Ficus spp.
Ficus spp.
Ficus spp.
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<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
Introduction<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong>, a large genus in the family<br />
Moraceae, is composed of approximately<br />
1,000 members and is distributed in<br />
tropical and subtropical regions.<br />
Ninety-eight species, three subspecies,<br />
43 varieties, and two forms occur in<br />
China. The phloem fibers of <strong>Ficus</strong> are<br />
good substitutes for hemp. Fruits of some<br />
species are edible or used medicinally.<br />
Many <strong>Ficus</strong> species are hosts of Laccifer<br />
lacca Kerr, a scale insect that secrets<br />
a resinous substance [194] .<br />
Species of <strong>Ficus</strong> in China<br />
(NEXT PAGE)<br />
I. <strong>Ficus</strong> altissima<br />
Lofty fig, false banyan, council<br />
tree<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Family: Moraceae<br />
Genus: <strong>Ficus</strong> L.<br />
Description<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> altissima is a large woody tree,<br />
25-30 m tall and 40-90 cm in diameter,<br />
with smooth gray bark. Young shoots<br />
are green, puberulous, and 10 mm in<br />
diameter. Leaves are thick, leathery, and<br />
broadly ovate to broad-ovate elliptic,<br />
10-19 cm long and 8-11 cm wide, with<br />
entire margins, obtuse apices and cuneate<br />
bases. Both leaf surfaces are smooth,<br />
glabrous, with five to seven pairs of long<br />
basal lateral veins. Stipules are thick,<br />
leathery, 2-5 mm long, and covered<br />
with gray silky hairs. Wrapped within<br />
the hood-like bract when young, fruits<br />
are paired axillary syconia or figs. Male<br />
florets are scattered on the inner wall of<br />
the fig, with four membranous sepals.<br />
Female florets are sessile and have four<br />
sepals. Achenes are tuberculate. Flowers<br />
occur from March to April, and fruits<br />
occur from May to July [194] .<br />
Habitat<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> altissima occurs in mountains<br />
and plains at elevations of 100-2,000<br />
m [194] .<br />
Distribution<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> altissima occurs naturally in<br />
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Sichuan,<br />
Leaves of <strong>Ficus</strong> microcarpa. (Photo provided<br />
by USDA-PD.)<br />
Yunnan, [10][194] and is cultivated in<br />
Fujian [84] .<br />
Economic Importance<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> altissima is cultivated as an<br />
ornamental and as a host for Laccifer<br />
lacca [10] .<br />
II. <strong>Ficus</strong> microcarpa<br />
Laurel fig<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Family: Moraceae<br />
Genus: <strong>Ficus</strong> L.<br />
Description<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> microcarpa is a woody tree<br />
that grows to 15-25 m in height and<br />
50 cm in diameter, with a spreading<br />
crown and prop roots that are rustbrown<br />
when mature. Leaves are thin,<br />
leathery, narrowly elliptic, 4-8 cm long<br />
and 3-4 cm wide, with entire margins,<br />
obtuse apically and cuneate at bases,<br />
with three to ten pairs of long basal<br />
lateral veins. Dark green initially, leaves<br />
are dark brown and shiny when dried.<br />
Depressed globose syconia are 6-8 mm<br />
in diameter, yellow or slightly red at<br />
maturity, and occur in pairs in the leaf<br />
axils or old leafless branches. The bracts<br />
are broadly ovate and persistent. Male,<br />
female flowers, and galls, (the abnormal<br />
swollen flowers caused by insects), share<br />
the same syconium and flower May to<br />
June. Male flowers are sessile or stalked,<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 79
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
scattered on the inner wall of the fig.<br />
Gall and female flowers are similar.<br />
Fruits are ovate achenes [194] .<br />
Habitat<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> microcarpa occurs near urban<br />
areas and in forests [66] .<br />
Distribution<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong> microcarpa occurs naturallyin<br />
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,<br />
Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Yunnan [194] , and<br />
possibly Zhejiang provinces [126][144][159]<br />
[194]<br />
It is cultivated in Hubei and<br />
Shandong [7][194] .<br />
Economic Importance<br />
The bark fibers of laurel fig are used for<br />
making fishing nets and artificial cotton.<br />
Prop roots are used medicinally. <strong>Ficus</strong><br />
microcarpa is also grown as a windbreak<br />
and as an ornamental [10][66] .<br />
Natural Enemies of <strong>Ficus</strong><br />
Thirty-nine species of fungi have been<br />
reported to injure plants of the genus<br />
<strong>Ficus</strong>. Seventy-three arthropods in 28<br />
families of five orders have been found<br />
on members of the genus.<br />
Species of <strong>Ficus</strong> in China<br />
Scientific Name Scientific Name Scientific Name<br />
F. abelii Miq. F. maclellandi King F. altissima L.<br />
F. microcarpa L. f. F. ampelas Burm. f. F. napoensis S. S. Chang<br />
F. annulata L. F. neriifolia J. E. Sm. F. asperiuscula Kunth et Bouch.<br />
F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth F. aurantiaca Griff. F. oligodon Miq.<br />
F. auriculata Lour. F. orthoneura Lévl. et Vant. F. beipeiensis S. S. Chang<br />
F. ovatifolia S. S. Chang F. benguetensis Merr. F. pandurata Hance<br />
F. benjamina L. F. pedunculosa Miq. F. callosa Willd.<br />
F. pisocarpa L. F. cardiophylla Merr. F. polynervis S. S. Chang<br />
F. carica L. F. prostrata Wall. ex Miq. F. caulocarpa (Miq) Miq.<br />
F. pubigera (Wall. ex Miq.) Miq. F. chapaensis Gagnep. F. pubilimba Merr.<br />
F. chartacea Wall. ex King F. pubinervis L. F. chrysocarpa Reinw.<br />
F. pumila L. F. ciliata S. S. Chang F. pyriformis Hook. et Arn.<br />
F. concinna (Miq.) Miq. F. racemosa L. F. cumingii Miq.<br />
F. religiosa L. F. curtipes Corner F. ruficaulis Merr.<br />
F. cyrtophylla Wall. ex Miq. F. rumphii L. F. daimingshanensis S. S. Chang<br />
F. ruyuanensis S. S. Chang F. dinganensis S. S. Chang F. sagittata Vahl<br />
F. drupacea Thunb. F. sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm. F. elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.<br />
F. semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex J. E. Sm. F. erecta Thunb. F. septica Burm. f.<br />
F. esquiroliana Lévl. F. simplicissima Lour. F. filicauda Hand.-Mazz.<br />
F. squamosa Roxb. F. fistulosa Reinw. ex L. F. stenophylla Hemsl.<br />
F. formosana Maxim. F. stricta Miq. F. fusuiensis S. S. Chang<br />
F. subincisa J. E. Sm. F. gasparriniana Miq. F. subulata L.<br />
F. geniculata Kurz F. superba Miq. F. glaberrima L.<br />
F. tannoensis Hayata F. guangxiensis S. S. Chang F. tikoua Bur.<br />
F. guizhouensis S. S. Chang F. tinctoria Forst. f. F. hederacea Roxb.<br />
F. trichocarpa L. F. henryi Warb. ex Diels F. trivia Corner<br />
F. heteromorpha Hemsl. F. tsiangii Merr. ex Corner F. heterophylla L. f.<br />
F. tuphapensis Drake F. heteropleura L. F. undulata S. S. Chang<br />
F. hirta Vahl F. vaccinioides Hemsl. ex King F. hispida L.<br />
F. variegata L. F. hookeriana Corner F. variolosa Lindl. ex Benth.<br />
F. irisana Elmer F. vasculosa Wall. ex Miq. F. ischnopoda Miq.<br />
F. virens Ait. F. laevis L. F. virgata Reinw. ex L.<br />
F. langkokensis Drake F. yunnanensis S. S. Chang<br />
80 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
Fungi<br />
Phylum Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Aithaloderma clavatisporum Syd. & P. Syd. po 23 I<br />
Chaetoscorias vulgare W. Yamam. po 23<br />
Capnodiaceae Neocapnodium tanakae (Shirai et Hara) Yamam. po 23<br />
Scorias communis W. Yamam. po 23<br />
Triposporiopsis spinigera (Höhn.) W. Yamam. po 23<br />
Chaetothyriaceae<br />
Chaetothyrium dictyosporum Petr. mo 23<br />
Chaetothyrium javanicum (Zimm.) Boedijn po 23 II<br />
Erysiphaceae Phyllactinia broussonetiae-kaempferi Sawada po 22<br />
Glomerellaceae Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & H. Schrenk po 23<br />
Hyponectriaceae Physalospora fici-formosanae Sawada mo 23<br />
Irenina cheoi Hansf. oo 23<br />
Ascomycota<br />
Irenopsis benguetensis F. Stevens & Roldan ex Hansf.<br />
oo 23<br />
oo 62<br />
Meliolaceae Meliola bangalorensis Hansf. & Thirum. po 62<br />
Meliola microtricha Syd. & P. Syd.<br />
oo 23<br />
oo 62<br />
Meliola sakahensis W. Yamam. mo 23<br />
Phyllachora aspidea (Berk.) Sacc. mo 23<br />
Phyllachora fici-beecheyanae Sawada mo 23<br />
Phyllachora fici-septicae Sawada mo 23<br />
Phyllachoraceae Phyllachora fici-variolosae Petr. mo 23<br />
Phyllachora ficuum Niessl oo 23<br />
Phyllachora yatesii E. Castell. & Cif. oo 23 III<br />
Phyllachora banahaensis Petr. oo 23 IV<br />
Atheliaceae Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C.C. Tu & Kimbr. po 23 V<br />
Corticiaceae Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome po 23<br />
Basidiomycota Incertae sedis Uredo sawadae S. Ito oo 23<br />
Phakopsoraceae<br />
Phakopsora fici-erectae S. Ito & Y. Otani ex S. Ito & Muray. po 23<br />
Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur oo 23 VI<br />
Oomycota Pythiaceae Phytophthora carica (Hara) Hori mo 23<br />
Anamorphic Ascomycetes Plenophysa mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd. mo 23<br />
Anamorphic Botryotinia Botrytis depraedans (Cooke) Sacc. po 23<br />
Anamorphic Glomerella<br />
Colletotrichum caricae F. Stevens & J.G. Hall mo 23<br />
Colletotrichum elasticae Tassi mo 23<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 81
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
Anamorphic Mycosphaerella<br />
Pseudocercospora angulo-maculae (Karr & M. Mandal)<br />
W.H. Hsieh & Goh<br />
Pseudocercospora cladophora Sawada ex Goh & W.H.<br />
Hsieh<br />
Pseudocercospora fici (Heald & F.A. Wolf) X.J. Liu & Y.L.<br />
Guo<br />
mo 110<br />
oo 110<br />
mo<br />
23 VII<br />
oo 110<br />
Pseudocercospora fici-septicae Sawada ex Goh & W.H.<br />
Hsieh<br />
mo 110<br />
Pseudocercospora kallarensis (T.S. Ramakr. & K. Ramakr.)<br />
Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu<br />
mo 110<br />
Septoria pirottae Tassi mo 23<br />
Anamorphic Nectria Tubercularia fici Edgerton mo 23<br />
I<br />
Recorded as Aithaloderma clavatispora Syd.<br />
II<br />
Recorded as Phaeosaccardinula javanica (Zimm.) Yamam.<br />
III<br />
Recorded as Trabutia chinense Yates<br />
IV<br />
Recorded as Trabutia elmeri Theiss. et Syd.<br />
V<br />
Recorded as Corticium centrifugum (Lév.) Bres.<br />
VI<br />
Recorded as Phakopsora nishidana Ito.<br />
VII<br />
Recorded as Cercospora fici Heald & F.A. Wolf<br />
Arthropods<br />
Order Family Species H. R. Ref.<br />
Eriophyidae Cecidophyes thailandica Keifer o 83<br />
Acariformes<br />
Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) po 143<br />
Tetranychidae Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) po 143<br />
Tetranychus piercei McGregor po 143<br />
Aeolesthes holosericea (Fabricius) po 9<br />
Anoplophora chinensis (Förster) po 9<br />
Anoplophora chinensis macularia (Thomson) po 9<br />
Apriona germari (Hope) po 9<br />
Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) po 9<br />
Cerambycidae<br />
Batocera rubus (Linnaeus) po 9<br />
Epepeotes uncinatus Gahan po 124<br />
Coleoptera<br />
Macrochenus guerini White po 124<br />
Monochamus bimaculatus Gahan po 9<br />
Olenecamptus bilobus (Fabricius) po 9<br />
Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe)<br />
po 9<br />
po 158<br />
Chrysomelidae Morphosphaera cavaleriei Laboissiere o 185<br />
Coccotrypes apicalis Beeson p 140<br />
Scolytidae Hadrodemius artecomans (Schedl) p 65<br />
Terminalinus eggersi (Besson) po 65<br />
82 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
Homoptera<br />
Lepidoptera<br />
Cerococcidae Cerococcus ficoides Green po 151<br />
Cicadellidae Tartessus ferrugineus (Walker) po 48<br />
Ceroplastes ceriferus (Anderson) po 151<br />
Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock<br />
po 65<br />
po 151<br />
Ceroplastodes chiton Green po 151<br />
Chloropulvinaria floccifera (Westwood)<br />
po 65<br />
po 151<br />
Coccidae<br />
Coccus elongatus (Signoret) po 151<br />
Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) po 65<br />
Dicyphococcus ficicola Borchsenius mo 151<br />
Paralecanium expansum (Green) po 151<br />
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) po 151<br />
Protopulvinaria mangiferae (Green) po 151<br />
Saissetia formicarii (Green) po 151<br />
Saissetia oleae (Bernard) po 151<br />
Diaspididae<br />
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) po 65<br />
Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell) po 65<br />
Flatidae<br />
Geisha distinctissima (Walker)<br />
po 158<br />
po 204<br />
Greenideidae Greenidea guangzhouensis Zhang o 189<br />
Margarodidae<br />
Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) po 65<br />
Laccifer lacca (Kerr) p 65<br />
Anaparaputo liui Borchsenius oo 150<br />
Pseudococcidae<br />
Gossypariella siamensis (Takahashi) oo 150<br />
Planococcus sinensis Borchsenius po 150<br />
Ripersia sera Borchsenius oo 150<br />
Tropiduchidae Mesepora onukii (Matsumura) po 204<br />
Asota egens (Walker) oo 41<br />
Lacides ficus (Fabricius) o 41<br />
Arctiidae<br />
po 40 †<br />
Nyctemera adversata (Schaller)<br />
po 41<br />
po 65<br />
Ocinara brunnea Wileman po 65<br />
p 65<br />
Bombycidae<br />
po 65<br />
Ocinara varians Walker<br />
po 65<br />
po 65<br />
Euploea core (Cramer) p 203<br />
Danaidae<br />
Euploea mulciber (Cramer) po 203<br />
Euploea mulciber barsine Fruhstorfer p 203<br />
Euploea sylvester (Fabricius) p 203<br />
Hesperiidae Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius) po 203<br />
Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies — 83
<strong>Ficus</strong> <strong>spp</strong>.<br />
Lycaenidae Iraota timoleon (Stoll) po 203<br />
Euproctis bipunctapex (Hampson) p 141<br />
mo 65<br />
Lymantriidae Lymantria serva iris Strand<br />
p 141<br />
oo 199<br />
Orgyia truncata Chao oo 199<br />
Noctuidae<br />
Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) po 65<br />
Plusia chryson (Esper) po 65<br />
Cyrestis cocles (Fabricius) po 203<br />
p 203<br />
Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval<br />
Nymphalidae<br />
oo 158<br />
Cyrestis thyodamas formosana Fruhstorfer p 203<br />
Hypolimnas bolina kezia (Butler) p 203<br />
Psychidae Chalia larminati Heylaerts p 141<br />
mo 65<br />
Cirrhochrista brizoalis Walker<br />
Pyralidae<br />
mo 158<br />
Diaphania bivitralis (Guenée) oo 145<br />
Sphingidae Marumba jankowskii (Oberthür) po 208<br />
Uraniidae Nyctalemon menoetius Hopffer po 65<br />
Thysanoptera<br />
Phlaeothripidae<br />
Haplothrips leucanthemi (Schrank) po 56<br />
Mesothrips jordani Zimmermann mo 56<br />
Thripidae<br />
Anisopilothrips venustulus (Priesner) po 56<br />
Astrothrips aucubae Kurosawa p 65<br />
†<br />
Recorded as Nyctemera plagifera Walker<br />
84 — Invasive Plants of Asian Origin Established in the US and Their Natural Enemies
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