ; anfr. 2|, ultimo medio obtuse angulata, subtus convexo ; 

apertura cordata, obliqua, margine superior! arcuat;o, prominente, 

inferior! recedente. 

Alt. '66, diam. 2*5 ram. 

Hah. Upper Sind. 

257. Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori {Benson). 

Plmiorbis {Segmentina) cantori (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v, 

1850, p. 341!; II. & T., C. I. pi. 40, figs. 1-3 ; Sowerby, in Reeve, 

Coneh. Icon, xx, pi. 10* fig. 79: Clessin in Conch.-Cab. 1884, 

p. 158, pi 23, fig. 9. 

Oric/inal description:—Testa uitidula, cornea, subdiaphana, 

radiato-striata, depressa, supra convexiuscula, spira planata, apice 

concavo, sutura bene impressa; anfr. 5^, convexiusculis, lente 

crescentibus, ultimo antice niajori, .subtus convexo, periphteria 

subcarinata; umbilico aperto, profundiusculo; apertura obliqua 

subcordiformi, margine supra valde arcuato, fuscato, infra leviter 

rotundato. ; 

Alt. 2, diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6'25 mm. 

D:am, spirse 3'5 ; lat. anfract. ult., antice, 3 mm. 

Hah. Barrackpore.

PHTSID^. 127 

'25S. Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Bensoii). 

Pkmorbis {Seqmentina) calathus (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, v, 

1860, p. 348; II, & T., 0. I. pi. 34, figs. 1-3: Sowerby, in 

Reeve, Concli. Icon, xx, pi. 4, fig. 30; Clessin in Concli.-Cab. 

1884, p. 130, pi. 15, fi-. 1.3. 

Orifjinal description:—Testa nitidiuscula, albido-cornea, vel 

3utescente cornea, siibdiaphana, exilifer radiato-striafa, supra convexa, 

versus apicein planulafa, apice coiicavo, sutura impressa ; 

Tinfr. 4, ultimo extus depresso, inferne angulato, intus lamiuis 

denticulisque radiatis freqnentioribus munito, subtus subplanato, 

versus umbilicum angustum, profundum excavate; apertura 

obliqua, cordate sagittata intus remote labiata, margine superior! 

•arcuate, prominente, iut'eriori subrecto, i-ecedente. 

Alt. 2, diam. maj. 4'66, diam. min. 4 mm. 

Hah. Bbimtal and Neini Tal, in the Kemaon Region of the 

Himalayas ; Meradabad ; Kattiawar ; Ceylon; Kashmir, etc. 

Apparently very local, but abundant where found. 

-259. Planorbis (Segmentina) csenosus (Benson). 

Planorbis (Segmentina) ceenostis (Benson), A. M. N. 11. ser. 2, v, 

1850, p. 349; II. & T., C. I. pi. 39, figs. 7, 8; Sowerby, in 

Reeve, Ooncli. Icon, xx, pi. 10, fig. 78; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 

1884, p. 165, pi. 24, fig. 4. 

Original description:—Testa nitida, luteo-cornea vel olivaceo- 

•cornea, oblique et rude (prjecipue subtus) radiato-striata, sub- 

•diaphana, supra depresso-convexa ; spira parvula, apice excavate ; 

«utura impressa; anfr. 3|, ultimo majori, extus depressiuscule, 

inferne earinato, subtus planate, versus umbilicum majorem 

leviter excavate ; apertura ebliqua, sagittiformi, margine superieri 

arcuate, prominente inferior! recedente, recto. 


Hab. Meradabad ; Ceylon'. 

Differing from P. (S.) calathus in having no internal laminse and 

in being more depressed and more angular at the keel ; moreover 

-the relative dimensions are not the same. 

Family P.HYSIDJi. 

Subfamily PHYSINiE. 

^5hell fusiform or ovately fusiform, sinistral, horny. 

Distribution. AVorld-wide. 

Genus PHYSA. 

JVtt/.ia, Braparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 52, & [list. Nat. 

iloll. Terr. Fhiv. France, p. 54.

128 ARCIBJE. 

Hulla, Linnseus, etc. 

Planorbis, Miiller. 

2'urbo, Costa. 

Bulimus, Bruguiere, I'oiret. 

Limnea, Sowerby. 

TiPB, PJiysa fontinalis, Linn.; Europe. 

Range. Europe ; Asia; Africa ; America. 

Shell fluviatile, horny, thin, spiral, sinistral, generally ovate 

acuminated ; outer lip sharp, simple ; inner lip expanded, continuous 

with the columella ; columella tortuous, single-plaited. 

260. Physa coromandelica, Dunher. 

Phym coromandelica, Dunker, jVTalak. Blatt. 1862, p. 150. 

Original description:—Testa subovata tenuis, fusco-cornea, subdiapliana, 

anfractibus quinis earinatis, per longitudinam striatis, 

sutura distincta divisis instructa ; spira parum exserta, ob carinam 

prorainentem scalata; anfractus embryonalis vel apes obtusiusculus 

; apertura ovato-oblouga obhqua ; spira duplo major; labrum 

aeatam m mzTgme sapeviore asguhtum, 

Alt. 11, diam. 5'6 mm. 

Hah. Ooromandel. i 

Class PELECYPODA. 

Order TETE A BR AN C H I A. 

Suborder MYTILACEA. 

Family ARClDJi. 

Subfamily ARCINiE. 

Shell either equivalve or inequivalve, oval, rounded or trapezoidal, 

covered with a periostraeum ; ligament spreading over a 

considerable external area, or confined to a small depression ; 

hinge multi-dentate, the teeth short or lameliiforin; adductor 

scars extended, subequal; pallial line simple; interior of shell 

not nacreous. 

Animal, with the exception of Seapliida, marine; foot large,, 

broad, bearing a byssif'erous groove and frequently !\, by^'ûs ; the 

adductor muscles ju both Valves of about equal size -, siphons 

absent; gills oblique, either equal or unequal; palpes simplewithout 

posterior appendages. 

Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas, and rivers of 

Eastern India and Burma far beyond the limits of tide.

BCAPnULA. 129 

Genus SCAPHULA. 

Seaphtda, Benson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 91; Zool. Journ. v, 1836, 

p. 464; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 128. 

TYPE, Seaphula eelox, Benson ; Elver Jumna, near Bundelkund. 

Mange. Eivers of India and Burma. 

The original description of tiie genus is as follows :— 

" The form of the shell, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and 

the position and order of its teeth shew its place to be among the 

Arcace(B ; while the oblique production of the teeth on the posterior 

side down the inner surface of the cardinal lamina, the separation 

of the teeth into two sets by the interposition of an edentate 

portion of the cardinal lamina, and the freedom of the shell from 

ribs, with the exception of the ridges which occur at the angle 

of the shell, will suffice to distinguish our shell from the genus 

Area, which will still comprehend marine shells only." 

In 1856 in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 

p. 128, Benson gives an amended description of the above as 

follows :—" Testa aequivalvis, valde insequilateralis, subtrapeziformis, 

carina valida ab umbonibus distantibus usque ad marginem 

posteriorem et basalem extendente ; cardo rectilinearis, medio 

tenuis, ad extremitates sulcidentatas latior, dentibus anterioribus 

4, crenulatis minutis obliquis posterioribus lamellatis, parallelibus, 

intus oblique descendentibus, 4 ad 6, primo obliquis, demum 

transversis, raro bifurcatis, munita ; ligamentum exterius, rhombiforme, 

inter umbones situm; epidermis tenuis vel crasse 

lamelloso-rugosa; musculi adductoris impressio antica unica, 

posteriores duae subdistantes quorum inferior oblongo-quadrata; 

pallii impressio Integra." 

" The genus is at once distinguished from its nearest allies. 

Area and Gucullcea, by the hinge being linear and edentate in the 

middle and for the greatest part oi its length, and by tie form 

and position of the teeth at the extremities; the laminar posterior 

ones, which are sometimes ramose, running obsoletely and 

obliquely into the interior of the shell. The two distinct adductor 

muscular impressions, and the squareness of the lower one 

on the posterior side in both species, are peculiar features supporting 

the claims of the type to generic distinction." 

The animal is unknown. 

261. Seaphula celox, Benson. 

Seaphula celox, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750 (as figured in 

Glean. Science, Calcutta), i, pi. 7, figs. 2, 3; A. M. N. H. xvii, 

1856, p. 129; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 14, 

15 ; H. & T., C. I., 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 8, 9 ; Crosse & 

P. Fischer, J. Oonchyliol., Paris, xxiv, p. 389. 

Area seaphula, Benson, P. Fischer, Man. Conch., p. 976.

;130 AUOIDJ). 

Scaphula celo.v, Benson, Lamy, J. Conchyliol., Paris, 1907, Iv, 

pp. 109-111. 

Original description:—Testa elongata, tumida, Ireviusc ula ' 

antice angulata, inter unibonem extremitatemque anticam subito 

evasa; carino umbonali compresso, costula obsoleta contigua. 

^'As Benson gave no dimensions, the following are taken from 

three specimens in the British Museum. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Long 

Lat 

Diam 

3-5 3-5 

10-75 

6 3'25 3-25 

11-75 

6 

4-5 mm. 

11-5 mm. 

7-75 mm. 

Hah. River Oane, near Banda, Bundelkund. 

262. Scaphula pinna, Benson. 

Scaphula pinna, Benson, A. M. N. H, ser, 2, xvii, 1856, pp. 128- 

129 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pi. 14, figs. 1H3; 

H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, flgs. 5-6. 

Original description :—Testa elongato-triangulari, subtrapeziformi, 

extus sub epidermide albida, intus cserulescente, antice 

angusta, extremitate subacute angulata, arcuatim descendente 

postice, subalata, expansa, extremitate superne arcuata, infra 

reetangulari ; carina acuta, eompressa ; pagina postiea majori 

subremote, antica confertim concentriee sulcata, utrinque radiatiin 

striatula; epidermide fusco-nigi-a, crasse rugoso-lamellata, marginem 

nigrescentem excedente, musculi anterioris impressione 

ovate - rotundata, posterioribus duabus, superior! subcardinali 

elongata, angusta, inferiori elongato-quadrata. 

Long. 5, lat. 11, diam. 6 mm. 

Three specimens in the British Museum, received from the late 

Dr. Blanford, are of the following dimensions. 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 3-5 3 2-25 mm. 

Lat 9-5 8-25 6-5 mm. 

Diam 4-25 4-25 3-25 mm. 

Hab. Tenasserim Eiver. 

263. Scaphula deltas, Blanford. 

Scaphula delta, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pp. 71-72, 

pi. 14, figs. 7-10 ; Cent. Ind. Mai. pt. 8, p. 21, pi. 8, figs. 7-10 ; 

H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, figs. 2 & 8. 

Original description:—Testa tumida, perelongato-rhomboidea, 

sub epidermide erassa, fusca, postice radiatim lirata albida, hneis 

minutus elevatis coufertissimis decussata, ante carinam costa

SCAPHULA. 131 

unica lata, planulata, aliquando obsoleta, a natibus ad marginem 

decurrente, munita, intus cserulescens, antice rotundata, postice 

oblique truncata, margine ventrali antice convexa, postice vix 

concaviuscula (testsB junioris recta). Carina perelevata, acuta, 

valvas in paginas duas dividens, antica tumida, postiea concava. 

Area nitida, sub lente striatula, ligamento rhombeo solum antice 

induta. Dentes eardinales postici breves, obliqni, ab extremitate 

remotiusculi. 

1. 2. 

Long 3-5 3 mm. 

Lat 10 8 mm. 

Diam 6'5 5 mm. 

Hah. Irawady Eiver at Pegu ; found " under stones in ereelcs, 

adhering by a byssus "; Malianadi Eiver, at a point five miles 

above Sambalpnr, Orissa (Chaudhuri). 

The author appends the following notes to his description :— 

" Shell very tumid, elongately rhomboidal (the ventral and dorsal 

margins being parallel as in /S. celox), covered with a thick dark 

epidermis, which is rather rough and radiately ribbed behind the 

keel. Beneath the epidermis the shell is white, and decussately 

very minutely sculptured, one flat broad rib, scarcely raised, and 

occasionally ohsolete in old specimens, passing from the umbones 

to the margin just iu front of the keel. This is scarcely distinguishable 

until the epidermis is removed. The valves are bluish 

within, rounded iu front, obliquely truncated at the posterior 

margin; the ventral margin is convex anteriorly, suhconcave 

posteriorly, being straight for the greater part of its course in 

young shells, but becoming slightly concave, at the spot where the 

byssus passes out, in old specimens. The keel is very high and 

sharp, separating the valves into two subdivisions, the anterior of 

which is tumid, the posterior concave. The area is polished and 

striated rather obliquely, the ligament diamond-shaped and 

covering only the anterior portion, about + to | the length of the 

area. The hinge teeth are obhque, but less so than in either 

vS. celox or S. pinna, and the posterior teeth are much farther from 

the extremity of the shell than in either of those species." 

" The great distinction between this species and the other two 

previously described is in the far greater tumidity of the valves, 

which are nearly twice at broad in their diameter from side to side 

(of the closed valves) as they are from the dorsal to the ventral 

margin. The proportion of the two diameters in the present 

species averages about 12: 7. In *S'. celo.v it is 12:10^ and in 

vS. •pinna 12: 91."

132 uNioNiniE. 

Suborder SUBMYTILACEA. 

Family UNIONID^. 

Subfamily UNIONIN.^. 

Shell nacreous, covered with a more or less thickened periostracum; 

umbones generally corrugatedly sculptured; ligament 

somewhat elongated, projecting; hinge teeth bearing, the teeth 

usually strong, arranged as cardinals and laterals ; pallial line 

generally simple. Animal with labial palpes somewhat drawn out, 

projecting posteriorly; embryos borne in the outer or in all four 

gills. 

Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world. A 

single genus occurring in the Indian Eegion. 

Genus SOLENAIA. 

Solenaia, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch, iv, 1869, p. 249. 

TYPE, Mycetojnis emarginatiis, Lea, from Siam. 

Mange. South-Eastern Asia and China, one species only from 

India. 

Shell elongated, thin; gaping anteriorly ; hinge with a long, 

acicular, lateral tooth in each valve, slightly developed. 

The soft parts appear to be unknown, though Ifischer notes in 

his paper 'Observations sur les genres JfycetojjMS et Solenaia''* 

that the animal retains an upright position in a hole which it 

bores in the earth, which is often very hard, the manner of boring 

being unknown. The siphons are placed above, the valves gaping 

apart, the foot is turgescent having the anterior extremity much 

swollen in the form of a bowl. 

264. Solenaia soleniformis {Benson). 

Solenaia soleniformis (Benson), Simpson, Syn.Naiades, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 656. 

Anodonta soleniformis, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750. 

Margaron (Unio) henaoni, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57. 

Mycetoptts bensonianus, Lea, H. & T., C. I. 1876, pi. 9, fig. 1 ; 

Pffltel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 186. 

Spatha soleniformis, Fischer, J.Conchyliol., Paris, xxxviii, 1890, 

p. 94. 

Original description :—Testa elongatissima, postice angustata, 

extremitate rotundata; antice latiore, sub-alata, extremitate 

* J. ConchylioL, Paris, xxxviii, 1890, p. 11.

SOLEifAIA. 133 

oblique truncata: natibus complanatis, inconspicuis, senectate 

obliteratis, decorlicatis; epidermide junioris fulvida, prjeter 

angulum umbonis viridi, sulcis illuc vinis impressa, setate fusca. 

Long. 150, lat. prope apicem 30, lat. prope alam 37-5 mm. 

Benson adds the following note to his description :— 

" This is a very interesting shell, being, in proportion to its 

length, the most elongated of the genus. The pearl of the 

Fig. 6.—Solenaia soleni/ormis (Benson) (specimen), nat. size, 

showing pallial line and muscular scars. 

interior is bluish with a salmon tinge in old specimens, which are 

likewise much worn on the exterior surface, and have their 

posterior muscular impression very deeply marked, and, as it were, 

carious. The anterior muscular impression is considerably 

elongated under the transverse direction." 

Hah. Assam. 

There is a good series of this species in the Indian Museum 

Collection, all from Cachar, of which the measurements of three 

specimens are:— 

1. 

. .. 55 

, .. 183 

... 29-75 

2. 

46-5 

391 

25-75 

3. 

49*5 mm 

207 mm 

27'75 mm

134 UNioxii)^. 

Subfamily HYRIN^. 

Male and female sliells alike, with beak sculpture radial or 

zigzag-radial; marsupium occupying the inner gills onl)'. 

Distribution. Southern and Eastern Asia; Malay Archipelago ; 

Solomon Islands; Australia; New Zealand; Tasmania; South 

America; and Africa. Several of the genera are found in the 

Indian Eegion. 

Genus UNIO. 

Unio, Hetzius, Diss. Hist. Test. Gen. 1788, p. 10 ; Brugiiiere, Choix 

de Memoires, i, 1792, p. 106. 

Limncea, Poli (pars). Test. iitr. Sic. i, 1791, p. 31. 

Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbucli, 1815, p. 237. 

Elliptio, Rafinesque, J. de Phys. et Hist. Kat. 1819, p. 426. 

Mysca, Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit. 1822, p. 243. 

Canthyria, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 278. 

Uniomsrus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Bci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853, 

p. 268. 

TYPE, Unio tumidus, Eetzius, from Northern and Central 

Europe, Siberia. 

Banye. Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Assyria, N. Africa, and a 

single species recorded from Kashmir. 

Shell inequilateral, ovate or elongate, generally cuneate, ridged 

v'ith concentric growth-lines; umbones moderately large, generally 

corrugately sculptured ; hinge possessing one pseudocardinal and 

one lateral tooth in the right valve and two pseudocardinals and 

two laterals in the left valve ; urabonal cavity shallow. 

The following description of the animal is taken from Simpson's 

work on the Unionidse.* " Animal having the inner branchiae 

free from the abdominal sac for from one-half to their entire 

length; marsupium occupying the whole length of the outer 

gills only, forming a thick, smooth pad when filled with young; 

gills united to the mantle behind to their extreme points, or very 

nearly so; papilla; on branchial and anal openings unbranched; 

superanal opening always closed below." 

Section LYMNIUM. 

Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbiich, 1815, p. 287. 

TYPE, Unio pictoriim, Eetzius ; Europe. 

Bange. Europe ; N. and C. Asia. 

Oken's description being totally inadequate, it has been amplified 

by Simpson as follows :—" Shell generally smooth ; beak 

sculpture brok3n, often somewhat corrugated or pustulous; 

Washington, D.O., Smithsonian Inst. Nat. Mug. Troc. xxii, 1900, p. 680.

VSIO: XODULAETA. 135 

pseudocardinals compressed; beak cavities well excavated, not 

compressed. Animal highly coloured, anal opening crenulate or 

smooth." 

265. Unio mongolicus, Middendorff. 

Unio mongolicus, Middendorff, Sib. Eeise, ii, 1851, p. 277, pi. 27, 

figs. 7, 8; Hesslinrr, Perl, und Ihre Perlen, 1859, p. 203; 

Schrenck, Eeise und Forsch. im Amur-Lande, ii, 1867, p. 699: 

Westerlund, Kong. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xiv, no. 12,1876, 

p. 74; P8etel,"Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159 ; Westerlund, Faun, der 

Pal. ii, pt. 7, 1890, p. 113. 

Original descrijttioti:—Testa transversim oblonga, subreniformi, 

tumescente, fusca; latere postico antioum quater superante; margine 

yentrali nonnihil retu.so,- margine cardinal! prime ventrali 

parallel! et turn, inde a dimidio latitudinis, in rostrum asymmetricum, 

inferum, descendente; umbonibus prominulis, erosis ; dentibus 

cardinalibus parvis, ci'assiuaculis ; dentibus lateralibus 

evolutis. 

Long. 32, lat. 76, diam. 24 ram. 

Uab. A mountain stream at Gorbitza in Daurien. 

There is a single specimen in the INâtional Collection which 

is indistinguishable from that in the Indian Museum from the 

Tipper, Indus. 

Genus NODULARIA. 

Nodularia, Conrad, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vi, 1853, 

p. 268 ; Simpson, "Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 806. 

TYPE, Unio doiiglasice, Gray; China. 

Range. China; Japan; Eastern Siberia; Indo-China; India; 

Borneo ; Java ; Sumatra; iSTew Guinea; Africa. 

Shell nodose ; cardinal teeth robust, single in the right valve; 

in each valve the principal cardinal tooth is parallel with the 

lateral teeth, or directed towards the posterior extremity of the 

shell. 

See above. 

Section NODULARIA {sensu slticto). 

266. Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Soiverhy). 

Nodularia [Nodularid) digitiformis (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Blus. Proc, xxii, 1900, p. 809. 

Unio digitiformis, Sowerby, Oonch. Ion. xvi, 1868, pi. 66, 

fig. 333 ; Pretp], Conch. Sim. iii, 1890. p. 150.

136 UNIONID^. 

Original description :—Shell narrow, elongated, v.ery tumid, very 

thick, covered with a black, smooth epidermis, white within, 

anterior teeth large, jagged, posterior teetli laminar, elongated; 

posterior side oblique, angular, acuminated at the end of the 

angle, ventral margin slightly swelled posteriorly, then contracted, 

straight in the middle; anterior side very short, umbones large. 

iSfo dimensions are given with the description, but the following 

are taken from Sowerby's figure. 

Long. 35'5, lat. 99 mm. 

Jlab. India. 

267. Nodularia (Nodularia) cseruleus (Lea). 

Nochdaria (Nodularia) ccerideus (Lea); Simpson, Syn. Naiades, 

Washington, D.C, Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, 

pp. 811, 812. 

TJnio ccendeus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv, 

p. 95, pi. 13, fig. 25; Obs. on Unionidoe, i, p. 105, pi. 13, 

fig. 25. 

Margarita ( TJnio) cceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26; 1838, p. 20. 

Margaron (Unto) carideus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 47. 

Unio gerbidoni, Eydoux, in Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 9, pi. 118, 

figs. 2, 2 a, 2 6 ; H. & T., C. 1.1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 2. 

Unio substriatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. ISIat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 

1856, p. 93; Obs. on Unionida;, vi, 1867, p. 20, pi. 26, fig. 14. 

Margaron (Unio) substriatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47. 

Unio humilis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia, viii, 1856, 

p. 93; Obs. on Unionidffi, vi, 1857, p. 16, pi. 26, tig. 10. 

Margaron ( Unio) humilis, Lea, Syn. 1870. p. 32. 

Unio corrianus, Kuster, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 229, pi. 67, 

fig. 5. 

Unio leioma, Benson, A. M. N. II. 1862, p. 192 ; H. & T., 0. L 

1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 6. 

Unio pilatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866, 

p. 133; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 181, 

pi. 38, fig. 95. 

Margaron (Unio) pilatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p.47. 

Unio evittatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868, 

p. 133; Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, 

p. 279, pi. 38, fig. 92. 

Margaron (Unio) cristatus. Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47. 

Unio trirostris, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, pi. 65, fig. 331. 

Original description:—Testa angusto-elliptica, transversa, inaequilaterali, 

subcylindracea; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis, 

rotundatis; dentibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, at in dextra 

valvula sola duplicibus; lateralibiis rectis margarita cseruleo-alba 

et iridesceute. 

Ilab. Eiver Hooghly. 

To the above locality may be added the following, from which 

specimens are represented in the Indian Museum, Calcutta: Sampur; 

Siliguri; Patna; Jamalpur, Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet; 

Barrack Kiver, Silchar; Darjiling; Kochk ; Rajputana ; Manblioom; 

Eohri, Sukkur District, Slud; Saharumpur, United 

Provinces; Lower Nerbudda; Sarabalpur, Bengal; Bhagulpur ; 

Eajmahal; TJmballa; Poonassa; Burwani; Bagh ; Hazrapur.

NODTJLAEIA. 137 

A very widely spread form, as will be seen from the list of 

localities quoted above ; to a certain degree it varies considerably; 

always eorrugatedly sculptured in the umbonal region, this 

character may be either restricted to the extreme umbone, or 

spread over the greater portion of the surface of the shell. 

A number of so-called species have been constituted out of its 

many varietal forms, of which, perhaps, that most often quoted is 

U. leioma, Benson, but on examination of a large series there can 

be no doubt that these must be relegated to sjnonymj'. 

Below are given the measurements of four specimens in the 

Indian Museum, No. 1 being from Calcutta, No. 2 from Bagh, 

No. 3 from TJmbaila, and No. 4 from Poonassa. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

Long 20 17-25 25-25 30 mm. 

Lat 39-75 30 49-5 56 mm. 

Diameter 12 11 18-75 21 mm. 

Var. gaudichaudi {Eydoux). 

Unio qaudichaudi, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, CI. v, p. 10, 

pi. Yl8,6g.3. 

Maryaron (JJnio) gaudichaudi, Lea, Svn. 1860, p. 32; 1870, 

p. 50. 

Nodularia gaudichaudi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., 

Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 812. 

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral; umboues not prominent, 

slightly roughened, covered with a periostracuni; the anterior side 

is short and rounded; the posterior is broader and obscurely angled; 

the whole shell slightly SYS-oUen; texture of shell thin, finely or 

irregularly striate and covered «ith a dirty brown or j'ellowish 

periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous, of a pinkish violet 

shade ; hinge very narrow and nearly straight, a single, rough and 

projecting cardinal tooth appearing on the right valve and two 

oblique and unequal cardinal teeth in the left valve; lateral teeth 

very thin, smooth, obliquely truncate at the posterior end, the 

plates of the opposite valve, between which it fits, of nearly equal 

size. 

Long. 22-5, lat. 38-25 mm. 

Hah. Rivers of Bengal. 

Yar. keraudreni {Eydoux). 

Unio keraudrmi, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, CI. v, p. 8, pi. 118, 

fig. 1. 

Margaron (Unio) keraudreni, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 46. 

Shell obJong-ovate, somewhat depressed, very inequilateral, 

smooth; anterior side obtuse, short; posterior side gently 

attenuated with blunt extremity ; umbones scarcely prominent, 

much eroded ; remainder of outer surface covered with a dark 

brown periostracum; interior of shell nacreous and tinged with

138 VSIOl^DJE. 

yellowish white ; hinge narrow, rather sinuous in the median part; 

cardinal tooth lamellit'orm, carious somewhat oblique fitting into 

the opposite valve between two small unequal teeth joined at 

their base and denticulated above; posterior lateral tooth lamellit'orm, 

sharp, inserted in the opposite valve between two lamellae, 

quite as narrow as that of the left valve ; muscular scars subcircular, 

the anterior rather deep, the-posterior very superficial. 

Long. 22'5, lat. 40'5 mm. 

Hab. Small streams and marshes of Bengal, it is found in great 

profusion in the neighbourhood of Chandernagor. 

268. Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleflBana (Lea). 

Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana (Lea); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Miis. Proc. xxii, p. 813. 

Um'o shnrtlejjianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

viii, 1856, p. 94; Obs. on Genus TJnio, vi, p. 22, pi, 27, tig. 17 ; 

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, p. 302. 

Marffctron {TJnio) shtirtleffianus, Lea, Syn. WIO, p. 32. 

Orkji-nol cJcscripttoii -.—Testa ininvite plicata, elliptica, insequilaterali, 

subcylindracea, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata, 

ad latus subplanulata ; valvulis subcrassis ; uatibus prominulis, ad 

apices minute undulatis; epidermide rirido-lutea ; dentibus cardinalibus 

sublongis, compressis geminisque; lateralibus longis 

subrectisque; margarita salmonis colore tincta et viridescente. 

Hah. Siria Eiver, India (Major Le Conte); Ahmednugger 

(SJmrtleff). 

There are also specimens in the Indian Museum which cannot 

be separated from this species from Myadong and Shuaygoomyo, 

Burma. It is of doubtful specific rank, unfortunately very few 

specimens have been available for examination; probably, could a 

large series be brought together, it would prove to be but a variety 

of iV. ccerulea. 

The dimensions of three specimens in the British Museuiri 

vt'hich agree well with Lea's original figure and description are :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 24 22-5 20 mm. 

Lat 44 44 35 mm. 

Diam 14-25 15 12-75 mm. 

269. Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea). 

Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, D.O., 

Smiths. Inst, Nat., Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813. 

JJnio occatua, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ir, 1860, 

p. 307; Jcxirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1863, p. 398, 

pi. 50, fig. 304; Obs. on Genus Unio, x, 1863, p. 34, pi. 50, 

fi?. 304.

NODUIAEIA. 139 

MargaroH (Unio) occains, Lea, Svn. 1870, p. 31. 

Umo macilentus, Benson, A. M."N. H. X, 1862, p. 187 ; II. & T., 

C.I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 2. & p. 62, pi. 154, fig;. 5. 

Unio ruffosm, H. & T., 0.1, p. 62, pi. 154, fig-. 3. 

Original description:—Testa plieata, elliptica, rugoso-occata, 

coinpressa, valde insequilaterali, postice biangulata, autice regulariter 

rotundata ; natibus prominulis, valde compressis, ad apices 

plicis, pulchris divaricatis; epidermide luteo-oliva et valde rugosa; 

dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, obliquis; lateralibus 

subiongis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et valde irideseente. 

Hah. Bengal (W. A. Haines). 

The ditoensions given below ai'e those of a specimen in the 

British Museum with locaUty " Bengal," which, although somewhat 

larger than that figured by Lea, agrees well with his figure 

and description. 

Long. 22, lat. 42, diam. 15-25 mm. 

It may here be noted that, upon examination, the specimen 

now in the British Museum, figured by Hanley in the ' Conchologia 

Indica', pi. 10, fig. 4, and which was most probably copied 

by Sowerby in the ' Couchologia Iconica ' on pi. 79, fig. 412, 

proves to be a very immature example of a totally difierent 

species. 

270. Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma {Benson). 

Nodularia [Nodidaria) pachysoma (Benson); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. ^xii, 1900, p. 813. 

Unio pachysoma, Benson, A.M.N. II. x, 1862, p. 186; II. & T., 

C.L1876,p. 6,pl.l2, fig. 1. 

Maryaron (Unio) pachysoma, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 03. 

Unio pachystoma, Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162. 

Original description:—Testa transverse ovato-elongata, inaequilaterali, 

tenuiuscula, valde tumida, antice brevi rotundata, postice 

breviter alata, demum modice acuminata, margine ventrali 

subrecto, postice ascendente ; disco iDeviusculo, pohto, transverse 

striatulo, postice dense striato; epidermide viridi, fasciis nonnullis 

luteis radiisque obscuris ornata, postice cserulescenti-viridi; umbonibus 

prominentibus versus apices contiguos minute radiatocostatis, 

carina umbonali prominente obtusa, linea secunda 

radiata interjacente ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus, laminatis, 

lateralibus modice elongatis, valvse sinistrse solum duplicibus: 

margarita pallide purpurea, interdum salmonis colore tincta. 


Bah. Brahmapootra Eiver, Assam; also Sawaddy, Burma 

(Indian Museum Coll.). 

The anterior cicatrices are distinct, tiie posterior confluent, the 

dorsal ones under the cardinal teeth. The inner lamina of the 

latter in the left valve is sometimes obsolete. 

It differs from U. ccerideus in being more inflated and devoid of 

radiate corrugations on the slopes, the posterior side is excavated

140 TJNIOXIDJE. 

and the colour of the interior of the shell also distinguishes it 

from that species. 

271. Nodularia (Nodularia) chaiidhTirii, Preston. 

Nodularia (Nodulana) chaudlmrii, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 290. 

Original description:—Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate, 

pale olive, covered with a finely laminiferous periostracum ; both 

valves concentrically striate, sculptured with irregular, minute, 

nodulous, radiate ridges which appear posteriorly as regular corrugations 

; umbones small, somewhat prominent; dorsal margin 

Fig. 7.—1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) chaiidhurii, Preston (type), uat. size. 

3. Hinge and muscular scars of same. 

slightly arched ; ventral margin straight; anterior side produced, 

rounded: posterior side bluntly rostrate, abruptly sloping above 

and below; hinge teeth elongate, anteriorly projecting; anterior 

scars deep, roundly triangular ; posterior scars scarcely impressed; 

interior of shell iridescent, nacreous, posteriorly corrugate. 

Long. 12-75, lat. 23 mm. 

Hab. Upper Burma. 

The type is in the Indian Museum. 

272. Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi {Eydoux). 

Nodularia {JVodularia) bonneaudi (Eydoux); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio bonneaudi, Evdoux, in Maff. de Zool. 1838, 01. v, pp. 10-11, 

pi. 119, figs. 1, la; H. & T., 0. I. pi. 10, fig. 6. 

Margaron ( Unio) bonneaudi, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 32 ; 1870, p. 50. 

Shell oval, transverse, swollen, inequilateral, of thin texture, 

gently sinuous in the median region; the anterior side obtuse, 

short; posterior side obscurely angled ; umbones scarcely prominent 

and not eroded; the outer surface irregularly furrowed by 

multitudinotis striae, covered with a thin yellowish green periostracum 

; interior of shell nacreous, white; hinge narrow, the 

anterior margin of the right valve bearing two lamelliform teeth 

of equal size, the left valve bearing a single rather large crest-like

3S-0BULA.UIA. 141 

tooth also on the margin, at the base of which appears a second 

and much smaller tooth; posterior lateral gently curved, narrow, 

sharp, falling between two equal sized lamella) in the left valve; 

anterior muscular scar moderately to slightly deep, posterior 

muscular scar superficial. 

Long. 27, lat. 47-25 mm. 

Hob. Eivers of India; Pegu (Ind. Mus. Coll.). 

The species seems to vary greatly in shape and colour, some 

specimens, in the long series of the Indian Museum Collection, 

being posteriorly much more rostrate than others, while in some 

the dorsal margin is angled posteriorly and produced anteriorl}'. 

In colour the species seems to vary from pale yellowish green to 

dark blackish brown, and thus two extremes might easily be 

taken at first sight for different species : there does not seem, 

however, to be any clear line of demarcation between the many 

varieties, all of which merge into one another when a sufficiently 

large series is examined. 

273. Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio {Benson). 

Nodidaria {Nodularia) ptigio (Benson); Simpson, Washington, D.C, 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 814. 

XJnio pugio, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 193; Sowerby, Conch. 

Icon. pi. 45, fig. 516; H. & T., C. 1.1876, p. 5, pi. 10, iig. 7. 

Original description:—-Testa transverse elongato-triangulari, 

linguseformi, valde iniequilaterali, compressiuscula, crassa, antice 

brevissima, subito descendente rotundata, postice sensim angustiore, 

cuneiformi, demum acuminata, margine dorsali recta, 

ventrali convexiusculo, postice ascendente; umbonibus late 

plauatis, lajvibus, prominentibus, carina umbonali subito obtuse 

angulata, area interjacente versus cardinem descendente; disco 

gubplanulato, laeviusculo, substriato; dente cardinali (valvie 

dextr8e)brevi, crassa prominente, radiato-sulcata, lateral! elongata, 

subduplicata, iutns creriulata: margarita albida, iridescente. 


Hob. Neighbourhood of Ava, Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.) ; also 

recorded from the Barrack Eiver, Silchar. 

A curious species whose smooth surface and anteriorly swollen 

and posteriorly cuneiform shape easily distinguish it from any 

other Indian members of the family. 

274. Nodularia (Nodularia) grattosa {PhiU]}]^). 

Nodularia {Nodularia) grutiosa (Philippi); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C, Smiths. Inst., Nat Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815. 

C/n/o (/ra^j'osMs, Philippi, Conch, i, 1845, p. 20, pi. l,fig. 5; Catlow 

& Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59; ? Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 

1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 3. 

Margaron {Unio) gratiosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

142 CFUIONID;E. 

Original description:—Testa minuta, transversim oblonga, 

antice rotundata, postice latiore subrostrata, rugio radiantibus, 

confertissimis sculpta, sordida lutescente et virescente; dento 

cardinali, valvse dextrse compresso triangular!; valvse sinistrffi 

humili, sub vertice appendieulato; dentibus lateralibus -valvse 

sinistrsB gerainis ; margarita ex luteo rubente. 

Height 156-5, length 273-5, diam. 91 mm. 

The species would seem to be very doubtfully Indian. 

275. Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould). 

Nodulm-ia (Nodulai-ia) crispata (Gould); Simpson, Washington, 

D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815. 

Unio crispata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i,1843,p. 141; 

Otia Oonch. 18fi2, p. 101. 

Unio crispattts, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 58; H. & 

T., 0. 1. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, %. 1. 

Margaron (Unto) crispatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32. 

Unio seobinatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 

1856, p. 93 ; Obs. on Genus Unio, 1857, p. 19, pi. 26, tig. 13. 

Margaron {Unio) seobinatus. Lea, Syn. 1870, p. S2. 

Unio mandarinus, Morelet, J. ConcliylioL, Paris, xii, 1863, p. 159. 

Uniopellis-lacerti, Morelet, J. ConchylioL, Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 22; 

So-werby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 18G8, pi. 86, fig. 457. 

Unio veimsfus, Morelet, J. ConchylioL, Paris, xiv, 1866, p. 63. 

Unio ohlatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64. 

Original description:—Testa o vali-elongata, insequilaterali, antice 

lotundata, postice subrostrata, eostaque umbonali ; umbonibus 

parvis; colore virescente, fusco variegata; rugis angulatis 

radiantibus undique crispata: intus livida; dentibus parvis 

obtusis. 


Hah. Tavoy ; also Siam and Battambong, Cambodia (Indian 

Mnseum Coll.). 

A very beautiful species easily recognizable by its curious 

sculpture, consisting of dark green, nodulous, waved ridges running 

anteriorly in a horizontal, and posteriorly in a longitudinal 

direction upon a ground of brigbt brownisK-yellow. 

* 

276. Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley). 

Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley); Simpson, Washington 

D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 816. 

Unio scobtna, Hanlev, Rec. Biv. Shells p. 382, pi. 23, fig. 40 ; 

Hanlev & Theobald, Cat. L. & F. W. Shells Brit. Ind. p. 49 ; 

H. & t. C. I. pi. 46, tig. 2. 

Original description:—[Shell] oblong, inequilateral, moderately 

thick, rather compressed, vvicn i dark green rayon the anterior 

slope, densely covered with raised oorrngations, which, upon the 

simple umbonal slope are disposed in somewhat transverse 

divergent curved narrow folds, are angularly met beyond it by 

similar raised wrinkles, are arranged upon the hinder extremity iii

NODTJtAEIA. 143 

short subtransverse angularly flexuous liaes, and elsewhere are 

broken into short zigzags, or angular dots (like a worn out rasp) ; 

dorsal and ventral edges subparallel, the latter straightish, a 

little retuse; anterior side bluntly biangulated; umbones eroded, 

not prominent; nacre bluish, iridescent in front ; anterior 

lateral tooth elongated, posterior lateral tooth very short, much 

elevated The primary tooth, in the only valve known to me, 

is a mere callus. 

Long. 18, lat. 32 mm. 

Hah. Assam ; Seebsaugor (Indian Mus. Coll.). 

The dimensions of two specimens in the Indian Museum are :— 

1. 2. 

Long 13 12-5 mm. 

Lat 23 22 mm. 

Diam 6'75 7 mm. 

277. Nodularia (Nodularia) audersoniana {Nevill). 

Unto andersonianus, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 40: Yunnan 

Exp. pi. 80, fig. 9. 

Original description:—Shell allied to U. pacJiysoma, Hens., and 

to some of the varieties of U. ecendeus, Lea. It is easily distinguished 

from U. honneaucli by its more irregular shape, thinner 

texture, by the acute angulation, greater production posteriorly, 

and by the more developed sculpture; a constant character also is 

the pink colour of the nacre, which in U. honneaucli is bluish 

white, this is equally distinct and characteristic in young as in old 

specimens. 

Long. 15-5, lat. 32, diam. 11'75 mm. 

Hah. Myadong, Burma. 

278. Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston. 

Nodularia {Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston, Rec. lud. 3Ias. Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 292. 

Original description:—Shell ovately rectangular, very slightly 

curved, gaping anteriorly, moderately solid, concentrically striate, 

covered with a dark olivaceous periostracuni ; umbones small, 

not prominent; dorsal margin somewhat arched, ventral margin 

sHghtly excavated in the median region, otherwise straight ; 

anterior side slightly produced and somewhat sharply rounded ; 

posterior side very obtusely rostrate, steeply sloping above, then 

sharply rounded and again sloping inwards below ; cardinal teeth 

in right valve roughly triangular, jagged, somewhat inwardly projecting, 

fitting between tvro teeth iu the left valve, which are 

roughened and of which the anterior is rather broad and massive; 

lateral teeth in both valves elongate and nearly straight; anterior

144 

UNIOIflDjE. 

„.s somewhat deeply excavated, especially above; posterior scars 

scar 

,-ate, lightly impressed; interior of shell nacreous shading from 

ov 

Fig. 8.—1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) theohaldi, Preston (type), nat. size. 


pale flesh-colour to bluish iridescent, especially towards the 

posterior margins. 

Long. 34, lat. 60, diam. 19 mm. , 

Hah. Manipur. 


279. Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria {Lea). 

Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria (Lea) Sinipson Washington, D.C, 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.Proc.xxii, 1900, p. 817. 

Vnio olivarius, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa. Trans Amer. Phd. Soc. iv, 

(n s ) p 108, pi. 16, fig. 38; Ohs. Genus Unio, i, p. 118, pi. 16, 

fie-' 83 • H. & T., C. L p. 5, pi. 10, flg. 1. 

M%pita{Unio)olimriL, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26; 1838, p. 20; 

U^r^punSuo] Ser;*Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 268, pi. 90, 

fig. 7. 

Oriqinal description:—Testa ovata, transversa, inflata, pellucida; 

valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide pertenui, 

la3ve et olivte colorem habente; dentibus cardinalibus jnagnis

NODULAEIA. 145 

laminatis erectisque, lateralibus laminatis brevibusque; margarita 

pertenui albaque. 


Hah. Burrill Eiver (Dr. Burrougli) ; specimens in British 

Museum from Moradabad, Agra, and Eohilkund Streams (the last 

figured in Conch. Icon. pi. x, fig. 1); in Indian Museum from 

Assam and Saharanpur. 

The above description is amplified by the following note :— 

" Shell ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated, pellucid : substance 

of the shell very thin; beaks slightly elevated, rounded 

and devoid of undulations : ligament very small: epidermis olive, 

very thin and smooth : rays obscure : cardinal teeth large, erect, 

and lameliiform; lateral teeth short and lamelliform: anterior 

cicatrices slightly confluent: posterior cicatrices confluent: dorsal 

cicatrices not perceptible : cavity of the beaks wide : nacre very 

thin and bluish white. 

"BemarJcs.— It is a perfectly distinct species, and 

may easily be recognised by its form, its pellucidness and its 

smooth olive-coloured epidermis. It somewhat resembles a young 

Anodonta on the exterior, but the elevated lamelliform teeth 

easily distinguish it from that genus. Its resemblance to a 

Spanish olive is very striking." 

280. Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana {Lea). 

Nodiilaria {Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington, 

.D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817. 

TJnio nuttallianns, Lea, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 

1856, p. 103 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vi, 1857, p. 80, pi. 30, flg. 25; 

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1858, p. 310, pi. 30, 

flg. 25 ; H. & T., 0.1, p. 19, pi. 41, figs, 6, 6. 

Margaron {Unio) nuttallianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74. 

Original description:—-Testa Iffivi, elliptica, subinflata, insequilaterali; 

valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide 

olivacea, eradiata, valde polita; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, rectis, 

compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus subcurtis, subrectis lamellatisque 

; margarita salmonis colore tincto et iridescente. 

Hab. India {Prof. Thomas Nuttall). 

No dimensions are given with the above description; there are, 

however, several specimens of the species in the British and 

Indian Museum Collections, of which the measurements of three 

are as follows ; No. 1 being in the British and Nos. 2 and 3 in the 

Indian Museum. 

1. 2. 3. 

Long. ...... 23-25 19 17-75 mm. 

Lat 38 31-25 28-5 mm. 

Diam 15 11-5 10'5 mm. 

Allied to N. oUvaria, but of a darker colour and more convex, 

with more rounded ventral margin and generally ovate form. 

L

146 trifiojfiDiE. 

281. Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson). 

Nodidai-ia {Nodtdaria) involuta (JJenson) ; Simpson, Washington, 


Unio involutus (Benson), in Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 385, 

pi. 23, fig. 19 ; II. & T., C. I. p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 2. 

Original description :—Peaked ovate, not so very inequilateral, 

compressed in front, swollen in the umbonal region, thin, polished, 

rather pale green, very obscurely subradiated ventrally with ochreyellow, 

rather tinged with blue dorsally, marked with 2 or 3 dark 

green lines on the anterior slope, partially marked with some 

close and regular shallow groove-like posterior wrinkles, elsewhere 

smooth ; ventral edge strongly arcuated and much rising behind, 

less curved yet almost equally rising in front; anterior side 

tapering to a blunt subcentral peak, no umbonal ridge; hinder 

dorsal edge nearly straight, scarcely sloping; umbones swollen, 

prominent, with a few longitudinal corrugations ; beaks incurved; 

nacre silvery ; umbonal cavity ample ; lateral teeth large, laminar, 

raised, the shorter one very elevated at its extremity. 

" In the single specimen êscribed from, there is no cardinal 

tooth, but the hinge-plate is elevated beneath the umbones." 


Hah. Assam. 

A curiously thin, smooth, boat-shaped form which is considerably 

inflated, the diameter respectively of a right and left valve 

in the British Musum Collection being 10-75 and 9-5 mm. 

Section EADIATULA. 

Madiatula, Simpson, Washington D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820. 

TrPB, Unto crispisulcatus, Benson ; Burma. 

Mange. Burma ; Assam ; Cambodia. 

Original description:—Shell rather solid, triangular oval, with 

high beaks which are but little inflated, not very full at post base, 

bluntly pointed behind, the beaks and entire surface covered with 

radiating, occasionally slightly zigzag or divaricate ridges, which 

are cut more or less into nodules or cancellations by concentric 

sulcations; the sculpture of the posterior slope stronger, and 

curving upward; pseudocardinals of the left valve 2 to 3, ragged, 

the anterior larger, two in the right valve, with a parallel-sided 

socket, the larger teeth compressed but rather solid. 

282. Nodularia (Radiatula) crispisulcata {Benson). 

Nodularia {Radiatula) crispisulcata (Benson); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.

NODULAEIA. 147 

Unio crispisulcaius, Lea, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 193; Sowerby, 

Coneh. Icon, xvi, 1866, pi. 49, fig. 262. 

MargaroH ( Unio) crispisulcaius, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 149. 

Original description :—Testa transverse subovata, subinaBquilaterali; 

antice rotundata, postice superne descendente, leviter 

angulata, demum obtuse angulata, crassiuscula, compressiuscula; 

disco convexiusculo minutissime radiatim rugoso-costulato. costulis 

nonnuUis acute divaricatis, posterioribus latioribus; umbonibus 

prominentibus, coiitiguis, apicibus acutiusoulis ; epidermide luteoolivaeea, 

postice fuscata, hie illic nonnunquam viridiscente; 

dentibus cardinalibus utriusque valvsB duplicibus, lamellatis, lateralibus 

obliquis, modice elongatis, valvse sinistras duplicibus: 

niargarita caeruleo-albida iridescente. 

Long. 28, lat. 45, diam. 16 miu. 

Hab. Bangong Eiver near Thyet-Myo, Burma (W. Theobald); 

Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.). 

To the above description is appended the following note :— 

" The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior coniluent, 

the apical ones above the moderate angular cavity, and running 

under the cardinal tooth. 

" The delicate sculpture over the whole disk of this shell is 

peculiar. In form it does not approach any Gangetic type." 

A well-marked and apparently very constant form, the large 

series of about twenty-three specimens in the Indian Museum 

Collection, from the Irrawaddy near Thyetmio and Pegu, practically 

showing no variation whatever. 

283. Nodularia (Eadiatula) lima, Simpson. 

Nodularia {Radiatida) lima, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 

Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820. 

Unio radula (Benson), Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, Supp. 1856, p. 382, 

pi. 23, fig. 41; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 10, fig. 3. 

Dysonomia radida, Rochebrune, Bull. Sac. Philom. Paris vi, 1882, 

p. 42. 

Original description :—Transversely oboval, inequilateral, not 

very thick, rather compressed, olivaceous, scul'-' ired as in U. scobina, 

but rather more linearly and transver^ ,y ; ventral and front 

dorsal edges convex and subparallel; hinder extremity rounded, 

narrower: umbonal ridge inconspicuous, umbonal slope simple ; 

neither the eroded umbones nor the ligament prominent; nacre 

bluish ; umbonal cavity shallow; hinder tooth strong, complicated ; 

front lateral tooth elongated, a little curved. 


Idab. Assam ; Siliguri and Sikkim (Indian Mus. Coll.). 

Extremely variable in sculpture and form; in some specimens 

the corrugations extend over the whole surface of the shell, 

while in others they are confined merely to the umbonal region; 

in general outline it varies from ovate to trapezoidal as the 

L2

148 iryioifiDjE. 

following measurements of four specimens in the Indian Museum 

show:— 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

Long 19 19 14 16-25 mm. 

Lat 33-5 31-25 22-5 23 mm. 

Diam 12 11-25 8-75 9-25 mm. 

Var. siligûriensis, Preston. 

TJnio siliguriensis, Preston, Kec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 47 (fig. 

in text); op. cit. vii, p. 293, as N. [JR.) lima, var. siliguriensis. 

Oricfitucl description :—Shell inequilateral, ovate oblong, reddish 

brown, sculptured with concentric lines of growth and oblique 

transverse wrinkles, these latter being especially marked posteriorly 

; anterior side rounded; posterior side aouminately rounded; 

dorsal margin arched; ventral margin very slightly contracted in 

the middle; umbones much eroded; interior of shell iridescent, 

pale bluish white. 

Long. 21, lat. 37-75 mm. 

Hah. Siliguri, N. Bengal. 


Genus PHYSUNIO. 

Physunio, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 830. 

TYPE, Unio gravidus. Lea, from Siani, Cambodia, and Cochin 

China. / 

Range. Siam ; Cochin China; Cambodia ; Sumatra; Assam. 

Original description:—Shell thin, irregularly obovate, narrowed 

in front, decidedly produced at post base, pointed behind, and 

posteriorly winged, with a moderate posterior ridge and often a 

second or third faint ridge above it; beak sculpture zigzag radial, 

somewhat disposed in two sets, the one down the posterior ridge 

slightly nodulous ; posterior slope having irregular radial corrugations, 

the rest of the shell smooth ; epidermis often cloth-like, 

with one or more green rays on the posterior slope; hinge-line 

curved; a single obliquely granularly striate pseudocardinal and 

generally three laterals in the left valve, and two pseudocardinals 

and two laterals in the right, all greatly compressed; beak cavities 

deep; muscle scars irregular; nacre bright, bluish, and iridescent. 

Animal unknown. 

Section LENS. . 

Lens, Simpson, Washington, D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. 

xxii, 1900, p. 831. 

TTPE, Unio eximius, Lea, from Siam and Cambodia.

PHYSUNIO.—PSEUDODOlf. 149 

Range. Siam ; Cambodia ; Assam. 

Shell sublenticular ; three laterals of left valve distinct; cavity 

of the beaks compressed. 

284. Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerhj). 

Physunio (Zens) velaris (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washington, CO., 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proe. xxii, 1900, p. 881. 

Unto velaris, Sowerbj^, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 72, fig. 868; 

Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii. 1890, p. 171; I3enson in Hanley, Eec. 

Biv. Shells, p. 385, pi. 23, fig. 43. 

Original description :—Shell small, thin, rather compressed, pale 

green, neither radiated nor sculptured ; anterior extremity very 

narrow; posterior side winged, ventral margin arcuated, rising 

abruptly anteriorwards, beaks very acute, prominent, lunule excavated 

; nacre vi'hite; cardinal teeth large, lamellar, approximate. 

The following note is appended to Sowerby's description :— 

"The abrupt fall of the front dorsal margin in this symphonote 

species give a seeming projection to the beaks. Both dorsal edges 

are angulated above, and rounded off below; the hinder dorsal 

edge is much elevated. The compression of the valves is especially 

conspicuous on the anterior portion of the shell." 

As the author gives no dimensions the following are taken from 

the figure in the 'Conch. Icon.' 

Long. 00, lat. 59-5 mm. 

JIab. Assam. 

Genus PSEUDODON. 

Fseudodon, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1844, p. 161. 

TYPE, Anodonta iaoseularis, Gould, from the Salwen Eivar, 

Burma. 

Range. Siam and Indo-China; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra; 

Borneo ; Malacca ; Nicobars ; Japan. 

Hinge margin with a tooth-like apophysis on each valve, the 

surface of which is not fractured, but smoothly covered with 

enamel, fitting into corresponding undulations in the opposite 

valve, that on the right valve closing in front of that on the left. 

Section TRIGONODON. 

Triyonodon, Conrad, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1865, 

p. 233. 

TxPE, Monocondylcea j)eguensis, Anthony, var. crebristriata, 

Anthony; Pegu. 

Range. Burma; Cambodia, 

Oval, somewhat compressed, with a prominent triangular 

cardinal tooth in each valve, with a deep pit behind it for the 

reception of the tooth of the opposite valve.

150 UNIONIDJE. 

285. Pseudodon (Trigonodon) peguensis {Anthony). 

Monocondyloia peguensis, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1865, 

p. 205, pi. ].7, fig. 2. 

Margarmi {Monocondylcea) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73. 

Pseudodon crebristriatum var. peguensis, H. & T.. 0. I. 1876, p. 5, 

pi. 9,%. 5. ' _ 

Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatum var. jjegucnsis, Simpson, 

Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mws. Pi'oc. xxii, 1900, 

p. 885. 

Original description:—Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, inequilateral, 

somewhat inflated, sub-biangular behind; substance of the shell 

thick; beaks rather prominent, eroded, but apparently not undulated 

; ligament short, thin ; epidermis dark brown or nearly 

black, smooth over the umbones and on the anterior portion of 

the shell, but having the sub-truncate posterior portion nearly 

covered with distinct corrugated folds, more prominent near the 

hinge margin; cardinal teeth prominent, curved and slightly 

bilobed, particularly in the right valve; anterior cicatrices confluent 

; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, placed in a curved line 

under the beaks ; nacre light salmon-colour and very iridescent. 


ffab. Pegu. 

Var. crebristriatus (Antliony). 

Monocondylcea crebristriata, Anthon}', Am. Journ. Conch, i, 1865, 

p. 205, pi. 18, fig. 1. 

Trigonodon crebristriata, Conrad, Am/ Journ. Conch, i, 1865, 

p. 283. _ _ I 

TJniu crebristriatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95, 

fig. 517. 

Margaron {Monocondylcea) crebristriata, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72. 

Pseudodon crebristriatus, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 3. 

TJnio vondembtischi, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, pi. 95, fig. 518. 

Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatus, Simpson, Washington, IJ.C, 


Original description.—Shell rhombic^ strongly striate, very 

inequilateral, depressed, bi-angular behind; substance of the shell 

rather thick ; beaks not pi-orament, eroded, having no indication 

of any undulations at the tip; epidermis light brown, with occasionally 

broad greeii rays oA the posterior slope ; the umbones 

and, indeed, tlie surface is covered with crowded, fine, crenulose 

striso, which, on the posterior slope, are crossed at riglit angles 

with prominent, regular folds ; cardinal teeth prominent, erect, 

bilobed in the left valve; anterior cicatrices deeply impressed, 

distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent and indistinct; dorsal 

cicatrices small, but distinct,ând placed at the base of the prominent 

tooth in the left valve, while in the right valve they are

PSBimODOIJ'. 151 

less distinct and placed a little more posteriori}^; nacre light 

salmon, iridescent. 


Hah. Pegu. 

Comparing the present variety with what must be considered 

the typical form of P. peguensis, the author makes the following 

observations :—" .... uniformly more depressed, lighter coloured; 

more regularly rhombic in form, and of less size; but the most 

Pig. 9.—1 & 2. PsendodoH (T.)peguensis (Ant."l T»r. curvaia, Preston. 

(Type.) Nat. aiet}. 


prominent difierence consists in the beautiful erenulose striae of 

the present species, which are densely crowded over the whole 

surface of the shell, while M. [P.'] peguensis is remarkably smooth 

over all except the posterior slope, and there the rugose folds are 

broader and less numerous than in M. [P.] crebristriata; the lines 

of growth are also more numerous in M. [P.] peguensis, generally 

about 8, while crebristriata has rarely more than 3.

152 TKIONIDiE. 

Var. curvata, Preston, Eec. lud. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912, 

p. 295. 

Shell having the ventral margin nioi'e curved, and generally 

less ovate in shape than in the typical form. 

Hab. Pegu. 

Type in the Indian Museum. 

Section PSEUDODON. 

Pseudodon, Gould, 1884. 

For characters and type see description of genus above. 

Range. Siam and Indo-China; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra; 

Borneo ; Malacca; Nicobar Islands. 

286. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould). 

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould); Simpson, Washington, 


Anodon inoscularis, Gould, Proe. Boston Soc. jVat. Hist, i, 1844, 

p. 160; II. & T., C. 1. p. 5, pi. 9, fig. 2. 

Margaron (Monocondylcea) inoscularis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73. 

Margaritana inoscularis, Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 173. 

Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, sub-ovata, 

solida, subventricosa, picea : umbonibus parum elevatis; margiue 

supra brevi, recto, ad angulum posticum rotundato, postice subtruncato; 

infra arcuata; utraque valva processu cardinali crassa, 

dentiformi, instructa, uno ante altero aptante ; margarita albida ; 

impressione musculari antico profurido. 

Long. 44, lat. 76, diam. 28 mm. \ 

Hai. Salvven Eiver, Burma ; Tenasserim (Indian Mus. Coll.). 

287. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Goidd). 

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salivenianus (Gould) ; Conrad, Am. Journ. 

Conch, i, 1865, p. 233. 

Anodon salioeniamis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i; 1844, 

p. 160. 

Anodonta sahveniana, Gould, Otia Conch. 1862, p. 193. 

Unio sahcenianus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 513. 

Margaron (Monocondylcea) salweniana, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72. 

Pseudodon saltvenianum, II. & T., 0. I. p. 6, pi, 9, fig. 4. 

Monocondylcea sahoeniana, Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 174. 

Original description:—Testa trapezoidea, compressa, subtenui, 

retro dilatata, postice truncata, colore picea; supra costam umbonalem 

radiatim plicata: vimbonibus parum elevatis ; margine 

superiori recta, compressa, ligamentum occnltante, ante umbonibus 

excavata; utraque valva processu dentiformi cardinali, uno ante 

altero aptante, instructa; caTitate minime profunda; impressionibus 

muscularibus minime imj^ressis ; margarita sub-livida.

PSBUDODoa-. 153 


Hah. Salwen River, Burma; Tenasserim Eiver {Ind. Mus. 

Coll). 

288. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus {March). 

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (Morch); Simpson, Wasliington, 

D.O., Smitks. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 838. 

Alasmodontn (subg. ?) nicobarica, 0. Fabricius; Morch, J. Conchyliol., 

Paris, XX, IBT-?^, 327. 

Original description :—Testa irregulariter ovalis, convexiuscula ; 

stT'iij ancrementi irregulares ; dimidium testse marginem versus 

olivaceum, fasciis obscurioribus, radiis numerosioribus, obsoletis, 

obscure viridibiis. Intus argeutea, postice iridescens. Umbones 

plani, erosi, antice siti; marge dorsalis parum arcuatus, (margo) 

anticus rotundatus, angustior, (margo) ventralis antice et postice 

sat arcuatus, medio leviter inilexus, (margo) post, angustus leviter 

reflexus. Dentes cardinis fere omnino evanescentes, dens lat. 

post, linearis obsoletissimus. 

Anodonta zollingeri, Mousson (Java, p. 28, t. 18, fig. 1), affinis, 

sed species Pabricii differt: niargine ventrali arcuato, postice 

subito ascendente, nee non margine dorsalis declivi, baud arcuato. 

Hah. Nicobar Islands (0. Fabricius). 

The species was described from a single specimen without figure 

or dimensions being given, it does not seem to have come to light 

again at any time. 

Section BINEURUS. 

Bineurus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839. 

TrPE, Monocondyloea mouhoti, Lea, from Cambodia and Siam. 

Mange. Cambodia; Siam ; Perak ; Burma. 

Original description :—Shell elongate rhomboid, thin, rounded in 

front, widely and feebly biangulate behind, having two or more 

raised radiating lines on the posterior slope, which is somewhat 

obliquely wrinkled ; beaks low; surface finely, irregularly, concentrically 

grooved ; epidermis olive; teeth smooth, compressed; 

nacre bluish. 


289. Pseudodon (Bineuvus) ava {Theobald). 

Pseudodon {Bineurus) ava (Theobald); Simpson, Washington, 


Monocondyl(ea ava, Tlieobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, pt. 2, p. 209, 

pi. 17, fig. 15. 

Original description :—Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, antice rotundata, 

postice curvatim truncata. Margine ventrali recto ; ligamentali 

convexo. Umbonibus decorticatis. Epidermide picea in 

junioribus luteo-flavescente lineis tenuibus obscure radiatim

154 TJIflONIDJE, 

Dotata. Testa increment! lineis concentrice rugata, postice plicis 

paucis raro notata et valde evanescentibus. Dentibus minimis 

ut in M. salweniana. Nacrea csBrulescente, umbones versus 

flavescente. 


Mob. Near Mandalay. 

Allied to P. salweniamis, but differing from that species in its 

more elongate form and smoother sui'faee; _voung specimens 

occasionally show traces of sculpture' on the posterior slope, but 

this character disappears when adult. 

Genus PARREYSIA. 

Parrei/sia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853, 

p. 267; Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, xxii, 1900, 

p. 640. 

TYPE, Unio midticlentakis, Philippi. Said to come from 

Australia but probably an Indian shell. 

Range. India; Burma; Indo-China; China. 

Shell solid, inflated, oval to subrhomboid, with full, high, zigzag, 

radially sculptured beaks, the sculpture often extending over the 

disk ; epidermis smooth and bright, sometimes a little rayed, with 

two irregular pseudocardinals in the left valve which are more or 

less broken into ragged denticles or are strongly, vertically striate, 

and two laterals, the lower the larger; right valve with one, 

sometimes two pseudocardinals, the upper small, compressed, and 

a few tubercles behind them, with two laterals, the upper the 

larger; cavity of the beaks rather deep, not compressed ; dorsal 

scars under the hinge, not visible; the two upper anterior muscle 

sears very deep, confluent, the lower linear; nacre white to 

salmon, iridescent behind. 


Conrad's name appears to be a nomen nudum and Simpson,'s 

description is therefore that given above. 

Subgenus PAEEEYSIA {sensu stricto). 

Parreysia, Conrad, 1853. 

I'or type, range and characters see description of genus above. 

290. Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Miiller). 

Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Miiller) ; Simpson, Washington, 


Mya corrugata, Miiller, Verm. Terr, et Fluv. 1774, pt. 2, p. 214; 

Beseh. Gea. Berl. iv, 1779, p. 66, pi. 3 b, figs. 7, 8; Qmelin, Syst. 

Nat. 13th ed. 1788, p. 8221; Schroter, Flussconch. 1779, 

p. 181, pi. 9, fig. 3; Wood, Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 108, pi. 24, 

figs. 1-3; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817^ p. 52; Mawe, Linn. Conch. 

1823, pi. 4, fig. 3; AVood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. % fig. 31 a; 

1856, rev. ed. p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 31.

PAEEBTSIA. 155 

Vnio corrugata, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 78; Deshaves, 

Enc. M(3th. ii, 1827, p. 584, pi. 248, flg. 8. 

Vnio [Potamida) corrugata, Swainson, Tr. on Mai. 1840, p. 268, 

fig. 51; p. 281, fig. 57. 

Tlnio corrugata, Eetzius, Diss. Hist. Nat. 1778, p. 18; Speugler, 

Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 68; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, 

p. 197; Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 197; Catlow & Reeve, Coneh. 

Norn. 1845, p. 57; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, 

pp. 493, 497 ; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1802, p. 289, pi. 97, 

fig.s. 3,4: Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 136; Sowerby, 

Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 71, fig. 360; H. & T., C. I. 1876, 

p. 21, pi. 45, figs. 2-5; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149. 

Margarita ( Vnio) corruyatus, Lea, Sjn. 1836, p. 29 ; 1838, p. 21. 

Margaron (Unio) corrugaius, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 20; 1870, p. 30. 

Mga spuria, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, p. 3222; Wood, 

Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 110; Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, 

p. 80. 

Mga gadif.ana, Schreiber's Versuch. 1793. 

Vnio multidetitatus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 3, fig. 4 ; 

Kiister, Conch. Cab., Vnio, 1856, p. 1.36, pi. 36, fig. 5; Psetel, 

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 160. 

Margaron {Vnio) mtdiidentatus. Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50. 

Vnio fulmineus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pi. 8, figs. 5, 6 ; 

Kiister, Conch. Cab., Vnio, 1862, p. 286, pi. 96, figs. 2, 3 ; Psetel, 

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153. 

Vnio lutens, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856, 

p. 93; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1857, p. 291, 

pi. 24, fig. 4 ; Obs. Genus Vnio, vi, 1857, p. 11, pi. 24, fig. 4. 

Margaron (Vnio) lutens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46. 

? Vnio semirugatus, Chenu, Conch, iii, 1858, pi. 12, figs. 2, 2 a. 

Vnio merodabensis, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Vnio, 1861, p. 233, pi. 78, 

fig. 4; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 142; Psetel, Conch. 

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159. 

Vnio wgnegicnr/aensis, IT. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 45, fig.6. 

V7iio tennenti',11. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 22, pi. 45, figs. 7 & 9; Pt-etel, 

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169. 

Vnio phayresi, Theobald MSS. 

Original description.—Testa viridescens, tenera, peliucida, ab 

utraque cardinis parte et in natibiis striis elevatis rugosis, figuraque 

a prsecedente distincta. Valvulaj intus striis radiantibus, subtilissimus 

notantur. Ctetera uti in praicedente. Epidermide 

remota margaritacea evadit. 

Hah. Elvers of Coromandel. 

The species has a wide range and is represented in the Indian 

Museum Collection by a long scries of specimens, definite localities 

for which are as follows:—Garchiroti Tabsil: River Dukkaree 

near Umballa; Ceylon; Sewan, close to the Indus; Gudur, 

Madras Presidency ; Manbhoom ; Patna ; Berbampore; Murshidabad 

District; Brahmapuri Tabsil; Bangalore; Phenchooganj, 

Sylhet; Singpal Garki, Sepal; Arrab, Assam. 

As the original description is short and somewhat inadequate, 

the following taken from the ' Conclioiogia Iconica' may be of 

interest:—Testa parva, viridi, subventrieosa, magis minusve ovah, 

vix intequilaterali, laevigata, paucis autera linearibus obliquis nates

156 UlflONIDJE. 

versus eminentes subradiata; margins dorsali vix declivi, autice 

concavo; margine ventrali convexo ; lunula distincta niargarita 

albida, dentibus cardinalibus validis, laciniatis, baud laminatis. 

Shell small, green, subventrieose (but varying in shape from 

elliptic to rounded oval), scarcely inequilateral, smooth, except 

near the prominent beaks, which are adorned with somewhat 

radiating, oblique, linear ridges; dorsal edges not much sloping, 

the front one concave; ventral margin convex; lunule well 

marked, nacre nearly white, cardinal teeth strong, jagged, not 

lamellar. 

No dimensions being given in either of the above descriptions 

the following are taken from three specimens in the Indian 

Museum collection; No. 1 being a specimen from the River 

Dukaree, and Nos. 2 & 3 from Ceylon :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 32-6 24-5 20'75 mm. 

Lat 42-75 36 28 mm. 

Diam 19-25 17-5 14-25 mm. 

Var. fragilis, H. ^ T., C. I. p. 21, pi. 45, fig. 4. 

Presumably a thin form. 


Var. laevirostris {Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 


Unio IcBvirostris, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, pp. 191-192; 

Blanford, J. A. S. B. Calcutta, xxxv, 1862, p. 144, 

Unio corrugatus, var. Icevirostris, II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pi. 44, 

ligs. 5-6. 

Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, subovata, valde 

insequilaterali, crassiuscula, medio subtumida, autice superne 

breviter angulata, deinde roLundata, postice superne sensim 

convexe descendente; deraum rotundata, margine ventrali convexiusculo; 

disco Iseviusculo, concentrice leviter striate; epidermide 

olivaceo-viridi, fusco fasciata; vimbonibus convexis, 

decorticatis, obsolete radiato-suleatis, apicibus prominentibus, 

approximatis; lunula impressa, elliptica; ligamento elongate ; 

dentibus cardinalibu^s brevibus, crassiusculis, eroso-sulcatis, lateralibus 

subobliquis, elongatiusculis, rectis, utriusque valvse duplieibus; 

margarita colore salmonis vix tincta. 


Hah. Streams aiid ponds near Chuntir above Benares ; represented 

in the Indian Museum collection by localized specimens 

from the Chittagong Hills, Sudiya and Arrah. 

Benson's description is supplemented by a short note from 

which the following quotation is taken :—" It has two indistinctly 

raised dark rays on the posterior slope. The gradually compressed

PABEEXSIA. 157 

form of the hinder edge of the shell contrasts strongly with the 

inflated form of the central portion. Anterior and posterior 

cicatrices confluent, apical ones under the cardinal tooth." 

The variety sometimes attains a considerable size, a specimen 

in the Indian Museum collection from the Chittagong Hills 

having the following dimensions :— 

Long. 43-25, lat. 70, diam. 27 mm. 

Yar. nagpoorensis {Lea); Simpson, Washington, DC, Smiths. 

Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842; H. & T., C. I. p. 21, 

pi. 45, fig. 3. 

Unio nagpoorensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 

1859, p. 331; Jourii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860, 

p. 270, pi. 45, fig. 150; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 88, pi. 45, 

lig. 150; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143. 

Margaron ( Unio) nagpoorensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38. 

Unio corrugatus, Miill., var. nagpoorensis, II. &T., 0. I. 1876, p. 21 ; 

P*tel, Conch. Sam. 1890, p. 149. 

Original desa'iption :—Testa Ifflvi, subtriangulari, subinflata, 

inssqiiilaterali, postice hiangalata, antice rotunda ; valvulis suhtenuibus, 

antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, epidermide 

rufo-fusca, striata eradiata, dentibus eardinalibus parvis, compressis, 

obliquis, crenulatis, in utroque valvule duplicibus ; lateralibus 

longis, lamellatis curvisque; margarita salmonis colore 

paulisper tincta et iridescente. 

Hai. Ambajari Tank, Nagpoor, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley). 

Specimens in the Indian Museum Collection are locahzed as 

follows :—Poona ; Gudur; Madras Presidency {G. H, Tipper) ; 

Grodavery River. 

The dimensions of an average specimen are: long. 30, lat. 46, 

diam. 22*75 mm. 

291. Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaensis {Lea). 

Parreysia (Parreysia) loynegungaensis (Lea); Simpson,Washington, 

D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii^ 1900, p. 842. 

Unio wynegungaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

1859 (1860) p. 331; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, p. 89, pi. 45, fig. 151; 

Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143; Sowerhy, Conch. 

Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 67, p. 339; Ptetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 172. 

Margaron (Unio) tvynegungaensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50. 

Original description:—Testa isevi, elliptiea, inflata, msequilaterali, 

postice sub-biangulata, antice oblique rotundata; valvulis 

subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices 

valde divaricate undulatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva, micante, obsolete 

radiata ; dentibus eardinalibus subcrassis, suberectis, valde 

crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; laterah'bus sublongis, 

crassis subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore paulisper tincta et 

iridescente.

158 TjiTioNiDa;. 

Hah. "WynegUHj;a Eiver, 30 miles east of Nagpoor, in the 

Deccan, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley). 

The following localities are attached to specimens in the Indian 

Museum Collection :—Damuda ( W. T. Blanford) ; Surat; Sambalpur 

; Godavery River ( W. T. Blanford); Barod, about 130 miles 

S.W. of Sepree. 

The dimensions of three average specimens are as follows:— 

No. 1 being those of the specimen figured by Hanley in the 

' Conchologia Indica,' and now in the British Museum Collection. 

Lat 

Diam 

1. 

29 

42 

17-25 

2. 

33-25 

51 

19-5 

292. Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens [Benson). 

3. 

36 mm. 

55 mm. 

21 mm. 

Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 842-813. 

? Mya spuria, Wood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, iig. 85 a. 

Unio favidens, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1865, p. 188 ; J. A. S. B. xxxv, 

1867, p. 138; H. & T., 0. 1. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 1; Keeve, 

Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 26, iig-. 131; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 

1890, p. 152. 

Margaron {Unio) favidens. Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38. 

Uniojlavidens, Protel, Coneh. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152. 

Unio trirostris, Musgrave, Hanley, Phot. Conch. 1863, pi. 2, flg. 9; 

II. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, flg. 6; Paitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 

1890, p. 170. 

Unio tripartitus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vii, 

1863, p. 190; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1866, 

p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 55; Lea, Obs. Genus Unio, xi, 1887, p. 61, 

pi. 19, fig. 55. 

Margaron (Unio) tripartittis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 35. 

Unio smaraffdiies, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; Blanford, 

J. A. S. B. X.XXV, 1806, p. 347 ; H. & T., 0.1. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10, 

fig. 5 ; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167. 

Original description :—Testa transverse ovata, insequilaterali, 

crassa, subtumida, antice rotundata, postice subalata, deelivi, 

angulata, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo; disco 

insequaliter sulcato; epidermide olivaceo-fiisca, versus marginem 

ventralem luteo-olivacea, postice viridi paree fasciata ; umbonibus 

tumidis, promineBrtibus, decortieatis, sulcis radiatis angulatoflextiosis 

indiitis; lunula impressa, elliptica, decorticata; ligamento 

elongato; carina umbonali Iseviuscula, linea unica vix 

elevata notatfi,; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, fortiter radiatoruo-osis, 

lateralibus obliquis, elongatiusculis, valvre dextrse duplicibus, 

sinistra subtriplicibus; margarita pallide lutea iridescente. 


Hab. Upper Ganges.

PAEEBXSIA. 159 

The anterior and posterior cicatrices are distinct, the apical 

ones disposed on the underside of the cardinal tooth. 

Taken by the anthor of the species at Bhitoura, between Cawnpore 

and Allahabad and represented by specimens in the Indian 

Museum Collection from the following localities :—Moradabad; 

Eiver Indus; Barrack Eiver; Silcher; ilajputana; Berhampur; 

Dacca ; E. Cachar; Sylhet; Tezpore; Poena ; Karnul, Madras ; 

Calcutta {J. Wood-Mason); Arrah; Eajmahal; Hazrapur; Eanigunga; 

Sunderbunds. 

An enormously variable species, of which many varieties have 

been described, several of these appear, however, to be somewhat 

obscure; the original descriptions are nevertheless given below:— 

Var. marcens {Benson), A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188. 

Unio marcens, H. & T., 0.1. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, figs. 4-6. 

Original description :—Banded with olive and green; nacre 

salmon-coloured; beaks nearly smooth, eroded ; sulci obsolete; 

lunule narrow. 


ITab. Berhampooter Eiver, Assam. 

Var. trigona (Benson). 

Unio favidens, var. densa, A. M. JST. II. x, 1862, p. 188. 

Original description:—Shell with a piceous epidermis, more 

oblique ; beaks and nacre as in type ; lunule broad. It shows an 

inclination to verge towards U. triemholus. 


Hab. Nujeebabad, in the North-west of Eohilknnd. 

Yar. densa (Benson). 

JJniofavidens, var. densa, A.M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 189. 

Original description:—More solid and tumid [than the typical 

form] ; epidermis yellow-brown, eroded ; lunule as in type ; shell 

more oblique. 


Hab. Ganges Eiver, above Chunar, between Allahabad and 

Benares. 

Var. deltae (Benson). 

Unio favidens, var. delta;, A. M. N.H. x, 1862, p. 189; II. & T., 

0. L 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 2. 

Original description :—Epidermis olive-green and yellow, rayed ; 

nacre salmon-coloured ; rugse on umbones very distinct, some also 

on the upper part of the umbonal hinder slope; lunule somewhat 

broader than in the type; cardinal teeth narrower. 

Long. 34, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm.

160 rKIONIDffi. 

Hah. Eiver Jellinghy, Upper Gangetic Delta. Also recorded 

in the Indian Museum Collection from Hazrapur and Calcutta. 

Var. chrysis {Benson). 

Unio favidens, var. chrysis, Benson, A. JI. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189 ; 

H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 3. 

Original description:—Longer and less broad in proportion ; 

epidermis a beautiful green, banded more or less with yellow; 

Fig. 10.—Farreysia (P.) Javidens (Bens.), var. chrysis (Bens.). 

(Specimen.) Nut. size. 

umbonal rugae very strong and extended; cardinal teeth mostly 

narrower than in the type ; nacre salmon-tinted. 


Bah. Eiver Dojora at Kareily Ghat, near Bareilly. A specimen 

in the Indian Museum is labelled Patna. 

Fig. 11.—Farreysia {F.) javidens (Bens.), var. viridula (Bens.). 

(Specimen.) Nat. size. 

Var. viridula (Benson). 

Unio favidens, var. viridula, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p, 189. 

Original description :—Eorm of type, but more compressed ;

PAEUEXSIA. 

161 

colour as in the last; cardinal teeth broad ; nacre bluish white ; 

umbonal rugae as in var. chrysis. 


Hob. Standing water, or "jheel," between Hameerpore and 

Someerpore, Bundelkhund. 

Indian Museum specimens are from Damuda; Maabhoom ; 

Gunduk, Ranigunga and Patna. 

Var. assamensis (jVevill MS.), Preston, Eec. Ind. Mns. Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 299. 

Shell more convex than the typical form, the dorsal margin 

rather less posteriorly angled, the anterior side is more rounded 

• and the posterior slightly more nasute. 

Hab. Dihong. 

Pie. 12.—Parreysia {P.)favidens (Bens.), var. assamensis, Preston 

(Type.) Nat. size. 

Specimens in the Indian Museum are also labelled as follows: 

Assam; Arrah.; Sylhet. 


Fig. 13.—Parrei/sia {P.)famdens (Bens.), far. pinax (Bens.). 


Var, pinax (Benson). 

Uiiio pinax, Benson, A. M. N. 11. x, 1802, p. 192. 

Uniofavidens, y-AX. pinax, H. & T., C. 1. p. C, pi. 11, fig. 2. 

Original description:—Testa transverse oblonga, suboblique 

31

162 TJXIOKID^. 

ovata, valde inaequilaterali, erassa, subinflata, antice rotundata, 

postice superne sensim descendente, demum obtusa, margine 

ventrali convexiusculo, postice vix emarginato; disco Iseviusculo, 

concentrice leviter striatulo, antice obsolete radiato-striato, versus 

marginem ventralem et posteriorem plicato ; epidermide olivaceofusca; 

uinbonibiis convexis, decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcatis, 

apicibus prominentibus obtusis, remotiusculis ; lunula elongatoelliptica; 

ligamento brevi; dentibus cardinalibus crassiorikis, 

radiatim eroso - sulcatis, lateralibus obliquis, utriusque valvae 

duplicibus, subflexuosis ; margarita albida, iridescente. 

Long. 30, lat. 48, diam. 2i mm. 

Anterior cicatrices subconfluent, posterioi* entirely so, apical 

ones under the cardinal tooth; cavity of the beaks very deep. 

Hob. Grungun River, near Moradabad, Eohilkhund. Specimens 

in the Indian Miiseum from Arrah. 

A very distinct cuneiform variety. 

Var. plagiosoma {Benson). 

Unio plagiosoma, Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 191. 

Unio famdens, var. plagiosoma, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. ] 1, 

fig. 3. 

Original description:—Testa transverse trigono-ovata, inaequilaterali, 

crassiuscula, tumidiuscula, antice rotundata, postice subconvexe 

declivi, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo; 

disco obsolete plicato, epidermide luteo-olivacea vel olivaceo-fusca j 

umbouibus convexis, prominentibus, decorticatis, angulatim 

Fig. 14.—I'arreysia (P.)/am'rfcHS(Bens.), vav.plagiosoma (Bens.). 

(Type.) Kat. size. 

flexuoso-sulcatis, apicibus prominentibus subremotis; ligamento 

brevi; carina umbonali obtusa; lunula elliptica; dentibus cardinalibus 

crassiusculis, radiatim eroso-sulcatis, lateralibus subelevatis, 

modice elongatis, obliquis, valva sinistrce duplicibus, 

dextrsB simplicibus : margarita colore salmonis tincta. 


„ 22, „ 32, „ 15 mm. 

"The anterior c'catrices, as well as the posterior, are subconfluent, 

the apical ones situated on the underside of the 

cardinal teeth. The nacre is very iridescent posteriorly. A dark

PAEEETSIA. 163 

raised line borders the inner side of the umbonal slope, which 

exhibits a few rugse at the upper part." 

Hah. Cane Eiver,near Bauda, Bundelkhund. Specimens in the 

Indian Museum are labelled as follows :—Patna ; Langlai; Alipur, 

Calcutta {Dr. J. Anderson), Beerbhoom {J. Wood-Mason). 

293. Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson). 

Parretisia {Purveyda) smaragdites (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington 

D.G., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843. 

Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; Blanford, 

J. A. S. B. XXXV, 1866, p. 147; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pi. 10, 

flg. 5; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167. 

Original desoription:—Testa transverse ovato-rliomboidea, insequilaterali, 

crassiuscula, tumida, antice rotundata, postice alata, 

recta, turn valde deehvi, demum subangulata, margine ventrali 

convexo; disco laevigato, polito, vix striatulo, sub epidermide 

pulchre viridi tenuissima obscure radiata albo, margine lutescente ; 

umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus approximatis, subdecorticatis, 

margaritaceis, breviter et minute radiato-sulcatis ; lunula angusta, 

elongata, transverse rugata ; ligamento subelongato ; carina umbonali 

prominente obtusiuscula, areola versus apicem depressiuscula, 

viridi obscure radiata; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus, 

subangustis, rugosis, lateralibus curvatis elongatiusculis, valvse 

dextrae simplicibus, sinistrse duplicibus, nonnunquam subtriplicibus 

: margarita albida, iionnunquain luteo tincta. 


The above description is amplified by the following note :— 

"Remarkable for the smoothness of the beautiful green 

epidermis, which is very thin, and, when rubbed off, exhibits a 

plain white colour, not nacreous, underneath. The anterior 

cicatrices are confluent, the posterior nearly distinct, the apical 

• ones situated under the cardinal teeth. Cavity of beaks very 

deep ; a few ruga? cross the strise on the posterior slope. In 

general characters it approaches most nearly to the Jellingyhy 

variety {delta) of U. [P. (P.)] favidens, which has a more tumid 

Ovate form, a regular, suleate, olivaceous surface, longer and distinctly 

angulate-flexuous umbonal furrows, and a broad lunule." * 

JIab. Berhampooter Elver, Assam {Col. Jenkins). 

There is a fine series of this interesting form in the collection 

of the Indian Museum bearing the Burmese localities, Bhamo and 

Zayleyman {Br. J. Anderson). 

294. Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (r/woteZcZ). 

Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 483. _ 

Unio bhamoensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xHi, 1874, pt. 2, p. 207, 

pi. 17, fig. 1; .S'Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p.'62, 

pi. 1.'55, fig. 2; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 146. 

M2

164 UNIOXIDiE. 

Uuio mandelayensis, Tlieobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17, 

fig. 2: H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. 151, fig. 4; Pmtel, Concli. 

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 168. 

Original description:—Testa subtriangulato-ovata, postice acuminata, 

margine ventrali modice rotundato, umbonibus tumidiusculis, 

loevigatis, pustulis parvis aliquaudo armatis, decorticatis. Epidermide 

tenuissima, Ijevi, subpolita, Isete viridi, in senioribus flavescente. 

Testa concentrice subrngata, lineis paucis sive rugis 

angustis ligamentum versus plus minusve subradiatiin notata, at 

antice rugis paucis perbrevibus leviter corrugata. Dentibus cardinalibus 

lamellatis, et denticulatis, in valva dextra singulo, multilisso, 

in sinistra gemino, posteriore triangulari et umbonem juxta 

posito, anteriore lamelliformi, striato. Nacrea argentea et viridescente. 


Hah. INear Bhamo ; Pegu, Western Prome. 

To Theobald's description the following is appended :— 

" A rare species in Western Prouie where alone I have met 

with it in Pegu, and remarkable for its smooth thin epidermis. 

The posterior slope alone is conspicuously ornamented with 

sculpture ; but in my largest specimen from Bhamo and in some 

others also, the peculiar sculpturing of U. [P. (P.)] hurmanus, 

W. Blfd., is faintly ,but distinctly perceptible over part of the 

valves towards the umbones especially." 

295. Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston. 

Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston, Pi,ec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 800. 

Original description :—Shell small, ovate, dark brown ; both 

valves sculptured anteriorly with coarse, corrugate ridges, "which 

Fig. 15.—1 &2< Parreysiaycnjot^tjôM, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 

3. Hinge of same. 

become more nodulous and irregular in the median and posterior 

regions; umbones rather large ; dorsal margin rapidly sloping 

anteriorly, slightly sloping posteriorly; ventral margin somewhat

PAKEBYSIA. 165 

rounded; anterior side rather contracted, sharply rounded; 

posterior side broad, very gently rounded; cardinal teeth very 

anteriorly situate, in right valve squarish, bearing two elongate 

grooves, in left valve lai-ge, jagged, split into three portions, between 

each of which occur two deep notches, the middle portion, 

or that between the two notches, being by far the smallest, at the 

base of the anterior portion is situated a smaller, jagged tooth, 

which is obliquely grooved in the centre; lateral teeth in both 

valves posteriorly, elongately arched, grooved down the whole 

length ; anterior scars very deep ; posterior scar elongate, but not 

well marked ; interior of shell pale bluish, nacreous. 

Long. 15'5, lat. 20'5 mm. 

Hah. Zayleyraan, Upper Burma {Dr. J. Anderson). 

Type in the Indian Museum Collection. 

296. Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni {Theobald). 

Parreysia (Farrei/sia) feddeni (Theobald); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C.. Smiths Inst., fsât. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 843. 

Vnio feddeni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pi. 17, 

fig. 8. 

Original description:—"Testa quadrato-ovali, concentrice sulcata, 

antice gibbose rotundata, postice dilatata, subtruncata ; 

parum insequilaterali. TJmbonibus decorticatis baud prominentibus. 

Epidermide lajvi, subpolita, viridescenti-flava. Dentibus 

eardinalibus lanielliformibus, striatis ; in valva dextra singulo, 

serrate, in sinistra geminis triangularibus, striatis et serratis. 

Nacrea cserulescenti-albi'da. 

Long. 29-5, lat. 40, diam. 19 mm. 

Hah. Peemgunga, Central India {F. Fedden); there are specimens 

also in the British Museum and in the Indian Museum 

from the same locality, the latter collected by the late Dr. W. T, 

Blanford. 

297. Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston. 

Parreysia {Parreysia) daocaensis, Preston, llec. Ind. IMus., Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 300. 

Original descri])tion :—Shell differing from P. feddeni, Theobald, 

in its larger size, more ponderous form and more elongately ovate 

shape, it is much darker in colour, being of a dark blackish-brown 

instead of the greenish-yellow shade of that species, the shell is 

much more coarsely concentrically striate and is also considerably 

malleated, while P. feddeni is almost smooth in texture; the 

umbones in the present species are, though larger, far less 

prominent, but the system of the hinge-teeth is the same. 

Long. 47, lat. 76'0, diam. 29 mm. 

Hah. Dacca. 

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

166 UNIONin.E. 

Fig. 16.—1 & 2. Parret/sia (P.) daccaeiisis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 

3. Hinge ami muscular scars of same. 

298. Parreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould). 

Parm/sia {Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gonli); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio tavoyensis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i, 1843, 

pp. 140-141; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 64; 

Kiister, Oonch.-Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 166, pi. 48, fig. 2; Gould, 

Otia Conch. 1862, p. 190; Pteeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1864, pi. IS, 

fig-. 49; Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 148 ; H. & T., C. I. 

1876, p. 62; pi. 154, fig. 6, 7; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 169. 

Margaron {Unio) tavoyensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31. 

Unio savoye)isis, Poetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166. 

Unio parma, Benson; Sowerhy, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 95, 

fig. 514; H. & T., 0.1. 1876, p. 61, pi. 154, fig. 1 ; Pajtel, Conch. 

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162. 

Origincd description:—Testa rotundata, solida, sub-equilaterali, 

fusca, postice dilatata, subangulata; umbonibus ekvatis, una cum

PAREBYSIA. 167 

latere postico corrugatis; dentibus cardinalibus pyramidatis, 

lateralibus flexuosis : irapressionibus musculorum profundis ; 

margarita albido-incarnata. 

Long, 38, lat. 51, diam. 20 mm. 

Hah. Tavoy; also recorded in the Indian Museum from the 

following Burmese localities: Pegu, Arakan, Tenasserim, and 

Mandalay. 

Yar. triembolus (Benson). 

Unio triembolus, Benson, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1856, p. 44; id. A. M. 

N. H. X, 1862, p. 190; H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 4S, pi. 107, fiff. i; 

PiBtal, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170. 

Unio houngdaranicus, Tapparone-Cauefri, Ann. 3Ius. Civ. St. Nat. 

Genova, vii, 1889, p. 341. 

Original description:—A thick shell with large teeth. A massive 

species which inhabits the Nerbudda, and the shells of which are 

found fossil associated with the bones of extinct mammalia in the 

gravels of the river valley, may be a variety of this species 

[P. tavoyensis~\. 

The author writing in the ' Annals & Magazine of Natural 

History,' in 1862, further describes his species. 

Testa oblique rhomboidali, subtrigona, transversa, inaequilaterali, 

crassa, antice brevi rotundata, postiee subalata, descendente, 

demum angulata, obtusa, margine ventrali convexo; disco transverse 

plicato et striate, piceo-nigresceute ; umbone tumido, gibboso, 

versus apices remotes obtusos decorticatos iridescentes radiatosulcato, 

carina umbonali obtusa; dentibus cardinalibus crassissimis, 

corrugatis, lateralibus obliquis, valva dextrte duplicibus, sinistrae 

triplicibus ; margarita albida vel colore salmonis tincta. 

The dimensions of three specimens given at the end of Benson's 

description are as follows :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 47 45 44 mm. 

Lat 57 62 63 mm. 

Diam 27 27 30 mm. 

Bab. Eanigunga, near Moradabad. Specimens in the Indian 

Museum are labelled Cachar ; Barrack Eiver, Silchar, and 

Calcutta. 

The author also mentions that he obtained the following 

variations of this form :— 

(1) Smaller, and more trigonal. Eiver Goomty. 

(2) Smaller, obliquely elongated. Eiver Goomty. 

(3) Green and olive in colour. Eiver Dojora, near Bareilly. 

(4) Gibbous. Eiver Gungut, near Monghyr, in Bahar. 

The following note is given with reference to the description of 

the typical form:—" The anterior and posterior cicatrices are 

distinct, the latter particularly so; the apical cicatrices are indistinct 

on the inner side of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the

168 TNIONIDJE. 

beaks very deep and angular The green Dojora variety is 

remarkable for the great development of the teeth. The lateral 

ones are disposed to be treble in the right as well as in the left 

valve; and several parallel plicie interv-ene between them and 

the exaggerated cardinal teeth in a perfect specimen with the 

following dimensions: Long. 37, lat. 50, diam. 23 mm." 

299. Parreysia (Parreysia) vulcana {Hanley). 

Parreysia [Parreysia) vukana (Ilaclev) i Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. iNlus. Proe.'xxii, 1900, p. 844. 

Unio vulcanus, Hanlev, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 606: H. & T., 0.1. 1876, 

p. 62, pi. 155, fig. 3"; PiEtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 172. 

Original description:—Testa solida, insequilateralis, subovata, 

viridis, undique (nisi fortasse ad extremitatem anticaui) plicatorngosa; 

plica) (sen tubercula elongata confluentia) iindatim angulariter 

at oblique ordinatije. Margo dorsalis posticus et marge 

veutralis convexi, subparalleli. Costa umbonalis nulla ; area 

postica nequaquam concava. Lunula lata, hand multum impressa. 

Margarita alba, vix minime iridescens. Margo cardinalis latus; 

dentes cardinales solid!, laeerati ; in valvula sinistra dens lateralis 

inter duos valvulje dextrse insertus. 


Hah. Burma. 

Described from an isolated specimen aiid appearing to somewhat 

resemble P. tavoyensis (Gld.), in form. 

To the description the following note is appended :— 

"... .When hold before a light the valves appear of a ^-ellowish 

green, richly embossed with zigzag ridges of a darker or bluer verdure. 

The hinge is nearly the same as in U. [P. (P.)] faviclens of 

Benson, the central teeth being short and complicated." 

300. Parreysia (Parreysia) fese {Tapparone-Canefri). 

Parreysia (Parreysia) fem (Tapparone-Canefri); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C, Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844. 

TInio feat, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Gienova, 

xxvii, 1889, p. 340. 

Original description :—Testa solida, crassiuscula, subcordatoovata, 

insequilaterali, postice attenuata, margine ventrali subarcuato 

postice sinuate, umbonibus tumidiusculis, decorticatis. 

ValvsB rugis concentricis profundis 3-4-5 stepius exaratse, epidermide 

luteo olivacea, tenui, Irevi indutsB, umbonibus prsesertim 

et latere postico in junioribus varie ex loete-viridi depictis et 

fulgurato-corrugatis. Dentes cardinales crassi, subtrigoni, laciniati 

et striati, dentibus in valva dextera unico, in sinistra duplici, 

postico majori triangulari, antieo-oblongo minori. Margarita la;te 

carnea. 

Long. 42-43, lat. 55, diam. 25-29 mm. 

Hah. Meetan, Houngdaran'Eiver (L. Fea).

PAEEETSIA. 169 

301. Parreysia (Purreysia) rajahensis {Lea). 

Parret/sia (Parreysia) rajahensis (Lea); Simpson, Washington, 


TInio rajahimsis, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Proc. .\mer. Phil. See. ii, 

1841, p. 30; Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. viii, 

1842, p. 239, pi. 23, fig. 53; Obs. Genus Unio, iii, 1842, p. 77, 

pi. 23, fig. 53 ; 11. & A. Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 495; 

Chenu, 111. Conch. 1858, pi. 20, figs. 3, 3 «, 3 6; Paitel, Conch. 

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 165. 

Margaron {Unio) rajahensis, Lea, Syn, 1852, p. 25; 1870, p. 38. 

TJnio indicus, Sowerbv, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1866, pi. 40, fig. 222; 

H. & T., 0.1.1876,''p. 43, pi. 107, %. 1. 

Maryaron {Unio) indicus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31, 

Original description:—Testa triangiilari, inflata, inmquilaterali, 

postice angulata ; valvulis crassis ; natibus valde prominentibus ; 

epidermide teuebroso-t'usca ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis : lateralibus 

sublongis curvisque; margarita alba et valde iridescente. 

Hab. The Rajah's tanks, Calcutta {Dr. Jay). The species in the 

Indian Museum is represented by specimens from Poena; Nerbudda 

Eiver (IF. Theobald 4- JF. T. Bkmford); " From the 

soil of the Eau Kach " ; " I'rom 130 miles S.W. of Sepree"; 

Sahibgunga. 

Three specimens from the Nerbudda River yielded the following 

dimensions:— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 27-25 28 27 mm. 

Lat 31-75 35 31 mm. 

Diam 16 19 16-25 mm. 

302. Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin). 

Parreysia {Parreysia) riigosa (Gmelin) ; Simpson, AVashington, 


Mya ruqosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, vi, p. 3222; Wood, 

Gen. Conch, i. 1815, p. 109 ; Dillwvn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 53; Wood, 

Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 33"n; rev. ed. 1856, p. 16, pi. 2, 

fig. 33. 

Unio riiyosits, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Uino, 1862, p. 290, pi. 97, 

fig. 5 ; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 137; Pastel', Conch. 

Sam. iii, 1890, p. 106. 

Original description :—Testa ovali rugosa, extriusecus virescente, 

intus margarJtacea: cardinis dente primario crenulato, lateral! 

longitudinali, alterius duplicato. 

Hob. Coromandel. 

303. Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis {JIanley). 

Parreysia {Parreysia) corbis (Ilanley) ; Simpson, Washington, 


Unio corbis, Ilanley, Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 386, pi. 23, fig. 43; 

H. & T., 0.1. 1876, p. 23, pi. 45, fig. 10. 

Margaron (Unio) corbis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50. 

Original description :—Shell oval, inequilateral, rather thin,

170 UNIONIDJE. 

subventricose, couceutrically zoned with bluish green and ochraceous 

yellow, rather glossy, smooth, except at the umbones, which 

are adorned with longitudinally divergent slender corrugations, 

the hinder lines of which incline interiorwards, the front ones 

posteriorwards ; a few similar wrinkles radiate subtransversely 

thence to the dorsal end of the concave anterior slope; ventral 

edge convex; front dorsal edge straightish, a little elevated ; 

extremities rounded, the front rather broad ; nacre silvery ; 

umbonal cavity ample ; teeth laminar, compressed. 

Long. 19, lat. 26-5 mm. 

Hah. Assam. 

The species was originally described from a single ^ alve: below 

are given the dimensions of two specimens in the British and 

Indian Museums collections respectively :-— 

Lat 

1. 

.... 16-75 

.. . . 25-5 

. . . . 13 

2. 

19 mm. 

30 mm. 

14-75 mm. 

The above two specimens are the only ones which the compiler 

of the present volume has been able to examine: though agreeing 

in the essential characters with the original description, there are 

still considerable difi'erences between, them : the smaller, or British 

Museum specimen, being far more obtuse posteriorly than that of 

the Indian Museum, the dorsal margin of the former gradually 

sloping upwards posteriorly to a rounded angle, while in the latter 

this character is not nearly so accentuated. 

304. Parreysia (Parreysia) burmaims (Blanford). 

Parreysia (Parreysia') 4«)-HI««»/6'(Blanford); Simpsou, Washington, 

B.C., Smiths, inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845. 

Unio burmaims, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1809, pp. 449-450. 

Unio hirinanus, 11. &• T., C. 1. 187C, p. 19, pi. 42, fig. 1; Psetel, 

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 146. 

Original description:—^Testa subovata, solida, subcompressa, 

valde insBquilateralis, picea vel fusco-olivacea, concentrice plicatostriata, 

disco medio et postico rugis obliquis irregulariter angulatis, 

interdum granosis, hie illic prsBsertim versus marginem ventralem 

obsoletis corrugato; umbonibus non prominentibus, subplanulatis, 

angulatim corrugatis, baud procul ab extremitate anteriore positis; 

lunella parva, concava; latere antico brevissimo subacuminatorotundato; 

area convexa; margine dorsali poslice regulariter 

convexo-curvato, terminaliter rotundato, ventrali convexo; deutibus 

cardinalibus crassis, radiatim corrugatis, in valva dextra binis, 

anteriore minimo, in sinistra ternis vel subternis; lateralibus 

elongatis subcurvatis, in valva dextra subduplicibus, in sinistra 

duplieibus ; margarita colore salmonis tineta. Testa junior

PAKJJBXSIA. 171 

rotundato-ovalis, omnino prseter ad extremitatem anticam subradiatim 

granoso-plicifera. 

The dimensions of three specimens given at the foot of the 

original description are as follows :— 

1. 2. 3 (young shell). 

Long 52 45 34 mm. 

Lat 35 32 26-5 mm. 

Diam 22 20 17 mm. 

Length of ligament 23 20"5 16 mm. 

Hah. Irawady Hiver at Bhamo. 


305. Parreysia (Parreysia) siikimensis {Lea). 

Parteysia {Parreysia) sikkimensis (Lea); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio sikkimensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 

1859, p. 151; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1859, 

p. 251, pi. 39, fig. 131; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 69, pi. 39, 

fig. 131; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 76, fig-. 400; 

H. & T., 0. 1. 1876, p. 6, pi. 11, fig. 4, and p. 44, pi. 107, 

figs. 6, 7; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167. 

Maryaron (Unio) sikkimensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64. 

Original description :—Testa Isevi, obovata, inaequilaterali, subinflata, 

postiee obtuse biangulata; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus 

prominulis; epidermide luteo-f iisca, eradiata ; dentibuscardinalibus 

parvulis, brevibus crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus 

brevibus subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridesceute. 

Hab. Sikkim (^H. Cuming Sf Prof. Hanley). Eepresented in the 

Indian Museum by specimens from Sibsagar, Assam (S. E. Peal) • 

Siliguri; Namtsik ; Dihang, and Cachar. 

No dimensions being given with the original description, those 

of three specimens in the Indian Museum are appended :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 28-5 28-25 19-5 mm. 

Lat 38-5 37-25 27-25 mm. 

Diam 20 19-25 12-25 mm. 

The species though varying somewhat, usually in the posterior 

region, is easily distinguishable from others of the group by its 

considerable convexity in proportion to its size and by its short, 

broad, and generally ovately rounded form. 

306. Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald). 

Parreysia (Parreysia) yozahattensis (Theobald); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio yowhattensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1873, p. 208, pi. 17, 

fig. 4; Pretel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 154. 

Original descriiHion:—Testa quadrato-ovata, antice rotundata,

172 UXIOXID^. 

postice declive truneata, margine ventrali recto. Umbonibtis 

decorticatis. Epidermide flavescente, postice viridescente. Testa 

concentrice striata et rugis plilritnis minutis valde approximantibus 

angulariter seu fulgurate granuloso-crispata, postice tantiim radiatim 

granuloso-crispata. Dentibus cardinalibus bifidis in utraque 

valvo. Nacrea cserulescenti-albida, iridescente. In senioribus 

granulationes valde inconspicusB fiunt. 

Long. 25*5, lat. 39, diain. 18 mm. 

Hah. Near Gowhatti, Assam. 

The sculpture of this species much resembles that of jVodidaria 

crispisulcata, Benson, 

307. Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvexa, Preston. 

Parreysia (Parreysia)perconvexa, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 

vij, 1912, p. 302. 

Original description:—Shell ovate, slightly curved, very convex, 

solid but much eroded, where intact covered by a dark blackish- 

Fig. 17.—1 & 2. I'arrei/sia {P.) perconvexa, Preston. (Type,) Nat. size. 


brown periostracum; umbones moderately large; dorsal margin, 

sloping in an anterior direction ; ventral margin slightly curved

PAEBETSIA. 173 

posteriorly ; anterior side gently rounded ; posterior side slightly 

and very bluntly produced, rounded; cardinal teeth very anteriorly 

situate, with upper surface multi-ridged and supported in each 

valve by an enormous column-like callous thickening of the shell; 

lateral teeth coarse, rather short, curved ; anterior muscular scars 

of great depth ; posterior scars subcircular, well impressed; 

interior of shell very pale greenish white. 


Hob. jSfongyaug Lake, south of Patkai. 


308. Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, Preston. 

Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, I'reston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 302. 

Onginal description :—Shell oval, convex, moderately solid, 

coarsely concentrically ribbed, covered with a thin, smooth, 

brownish-olivaceous periostracum; umbones rather small, not 

Fig. 18.—1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) annandalei, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 


.prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin considerably 

rounded; anterior side slightly produced and rather sharply 

rounded : posterior side very bluntly subrostrate; cardinal teeth 

tvAo in each valve, somewhat anteriorly situate, rather coarse and 

corrugated; lateral teeth strong, curved ; anterior scars rather

174 UNION"!!).!;. 

small, very deeply excavated; posterior scars also small, ovate, 

deeply impressed ; interior of shell whitish iridescent. 


Hab. Growhatty. 

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum. 

309. Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson. 

Farreysia {Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson, ' Nautilus,' Boston Mass. 

xxvi, p. 142 ; Haas, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. pi. 32, 

figs. 3, 4 (as Trapezoideusfoliacevs). 

Original despription:—Shell small, rather thick, somewhat 

ovate Bounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly 

straight, post basal ^point rounded. Epidermis olivaceous, 

greenish in young shells, brownish in old specimens, and 

frequently bleached. Beaks very small, pointed, low, and incurved, 

with fine zigzag radial sculpture, which extends a little 

down the shell, and especially down the post slope; in dirty or 

eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The shell is a little 

inflated, the post ridge rounded. Inside the nacre is soft cream 

or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior bladelike, 

and the posterior much smaller and tubercular. The laterals 

are double (or even inclined to be trifid) ; in the right valve the 

cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single. The 

anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the posterior. 


Hab. Burma. 

" The shell is stouter, shorter, and more inflated than 

T. foliaeetis, and the posterior portion is not green.'- 

Genus LAMELLIDENS. 

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington. D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854. 

TYPE, Unio marginalis, Lamarck, from India, Burma, and 

Ceylon. 

Range. India ; Burma ; Ceylon and China. 

Original description :—Shell elongate, elliptical, pointed behind, 

with a slight post-dorsal wing, a low, often biangulate posterior 

ridge, and generally two sharp, radiating lirse above it; b§aks with 

curved, radiating ridges which sometimes are slightly zigzag and 

often become alniost concentric, but which fade out as they approach 

each other at the centre of the disc ; epidermis smooth, generally 

shining, brownish, often with concentric bands of lighter colour, 

rayless or nearly so ; left valve with two compressed pseudocardinals, 

the front one roughened, and two laterals ; right Valve

lAMELLIDElS'S. 175 

with two parallel, lamellar pseiidocardinals and one lateral ; 

cavity of the beaks rather shallow ; dorsal scars few, deep, 

distinct, scattered; anterior scars separate ; nacre bluish-white 

to straw. 


Subgenus LAMELLIDENS {sensu dricto). 

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington, D.O. Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. 

Pi-oc. xxii, 1900, p. 854. 

TYPE, Unio marginalts, Lamarck. 

Eange. India ; Burma; Ceylon ; China. 

Shell dark-coloured ; teeth well developed. 

310. Lamellidens marginalis {Lamarck). 

Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck); Simpson, Washington, D.O. 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 854-855; Die 

hreite Mahler-Muschel mis Qrbnland, Sohroter, Flussconch. 1779, 

p. 181,, pi. 9, %. 1. 

? tfnio groenlandicus, Mcirch, Am. J. Conch, iv, 1868, p. 38. 

? Unio testudinarius, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. Co ; 

Pajtel, Concli. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169. 

? Umo truncatiis, Spennler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 05 ; 

PSchrtiter, Arch. Zool. Zoot. ii, 2 Stuok,_1803, p. 107. 

Unio marginalis, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 79; Deshaves, 

Enc. Meth. ii, 1827, p. 151, pi. 247, iig. 1; Hanley, Test. Moll. 

1842, p. 206; Hanley, Blv. Shells, 1843, p. 206, pi. 20, iig. 53 ; 

Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 61; H. & A. Adams, 

Gen. Kec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 

1861, p. 239, pi. 80, fig. 4; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1867, 

pL 59, tig. 27; H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 2 ; Psetel, 

Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158. 

Margarita (Unio) margiruilis, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 37 ; 1888, p. 24. 

Margaron ( Unio) marginalis. Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38; 1838, p. 24. 

Unio anodontina, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, vi, 1819, p. 80 ; 

Deshayes, An. sans Vert, vi, 1835, p. 646 ; ii, 1839, p. 671. 

Unio anodontimts, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 18(51, p. 240, pi. 80, 

fig. 15; Pietel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 144. 

Symphanota bilineuta, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. 

Sec. iv, 1831, p. 98, pi. 11, fig. 19 ; Obs. Genus Unio, i, 1884, 

p. 108, pi. 11, fig. 19. 

Margarita {Unio) hilineatus. Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25. 

Unio hilineatus, Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207 : Biv. Shells, 

1843, p. 207, pi. 21, fig. 30; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 

1845, p. 56 ; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 491; 

Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 71, fig, 865. 

Margaron (Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 88 ; 1870, p. 61. 

? Unio evanesceiis, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 91, pi. 17, fig. 2. 

Original description :—-Testa ovato-oblonga, subrhombea, tenui, 

intufe cserulescente ; fasciis transversis marginalibus ; dente cardinali 

parvo compresso.

176 UNioxiD.i. 

The above description may be amplified by that given by 

Sowerby in the ' Conchologia Icoiiica ':—"Shell oblong-ovate, 

thin, very smooth, somewhat inflated, covered with a blackishbrown 

shining epidermis, pale iridescent-fawn within; posterior 

side roundly angular, produced, dorsal margin straight, lateral 

margin oblique, end subacuminated, ventral margin raised towards 

the end, very slightly contracted in the middle; anterior side 

short, narrow, dorsal margin slightly sloped, cnneate; umboes 

smooth." 

The following dimensions are taken from three adult specimens 

in the collection of the Indian Museum :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 51 50-5 52-5 ram. 

Lat 100-5 95-25 95 mm. 

Diam 32 30 34 mm. 

The species is very widely distributed throughout India, Burma, 

and Ceylon, and should Mousson's Unio evanescens prove to be 

really a synonym, then Java must also be added to the above. 

Var. obesa {Hanley ^ Theobald); Simpson, Washington, D.C, 


Unio marginalis var. obesa, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fi

I,AMELLIDB^"S 177 

Unio marginalis var. tricolor, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 42, 

%.5. 

Original description:—Testa "valde insequilatera, elliptica, tenera, 

nitida, modice convexa, obsolete sulcata et subtilissime strigata, 

olivaoeo-f usoa, parte inferiore flava; postice laete viridi-radiata ; 

umbonibus depressis ; area compressa ; dentibus cardinalibus 

compressis, dextro dupHcato, lamellis tenuibus acutls ; margarita 

nitido-cfflrulescens, subtiliter radiata. 

Long. 28-25, lat. 60-5, diam. 17-25 mm. 

Kiister gives as the habitat of his species " ^gypten im Nil," 

but this must be an error, as the shell he figures is obviously 

a variety of the Indian L. marginalis. It is represented in the 

Indian Museum collection by specimens from the following 

localities:—Shuaygoomyo, Burma and Manbhoom, Bengal. 

Var. zonata {Desliayes). 

Unio marginalis, Desh. Encycl. Meth., Vers, ii, p. 587. 

Unio marginalis, Lk., var, zonata, II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi, 44, 

lig. 2. 

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral, thin, covered with a dark 

brown periostracum interrupted towards the margins by transverse 

zones of rather pale greenish-yellow ; anterior side' rounded, 

obtuse, rather narrower than the posterior side which terminates 

in a somewhat prominent angle ; the dorsal and posterior margins 

compressed and slightly dilated in the form of a wing, separated 

towards the umbones by a posterior angle continuing to the top, 

interior of shell nacreous, rather deep and very bright yellow, 

tinged with reddish and bluish shades towards the posterior side; 

hinge very narrow, gently arched, consisting, in the right valve, 

of an oblong, crested, cardinal tooth roaghened on the inner side, 

crenellated at its free end and bearing on the outward side a small 

decurrent swelling which limits the cavity into which the tooth 

of the opposite valve is received ; left valve bearing two blunt 

teeth, of which theposterior, which is the shorter, only commences 

to rise at the extremity of the other; lateral posterior tooth 

elongate, arched, narrow, sharp, rough and truncated at its 

posterior end, fitting between two lamellse in the left valve which 

are unequal both in length and height. 


Hal. Bengal. 

. There are specimens which correspond to this description in the 

Indian Museum collection from Uangoon, the nieasurements of 

three of these being as below :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 39-5 41 36 mm. 

Lat 74-5 73 67 mm. 

Diam 23 19 23 mm.

•j^78 ris'ioxiDiE. 

Var. candaharica {Hanley S,- Theobald); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio marninalis var. candaharica, H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 4-3, 

fig. 4; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 1, 1849 (1850), p. 660. 

Original description-.^BheW oval oblong, ventricose, tumid 

not produced nor attenuated behind ; beaks flattened and denuded ; 

tipper edge rounded or falling; lower edge curved ; strongly 

wrinkled transversely ; epidermis olive-browu, in young specimens 

with broad yellowish margin. 

The dimensions of three specimens mentioned by Hutton 

are :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 41-25 41-25 44-25 mm. 

Lat 75 73 78 mm. 

and of two specimens, both from Candahar, in the Indian 

Museum :— 

1. 2. 

Long - 37-5 38-25 mm. 

Lat 65-5 68-5 mm. 

Diam 22-5 24-5 mm. 

Hab. Candahar, in canals. 

Hutton further states that it differs from typical U. marginalis, 

Lk. " in the less produced and lengthened form posteriorly, 

in the upper part of the anterior edge being straighter 

and more elevated than in U. marginalis, and in the_ beaks being 

less denuded and more wrinkled. In Unio marginalis of the 

Gangetic Provinces the breadth appears to exceed the length 

much more considerably than in the Candahar shells, measuring 

in four specimens of each as follows :— 

" Indian [Gangetic Provinces] specimen, 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

Lon" ... 35 41-25 35 38 mm. 

Lat.°.'.'.'.'. 40 89 80 76-5 mm. 

"Afghan specimens, 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

Long 16 41-25 41-25 46 mm. 

Lat 75 73 75 78 mm. 

" The proportions thus appear to be reversed; the Indian 

species showing a greater transverse breadth in proportion to its 

length, the Afghan one showing a greater length in proportion to 

its breadth. All my specimens of the Indian variety are produced 

or elongated posteriorly, giving the shell a narrow wedge-shaped 

appearance, whereas the Afghan one, being transversely shorter, 

appears ovate-oblong."

LAMELLIDENS. 179 

Var. cylindrica (Hanley 4' Theobald); Simpson, "Wasbington, 

D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. ilus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855. 

Unio maryitialis var. cylindrica, TI. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44, 

fig. 1. 

As hitherto the name has beau a mere nomen nudum, and no 

specimen actually corresponding to Hanley & Theobald's figure 

being available the following short description of the figure itself 

may be given :— 

Eather more rectangular than the typical form, dark olivegreen, 

concentrically banded, especially towards the ventral margin 

and posterior side, with yellowish brown, and transversely rayed 

from the umbonal region with dark olive-brown ; interior of shell 

salmon-coloured. 

Long. 44, lat. 10-2 mm. 

Hah. — ? 

Var. hauleyi, Bimpsmi, Washington, D.C., Smiths'. Inst., Nat. 

Mils. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855. 

Vnio marginalis var. corriana, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 44, 

%. 4. 

Shell more or less indented in the middle, sometimes elongated 

cylindrical, sometimes compressed and oval-oblong ; cardinal 

callosity (which is rarely absent) more or less developed ; anterior 

or hinge teeth almost horizontal, outwardly curved, rather more 

elongate, or if shorter, rather more prominently elevated. 

Long. 42, lat. 89 mm. (fig. in Con. Ind.). 

Hah. Calcutta, etc. 

Subsp. thwaitesi {Lea). 

Unio tkwaitesi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Pkiladelpliia, iii, 

1859, p. 152; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860, 

p. 246, pi. 37, flg. 125; Obs. Genua Unio, vii, 1860, p. 64, pi. 37, 

fig. 126; Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 23, fig. 105; H. & 

T., 0. I. 1876, p. 20, pi. 43, fig. 1; Paitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 169. 

Maygaron (Unio) thwaitesii, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74. 

Unio consohrinus, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 7. 

Lamellidens thwaitesii (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.O., Smiths. 


Original description:—Testa Isevi, regulariter elliptica, subinflata, 

intequilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ; 

epidermide castanea, polita, transverse fasciata; dentibus cardinalibus 

valde compressis, lamellatis, valde obliquis, in utroque 

valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ; 

margarita salmonis colore tincta et iridescente. . 

Hah. Ceylon (TJuvaites). 

N2

180 TJNIONIDJE. 

The following dimensions are taken from three specimens in 

the Indian Museum :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 44-5 35 34 mm. 

Lat 88 63 62 mm. 

Diam 28-25 20 20-25 mm. 

Subsp. consobrina (Lea). 

JJnio consobrinus, Lea, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 

1859, p. 331; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 272, 

pi. 45, fig. 152; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 90, pi. 45, flo-. 152; 

Pffitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 148. 

Margaron (Unio) consobrinus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46. 

Unio corbeti, Deschamps, Bull. See. Zool. Fr. xvii, 1892, p. 68, fig. 

in text. 

Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C.,'Smiths. 


Original description:—Testa laevi, elliptica, subinflata, inasquilaterali, 

postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundato; valvulis subtenuibus, 

antice paulisper crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ; 

epidermide inieante, tenebroso-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus 

parvis, crenulatis, compressis, obliquis in valvulam dextram 

duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita 

salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente. 

Hah. "China" (C'.iV. Wheathy). 

The locality as given by Lea is probably a mistake; the variety 

is widely distributed over Lidia and Ceylon. 

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the 

Indian Museum collection :— 

Lat 

Diam 

1. 

43 

79 

.. . 27-5 

2. 

48-5 

91 

32 

'3. 

47 mm. 

83 mm. 

27 mm. 

Subsp. lamellata {Lea). 

Unio lamellatus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 

vi, 1838, p. 19, pi. 6, fig. 16 ; Obs. Genus Unio, ii, 1888, p. 19, 

pi. 6, fig. 16; Troschel, Arch. Natg. Berlin, v, pt. 2, 1889, 

p. 234; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 194;Biv. Shells, 1843, 

p. 194, pi. 21, flg. 49; Oatlow & Keeve, Conch. Norn. 1845, 

p. 60; H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, 1867, p. 494; Ohenu, 

111. Conch. 1858, pi. 22, figs. 3, 3 a, 3 6 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, 

xvi, 1866, pi. 62, fig. 272; H. & T., 0. L 1876, p. 21, pi. 44, 

fig. 7; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 126. 

Margarita (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20. 

Margeron (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn. 1862, p. 29; 1870, p. 46. 

Unio laycrdi, Lea', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1859, 

p. 153; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860, p. 243, 

pi. 36, fig. 122; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 61, pi. 36, fig. 122;

LAIIELMDBNS. 181 

Eeeve, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1865, pi. 23, fig. Ill; H. & T.,'c. I. 

1876, p. 19, pi. 41, tig. 1; PiBtel, Conch. Sam. 111,1890, p. 157. 

Margaron {Unio) layardii, Lea, 1870, p. 46. 

Lainellidens laniellatus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 

Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxli, 1900, p. 856. 

Original description :—Shell subovate, transverse, somewhat 

inflated, shining; valves very tliin; beaks scarcely prominent, 

undulated; cardinal teeth long, thin and lamellar; lateral teeth 

long, thin, and nearly straight; nacre bluish. 

Long. 38, lat. 64, diam. 2o'5 mm. 

Hah. Bengal {Captain Lang). This variety is represented by 

specimens in the Indian Museum bearing the following localities :— 

Mandalay, Pegu, Bhamo {Br. J. Anderson), also Calcutta and 

Ceylon. 

Var. sublamellata, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912, 

p. 305. 

Original description :—An elongate, somewhat rostrate form, 

having the hinge-teeth rather less developed. 

Hah. Burma ( W. Theobald). 


Subsp. scutum {Sowerhy). 

Unio scutum, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, fig. 510; 

H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pi. 46, fig. 1; Ptetel, Conch. Sam. ill, 

1890, p. 167. 

La7neUidens scutum (Sovtevhy), Simpson, Washington, B.C., Smiths. 


Origincd description :—Shell thick, unequally subventricose, 

somewhat indented in the middle, somewhat depressed in front, 

very inequilateral, oblong, obliquely sub-biangular behind, of a 

uniform pitch-colour, smoothish; ventral edge retuse, rising in 

front; umbonal ridge elevated, the space behind it broad and 

rather concave; beaks but little projecting, nacre livid whitish ; 

primary teeth slanting, lateral lamellse distant. 

The dimensions of the specimen figured in the ' Conch. Icon.', 

and now in the British Museum, are as follows :— 

Long. 50, lat. 100, diam. 32-5 mm.; 

and those of a specimen in the Indian Museum collection :— 

Long. 52-25, lat. 98, diam. 35'25 mm. 

Hab. Tenasserim (original locality); there are also specimens 

labelled " Eangoon " in the Indian Museum. 

Var. humilior {von Martens), Arch. Naturg. Berlin, Ixv, pt. 1, 

1899, pp. 45, 46, pi. 5, fig. 1. 

Somevsrhat more depressed than the typical form, but agreeing

182 UNIONID.^. 

Fig. 19.—1 & 2. '\Lamellidens (L) marginalis, Lk. var, sublamellata, Preston. 


3. Hinge and muscular sears of same.

LAMELLIDEXS. 183 

well in other respects ; juvenile specimens are bright brownishgreen, 

older ones blackish; the following are the measurements 

of a series at various stages of growth :— 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 

Lat 124 92 79 72 65 43 mm. 

Long, (from umbones) .. 49 40 36 32 28 19 mm. 

Long, (from posterior extremity 

of wing) 56 46 39 37 32 21 mm. 

Diam 26 25 20 20 17 11 mm. 

The wings average two-thirds of the length. The lower margin 

in young specimens is fairly straight in the middle, in older ones 

slightly curved inward. The edge running backwards from the 

umbones, separating the posterior from the lateral surface, is 

always distinct. The hinge-teeth are nodulated, but comparatively 

small. 

Hab. The Chindwin Eiver, near Kalewa; also in the River Tu, 

one of the tributaries of the former. 

Young specimens of this variety, in outward form, greatly 

resemble the U. marginalis var. anodontinus of the ' Conch. lud.', 

pi. 42, fig. 7. 

Subsp. corrianus {Lea). 

Unio corrianus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v, 

ser.-2, 1834, p. 05, pi. 9, fig. 25; Obs. Gemis Vnio, i, 1834, 

p. 177, pi. 9, %. 25; Haiilev, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207; Biv. 

Shells, 1843, p. 207, pi. xx, iig. 60; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. 

Nom. 1845, p. 57 ; II. & A.. Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1857, 

p. 491; Pffitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149. 

Marjjarita ( Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25. 

Margaron {Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syu. 1852, p. 38; 1870, p. 6L 

LameUidcns corrianus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 

Inst., Nat. Mns. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857. 

Oriffinal description :—Shell narrow-elliptical, very transverse, 

very inequilateral, subangular behind; valves very thin ; beaks 

scarcely prominent; cardinal teeth thin and bladed; lateral teeth 

long, thin and nearly straight; nacre, pearly white and iridescent. 

Long. 25-5, lat. 53'5, diam. 13'5 mm. 

Hab. Calcutta. The following localities refer to specimens 

in the Indian Museum :—Seebsaugor {Peal) ; Pegu ( W. T. Blanford); 

Balagunga, Central Sylhet; Madras; Berhampur, Murshidabad 

District, Bengal {S. W. Kemp) ; Sambalpur ; Zayleymau, 

Upper Burma {I)r. J. Anderson). 

Lea's description is amplified by the following notes :—" Shell 

narrow elliptical, very transverse, very inequilateral, subangular 

behind ; dorsal line nearly straight; substance of the shell very 

thin; beaks very slightly elevated and minutely waved at the tip ; 

ligament long and slender; epidermis smooth, dark brown; rays 

none; cardinal teeth thin, bladed, single in the left valve and

184 TJNIONID.I;. 

double in the right; lateral teeth long, thin, bladed and nearly 

straight; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices coniluent; 

dorsal cicatrices situated nearly in the centre of the cavity of the 

beaks ; cavity of the beaks exceedingly shallow ; nacre pearly 

white and iridescent It closely resembles the U. marginalis 

of Lamarck, but differs from that species in being more 

transverse, in the beaks being more retuse, in the dorsal line 

being nearly straight, and in its not being possessed of a light 

border along the margin. The cardinal teeth are remarkably thin, 

and form nearly a line with the lateral teeth." 

Subsp. generosus {Gould). 

JJnio r/enerosus, Gould, Proo. Boston Soc. jSTat. Hist, ii, 1847, 

p. 220; Otia Conch. 1862, p. 210; H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 22, 

pi. 46, fig. 4 ; Pajtel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153. 

Margaron (Unio) generosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 29. 

? TInio Imnellatzis, Soiverby, Ooach. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 94, Jig. 511. 

Lamellidens generosus (Gould), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 


Original description:—Testa magna, solida, transversa, oblongoovata, 

inequilaterali, antice rotundata et angustata ; postice obliquata, 

subrostrata, ad apicem truncata; margine veiitrali arcuata, 

dorsali recta, abscendente; umbonibus contiguis haud elevatis ; 

valvis subtumidis radiatim substriatis, postice subcostatis, epidermide 

fuliginosa, disco nitido: dentibus remotis; cardinalibus 

elongatis, obliquis, laminatis : margarita alba vel salmonacea 

limbo irideseente. 

Long. 64, lat. 95-5, diam, 38-25 mm. 

Hob. Newville, Tavoy {Mrs. Vinton); specimens in the Indian 

Museum are labelled respectively Myadong, Upper Burma 

{Anderson), Mandalay {Annandale), and Bhamo {J. Coggin 

Brown). 

Subsp. jenkinsianus {Benson). 

Unio jenkinsianus, Benson, A. M. N. II, x, 1862, p. 185; II. & T,, 

C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 41, fig. 4; Paitel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 155. 

Lamellidens jenkinsianus (Benson), Simpson, Washington, D.C., 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. sxii, 1900, p. 857. 

Original description:—Testa transverse elongata, subacuminatoovata, 

valde insqquiiaterali, tumida, crassa, antice brevi rotundata, 

postice elongata, mininie alata, superne sensim descendente, 

demum angusta, obtusa; margine basali antice convexiusculo, 

postice subrecto, ligamento brevi; disco valde tumido, transverse 

plicate; epidermide picea, versus marginem ventralem olivacea; 

umbonibus leviter convexis, decorticatis, apicibus obtusis ; dentibus 

arcuatim sitis, crassiusculis, erosis, cardinalibus elongatiusculis,


valvffl sinistrsB subsiniplicibus, dextras duplicibus laminatis, lateralibus 

remotis subelongatis, valvse sinistrae duplicibus, lamina interna 

demum incrassata ; margarita violaceo-albida, iridescente. 


Hah. Brahmapootra Eiver, Assam. The following localities 

are, among others, attached to specimens in the Indian Museum :— 

Sylhet, Bhagalpur {Oaptain Sherivill). 

Subsp. sawaddyensis, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 

1912, p. 305. 

Original description:—Shell much more ovate and convex than 

the typical form, having the dorsal margin more arched and 

posteriorly ascending, the ventral margin and anterior side more 

rounded, and the posterior side produced and roundly rostrate. 

Hah. Sawaddy Eiver. Specimens in the Indian Museum are 

labelled Bhamo {Br. J. Anderson) ; Shuaygoomyo, Upper Burma 

{Dr. J. Anderson), and Mandalay {Dr. N. Annandale). 


311. Lamellidens pulcher {Tapparone-Canefri). 

Lamellidens pulcher (Tapparone-Canefri); Simpson, Washington, 


Unio pulcher, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Geneva, 

vii, 1889, p. 350. 

Original description:—Testa tenui, subcompressa, insequilaterali, 

transverse ovata, subquadrata, postice dilatata, 8ub-biangulata, 

area postica depressa, margine ventrali rectiusculo, umbonibus 

baud teminentibus, rarius integris, ssepius breviter decorticatis. 

Superficies valvarum Isevis, nitida, rugis concentricis minutis, 

subregularibus, ssepe obsoletis exarata; pallide olivaceo-castanea, 

radiis duobus ineequalibus in area postica fuscis vel viridibus 

picta. Dentes cardinales parvi, laminati, infero in valva dextera 

crassiusculo, subtruncato, superne acuto. Margarita argentea, 

superne luteo-carnea vel luteola. 


Bab. Meetan, Eiver Houngdaran (L. Fea). 

The author also describes two varieties of this species as 

follows :— 

Var. lamellatiformis. 

Testa magis postice dilatata, interne bisinuata. 


Tar. ponderosus. 

Testa majore, crassiuscula, magis lata, subquadrato-oblonga, 

superficies valvarum castanea vel castaneo-fusca. 


Both the varieties are from the same locality as the type.

18fl UNIOXIDiE. 

Fig. 20.—1. Lnmcllidens (L.) 'inarc/'maUs (Lk.), var. sawadclyensis. 

(Type specimen.) Nat. size. 

2. Muscular scars and pallial impression of same.


312. Lamellidens exanthematicus {Kihtei-). 

Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister); Simpson, Washington, D.O., 

Smitlis. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856. 

Unio exanthematicus, Kiister, Conoli. Cab., Unio, 1861,' p. 243, 

pi. 81, fig. 2; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152. 

Original description:—Testa transversa, subovata, convexa, 

tenuis flava, fusceseenti-annulata, postice viridi-radiata, subtiliter 

striata, subtilissime pustulata, pustulis numerosis, majoribus 

minoribusque mixtis ; umbonibus promiriulis ; area subtrigona, 

compressiuscula; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, minus elevatis, in 

valvula utraque duplicibus, lamellis longis, curvatiusculis ; margarita 

carneo-alba et iridescente. 


Hob. East Indies. 

313. Lamellidens canefrianus, Simjison. 

Lcinullidens canefrianus, Simpson, Washington, 1X0., Smiths. Inst., 

Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857. 

XJnio protensus, Tapparone-Oanefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Geneva, 

vii, 1889, p. 349. 

Original description:—Testa transverse oblonga, injequilaterali, 

postice subbiangulata, inter angnlos truacata et in rostrum 

abbreviatum attenuata, margine ventrali modice arcuato et ad 

rostrum sinuate, umbonibus late decorticatis. Superfices valvarum 

epidermide- Ifflvi, intense fusea in adultis, viridi-olivacea 

in junioribus induta, zona marginal! pallidiore inferne ornata. 

Dentes cardinales tenues, in valva dextera duo raajusculi, 

laciniato-striati, margine denticulati, in valva sinistra unicus, 

tenuior, ultra medium subacutus. Margarita argentea, postice 

vivide iridescens; superficies interna valvarnm ssDpius plus 

minusve margaritifera. 

1. 2. 

Long 89 65 mm. 

Lat.,. .• 44 34 mm. 

Diam 27 18 mm. 

Hah. Prome, Lower Burma (i. Fea). 

314. Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston. 

Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston, llec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, yii 

1912, pp. 305-306. 

Original description:—Shell cuneate, moderately convex, posteriorly 

rostrate, dark reddish-brown, covered towards the margins 

with a finely laminiferous periostracum, marked with concentric 

lines of growth, bearing two carinie on each valve running from 

the umboA ^ in a dorsallj posterior direction; umbones small, 

not promiiLiit, somewhat coarsely corrugated; dorsal margin

188 UKIONID^. 

very gently arched; central margin scarcely rounded in tlie 

anterior and median regions, slightly curved posteriorly ; anterior 

side abruptly rounded; posterior side sloping above, then angled 

and very abruptly descending; cardinal tooth in left valve 

obtusely triangular, erect; absent in right valve; lateral teeth 

anteriorly short, deeply grooved and projecting in right valve, 

erect and jagged in the left, posteriorly moderately elongate and 

Fig. 21.—1 & 2. Lamellidcns (L.) narainpormsis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 


bifurcated iu both valves ; anterior scars rather circular, deep; 

posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell pale fleshcolour, 

shading to iridescent bluish - white, very minutely 

granulate. 


Ilab. Narainpore Bhil, Murshedabad District {Major G. J. 

llobertson-Mil-ne, I.M.S.). 

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

LAMBLLIDENS. 189 

Fig. 22.—1 & 2. LamdUdens (L.) nongi/anjensin, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 

3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

190 TTNIONID^. 

315. Lamellidens nongyangensis, Preston. 

Lamellidens nongyanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 

1912, p. 306. 

Original description:—Shell very elongately ovate, inflated, 

covered with a blackish-broMn, finely laminiferous periostracum, 

concentrically marked with rather coarse lines of growth ; dorsal 

margin anteriorly somewhat straight, posteriorly arched above, 

sloping and slightly excavated below; ventral margin scarcely 

rounded; anterior side abruptly descending; posterior side 

rostrate, obtusely rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly situate, 

triangular, erect; lateral teeth elongate, also erect, terminating 

posteriorly in an abrupt slope; anterior scars deeply marked, 

posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell flesh-coloured, 

shading to bluish ; iridescent, minutely pitted and granulate. 


Hah. Nongyang Lake, South of Patkai. 


316. Lamellidens phenchooganjensisj Preston. 

Lamellidens phe7tchooganjensis, Preston, Eeo. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, 

vii, 1912, p. 806. 

Original description :—Shell very elongately ovate, posteriorly 

obtusely rostrate, dark blackish-brown, sculptui-ed with fine concentric 

strise, crossed, especially in the anterior median region, by 

fine, slightly distant, transverse, radiate striae, thus presenting a 

minutely wrinkled appearance ; unibones flattened, much eroded; 

dorsal margin anteriorly gently sloping, posteriorly more rapidly 

sloping in a slight curve; ventral margin scarcely rounded; 

anterior side angled above, gently rounded below ; posterior side 

produced, angularly rounded; hinge-teeth very elongate, somewhat 

fine; anterior scars ovate, moderately impressed ; posterior 

scars roughly triangular, not well impressed; interior of shell 

shading from pale brown to bluish, nacreous, marked, especially 

towards the anterior ventral region, with very shallow radiate 

furrows. 


Hah. Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet. 

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum. 

317. Lamellidens mainwaringi {Nevill, MS.),'{Preston.) 

Lamellidens mainivaringi (iSfevill, MS.), Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus. 

Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 30(3. 

Original description :—Shell rather small, cuneate, covered with 

a finely laminiferOus periostracum ; both valves marked with 

rather fine, concentric, and finer transverse, radiate, scratch-Mke

T.A11BLWDENS. 

Fig. 23.—1 & 2. LamelUdens (L.) pheucliooganjensis, Preston. 

(Tjpe.) Nat. size. 


191

192 irsiONiDiB. 

stria;; dorsal margin anteriorly gradually sloping, posteriorly 

arched and more rapidly descending; ventral margin somewhat 

straight; anterior side rounded; posterior side angled above and 

below, somewhat obliquely and obtusely rostrate; hinge teeth 

Fig. 24.—1 .& 2. Lamellidens (L,) maimoarmgi, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size. 


well developed, moderately short; anterior adductor scar deeply 

impressed; posterior scar somewhat roughly triangular, well 

impressed; interior of shell bluish iridescent, rather granulate. 

Long. 25-5, lat. 50 mm. 

Hah. Siliguri; there are also specimens in the Indian Museum 

from Namtsik, Dihong Eiver. 


A small, light, and thin form, which Simpson in his ' Synopsis 

of the Naiades ' * refuses to recognise as a species, but regards as 

L. consohrinus; the author, however, having Ijeen able to examine 

a large series from the collection of the Indian Museum, all the 

specimens of which are very constant in their size, form, and 

hinge, and other characters, considers it without doubt to be 

worthy of specific rank. 

The following dimensions are taken from specimens in the 

Indian Museum Collection :— 

Lat 

1. 

. .. 22-25 

... 41-75 

11-75 

2. 

21 

40-5 

12-6 

3. 

29-5 mm. 

37 mm. 

9-25 mm. 

* Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856 

{footnote no. 3).

TEAPEZOIBEUS. 193 

Genus TRAPEZOIDEUS. 

Trape:Loideus, Simpson, Washington, D.O., Smiths. Inst., Nat. 

Mns. Proc. xxii, p. 858. 

TYPE, Unio foliacea, Gould ; Burma. 

Range. Burma ; Siarn ; Cambodia ; Sumatra ; Bundelkund'. 

Original description:—Shell trapezoid, much compressed, with 

a low posterior ridge and but slightly raised though pointed 

beaks, which seem to be sculptured with irregularly radial ridges 

arranged in two imperfect chevron-shaped loops ; surface concentrically 

sculptured, often having irregular radial ridges on the 

posterior slope; epidermis yellowish-green or brownish, with two 

or more green rays above the posterior ridge ; teeth compressed ; 

two pseudocardinals in the left valve, one under the beak, the 

other in front, often not well separated, and two laterals; right 

valve with two pseudocardinals and one lateral; pseudocardinals 

all iri^gular, often pitted and peculiarly dentellate ; laterals 

granular, showing traces of vertical striation; cavity of the beaks 

rather deep, compressed; muscle scars shallow, anterior scars 

separate; nacre soft, creamy, yellowish in the beak cavities. 


318. Trapezoideus foliaceus {Gould). 

Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., 

Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proe. xxii, 1800, p. 858. 

Unio foliacea, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat, Hist, i, 1843, p. 141; 

dtia Conch. 1862, p. 191. 

Unio foliaceus, Catlow & Eeeve, Oonoh. Nom. 1845, p. 59; 

H. •& A. Adams, Gen. Kec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 492; H. & T., 

C. I. 1876, p. 19, pi. 42, fig-. 3 ; Anderson, Yunnan Exp. 1877, 

p. 900, pi. 80, figs. 8-12; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153. 

Margaron (Unio) foliaceus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 39; 1870, p. 62. 

Unio peyuensis, Anthony, Amer, Journ. Conch, i, 1865, p. 351, 

pi. 25, fig. 2 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xvi, 1868, pi. 93, fig. 619; 

Pstel, Conch. Sam. iii,1890, p. 162. 

Margaron {Unio)peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 51. 

Original description:—Testa parva, compressa, fragili, fuscovirescente, 

inequilaterali, transverse oblongo-ovata, postice subangulata; 

urabonibus parvis, subtilissime corrugatis; dentibus 

exilibus, rectis, ad marginem parallelis ; margarita livida, iridescente. 

Long. 22, lat. 41'5, diam. 12'75 mm. 

Hah. Tavoy. Eepresented in the Indian Museum by specimens 

from Bbamo {D^. J. Anderson), and Pegu ( W. T. Blanford). 

Var. comptus {Deshayes S; Jullien); Simpson, Washington, 

D.C., Smiths. lust., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859. 

Unio comptus, Deshayea & Jullien, Rouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, x, 

1874, p. 120, pi. 6, iigs. 3 & 4. 

o

194 UNIOi'IDyT. 

Unio frar/iliK, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 39; Anderson 

Yunnan Exp. 1877, p. 400, pi. 80, figs. 8-12. 

Original deseri2}tion:—Testa oblonga, transversa, compressa, 

tenui, fragili, insequilaterali, luteo-rvibiginosa, ad apicem decorticata 

et striis granulosis divavicatis ornata; umbonibus minimis, 

obtusis, vix proeminentibus; latere antico obtuso, paiilo angustiori; 

latere postico latiori, oblique truncato, striis numerosis, 

subsequalibus, arcuatis, ab angulo postico nascentibus ornate; 

margine cardinali brevi, angusto, in valvula dextra dente cardinal! 

minimo, obliquo, simplici, vix proeminenti, dente laterali postico 

elongato, angustissimo ; in altera valvula dentibus cardinalibus 

duobus, insequalissimus, divaricatis, dente postico angusto profunde 

et angustissime bifido. 

Long. 18, lat. 32, diam, 10 mm. 

Sab. Cambodia. 

Var. zayleymanensis (Nevill, MS.); Preston, Eec. Ind. Mus., 

Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 307. 

Original description:—Shell tliinner and smaller than the typical 

form, more produced anteriorly and much more obtuse posteriorly; 

the slight curve in the ventral margin is also absent. 

Hab. Bhamo {Br. J. Anderson); there are also specimens in the 

Indian Museum from Zayleyman {Anderson) and Bhamo. 


319. Trapezoideus misellus {Morelet). 

Trapezoideus misellus (Morelet) ; Simpson, Washington, D.O., 


Unio misellus, Morelet, Journ. de Conch., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 21; 

Ser. Conch, iv, 1875, p. 841, pi. 14, fig. 2; Peetel, Conch. Sanu 

iii, 1890, p. 159. 

Unio siamensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. IVat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866, 

p. 133; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 279, 

pi. 38, fig. 93; Obs. (îenus Unio, xii, 1869, p. 39, pi. 38, 

fig. 93. 

Margaron (Unio) simnensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57. 

Original description :—Testa transversa, depressa, injequilateralis, 

tenuis, epidermide lamelloso-striata, luteo-virenti, progressu 

temporis fuscescentg, vestlta; margo anterior attenuatus, 

posterior dilatatus, inferior medio sinuatus; umbones |)arvi, 

depressi, aeuti, plerumque decorticati; dens cardinaHs lamelliformis, 

exilissimus, in adultis obsoletus ; lamellae in utraque valva 

parvulae, simplices; testa.interna insequaliter sulcata vel malleafaj 

margarita pluihbea, squalida, sul) umbonibus late rubigineo tincta. 


ffaV. Siam. Eepresented in the Indian Museum by specimens 

from Tenasserim, and the Irrawaddy Elver at Sagaing {J. Coggin 

Broivn).

TRAPEZOIDEUS. 195 

320. Trapezoideus exolescens {Gould). 

Trapecoideus exolescens (Gould); Simpson, Washington, D.C, 


Unio exolescens, Gould, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat, Hist, i, 1843, 

p. 141 ; Catlow & lleeve. Conch. Norn. 184S, p. 59; H. & 

A. Adams, Gen. Eec. Moll, ii, 1857, p. 493: H. & T., 0. I. 

1876, p. 43, pi. 107, fig-. 5; Pretel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 152, 

Margaron (Unio) exolescens, Lea, Sjn. 1852, p. 32; 1870, p. 51. 

Original description:—Testa transvei-so-oblongata, inequilaterali, 

subcompressa, fusco-virescente ; postice dilatata, sub-biangulata ; 

umbonibus subelevatis; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis, 

interdum exoletis; lateralibus remotis, reotis; margarita livida 

vel ferruginea. 

Long. 32, ]at, 70, diam. 15 mm. 

Hah. Tavoy ; also Bhamo (Indian Museum Collection). 

321. Trapezoideus theca (Benson). 

Trapezoideus theca (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C, Smiths. 

Inst., Nat. JIus. Froc. xxii, 1900, p. 859. 

Unio theca, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 186; II. & T., 

C. I. 1876, p. 6, pi. 12, fig. 5; Pa3tel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, 

p. 169. 

Original description:—Testa transverse oblongo-ovata, valde 

insequilaterali, tenui, compressa, antice et postice rotundata, 

superne subtusque convexiuscula, margine ventrali medio recto; 

disco subplanato, IsBviusculo, lineis transversalibus subrugosis' 

versus margines notato ; epidermide pallide stramineo-lutea; 

umbonibus planatis, decorticatis, versus apices tenuis prominulos, 

concentrioe sulcatis, postice lineis duabus radiantibus tenuibus 

sabelevatis munitis; ligameiito longiore; dentibus cardinalibus 

laminatis, tenuibus, brevibus, utriusque valvsB duplieibus, valvie 

dextrse prope marginem anteriorem sitis, obliquis; sinistra lobo 

subapicali transverse, anteriore obliquo, lateralibus elongatis, vix 

curvatis, valvse dextrre simplicibus, sinistrse duplieibus ; margarita 

lutea, versus marginem ventralem albida. 


Hah. Eiver Cane, near Banda, Bundelkhund. 

The above description is amplified by the following notes :— 

"Interior of shell transversely subplicate; cavity of beaks 

shallow. Anterior cicatrices separate, posterior confluent, apical 

ones in the cavity of the beaks. Some slight rugse are visible on 

the posterior slope at right angles to the strise of growth. 

" The shell is somewhat wider posteriorly than 

anteriorly. The pale opaque straw-colour of the unpolished 

epidermis is also a peculiar feature, not observable in any other 

Northern Indian species. 

the double umbonal line, apparent occasionally in adult 

specimens of U. [(L.) L.] marginalis, is conspicuous." 

o2

196 TiNiOjsriD.1;. 

Genus ARCIDOPSIS. 

Arcidopsis, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mas. 

Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861. 

TYPE, Unio footei, Theobald, from the Kistiia Eiver. 

The genus is represented by a single species {A. footei 

(Theobald)). 

Oriyinal description:—Shell inequilateral, elongated, with dorsal 

and ventral lines nearly straight aud parallel; anterior end 

strongly and obliquely truncated from the beaks to the anterior 

base, and ending in a rather sharp but rounded point below ; 

posterior end obliquely truncated above, rounded below; posterior 

ridge full, rounded ; the shell in front and below rather compressed; 

surface concentrically aud radially ridged ; pseudocardinals strong, 

two in the right valve, one in the left, and supported by a strong 

cardinal rib; muscle scars well impressed ; pallial line distinct. ' 


322. Arcidopsis footei (Theobald). 

Arcidopsis footei (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. 


Unto footei, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187, pi. 14, 

figs. 9, 9 a. 

Original description:—Testa elongata, rotundato-quadrata, 

valde insequilaterali ab umbonibus angulata, et infra et antice 

valde compressa, concentrice striata et postice radiatim striata. 

Beutibus cardinalibus fortibus, in callo costiformi positis, in valva 

dextra duobus alteraque singulis, subverticalibus. Cicatricibus 

valde depressis. Pallii impressione valde conspicua. 

Sah. Kistna Eiver near the " Gutparba falls " (A. B. Foote). 

To Theobald's description is added the further note. "The 

shell has its valves divided into two subequal areas by a strong 

ridge running back and down from the beaks. The lower and 

anterior portion is strongly compressed, simulating the appearance 

of Area subiorta, though there is no true " version'' in the 

valves. The strong cardinal rib which supports the cardinal teeth 

is also a marked feature of this species, as well as its radiating 

striae intersecting the concentric lines of growth. Unfortunately 

the beaks are much decayed in my two specimens and their 

sculpture wholly effaced."

JETHBEIIDiE. 197 

Family ^THERIIDiE. 

Subfamily iETHERIIN^. 

Shell irregular, free or attached, covered with a periostracurn, 

interiorly nacreous or subnacreous; hinge edentulate; ligament 

linnear, subinternal; sometimes with two adductor scars on the 

valves, sometimes with only the posterior ; pallial line entire. 

Animal fluviatile; mantle open; branchial orifice communicating 

with the pedal orifice; anal orifice closed; foot absent; 

palpes large, semi-ovate; gills unequal, folded, uniting behind 

together with the visceral sac and the mantle. 

Distribution. Tropical Africa; S. India; United States oE 

Colombia. 

Genus MULLEEIA. 

M'ulkria, Ferussac, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1824, i, part 2, 

pp. 868-369; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xviii, 1872. 

TYPE, Mulleria lobata, I'erussac, from the U.S. of Colombia. 

Kange. United States of Colombia and Southern India. 

Translation of original descnption : —Shell attached, inequivalve, 

irregular [in form]; valves joined by an exterior ligament, 

short, lateral, and by a sinuous hinge furnished with oblique 

fossettes, in which are enclosed corresponding projections, both 

being ornamented with a ligamental appendage. 

323. Mulleria dalyi. Smith. 

Mulleria dalyi, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 14, figs, in 

text; Woodward [Anatomy], torn. cit. p. 87, figs, in text. 

Original description:—Testa irregulariter quadrata, sed postice 

producta et rotundata, compressa, insequivalvis ; valvse mediocriter 

crassa;, intus margaritacea?, iridescentes, olivaceo plus minus 

maculata) et ad marginem olivaceo-fusco limbatsB, extus sub periostraco 

subfibroso, nigro-fusco, fortiter concentrice striate, ex 

laminis albis calcareis et aliis cornels fuscescentibus constitaj; 

valva adhierens irregulariter planata, altera convexior, plus minus 

erosa; cicatrix musculi posterioris magna, elongata vel rotundata, 

mediocriter profunda, concentrice et radiatim striata; linea pallii 

irregularis, punctata, ad marginem superiori fere attingens ; marge 

dorsi rectus, ligamento valido per totam longitudinem instructus. 


Hah. Kadur District, Mysore. 

After comparing it with the 8. >i.inerican species of the genus 

the author mnlses the following remarks " the nacre 

.exhibits an iridescent mixture of white, bluish, greenish, olive and 

pinkish tints, whilst the margin is olive-brown. The exterior, 

also, is of a rich deep brown or blackish-brown ,'

198 J;THEEIIDJE. 

Por the anatomy of this interesting species it may he well to 

quote from the late Mr. Martin P. Woodward's invaluable paper 

on the subject:— 

" The Mantle and Muscular System:—The mantle folds are 

almost completely separated froiii one another, being united at 

two points only, viz., at the posterior attachment of the gills, 

thus separating an inhalent from an exhalent orifice, and dorsally 

from the posterior end of the hinge-line for about one-quarter of 

the distance between this point and the attachment of the gills. 

The margins of the mantle below the attachment of the gills are 

beset with small sensory papillte for a space which occupies about 

one-quarter of the extent of the mantle-margin from the attachment 

of the gills to the anterior hinge-line " 

" A small posterior pedal retractor is present in Mulleria, situated 

immediately above, or anterior to the posterior adductor, and 

exhibiting the typical relations of that muscle to the organ of 

Bojanus and to the nerve-cords." 

" The Mantle Cavity.—The branchial cavity is large and entirely 

open below. The supra-branchial (anal) chamber opens posteriorly 

by a wide slit; it consists of a large median chamber behind 

the posterior adductor muscle, where it receives the opening of 

the anus. Under the adductor this chamber becomes divided uito 

three by the union of the primary branchial filaments with the 

body-wall on either side." 

" Still further forward, the middle of these three chambers 

becomes divided by the intervention of the visceral mass. In the 

relationship of this cavity to the surrounding parts, Mulleria 

resembles typical Eulamellibranchiata; there is, however, no 

communication, other than through the gill-slits, between the 

branchial and supra-branchial cavities, such as we meet with 

in a form like Anodonta." 

" The external apertures of the organ of Bojanus, and of the 

genital gland, open into the innermost subdivision of the suprabranchial 

cavity." 

" The Foot and Visceral Mass.—The muscular foot present in 

most lamellibranchiata is entirely wanting in Mulleria, a condition 

which is correlated with the fixed abode of life of this form .... 

" The visceral mass is small and slightly bilobed posteriorly; it 

exhibits a few superficial muscular fibres mainly connected with 

the posterior pedal retractor." 

" 2'hc Labial Palps.—Two pairs of very small leaf-shaped 

labia) palps are present; they are equal in size, and exhibit 

oblique ridges on the opposed surfaces. The inner pair unite 

below the mouth to form the lower lip, while the outer pair, 

which become slightly expanded anteriorly, unite above the 

mouth." 

" The Respiratory and Gireulatory Systems:—The gills of 

Mulleria consist of two lamellae on either side of the body ; of 

these the outer is slightly the smaller. Their relations to each

SIULLEEIA. 199 

other, to tlie mantle aod to the body-wall, are those of a typiccd 

Eidamellihrancli. The same is true of their more intimate 

structure, for an examination of sections under the microscope 

reveals the fact that the two halves of each gill lamella are 

connected together by vascular interlamellar junctions, and that 

the gill filaments themselves are further similarly united. In the 

individual filaments we find a supporting tissue, and firmer supporting 

rods are present. The whole structure recalls in its most 

minvite details that of the gills of Anodonta or Unio." 

" The heart consists of a muscular ventricle and two thin-walled 

auricles, the former giving origin to an anterior and a posterior 

aorta, the whole being enclosed in a fairly spacious pericardium. 

A mass of brown tissue forms the side-walls of the pericardium 

anteriorly ; this evidently represents Keber's organ." 

" The most striking feature seen in connection with the heart 

is the fact that the ventricle is not perforated by the rectum, but 

is situated some little distance below the latter, being separated 

from it by a portion of the genital gland. The pericardium, 

moreover, does not surround the rectum as in Anodonta, its roof 

being foi-med by the thick mass of the genital gland, within which 

the rectum lies embedded." 

'• The Kidney or Organ of Bojanus.—The kidney is 

essentially that of a typical Eulamellibranch, and closely resembles 

that of Anodonta in every detail.'' 

^^ The Genital Organs:—A large genital duct opens close to, 

but perfectly independent of, the external opening of the kidney 

in the super-branchial chamber. The genital gland is extensive ; 

it surrounds the coils of the intestine, and even extends round the 

rectum above the pericardium." 

" The Alimentary Ganal:—The mouth praotically leads direct 

into the stomach, an oesophagus, as such, not being present. The 

digestive glands are situated below and at the sides of the stomach, 

into which they open. There is no crystalline style or '•' fleche 

tricuspid." The intestine is fairly long, and bent on itself several 

times ; before leaving the visceral mass it enlarges abruptly; this 

point evidently represents the junction of the mid-gut with the 

hind-gut. The latter passes dorsally and continues to enlarge, 

becoming considerably dilated just in front of the heart; from 

this point it runs posteriorly, and gradually diminishes in size, 

finally opening into the super-branchial ch.amber above the adductor 

muscle. The hint! gut is characterized by the possession of a 

longitudinal infolding of its ventral wall, forming what is known 

as a typhlosole." 

" The Nervous System.—The only point of interest connected 

with the nerves is the presence of well-developed pedal ganglia ; 

this, in face of the entire suppression of the foot, suggests that 

the latter has only recently been aborted. The cerebro-pedal 

commissures are, however, somewhat short. Owing to the great 

transverse width of the mouth, the cerebral ganglia are widely 

separated, and their transverse connective is consequently long."

200 GLAUcoMYina:. 

Suborder CONCH ACE A. 

Family GLAUCOMYID^. 

Subfamily GLAUCOMYIN^. 

Shell transversely elongate, thin, covered with a periostracum ; 

hinge bearing three cardinal teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth 

absent; ligament external, elongated; pallial line sinuous. 

Animal inhabiting either fresh or brackish water; siphons very 

long, united ; gills unequal, the external the smaller and appendiculate 

; foot small. 

Distribution. India ; China ; Malaysia. 

Genus TANYSIPHON. 

Tanysiphon, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408, pi. 12. 

TYPE, Tanysiiilion rividis, Benson, from Bengal. 

Range. Gangetic Delta. 

Original description :—" Testa subinoequivalvis, iuajquilateralis, 

transverse oblonga, umbonibus prominentibus obtusis, extremitatibus 

(postica maxime) hiantibus, margine superiori subarcuato, 

ventrali subrecto. Cicatrix siphoualis elongata ^ longitudinis 

testaj invadeos. Yalvse dextrsB denies tres, 1 anterior angustus 

prominens intrans, 2 laminares transversi, medianus prominens, 

posterior major obtusus; valva; sinistrse dentes duo, anterior 

bilobatus, posterior major. Ligamentum duplex, externum 

parvum ellipticum, vix convexiusculum, internum lineare foveam 

posteriorem occupans, demum laminam cardinalem perpendiculariter 

truncans. Epidermis tenuis. Area interior testse nitida, 

non margaritacea. 

Some of the teeth are apt, in large specimens, to become 

obsolete. 

Benson makes the following remarks on the animal:— 

" The siphons closely resemble those organs in Mya trtmcata, 

Linn., Woodward, p. 317, fig. 220. Both are united in a finely 

annulated compressed scabbard nearly equalling the length of the 

shell. A raphe or seam appears along the inferior margin of the 

scabbard. The free extremity is surrounded by tentacula, which 

are distant, and of unequal length. The orifices of the siphons 

are papillar ; that of the branchial siphon, the larger, is provided 

with minute tentacnla, but the orifice of the exhalant siphon is 

naked. The small foot is hatchet-shaped, with the posterior 

margin notched. Both the siphons and the foot are wholly 

retractile, and highly sensitive. The foot is sometimes extended 

and tongue-shaped, but generallj' of the outline represented." .

TAXYSIPHOy. 201 

" The specimens received in spirits show that the mantle is 

closed at the basal edge, presenting narrow openings at either 

extremity for the passage of the siphonal sheath and foot. The 

suture is nearly straight, scarcely undulate. The foot is thick 

and cartilaginous, broad, and with a pit or depression at the 

anterior end, and laterallj'' hamate, or bent like the crook of a 

walking-stick, the point being towards the hinge-side and thes 

hinder edge straight, not concave." 

324. Tanysiphon rivalis, Beiison. 

Tamjsq)hon rivalis, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408, 

pi. 12 B, figs. 1-3 ; H. & T., 0. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. Il6, 

figs. 1 & 4. 

Original description:—Testa tenui, transverse oblonga, antiee 

breviori obtusa, postice longiori, angustiori, extus tenuiter striata 

et irregulariter remote rugosa, epidermide pallide cornea; natibus 

decorticatis latis prominentibus, umbonibus obtusis; valvis male 

congruentibus, per spatium breve cardinale et ventrale solum 

taetum exhibentibus ; humero umbonali antico breviter compressiusculo; 

area interiori cserulescenti-alba. 


Hah. Streams in the neighbourhood of Calentta. 

Family CYRENID^. 

Subfamily CYRENINiE. 

Shell equivalve, closing tightly, with umbones often eroded, 

covered with a periostracum, not pearly, trigonal or roundly 

ovate ; hinge usually bearing two or three cardinal teeth and both 

anterior and posterior laterals ; ligament external, prominent; 

pallial line simple or sinuous. 

Animal fluviatile, lacustrine or estuarine; with anteriorly open 

mantle; generally furnished with t«o siphons of variable size, 

seldom a single (anal) one; foot large, without byssus in the adult 

state; palpes triangular; gills joined behind, unequal, the outer 

the shorter. 

Distribution. Asia ; Africa ; America ; Australia. 

Genus CYRENA. 

Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert, v, 1818, p. 551. 

Venus (pars), Chemnitz, Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333, 

pi. 32, fig. 336. 

Cyclas (pars), Bruguiere, Encycl. Metli. 1792. 

Cyanocyclas, Ferussitc, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818. 

Polymesoda, Kafinesqiie, Ann. (len. Sci. Phvs. et Nat. v, 1820, 

p. 219.

202 CYRENIDJT;. 

Maetra, Bronfrniart, jNJem. Vincent, 1823, p. 81, pi. 5, fig. 8. 

Gelonia, Gray, Synop. Brit. JMus. 1844, p. 75. 

Cyrena, Prime, Oat. Corbiculidse, 1869-70, p. 141; Olessin, in 

Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 101. 

TYPE, Cyrena eeijlonica (Chemnitz) ; Ceylon. 

Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, 

Oceania and Australia. 

Shell oval or subtrigonal, rather convex, solid, covered with a 

periostracvmi generally of a brovi'nish-greeii or yellow hue; each 

valve bearing three somevi'hat divergent cardinal teeth ; the right 

valve bearing four unequal short lateral teeth, of which the 

anterior are more nearly situate to the cardinals than the posterior, 

and the outer smaller than the inner ; the left valve bearing but 

two lateral teeth, one anteriorly and one posteriorly ; pallial line 

generally entire. 

Animal with very short siphons, large, compressed, trigonal foot, 

gills of unequal size, and triangular labia] palpes. 

325. Cyrena ceylonica {Chemnitz). 

Verms ceyhnica, Chenin. in Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333, 

pi. 32, fig-. 336. 

Fe«its coaxans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 3278, fig. 336. 

Cyclas êylanica, Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1806, p. 420. 

Cyrena zeylanica, Lamarck, An. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554; Prime, 

Cat. Corbicuhda;, 1863, p. 6. 

Cyrena ceylonica, Lamarck, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1869-70, p. 143, 

Gen. Cyrena, no. 12; Olessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, 

pp. 102-103, pi. 17, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 18, figs. 1 & 2. 

Cyrena ceylanica, Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 19, sp. 11. 

Shell large, solid, subtrigonal, suhcompressed, high, subequilateral, 

covered with a thin, yellowish epidermis, with fringed 

strisB: posterior side obtusely two-angled, rather concave in front 

of the anterior angle; flattened, much sloped behind the posterior 

angle ; anterior side rather short, latero-dorsal flattened, sloped. 

{Sowerhy^ 

Hah. Ceylon. 

The dimensions here given are those of three specimens in the 

British Museum Collection :— 

1. 2. 3; 

Long 62 51 47 mm. 

Lat 65 50 48-5 m.m. 

Diam 35-6 27-25 2;7 mm. 

326. Cyrena impr^ssa, Deshayes. 

Cyrena impresSa, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18; Cat. Brit. 

Mus. 1854, p. 249. ' 

Oriyinal description :—Testa ovato-subcirculari, obscure subquadrangulari, 

valde iniequilaterali, turgida, mediocriter erassa;

CYEESA. 203 

Fig. 25.—Gyrmia impressa, Desh. 

(Type.) Jfat. size.

204 OTEBNID^ 

epiderinide viridi-glauceseente, transversim tenuissime laminata, 

postiee inferneque atro-Fiiente, kmellis saepius crispi's ; umbonibus 

minimis, obliqvie aiitice curvatis, decorticatis, aciitis, parum 

I"ig. 2B.—Ct/nna imfressa, Desli.; binge of. !Nat. size. 

prominentibus ; latere antico-declivi, rectilineo, inferne obtuso ; 

margine suporiore convexiuscuio, postico latere subtrvmcato, snlco 

impresso ab urn bone descendente distincto ; lamina cardinali lata, 

dentibus primariis tribus aiigustis, elongatis, prominentibus, apice 

profunde furcatis, dente lateral! antico conico, brevi, compresso, 

postico loDgiore. 

Long. 87, lat. Q2, diam. 52 mm. 

Hab. Java (Jukes) ; Philippine Islands (Cuminr)); Australia ; 

Ceylon [fide Brit. Mus.). 

Type in the British Museum.

327. Cyrena sinuosa, Beshayes. 

CXEENA. 205 

Cyrena zeylanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 89, pi. 12. 

Cyrena sinuosa, Desh., P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 18 ; Cat. Brit. Mus., 

Concliif. 1854, p. 249; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidfe, 1863, p. 6, 

1869-1870, p. 147, no. 70; Sowerbv, Con. Icon. 1878, pi. 7, 

sp. 26; ? ? Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,'pp. 228-229, 

pi. 45, fig. 1 

Original description:—Testa ovato-rotundata, tumida, cordiformi, 

solida, valde insequilaterali, epiderniide fusco-fuliginosa, 

transversim tenue lamellosa vestita; latere antico brevi. rotundato, 

postico subtruncato, latere supero-posticali siilco, profundo, 

sinuoso, decurrente separate ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, 

ssepius erosis ; ligamento augusto, partim infosso; valvis intus 

albis; cardine crasso, utroque latere tridentato, deiitibus obliquis, 

mediano et postico valvae dextras bilidis; dentibus lateralibus 

brevibus, antico crasso, conico, apice acuto. 

Hah. Java. Ceylon_^fZ« Sowerby. 

Type in the British Museum. 

The following dimensions are those of specimens in the 

National Collection, nos. 1 and 2 being the type specimens from 

Java and no, 3 a specimen labelled " China." 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 68 63 73 mm. 

Lat 71 68 78 mm. 

Diam 43 38 42 mm. 

Clessin's figure in the Conch. Cab. 1879, pi. 45, fig. 1 is 

certainly not that of Deshayes' species. 

328. Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck. 

Cyrena benyalensis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 554 ; 

Delessert, Recueil, 1841, pi. 7, figs. 6 a-6 d; Prime, Cat. Corb., 

vi, 1865 ; 1869-70, p. 142, Gen. Cyrena, no. 5; Sowerby, Conch. 

Icon. XX, 1878, pi. 7, sp. 28 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 

1879, pp. 107-108, pi. 13, figs. 1 & 2, pi. 17, tigs. 4 & 6. 

Venus benyalensis, Lister, Hist. An. pL 345, fig. 182. 

Cyclas benyalensis, Ferussac, Cat. 1837, p. 20. 

Cyrena turyida. Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 

V, 18,32, p. 109, pi. 18, fig. 51; Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 1844, p. 93, 

pi. 14, fig. 50. 

Shell solid, tumid, thick, subtrigonal, blackish-brown, i-oughly 

striated; anterior side high, very short, sloped, full; posterior 

side produced, dorsal margin with a long slope, truncated at the 

end, very slightly excavated in front of the angle. (Sowerby.) 

Hob. Bengal.

206 CYHElSriDjE. 

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the 

British Museum Collection :— 

Long 

Lat 

Diam 

1. 

47-25 

52-5 

31-75 

2. 

42 

48 

26-5 

3. 

41-25 mm. 

43 mm. 

28 mm. 

329. Cyrena tennentii, Hanley. 

Cyrena tennentii, Ilanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. 23; Prime, Cat. 

Corbiculidfe, 1869-70, p. 148, no. 75; Clessin, in Martini & 

Chemnitz, 1879, p. 240. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-subtrigona, solida, ventricosa, 

inaequilaterali, sublffivigata, epidermide tenui impolita fuscolutescente 

vestita : umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde prominentibus, 

vix obliquis ; latere antico anguste rotundato; latere 

postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ; 

margine ventrnli arcuato ; margine dorsali antice deelivi, convexo, 

postice sxibdec5i"vi, couTexinsculo ; lunula nulla; snperficie interna 

albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, validis, obtusis ; 

antico approximato, postico remoto: sinu palliari brevissimo, 

acutissimo. 

Long. 27-75, lat. 38 mm. 

Hah. Arilio Eiver (flowing into the Gulf of Manaar), Ceylon. 

In a note appended to the description the author states that 

" the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal teeth of 

the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath the 

umbones, has a redder tint; there is neither a lunule, nor any 

indication of an umbonal ridge." 

330. Cyrena proxima, Prime. 

Cyrena proxima, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. I^.Y. viii, 1864, 

pp. 85-86, fig. 34. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-suborbiculari, subaiquilaterali, 

snbinflata ; latere antico rotundato, postico subobtuso ; 

pagina interna candidissima; cardine crasso, lato ; dentibus cardinalibus 

angustis, di'Vergentibus, majoribus bifidis ; umbonibus 

parvulis, integris, incliiiatis, incurvis, approximatis ; striis 

obsoletis ; epidermide viridi, nitente induta. 


Hob. Siam ; Sulinan Island, Mergui (fide Brit. Mus.). 

The following note is appended to the description :— 

" The shell is oval-suborbioular, nearly equilateral, and somewhat 

inflated. The anterior side is rounded, the posterior is 

subobtuse. The beaks are small, they curve inwardly and are 

approximate. The valves are solid. The interior is white. The 

hinge is broad. The cardinal teeth are narrow and divergent, 

the two principal ones are bifid. The anterior lateral tooth is

CYEENA.—BATISSA. 207 

conical and the posterior are somewhat elongated and flattened. 

The striae are more or less obsolete. Thfe epidermis is light green 

and polished. The ligament is narrow, elongated, and not 

prominent." 

The only specimens of this species which the author has been 

able to see are those in the British Museum, two in number, 

•vvhicJ], though they agree well with Prime's description and figure, 

are much smaller, having somewhat the appearance of young 

specimens ; their measurements being as below :— 

Long. 

Lat. . 

Diam. 

1. 

4S 

47-5 

24 

2. 

4G mm. 

49 mm. 

24'5 mm. 

331. Cyrena galathese (March). 

Cyrena (Conieocyclas) qalathcm (Reinhardt BIS,), Morcli, Cat. 

Conch. Kierulf, 1850, "p- 32, pi. 2. 

Cyrma galathea, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1863, p. 6; 1869-70, p. 144, 

no. 38. 

Oriffmal description :—Testa cordato-trigona, insequilatei-a, 

turgida, concentrice striata, postice longiore, truncata, antice et 

inferne angulata, umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ad ^ 

anter. sitis ; lunula rhomboidali, medio carinata; area lanceolata, 

convexa, ligamento tumido duplo longiore. Dentibus lateralibus 

interne fovea impressa; d. 1. posteriore v. sin. triangulari 

compresso; pone ligamentum sito; d. lunulari v. s. conico, 

dentibus cardinalibus aproximato. Dentium cardinalium 2 

anterioribus v. s. et 2 posterioribus v. d. bifldis, dente card, 

posteriore v. s. lineari, v. d. obsoleto. Limbo augusto, nitido. 

Impressione nnisculari semihwan, posteriore rhomboidali, duplo 

majore. Colore albo, dentibus cardinalibus et- fundo cavitatis 

flavesceutibus. Epidermide nigrescente, antice radiis obsoletis. 

Long, too, lat. 120, diam. 74 mm. 

Hab. Galatea Eiver, Xicobar Islands. 

Genus BATISSA. 

Batissa, Gray, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38. 

Cyprina, Cyclas, Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. 1792. 

Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. \, 1818, p. 553, 

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2, fig. 13: 

Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1854, p. 219; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidse, 

1869-70, p. 138; Clessiii, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. 

1879, p. 206. 

TYPE, Batissa tenebrosa, Hinds, from the Fiji Islands. 

Range. Nicobar Islands ; Malay Archipelago ; '^. Australia and 

Tropical Islands of the Pacific.

208 CIRBNID^. 

Shell roundedly ovate or subtrigonal, solid, thick, dorsal margin, 

bearing on each valve three divergent cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth 

curved, elongated, striate, unequal, shorter in front than behind, 

double on the right valve ; ligament large, projecting, thick ; 

pallial impression simple or subsinuous. 

Animal having two short siphons, united at their base; mantle 

lobes simple or fringed. 

332. Batissa inflata. Prime. 

Batissa injlata, Prime, P.,Z. S. xxviii, 1860, p. 320; Cat. Corbiculidse, 

1869-70, p. 139; Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, 

pi. 4, sp. 10; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 218- 

219. 

Original description :—Testa magna, orbiculari, iuasquilaterali, 

crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, fusco-uigresceiite vestita ; 

umbonibus productis, erosis obliquis ; valvis intus albis et violaceis ; 

dentibus cardiualibus erassis, subiequalibus ; lateralibus angustis. 


Hah. jSficobar Islands. 

333. Batissa similis. Prime. 

Batissa similis, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N.Y. vii, 1859, 

p. 112; viii, 1860, p. 229, fig. 60; Cat. CorbiculidiB, 1863, p. 5; 

1869-70, p. 140, no. 25; Olessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, 

p. 213, pi. 36, %. 3. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-orbiculari, oblique inasquilateraii, 

tumida, solida, depressa, intus superne alba, postice 

inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita, sulcis remotis, 

umbonibus profunde erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, subsequalibus, 

caniculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subaequalibus, 

serrulatis. 


Hal. Nicobar Islands. 

334. Batissa capillata, Preston. 

Batissa cajnllata, Prestou, Eec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, 1908, p. 207, 

pi. 16, fig. 39. 

Original description:—Shell subtrigonal, inequilateral, thick, 

rather inflated, covered with a dark, brownish-black periostracum 

except in the umbonal region where erosion has taken place, 

sculptured with coarse, irregular, concentric growth-lines which 

are obliquely crossed posteriorly with coarse hair-like ridges; 

anterior side somewhat angularly rounded ; posterior side slightlyproduced, 

obscurely angled ; ventral margin rounded ; ligament 

large, prominent; cardinal teeth broad and very coarse ; anterior 

lateral teeth elongated, finely striate; interior of shell purplishwhite, 

the purple staining deepening posteriorly. 


Hah. Andaman Islands (Warneford).

VBLORITA. 209 

Genus VELOEITA. 

Velorita, Gray, 1834, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834, pi. 31, 

fig. 5 (misprinted Villorita); Wjnops. B. M. 184:^, p. 75; P. Z. S. xii, 

1847, p. 184 ; A. M. N. H. ser. 2, ai, 1853, p. 38. 

Cyrena, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 137. 

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pi. 2, fig. 14. 

Villorita, Dunker. 1846 (misprint); Ci/renodontce, Johannis, Mag. 

Zool. 1836, pi. 70. 

Velorita, IJeshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 240; Prime, Cat. 

Corbiculidas, 1869-70, p. 141; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 

1879, p. 224. 

TYPE, Velorita cypriiioides. Gray, from the Philippine Islands. 

Range. S. India and the Phihppines. 

Shell triangularly cordiform, solid, with well marked lunule ; 

umbones prominent; dorsal margin thick ; hinge bearing on each 

valve three oblique cardinal teeth ol: which the anterior in the 

right and the posterior in the left valve are obsolete ; lateral teeth 

finely striate: the anterior sliort, strong, triangular, closely 

situated to the cardinal teeth ; the posterior compressed, elongated, 

diverging; pallial line leaving a sinus scarcely noticeable at its 

junction with the posterior adductor impression of the valves. 

•Animal unknown. 

335, Velorita cyprinoides (Gray). 

Cyrena cyprinoides, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 130. 

Venus cyprinoides. Gray, Wood, Index Test., Sappl. 1828, pi. 2, 

fig. 14. ' 

Velorita cyprinoides, QT&y in Griffifth, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834, 

pi. 31, fig. 5; Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchit'. 1854, pp. 240- 

241; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidaj, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 2; Clessin, 

in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 224-295, pi. 42, figs. 3 & 4. 

Original description:—Testa cordato-trigona, gibba, olivacea, 

concentrice sidcata ; cardine incrassata, dentibus lateralibus 

IsBvibus, anteriori conico caeteris approximate. 

Long 3i'5, lat. 33'o mm. 

The habitat is undoubtedly Southern India, the original locality 

"Japan" and later "? Philippines," the latter quoted by Prime 

in his * Cat. CorbiculidsB,' are certainly both erroneous. 

The following dimensions are taken from authentic Malabar 

'Coast specimens in the British Museum :— 

Long. 

Lat. . 

Diam. 

1. 

41 

39 

30 

2. 

31 

29 

22-5 

3. 

29 mm, 

28-5 mm. 

21 mm.

210 CXREMD.T. 

336. Velorita cochinensis (Ilanley). 

Cyrena cochinensis, Hanley, P. Z. S. xxvi, 1858, p. •'543. 

Cyrena corbiculifonnis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiladelphia, 

1860, p. 80 ; Cat. OorHculidse, 1863, p. 6. 

Velorita cochinensis, Hanley, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1806, 

p. 236, fig. 66; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidai, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 1 ; 

Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 225, pi. 36, figs. 5 & 0. 

Original description:—Testa cordata, crassa, valde inajquilate 

obliqua, ventricosa seu tumida, epidermide niteiite, nigrof 

uscescente vestita,sulcis remotiusculis antice exarata, postice magis 

minusve laevigata ; extremitate lateris antici perbrevia rotundata; 

lateris postici attenuati productique, in adultis obtusa, in junioribus 

rotundato-acuminata: margins ventrali arcuato antice valde, 

postice parum acclivi: natibus obliquis, erosis, prominentibiis : 

lunula nulla, loco ejus autem sulcoruni experte: area dorsali postica 

lata, retusa: superficie interna alba, margins cardinali violaceo 

sparse, conoavitatenonnunquam rubescente, sinu palliari vix ullo : 

dentibus primariis vix emarginatis ; lateralibus baud manifesto 

striatis, sub lente autem minutissiir.e corrugato-granosis, antico 

brevi et valde approximato, postloo eloogato et remotiore. 


Hah. Cochin. 

In a note following the original description, the author makes . 

the following remarks : —" .... The primary teeth are somewhat 

peculiar, and have a tendency to shelve outwards ; the hinder 

and central ones are not strictly bifld, but exhibit a kind of 

shallow sublateral grooving; the front one in the right valve 

is very short, and simply pyramidal. The beaks are probably 

acute when young; the surface below the epidermis is reddish 

purple." 

The following measurements are taken from three specimens 

in the British Museum, labelled as coming from the Malabar 

Coast:— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 34 35 82 mm. 

Lat 36-25 35-75 33 mm. 

Diam 23-5 25-5 22 mm. 

Genus CORBICULA. 

Corbicula, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811. p. 56. 

Tellina ^pars), Miiller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 205. 

Venus (para), Chemnitz, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vi, 

1782, p. 320. 

Cyclas (pars), Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. 1792. 

Ci/rena, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert, v, 1818, p. 5i52. 

Venulites, Sehloth., Petref. 1820, p. 200. 

TYPE, Corhicula JJuminalis, Megerle. 

Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

COKBICULA. 211 

Shell subtrigonal or cordiform, subequilateral; with iimbones 

prominent, concentrically grooved; hinge bearing three divergent 

cardinal teeth in each valve; lateral teeth elongated, compressed, 

lamelliform, finely striate; right valve having two lateral teeth 

both anteriorly and posteriorly, the left valve having but one on 

each side ; pallial line usually continuous. 

Animal having the edge of the mantle ornamented with small 

conical tentacles; siphons very short, closely situate ; orifices 

papillary ; foot tongue-shaped, rather large, laterally compressed ; 

palpes triangular, laiê ; gills joined behind. 

337. Corbicula fluminalis (MUUer). 

Tellina fltiminalis, Miill. Verm, ii, p. 205, 

Venus fluminalis, Chemn. in Oonch.-Cah. vi, p. 319, pi. 30, fig;. 320 ; 

Wood, Did. Test. pi. 8, fig. 113. 

Tellina fluminalis, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 195, no. 20; Grael. 

S. N. p. .^242, no. 79. 

Cyclas fluminalis, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280. 

Cyrena fuscata, var,?, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 622, no. 4. 

Corhicvla fluminalis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854, 

pp. 222-223. 

Original description:—Testa crassa, dura valdo gibba, opaca, 

antice versus cardinem latior, quam postice, extus yiridis crebro 

striatim imbricata; strias aperturas parallelae. Intus cyanea; 

cardiuis dentes medii sex cum fossulis, tres nempe in quavis 

valvula, utriusque ligamento proximus emarginatus est; laterales 

utrinque elongati, sulcique excipientes, crenulati sunt. 

Hob. India, etc. 

The following dimensions are those of two specimens in the 

British Museum ,•— 

1. 2. 

Long. 39-25 38 mm. 

Lat 45 43-25 mm, 

Diam 26 23-5 mm. 

Var. holstiana, Schltscli, Calcutta, Eec. Ind. Mus. ii, 1908, 

p. 108. 

Said to be more arched than the typical form. 

Hah. Hoti-Mardan, near Peshawar. 

338. Corbicula flumiTiea {MUlkr). 

Tellina fluminea, Miill. Verm, il. p. 206; Gmel. S. N. p. 3243, 

no. 80. 

Cyclasfluminea, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280. 

Venus flumittea, Ohemn. in Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 320, pi. SO, figs. 322, 

323, an eadem species ? ; Schroter, Einl. iii, p. 169, no. 13; 

Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 114. 

Teliinajluviatilis, Schroter, Fhissconch. p. 193, pi. 4, figs. 2a & b. 

P2

212 gyRENiD^. 

Cyi-ena fluminea, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 553, no. 6; Hanler, 

Descr. Cat. p. 92; Pliilippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 2, no. 3, pi. J, 

fig. 3, mi eadem species? : Mousson, Moll, de Java, p. 87, no. 2, 

pi. 15, fig. 3. 

Original description:—Testa gibb.n, opaca, aiitice et postice 

versus cardinem fere teqiialis, extus viridis, costis latis trarisversis 

quasi circulis doliaribus circumdata; intus albida semiciruulo 

iiigfo notata. Cardinis dentes et fossulsB, uti in prjecedente. 

Hab. India, etc. 

The dimensions given below are those of three specimens in the 

British IMuseum :— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long S5-25 37 32'5 mm. 

Lat 42 41-25 37 mm. 

Diam 23 29-25 23 mm. 

339. Corhicula fluviatilis {Miiller). 

TellinaJluviatiUs, Miiller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 206. 

Cyclasfltwiatilii, Blainv. D. S. N. xii, p. 280. 

Veimsfluviatilis, Chemnitz, Couoh.-Cab. vi,-p. 330, pi. 30, fig. 321 ; 

Wood, Ind. Test. pi. 8, fig. 115. 

Cyrena fuscnta, Lamk. An. s. Vert, v, p. 552, no. 4, exclus. var. 

Cyrenaflumatilis, Philippi, Abbild. Conch, p. 3, no. 5, pi. 1, fig. 5. 

Cyrena manilensis, Philippi, Zeitschr. fUr Malak. 1841, p. 163. 

Corbicula fluoiatilis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854, 

p. 226; Prime, Oat, Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, no. 41, 

p. 132; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 151-152, 

pi. 27, figs. 3-5. 

Original description:—Testa latior et tenuior proximo priBcedentibus, 

fusco-virens, in cardine antice et postice sequalis 

latitudinis, Jineis elevatis cincta area interjecta angustior, quam in 

T. [C] fluminea, variolosa. ¥acies interna dentesque cardinis 

uti in proximo prtecidentibus. 

Hah. India, etc. 

The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum Collection 

are:—Long. 17, lat. 19-25, diam. 12-25 mm. 

340. Corbicula parvula, Prime. 

Corbicula parvula, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. 1861, 

p. 127; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 4 ; Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii 

1864, p. 76, fig. 25; Oat. Corb. 1860-70, no. 76. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula, 

tenni, sequilaterali, extremitatibus rotundata ; umbonibus magnis, 

tumidis, erpsis ; sulcis irregularibus ; epidermide viridi flavescente, 

irregulariter maculata vestita ; intus paliide violacea ; dentibus 

primariis crassis, lateralibus sequalibus. 


Bab. India.

341. Corbicula agrensis, Prime. 

COHBICUBA. 213 

Corbicula aqrcnm. Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. 1861, 

p. 128; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 3; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 

1864, p. 75, ACT. 24 ; Glessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 175, 

pi. 30,. Hg. 23. 

Original description :—Testa ovato - transversa, seqiiilaterali, 

laevigata, depressiuscula, extremitatibus rofciiiidata ; epiderraide 

viridi-olivacea iiiduta; siilcis regularibus, dLstaritibiis; intus 

pallide violacea; uniboiiibus tmiiidis, erosis; cardine angusto, 

dentibiis cardiualibus crassis, Jateralibus sequalibus teiiuiter 

serrulatis. 


ffab. Agra. 

342. Corbicula subradiata, Prime. 

Corhicula subradiata, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilad. 1861, 

p. 127; Cat. Corb. p. A, 1863; Ann. Ljc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 

1864, p. 75, fig. 23 , Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, 

p. 174, pi. 30, iig. 21. 

Original description:—Testa trigona, sequilaterali, compressiuscula, 

antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, striis regularibus, 

epiderraide viridi, nitente induta; intus pallide violacea; umbonibus 

niiniinis, aciitis antiee obliquatis, violaceo-subradiatis 

cardine angusto, dentibus priniariis crassis. 

Long. 12, lat. 14, diam 7 ram. 

Eah. India. 

343. Corbicula cashmirensis, Desliayes. 

Corbicula cashmirensis, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ; 

Cat. Brit. Mas., Conchif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70, 

Gen. Corbicula, no. 18 ; H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 66, pi. 138, 

figs. 2 & 3 ; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 166, 

no. 57, pi. 29, iigs. 17 & 18. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-transversa, subtrigona, 

sequilaterali, tuniidula, transversim tenue et regulariter striata, 

striis postice evanescentibus, epidermide nitida, atro-virescente, 

in latere postico tenuissime striata vestita; umbonibus tumidis, 

prominentibus, profuiide erosis, violaceis; cardine angusto, in 

valva dextra bideiitato, in altera tridentato, valvute dextrae dente 

antico laterali adnato, dentibus primariis divergentibus, simplicibus, 

lateralibus longis, angustis, antico longiore, cardine 

proximo; valvis intus vioiaceis, impressione pallii margine valde 

remota. 

Hab. Cashmir; also recorded from Beluchistan, Avantipura, 

etc. 

Of the following dimensions (none having been given with the 

description), Nos. 1, 2, & 3 are taken from the three specimens

214 OYKBMD/E. 

which form the type series ; the dimensions of No. 4 are those 

of the specimen figured hy Hanley and Theobald in the Conch. 

Ind. All four are now in the British Museum. 

1. 2. 3. 4. 

Long 32-25 30 33 2575 mm. 

Lat 37 36 38-5 29 mm. 

Diam 10-25 20-5 12 16 mm. 

344. Corbicula trigona, DesJuiyes. 

Corhieula trigona, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xsii, 1854, p. 344; Cat. 

Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 

viii, 1866, p. 221, fig. 5.3; Cat. Corl). 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, 

no. 102 ;-II. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pi. loo, fig. 7 ; Clessiu, in 

Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 203, no. 126. 

Orighial description:—^Testa trigona, Eeqnilaterali, compressiuscula, 

antice paulo latiove et ohtusiore, utroqiie latere sequaliter 

declivi, transversim tenue et regulariter striata, epidermide viridi, 

nitente induta, intus pallide violacea; umbonibus minimis, 

brevibus acutis; lunula ovata, angulo obsolete circumscripta, 

pallida Isevigata; cardine angusto, bidentato, altero tridentato ; 

dentibus lateralibus aequalibus, tenuissime striatis, antico leviter 

arcuato. 

Hab. Pondicherry. 

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in 

the type series in the British Museum:— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 11-25 10 10-75 mm. 

Lat 12-75 11-75 12-25 mm. 

Diam 7 *3 7 mm. 

* Single valve. 

345. Corbicula striatella, Deshayes. 

Corhicfida striatella, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344 ; Cat. 

Biit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224 ; Hanley, Photog.. Coneh.; Prime, 

Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864, p. 74, fig. 22; H. & T., 

C. 1. 1876, p. 65, pi. 138, figs. 7 & 10; Clessin, in Martini & 

Chemnitz, 1879, p. 167, no. 58, pi. 29, tigs. 19 & 20, pi. 30, 

fig. 20. 

Corbicula violaca, Prime, op. cit. 1861, p. 28, teste Prime; 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 128. 

Original deBcription:—Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula, 

subsequilaterali, extremitatibus sequaliter obtusa, transversim 

regulariter lirata, liris ad latus posticum evanescentibus, epidermide- 

pallide virescente, nitida vestita, intus atro-violacea ;' 

\iuibonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus, pallidiore biradiatia;

COHBICCLA. 215 

cardine angusto, tridentato, dentibus inaequalibus, divaricatis, 

postico longiore et angustiore, dentibus lateralibus elongatis, 

angustis subajqualibus, arcuatis, tenuifsime striatis. 

Bah. Pondicberiy ; also recorded from Sciiide. 

The dimensions of Nos. 1 and 2, as given below, are those of 

the two type specimens; those of No. 3 refer to the largest 

Soindian specimens. All are in the British Museum. 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 14-25 10 18-5 mm. 

Lat 18 12-25 21 mm. 

Diam 10 6-25 12-75 mm. 

340. Corhicula huttoniana, Glessin. 

Corhicula huttoniana, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 77-78, 

pi. 3, fig-. 5. 

Original description:—Testa mediocris, ovata, subaequilateralis, 

solidula, modice inflata, nitidula, anguste regulariterque sulcata ; 

epidermide iiavescente vel fuscesceiite; atitice vix acuminatim 

rotundata; postice rotundata; umbonibus modice inflatis et 

prominentibus; margine dorsali valde arcuato, marg. postico 

et antico rotundata, marg. ventrali convexo; ligamentum curtum, 

tenue ; lunula profunda, elongata; cardine modice angusta; 

dentibus lateralibus asqualibus ; margarita violacea. 


Hah. Ahimdabad. 

347. Corhicula subnitens, Clessin. 

Corhicula subnitens, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 77. pi. 3, 

fig. 6. 

Original description:—Testa parva, triangulata, tenuis, ventrieosa, 

subsequilateralis, paiillulum nitidula, levissime irregulariterque 

striata, obscure olivaceo-viridescente; antice rotundata; 

postice acuminatim rotundata; umbonibus inflatis, prominentibus ; 

margine dorsali arcuato; marg. postico et antico rotundato; 

marg. ventrali convexo ; ligamentum curtum, Iseve; lunula inconspicua 

; cardine angustissimo ; dentibus lateralibus subsequalibus ; 

margarita violacea. 


Hah. Ceylon? 

348. Corhicula solida, Clessin. 

Corhicula solida, Clessin, Mai. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 70, pi. 3, 

fig. 4. 

Original description:—Testa parva, fere triangulata, subsequilateralis, 

solidissima, nitidula, epidermide olivaceo-flavescente,

216 CYEEKlDiE. 

regiilariter aaguste sulcata; antice pauUulum acuminata, postiee 

pubtruncata ; umbonibus inflatis, A aide prominentibus, erosis; 

margine dorsali fere angulato, niarg. antico rotundato, iiiarg. 

postico rotundato, iiiarg. ventrali valde convexo; ligamenfum 

cui'tum, solidum, lunula triangnlata ; cardine valde incrassato ; 

dentibus cardinalibus crassis ; dent, lateral, paullulum arcuatis, 

subasqualibus ; margarita suturate violacea. 

Long. 12, lat. 11-5, diam. 10 mm. 

Hah. Ceylon. 

Tj'pe in tlie British Museum. 

349. Corbicula nevilli, Clessin 

Corbicula nevilli, Clesjin, Mai, Blatt. is, n. f. 1887, pp. 70-71, pi. 2, 

fip-. 5. 

. . . ^ 

Original description:—Testa parvula, modice solidula, ovatorotundata, 

ritidula, sulcis distantibus ornata, epidermide flavescente 

; aritice vix subacuminata, rotundata; postiee subtrimcata, 

umbonibus pauliulum elevatis, erosis; margine dorsali valde 

arcuato, marg. antico rotundato, m. postiee rotundato, m. inferioir 

convexo ; ligamentum crassium ; lunula profunda; cardine incrassato 

; dentibus cardinalibus tennibus ; dent, later, subsequalibus, 

subarcuatis ; margarita violacea, sub umbo, pallida. 

Long. 12, lat. 14-5, diam. 9 mm. 

Hah. Assam. 

350. Corbicula occidens, Beshayes. 

Corbicula occidens, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. Conchif. 1854, p. 223 ; 

Prime, Ann. Lvc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 220, fig. 61 ; 

H. & T., 0. L p". 55, pi. 138, tigs. 8, 9. 

Oriijinal description: — Testa ovato-transversa, sequilaterali, 

tumida, tenui, transversim regulariter lirato-sulcata; epidermide 

flavescente-viridi vestita, ad umbones atro-\ iolascente vel breviter 

albo radiata; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, Isevigatis; lunula 

ovato-lanceolata, pallida, lasvigata; valvis intus profunde fuseoviolascentibus 

; cardine angusto, inaequaliter tridentato ; dentibus 

lateraiibus brevibus angustis albis tenue striatis. 

Hah. Sikkim ; Moradabad, Bengal. 

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in 

the British Museum :— 

Long 

Lat .. 

Diam 

1. 

13-25 

16 

8 

351. Corbicula iravadica, Blanford. 

2. 

11-25 

13-25 

7 

3. 

12-25 mm, 

15 mm, 

7-75 mm. 

Corbicula iravadica, Blanford, J. .\. S. B. xlix, 1880, pp. 221-222 

II, & T., C. L 1876, p, 02, pi. 115, %. 8.

COEBIOULA. 217 

Original description:—Testa fere aequilateralis, rliomboideoovata, 

ventricosa, solidiuseula, concentrice striate atque costulis 

snbremotis, iiiterdum plus iiiinusve obsoletis, ornata, epiderinide 

olivacea induta, iiitus violaoea: latere antice ante unibones 

proininentes subhorizontali; tunc fere regulariter convexo, postico 

declivi, oblique sub'runcatulo, demum subangulato, niargine 

ventrali modice arcuato ; ligamento postice subito coutracto. 

Long. 9, lat. lO'o, diain, V mm. 

The author also gives the dimensions of another specimen 

as:— 

Long. 8-5, lat. 11-5, diam. 7 mm. 

Ihth. Maudalay. 

352. Corbicula regularise Prime. 

Corbicula regidaria. Prime, P. Z. S. xxviii, 1860, pp. 321-322 ; 

Cat. Oorb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, p. l;i6,no. 90; H. &T.,0.1. 

1876, p. .55, pi. 138, tigs. 5, 6 ; Gleîsin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 

1879, p. 202. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-transversa, fequllaterali, intus 

violaeea, epiderniide viridi-flavescente ; umbonibus disparibus ; 

dentibus cardinalibus tribus, insequalibus, lateralibus prselongis, 

striatis. 

Long. 17-75, lat. 22-75, diam. 11 mm. 

llah. Deccan ; also recorded from Madras. 

353. Corbicula bengalensis, Beshayes. 

Corbicula bengalensis, Desbayes, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 344; Cat. Brit. 

Mus., Oonciiif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1864, p. 4; 1869-70, 

Gen. Curbicula, p. 128, no. 10 ; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 

1866, p. 200, tig. 52; _H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. 62, pi. 155, tig. 6 

{Corbicula benqalica [sic], Deshayes); Clessin, in jMartini & 

Cheuuiitz, 1879, pp. 138-139, pi. 24, tig. 20. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-subtrigona, depressiuscula, 

tenui, subffiquilaterali, obsolete transversim striata, striis, regularibus, 

distantibus, epidermide flavescente, nitidissima, intus alba, 

in medio macula rubescente notata ; umbonibus minimis acuiis; 

cardine angusto, trideatato, altero bideutato ; dentibus lateralibus 

augustissiniis, argute striatis. 

Hah. Bengal; also recorded from the Eiver Jumna. 

The dimensions given belo^v are taken from the two specimens 

forming the type series in the British Museum :— 

1. 2. 

Long 8 8 mm. 

Lat 10 9-75 mm. 

Diam 5 *2 mm. 

* Sinsrle valve.

218 CYIIENIDJE. 

S54. Corbicula bensoni, BesJiayes. 

Corbicula hensoni, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1864, p. 346 ; Cat. Brit. 

Mils., Vener. p. 224. 

Corbicula bensonii, Desh., Prime, Cat. Corb. 1809-70; Gen. Corbicula, 

p. 128, no. 11. 

Corbicula hensoni. If. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 65, pi. 138, figs. 1, 4 ; 

Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 198, no. 111. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-tralisversa, subtrigona, sequilaterali, 

laevigata, nitida, depressiuscula, extremitatibus, obtusa, 

iitroque latere aequaliter declivi, epidermide tenui, nitente, virescente 

vel flavescente induta, aliquantisper lineis interruptis,fuscis 

radiata, intus alba, vel pallide violasoente; cardine angusto, tridentato, 

dentibus insequalibus valde divaricatis, dentibus lateralibus 

prselongis, angustissimis, tenuissime striato-crenatis, antico paullo 

longiore. ( 

Hah. Bengal; also recorded from the Eiver Jumna. 

The dimensions given below are taken as follows :—No. 1 from 

the single valve representing the type, and lôs. 2 and 'A from two 

other specimens in the British Museum ;— 

Long. , . . 

Lat 

Diam. 

1. 2. 3. 

7-5 7 

9-25 9-5 

*2 4-25 

* Single valves. 

1 mm. 

9-2o mm. 

*2 mm. 

355. Corbicula consanguinea, Prime. 

Corbicula consanquinea, Prime, Ann. Lvo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii, 

1867, p. 417; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, p.' 129, no. 22; Cleasin, in 

Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 199. 

Original description:—Testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula, 

sequilaterali; epidermide viridescente, nitente vestita; regulariter 

striata; umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus ; valvis intus 

violaceis; cardine lato. 


Hah. India. 

The type is inaccessible to the compiler of the present volume ; 

the author, however, states that though closely allied to C. striatella, 

Deshayes, the lateral teeth are stronger and much broader 

in the present species. 

3o6. Corbicula sylhetica, Preston. 

Corbicula sylhetica, Preston, Eec. Ind. Mils. Calcutta, ii, 1908, 

pp. 47-48 (^flg. in text). 

Original description:—^^\iBVL nearly equilateral, tumid, subtrigonal, 

pale olive-green, sculptured with fine irregular concentric

CORBIODLA. 219 

strisB ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side somewhat angularly 

rounded; lateral margins sloped; ventral margin rounded, slightly 

contracted towards the posterior side ; umboes large ; interior o£ 

shell purplish-white. 

Long. lO'o, lat. 12 mm. 

Eab. Phenehooganj, Sylhet, Assam. 

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 

Allied to C. iravadica, Benson, but is more trigonal and more 

swollen. 

357. Corbicula quilonica, Bmson. 

Corhicula quilonica, Benson, A. M. N. II. ser. 3, vi, I860, p. 260. 

Corbicula quilunensis [sic] Benson; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 

N.Y. Tiii, 1866, p. 224, fig. 66; Cat. Corbiculidaj, 1869-70, 

p. 135, no. 87 ; Clessin, in Martini Si Chemnitz, 1879, p. 135, 

pi. 24, fig. 10. 

Original description:—Testa insequilaterali, trigono-rhomboidea, 

glbba, tenni, concentrice subremote costata, costis postice evanesceiitibu'i, 

sulcis intermediis latioribus, sub lente deeussatim striatis, 

albida vel lulea, radiis fuscis aiigustis ornata; umbouibus prominentibus, 

apice fere eroso; latere antico breviore, valde arcuato, 

angustiore, postico striato, latiore ; superne et basin versus 

iingulata; margine ventrali mediocriter arcuato ; ligamento oblougo 

intra nates attenuato ; pagina interna valde concava, albida, 

maculis radiisque purpureis ornata ; dente mediana vtilvse dextraj 

duplici, dentibus Literalibus brevibus serrulatis. 

Long. 8, lat. 10, diam. 5'5 mm. 

Hub. Near Quilon, in (probably brackish) ponds. 

The author adds a note to his description from which the 

following may be tjuoted:—"The younger shells are more gibbous 

towards the uinbones in proportion to their length than the larger 

specimens. A tawny-yellow epidermis covers the fresher specimens. 

The rays are numerous, more or less broad, sometimes 

appearing as mere lines of small spots, and occasionally spreading 

so as to make the surface appear nearly black The 

shortness of the lateral teeth, on the anterior side especially, is a 

notable character, as well as the inasquilateral form, which i* 

more conspicuous in the young than in the adult shell." 

358. Corbicula alberti, Preston, nom. nov. 

Corbicula violacea, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 180"- 

181, p. 30, Hgs. 18, 19. 

Shell small, almost equilateral, swollen, fairly thin, polished, 

shining, strongly and distantly ribbed, covered with a dark olivebrown 

periostracum ; anterior side scarcely attenuated, rounded ;, 

posterior side dilated, truncated ; vertical transverse section 

cordate; horizontal contour ovate ; umbones broad, inflated.

220 CYEENIDJE. 

prominent, eroded ; anterior margin rounded, gradually passing 

into ths lower margin ; ventral margin much arched ; posterior 

margin curved, somewhat truncated ; ligament short, thiii ; 

ligamental sinus shallow, slightly rounded ; escutcheon and lunule 

absent; interior of shell polished only at the margins ; nacre dark 

violet; hinge margin narrow; lateral teeth long, the nnterior 

longer than the posterior, the inner almost uniting with the 

outer, those portions bordering on the cardinal teeth somewhat 

swollen, the swelling increasing very gradually ; muscle and 

mantle scars shallow. 


Bah. ? India. 

Type in Sandberger Coll., "Wiirzburg. 

The name " violacea " having been already used by Prime in 

the genus, it becomes necessary to substitute another, hence that 

now given to the present species. . ' 

359. Corbicula inflata, Clessin. 

Corbicula inflata, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179, 

pi. 81, figs. 14, 15. 

Shell of medium size, solid, much inflated, almost equilateral, 

sculptured with polished, strong, somewhat distant, concentric 

rihlets, covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum ; anterior 

side short, scarcely attenuated ; posterior side broadly truncated ; 

umbones broad, much inflated, very prominent, strongly recurved ; 

vertical transverse section broadly cordate; horizoutal contour 

roundly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat curved towards the 

lower margin, sharply rounded, gradually passing into the strongly 

arched Literal margin ; posterior margin somewhat curved, 

gradually passing into the lower margin ; escutcheon and lunule 

scarcely noticeable; ligament short, very strong ; ligamental 

sinus shallow, angularly notched; interior of shell polished only 

at the margins, nacre pale violet; hinge margin fairly strong ; 

cardinal teeth solid, much elevated, furrowed above ; lateral teeth 

very long, the anterior much longer than the posterior ; margin of 

the hinge much dilated in the vicinity of the two cardinal teeth; 

muscle-scars shallow. 


Hah. India. 

Type in Sandberger Coll., "Wiirzburg. 

360. Corbicula picta, Clessin. 

Corbicula pida, Clessin, in Martini & Chemuitz, 1879, p. 179, pi. 31, 

figs. 12, IS. 

Shell small, somewhat iuequivalve, slightly inflated, moderately 

solid, strongly concentrically ribbed, the ribs being rather closelyset, 

slightly shining, covered with a dark-green periostracum and 

ornamented with black, radiate bands running from the umbones

COUBICTJLA. 221 

to the outer margins, the umbones themselves being of a reddish 

colour; anterior side short, broadly rounded; posterior side 

broad, somewhat truncate ; vertical transverse section narrowly 

corilate ; horizontal contour almost cordate ; umbones large, fairly 

prominent, nuich eroded ; anterior margin somewhat curved, 

rounded, gradually passing into the ventral margin; ventral 

margin slightly arched ; posterior margin strongly curved, separated 

from the ventral margin by a distinct!)' marked, somewhat 

rounded angle ; ligament short, somewhat thick ; liganiental sinus 

very shallow, slightly notched, elongate ; interior of shell dull, 

except at the outer margin where it is polished, violet coloured ; 

hinge margin rather narrow, bearing three cai'diiial teeth, the two 

posterior comparatively strong, grooved above, the third or 

anterior one very weak; lateral teeth long, somewhat curved ; 

muscle scars very shallow ; mantle scar distinct. 

Long. 21, lat. 22, diani. 14 mm. 

Hah. ? India. 

Type in Sandberger Coll., Wiirzburg. 

361. Corbicula indica, Clessin. 

Corbiciila indica, Clessin, in Martini & Dliemnltz, 1879, pp. 143-144, 

pi. 25, figs. 21-28. 

Shell of medium size, slightly inflated, solid, somewhat inequilateral, 

with glossy, strongly ribbed surface, the ribs somewhat 

close and acute, covered with an olive-green periostracum and 

painted with dark spots ; growth stria) not distinct; anterior side 

somewhat shortened and pointed, posterior side slightly elongated, 

truncate; umbones large, scarcely prominent, very slightly recurved, 

eroded ; vertical longitudinal section broadly lanceolate ; 

vertical transverse section very narrow, cordate; horizontal contour 

triangularly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat roundedly pointed ; 

lower margin strongly curved ; posterior margin forming a somewhat 

broad and short beak considerably roundedly (ingled on both 

sides ; escutcheon and lunule scarcely visible ; ligament short, 

fairlf strong and prominent; ligamental sinws short, shallow' 

triangular; interior of shell dull, the outer margin only slightly 

polished, tinged with violet, dorsal or hinge-margin white ; 

cardinal teeth not divergent; lateral teeth very elongate and 

finely ribbed, equally strong over their whole length, the anterior 

much stronger than the posterior ; muscle and maptle scars both 

shallow. 


Hub. ? India. 

Type in Gruner Coll., ISTo. 518. 

862. Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin 

«^w& MAW ->- • —g— y^ j-j . 

Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin, i in Martini & Chemnitz, 

1879, p. 267, pi. 43, fig. 5. 

Shell small, ovate, solid, much inflated, very inequilateral, with

222 CTEEXIDTE. 

strong fairly distant ribs, periostracum yellowish-brown ; anterior 

side elongated, pointedly rounded, posterior side much shortened, 

obtuse, umbones much inflated, prominent, generally eroded; 

upper margin curved, gradually passing into the side margins ; 

anterior margin narrow, rounded, gradually passing into the much 

arched and long ventral margin -, posterior margin slightly curved 

and merging into the dorsal and ventral margins ; ligament short, 

fairly strong and prominent; interior of shell dull, nacre white, 

marked with fine narrow brown rays^ of which three are equallv 

divided over the surface, running from the umbones to the ventral 

margin, while the remaining two run towards the hinge-margin, 

terminating at the lower side of the latter; hinge-margin fairly 

broad; cardinal teeth small, not grooved above ; lateral teeth 

elongated, depressed, the posterior being shorter. 


Bab. ? India. 

363. GorMcula ncetliagi, v. Martens. 

Corhicula nostlingi, v. Martens, Arch. Natg. Berlin, Ixv, 1899, p. 47, 

pi. 4, figs. 7-9. ^ 

? Vyrtma moussoniana (Deshayes), Sowerhy in Reeve, Conch. Icon. 

XX, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 97 (non moussoni, Desh., Cat. Brit. Mus., 

Conchif. 1854, p. 227). 

Shell posteriorly elongated, in form somewhat resembling Vemts 

or Tapes; dorsal margin descending more obliquely anteriorly 

than posteriorly; anterior margin rounded •, posterior margin 

rounded above and below, vertically descending in the median 

region; ventral margin moderately rounded; concentric ribs 

strong, narrow, half the breadth of the spaces between, anteriorly 

and posteriorly becoming gradually reduced to shght strisB ; 

hinge strong; lateral teeth long, the anterior one bent at the 

anterior end, the posterior one fairly straight; interior of shell 

bright violet. 


Hah. Hpaung, N. Shan States (in a small pool). 

The author mentions a small variety which is still more posteriorly 

elongated and rounded (fig. 7 in the reference to the original 

description quoted above). 


Uab. Bakmio. 

364. Corl)icula arata (Sowerby). 

Cyrma arata, Sowerhy, Conch. Icon, xx, 1878, pi. 17, fig. 93. 

Original description:—Testa ovata, tenuissima, rosacea, tumidissima, 

liris magnis, distantibus ad latera suboblique terminantibus 

rugata, epidermide aurantio-flavida iiiduta; latere antico rotuudo.

SPHiF.RTUM. 223 

valde iiiflato ; latere postico magis prodiicto, subatteniiato, anguste 

truneato. 

Hah. Tenasserim. 

The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum are:— 


A pale, uniform greenish-yellow shell ornamented with distant, 

concentric riblets ; somewhat elongately ovate and considerably 

inflated, especially remarkable for its thin texture. 

Subfamily SPHiERIINiE. 

Shell small, ovate or trigonal, lateral and cardinal teeth more 

or less developed, ligament external; palUal line entire. 

Distribution. World-wide. 

Genus SPHâiRIUM. 

Sphcerium, Scopoli, ]777 ; Scopoli, Introdiict. p. 397. 

Cfiama, d'Argenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Oonchyl. no. 9, 1742, 

pp. 368, 374, pi. 31. 

Tellina, Linnasus; Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i, 1758, p. C78. 

Cardium, DaCosta, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 173, pi. 13, tig. 2. 

Ci/clas, Bruguiere, Encycl. M(5th. 1792, pi. 301. 

JViu; Humphrey, Mus. Calonn. 1797, p. S9. 

Muaouliam, Link, OoU. Univ. Bost., pt. S, 1807, p. \5l. 

Cornea, Megerle, Mag. GeselL Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 50. 

Corneocyclds, Ferussac, Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818, p. 277. 

Amesoda, itatineeque, Ann. G6n. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 310, 

Ci/claditen, liriiger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 1823, p. 469. 

Pisidimn, Verany, Lescris. Genova, ii, 1846. 

TYPE, Splicerium corneum, Linn.; Europe. 

Range. World-wide. 

Shell thin, ovate, convex, subequilateral, covered with a fine 

periostracum, smooth or concentrically striate; umboues lightl)' 

anteriorly inclined ; anterior side rather shorter than the 

posterior; margins of the valves simple; cardinal margins 

thin; cardinal teeth small, that in the right valve often bilid, 

fitting between two oblique teeth in the left; both anterior and 

posterior lateral teeth compressed, divergent, somewhat projecting, 

lamelliform double in the right valve, single in the left; 

ligament external, weak, scarcely apparent; pallial line entire. 

Animal having the edge of the mantle smooth ; foot tongue, 

capable of considerable extension; siphons moderately long, 

united at their base, separated at the end ; the branchial siphon 

somewhat the longer and broader; siphonal orifices simple; 

palpes triangalar, lanceolate; gills unequal, the outer the shorter 

ami fringed.

22-1 CYEBNIDJ!. 

365. Sphserium avanum, Theobald. 

Sphisrium avanum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1873, xlii, pt. 2, p. 209, 

pi. 17, fig. 6. 

Original description:—Testa quadrate rotunda, tumida, antico 

rotundata, postice truncata, dilatata, equilaterali. Epiderniide, 

Jevifer et conceiitrice corriigata, postice Je\issime radiata. Uinbonibua 

prominentibus, tumidis, osculantibus; colore pallida 

stramineo, tribus fasciis purpureis umboualibus radiatim picto. 

Ligamento umbones versus intlato. 

Long. 6-6, lat. 7'5, diam. 5-2 uim. 

Hah. Near Ava. 

306. Sphaerium indicum (DesMyes, MS.), A. Adams. 

Sphairium, indicum (Desh. Ms.), A. Adams, P. Z. S. xxii, 1864, 

p. 342, & Gat. Brit. Miis., Oonchif. p. 265. 

Cyclas indica, Deshayes, H. & T., 0. I. pp. 02-63, pi. 155, fig. 9. 

Original description :—Testa ovato-rhomboidea, tumidula, sequilaterali, 

tenui, pellucida, albo-grisea; latere antico late rotundato, 

postice obtuse truncate; umbonibus tumidis, paruin prominentibus; 

cardine obsolete bidentato, dentibus lateralibus candidis, 

antico majore, trigono, acuto, postico paulo breviore, valvis sub 

lente tenuissime striatis. 

No dimensions, habitat, or figure are given with the above 

description, but the habitat attached to the types is " Loodiana, 

Punjab," and that given in the Oonch. Ind. "Moradabad"; the 

following dimensions are taken from three specimens of the t3'pe 

series in the British Museum :— ' 

Long. 

Lat. 

Diam. 

1. 

5-25 

6-25 

'So 

2. 

5-5 

6-2.5 

3~5 

Genus PISIDIUM. 

3. 

4-75 mm. 

5 mm. 

2'7o jiim. 

Pisidium, 0. Pfeifler, Natargeschichte deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-MoUusken, 

i, 1821, p. 123, pi. 1 tig. 19; ii, 1825, p. 33; 

iii, 1828, p. 08. ' 

Teltiiut, Muller, Verm, ii, 1774, p. 205. 

Sphmriuni, Scopoli, Introduct. 1777, p. 397. 

Cardium, Pnli, Test. Sicil. i, 1791, p. 65, pi. 10, fig. 1. 

Cyclas, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 106. 

Pera, Cordida, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-20. 

Phymesoda, Eafinesque, Ann. G(5n. S«. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 319. 

Gallileja, Costa,'Corrisp. Zool. 1839. 

Pisum, Gray (non Megerle),.P. Z. S. xv, 1847, p. 184. 

Musculium, Gray (non Link), 1851. 

Pisum, Deshayes (non Megerle), Cat. Brit. Mus., Oonchif. 1854. 

Musculium, H. & A. Adams (non Link). 

Pisim, H. & A. Adams (non Megerle), Gen. Kec. Moll, ii, 1858.

pisiDiuJi. 225' 

TrpB, Fisidiuni anuiicum, Jenyiis, from Europe aud JXorthern 

Asia. 

llange. World-wide. 

Shell small, roundly ovate or obliquely wedge-shaped, inequilateral 

; anterior side longer than the posterior; umbones slightly 

inflated behind; hinge bearing two cardinal teeth in each valve: 

right valve bearing four laterals and the left valve two ; lateral 

teeth strong; ligament situated on the smaller (posterior) side ; 

pallia! line entire. 

Animal having the mantle lobes smooth and open; furnished 

with a single short (anal) siphon, with non-papillary orifice ; 

bi'anchial cavity indistinguishable from the pedal cleft ; foot 

large, tongue - shaped, capable of great extension ; palpes 

triangulai-, elongated. 

367. Pisidium clarkeanum, G. c|- tf. Neuill. 

Pisidium clarkeamtm, G. & H. Nevill, J. A. S. B. xl, 1871, p. 9, 

pi. 1, &gi. 4, 4 ff-4 d. 

Original description:—Testa ventrieosa, oblonga, valide insBquilateralis, 

pallide fulva ; postice elongata ac rotnndata, anticer 

rotundate truncata ; umbonibus prominentibus ac tuniidis ; superficie 

concentrice confertira striata, striis tenuibus, regularibus. 

Long. 4-5, lat. 5'5, diam. 8'5 mm. 

Hah. Tanks, etc., close to the Damuda at Moisraka. 

368. Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald. 

Pisidium hjdaspicola, Theobald, J. A. S. ]3. xlvii, 1878, p. \AT. 

Original description ;—Testa sub-cordate ovali- tenui, exilissime' 

striata, antice rotundata, postice vix truucata. 

Long. 3-4, lat. 4, diara. 2"5 mm. 

JIa(>. Kashmir, near Shypion. 

Fig. 27.—Pisidium hydaspicola, Theob. (Type.) x4. 

To the above scanty description is added the following note:— 

" The nearest ally of this species is P. clarkeanum, Xev., but it 

more r.ounded in front and hardly truncated behind." 

The type is in the British Museum.

226 CYEEXIDJI;. 

369. Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald. 

Pisiclium bombayanum, Theobald, J. A. S. ,B. xlv, 18r6, p. 188. 

Oi-igmal deseription:—Testa subovali, tuniida, tenui, inaequilaterali, 

postice rotuiidata, vis truncata; antice rotuiidata 

.eloiic:ate; exilissime et eonfertiin concentrice striata: deiite 

Fig. 28.- 1 & 2. Pisidium Imnhayanum, Tlieob. (Type.) X 3. 

3. Hinge of the same. xil. 

•cardinal! minutissimo ; dentibus lateralibus in valva dextra 

.geminis, in sinistra autem singulis. 


Hah. Western Ghats {W. T. Blanford). 

Type in the British Museum. 

•370. Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald. 

Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 189. 

'Original description :—Testa subovali, vix tumida, iusequilaterali, 

Fig. 29. -Fisidium at/(ii!soi!imm?>i, Theoh. ('I'j-pe.) X"!. " 

antice elongata, utrinque rotundata, tenui, pallida cornea, concentrice 

striatula; et lineis paucis (4-5) iucrementi fortioribus 

signata. 

Long. 2-70, lat. 3-30, diam. 1-SO mm.

MsiDira. 227 

Hah. Tonglu, Sikkim, at an altitude of 10,000 ft. (IF. S. 

Atlcinsoii). 

The following note is appended to the description:—" Compared 

with P. bomhcijianum tliis is a smaller, flatter and less 

inequilateral shell. . . .'" 

Type in the British Museum'. 

371. Pisidium iievillianam, Theobald. 

Fisidium 7ievillianuin, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlv, 1876, p. 188. 

Original description :—Testa trigona, tumidiuscula, tenui, 

insequilaterali, postice modice convexa, antice elongata, subacuminata, 

exilissime concentrice striata ; umbonibus Isevigatis. 


JIab. Neur Eurki. 

Appears to be chiefly distinguishable from its allies by its 

trigonal form. 

372. Pisidium stewarti, Pregton. 

Pisidium stewarti, Prestou, Eec, Iiid, Mus., Calcutta, iii, 1909, 

p. 116 (fig. iu text). 

Original description:—Shell sub-trigonal, rather inflated, pale 

yellowish brown colour, marked with fine concentric lines of 

growth ; umbones large ; anterior lateral teeth somewhat curved 

with broad grooves between, posterior lateral teeth broad and 

somewhat projecting in right, strong and sharply curved in left 

valve. 

Long. 2-25, lat. 3 mm. , 

Hah. High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, Tibet, in a small 

stream, among moss and stones, 14,500 feet. 

Tlie type-specimen is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. 

Two speoi»?e;js only were obtained by Capt. F. H. Stewart, 

I.M.S.; its nearest ally would appear to be a fossil species fronv 

the tertiary deposits of Belgium *, there being no known recent 

form resembling it. 

373. Pisidium zugmayeri, Weher. 

Pisidium zwjmayeri, Weber, Zool. Jahrb. Jena, xxix, 1910, 

pp. 310-311. 

Original description:—Testa flavescens, satis solida, inasquijatera, 

orbiculato-ovalis, parte posteriore abbreviata, obtusa, ventriosula, 

tenuissime striata, sulcis post intervalla interpositis, lineis incrementi 

signata ; umbones versus marginem posteriorem siti, rotundati, 

prominuli; denies cardinales valv* sinistrse biiii, ante 

umbones, superior (exterior) fere rectus, tenuis, media parte 

* 1'. vinccniianuin, B. B. Woodward, Cat. Brit. Spec. Pisidium in Coll. 

Brit. Mus., 1913, pp. I:i7-128. 

Q2

1.28 soLEifiDj;. 

inferiorem (interiorem) tegens, ijiferior crassior, prope dentem 

lateralem anticum, haud curvatus, altior exteriore; dextree 

siiiguli; paulum curvati, parte sinistra ascendente tenues, parte 

dextra desceudente incrassati; dentes laterales in valva sinistra 

biui, erecti, antice triangulati; postiee uncinati, valva dextra bini 

postici et bini antici, biui exteriores (non semper exstantes) 

minimi; interiores longi, triangulati. antice erassiores. 

Affinis Pis. scJiolizii, Clessin*, differt forma dentium cardin. 

valvffi sinistrse, situ dentium cardinalium, minore profund. 

Ifab. Lake Walar, Kashmir. 

The author appears to have only been able to see two perfect 

specimens which were both very young, he therefore gives the 

following measurements taken from a series of single valves :— 

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 

„. r Long. . . 3 3 3 2-7 2-6 — mm. 

T?- 1+V 1 \ ^"'^- •• 3-5 3 3-2 3 2-9 3-4 mm. 

Eight Valves. I-pj,^^_ 1 1 1 1 1 M mm. 

1. 2. 3. 

(Long. . . 

Three 

i Lat. .. 

Left Valves. 1 i(^'- ' ' 

[Diam... 

2-7 

3 

? 

1 

3 

3-1 

? | 

1-1 

2-4 mm. 

2-8 

f« '""'• 

1 m 11). 

The proportion between length and breadth is therefor© 3-1 

to 2-8. 

Family SOLENID.-E. 

Subfamily SOLENINiB. 

Shell equivalve, transversely elongate, more or less gaping at 

each end, covered with a periostracum ; umbones not prominent; 

ligament external, on an elongate ridge; hinge very variable, 

bearing fr^m one to three cardinal teeth on each valve; lateral 

teeth wanting; adductor scars in both valves distant; pallial 

impression posteriorly more or less sinuous, pedal impressions 

well marked beneath the umbones or near the dorsal margin; 

external surface of the siiell presenting a well-defined cellular 

structure, consisting of long prisihs, very oblique iii relation to 

the surface and showing the presence of nuclei; internal surface 

nearly homogeneous; non-nacreous. 

Animal, with the exception of Nouaculina, marine or estuarine ; 

siphons usually short, in part united or entirely separate ; foot 

large, powerful, more or less cylindrical, elongated; without any 

trace of byssogenous organs ; palpes variable in size ; gills straight, 

unequal, lengthened and enclosed in the branchial siphon. 

m. AVorld-wide. 

* P. sclwUzii, Clessin=P. ohttisale.

]s-ovACUMa"A. 229 

&enus NOVACULINA. 

yovaculina, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii, 1830, p. 63. 

TYPE, JVovacuUna r/angetica, Benson; E,ivers Jumna, Gumti, and 

Granges. 

Kange. Ganges System ; Andaman Islands. 

Original description :—Shell subiuequivalve, inequilateral, transversely 

elongated; ligament external, communicating with the 

interior of the shell by an oblique channel. Beaks prominent. 

Hinge-line nearly straight. Two narrow entering teeth under 

the beak in one valve, generally three in the other. Syphonal 

scar very long. Extremities of the shell gaping. Epidermis easily 

detached when dry, folding over the edges and extremities of 

the shell, and connecting the hinge-margins. Interior glossy or 

dull, never pearly. 

Animal. Mantle with the basal-edges united, forming a tube 

which encloses the animal, longitudinally constricted at the 

suture. Foot proceeding from the anterior extremity, short, 

thick, cylindrical, and very muscular; enlarged at the extremity 

into a disk, with a convex surface, the plane of which is at right 

angles with the axis of the foot and shell. Syphons separate, as 

long as the shell, when fully extended; the anal one, or that 

nearest the lunge, half the thickness of the other ; apertures 

constricted, not ciliated. 

374. Novaculina gangetica, Benson. 

jôvaculina yangetica, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii (1830, 

Feb.), p. 63 (as genus Novaculina); A. M. iN". H. ser. 3, i, 

1858, pi. 12 B, iig. 4 ; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pi. 116, fig. 7. 

Novaculina novaculina, Gray, A. M. N. H. xiv, 1854, p. 24. 

Solecurtus novaculina, Keeve, Con. Icon. 1874, pi. 7, figs. 31 a&h. 

Tagelus gangeticus, Clessin, in Conch. Cab. 1888, pp. 81-82, pi. 23, 

fig- 6. 

Original description :—Shell oblong, with truncated extremities, 

white, slightly violaceous internally, epidermis olivaceous. 

The above meagre description was supplemented later * by 

Benson as follows:—" Epidermis easily detached when dry, 

folding over the edges and extremities of the shell, and connecting 

the hinge-margins." 

2\o measurements being given by the author, the following are 

taken from three authentic specimens in the British Museum:— 

1. 2. 3. 

Long 9'25 8'75 7 mm. 

Lat 25 20-5 19 mm. 

Diam 6 6 5 mm. 

llah. Rivers Jumna, Gumti, and Ganges. 

A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, pp. 409-410.

230 SOLENIUiE. 

375. Novaculina andamanensis, Preston. 

Novaculina andamanensis, Preston, Kec. Jnd. Mus., Calcutta, ii, 

p. 209, pi. 16, fig. 40. 

Oriijinal description :—Shell oblong, elongate, inequilateral, constricted 

towards the middle, pure white, bearing traces of having 

been, covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum, concentrically 

striate ; dorsal margin slightly sloped anteriorly ; ventral margin 

excavated in the middle, anterior side rounded; posterior side 

produced, somewhat angled below ; umboes small. 

Long. 16-5, lat. 37'5 mm. 

Hah. Andaman Islands. 


The specimens on which the above species was based were collected 

in the Andamans by the late Eev. J. Warneford. It would 

seem to be scarce as, though several collections of Andaman Island 

material have since passed through the hands of the compiler of 

the present volume, no further specimen has come to light.

ALPHABETICAL m)EX. 

abbreviata (Paludomus), 52. 

acanthica (Tiara (Plotia)), 36. 

acicula {Buccinnm), 9. 

Acrostoma, 30. 

aculeata (Nerita), 57. 

acuminata (Bitliyiiia orcula var.), 75. 

acuminata (Limna;a (Limniea)), 106. 

acuminata {Melaiiia), 12. 

acus (Melania), 12. 

acus (Pirena), 9. 

acuta (Melaiiia), 11. 

acuta (Paludomus), 52. 

acutus (Planoi'bis (Gyraulus)), 123. 

a^rea (Paludomus), 57. 

iEtlieriicla!, 197. 

iEtberiince, 197. 

agrensis (Corbicula), 213. 

alberti (Corbicula), 219. 

albus (Planorbis). 118. 

ajucinans [Ampullaria), 103. 

alucinans (Pila), 103. 

amara (Melania), 10. 

amara (Tiara cybele var.), 10. 

amarula (Helix), 10. 

Amesoda, 223. 

Amnicola, 68. 

amnicnm (Pisidiura), 225. 

anipuUacea (Helix), 90. 

Ampullaria, 96. 

Ampullariidcs, 96. 

amjnilliformis {Paludiaa), 90. 

ampuUiformis (Vivipara lecythis 

var.), 90. 

amygdala {Limnaa), 107. 

amygdalum (Limntea (Liranaja) acuminata 

var.), 107. 

amygdaliis (Lymiicea), 107. 

Ancylina;, 104. 

Anoylus, 104. 

andamanensis (Novaouliua), 230. 

andamanica (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli 

var.), 18. 

andersoniaua (Paludomus), 41. 

andersoniana(!Vodalaria(S"oduiaria)) 

143. 

andersonianus (Unio), 143. 

Aiigarius, 115. 

aunandalei (Paludomus), 50. 

annandalei (Parreysia (Pari-evsia)), 

173. 

annandalei (Vivipara), 92. 

annendalei (Vivipara), 92. 

anodontina (Unio), 175. 

anodoittitms (Unio), 175. 

appressa (Tiara (Striatella) neviilt 

var.), 19. 

arata (Corbicula), 222. 

arata (Cyrena), 222. 

ArcidiE, 128, 

Arcidopsis, 196. 

Arcina;, 128. 

aroensis (IMelania), 11. 

asjicra {Helix), 35. 

asporata (Melania), 21. 

assamensis (Parreysia (Parreysia) 

favidens var.), 161. 

assamensis (Tiara(Acrostomal), 31. 

assamensis (Virpara diasimilis var ) 

88. 

associatus (Plauorbis (Grvraulus)) 

122. ' 

ater (Faunus), 9. 

ater (Strombns), 9. 

atkinsuniaiium (Pisiflium), 226. 

atra {Jlelatiopsis), 9. 

aira {Nerita), 9. 

atra {Pirena), 9. 

atropmpnreus {Slrombus), 9. 

auberiana (Paludestrina), 67. 

auricularia {Helix), 111. 

auricularia (Limiiaja (Gulnaria)), 111, 

aitriailaria {Lymncea), 111. 

auricularitis {LymiKeus), 111. 

auvil'ormis (LimniBa (Gulnaria)), 112. 

auriformis (Limnieus), 112. 

ava {Monocondyliea), 153.

•232 ALPHABETICAL IKDEX. 

ava (Pseiidodon (Bineiivus), 153. 

avaniim (Sphseriuiu), 224. 

baccata (Melauia), 26. 

baooata (Tiara (Melauoides)), 26. 

baccifera [Melania variabilis var.), 

28. 

baccifera (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28. 

baccula (PaUidomus), 53. 

baconi (Ancylus), 104. 

•bcdieata (Melania), 22. 

balteata (Vivipara bengalensia var.), 

83. 

barrackporensis (Plaiiorbis (Gyraulus)), 

120. 

batana (Tiara (Tarebia);, 33. 

Batissa, 207. 

beddotueaiia (Tiara (Melanoides 

f;loriosa var.), 22. 

Belgrandia, 67. 

bengalensis (Gorbicida), 217. 

•hengalensis {Cyclas), 205. 

bengalensis (Oyrena), 205. 

hengalensis (Paludina), S3. 

bengalensis (Venus), 205. 

bengalensis (Viyipara), 83. 

hengalica (Corbicitla), 217. 

bensonianus {Mycetopns). 132. 

bensoni (Corbiciila), 218. 

bensoni {Margaron {Unio)), 132. 

bhamoensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

163. 

bhamoensis {Unio), 163. 

bhamoensis (Vivipara dissimilis var.), 

88. 

biangulata (Bitliynia stenotbyroides 

var.), 77. 

bicincta (Paludomus (Philopotaniis)), 

55. 

Mlineata [Syniphanoia), 175. 

bilineatus {Margarita (Unio)), 175. 

bilineatus {Margaron {Unio)), 175. 

hilineatus { Unio), 176. 

Bineuriis, 153. 

birmanus {Unio), 170. 

Bithinella, 66. 

Bithiniince, 70. 

Bitliynia, 70. 

Bithyniina!, 70. 

hlanfordiana {Hydroccena), 4. 

blanfordiana (Hydroeena (Georissa)), 

4. 

blanfordiana (PaUidomns), 43. 

.blanfordiana (Stenotliyra), 81. 

Ijombayanum (Pisidium), 226. 

bonneaudi {Margaron {Unio)), 140. 

bonneandi (Sodularia (Nodularia)), 

140. 

boiwandi {Unio), 140. 

boioilli {Lininaa), 114. 

bowelli (Limnsea (Bnlimnea)), 114. 

brevicanda (Limnsea (Gnlnaria)), 111. 

brevispira (Tiara (Plotia) acanthica 

var.), 37. 

broti (Tiara (Tarebia)), 33. 

brunneus (Planorbis exustiis var.), 

116. 

Buccimtm, 95, 106. 

Bulimnea, 114. 

Biilimus, 106, 12S. 

Bulla, 128. 

burmanica (Paludounis), 43. 

burmanica (Vivipara siamensis var.), 

87. 

bnrmanus (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

170. 

bnrmanus (Unio), 170. 

Bythinella, 66. 

CiEnosus (Plauorbis (Segmcntina)), 

127. 

Cierulescens (Septaria), 7. 

cairnleus {Margarita {Unio)), 136. 

cceruleus {Margaron { Unio)), 136. 

CEeruleus (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 

136. 

csruleus {Unio), 136. 

calatlnis (Planorbis (Segmcntina)), 

127. 

canaliculata (Tiara (Striatella) nicobarioa 

var.), 19. 

eanaliculatus (Creninoconchns 

conieus var.), 66. 

candaharica {Unio marginalis var.), 

178. 

candaharica (L:nnellidens marginalis 

var.), 178. 

canel'riauus (Lamellidens), 187. 

canningensis (Bilhinella), 66. 

Canihyna, 134. 

cantori (Planorbis (Segmcntina)), 

126. 

capillata (Batissa), 208. 

capillata {Neritina reticularis var.), 5. 

Oardimn, 223, 224. 

carinata {Ampullaria globosa var.), 

98. 

carinata (Pila), 98. 

carinata (Yivipara naticoides var.), 

85. 

carinatiis {Ancidotus), 66. 

earinatus (Cremnoconclius), 66. 

carinulata (Bitb\nia cerameopoma 

var.), 72. 

cashmirensis (Corbicula), 213. 

Catillus, 6. 

cattaroensis (Hydroeena); 1, 

celox (Scaphula), 129, 130. 

cerameopoma (Bithynia), 71. 

cerameopoma {Paludina), 71.

eeranospatana {Blthynia), 71. 

cerasum (Limncea (LiiimiEa) aeiiminata 

var.), 108. 

cerasum (Linmieus), 108. 

ceylanica {Cyrena), 202. 

ceylanica (Vabul'ma), 8!). 

êylanicus (A.ncylus), lOi. 

ceyloneiisis (Theodoxis), 5. 

ceylonica (Cyrena), 202. 

coylonka {Paluditia), 89. 

ceylonica (Venus), 202. 

ceylonica (Vivipai-a), 89. 

Chama, 223. 

cliaron (Tiara (Radina)), 14. 

chaudhurii (Xodniaria (Nochilaria)), 

140. 

cheiTaensis (Paludomus conica var.), 

39. 

cbilinoides (Puliidomus), 45. 

chilkaensis (Stenothyra), 82. 

chittagongênsis (Paludomus conica 

var.), 40. 

chlamys {Liimiaia), 108, 109. 

chlainys (Limnsua (LiiuniEa) acuminata 

var.), 108. 

chocolatmn {Melania), 33. 

chrysis (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens 

var.), 160. 

chrysis {Unio favidens var.), 160. 

Ciiaber, 6. 

cincta (Amnieola), 69. 

cincta (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis 

var.), 24. 

cinerea (Pila), 101. 

clarkeaniim (Pisidium), 225. 

.v^clavata (Paludomus), 51. 

clavus (Tiara (Kadina)), 12. 

coaxans (Venus), 202. 

cochinensis {Cyrena), 210. 

cochinensis (Velorita), 210. 

cochlidium (Melania), 13. 

cochlidiuin (Tiara (Radina) clavus 

var.), 13. 

compacta (Paludomus (Pbilopotamis) 

sulcata var.), 54. 

compacta (Tiara f Acrostoma) hiigeli 

var.), 31. 

compacta (Tiar.i (Melanoides) 

gloriosa var.), 22. 

compressa (Septai'ia), 7. 

couipressus (Planorbis (G-yraulus)), 

lis. 

eomptus (Trapezoideus foliaceus 

var.), 193. 

eomptus (Unio), 103. 

Concbacea, 200. 

concolor (A'ivipara naticoides var.), 

85. 

confusa (Melania), 12. 

confusa (Tiara (Radina) crenulata 

var.), 12. 

ALPlIABETIOAIi IlfUEX. 233 

conica (Melania), 39. 

conica (Paludomus), 30. 

conica (Pila), 100. 

eonicus (Cremnoconcbus), 65. 

conicus var. (Cremnoconchus), Qi). 

consanguinea (Corbicula), 218. 

consobrina (Lamellidens niarginalis 

subsp.), 180. 

consobrinus (Lamellidens), 180. 

consobrinus (Margaron (Unio)), ISO. 

consobrinus (Unio), 179, 180. 

constricta (Palndomus), 41. 

contracta (Paludomus (Pkilopofcamls) 

sulcata var.), 53. 

convexiusculus (Planorbis (Gj raulus)), 

118. 

corbeti (Unio), 180. 

Corbicula, 210. 

corbicnlifm-mis (Cyrena), 210. 

corbis (Margaron (Unio)), 169. 

corbis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 169. 

corbis (Unio), 169. 

Gordukc, 224. 

Coretns, 115. 

Cornea, 223. 

corneum (Spbteriuni). 223. 

corneus (Planorbis), 115. 

Corneocyclas, 223. 

coromandelica (Physa), 128. 

coromandelicas (Planorbis), 116. 

coronata (Melania), 44. 

cerporosa (Melania), 15. 

corriana (Unio marginalis var.), 

179. 

corrianus (Lamellidens), 183. 

corrianus (Lamellidens marginalis 

subsp.), 183. 

corrianus (Margarita (Unio)), 183. 

corrianus (Margaron (Unio)), 183. 

corrianus (Unio), 136, 176, 183. 

corrugata (AmpuUaria globosa var.), 

98. 

.corrugata (Mya), 154. 

corrngata (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

154. 

corrugata (Pila), 98. 

corrugata (Unio), 155. 

corrugata (Unio (I'otamida)), 155. 

corrugatus (Margarita ( Unio)), 155. 

corrugatus (Margaron (Unio)), 155. 

costata (Melania), 11. 

costigera (Bitbynia (? Fossarulus)), 

78. 

crassa (Melania), 39. 

crassa (Paludina), 86. 

crassa (Vivipara), 8&crebra 

(Melania), 20. 

crebra (Tiara (Striatella)), 20. 

crebristriata (Margaron, (Monocondylcea)), 

150. 

crebristriata (Mouocondylrea), 150.

234 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

crebvistriata (Moiiocoiiilylsiea peguensis 

var.), ] 49. 

crebrisiriata (Trigoiiodon), 1.50. 

creh'istriatum var. pegiienHs (Pseudodon), 

150. 

crebristriatus (PseiidodoH), 150. 

crebristriaius (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)), 

150. 

crebristriatus (Pseudodon (Trigonodori) 

peguensis Tar.), 150. 

crebristriatus (Unio), 150. 

crebristriatus var. pegiiemis {Pseudodon 

(Trigonodon)), 150. 

Cremnobates, 64. 

Cremnoconcliinie. 64. 

Gremnoconcbus, 64. 

crmularis (Melania), 10. 

creiiiilata (Tiara (JJadina)), 11. 

crispata (Nodularia (^'odiilaria)), 

142. 

crispata (Unio), 142. 

crispattis {Margaron ( Unio)), 142. 

crispatus {Unio), 142. 

crispisulcata (Nodularia (Radiatula)), 

146. 

crispisulcatus (Margaron (Unio)), 

147. 

crispisulcatus (Unio), 147. 

cristata, (Yalvata), 95. 

cristatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 136. 

crisiatus (Troc/ms), 95. 

cristatus {Turbo), 95. 

cumingi (Pachychilus), 29. 

oumingiana (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 

61. 

evirta (Bitbynia (? Fossarulus) costigera 

var.), 78. 

curta (Tricuta montana var.), 68. 

cnrvata (Pseudodon (Trigonodon) 

peguensis yar.), 152. 

Cyanocyclas, 201. 

cybele (Melania), 10. 

cybele (Tiara), 10. 

Cycladites, 223. 

Cyclas, 201, 207, 210, 223, 224. 

Cyclostoma, 95. 

cjlindrica (Lamellidens niarginalis 

var.), 179. 

cylindrica (Unio marginalis var.), 

179. 

Cypritia, 207. 

cyprinoides (Cyrena), 209. 

cy)5rinoides (Velorita), 209. 

cyprinoides (Venus), 209. 

Oyrena, 201, 202, 207', 209, 210. 

Cyrenidas, 201. 

Cyreniuaj, 201. 

daccaeasis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

165. 

dalliana (Perreysia (Ptivrevsia)), 

174. 

daiyi (JIulIeria), 197. 

datura (Tiara (Plotia)), 36. 

dealbattis (Strombus), 9. 

decussata (Paludomus (Pbilopotainis)), 

54. 

dccussatula (Paludina), 94. 

decussafiila (Paludina dissimilis var.), 

94. 

delta (Kematura), 79. 

delta; (Parvevsia (Parreysia) favidens. 

Tar.), 159. 

deltic (Scapbula), 130. 

delta; (Stenotbyra), 79. 

delta (Unio favidens var.), 159. 

demissus (Planorbis (Gyraulu»)), 121. 

densa (Parreysia (Parreysia) favideus 

Tar.), 159. 

densa(Unio favidens var.), 159. 

depressa (Valvaia), 95. 

digitiformis (JSôdularia (JTodularia)), 

135. 

digitiformis (Unio), 135. 

digona (Paludina), 91. 

digona (Vivipara), 91. 

dihirensis (Paludomus eonica var.), 

40. 

dilatata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60. 

dilataia (Paludomns (Tanalia) neritoides 

var. ?), 60. 

dissimilis (Helix), 87dissimilis 

(Nerita), 87. 

dissimilis (ViTipai-a), 87. 

distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 

59. 

distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia) 

aoideata var.), 59. 

doliaris (Paludina), 84. 

doliaris (Yivipara), 84. 

dolioides (Pila), 101. 

douglasia; (Unio), 135. 

dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 

62. 

dromedarius (Paludomus {Tanalia) 

neritoides var.), 62. 

eburneus (litboglypbus), 70. 

eburueus (Planorbis exustus Tar.) 

116. 

eeariiiata (Vivipara ceylonici var.), 

90. 

elegans (Melania), 35. 

elegang (Tiara (Plotia) scabra var.), 

36. 

elegantulus (Planorbis (Gyrauhis)), 

122. 

Elliptio, 134. 

Ellistoma, \Q. 

elongata (Paludina), 83.

emaciata (Tiara (Sti-iatolU) crebra 

var.), -20. 

emarginatus (Mycetopus), 132. 

episcopalis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 25. 

crinacea (Falv.domus (Tanalia) aculeata 

Tar.), 57. 

erinacea (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 57. 

erronea (Paludomus (Philopotamis)), 

56. 

evanescens (Unto), 175. 

evezardi (Bithynia), 76. 

evitiaius {Unio), 136. 

exanthematicus (Lamellideus), 187. 

exauthematicus (Unio), 187. 

ex'imia (Navicella), 7. 

eximius (Unio), 148. 

exolescens {Margaron {Unio)), 195. 

exolescena (Tvapezoideus), 195. 

exolescens (Unio), 195. 

expansa (Pila conica var.), 100. 

expatriata (Tiara (Eadina), 14. 

exustus (Planorbis), 115. 

faseiata (Pila globosa var.), 97. 

faseiata (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis 

var.), 24. 

faseiata (Vivipara naticoides var.), 

85. 

fatcicularis (Helix), 95. 

f'asciis-elevatiusculus (Vivipara bengalensis 

var.), 84. 

Faunus, 8. 

favidens {Margaron { Unio)), 158. 

favidens (Parreysia ^Parreysia)), 158. 

favidens (Unio), 158. 

(ex (Pai-reysia (Parreysia)), 168. 

feie ( Unio), 168. 

feddeni (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 165. 

feddeni {Unio), 165. 

Jlamnmlata {Melania), 11. 

flaT;

236 ALPHABETICAL IXDEX. 

generoaus {Margaron (Unio)), 18i. 

generosus {Unio), 184. 

Georissa, 1. 

gerbldoni (Unio), 13G. 

gibba (Bitbinella), 07. 

gibbosula (Paludestrina (Belgrandia) 

miliacea var.), 67. 

gigantea(Bitbynia oeraraeopoma var.), 

72. 

gigantea, (Paliidina), 84. 

gigantea (Tiara (Stviatella) nicobarica 

Tar.), 19. 

gigantea (Vivipara bengalensis var.), 

84. 

GlaueomyidEe, 200. 

Glaueomyiiioe, 200. 

globosa (Palvidomus (Tanalia) neritoides 

var.), 60. 

globosa (Pila), 97. 

globula {Bithinia), 69. 

globulosa (^Melania), 38. 

globulosa (Paludomiis), 38. 

glorio.sa (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21. 

godwini {Melanoides), 29. 

godwini (Tiara (Melanoides)), 29. 

ôniomphalos (Bithynia), 76. 

goniomphalos {Paludina), 76. 

goniostoiiia {Biihynid), 72. 

gowhati.ensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

171. 

gowhattensis (Vnio), 174. 

gracilior (Liiuniea (Liiunaia) aciniiinata 

var.), 109. 

granifera (Melauia), 33. 

gratiosa (Nodularia (Nodiilaria)), 141. 

gratiosus {Margaron {Unio)), 141. 

gratiosus (Unio), 141. 

gravidiis (Unio), 148. 

groenla7idicus {Unio), 175. 

gruneri (Planorbis (Segmentina)), 

125. 

Gulnaria, 110. 

Gyratilus, 118. 

Gyrorbis, 95. 

halopbilla (Vivipara annandalei var.), 

92. 

halopliitla {Vivipara anneiidalei var.), 

92. 

hanleyi (Lamellidens marginalis var.), 

179. 

hanleyi {Mdanoidei), 29. 

hanleyi (^Paliidomus (Tanalia)), 62. 

liastula (MelfiniS,), 10. 

hastula (Tiara (Radina)), 11. 

heliciformis (Palvdina), 94. 

heliciformis (i'ivspara dissimilis subsp.), 

89. 

heliciformis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)), 

94. 

Helix, 25^ 106, 115. 

lienzadensis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)), 

93. 

herculea (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21. 

hians (Limntea (Gulnaria)), 113. 

hilmendensis (Vivipara), 91. 

hiinalayanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 

121. 

hindn (Planorbis), 117. 

Hippeutes, 124. 

hohenackeri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 

120. 

holandri (Melania), 32. 

holstiana (Corbieula fluminalis var.). 

211. 

hookeri (Limnaea (Gulnaria)), 111. 

houngdaranicus {Unio), 167. 

hiigeli {Melania), 30, 31. 

hiigeli (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 31. 

hUgeli var. {Melania), 31. 

hwneraliiy {lêrilinu), 0. 

hnraerosa (Tiara (Melanoides)). 22. 

hifmilis {Margaron {Unio)), 136. 

hmnilis {Unio), 136. 

humilior (Lamellidens marginalis 

subsp. scutum var.), 181.' 

bungerfordiana (Stenothyra), 80. 

hnngerfordiana (Tiara (Pachychilus)), 

30. 

luittoni (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 120. 

huttoniana (Corbieula), 215. 

hydaspicola (Pisidium), 225. 

Hydrobia, 67. 

Hydrobiid(S, 67. 

Hydrobioides, 78. 

Hydrocena, 1. 

Hydrocenida', 1. 

Hydrocenina:, 1. 

Hygronoma, 10. 

Hygropbila, 104. 

hyptiocyclos (Planorbis (? Gj-raulus)), 

123 

Hyrina;, 134. 

Idiopoma, 93. 

illex {Hydrocana), 2. 

illex {Hydrocena), 2, 

illex (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2. 

imbricate (Tiara (Melanoides) hunierosa 

var.), 23. 

irapressa (Oyrena), 202. 

impura (Limntea (Gulnaria) succinea 

var.), 113. 

impura {Paludina), 71. 

impurum {Cyclostoma), 70. 

impuriis {Limnaus), 113. 

inconspicua (Bithynia), 74. 

inerassatula (Pila globosa var.), 97. 

indioa (Corbieula), 221. 

indica {Cyclas), 224.

indicuiii (Spliierium), 224. 

indicus (ilargaron (Vnio), 169. 

indicus {rianorbis), 115. 

indicus (Unio), 169. 

inflata (Batissa), 208. 

iuflata (Corbicula), 220. 

inflata (Paludomus), 49. 

infraoostata (Melania), 25. 

inoscularis (Anodoii), 152. 

iuosculatis (Anodonta), 149. 

inoscularis (Margaritana), 152. 

inoscularis {Marqaron {Monocondyl

238 ALPHABETICAL IXDEX. 

liitosa (Paluclomus), 51. 

Lijmniea, 106. 

Lymniiim, 134. 

'macilentus (Unio), 1.S9. 

Mactra, 202. 

inaciilatus {Paliidonus), 45. 

macnlatus (Eivalina), 45. 

Mainwaringia, 37. 

mninwaringi (Lamellidens), 190. 

major (Paludomus (Tanalia) luuileyi, 

Tar.), (>-2. 

maUiharica [Awpnllaria alohosa var.), 

08. 

raalabarica (Paluclomus tanscliaurica 

Tiu'.), 47. 

umlabaric-i (Pila), 98. 

mandarinus (Unio), 142. 

mmuleiayensis (Unio), 164. 

iiiaMiicnsis {Oyrena), 212. 

marcens (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens 

Tar.), 159. 

marcens (Unio), 159. 

marginalis (Lamellidens), 175. 

marginalis (^Margarita (Unio)), 175. 

marginalis {Marga.ron (Unio), 175. 

marginalis (Unio), 174, 175, 177. 

luartabanensis (Lithoglvpluis), 70. 

iriaura (Pila), 99. 

maurus (Paludomus), 51. 

niegasoma (Liiiiiuva), 114. 

Melanamona, 8, 5. 

Meluiiella, 32. 

Melania, 10. 

Melaniida:, 8. 

Melaniles 10. 

Melanoides, 21. 

melanostouia (PaUidoiiuis (Tanalia)), 

63. 

menl'eana {Melania), 26. 

uieukeana (Tiara (Melanoides)), 2.:5. 

menkiana (Melania), 25. 

merguiensis (Planorbis), 118. 

merodabensis {Unio), 155. 

microscopica (? VaWata), 96. 

microstoma (Paludomus rotunda 

Tar.), 48. 

micrnstoma (Tiara (Melanoides) 

menkeana Tar.) 26. 

miliacea (Hydrohia {Bythinella)), 67. 

mijiacea (Paludestrina (BelgraRtlis)), 

67. 

minima [Xematiira), 81. 

minima (Stenothyra), 81. 

minima (Stenothyra deltoe Tar.), 71'. 

minor (Bithynia orcula. Tar.), 74. 

minor (LinmsSa (Limnsea) tigrina 

var.), 110. 

n/uor (Paludestrina (Belgrandia) 

miliacea var.), 68. 

minor Paludounis (Pbilopotamis) 

sulcata Tar.), 53. 

minor (Paludomus rcgulata Tar.), 

43. 

minor (Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei 

Tar.), 58. 

minor (Pila globosa Tar.), 97. 

minor (Stenothyra deltai Tar.), 79. 

minuta ( Valvata), 95. 

misellus (Trapezoideus), 194. 

miseUns (Unio), 194. 

mitra (Melania), 10. 

modicus (Planorbis), 117. 

muesta (Pila), 101. 

mougolicus (Unio), 135. 

monile (Paludomus), 48. 

monilifera [Nematura), 80. 

mouilifera (Stenothyra), 80. 

montana (Tricula), 68. 

moguiniana (Valvata), 95. 

moreletiana (Bithynia), 72. 

mouhoti (Monocondyloea), 153. 

moiissoni (Corhioula), 222. 

moussoniana (Cyrena), 222. 

MuUeria, 197. 

muliideiiiaiiis (Margaroa (Vnio)), 

155. 

multidentatus (Unio), 154, 155. 

multistriata (Tiara (Eadina)), 15. 

Muscalium, 223, 224. 

myadoungensis (Paludomus andei'soniana 

Tar.), 42. 

myadoungensis (Tiara (Striatella) 

tuberculata Tar.), 17. 

Mysca, 134. 

MTtilacea, 128. 

nagaensis (Viripara), 91. 

nagpoorensis (Margaron (Unio)), 157. 

nagpoorensis (Parreysia (Parreysia) 

corrugata Tar.), 157. 

nagj)ooreuiis (Unio), 157." 

nagpoorensis (Unio comiga/iis var.), 

157. 

nana (Paludomus anders.oniana subsp. 

pegnensis Tar.), 42. 

nana (Paludomus conica \ar.), 40. 

nana (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii Tar.), 

14. 

nanus (Planorbis (Gj'raulus), 122. 

narainporensis (Lamellidens), 387. 

nassa (Bithynia), 75. 

nasuta (Paludomus), 52. 

naticoides (Pahidina), 85. 

naticoides (Vivipara), 85. 

Kautilina, 118. 

Isauiil'as, 115. 

Navicella, 6. 

JS'amaUiiri, 79. 

JS'erifa. 95.

Nei-itida;, 5. 

Neritina, 5. 

jS'eritina:, 5. 

neritoides (I'aludoiuus (Tanuliii)). 60. 

rieviUi (Corbicula), 216. 

neyilli (Tiara (Striatella)), 18. 

neTillianum (Pisidium), 227. 

nicoharlca {Alasmodonta), 153. 

nicobarica (Tiara (Striatella)), 19. 

nicobaricus (I'seudodon) (Pseiidodon)), 

1.53. 

ni'^ricans(Palu.doiaus(l?lulQpQtiamis")), 

55. 

nitidus (Planorbis), 124. / 

•Nodiilaria, 135. / 

Nodularia (sensii stricto), 135. 

uodulosa (PaludoHius (Tanaiia)), 57. 

nodulosa {Faludomus (Tanaiia) 

ac'ideata var.), 57. 

ncetlingi (Corbicula), 222. 

nougjangensis-^liamellidens), 190. 

Kovaculina, 229. 

novacaUna {Xovamdhia), 229. 

novaculina (Solecurtus), 229. 

nucleus (Limiiaia (iimnsea) ovalis 

Tar.), 109. 

ntwlcus (Limnrsus), 109. 

micletis {Turbo), 70. 

nuttalliana (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 

145. 

nuUallianus {Margaron (Unto)). 145. 

mUtallianus (Unio), 145. 

Kiu; 223. 

nux (Pik), 99. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 

ohesx (ildania), 45. 

obesa (Paludoinus), 45. 

obesa {Unio marginalis var.), 176. 

obesus (Limellidens inarginalis var.), 

176. 

ohlaVus (XJuio), 142. 

obtusa (Bitliynia pulcbella rar.), 73. 

•ohtiisa {Nerita), 95. 

obtusa {Neritina), 6. 

obtusa (Paiudina), 86. 

•obtusa (Theodoxis), 6. 

obtusa {Valvata), Q5. 

obtusuiii {Ci/clostoma), 95. 

occata (Nodularia (Nodularia), 138. 

occatus {Manjaroii ( Uiiio)), 139. 

occattts (Unio), 138. 

occidens (Corbicula), 21G. 

olea (Pila), 102. 

oiiyaria (Xodularia (Nodularia)), 144. 

olivariiis {Hargariia ( Unio)), 144. 

olivarius {Unio), 144. 

Orbis, 115. 

oreula (Bitliynia), 74. 

orientalis {lâvictlla), 7. 

239 

orissaiinsis (Stenothyra), 82. 

orissaensis (Tiara (Striatella) tubereulata 

var.), 17. 

ornata (Paludoinus), 41. 

ovalis (Limiiiea) (Limna;a)), 109. 

ovalis {Limnda), 108. 

ovalis {Limnceus), 109. 

oxytropis {Paiudina), 84. 

oxytropis (\'"ivipara), 84. 

Pacbycbilus, 29. 

pachysoma {Margaron { Unio), 139. 

pachysoiua (Nodularia) Nodularia)), 

139. 

pacht/sotna { Unio), 139. 

pachysioma (Unio), 139. 

pagodula {lo), .32. 

pagodula (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 32. 

pagodus {I'irena), 9. 

Paludestrina, 07. 

Paludestrinidaj, 67. 

Paludestrina!, t)7. 

Paiudina, 95. 

pahidinoides {Ainpullaria), 100. 

paludinoides (Paludonius), 40. 

paludinoides {Paludoinus conica var.), 

40. 

PaludomiuiE, 38. 

paludomoidea (Melania (Maiiiwaringia)), 

37. 

paludouioidea(Tiara(Maiiiwaringia)), 

37. 

Paludorauf,, 38. 

palustris (Paludonius), 47. 

parma {Unio), 166. 

Parreysia, 154. 

Parreysia (sensu stricta), 154. 

parvula (Amnioola), G9. 

parvula (Bitliynia orciila vai-.), 75. 

parvula (Corbicula), 212. 

pzrvwla {Paiudina), 69. 

parvus {Paludoinus), 45. 

patula (Limnaja (Liinuaja) acuminata 

var.), 107. 

pealiana (Paludonius conica var.), 40. 

Pectinibranchiota, 8. 

peguensiH {Margaron {Monocondylcea)), 

150. 

peguensis [Margaron (Unio)), 193. 

pegiiensis {Melania), 22. 

peguensis {Monocondylcea), 149, 150. 

peguensis (Paludoinus andersoniaua 

subsp.), 42. 

peguensis {Pseudodon crebristriatum 

var.), 150. 

peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigoiiodon)), 

150. 

peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigonodon) 

crebristriatus var.), 15L). 

peguensis (Tiara (Melanoides) 

°l;„.„ _„.. \ '7Q

240 AlPHABETlCATi IXDEX. 

peguensis (Vmo), 193. 

Pelecypoda, 128. 

pdlis-lacerti (Unto), 142. 

Pci-a, 224. 

peroonvexa (PavreTsia (Parve.ysia)), 

172. 

perdecoUata (Faunua ater Tar.), 9. 

perdeeollata (Tiara (Eatliiia) clavns 

Tar.), 13. 

pereger (Limnsea), 110. 

pereger (Liiiuissa (Guhiaria)), 110. 

peregra (Limticea), 110. 

pergranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) liiieata 

var.), 35. 

])ernodiilosa (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 

164. 

perotetiana (Neritina), 5. 

perotetiana (Tlieodoxis), 5. 

perpinguis {Melania), 18. 

perstriatula (Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica 

Tai-.), 19. 

petinoides {Limnmis), 108. 

petrosa (Paltidina), 43. 

petrosa (Paludomus)j 43. 

pliaeostoma (ViTipara bengalensis 

Tar.), 84. 

phasianinus {Faludomv.s), io, 50. 

phayresi (Unio), 155. 

Philopotainis, 53, 

plieiichoogangensis (Lamellidens), 

190. 

Vhymesoda, 224. 

Physa. 127. 

Physidai, 127. 

PhysiniE, 127. 

Physunio, 148. 

picta (Corbioula), 220. 

pieta (Jiidania), 11. 

picta (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 58. 

picta (Paludomus (Tanalia) acnleata 

Tar,), 58. 

picta (Pirena), 9. 

pictoriim (Unio), 134. 

Pila, 96. 

pilatiis (Margaron (rnio), 136. 

pilatus (Unio), 136. 

Pilidse, 96. 

Piliiiffi, 96. 

pinax (Parreysia (Parrevsia) favidens 

Tar.), 101. 

pinax (Unio favidais Tar.), 161. 

jiinax (Vnio), 101. 

pinguis 'Liiunaia (Guliiaria)), 113. 

pinna (Seapbiila), 130. 

I'irena, 8. 

pirenoide , (Tiara 'Eadina) claTiis 

Tar.), 13 

j)iscinalis H >ix), 96. 

piscinalis (Cental, 95. 

piscinalis (Valvata), ^j 

Pisidiiim, 223, 224. 

I'isitm, 224. 

plagiosoma (Parreysia (Parreysia) 

faTidens Tar.), 162. 

plagiosoma (Unio), 162. 

plagiosoma (Unio fatiidens Tar.), 1G2. 

plana (Tiara •(Radiua) claTus Tar.), 

13. 

Planorbiinffi, 115, 

P)anorbi,s, 115, 128. 

plicata (Melania), 25. 

Plotia, 35. 

Potymesoda, 201. 

ponderosus (Lamellideiis pulclier 

Tar.), 185. 

pontijicalis (Melania). 25. 

pontiflealis (Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis 

Tar.), 25. 

porata (Amnicola), 68. 

porcellana (Patella), 6. 

pra;mordica (Ti.ira (Aorostoiua)), 31. 

princeps (Fatmopsis), 9. 

prineeps (Melanopsi.'i), 9. 

producta (Bitbynia orcula Tar.), 74. 

proten

ajaliensis (Parre/sia (Parreysia)), 

169. 

rajahensis (ITiiio), 169. 

rawcsiana [Hydrocceyia), 4. 

rawesiana {Hydrocena), 4. 

rjiwesiana (Hyciroeena (Georissa)), 4. 

recta (Tiara (Melanoides) baccata 

var.), 26. 

reeoei (Melauia (Melanoides)), 22. 

i-eevei (Paludomiis) (Tanalia), 58. 

reeoei {Paludomiis {Tanalia) nodulosa 

var.), 58. 

regalis (Paludomus (PIiilopotami.s)), 

55. 

regia (Curbioula), 221. 

ragularis (Oorbicala;, 217. 

regulate (Paliidoiiiiis), 42. 

regnlata var. (I'aladonms), 42. 

remoasei (Vivipara), 91. 

remossii {Palwdiua), 87, 91. 

retioularis (Thodoxis), 6. 

reticulata {Neritina), 6. 

reticulata (Paludomus), 44. 

retioulaia (Septaria), 7. 

Ehipidoglosâ, 1. 

riqiietti (Tiara (Melanella)), 32. 

rivalis (Taiiysiphon), 20U, 201. 

rivularis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20. 

roepstorffiana (Tiara (Plotia) acan- 

thica var.), 37. 

rotula (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 122. 

rotunda (Paludoinus), 48. 

riidis {Melania), 34. 

rudis {Pakidomiis), 39, 

rudis (Tiara (Tarebia)), 34. 

Titfescens {Limniea), 109. 

rufesceris (Lirantea (LimniEa) acuminata 

var.), 109. 

rugona {ilya), 1(>9. 

rugosa (Parreysia) (Parreysia)), 169. 

rugosiis {Unio), 139, 169. 

rupaeformis (Paludomus (Philo- 

potamis)), 55. 

salweniana {Amodonia), 152. 

salweniaua {Maryaron {Monocondylcea)), 

152. 

sahoeniana {Monocondyl

242 ALPHABETICAL INBEX. 

smaragdites (XJnio), 158, 1(13. 

subrhis (Melania), 12. 

sobrius (Tiara (Kadina) clavus var.), 

12. 

Soienaia, 132. 

Solenida?, 228. 

Soleniiije, 228. 

soleniformis [Anodonta), 132. 

sol'enifonins (Solenaia), 132. 

ssoleniformis {Spaiha), 132. 

solida (Corbicula), 215. 

solida (Paludomus (^Taiialia)), 62. 

Eolidiuscula (Tiara (Melanoides) 

huiuerosa Tar.), 23. 

soliduscula (Tiara (Eadina) zeleborii 

Tar.), 14, 

sphiErioa (Paludoimis), 39. 

spba?rica (Pila globosa Tar.), 97. 

Sphasviinie, 223. 

SphiEi-inm, 223, 224. 

spinuia (Melauoideif), 27. 

spinata (Tiara (Melanoides)). 27. 

spinosa (Tiara {Melanoides) variabilis 

Tar.), 23. 

spinulosa (Melania), 35. 

iipiralis (Neriti^â), (>. 

spiralis (Paludumusl, 50. 

spirodelus (Planorbis (Segmeutina)), 

126. 

spuria (Mya), 155. 

spuria (1 Mya), 158. 

squamata (Navicella), 8. 

squamata (Septaria), 8. 

Blachei (Fossariilns), 77. 

siagnalis (Helix), lOCi. 

stagnalis (Lymtitea), 106. 

stagnalis (Limniea (Limuasa)), 10(>. 

Siagnicola, 106. 

stiilziieri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 123. 

Stenothyra, 79. 

Stenotliyrinaj, 79. 

Stenothyroides (Bithynia), 77. 

steplianus (Melania), 44. 

stepbanus (Paliidomus), 44. 

stewarti (Pisidiinu) 227. 

Stomatodon, 63. 

stoiiiatodon(Pnliidomus), 63. 

stomatodun (? Tanalia), 64. 

stomatodon (Paludomus (Stomatodon)), 

64. 

Striatella, 15. 

striatella (Corbicuk), 214. 

striatula (Paludomus), 49. 

striaius (Limnteus), 107. 

strigata (Limniea (Limnsea) acum- 

iv|at4 Tar.), 108. 

strigata (Limnaa piiiguis Tar.), 110. 

subacutissima (Tiara (Radina) Lastula 

Tar.), 11. 

subangidata (Paludestrina (Eelgrandia) 

miliacea \ar.), 68. 

suhasperata (Melanoides), 28. 

subcrebra (Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata 

Tar.), 16. 

subereniilala (Tiara (Eadina) hastiila 

Tar.), 11. 

subdentata (Paludomus (Philoputamis)), 

56. 

subgranulusa (Paludomus (Philopotaniis) 

uigrioans Tar.). 56. 

sublicTigata (Tiara (Melanoides) 

baccifera Tar.), 28. 

subliBvigata (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli 

subTar.), 10. 

sublaniellata iLaniellidens marginalis 

subsp. lamellatus Tar.), 181. 

sublutosa (Tiara (Striatella)), 17. 

Submyiilacea, 132. 

Bubnitens (Corbicula), 215. 

subplicii'era (Tinra (Striatella) tuberculata 

var.), 17. 

subpuli-hella (Bitbynia), 73. 

subradiata (C"rbicula), 213. 

suhscabra (Tiara (Plotia) acantliica 

Tar,), .37. 

subspinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) Tariabilis 

Tar.), 24. 

suhstriatus (Margaron (Unio)), 136. 

stdistriaius (Unio), 136. 

subtuberculata (Tiara (Melanoides) 

Tariabilis Tar.), 24. 

subumbilicata (ViTipara dissiiuilis 

Tar.), 88. 

subunifa-scialis (Tiara (Striatella) 

riTularis Tar.), 20, 

eubvaricosa (Tiara (Melanoides) Tariabilis 

Tar.), 24. 

subTiridis (Tiara (Tarebia) bi'oti Tar.), 

34. 

sucoinea (Limntea (Gulnaria)), 112. 

sncciueus (Limnteus), 112. 

sulcata (Paliidonuis), 53. 

sulcata (PaludoruLis (Pbilopotanus)), 

53. 

sulcata (Valvaia), 78. 

sulcatula (Linmaja (Limnsea) atuniinata 

Tar,), 107. 

sulcatulus (Limnteus), 107. 

swainsoni (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 59. 

sgha'drensis (Cremnohates), 65. 

syhadrensis (Cremnocouclius), 64, 65. 

sylhetica (Corbicula), 218. 

sylhetica (Limnaea (Limnâ) acumi- 

' nata Tar.), 109. 

Tnjnioglossa, 8. 

Tanalia, ,57. 

Tanisiphon, 200. 

ianjoriensts (Paludomus), 47. 

iaiischaurensis fluviatilis (Helix), 47. 

tanscbaurica (Paludomus), 47.

Tarebia, 33. 

tavoijeitsU {Margaron (U/tio)), 166. 

tavoyensis (Pari-eysia (Pai-rejsia)), 

itis. 

iiiuot/ensis{Uiiio), lfi6. 

Teliina, 210, 223, 224. 

tenebroea (Batissa), 207. 

tennantii (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 61. 

temieuti {Paliidorims {Tanalia) neritoides 

Tar.), 61. 

tennenti (Vnio), 155. 

teniieiitii (Cyrena). 206. 

tennentii {Faludomus)^ 61. 

tentaculata [BUhhiia], 71. 

tentacidata {JJithmia (Eloiia)), 71. 

tent;ioulata (Bitbyiiia), 70. 

tentaculata {Byihinia), 71. 

tentaculata (Heli.x), 70. 

tentaculata {Ltimncea), 70. 

tentaculata (Palndina), 71. 

teittactilatus (Bulimus), 70. 

tentaculattis (Turbo), 71. 

ienuior {liithynia suhpiUchella var.), 

74. 

tenuis (Ancyhis), 105. 

terebra (iiara (Melanuides)), 27. 

terebrans (Pirena), 9. 

tessellata (Nuiiicella), 7. 

testiidinanita (Unio), 175. 

Teti-abrancliia, 128. 

tezpnrensis (Yivipara crassa var.), 87. 

tlieea (Trapezoideiis), 195. 

tkeea ( Unto), 19n. 

theohaldi {Ampul(aria), 99. 

theobakli {Ampullaria manra var.), 99. 

theobaldi (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 

143. 

tlieobaldi (Pila), 99. 

tlieobaldi (Vivipara), 86. 

Tlieod(jxis, 5. 

thermalis {Tnrbo), 95. 

tliwaitesi (Lamellidens nuirginalis 

subsp), 179. 

thwaitesi {Margaron {JJnio)), 179. 

tliwaitesi (Palndoiuus (Tanalia)), Gl. 

thwaitesi {Paludomus {Tanalia) neritoides 

var.), 61. 

thwaitesi (PJiilopotamis), 61. 

thwaitesi {JJnio), 179. 

thwaitesii {Lamellidens), 179. 

Tiara, 10. 

Tiaridai, 8. 

Tiarina;, 8. 

tigrina (Liinnijea (Limnaa)), 110. 

tigrina {Melania), 16. 

tigrina (Tiara (Striatella) tiiberculata 

var.), 16. 

tirouri {Melani%), 12. 

tirouri (Tiara (Radina) crennlata 

var.), 12. 

iischbeini {Ampullaria), 102. 

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 243 

tisohbeini (Pila), 102. 

tondanensis {Flanorbis), 118. 

torquata {Melania), 27. 

torquata {Melanoides), 27. 

tori-enticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 

59. 

torrenticola {Paludomus {Tanalia) 

aculeata var.), 59. 

torulosus {Hulimuf), 11. 

touratwnsis {Melania^, 22. 

Trapezoideiis, 193. 

travancoriea (Bitbynia). 72. 

travanoorica (Paliidonius), 49. 

tricolor (Lamellidens marginalis 

var.), 176. 

tricolor {Unio), 176. 

tricolor {Unio marginalis var.), 177. 

Tricula, 68. 

trieinboliis (Porreysia (Parreysia) 

tavoyensis var.), 167. 

triembolus {Unio), 167. 

trifasciatus (Paludomus (Philopotamis)), 

54. 

trigona (Corbicula), 214. 

trigona (Parreysia (Parreysia) 

fa\idens var.), 159. 

Trigonodon, 149. 

tripartitus {Margaron {Unio)), 158. 

tripartitus { Unio), 1 .^)8. 

trirostris {tfnio), 136, 158. 

troehoideus (Planorbis (Seginentiua)), 

125. 

Trochics, 95. 

trnscheli (Bitbynia), 77. 

troscheli {Paludina), 77truncatula 

(Lymneea), 114. 

truncatula (LimniEa(Bulimnea)), 114. 

trtincatumm {Biiccintim), 114. 

truncatulus {LimnrPAis; 114. 

truucatns {Unio), 175. 

tttherculata {Melania), 15. 

tuberculata {iSerita), 15. 

tuberoiilata (Tiara (Striatella)), 15. 

tuniidus (Unio), 134. 

Turbo, 95, 128. 

turgida {Cyrena). 205. 

turrioulus (Tiara (Striatella)), 18. 

tiirrita (Bitbyuia), 78. 

tiirrita (? Bitbynia (Ilydrobioides)), 

78. « 

turrita {Fairhankia (au Biihynia)), 

78. 

Turrit ella, 10. 

umbilicalis (Planorbis (Segiiaentina)), 

125. 

undata {Paludomus), 57. 

Unio, 134. 

Uniomerus, 134. 

Uniouidaj, 132.

244 

Unioiiinio, 132. 

Valvatn, 95. 

Vulvatidfo, 95. 

ValvatinjB. 95. 

Vahearius. 95. 

variabilis ('i'iiira (.^Wnnoides)), 23. 

variata (I'altidina), 89. 

variata (Vivipara), 89. 

velai-is (Pliysuiiio (Îjens)), 149. 

velaris (Unio), 149. 

Velcirita. 209. ' 

VemUifes, 210. 

KCT^S, 201,207, 209, 210. 

I'emistus (Unio), 142. 

Tevruca (Aiicylus), 105. 

vei'sicolor (Planorbis (Hippeutes)), 

124. 

Vibex, 33. 

ViUorita, 209. 

violacea {Corbkicln), 214, 219. 

violacea (PaUidomus) (Philopotamis)), 

TiG. 

violacea {Tanalia), Sfi. 

virens (Pila layardi var.), 99. 

viridis (Buliimis), CO. 

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