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JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, 2(1): 84-119, 1982 

REVISION OF THE GENERA DYNAMENELLA, 

ISCHYROMENE, DYNAMENOPSIS, AND CYMODOCELLA 

(CRUSTACEA: ISOPODA), INCLUDING A NEW GENUS 

AND FIVE NEW SPECIES OF EUBRANCHIATE 

SPHAEROMATIDS FROM QUEENSLAND WATERS 

K. Harrison and D. M. Holdich 

ABSTRACT 

Collections of isopod crustaceans from a wide variety of intertidal marine habitats in 

Queensland, Australia, contained five new species and a new genus of eubranchiate sphaeromatids. 

Descriptions are given for the different stages of their growth and some ecological 

considerations are discussed. 

The new genus is Paradella and the new species are: Paradella octaphymata, new genus, 

new species; Dynamenella liochroea, new species; D. ptychura, new species; D. trachydermata, 

new species; and Ischyromene polytyla, new species. 

Ischyromene Racovitza, Dynamenella Hansen, Cymodocella Pfeffer, and Dynamenopsis 

Baker are redefined and rediagnosed. The importance of founding species on descriptions 

of adult males is stressed, but this should be supplemented with descriptions of all other 

stages of the life cycle if possible. The form of the brood pouch of the ovigerous female and 

the form of the penes and appendix masculina of the mature male should be included as 

these characters are relatively consistent at the generic level. 

Until recently the marine isopods of Australia were poorly known, but information 

gained by surveys in the last decade demonstrates that isopods are an 

important component of the fauna of littoral and shallow sublittoral benthic habitats 

of the tropical and subtropical regions of Queensland at least. The reasons 

for the paucity of isopod records are that many ecologists have tended to deal in 

detail only with the larger elements of the macrofauna (e.g., Endean et al., 1956a, 

b; Stephenson et al., 1958) and many species of isopods are small and live in 

cryptic habitats. Also until recently there was a dearth of aids to the identification 

of isopods. 

A wide variety of marine habitats on the coast and offshore islands of Queensland 

were examined and a large number of isopod species were found. Many new 

records of distribution and new species have been recorded—Serolidae (Holdich 

and Harrison, 1980a), Gnathiidae (Holdich and Harrison, 1980b), Cirolanidae 

(Holdich et al., 1981), and certain Sphaeromatidae (Holdich and Harrison, 

1980c, 1981a, b). The Infra-orders Asellota and Valvifera do not seem to be 

well represented, but the Anthuridea are common in the shallow sublittoral and 

are currently being studied. 

Many genera of Sphaeromatidae are not well defined. This is because workers 

often put a new species into a genus which is not appropriate for the characters 

found (e.g.. Hurley and Jansen, 1977; Bruce, 1980), and others describe new 

species and define new genera on subadult specimens or females which belong 

to already described species based on males (e.g., Menzies and Glynn, 1968; 

Pires, 1980a). This is particularly so with the eubranchiate sphaeromatids included 

here. 

The only record of an eubranchiate sphaeromatid isopod from Queensland 

waters is that of Dynamene curalii Holdich and Harrison described from coral 

reefs (Holdich and Harrison, 1980c). However, other species belonging to genera 

of eubranchiate sphaeromatids have now been collected and identified. In the 

84

HARRISON AND HOLDICH: NEW SPHAEROMATID ISOPODS FROM AUSTRALIA 85 

current paper, six of these eubranchiates are considered together because they 

occupy similar habitats and resemble the 'Dynamenella' form of sphaeromatid. 

They do in fact, as will be shown, belong to three distinct genera. A detailed 

discussion of these genera, and two others with which they have been confused, 

is given below with the hope of clarifying their systematic positions. In future 

papers the rest of the eubranchiates and the hemibranchiate sphaeromatids collected 

from Queensland will be examined. 

METHODS 

A wide variety of littoral habitats were examined on the mainland coast of Queensland, on two 

continental islands offshore (Magnetic Is. and Lizard Is.), and on a coral cay (Heron Is.). Detailed 

examination was made of beach rock; rock crevices; under stones on sand; in sand and mud; amongst 

algae, barnacles, rock oysters, mangrove roots, coral, sponges, bryozoan and ascidian colonies, 

serpulid tubes, and wood jetsam. When isopods were not obvious in the field, part of the substratum 

was collected and examined under a dissecting microscope, whilst being gently fragmented in 2% 

formalin to agitate the infauna. 

Isopods from sublittoral collections made by the James Cook University Three Bays Survey, and 

collections from the museums listed below, were also examined for 'Dynamenella-like" sphaeromatids. 

In addition, collections from Hinchinbrook Is., North Stadbroke Is., and Goat Is. were kindly 

donated by N. L. Bruce. 

The following abbreviations are used here to indicate the institutions where the specimens examined 

are to be found: Queensland Museum (Q.M.); Australian Museum (A.M.); South Australian Museum 

(S. Aust. M.); Western Australian Museum (W.A.M.); South African Museum (S. Afr. M.); Canterbury 

Museum, New Zealand (CM.); New Zealand Oceanographic Institute (N.Z.O.I); British Museum 

(Natural History) (B.M.N.H.); United States National Museum (U.S.N.M.); Museum National 

d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (M. d'H.N.); Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm (N.R.). 

Any material mentioned below but not designated a museum reference number has been placed in 

a reference collection in the Department of Zoology, Nottingham University. 

SYSTEMATICS 

For the correct placement of the sphaeromatids from Australia, a thorough 

review of the literature on Ischyromene Racovitza and Dynamenella Hansen was 

necessary. Much taxonomic confusion was uncovered and the review was extended 

to include Dynamenopsis Baker and Cymodocella Pfeffer. Type and other 

identified material was obtained from several museum collections so that the 

review was based on more than the literature and its many ill-defined species. 

Because the genus Ischyromene has virtually been ignored in the past, many 

species belonging to this genus have been placed in the genera Dynamenella and 

Cymodocella (e.g., Hurley and Jansen, 1977; Sivertsen and Holthuis, 1980; 

Simes, 1981). These three genera and Dynamenopsis (which has been confused 

with Dynamenella) have been redefined and the species redistributed on the basis 

of the generic characters given. The results of this are outlined below. 

OrderIsopoda 

Family Sphaeromatidae 

Subfamily Dynameninae 

Ischyromene Racovitza, 1908 

Diagnosis.—Eubranchiate Sphaeromatidae with antennular peduncle article 1 not 

extended anteriorly as a plate. Both sexes with pereon and pleon lacking dorsal 

processes. Pleon with posterior margin bearing two sutures at each side. Both 

sexes with both rami of uropod lamellar; endopod greater than half length of 

exopod. Apex of pleotelson with either a simple, ventral groove or an enclosed, 

dorsally directed foramen. Pereopods stout; accessory unguis often markedly

86 

JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 1982 

bifid. Endopod of pleopod 1 triangular with internal half indurate. Exopod of 

pleopod 3 without an articulation. Sexual dimorphism not pronounced. 

Adult Male.—Pereonite 7 often longer than that of females, with posterior margin 

markedly bilobed. Penes short, separate to base with rounded apices. Appendix 

masculina narrow, arising from internoproximal angle of endopod of pleopod 2 

and extending to, or beyond, apex of endopod. 

Ovigerous Female.—Mouthparts not metamorphosed. Brood pouch formed posteriorly 

as a pocket, opening anteriorly at the level of pereopod 4; anteriorly 

formed as three pairs of large oostegites arising from pereopods 2 to 4 and overlapping 

well in the midline. Brood not incubated in the brood pouch thus formed, 

but in invaginations of the ventral body wall. 

Type-species.—Ischyromene lacazei Racovitza, •-'VU.W T ^ t . b U , 1908. 

i ^ VJ^-J. 

Additional species: 

/. australis (Richardson, 1906), 

new combination 

/. australoides (Barnard, 1940), 


/. barnardi (Menzies and Glynn, 

1968), new combination 

/. bicarinata Harrison, 1981 

/. brunnea (Vanhoffen, 1914), 


/. codii (Nobili, 1906), 


/. condita (Hurley and Jansen, 


/. cordiforaminalis (Chilton, 


/. eatoni (Miers, 1875), 


/. hirsuta (Hurley and Jansen, 


/. huttoni (Thomson, 1879), 


/. insulsa (Hurley and Jansen, 


/. macrocephala (Krauss, 1843), 


/. menziesi (Sivertsen and Holthuis, 


/. mortenseni (Hurley and Jansen, 


/. ovalis (Barnard, 1914), 


/. rubida (Baker, 1926), 


/. sapmeri (Kensley, 1976), 


Current name: 

Dynamenella australis 

D. australoides 

D. barnardi 

I. bicarinata 

D. brunnea 

D. codii 

D. condita 

D. cordiforaminalis 

Cymodocella eatoni 

D. hirsuta 

Cymodocella huttoni 

D. insulsa 

D. macrocephala 

D. menziesi 

D. mortenseni 

Cymodocella ovalis 

D. rubida 

Cymodocella sapmeri 

Recommendation 

based on 

examination of: 

Specimens 

Types 

Literature 

Types 

Type 

Types 

Type 

Specimens 

Types 

Type 

Specimens 

Type 

Specimens 

Literature 

Literature 

Literature 

Type 

Literature



/. scabricula (Heller, 1865), 


/. tuberculata (Menzies, 1962b) 


Current name: 

D. scabricula 

D. tuberculata 




Specimens 

Types 

Remarks.—Species of the genus Ischyromene show a number of variable characters. 

Epistome shape varies between species and may be a useful distinguishing 

characteristic; species may be more or less flattened with laterally extended coxal 

plates; the pleotelsonic apex may have a simple groove or an enclosed foramen; 

the pereopodal accessory unguis may be bifid or simple (this character is perhaps 

size related, with the smaller species showing the bifid form more clearly than 

the larger species); and the uropodal rami are sometimes apically rounded (e.g., 

/. lacazei) or they may have sinuous margins with the exopodal apex acute (e.g., 

/. austrails). 

With the transfer of many species to this genus it can be seen that, far from 

being restricted to the Mediterranean as previous records suggest, Ischyromene 

is a predominantly temperate genus centred in the southern hemisphere. The 

western Mediterranean may well be the Old World northern distributional limit 

of this genus (Fig. 7A). 

Synonyms.—None. 

Ischyromene polytyla, new species 

Material Examined.—Holotype adult male, 4.2 mm (Q.M.: W.8055) (+1 microslide). 

Type-locality.—Burleigh Heads, South East Queensland (28°S). From dead wood. 

Coll. N. Svennivig, 03.iv. 1979. 

Etymology.—The adjectival specific name polytyla is derived from the Greek 

poly + tylos, i.e., many + lump. 

Description of Adult Male (Fig. la-n).—Ischyromene with tergum of pereonite 

7 rugose (especially obvious in lateral view). Pleon with scattered, prominent 

tubercles. Pleotelson with main dome bearing small, round, prominent tubercles 

with an additional tubercle anterior to the base of each uropod. Apical ventral 

groove of pleotelson with lip thickened and smoothly rounded in dorsal view; lip 

margins parallel in posterior view and groove open ventrally. Ventral margins of 

pleotelson narrow, lacking outcurved ridges. 

Appendages: Antennule with peduncular article 1 longer than articles 2 and 3 

together; flagellum of 12 articles. Antenna with 20-articled flagellum extending to 

level of pereonite 5. Mouthparts not examined in detail; maxillipedal palp articles 

2 and 3 with pronounced setose lobes and article 4 with low setose lobe. Pereopods 

robust, increasing in length posteriorly; merus, carpus, and propodus with 

superior fringes and dense inferior pads of setae. All pereopods with bifid accessory 

unguis. Penes flattened, each four times as long as broad with semicircular 

tip. Basis of pleopod 1 bearing five internal coupling hooks; exopod subovate, 

slightly longer than triangular endopod; inner half of endopod (that region not 

overlapped by exopod) indurate; both rami with long, terminal, plumose setae. 

Basis of pleopod 2 bearing five internal coupling hooks; exopod subovate, half 

length of sub triangular endopod; both rami with terminal and external plumose

88 


Fig. 1. Ischyromene polytyla, new species. Adult male holotype (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) pereopod 

1, (d) epistome and labrum, (e) transverse section (T.S.) through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar 

on 'f,' (f) ventral, pleotelson, (g) posterior, pleotelson, (h) pleopod 1, (i) pleopod 2, Q) appendix 

masculina apex, (k) pereopod 7, (1) antennular peduncle, (m) antennal peduncle, (n) penes. Ischyromene 

lacazei Racovitza. Adult male (o) pleopod 3, (p) appendix masculina apex, (q) pleopod 4, (r) 

pleopod 5, (s) maxiUiped. Scale line represents 1 mm.


setae; endopod with appendix masculina just longer than ramus, narrow, lying 

alongside longitudinal ridge on anterior surface of endopod, and curving away 

from midline of body, widening slightly distally to rounded apex bearing microtrichia. 

Pleopods 4 and 5 not examined in detail (Fig. lo-s are from type-species 

of genus). Uropod with endopod just longer and narrower than exopod, extending 

just beyond apex of pleotelson; both rami smoothly rounded apically. 

Colour of Specimen in Alcohol.—Cream, with dorsal surface, pleopods, ventral 

pereon, and bases of pereopods with evenly distributed, small, black chromatophores. 

Female. —Unknown. 

Distribution and Habitat.—Known only from wood in the intertidal region of 

southeastern Queensland. (Well-weathered and relatively permanent wood provides 

a very 'popular' settling place for peracarid crustaceans and a number of 

isopod species have been recorded from this habitat in Queensland.) 

Remarks.—As only one specimen of /. polytyla is known, the maxiUiped and 

pleopods 3 to 5 were not removed for illustration. These appendages do not, 

however, appear to differ in form from those of the type-species of the genus. As 

these appendages have never been illustrated for /. lacazei, they are shown here 

in Fig. lo-s. For comparative purposes the apex of the appendix masculina of/. 

lacazei, with its three external, subapical teeth, is also shown. /. polytyla, new 

species, resembles /. lacazei in dorsal view, but /. polytyla can be distinguished 

by the smoothly rounded margin of the pleotelsonic notch and the form of the 

appendix masculina. 

Synonym.—Clianella Boone, 1923. 

Dynamenella Hansen, 1905 


extended anteriorly as a plate. Both sexes with pereon and pleon lacking dorsal 

processes, and with both rami of uropod lamellar, the endopod being greater than 

half length of exopod. Pereopod 1 markedly more robust than other pereopods. 

All pereopods with simple, not bifid, accessory unguis. Exopod of pleopod 3 

with or without articulation. Sexual dimorphism obvious. 

Adult Male.—Penes long, tapering, fused at base. Appendix masculina arising 

from internoproximal angle of endopod of pleopod 2 and extending to or beyond 

apex of endopod. Appendix masculina usually broad proximally, tapering to an 

acute tip. Apex of pleotelson with dorsally directed foramen connected to apex 

by narrow slit. Ventral margins of pleotelson various; flattening posteriorly, or 

directed medially, or with narrow outcurved ridges which meet in posterior midline. 

Uropods broader than those of females and immature specimens. 

Ovigerous Female.—Mouthparts not metamorphosed. Apex of pleotelson various; 

bearing slight notch, simple groove, or foramen connected to apex by narrow 

slit. Uropods narrower than those of adult male. Brood pouch lacking oostegites, 

formed from two opposing ventral pockets covering entire ventral 

pereon and opening in midline between fourth pereopods. 

Type-species.—Dynamenella perforata (Moore, 1901).

90 


D. elegans (Boone, 1923) 

D. josephi Glynn, 1968b 

D. marginata (Bruce, 1980), 


D. nipponica (Nishimura, 1969), 


D. platura NobiH, 1906 

D. quilonensis Filial, 1954 

D. savignyi (Edwards, 1840), 


D. tropica Silva, 1960 


Current name: 

Dynamenella elegans 

Dynamenella josephi 

Cymodocella marginata 

Cymodocella nipponica 

Dynamenopsis platura 

Dynamenella 

quilonensis 

Dynamenopsis dumerilii 

(Audouin, 1826) 

Dynamenella tropica 

and Dynamenella antonii 

Silva, 1960 




Literature 

Literature 

Literature 

Literature 

Types 

Literature 

Specimen 

Literature 

Literature 

Remarks.^Dynamenella tropica appears to be based on subadult males and females 

of D. antonii (based on adult male), but by page priority D. tropica is 

retained as the senior subjective synonym. 

Dynamenella elegans appears to be a species very close to, and possibly conspecific 

with, D. tropica (fide Menzies and Glynn, 1968: 59). 

Sphaeroma dumerilii Audouin, 1826, was found to be a junior homonym of 

Sphaeroma dumerilii Leach, 1818, by Edwards (1840), who proposed the replacement 

name Sphaeroma savignyi for Audouin's species. When Monod (1933) 

transferred this species to the genus Dynamenopsis he used Audouin's name, 

calling the species Dynamenopsis dumerilii (Audouin). The International Code of 

Zoological Nomenclature (1961) is not clear on this matter, but following Blackwelder's 

interpretation (1967: 551, Fig. B), even though Audouin's name has been 

transferred to a different genus, it still competes in homonymy with that of 

Leach. To avoid any potential nomenclatural confusion, the present authors are 

using Edwards' replacement name in transferring the species to the genus Dynamenella 

as Dynamenella savignyi (Edwards). 

The type locality of Dynamenella platura was originally unknown but Nobili 

(1907: 423) stated that, as the specimens came from the collections of Dr. Seurat, 

they certainly came from the Tuamotu Islands. The label in the type bottle now 

reads "I. Gamlier" [sic'\ (part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in the mid South 

Pacific). Ischyromene codii, another species from Seurat's collections, was collected 

from the Gambler Islands two years after D. platura. Unless separate 

collections were made in the same area, it seems possible that the types of D. 

platura were not collected in the Gambler Islands, but were from some other 

location. Monod (1934) has reported D. platura from Indo-China. 

Of the other species currently placed in the genus Dynamenella: D. benedicti 

(Richardson, 1899) and D.fraudatrix Kussakin, 1962, are both in fact hemibranchiate 

sphaeromatids and their correct generic placement is unknown; D. sheareri 

(Hatch, 1947), D. conica Boone, 1923, and D. glabra (Richardson, 1899) have 

been inadequately described and no opinion can be given as to their status; D. 

dioxus Barnard, 1914; D. navicula Barnard, 1914; D. parva Baker, 1929; and D. 

taurus Barnard, 1940, are all eubranchiates which cannot be placed in any of the 

five genera considered here and their correct placement is unknown at the present

HARMSON AND HOLDICH: NEW SPHAEROMATID ISOPODS FROM AUSTRALIA 91 

time. D. angulata (Richardson, 1901) is based on subadult males of a species of 

Paracerceis Hansen, since by the use of transmitted light the adult male pleotelsonic 

form of a Paracerceis can be seen within the pleotelsons of type specimens. 

The remaining eight species will be considered below (see Paradella, new 

genus, and Cymodocella). 

In his generic diagnosis of Dynamenella, Hansen (1905: 107) stated "Both 

sexes . . . without real processes." Barnard (1914: 410) modified this to "7th 

peraeon segment with or without processes in male." He did this in order to 

include his species Dynamenella dioxus in this genus and justified the emendation 

by saying that in Dynamenella perforata, D. australis (i.e., Ischyromene australis), 

and D. scabricula (i.e., /. scabricula) the seventh pereonite is extended 

backwards in two lobes. This lobing of the seventh pereonite cannot be equated 

with Hansen's "processes" (nor can the mediolateral ridging shown by species 

such as Dynamenella dianae (Menzies) (see below), which Pires (1980b) also referred 

to as "processes." Hansen was referring to the unmistakable extensions 

shown by species of such genera as Dynamene Leach, Isocladus Miers, Zuzara 

Leach, Cilicaea Leach, and others. None of the species in the five genera considered 

in this paper show similar extensions. Examination of a type specimen of D. 

dioxus shows that this species should not be placed in the genus Dynamenella. 

Hansen stated (1905: 126) that he examined an adult male and an immature 

male oi Dynamenella perforata. He did not examine an ovigerous female of this 

species (the type of the genus) but included specimens oi Dynamene eatoni Miers 

(actually an Ischyromene) in Dynamenella. If Hansen was examining specimens 

of Ischyromene and including them in Dynamenella, this would explain why he 

stated "marsupial lamellae overlap each other somewhat" for Dynamenella, 

when in fact Dynamenella lacks oostegites. It would also explain why Hansen 

grouped Dynamenella with those genera lacking an articulation on the exopod of 

pleopod 3, when D. perforata possesses such an articulation. 

Species of Dynamenella vary in the presence or absence of an articulation on 

the exopod of pleopod 3, and in the shape of the pleotelsonic foramen. With the 

exception of Monod's record of D. platura, the remaining Old World species of 

Dynamenella lack an exopodal articulation, while the New World species possess 

one. With pleotelsonic foramina being variable in other genera (e.g., Ischyromene) 

it is not felt by the authors that the pleopodal articulation alone can be 

considered as a basis for systematic separation above species level in this group. 

The form of the uropodal rami in species of Dynamenella varies in a manner 

similar to that shown by Ischyromene. 

Geographically, the species of Dynamenella appear to be found in tropical and 

subtropical locations, but at present are only represented on the African continent 

by records oi D. savignyi from the coast of the Red Sea in Egypt (Fig. 7B). 


Dynamenella liochroea, new species 

Material Examined.—Holotype adult male, 4.14 mm (Q.M.: W.7932). Type-locality: Casuarina Beach, 

Lizard Island, Queensland (14°40'S, 145°30'E). Crevice in beach rock. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. 

Holdich, 12.vi. 1976. Paratypes.—From type-locality. Collection details as above. 4 adult males, 6 

subadult males (one as Q.M.: W.7933), 10 ovigerous females, 12 nonovigerous females, 3 juveniles;— 

Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. In fine sand and around base of beach rock. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. 

Holdich, 07.vi. 1976. 4 adult males, 6 ovigerous females, 11 nonovigerous females, 5 juveniles;— 

Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. In crevices in beach rock. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 09.vi. 1976. 

8 adult males, 1 subadult male, 13 ovigerous females, 6 nonovigerous females (one as Q.M.: W.7934), 

6 juveniles;—South Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. In fine sand. Intertidal. CoU. D. M. Holdich,

92 JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 1, 1982 

09.vi. 1976. 2 adult males, 3 nonovigerous females;—Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. On beach rock 

on sand. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 10.vi. 1976. 1 adult male, 1 subadult male (supplying 1 

microslide, Q.M.: W.7935), 2 nonovigerous females, 2 juveniles;—Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. 

Beach rock. Upper shore. CoU. D. M. Holdich, 12.vi. 1976. 3 adult males, 1 ovigerous female (as 

Q.M.: W.7936);—West Point, Lizard Island. In rock crevice. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 

13.vi. 1976. 1 juvenile;—Ramsay Bay, Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland (18°22'S, 146°14'E). In sand. 

Intertidal. Coll. N. L. Bruce, 22.viii.1978. 1 adult male;—Picnic Bay, Magnetic Island, Townsville, 

Queensland (19°10'S, 146°50'E). From semipermanent logs and pieces of wood at top of dead coral 

zone. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 09.vii.l976. 3 adult males (one supplying three microslides, 

Q.M.: W.7937), 1 ovigerous female, 1 nonovigerous female;—PaUarenda, Townsville. Among pink 

barnacles on wooden pier pile. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.v. 1976. 1 subadult male, 2 ovigerous 

females, 2 nonovigerous females, 3 juveniles;—PaUarenda, Townsville. From pink striped barnacles 

and small rock oysters on rocks below splash zone. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.v. 1976. 1 

adult male, 1 nonovigerous female;—Kissing Point, Townsville. In sand by rocks at edge of pool. 

Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 11.v. 1976. 14 juveniles;—Kissing Point, Townsville. From sand and 

rocks around edge of swimming pool. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 10.vii.l976. 1 adult male, 1 

subadult male, 3 nonovigerous females, 2 juveniles;—Kenny (South of Mission Beach), Kurrimine, 

Queensland (17°54'S, 146°05'E). Under stones on sand near jetty. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 

19.V. 1976. 14 adult males, 11 subadult males, 28 nonovigerous females, 6 juveniles;—Kenny, Kurrimine. 

In fine sand. Midshore. CoU. D. M. Holdich, 19.v. 1976. 2 subadult males, 1 immature male, 

1 nonovigerous female;—Kurrimine. In red filamentous alga on red sandstone rocks. Midshore. CoU. 

D. M. Holdich, 19.v. 1976. 3 adult males, 1 nonovigerous female;—Yorkey's Knob, Cairns, Queensland 

(16°51'S, 145°43'E). From tree trunk (bored by Teredo sp.) on sand by jetty. Intertidal. CoU. D. 

M. Holdich, 28.V. 1976. 2 adult males;—Yorkey's Knob, Cairns. In fine sand by rocks. Midshore. 

Coll. D. M. Holdich, 28.v. 1976. 6 adult males, 4 subadult males, 3 nonovigerous females, 9 juveniles. 

Etymology.—The specific name liochroea is derived from the Greek 

leios + chroia, i.e., smooth -I- skin. 

Description of Adult Male (Fig. 2a-k, m; Fig. 3a-h).—Dynamenella with pleon 

bearing low, transverse tubercle either side of midline. Pleotelson smooth in 

dorsal view, but appearing slightly rugose in lateral view. Subapical foramen 

circular, directed anterodorsally, separated from apex by slit which is closed 

anteriorly and widens posteriorly. Ventral margins of pleotelson flattening posteriorly, 

not extending to meet in midline at apex. 

Appendages: Antennule with peduncular article 1 twice length and twice 

breadth of article 2; article 3 half length of articles 1 and 2 together; flagellum 

9-articled. Antennal peduncular articles 2, 4, and 5 increasing in length; articles 

1 and 3 short; all articles subequal in breadth; I2-articled flagellum extending to 

level of pereonite 3. Mouthparts of usual sphaeromatid form but distal molar 

region of left mandible with a conical tooth which fits into an indentation in 

corresponding region of right mandible. Endite of maxilliped with numerous surface 

microtrichia; palp articles 2 to 4 with setose lobes. Pereopod 1 robust. Pereopods 

2 and 3 very slender. Pereopod 4 robust. Pereopods 5, 6, and 7 becoming 

slender and increasing in length. Merus, carpus, and propodus of all pereopods 

with dense, inferior mats of setae; basis and ischium with superior setae; all 

dactyls with simple accessory unguis. Penes fused at base, tapering distally to 

acute tips with thickened regions midway along external margins. Pleopod 1 with 

distal margin of endopod broadly rounded, internal margin thickened, convex. 

Endopod of pleopod 2 with appendix masculina flattened, broad proximaUy, tapering 

to narrowly rounded tip just beyond ramal apex. Exopod of pleopod 3 

lacking an articulation. Bases of pleopods 1 to 3 each bearing three internal 

coupling hooks; all rami with long, terminal, plumose setae. Endopod of pleopod 

4 apically truncate. Exopod of pleopod 5 with a subterminal articulation and 

three, finely toothed, internodistal bosses. Uropodal rami subequal, broad, rounded, 

extending well beyond apex of pleotelson.


Fig. 2. Dynamenella liochroea, new species. Adult male (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) right mandible, 

(d) left mandible, (e) maxilliped, (f) penes, (g) ventral, pleotelson, (h) posterior, pleotelson, (i) antenna, 

(j) antennule, (k) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'g,' (m) pleopod 2.—Subadult 

male (1) penes, (n) pleopod 2, (p) posterior, pleotelson.—Ovigerous female (o) T.S. through pleotelsonic 

margin at level of bar on 's,' (q) lateral, (r) dorsal, (s) ventral, pleotelson, (t) posterior, pleotelson. 

Each scale line represents 1 mm.


Description of Ovigerous Female (3.00 mm) (Fig. 2o, q-t).—Dynamenella with 

pleon and pleotelson smooth. Posteromedial margin of pleotelson with shallow 

notch. Ventral margins of pleotelson lacking outcurved ridges; flattening terminally. 

Endopod of uropod narrow with acutely rounded apex extending to level 

of apex of pleotelson; exopod % length of endopod with serrate external and 

distal margins and rounded apex. 

Description of Nonovigerous Female.—As above but lacking brood pouch. 

Description of Sub adult Male (Fig. 21, n, p).—Resembling nonovigerous female, 

but dorsal to apical notch of pleotelson having narrow, vertical band of transparent 

cuticle. Penes obvious but half length of adult penes and separate to base, 

lacking thickened regions. Endopod of pleopod 2 with appendix masculina visible 

through cuticle along internal margin, but not free; internal margin extended only 

slightly at apex with short terminal seta. 

Description of Immature Male (i.e., stage before subadult male).—Resembling 

small nonovigerous female but bearing penes. Penes short, separate to base, each 

Wi times as long as broad. No indication of appendix masculina. 

Colour of Specimens in Alcohol.—Variable. From uniform cream with only few 

chromatophores, to dark, mottled purple-brown. Many individuals cream, with 

patches of dark colour. All individuals lacking chromatophores on ventral pereon 

and pereopods. 

Distribution and Habitat.—Found only on the mainland coast of Queensland 

from Townsville north to Cairns, and on the continental islands. Lizard Island 

and Magnetic Island. Found in wood, amongst filamentous red algae, in beach 

rock and rock crevices on upper and middle shore, under stones on sand and in 

fine sand around rocks on the midshore. Present on a variety of shores, usually 

among fine sand and rocks. 

Remarks.—Compared to other species of Dynamenella, D. liochroea, new 

species, resembles D. perforata but differs in having the pleotelson smooth dorsally, 

not finely tuberculate; in lacking an articulation on the exopod of pleopod 

3; and in having a circular foramen on the pleotelson. 


Dynamenella ptychura, new species 

Material Examined.—Holotype adult male, 2.5 mm (Q.M.: W.7939). Type-locality: Heron Island, 

Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef (23°25'S, 15r55'E). In beach rock crevice on upper shore. Coll. 

D. M. Holdich, 13.iv. 1976. Paratypes.—From type-locality. Collection details as above. 52 adult 

males (one supplying three microslides, Q.M.: W.7940), 39 subadult males (one as Q.M.: W.7941, 

another supplying microslide, Q.M.: W.7942), 2 immature males (one supplying microslide, Q.M.: 

W.7943), 281 ovigerous females (one as Q.M.: W.7944), 54 nonovigerous females (one as Q.M.: 

W.7945), 336 juveniles;—Heron Island. On Turbinaria sp. on inner reef flat. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. 

Holdich, 08.iv. 1976. 1 ovigerous female;—Heron Island. Under slab of beach rock. At level of high 

water neap tide. Coll. N. L. Bruce, 08.xii.l979. 2 adult males, 1 ovigerous female (Q.M.: W.8582);— 

Ramsay Bay, Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland (18°22'S, 146°14'E). In sand. Intertidal. CoU. N. L. 

Bruce, 22.viii.1978. 3 adult males, 3 subadult males, 3 ovigerous females, 2 nonovigerous females;— 

Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. From crevices in beach rock. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 

09.vi. 1976. 1 adult male, 2 ovigerous females;—Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. From crevices in 

beach rock. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 12.vi. 1976. 3 adult males, 2 ovigerous females, 1 

nonovigerous female;—West Point, Lizard Island. In crevice. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 

13.vi. 1976. 19 adult males, 7 subadult males, 21 ovigerous females, 14 nonovigerous females;—Between 

Research Point and Freshwater Beach, Lizard Island. On clumps of oysters. Intertidal (Station 

78 Liz-PBW-3). Coll. Weate, Oldfield, and Berents, 16.iv.l978. 2 adult males. (AM.: P.27017).


Etymology.—The specific name ptychura is formed from the Greek ptyche + ura, 

i.e., fold + tail. 

Description of Adult Male (Fig. 3i-n, r, s).—Dynamenella with pleon bearing 

low, transverse tubercle either side of midline. Pleotelson granulose, especially 

obvious in lateral view, with irregular, small tubercles over main dome; anterior 

region of dome, either side of midline, with short, granular, longitudinal ridge, 

with several raised tubercles posterior to this. Subapical foramen circular, directed 

anterodorsally, separated from apex by slit which is closed along entire 

length. Ventral margins of pleotelson folded as outcurved ridges extending posteromedially 

to meet in midline ventral to foramen. 

Appendages: Antennule as in D. liochroea. Antennal peduncle articles increasing 

in length 1 to 5; 13 flagellar articles extending to level of pereonite 3. Mouthparts 

similar to those of D. liochroea. Pereopods following general pattern of 

those of D. liochroea but less setose superiorly. Penes fused at base, tapering to 

external thickenings at midpoint, then margins subparallel in distal half, with 

apices rounded. Pleopod 1 as in D. liochroea but endopod thickened internoproximally, 

with internal margin slightly concave. Appendix masculina of pleopod 

2 approximately \Vi times length of endopod, flattened, broad proximaUy, tapering 

only slightly to rounded apex. Pleopods 3 to 5 similar to those of Z). liochroea. 

Rami of uropod broad, extending well beyond apex of pleotelson; endopod with 

apex slightly obtusely angled and upcurved; exopod externally and distally serrate 

with apex rounded. 

Description of Ovigerous Female (2.72 mm) (Fig. 3q, t-w).—Dynamenella with 

pleon bearing low tubercle either side of midline. Pleotelson weakly rugose with 

main dome, either side of midline, bearing two short, low, longitudinal ridges, 

one posterior to other. Apex of pleotelson slightly extended, bearing small, subovate, 

posterodorsally directed foramen connected to the posteromedial margin 

by vertical, closed slit. Ventral margins of pleotelson lacking outcurved ridges, 

and flattened terminally. Endopod of uropod with acute apex not extending as 

far as apex of pleotelson; exopod % length of endopod with serrate apex. 


Description of Subadult Male (Fig. 3o, p).—Resembling nonovigerous female, 

but with penes and endopod of pleopod 2 resembling those of subadult male of 

D. liochroea, except penes slightly broader terminally. 



twice as long as broad. No indication of appendix masculina. 

Colour of Specimens in Alcohol.—Pale with fine grey chromatophores. Chromatophores 

absent from ventral pereon and pereopods. 

Distribution and Habitat.—Found on offshore islands. Common on Lizard Island 

and Heron Island. 

Found mainly on the upper shore in beach rock crevices, amongst rock oysters 

and in sand. All stages of the life history have been found in crevices. 

Remarks.—D. ptychura, new species, resembles D. platura but differs in having 

a circular foramen on the pleotelson; in lacking an articulation on the exopod of 

pleopod 3; and in the form of the appendix masculina. The female of D. platura 

shows a simple notch on the pleotelson, not a foramen as in D. ptychura.

96 


Fig. 3. Dynamenella liochroea, new species. Adult male (a) pleopod 1, (b) pleopod 3, (c) pleopod 

4, (d) pleopod 5, (e) pereopod 1, (f) pereopod 4, (g) pereopod 7, (h) pereopod 2. Dynamenellaptychura, 

new species. Adult male (i) lateral, (j) dorsal, (k) pleopod 2, (1) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at 

level of bar on 'n,' (m) posterior, pleotelson, (n) ventral, pleotelson, (r) pleopod 1, (s) penes.— 

Subadult male (o) pleopod 2, (p) penes.—Ovigerous female (q) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at 

level of bar on 'u,' (t) posterior, pleotelson, (u) ventral, pleotelson, (v) lateral, (w) dorsal. Each scale 

line represents 1 mm.



Dynamenella trachydermata, new species 

Material Examined.—Holotype adult male, 2.68 mm (Q.M.: W.7946). Type-locality: Kissing Point, 

Townsville, Queensland (19°14'S, 146°48'E). From rock crevice above red alga zone. Upper shore. 

Coll. D. M. Holdich, 11.v. 1976. Paratypes.—From type-locality. Collection details as above. 2 adult 

males (one supplying three microslides, Q.M.: W.7947), 144 ovigerous females (one as Q.M.: W.7948), 

6 nonovigerous females, 1 juvenile;—Kissing Point, Townsville. In sand by rocks at edge of pool. 

Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 11.v. 1976. 1 ovigerous female;—Kissing Point, Townsville. From 

sand and rocks around edge of swimming pool. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 10.vii.l976. 5 adult 

males, 1 subadult male;—Kissing Point, Townsville. From rock crevices by swimming pool. Upper 

shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 10.vii.l976. 1 adult male, 57 ovigerous females, 13 juveniles;—Ramsay 

Bay, Hinchinbrook Island, Queensland. In sand. Intertidal. Coll. N. L. Bruce, 22.viii.1978. 1 ovigerous 

female;—Pallarenda, Townsville. Among pink barnacles on wooden pier pile. Midshore level. 

Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.v. 1976. 4 adult males, 1 ovigerous female, 3 nonovigerous females;—Pallarenda, 

Townsville. From pink striped barnacles and small rock oysters on rocks below splash zone. 

Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.v. 1976. 8 adult males, 2 subadult males, 74 ovigerous females, 

2 nonovigerous females, 8 juveniles;—Kurrimine, Queensland. On soft red sandstone rock. Upper 

shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 18.v. 1976. 6 adult males, 7 ovigerous females, 1 ovigerous female with 

penes of subadult male form, 2 nonovigerous females;—Kurrimine. In red weed on red rocks. Midshore. 

Coll. D. M. Holdich, 19.V.1976. 1 adult male, 1 ovigerous female, 2 juveniles;—Palm Beach, 

Cairns, Queensland. On rock oysters and red algae on vertical face. Intertidal. CoU. D. M. Holdich, 

25.V. 1976. 9 subadult males, 3 ovigerous females, 26 nonovigerous females, 58 juveniles;—Palm 

Beach, Cairns. In rock crevice in oyster zone. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 27.v. 1976. 4 adult 

males, 1 subadult male, 25 ovigerous females, 5 nonovigerous females;—Clifton Beach (south end). 

Cairns. In log bored by Teredo sp. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 30.v. 1976. 1 adult male, 2 subadult 

males;—Yorkey's Knob, Cairns. From log, bored by Teredo sp., on sand by jetty. Intertidal. Coll. 

D. M. Holdich, 28.v. 1976. 5 adult males, 3 subadult males (one as Q.M.: W.7949, another supplying 

1 microslide, Q.M.: W.7950), 2 ovigerous females, 3 nonovigerous females (one as Q.M.: W.7951), 

4 juveniles;—Yorkey's Knob, Cairns, In crevice below rock oyster zone. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. 

Holdich, 28.v. 1976. 3 adult males, 4 ovigerous females, 2 nonovigerous females. 

Etymology.—The specific name trachydermata is derived from the Greek trachydermon, 

i.e., rough skin. 

Description of Adult Male (Fig. 4a-j).—Dynamenella with dorsal body surface 

granular. Pleon bearing pronounced, transverse tubercle either side of midline. 

Pleotelson obviously tuberculate over main dome. Subapical foramen elliptical; 

directed anterodorsally; separated from apex by slit which is closed anteriorly 

and widens posteriorly. Ventral margins of pleotelson flattening posteriorly, not 

extending to meet in midline at apex. 

Appendages: Antennule, antenna, and mouthparts as for those of D. liochroea. 

Pereopods following general pattern of those of D. liochroea, superior setae longest 

on basis and ischium of pereopod 7. Penes as in D. liochroea. Pleopod 1 as 

in D. liochroea but endopod thickened internoproximally with internal margin 

straight. Appendix masculina flattened, broad proximally, tapering to narrowly 

rounded apex just beyond apex of endopod of pleopod 2. Pleopods 3 to 5 similar 

to those of D. liochroea, but terminal article of exopod of pleopod 5 relatively 

shorter. Rami of uropod simlar to those of D. ptychura. 

Description of Ovigerous Female (2.45 mm) (Fig. 4n-q).—Dynamenella with 

pleon very slightly raised in midline. Pleotelson weakly rugose on main dome; 

apex not extended, bearing pronounced vertical incision with subparallel, lateral 

margins. Ventral margins of pleotelson lacking outcurved ridges and flattened 

terminally. Endopod of uropod with narrowly rounded apex extending to level 

of apex of pleotelson; exopod % length of endopod with rounded apex. 

Description of Nonovigerous Female.—As above but lacking brood pouch.

98 


Fig. 4. Dynamenella trachydermata, new species. Adult male (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) antenna, (d) 

antennule, (e) posterior, pleotelson, (f) T. S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'g,' (g) 

ventral, pleotelson, (h) pleopod 1, (i) pleopod 2, (j) penes.—Subadult male (k) pleopod 2, (1) penes 

(not to scale with 'j').—Ovigerous female (m) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'n,' 

(n) ventral, pleotelson, (o) posterior, pleotelson, (p) lateral, (q) dorsal. Each scale line represents 1


Description ofSubadult Male (Fig. 4k, 1).—Resembling nonovigerous female, but 

with penes resembhng those of subadult male of D. liochroea. Endopod of pleopod 

2 with future appendix masculina visible through cuticle, but not free; apex 

bearing short seta but not extended. 

Colour of Specimens in Alcohol.—Variable. From mottled dark grey over entire 

dorsal surface to sandy yellow with fine black chromatophores. Scattered chromatophores 

over ventral pereon but pereopods lacking chromatophores. 

Distribution and Habitat.—Found at various mainland localities from Townsville 

north to Cairns, and at Hinchinbrook Island. 

Found amongst filamentous red algae, wood and rock crevices from upper to 

midshore. Also amongst rock oysters and barnacles on upper and middle shore, 

and in sand around midshore rocks. All stages of life history found in cryptic 

habitats. Present on moderately sheltered and exposed rocky shores, usually 

where fine sand is present. 

Remarks.—D. trachydermata, new species, most closely resembles D. liochroea, 

new species, but differs in having a tuberculate pleotelson; in having a relatively 

longer endopod to pleopod 1; and in the form of the female pleotelson. 

Paradella, new genus 


extended anteriorly as a plate. Both sexes with dorsal pereon and pleon lacking 

processes. Both sexes with both rami of uropod lamellar; endopod greater than 

half length of exopod. All pereopods with accessory unguis simple, not bifid. 

Exopod of pleopod 3 with an articulation. Sexual dimorphism obvious. 

Adult Male.—Penes long, tapering, fused at base. Appendix masculina narrow, 

lateral margins subparallel; arising from internoproximal angle of endopod of 

pleopod 2 and extending well beyond apex of endopod. Apex of pleotelson with 

dorsally directed foramen connected to apex by short, narrow slit. Ventral margins 

of pleotelson with broad, low, straight, outfolded ridges not meeting in posterior 

midline. Uropods broader than those of females and immature specimens. 

Ovigerous Female.—Mouthparts not metamorphosed. Pleotelson apically extended, 

not broadly rounded. Uropods narrower than those of adult male. Brood 

pouch formed from two opposing pockets covering entire ventral pereon, and 

opening in midline between fourth pereopods. Each pereopod 4 bearing short 

oostegite, not reaching animal's midline. 

Type-species.—Paradella octaphymata, new species 

Etymology.—The generic name Paradella is a combination of the Greek 

para -\- d'ella (feminine), i.e., beside -I- contraction of 'Dynamenella\ 



Additional species: Current name: examination of: 

P. acutitelson (Menzies and Glynn, 

1968), new combination Dynamenella acutitelson Literature 

P. bakeri (Menzies, 1962b), 

new combination D. bakeri Types 

P. dianae (Menzies, 1962a), 

new combination D. dianae Specimens


Fig. 5. Paradella octaphymata, new genus, new species. Adult male (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) 

antennule, (d) ventral, pleotelson, (e) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'd,' (f) 

antenna, (g) posterior, pleotelson, (h) pleopod 1, (i) pleopod 2, (k) maxilliped, (m) penes.—Subadult 

male (j) pleopod 2 (not to scale with 'h' and 'i'), (1) penes.—Ovigerous female (n) posterior, pleotelson, 

(o) ventral, pleotelson, (p) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'o,' (q) lateral, (r) 

dorsal. Each scale line represents 1 mm.





P. pllcatura (Glynn, 1970), 

new combination D. pllcatura Literature 

P. quadripunctata (Menzies and 

Glynn, 1968), new combination D. quadripunctata Literature 

P. setosa (Glynn, 1968b), 

new combination D. setosa Literature 

P. tumicauda (Glynn, 1970), 

new combination D. tumicauda Literature 

Remarks.—Dynamenella acutitelson appears to be based on females and subadult 

males of one or more species oiParadella, new genus. Adult males of D. setosa 

have never been illustrated, but figured specimens of this species appear to belong 

in Paradella, new genus. Most species referred above to Paradella, new genus, 

show greater similarity in dorsal view to one another than to species of Dynamenella. 

These species are: Paradella octaphymata, new species (see below), P. 

bakeri, P. quadripunctata, and P. tumicauda. The species P. dianae and P. 

pllcatura are, in dorsal view, more suggestive oi Dynamenella species. 

Species of Paradella are distinguished from species of Dynamenella most obviously 

by the presence in the former of small oostegites in ovigerous females 

and by the form of the ventral margins of the pleotelson in adult males. The 

appendix masculina in species of Paradella is long and narrow with the margins 

subparallel, and in subadult males the fused appendix masculina extends beyond 

the endopodal apex much further than in species oi Dynamenella. 

Paradella is known only from the Americas, where it occurs in both tropical 

and temperate regions, and from Australia and the Marshall Islands (Fig. 7c). 

Synonyms. —None. 

Paradella octaphymata, new species 

Material Examined.—Holotype adult male, 4.14 mm (Q.M.: W.7925). Type-locality: West Point, 

Lizard Island, Queensland (14°14'S, 145°30'E). Among barnacles in rock crevice. Lower shore. Coll. 

D. M. Holdich, 13.vi. 1976. Paratypes.—From type-locality. Collection details as above. 7 adult males 

(one supplying three microslides, Q.M.: W.7926), 2 subadult males (one as Q.M.: W.7927, the other 

supplying microslide, Q.M.: W.7928), 15 ovigerous females (one as Q.M.: W.7929), 7 nonovigerous 

females (one as Q.M.: W.7930), 6 juveniles;—Kapock Cove, Lizard Island. From rock scrapings 

below rock oyster zone. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 08.vi. 1976. 1 adult male, 5 juveniles;—West 

Point, Lizard Island. In rock crevice on rock platform. Lower shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 

09.vi.l976.11 ovigerous females, 1 nonovigerous female;—South Casuarina Beach, Lizard Island. In 

crevice. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 12.vi. 1976. 1 ovigerous female;—West Point, Lizard Island. 

Among rock oysters. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 13.vi. 1976. 1 immature male (supplying microslide, 

Q.M.: W.7931), 3 ovigerous females, 1 juvenile;—Between Research Point and Freshwater 

Beach, Lizard Island. On clumps of oysters. Intertidal (station 78 Liz-PBW-3). Coll. Weate, Oldfield, 

and Berents, 16.iv.1978. 1 adult male, 4 ovigerous females, 1 nonovigerous female (A.M.: P.27018);— 

Alma Bay, Magnetic Island, Townsville. In rock oyster zone and below. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. 

Holdich, 28.iv. 1976 . 2 adult males, 10 ovigerous females, 4 nonovigerous females. 

Etymology.—The specific name octaphymata is derived from the Greek 

octo + phyma, i.e., eight + tubercle. 

Description of Adult Male (Fig. 5a-i, k, m).—Paradella with posterior margins 

of pereonites 6 and 7 bearing transverse ridge with medial indentation. Pleon 

bearing prominent, transverse tubercle either side of midline. Each side of pos-


terior pleonal margin, lateral to point of articulation with pleotelson, bearing two 

suture lines merging in their posterior halves to produce a Y-shape with only one 

line reaching posterior margin. Pleotelson granulose with eight prominent tubercles 

arranged in two transverse rows of four. Subapical foramen subelliptical, 

connected to apex by slit which is open dorsally and widens posteriorly. Slit 

closed posteroventrally. Ventral margins of pleotelson on each side with broad, 

low, outcurved ridge extending to apex; ridges not touching in midline. 

Appendages: Antennular peduncle articles 1 and 2 twice breadth of article 3; 

flagellum 10-articled. Antennal peduncle articles 1 to 5 increasing in length; 16articled 

flagellum extending to level of pereonite 3. Mouthparts of usual sphaeromatid 

form; distal molar regions of mandibles lacking obvious projections/ 

depressions; mandibular palps present; maxillipedal palp articles 2 to 4 with setose 

lobes. Pereopods 2 and 3 not as markedly slender as those of preceding 

species. Penes fused at base, proximal margins subparallel, distal margins tapering 

evenly to acute apex. Pleopod 1 with distal margin of endopod extended 

beyond exopod, narrowly rounded; internal margin bearing short, nonmarginal 

setae. Endopod of pleopod 2 with appendix masculina almost twice length of 

endopod, narrow, with margins subparallel and rounded apex. Bases of pleopods 

1 to 3 each bearing three internal coupling hooks. Endopod of pleopod 4 with 

apex acutely tapering and internally deflected, with single apical spine. Exopod 

of pleopod 5 with subterminal articulation and three, finely toothed, internodistal 

bosses. Endopod of uropod just longer than exopod, extending just beyond apex 

of pleotelson, upcurved terminaUy; both rami with outer margins serrate, apices 

obtusely angled. 

Description of Ovigerous Female (3.4 mm) (Fig. 5n-r).—Paradella with pleon 

bearing low tubercle either side of midline. Pleotelson granular with eight low 

tubercles arranged in two transverse rows of four; apex slightly extended with 

narrow notch reaching half way up overhanging posterior face. Ventral margins 

of pleotelson lacking outcurved ridges, not flattening terminally. Endopod of 

uropod reaching level of apex of pleotelson; exopod just shorter than endopod, 

with serrate external and distal margins; both rami acutely rounded apically. 


Description of Subadult Male (Fig. 5j, 1).—ResembHng nonovigerous female but 

with penes half length of adult penes, fused at base, and tapering evenly to 

narrowly rounded apices. Endopod of pleopod 2 bearing appendix masculina 

slightly longer than ramus but appendix free only for short distance proximal and 

distal to apex of endopod, otherwise fused completely with ramus. Tip of appendix 

masculina with short seta. 



twice as long as wide. No indication of appendix masculina present. 

Colour of Specimens in Alcohol.—Mottled dark reddish brown over dorsal surface. 

Ventral pereon and pereopods lacking chromatophores. Chromatophores 

absent dorsally from regions of muscle attachment. 

Distribution and Habitat.—Found on the continental islands. Lizard Island and 

Magnetic Island. 

Found on the mid to lower shore amongst barnacles and rock oysters, and in 

rock crevices. Associated with stable, moderately exposed, rocky shores. All 

stages of the life history found in cryptic habitats.


Remarks.—Paradella octaphymata, new species, most closely resembles P. bakeri 

but differs in having a circular, not a transverse, pleotelsonic foramen; in 

having Y-shaped, not V-shaped, sutures on the posterior margin of the pleon; 

and in having eight large tubercles on the pleotelson. (Specimens of P. bakeri 

have a small tubercle between the lateral pair of large tubercles.) 

Paradella dianae (Menzies, 1962), new combination 

Dynamenopsis dianae Menzies, 1962a: 341. Glynn, 1968a: 573, 575, 583, 584, 591, 622. Schultz, 1969: 

123. 

Dynamenella dianae: Menzies and Glynn, 1968: 63, 113. Glynn, 1970: 18, 20, 22, 22-26. Iverson, 

1974: 166. Pires, 1980b: 133-140. 

Material Examined.—PaUarenda, Townsville, Queensland. Among pink barnacles on wooden pier 

pile. Midshore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.V.1976. 2 adult males (one as Q.M.: W.7938), 1 subadult male 

(Q.M.: W.7938), 1 ovigerous female (Q.M.: W.7938), 1 ovigerous female with penes of subadult male 

form;—PaUarenda, Townsville. From pink striped barnacles and small rock oysters on rocks below splash 

zone. Upper shore. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 14.v.1976. 1 subadult male;—^Jetty of "James Kirby," Townsville 

Harbour, Townsville. In barnacle tests from scrapings from steps, and concrete and copper sheathing 

on piles. Intertidal. Coll. D. M. Holdich, 01.vii.l976. 1 nonovigerous female (Q.M.: W.7938), 1 

juvenile;—Jetty of "James Kirby," Townsville Harbour. In scrapings of barnacles from steps and 

piles. Lower tide level. Coll. D. M. Holdich, ll.viii.l976. 1 subadult male, 3 ovigerous females, 2 

ovigerous females with penes of subadult male form, 14 nonovigerous females, 6 juveniles;—Dunwich, 

North Stradbroke Island, Brisbane. Under rock. Coll. N. L. Bruce, 19.vii.l978. 1 adult male, 2 

subadult males;—Dunwich, North Stradbroke Island, Brisbane. Coll. J. Cowger, ?.x.l971. 1 ovigerous 

female (no brood) (Q.M.: W.3746);—Goat Island. From rocks. Coll. N. L. Bruce, 21.vii.l978. 

1 juvenile;—Fremantle Bridge, Swan River, Western Australia (32°06'S, 115°50'E). Under stones. 

Coll. N. L. Bruce, 10.vi. 1980. 19 adult males, 44 ovigerous females, 11 nonovigerous females, 

1 subadult male, 3 immature males, 101 juveniles;—Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Sea wall at north end of 

bay. Intertidal. Coll. P. Glynn, 18.1.1966. 1 adult male, 1 ovigerous female, 1 half moulted female 

(U.S.N.M. 269486). 

Description of Adult Male (4.88 mm) (Fig. 6a-h, j, k).—Paradella with pleon 

bearing prominent tubercle either side of midline. Each side of posterior pleonal 

margin, lateral to point of articulation with pleotelson, bearing two suture lines 

merging in their posterior halves to produce a Y-shape with only one line reaching 

posterior margin. Pleotelson granulose, especially obvious in lateral view, with 

dome bearing anterior, longitudinal tubercle and posterior, elongate, oblique tubercle 

either side of midline. Subapical foramen V-shaped, directed dorsally, with 

anteromedial tooth bearing longitudinal ridge. Foramen closed posteriorly. Ventral 

margins of pleotelson on each side with low outcurved ridge extending to 

apex; ridges not touching in midline. 

Appendages: Antennule as in P. octaphymata but flagellum with 12 articles. 

Antenna as in P. octaphymata but flagellum with 13 articles, extending to level 

of pereonite 4. Mouthparts of usual sphaeromatid form; distal molar regions of 

mandibles lacking obvious projections/depressions; maxillipedal palp articles 2-4 

with setose lobes. Pereopod 1 robust; 2 and 3 slender; 4 robust; 5-7 becoming 

slender and increasing in length. Merus, carpus, and propodus of pereopods with 

inferior setae. Penes fused at base, with proximal margins subparallel; distally 

tapering to acute apices. Pleopod 1 with distal margin of endopod extended beyond 

exopod, acute; internal margin bearing short nonmarginal setae. Endopod 

of pleopod 2 with appendix masculina twice length of endopod, narrow, with 

margins subparallel, tapering abruptly to narrowly rounded, externally deflected 

apex. Bases of pleopods 1 to 3 each bearing three internal coupling hooks. Endopod 

of pleopod 4 with apex extended, acute, internally deflected, with single 

apical spine. Exopod of pleopod 5 with subterminal articulation and three, finely


Fig. 6. Paradella dianae (Menzies), new combination. Adult male (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) ventral, 

pleotelson, (d) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'c,' (e) penes, (f) posterior, pleotelson, 

(g) pereopod 1, (h) pereopod 2, (j) pleopod 1, (k) pleopod 2.—Subadult male (i) penes, (o) 

pleopod 2.—Ovigerous female (1) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'm,' (m) ventral, 

pleotelson, (n) posterior, pleotelson, (p) lateral, (q) dorsal. Each scale line represents 1 mm.


toothed internodistal bosses. Endopod of uropod extending beyond apex of pleotelson, 

dorsally concave with several small tubercles; exopod just shorter than 

endopod; both rami serrate in distal half. 

Description of Ovigerous Female (3.68 mm) (Fig. 61-n, p, q).—Paradella with 

pleon bearing low tubercle either side of midline. Pleotelson granulose with two 

elongate tubercles fused as oblique ridge either side of midline; apex slightly 

extended, opening as wide channel not visible in dorsal view. Ventral margins of 

pleotelson lacking outcurved ridges, not flattening terminally. Endopod of uropod 

extending to level of apex of pleotelson; exopod just shorter than endopod; both 

rami acutely rounded terminally with obvious marginal setae. Oostegites relatively 

smaller than those of P. octaphymata. 

Description of Nonovigerous Female.—As above but lacking oostegites. 

Description of Sub adult Male (Fig. 6i, o).—ResembHng nonovigerous female, but 

with penes and endopod of pleopod 2 resembling those of/*, octaphymata. 

Colour of Specimens in Alcohol.—Pale, with fine grey chromatophores. Chromatophores 

absent from ventral pereon and pereopods. 

Distribution and Habitat.—^Found on North Stradbroke Island, near Brisbane; 

in Townsville Harbour; at Pallarenda, just north of Townsville; and in Western 

Australia. This species has also been recorded from Baja California (Menzies, 

1962a); Puerto Rico (Menzies and Glynn, 1968; Glynn, 1968a), Marshall Islands 

(Glynn, 1970), California (Iverson, 1974), and Brazil (Pires, 1980b). It is noteworthy 

that in Australia it has been found only near international ports, often 

amongst sessile organisms belonging to groups commonly found attached to ships' 

hulls. 

This isopod is found amongst barnacles, bryozoans, and rock oysters on rocks 

and man-made structures from upper to lower shore, and tends to be associated 

with relatively stable rocky shores in moderately sheltered localities. All stages 

of the life history were found in cryptic habitats. 

This species has a wide geographical distribution and elsewhere has been found 

amongst intertidal green algae, empty polychaete tubes, and barnacle tests on 

both exposed and sheltered shores in Brazil (Pires, 1980b); under stones, in empty 

barnacle tests, on rocks with algae, and under Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus in 

Puerto Rico (Glynn, 1968a; Menzies and Glynn, 1968); washings from rocks on 

lagoon side of Fred Island, Marshall Islands (Glynn, 1970). Pires mentions that 

this species can live in polluted water, basing her assumption on the fact that one 

site of Menzies and Glynn was near a polluted bay. It would appear that this 

species tolerates a wide variety of conditions, as Townsville Harbour is mildly 

polluted and the water in PaUarenda Bay can be of relatively low salinity. 

Dynamenopsis Baker, 1908 

Diagnosis.—Eubranchiate Sphaeromatidae with antennular article 1 not extended 

anteriorly as plate. Both sexes with pereon and pleon lacking dorsal processes. 

Coxal plates prominent, obvious; those of pereonite 6 with rounded posterior 

margins always overlapping those of pereonite 7. Apex of pleotelson with lateral 

margins curved ventrally and medially to meet, or almost meet, in midline producing 

either enclosed, posterodorsally directed foramen, or posterodorsally directed 

groove. Mandibles aberrant, robust; incisor processes stout, smoothly 

rounded; lacinia mobilis and setal rows absent; molar processes expanded as

106 JOURNAL OF CRUSTACEAN BIOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. I, 1982 

broad, ridged crushing plates. Pereopods subequal, stout, with accessory unguis 

short, smoothly rounded. Exopod of pleopod 3 with articulation. 

Adult Male.—Penes short, stout, separate to base. Appendix masculina arising 

from internoproximal angle of endopod of pleopod 2 and extending beyond apex 

of endopod. Posterior margin of pereonite 7 markedly bilobed in dorsal view. 

Ovigerous Female.—Inadequately known. 

Type-species.—Dynamenopsis obtusa Baker, 1908. 




D. varicolor Hurley and Jansen, 

1971 Dynamenopsis varicolor Type 

Remarks.—Originally described from South Australia, D. obtusa is here recorded 

from Western Australia (see Appendix). In addition, a female Dynamenopsis sp. 

is illustrated (Fig. 8k-o). This female differs in dorsal view from males of both 

D. obtusa and D. varicolor but as little is known about the degree of sexual 

dimorphism shown by species of Dynamenopsis, and since the female was not 

found with males, specific identification remains undetermined. At the base of 

each of pereopods 2 to 4 this female bears a short, narrow, rigid oostegite, with 

indications of four pairs of apertures beneath the ventral cuticle between these 

structures. This specimen is apparently nonovigerous. 

Of the other species currently placed in the genus Dynamenopsis, D. dumerilii 

and D. platura have been placed in Dynamenella above; D. angolensis Kensley, 

1971, cannot be placed in any of the five genera considered here and its correct 

generic placement is unknown. 

Species of the genus Dynamenopsis are known only from New Zealand and 

South and Western Australia. 

Cymodocella Pfeffer, 1887 


extended anteriorly as plate. Both sexes with pereon and pleon lacking dorsal 

processes. Both sexes with rami of uropod lamellar; endopod greater than half 

length of exopod. Apex of pleotelson with lateral margins curving ventrally and 

meeting in midline producing cylindrical, posteriorly directed aperture. All pereopods 

with simple accessory unguis, not markedly bifid. Exopod of pleopod 3 

without articulation. Sexual dimorphism not pronounced. 

Adult Male.—Penes short, stout, separate to base. Appendix masculina arising 

from internoproximal angle of endopod of pleopod 2 and extending beyond apex 

of endopod. Exopod of uropod usually relatively longer than that of female. 

Ovigerous Female.—Mouthparts not metamorphosed. Exopod of uropod usually 

shorter than that of male. Brood pouch formed posteriorly as pocket, opening 

anteriorly at level of pereopod 4; and anteriorly as three pairs of large oostegites 

arising from pereopods 2 to 4 and overlapping well in midline. Brood not incubated 

in pouch thus formed, but in invaginations of ventral body wall. 

Type-species.—Cymodocella tubicauda Pfeffer, 1887.



C. algoensis (Stebbing, 1875) 

C. bicolor (Barnard, 1914) 


C. cancellata Barnard, 1920 

C. capra Hurley and Jansen, 

1977 

C. diateichos Barnard, 1959 

C. egregia (Chilton, 1892) 

C. eutylos Barnard, 1954 

C. foveolata Menzies, 1962b 

C guarapariensis Silva, 1965 

C. magna Barnard, 1954 

C. pustulosa Barnard, 1914 

C. sublaevis Barnard, 1914 

Current name: 

Cymodocella algoensis 

Dynamenella bicolor 

Cymodocella cancellata 

Cymodocella capra 

Cymodocella diateichos 

Cymodocella egregia 

Cymodocella eutylos 

Cymodocella foveolata 

Cymodocella guarapariensis 

Cymodocella magna 

Cymodocella pustulosa 

Cymodocella sublaevis 




Literature 

Type 

Type 

Type 

Type 

Specimens 

Types 

Types 

Literature 

Types 

Types 

Types 

Remarks.—C. bicolor, new combination, resembles C. pustulosa but the pleotelson 

is relatively broader and the posterior margin of pereonite 7 is not bilobed. 

In the subadult male examined the posterior margins of the pleotelson curved 

ventrally and produced a posteriorly directed foramen, but did not meet in the 

midline, being separated by a narrow slit. 

Some species of Cymodocella (e.g., C. pustulosa and C. eutylos) have the 

coxal plates of pereonite 6 acute and deflected posteriorly, overlapping those of 

pereonite 7. Such overlapping has been held in the past to be a distinguishing 

generic character of Dynamenopsis. Since this overlapping occurs in species of 

Cymodocella its importance as a generic character must be weakened, but in all 

specimens seen the genus Dynamenopsis shows this character in an extreme 

form. Species of Dynamenopsis have the posterior margins of the coxal plates of 

pereonite 6 broadly rounded, not acute, completely covering the lateral margins 

of pereonite 7. 

Of the other species currently placed in the genus Cymodocella, C. marginata 

and C. nipponica have been transferred to Dynamenella; and C. sapmeri, C. 

eatoni, C. huttoni, and C. ovalis have been transferred to Ischyromene (see 

above). 

Species of the genus Cymodocella occur mainly in the Antarctic and southern 

temperate regions; only C. guarapariensis and C. foveolata, from South America, 

are known from the tropics. No species are known from Australia (Fig. 7D). 

KEY TO ADULT SPECIMENS OF THE GENERA CONSIDERED ABOVE 

Apex of pleotelson with a posteriorly directed, ventrally closed (or almost closed) tubular 

foramen Cymodocella Pfeffer 

Apex of pleotelson with a simple channel or indentation, or a dorsally or posterodorsally 

directed foramen 2 

Coxal plates of pereonite 6 twice length of tergite, covering coxal plates of pereonite 7. Incisor 

processes of mandibles smoothly rounded Dynamenopsis Baker 

Coxal plates of pereonite 6 subequal in length to tergite. Coxal plates of pereonite 7 exposed. 

Incisor process of mandibles dentate 3 

Endopod of pleopod 1 thickened in internal half Ischyromene Racovitza 

Endopod of pleopod 1 not thickened 4


Fig. 7. Known distribution of genera worldwide. (A) Ischyromene, (B) Dynamenella, A = exopod of 

pleopod 3 lacking articulation, • = exopod of pleopod 3 with articulation, (C) Paradella, (D) 

Cymodocella. 

Ventral margins of pleotelson of adult male bearing outcurved ridges which do not meet in 

posterior midline. Ovigerous female with a short oostegite at the base of pleopod 4 

Paradella, new genus 

Ventral margins of pleotelson of adult male either bearing outcurved ridges which meet in 

posterior midline, or lacking outcurved ridges. Ovigerous female lacking oostegites 

Dynamenella Hansen 

Sources of Error in Sphaeromatid Systematics.—Since Hansen (1905) very few 

workers have mentioned the brood pouch when describing new taxa. Many 

species of Dynamenella, Ischyromene, and Paradella (until now considered 

species of Dynamenella) could have been separated long ago if greater attention 

had been paid to this structure. The present authors consider the morphology of 

the brood pouch to be one of the single most important generic characters within 

the family Sphaeromatidae, and it should be described in detail whenever possible. 

The form of the penes of the adult male is also an important generic character. 

With males, confusion has arisen because workers have assumed that the presence 

of penes indicated the specimen was an adult male. This is not so. The new 

species from Australia described here confirm that not only can subadult males 

have penes (and often a very different dorsal morphology when compared to the 

adult male), but also that penes can be obvious in immature males. This has led 

in the past to descriptions based on immature specimens (e.g., Dynamenella 

acutitelson and Dynamenella tropica), a situation which could have been avoided 

by ensuring that the specimens to be described had the appendix masculina free 

and not partially or completely fused with the endopod of the pleopod. 

Even less desirable than describing species based on immature males, in a


Fig. 8. Dynamenopsis obtusa Baker. Adult male (W. A.M.: 56-80) (a) dorsal, (b) lateral, (c) posterior, 

pleotelson, (d) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'e,' (e) ventral, pleotelson, (f) 

penes, (g) left mandible, anterior view, (h) right mandible, anterior view.—Adult male holotype 

(S.Aust.M.: C.359) (i) pereopod 1, (j) maxillipedal endite. Dynamenopsis sp. Nonovigerous female 

(W.A.M.: 57-80) (k) posterior, pleotelson, (1) T.S. through pleotelsonic margin at level of bar on 'm,' 

(m) ventral, pleotelson, (n) lateral, (o) dorsal. Each scale line represents 1 mm.


family where sexual dimorphism is common, is the description of species based 

on females (at any stage of development). In some cases it is difficult, if not 

impossible, to place females in the correct genus. The genus Sergiella Pires, 

1980a, was founded on females and the fact that they appear to be females of a 

species of Paracerceis serves to demonstrate the undesirability of such descriptions. 

It is to be recommended, therefore, that descriptions of new species be based 

on adult males. They should also include not only a full description of the male, 

but descriptions of ovigerous females and other stages of the life cycle whenever 

possible. Descriptions of the adult male penes and appendices masculinae, and 

the brood pouch and mouthparts of the ovigerous female, should be made to 

prevent species from being referred to incorrect genera. Thorough re-examination 

of existing species should also be undertaken to facilitate much needed revision 

of this family of isopods. 

LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 

Until the present study the only Australian eubranchiate sphaeromatid about 

which details of the ecology are known was Dynamene curalii Holdich and 

Harrison (1980c). Members of this genus are more commonly found in mid to 

lower shore cryptic habitats and algae in tidal localities of northwestern Europe, 

and similar habitats in the sublittoral region of the Mediterranean Sea (Holdich, 

1970). In addition, Dynamene ramuscula Baker has been recorded from sponges 

in South Australia (Baker, 1908). In subtropical and tropical latitudes Dynamene 

appears to be absent from rocky shores and is replaced by Dynamenella-like 

sphaeromatids (e.g., Menzies and Glynn, 1968; Glynn, 1970). However, Dynamene 

curalii is one of the dominant eubranchiates associated with the intertidal 

coral reef on Heron Island, Queensland. On Heron Island another, as yet undescribed, 

eubranchiate sphaeromatid which resembles Dynamene is also abundant 

on the reef. Dynamene species have a biphasic life history; juveniles feed on and 

inhabit intertidal algae and adults occupy cryptic habitats (e.g., crevices and 

empty barnacle tests) where they reproduce (Holdich, 1976). This change of habitat 

is no doubt correlated with the degenerate state of the ovigerous females when 

they are brooding. The species of Dynamenella and Paradella studied here occupy 

similar habitats to species of Dynamene on the coasts of northwestern 

Europe, but the Dynamenella in particular live higher up the shore and also 

inhabit sand. None of the species of Dynamenella and Paradella examined appear 

to have a biphasic life history, as all stages of development are present in any 

one habitat. However, workers in other countries have found Dynamenella-likc 

sphaeromatids on intertidal algae. The females of the species examined do not 

become degenerate at the ovigerous moult and perhaps develop more than one 

brood. Usually the sex ratio strongly favours females (see below). The food 

source appears to be from the algal/bacterial film on the surface of the rocks, 

from filamentous green and red algae, and in the case of sand dwellers from dead 

and dying peracarid crustaceans. 

As there is some overlap in the habitat preferences of the species under consideration, 

the species are examined together under each locality. However, /*chyromene 

polytyla is known from only a single record in southeastern Queensland 

and details of its ecology are not yet known, except that it was from wood 

on the shore.


Island Sites 

Heron Island.—Besides the coral reef and surrounding cay, areas of beach rock 

(formed from lithified coral sand) occur on the upper part of the south and north 

shores (Plate la). As described by Endean et al. (1956b) the beach rock is inhospitable 

with high surface temperatures and desiccating conditions at low tide. 

Only periwinkles such as Nodilittorina pyramidalis Quoy and Gaimard and Melaraphe 

spp., and the chiton, Acanthozostera gemmata (Blainville), appear able 

to cope with such conditions. Few workers have apparently bothered to examine 

crevices within the beach rock. Although these are out of the water for most of 

the day they are moist and contain a surprising variety of life. Most notable is 

Dynamenella ptychura. Many hundreds of individuals of all stages of the life 

cycle were found clustered in the crevices (Plate lb). In two populations 15 and 

24 adult males, 15 and 14 subadult males, 177 and 70 ovigerous females, 31 and 

20 nonovigerous females, and 74 and 240 juveniles were found. All individuals 

were bright green which was perhaps because they were feeding on the film of 

green algae which was growing in the outer illuminated part of the crevice. No 

other food appeared to be available in the crevices at low tide except for the 

perithecia of marine lichens. (Specimens of D. ptychura were kept alive for a 

number of months in an aquarium containing beach rock and its associated microflora.) 

When the beach rock occasionaUy became covered in water at high tide 

some individuals were seen to swim from the crevices and crawl on the surface 

of the submerged beach rock before entering another crevice. This activity could 

explain why one specimen was found on algae lower down on the reef. Besides 

D. ptychura only one other sphaeromatid was found in beach rock crevices and 

this appears to belong to an undescribed genus. Other occupants included terrestrial 

isopods and Ligia sp., periwinkles, lithophage barnacles, and an actinian. 

[No sphaeromatids were found under the chitons as was reported by Glynn 

(1968a) from Puerto Rico.] 

Magnetic Island.—Although a wide variety of habitats were examined on this 

granitic island only Dynamenella liochroea and Paradella octaphymata were 

recorded. D. liochroea was found in semipermanent wood in the upper zone of 

a moderately flat shore containing a mixture of rock and muddy sand. The wood 

appears to provide a refuge for many peracarid crustaceans; amongst the isopod 

species, Gnathia falcipenis Holdich and Harrison, Gnathia meticola Holdich and 

Harrison, Cirolana cranchii Leach var. australiensis Hale, Corallana nodosa 

Schioedte and Meinert, Sphaeromopsis serriguberna Holdich and Harrison, were 

found along with species of Limnoria Leach. 

Paradella octaphymata was observed at Alma Bay on the mid to lower shore 

of a moderately exposed rock face sloping at 45° into the water (Plate Ila). As 

shown by Endean et al. (1956b) corals occur in patches on the rocky shores of 

Magnetic Island around the low water spring tide level and below. At Alma Bay 

brown seaweeds, Sargassum spp., occur in this zone with the corals; above this, 

and up to the high water neap tide level, barnacles, including Tetralicta rosea 

(Krauss), and rock oysters, Crassostrea amasa (Iredale), commonly occur. Between 

the high water neap and high water spring levels various barnacle and 

periwinkle species predominate. Observations were made in April on a spring 

tide as it flowed over the rock oyster zone. This zone also contained a mat of 

filamentous green and red algae with trapped silt. As the swash covered the rocks 

and then started to drain away numerous P. octaphymata and amphipods were 

seen moving over the surface of the algae and rocks. As soon as the water drained

112 


Plate la. Upper shore on Heron Is. showing the zone of beach rock above the reef flat and below 

the sand of the cay. 

Plate lb. The inside of a beach rock crevice on Heron Is. showing the large number ot Dynamenella 

ptychura present.


Plate Ila. The littoral zone at Alma Bay, Magnetic Island. The arrow marks the zone of amphipods 

and isopods. a, zone of corals and brown algae; b, red and green filamentous algae, and rock oysters; 

c, rock oysters and barnacles; d, barnacles and periwinkles. 

Plate lib. The lower part of a wooden pier pile at low tide at Pallarenda, TownsviUe. Note the 

profusion of epizoonts, especially bryozoans. 

4d


away they ceased to move until the rock surface was moistened again. When 

further observations were made in August, amphipods, but no isopods, were seen 

performing the same activity pattern. In addition to P. octaphymata a species of 

Dynoidella Pillai was found in the same zone but mainly associated with barnacles. 

Lizard Island.—On this granitic island four sphaeromatid species considered here 

were found. As on Heron Island, Dynamenella ptychura lived in crevices of 

beach rock, but D. liochroea and Zuzara sp. were also found here. D. liochroea, 

and more commonly, D. trachydermata were found in granitic rock crevices of 

the upper shore. D. liochroea was also found in sand around the lower levels of 

beach rock along with Sphaeromopsis serriguberna. Paradella octaphymata occupied 

a similar zone to that on Magnetic Island, i.e., amongst mid to lower shore 

rock oysters, barnacles, and filamentous algae. As on Magnetic Island Dynoidella 

sp. was also recorded from this habitat. At West Point, where slabs of granite 

slope into the sea, P. octaphymata occupied the lower half of the rock oyster 

and barnacle zone down to low water; D. trachydermata occurred in the upper 

half of the rock oyster zone and extended to the crevices of the upper shore 

where D. liochroea also occurred. Although only D. liochroea was found inhabiting 

sand both D. trachydermata and D. ptychura have been recorded from that 

habitat on Hinchinbrook Island (situated between Townsville and Cairns). 

Mainland Sites (Working Northwards) 

Townsville Harbour.—Large vessels frequently enter and leave this international 

harbour. It is very sheltered in the inner parts and all the concrete, metal, and 

wooden man-made structures are covered by algae and sessile animals. A number 

of isopod species were collected from the inner harbour but, of the sphaeromatids 

considered here, only Paradella dianae was found. It occurred with Gnathia 

biorbis Holdich and Harrison, Gnathia meticola, and Sphaeroma walkeri Stebbing 

among barnacles attached to pier piles near low water. S. walkeri was a 

common inhabitant of the harbour especially in summer. P. dianae also occurs 

further south than Townsville and has been recorded from Goat Island, and North 

Stradbroke Island near Brisbane, from under intertidal rocks. 

Kissing Point.—This promontory of red granite is exposed to much wave action 

and a wide variety of microhabitats are present. Crevices on the upper shore 

often contained both Dynamenella trachydermata and D. liochroea. Both were 

also found under stones on sand, and, in more sheltered places, in sand near 

midshore rocks. Adults were more common in crevices than sand. Individuals in 

sand tended to be paler than those in crevices. Those from crevices were mostly 

green. The colour variation probably results from diet, as algal food can lead to 

a change in subcuticular pigmentation in sphaeromatids (Holdich, 1969). 

Pallarenda (Just North ofTownsville).—Collections were made from the piles of 

a decaying wooden pier and from rocky outcrops in the mid and upper shore (no 

rocks were present on the lower shore). Both habitats contained Paradella dianae, 

Dynamenella liochroea, and D. trachydermata. The lower parts of the pier 

piles were thickly covered by epizoonts—mainly bryozoans, sponges, barnacles, 

and hydroids (Plate lib). The three isopods were found mainly under this growth 

amongst the barnacles. The rocks of the mid and upper shore were covered with 

rock oysters and pink barnacles (Tetralicta rosea) and all three isopods were 

found amongst them. Sphaeroma walkeri was also collected on the mid and upper 

shore.


Kurrimine and District.—Most of the shores sampled in this area were sandy 

with either outcrops of soft red rock, or boulders scattered on sand, on the mid 

and upper shore. Dynamenella trachydermata was found on both mid and upper 

shores in crevices and amongst filamentous red algae associated with the red 

rock. D. liochroea was found amongst the red algae on the midshore only, but 

it was also relatively common under stones on fine sand or in the sand itself on 

the midshore, especially where there was freshwater running across the shore or 

an estuary nearby. Sphaeromopsis serriguberna, however, was much more abundant 

than D. liochroea under the stones (Holdich and Harrison, 1981b). 

Cairns and District.—At the headland of Palm Beach only Dynamenella trachydermata 

was found in the rock oyster zone and above. It occurred in crevices 

containing lithophage barnacles and green algae just like D. ptychura on Heron 

Island and Lizard Island. On the midshore at Yorkey's Knob both D. liochroea 

and D. trachydermata were associated with Teredo-bored wood. D. liochroea 

was also found around midshore rocks in fine sand, and D. trachydermata was 

found in crevices just below the rock oyster zone. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

Thanks are due to the Nuffield Foundation for a Fellowship in Tropical Marine Biology to D. M. 

Holdich, the Natural Environment Research Council for research grants, and to Professor C. Burdon- 

Jones (James Cook University, TownsviUe) and Professor P. N. R. Usherwood (Nottingham University), 

for providing laboratory facilities. The authors would also like to thank Dr. A. H. Sommerstein 

(Department of Classics, Nottingham University) for reviewing the construction of the new 

generic and specific names, the members of staff in the museums mentioned in the Methods section 

for providing specimens, and N. L. Bruce for donating specimens from several localities. 

LITERATURE CITED 

Audouin, V. 1826. Explication des Planches: Crustacea.—In: Savigny's Description de I'Egypte. 

Histoire Naturelle 1: 77-98. 

Baker, W. H. 1908. Notes on some species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae, from the South 

Australian coast.—Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 32: 105-119. 

. 1926. Species of the isopod family Sphaeromidae, from the eastern, southern, and western 

coasts of Australia.—Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 50: 247-279. 

1929. Australian species of the isopod familiy Sphaeromidae (continued).—Transactions of 

the Royal Society of South Australia 52: 49-61. 

Barnard, K. H. 1914. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. 3—Additions to the 

marine Isopoda with notes on some previously incompletely known species.—Annals of the 

South African Museum 10: 325a-358a, 359-442. 

. 1920. Contributions to the crustacean fauna of South Africa. 6—Further additions to the list 

of marine Isopoda.—Annals of the South African Museum 17: 319-438. 

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APPENDIX 

Additional Material Examined 

Ischyromene lacazei Racovitza, 1908—Banyuls-sur-mer, France. Pres. G. Racovitza. 3 specimens 

(Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1910.1.10.21-23).—Lagune du Brusc, France. On Cystoseira stricta. Coll. 

M. L. Roman, 13.ii. 1978. 4 adult males, 14 subadult males, 2 ovigerous females, 2 nonovigerous 

females, 25 juveniles. (Fig. lo-s).


Ischyromene bicarinata Harrison, 1981—Palmachim, north of Ashdod, Israel. On Hypnea sp. 

Intertidal. Coll. L. Fishelson, 23.viii.1977. 1 adult male (Holotype. B.M.N.H.: 1980.222.1), 1 

subadult male, 1 nonovigerous female, 3 juveniles (Paratypes. B.M.N.H.: 1980.223.5). 

Dynamenopsis obtusa Baker, 1908—Denial Bay, South Australia. Coll. Verco and Torr. 1 adult 

male (Holotype. S.Aust.M.: C.359) (Fig. 8i, j)—North Point, Green Island, Rottnest Island, 

Western Australia. Amongst algae and rock on limestone reef platform. Depth 0.3 m. Coll. L. 

M. Joll, 08-10.vi.l972. 1 adult male (W.A.M.: 56-80) (Fig. 8a-h). 

Dynamenopsis dumerilii (Audouin, 1826)—Bir Suer, Red Sea. On weed. Coll. L. Fishelson, 

06.xi. 1976. 1 subadult male. 

Dynamenopsisplatura (NobiH, 1906)—I. Gambler. Coll. Dr. Seurat, 1903. 8 specimens. (Syntypes. 

M.d'H.N.). 

Dynamenopsis varicolor Hurley and Jansen, 1971—New Zealand. 1 adult male. (Holotype. CM.). 

Dynamenopsis sp.—Natural Jetty, Rottnest Island, Western AustraHa. Coll. R. W. George, 

19.ii.l959. 1 nonovigerous female. (W.A.M.: 57-80) (Fig. 8k-o). 

Cymodocella tubicauda Pfeffer, 1887—Hallett B., Antarctica. 7 specimens. (N.Z.O.I.: Z.1795). 

Cymodocella cancellata Barnard, 1920—South Africa. Pres. S.Afr.M. 1 specimen. (Holotype. 

B.M.N.H.: 1937.11.10.82).—34°12.9'S, 18°49.I'E. Coll. University of Cape Town. 1 male 

(S.Afr.M.: A. 14954). 

Cymodocella capra Hurley and Jansen, 1977—New Zealand. 1 male (Paratype. N.Z.O.I.: E.977). 

Cymodocella diateichos Barnard, 1959—Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Intertidal. Coll. University 

of Cape Town, 22.ix.1957. 1 specimen (Holotype. S.Afr.M.: A.13663). 

Cymodocella egregia (Chilton, 1892)—Makorori Beach, New Zealand. Intertidal. Coll. N.Z.O.I., 

20.ii.l968. 7 specimens (N.Z.O.I.: E.982). 

Cymodocella eutylos Barnard, 1954—South Africa. 1 male, 1 ovigerous female. (Syntypes. 

S.Afr.M.: A. 10409). 

Cymodocella foveolata Menzies, 1962b—Estacion de Biologia Marina, Montemar, Chile 

(32°57'24"S, 71°33'25"W). Intertidal. Coll. Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-49, 15.x. 1948. 

1 specimen (Holotype. N.R.: ISOPODA 9453);—(Details as above) Coll. 15.vi.l949. 3 specimens 

(Paratypes. N.R.: ISOPODA 9454). 

Cymodocella magna Barnard, 1954—South Africa. 3 specimens (Syntypes. S.Afr.M.: A. 10408);— 

South Africa. Coll. R. W. Rand. 31 specimens (S.Afr.M.: A. 10415). 

Cymodocella pustulata Barnard, 1914—Mouille Pt., South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard, 15.iv.1913. 

125 specimens (Syntypes. S.Afr.M.: A.2607);—South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 10 specimens 

(Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.99-108). 

Cymodocella sublevis Barnard, 1914—Mouille Pt., South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard, 29.xi.1913. 

18 specimens (Syntypes. S.Afr.M.: A.2623);—Sea Point, near Cape Town, South Africa. Coll. 

K. H. Barnard. 12 specimens (Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.109-118). 

Dynamenella perforata (Moore, 1901)—Ensenada Honda, Culebra, Puerto Rico. Coll. U.S. Fish 

Commission (Steamer "Fish Hawk"), ll.ii.l899. 3 adult males, 1 subadult male, 1 ovigerous 

female (no brood), 1 nonovigerous female (Types. U.S.N.M.: 32649);—Puerto Rico. Coll. P. 

Glynn. 1 male, 2 ovigerous females, 9 nonovigerous females (U.S.N.M.: 259321). 

Dynamenella acuticauda Menzies, 1962b—Estrecho de Magellanes, south of Punta Arenas 

(53°irS, 70°55'W). Intertidal. Coll. Lund University Chile Expedition 1948^9, 03.V.1949. 1 

nonovigerous female (Holotype. N.R.: ISOPODA 9450). 

Dynamenella angulata (Richardson, 1901)—Florida, U.S.A. Coll. H. Hemphill. 11 subadult males 

(Types. U.S.N.M.: 23906). 

Dynamenella australis Richardson, 1906—Cape Town, South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 2 adult 

males. (B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.127-128). 

Dynamenella australoides Barnard, 1940—St. James, Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Pres. S.Afr.M. 

2 ovigerous females (Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1938.4.27.6-7). 

Dynamenella bakeri (Menzies, 1962b)—Iquique, Chile. (20°12'30"S, 70''10'19"W). The harbour. Tidal 

belt. Coll. Lund University Chile Expedition 1948^9 (station M.133), 02.vii.l949. 3 adult 

males, 2 ovigerous females, 1 juvenile (Types, N.R.: ISOPODA 9468). 

Dynamenella benedicti Richardson, 1899—Monterey Bay, California, U.S.A. At the surface. Coll. 

H. Heath. 1 male, 1 ovigerous female (Types. U.S.N.M.: 22570). 

Dynamenella bicolor Barnard, 1914—Sea Point, Near Cape Town, South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 

1 subadult male (Syntype. B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.13.129). 

Dynamenella brunnea Vanhoffen, 1914—St. Paul. Coll. Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition 1901-03. 1 

ovigerous female (Syntype. B.M.N.H.: 1924.7.19.34). 

Dynamenella codii Nobili, 1906—Makapu. Coll. Dr. Seurat, 1905. 8 specimens. (Syntypes. 

M.d'H.N.). 

Dynamenella condita Hurley and Jansen. 1977—New Zealand. 1 adult male. (Holotype. CM.). 

Dynamenella cordiforaminalis (Chilton, 1883)—Bethell's Beach, New Zealand. Intertidal. Coll. 

N.Z.O.I., 21.x. 1968. 40 specimens (N.Z.O.I.: E.949).


Dynamenella dioxus Barnard, 1914—Cape Town, South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 1 male (Syntype. 

B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.119). 

Dynamenella eatoni (Miers, 1875)—Swain's Bay, Kerguelen. Coll. A. E. Eaton. 1 female (Lectotype. 

B.M.N.H.: 1979.219.1), 2 specimens (Paralectotypes. B.M.N.H.: 1979.220.2) (Lectotype 

chosen by E. Gomez Simes);—Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. Coll. Barrett Hamilton Expedition. 

2 subadult males (B.M.N.H.: 1921.12.15.30-31);—Puerto Deseado, Peninsula Foca, Santa 

Cruz. Pres. E. Gomez Simes, 08.vi.l976. 6 specimens (B.M.N.H.: 1979.335.6). 

Dynamenella fraudatrix Kussakin, 1962—Petrov Island, Japanese Sea. Intertidal. Coll. ?.ix.l934. 

Pres. Acad. Sci. Leningrad (As Dynamene glabra. Id. G. Gurjanova). Specimens including males 

and ovigerous females. (B.M.N.H.: 1936.3.18.19-26). 

Dynamenella hirsuta Hurley and Jansen, 1971—New Zealand. 1 adult male. (Holotype. CM.). 

Dynamenella huttoni (Thomson, 1878)—Maunganui Bluff, New Zealand. Intertidal. Coll. N.Z.O.I., 

22.x. 1968. 13 specimens (N.Z.O.I.: E.952);—Lyttelton, New Zealand. Pres. C. Chilton. 5 specimens 

(B.M.N.H.: 1906.2.20.1-6);—Gough Island, South Atlantic. Coll. M. W. Holdgate. 10 

specimens (B.M.N.H.: 1958.4.15.120-129);—Cape Town, South Africa. Pres. K. H. Barnard. 1 

subadult male, 2 nonovigerous females (Syntypes of Dynamenella kraussi Barnard, 1914. 

B.M.N.H.: 1915.1.11.5-8);—West Coast, Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 9 

specimens (as Dynamenella kraussi) (B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.13.130-138). 

Dynamenella insulsa Hurley and Jansen, 1977—New Zealand. 1 adult male. (Holotype. CM.). 

Dynamenella macrocephala (Krauss, 1843)—Cape Town, South Africa. Coll. K. H. Barnard. 5 

specimens (B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.122-126). 

Dynamenella navicula Barnard, 1940—Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Pres. S.Afr.M. 1 ovigerous 

female, I nonovigerous female (Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1937.11.10.246-247). 

Dynamenella ovalis Barnard, 1914—St. James, False Bay, South Africa. Coll. K.H. Barnard. 1 

adult male, 1 juvenile (B.M.N.H.: 1927.5.31.120-121);-StiU Bay, South Africa. Coll. S.Afr.M. 

8 specimens (B.M.N.H.: 1937.11.10.162-167). 

Dynamenella parva Baker, 1929—Port Willunga Reef, South Australia. Coll. H. M. Hale. 11 specimens 

(Syntypes. S.Aust.M.: C.3723). 

Dynamenella rubida Baker, 1926—Marouba, New South Wales, Australia. 1 adult male (Type. 

A.M.: P.9487). 

Dynamenella scabricula (Heller, 1865)—Cape Town, South Africa. Pres. K. H. Barnard. 10 specimens 

(B.M.N.H.: 1916.11.20.43-52). 

Dynamenella taurus Barnard, 1940—Bast London, South Africa. Pres. S.Afr.M. 1 subadult male, 

1 nonovigerous female (Syntypes. B.M.N.H.: 1938.4.27.8-9). 

Dynamenella tuberculata Menzies, 1962b—Punta Corona, Canal Chacao, Chile (41°47'S, 

73°53'07"W). Intertidal. Coll. Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-49, 28.ii.1949. 1 adult male 

(Type. N.R.: ISOPODA 9445). 

Dynamenella sp.—Grande Anse, Mahe, Seychelles. From algae. Coll. A. Harris, 27.ix. 1976. 2 adult 

males, 4 immature specimens. (In general appearance these specimens resemble Dynamenella 

trachydermata, new species, the only major differences being that the endopod of pleopod 1 of 

the adult male does not extend beyond the exopod, and the pleotelsons of the immature specimens 

are smoother than those of D. trachydermata. These specimens have been desiccated and their 

condition is not sufficiently acceptable to allow their description as a new species) (Q.M.: 

W.7952). 

RECEIVED: 9 March 1981. 

ACCEPTED: 21 May 1981. 

Address: Department of Zoology, The University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.

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