Full-text - Norsk entomologisk forening

0.31983SER. B VOL. 30NO. 2orwegian Journal of EntomologyP BU HEO BYORSK ZOOLOGISK TIDSSKRIFfSENTRALOSW

Fauna norvegica Ser. BNorwegian Journal of EntomologyNorsk Entomologisk Forenings tidsskriftAppears with one ~Iume (two issues) annuallyUtkommer med to hefter pr. ar.Editor-in-Chief (Ansvarlig redaktor)Ole A. S

Sphecidae (Hym., Aculeata) recorded from bark beetlepipe traps and some faunal notes from South NorwayTORSTEIN KVAMME AND RUNE AXELSSONKvamme, T. and Axelsson, R. 1983. Sphecidae (Hym., Aculeata) recorded from bark beetlepipe traps and some faunal notes from South Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30, 57 - 59.Eleven species of Sphecid wasps were recorded from bark beetle pipe traps. It is no reason tobelieve that the trapped specimens have responded to the synthetic bark beetle pheromones.Pemphredon lugens Dahlbom, 1842 and P.flavistigma Thomson, 1874, are presented new tothe Norwegian fauna.Torstein Kvamme, Norsk institutt for skogforskning, Box 61, N·1432 As-NLH, Norway.Rune Axelsson, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Inst. for viixt- och skogsskydd, Box 7044,S·750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.The family Sphecidae is poorly investigated inNorway, as shown by Lombholdt 0975,1976).While 155 species are known to occur in Sweden,only 95 species are known from Norway.About 50 % of these species are arboreal (Lombholdt1975). Indirectly the low number of speciesemphesizes the low level of collecting activityin Norway.It is well known that Sphecids can be recordedin window traps (Axelsson 1982), butcatches from drain pipe traps have not been prei'lented.The present paper deals with specimens caughtin bark beetle drain pipe traps and singlerecords representing new faunal divisions. Thefaunal divisions are in agreement with Strand(943), and in ad,dition the EIS-grid numbers areadded. The specimens are preserved in the collectionof the Norwegian Forest Research Institute.SPHECID WASPS FROM BARK BEETLEDRAIN PIPE TRAPSDuring the years 1979 to 1982 an extensive integratedcontrol program for the spruce bark beetle([ps typographlls) was carried out in Norway.The methods and trap models are describedby 8akke & Strand (] 98 0. All insects trappedin 1979 in a total of 216 traps at 20 localitieswere carefully examined. Sphecid wasps werefound amongst bark beetles at 12 ofthe localities(Fig. 1). The number of each species at the differentsites are presented in Tab. 1. All specimenscaught in the traps belonged to species nesting inFauna norv. Ser. B. 30.. 57-59. Oslo 1983holes etc., mainly in decayed wood. None ofthem are known to prey on bark beetles, butprey on Diptera and Hemiptera (Lombholdt1975,1976). The hole-nesting habits of this species,the small number of specimens trapped,and the relatively large proportion of females,indicate that the Sphecids were attracted to thetraps in search of a suitable breeding place. It isprobably a visual stimulus and not a result ofkairomone response as known from predatorssuch as Thanasimlls spp. (Bakke & Kvamme1978, 1980.Comments to some of the species presented in Table1:Pemphredon lugens Dahlbom~ 1842 is hitherto notknown from Norway, although this species is widelydistributed in Sweden and Finland, and oneof the most common species of the genus (Lombholdt1975). Probably is P. lugens widely distributedin Norway, but previously overlooked.P. montanus Dahlbom, 1842 is new to South Norway,previously known only from Nn0, Fi andF0. In Sweden the species is recorded from almostthe entire country except the coastal areas in thesouthern parts. All the records are from inlandareas (Tab. 0.P. wesmaeli (A. Morawitz, 1864) is previouslyknown only from western parts of the country (Riand SFi).Ceratophorus morio (van der Linden, 1829). This isthe second Norwegian record, known only fromAK:Oslo. According to Lombholdt (1975), C. moriais not common and is sporadically found inScandinavia.Passaloecus borealis Dahlbom, 1845 is a poorlyknown species, in Norway previously found onlyin NTi:Verdal and not in Nsy (Lombholdt 1975).57

Tab. 1. Sphecidae recorded from bark beetle pipe traps. 1979. Black triangles: Records representingnew faunal divisions. Black star: New to the fauna of Norway.lOCALlT IES:AK:Haga,NesHEs:Agasen,ElverumOs:Oksbakken ,JarenSPECIES:•'!.!.li:::JCl:::J-;;c:nI:r-0"'0';Q):::J.c'ya:;:E..cQ)af0._...,Ul"'":::J~I: "l'llE"'00_I:..cE,c l'll0.:0....1S!....Os: Lillehammer(EIS: 55)1iB0:Kamplia,0vre Eiker (EIS: 27) I~d' ....52~B0: Torbraten,Kredsherad (EIS: 35) 2WTEy:Jomfruland(EIS: 11) 1"1d'TEy:Steinsmd,SkienTEi :HjartdalAAy:Gisletveit,Vegardshei•N~ "'"Ul E"1:0&s:::J,c-l'lla:c....19~co ..._ N';:t:l'll~E~UlOQ)::iE~ .Cl:,s....1S!Ul:::J... l'llN "'"I: co0".: ~Cl:(/).g-;-;ONE~c:UlQ)Ull'llQ)0..c...,Ul"'":::JCOu"":.Q)E.20Ul.: ...-"'" 0'c .:E~Q)I:"'l'llUo.w_- "'"0:::J'O... 1:0',c...J0. ...oQ)... '0~I:Q)l'll(,)~l'll..cUlUl,cl'lll'll0.0l'll~0.l'llUlCO:::J..coUl..:::J ":::J~1:.:=CJc';:o..cUl'll'11.. w_-co M~:0._ ...UlQ)-Ull'll Q)Q)......0'"..cQ)w_ 'N(EIS:37)....(EIS:SS) 1!l 19....(EIS:36) 2~....19(EIS:18)(EIS: 27)(E IS :10)....299222 11~....29~....299NTi :Leksvik (EIS:97) 13~~NTi :Hegra, Stj0rdal (E 15:93) 1~....12....12....1~....12,I~cr10 I....292~cJcJ2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0~99....12Ul.=:::"",UlM:::Jco0."":.'Q)Ul:::J... :::JQ)'"u alo oilUl"':UlEQ)(,)...J2....1222 12 7 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 1Single records representing new faunal divisions:Ammophila sabu/osa (Linne, 1758).HEs:Slettmoen, Eidskog (EIS:38), I d in pit-falltrap 14/6-1975.Pemphredon flavistigma Thomson, 1874.HEs:Slettmoen, Eidskog (EIS:38), I Q caught bysweep-netting on bushes 19/6-1978. This speciesis not previously known from Norway. Accordingto Lombholdt (1975) P. flavistigma is rare inFennoscandia. Nests are known from decayedwood of Betulae and others.Cerceris arenaria (Linne, 1758).0:0rekroken, Hvaler (EIS: 12), 1 d sweep-netted5/7-1980 on a meadow near by the sea.0:Vikane, Ons0Y (EIS: 20), 1 d sweep-nettedfrom Achillea mi//efolium 12/7-1980.C. quadr(fasciata (Panzer, 1789).VAy:Mandal (EIS:2). 1 Q sweep-netted on asandy meadow 19/7-1980.Oxybelus uniglumis (Linne, 1758).HEs:Slettmoen, Eidskog (EIS:38), I Q in pit-falltrap 5/7-1975.Ecremnius cephalotes (Olivier, 1792).0:Spydeberg (EIS:29), I Q sweep-netted on ameadow 30/7-1975. The species is rare (Lombholdt1976), only known from AK and B0.Rhophalum coarctatum (Scopoli. 1763).VAy:Mandal (EIS:2l. I ~ sweep-netted on asandy meadow. 19/7-1980.58

I59JI ...~I." ... ~).......- /REFERENCESAxelsson, R. 1982. Rovsteklar filngade i f()nsterfellori mellersta Sverige [Sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera)caught in window traps in central Sweden]. Ent.Tidskr. 103,78-80.Bakke. A. & Kvamme, T. 1978. Kairomone responseby the predators Thanasimus formicarius andThanasimus rufipes to the synthetic pheromoneof [ps typographus. Nor\\!. J. Ent. 25, 41-43.- 1981. Kairomone response in Thanasimus predatorsto pheromone components of [ps typographus,1. Chem. Ecol. 7, 305 - 312.Bakke, A. & Strand, L 1981. Feromoner og fellersom ledd i integrert bekjempelse av granbarkbillen.Noen resultater fra barkbilleaksjonen 1979 og1980. (Pheromones and traps as part of an integratedcontrol of the spruce bark beetle. Some resultsfrom a control program in Norway in 1979and 1980) (Rapp. Nor. inst. skogforsk. 5/81),1-39.Lombholdt, O. 1975. The Sphecidae (Hymenoptera)of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Ent.Scand. 4 (part n. 1-224.- 1976. The Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandiaand Denmark.. Fauna Ent. Scand. 4 (part2),225-452.Strand, A. 1943. Inndeling av Norge til bruk ved faunistiskeoppgaver. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 6,208-224. 'Received 21 Dec. I982.,Fig. I. The localities where Sphecids have been reocordedin bark beetle pipe traps. I: Haga, Nes; 2:Agasen. Elverum; 3: Oksbakken, Jaren; 4: Lillehammer;5: Kamplia, 0vre Eiker; 6: Torbnhen, Krodsherrad;7: Jomfruland; 8: Steinsrod, Skien; 9: Hjartdal;10: Gisletveit, Vegilrdshei; It: Leksvik and 12:Hegra, Stjordal.

Primary parasitoids (Hym., Aphidiidae) andhyperparasitoids on aphids from NorwayTROND HOFSVANG AND ELINE B. HAGVARHofsvang, T. & Hagvar, E.8. 1983. Primary parasitoids (Hym., Aphidiidae) and hyperparasitoidson aphids from Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30. 60-62.Data on 14 species of Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera), mostly collected at As, southern Norway,are given, including 9 species new to the Norwegian fauna. With 7 additional species fromliterature records, a total of 21 species of Aphidiidae are reported from Norway. Sixteen speciesfrom 3 different families of hyperparasitoids on aphids from Norway are also listed.T. Hofsvang, Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural University of Norway, N-1432 AsNLH, Norway. E.8. Hagvar, Department of Zoology, Agricultural University of Norway,N-1432 As-NLH, Norway.The information available on primary parasitoids(Aphidiidae) and on different groups of hyperparasitoidson aphids from Norway is veryscarce. During several years study of Aphidiidaeas biological control agents on aphids in glasshousessome occational collections of mummifiedaphids were made.The species of Aphidiidae that emerged frommummies, most of them collected at As, southernNorway, are given in Tab. I. Nine speciesare new to Norway. In addition, the followingspecies of Aphidiidae from Norway are reportedin the literature: Ephedrus lacertosus (Haliday,1833) in Mackauer (1968). Ephedrus persicaeFrogatt, 1904 in Mackauer (I 968). Ephedrusplagiator (Nees, 1811) in Mackauer (I968), Edland(1976), Stary (1981). Praon abjectum (Haliday,1833) in Stary (1981). Praon gallicumStary, 1971 in Stary (1981). Praon volucre (Haliday,1833) in Edland (I 976), Stary (I 981). Aphidiusrhopalosiphi De Stephani, 190 I in Stary(I 981). Aphidius uzbekistanikus Luzhetzki, 1960in Stary (I981). Monoctonus caricis (Haliday,1833) in Mackauer & Stary (1967). Trioxys auctus(Haliday, 1833) in Stary (1981). A total of 21species of Aphidiidae are now reported fromNorway, a very low number compared to 84species reported from Finland (Halme 1977).Hyperparasitoids on aphids exist within thefollowing genera: Dendrocerus (Megaspillidae);Alloxysta, Phaenoglyphis (Cynipidae) and Asaphes,Coruna, Pachyneuron (Pteromalidae). Thespecies of hyperparasitoids that emerged frommummies collected at As, are given in Tab. 2. In60an experiment where the aphi4iid E. cerasicolawas introduced to control M. persicae on Capsicumin small glasshouses at As 1982, more regularyrecords of hyperparasitoids were made bycollecting mummies once a week (Tab. 3).Literature records exist on the following aphidhyperparasitoids from Norway: Dendroce~rus aphidllm (Rondani, 1877) in Hellen (I 966),see Fergusson (1980). Dendrocerus carpenteri(Curtis, 1829) in Edland (1976). Dendrocerusdubiosus (Kieffer, 1907) in Dessart (I 972), seeFergusson (1980). Dendrocerus laevis (Ratzeburg,1852) in Fergusson (I 980). Dendroceruspunctipes (Boheman, 1832) in Dessart (1972),biology unknown. A number of Alloxysta-speciesfrom Norway is given by Hellen(1963, 1966): Alloxysta erythrothorax (Hartig,1840), Alloxysta filicornis (Cameron, 1889), Alloxystaflavicornis(Hartig, 184 I), Alloxysta forticornis(Giraud, 1860), Alloxystafuscipes (Thomson,1862), Alloxysta macrophadna (Hartig,1841), Alloxysta pedestris (Curtis, 1838) and Alloxystavictrix (Westwood, 1833). Edland (I976)has recorded AIloxysta rubriceps (Kieffer, 1902).Asaphes sllspensus (Nees, 1834) and Asaphesvulgaris Walker, 1834 are reported by Edland(1976), Compton (1981) and Hedquist (I 982).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to thank Dr. P. Stary for identifyingmost of the Aphidiidae and Dr. N. Fergussonfor verifying some of the Dendrocerus sp.Fauna non' Ser 8 30 60-62 Oslo 1983

Table I. Aphidiidae from Norway. primary parasites on aphids. G =c glasshouse. The given dates represent thecollection of mummies. Species new to Norway are marked with an asterisk.Species Aphid host (Host pi_ant) Locality DateEphedrus cer~sicola Stary, 1962*Ephedrus £E:rsicae Frogatt, 1904To}Carli!'s deltiger (Haliday, 1833).------*praon myzophagum Mackauer,1959*praon silvestre Stary, 1971.-----Praon v01ucre (Haliday, i833)Lysiphlebus confusus Tremblay & Eady,1978~ius colernani Viereck, 1912Aph~dius ervi Ha1iday, 1834G Je1\t1y,~, EIS 19GAs, AK, EIS 28~ cerasi Gr imstad, AAY. EIS 6 19 July 1975~. persicae_ G Jellt1y~,' persicae G AsAphid host? (8rassica held) AsAphid host? (Capsicum) G AsAphid host? (l".atricaria)As~. persicae G AsAphid host? (Capsicum) G AsAphid host? (Host plant?) G Asker, AK, EIS 28July 1973July 197424 August 197324 July 1974, September 197631 October 197':1September 19758 July 1970197327 November 1975I 1968~. persicae G As 10 September 1973, 10 August 1976Aphid host? (Trifolium) As 27 May 1982Aph~dius matricariae Haliday, 1834 ~. persicae G Je1lt1y 24 August 1973G As 9 August 1982*Aph~d~us rhopalosiphi pe Stephani, 1902 ¥hopa10siphum sp. G As April 1978*~iuS rosae Haliday, 1834 Macrosiphum rosae As 18 June 1976~eret~e11a rapae {H' Intosh, 1855) ~. perslcae As 26 September.&G As 23 August 19758 November 1976Fa1c~conus pseudop1antani (Marsha11, 1896) Aphid host? (Acer) As 26 October 1974, 19 August 19761)2)3)4 )6)1) B~ology: Hofsvang & Hagvar (1975a, 1977, 1978). 2) Parasitoid on ~riphy11us sp. on Acer (Stary, pers. CODJIn.)3) Det. P. Stary 1974 as!:o. ambiguus, now: !:o.. confusus (see Tremblay &- Eady (1978». 4> Biology: Hofsvang & Hagvar (1975 b,e,1977, 1978). Geographical distribution: Stary (1975). 5) Biology: Hagvar &- Hofsvang (1975 b). 6) High percentage parasi tuat~or,on~. persicae in glasshouses.7) Parasitoid on Dre~nosiphum sp. on Acer (Stary, pers. comm.).Table 2. Hyperparasitoids on aphids from As. Primary parasitoid: Aphidiidae.The given dates represent the collection of mummies.Hyperparasitoid Primary parasitoid Aphid host (Host plant) DateAsaphes suspensus (Nees, 1834) 5 October 1977, 11 October 1978,3,5,17 October 1980A. matr icariae 9 August 1982Asaphes vulgaris Walker, 1834 ~. cerasico1a 3 October 1980~. rnatr~cariae 9 August. 1982Dendrocerus aphidum Ciondani, 1877) ~.~ 3 October 1980Dend:rocerus carpenteri {Curbs, 1829}•~. matricariaeAphid host? (Rosa)9 August 198214 June 1974F. pseudop1ant.ani Aphid host? (Acer) 26 October 1974Dend:r~ 1aticeps (Hedicke, 1929) ~. cerasico~ ~. persicae 19 August 1977, 11 October 1978,7 October 198161

Table 3. Emergence of the primary parasitoid E. cerasicola and hyperparasitoids from mummifield aphidsin glasshouse with M. persicae on Capsicum., As 1982. M. persicae / E. cerasicola were introduced 18 June.Collection Ephedrus Dendrocerus Asaphes Asaphesof mununies cerasicola laticpes suspensus vulgaris22 July 47 lX 1 029 July 64 1 5 05 August 3 0 7 ·012 August 0 0 36 619 August 0 0 1 126 August 0 0 0 02 September 1 0 2 09 September 1 0 0 015 September 0 0 0 1x Dendrocerus sp.REFERENCES - 1975b. Duration of development and longevity inAphidius ervi and Aphidius platensis (Hym.: AphiCompton, C. 1981. The chalcid fauna of the Josteda diidae), two parasites of Myzus persicae (Horn.:len (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Fauna norv. Ser. B. 28, Aphididae). Entomophaga 20, 11 - 22.83-89. - 1975c. Fecundity and oviposition period of AphiDessart, P. 1972. Revision des especes europeennes dius platensis Brethes (Hym., Aphidiidae) parasitidegenre Dendrocerus Ratzeburg, 1852 (Hyme zing Myzus persicae Su1z. (Horn., Aphididae) onnoptera, Ceraphronoidea). Mem. Soc.r. ent. Belg. paprika. Norw. 1. Ent. 22, 113-116.32,1-310. - 1977. Cold storage tolerance and supercooling poEdland, T. 1976. Verknad av insektmiddel i ulike ints of mummies of Ephedrus cerasicola Starykonsentrasjonar pi bladlus og nyttedyr. Forsk. and Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hym. AphidiiFors. Landbr. 27, 683-699. dae). Norw. 1. Ent. 24, 1-6.Fergusson, N.D.M. 1980. A revision of the British - 1978. Larval morphology and development of Apspeciesof Dendrocerus Ratzeburg. (Hymenoptera: hidius colemani Viereck and Ephedrus cerasicolaCeraphronoidea) with a review of their biology as Stary (Hym., Aphidiidae). Norw. J. Ent. 25, 1-8.aphid hyperparasites. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. Mackauer, M. 1968. Die Aphidiiden (Hymenoptera)(Ent.) 41,255-314. Finnlands. Fauna fenn. 22, 1-40.Halme, J. 1977. Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera) of Fin Mackauer, M. & Stary, P. 1967. Hym. Ichneumonoiland.I. Historical review and records of eight dea. World Aphidiidae. Index of Entomophagousnew species. Notulae Entomol. 57. 109-114. Insects. Le Francois. Paris. 195 pp.Hedquist, K.-J. 1982. Cha1cid flies (Cha1cidoidea) Stary, P. 1975. Aphidius colemani Vierck: its taxofromHardangervidda. Fauna Hardangervidda nomy, distribution and host range (Hymenoptera,16,1-16. Aphidiidae). Acta ent. bohemoslov. 72, 156 -163.Hellen, W. 1963. Die Alloxystinen Finn1ands (Hyme - 1981. Biosystematic synopsis of parasitoids on cenoptera:Cynipidae). Fauna fenn. 15, 1-23. real aphids in the western Palaearctic (Hymenop- 1966. Cynipiden- und Proctotrupoidenfunde aus tera, Aphidiidae; Homoptera, Aphidoidea). ActaNorwegen (Hymenoptera). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 13, ent. bohemoslov. 78, 382-396.393. Tremb1ay, E. & Eady, R.D. 1978. Lysiphlebus conluHofsvang, T. & Higvar, E.B. 1975a. Developmental sus n.sp. per Lysiphlebus ambiguus sensu Auct.rate, longevity, fecundity, and oviposition period nec Haliday (1834) (Hymenoptera, IchneumonoiofEphedrus cerasicola Stary (Hym., Aphidiidae) dea). Boil. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici 35, 180-184.parasitizing Myzus persicae Sulz. (Horn., Aphididae)on paprika. Norw. 1. Ent. 22, 15-22. Received 23 Dec. 1982.62

The flight period of Caddis-flies (Trichoptera) on theIsland ofOsteroy, Western Norway.TROND ANDERSENAndersen, T. 1983. The flight period of Caddis-flies (Trichoptera) on the Island of OstemyWestern Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30.63-68.'The flight p~riod of 84 Trichoptera species are given, based on a collection of approximately75.000 specimens caught on the Island of Ostemy in outer Hordaland. The earliest speciestaken, Chilostigma sieboldi McLachlan, 1876, was flying in March. More species started tofly m May, and maximum number of speCies, 64, were taken in the beginning of August.Chaetopteryx villosa (Pabricius, 1798) was the latest species, flying until mid December.Rhy'ac~phila nl/hila (Zetterstedt, 1840) had the most extended flight period, starting in thebegmnmg of June and lasting until 20 November.Trond Andersen, Dept. of Systematic Zoology, Museum of Zoology, N-5000 Bergen, Norway.INTRODUCTIONRecords of the flight period of West NorwegianTrichoptera are sporadic and have mostly appearedin connection with faunistic surveys (Andersen1974, 1976, 1979, 1980a, 1980b, Andersenet al. 1978). Many of the Trichoptera foundin Western Norway are widely distributed andinformation on their flight periods in other partsof Europe can be drawn from the litterature. Inthis context the flight periods recorded from~weden (e.g. Gbthberg 1970, Olsson 1971,Svensson 1972, Tobias 1969, Ulfstrand 1970)and from the British Isles (e.g. Brindle 1965,Crichton 1960, 1971, Crichton & Fisher 1981~richton et al. 1978, Hickin 1967) are of speciaimterest. Howe"er, a given species does notpecessarily have the same flight period in WesternNorway as in Sweden or on the BritishIsles. Crichton (I 97 I) and Crichton et al. (I 978)demonstrated that the flight period of most Trichoptera,with an extended flight period insouthern England, have shorter flight periods inScotland, and that many limnephilids flying inlate summer and autumn have their respectivemedian day, i.e. the day when 50 % of theyearly total have been caught, progressively laterwith lower latitudes.In the present paper I present flight periods ofmost West Norwegian Trichoptera, based oncollections made on the Island of Ostef0Y.STUDY AREAOstef0Y is a large inland island, with an area of328 km 2, situated northeast of Bergen in outerFauna norv. Ser. B. 30. 63-68. Oslo 1983~ordaland. The central and eastern parts of theIsland are mountainous, the highest point.H0gafjell, reaching 869 m a.s.!. The main featureof the topography in the western parts ofthe island is a series of low ridges passing in anorth-south direction.The island present a variety of freshwater localities.Along the coast and in the valleys in thewestern parts of the island there are a high numberof lakes and ponds with rich vegetation. Inthe cen~ral parts of the island there are marshyareas With ponds and small lakes vegetated withsedges and grasses, and even peat-bogs withsmall ponds. In the more central and mountainousparts there are also clearwater lakes withhardly any vegetation. Several smaller and largerstreams come running from the mountains,some fastflowing with coarse bottomsubtratumothers more slowly running with a finer sUbs~tratum. Several streams and small rivers flowthrough the lowlands in the western parts of theisland, most have stony bottom, but some havesandy or muddy substratum.Most of the field work was carried out in thewestern parts of the island. Streams, lakes andponds in the lowlands in this part of the island~ielded a high number of species. In a light trapsituated near a lake outlet a total of 64 specieswere taken. Lakes and ponds in the marshy andboggy areas in the central part of the island hada different fauna and yielded fewer species.Freshwater localities in the mountainous partswere also sampled. A light trap was situatedmore or less continuously for two seasons at arather fastflowing stream at 350 m a.s.l. The63

SPECIESMONTHM A M J J A s o N DChiLostigma si.eboLdi HcLachlan, 1876 I-Limnephi LUB extrica tU8 HcLachlan, 1865 +++Phi Lopotamus montanu8 (Donovan, 1813) ++PoLyc€ntropU8 fLavomacuLatuB (Pictet, 1834) ++++LimnephiLus centralis (Cur-lis, 18]4)StenophyLax permistu8 HcLachlan, 1895LimnephiLus binotatu8 Cur-tis, 1834Hydrop ti La tineoides Dalman, 1819LimnephiLua rohombicuB (L., 1758)GLyphotae Li us p€ Uucidu8 (Retzius, 178])8ereodcs minutuB (L., 1761)CeracLea ni-groaner-vosa (Retzius, 1783)LimnephiLIUI eLegans Cur-tis, 1834AgapetuB ochripes Curtis, 1834Hydrop8yche pellucidula (Curlis, 1834)Goer-a pi-Losa (Fabrlcius, 1775)HoLocentropUB dLlbi-UB (Rambur, 1842)Micropterna lateralis 1Stephens, 1837) +HOxyethi-ra flatlicorni8 (Pictet. 1834)Oxyethira tristella Klap:Uek, 1895 +++Neuredipsis bimaculata (L., 1758) +++Cyrnus flatlidu8 HcLachlan, 1864Lype phaeopa (Stephens, 1836)Tinodes tJaeneri CL., 1758) ++++Lepidostoma hirtum (Fabricius. 1775)Oxyethira frici CKlap:Uek, 1891) +++-+Micropterna sequax HcLachlan, 1975Plectrocnemia con8perBa (Curtis, 1834)Polycentropus il'rOl'atu8 (Curtis, 1835) +++Apatani-a zonella (Zetterstedt, 1840)Limnephi lUB marmoratuB Curtis, 1834Limnephi lU8 flavicorni8 (Fabricius, 1787) ++++Rhyacophila nubi-la (Zetterstedt, 1840)Oxyethria 8implex Ris, 1897Beraea pullata CCurtis, 1834)Phryganea grandi8 (L., 1758) +++CyrnuB in8olutu8 HcLachlan, 1878Oxyethira di8tinctella HcLach1an, 1880 ++Hydrop8yche 8iltalai DOh1er, 1963Ser1.Co8toma personatum (Spence, 1826)Athr1.psode8 aterrimus (Stephens, 1876)Oecetis te8tacea (Curtis, 1834) ++Fig. I. The flight period of Trichoptera on the IslandofOstemy, Western Norway. Months are divided inten-day periods. Relative abundance ( + < 10 speci.mens; + + =10- 100 specimens; + + += 100 - 1000 specimens: + + ~ + > 1000 specimens)of each species are given.64

SPECIESMONTHM A M J J A s o N DIthlltl'ichia lame Ila1"is Eaton, 1873 +++Athl'ipeodee c1.nezoeu'8 (Curtis, 1834) ++CezoQclea 8e"1. Us (Burmeister, 1839) ++Triaenodee bi-colol' (Curtis, 1834) +++ClI rnu8 trimaculatus (Curtis. 1834) +++Agrllpnia ttal"ia (Fabriciu5, 1793) +++Cel'Qclea fultta (Rambur, 1842) +++Mys tacides a.zuzoeU8 (L•• 1761) +++Oe ce tie lacuBtzois (Pictet, 1834) ++Melannodes tinctuB (Zetterstedt. 1840) +++HlIdl'Opti la occul ta (Eaton, 1873) ++++Hydl'opti la s1.mulans Mosely, 1920 ++++-Cel'Qclea dissimilis (Stephens, 1836) ++++LimnephiluB vittatuB (Fabricius,_ 1798) +++Oligotl'icha lapponica (Hagen, 1864) +IAgl"'ypnia pieta Kolenatl, 1848 +P1:l'yganea bipunctata Ret'Z.iu5, 1783 +Agzoypnia absole ta (Hagen, 1864) ++RhadicoleptuB alpestris (Kolenatl. 1848) ++Limnephi IUB coenOBUB (Curtis, 1834) +++III- ICeraclea a lbogu t ta ta (Hagen. 1860) ++++Limnephi IUB lunatuB Curtis 1834++++• Oryt1'"ichia mil'abi lis {Morton, 19041Jlo1'"maldia eubnig1'"a McLachlan, 1865 +Apatania stigmatella (Zetterstedt, 1840) ++++Colpotaulius incisue (Curtis. 1834) +Hyd1'"Opti la f O l'cip¥-a (Eaton, 18'1:\) +Potamophy lar nigl'i coronis (Pictet. 1834),+Limnephi lus Bpa1'"B us Curtis, 1834 ++1-1- II- ILimnephi lUB boroealis (Zetterstedt, 1840) +++Phacoptel'J/r breIJipenniB (Curtis. 1834) ++Potamophy lar cingu latuB (Stephens, 1837) ++++I-Apatania mulieb1'"is McLachlan, 1866 +Si la pallip&B (Fabricius. 1781) +ILimnephi l us lUl'iduB Curtis, 1834 +Limnephi lUB g1'"1.BE.UB (L•• 1758) ++Limnephilus affinis Curtis. 1834 +Limnephilus au1'"1.cu la Curtis, 1834 +Haleeue 1'"adiatue (Curtis. 1834) ++++I-I-Limnephi lU8 nig1'"icep8 (Zetterstedt. 1840) +Ha le8u8 digi tatus (Schrank. 18711 +Chaetopte1'"yr IJi llosa (Fabricius, 1878) +++65

most elevated light trap locality was at 530 ma.s.l."'lETHODS AND MATERIALThe study was carried out between 1971 and1976; with some additional information from lateryears. Most of the material was taken in lighttraps fitted with mercury vapour bulbs. A highnumber of specimens were also netted on thewing or taken with sweep-nets in the vegetationalong lakes and streams.The material consists of approximately75.000 specimens of 84 species. The flight periodsof the different species are given in ten-dayperiods; each month has been divided into threeperiods: 1-10, 11-20,21-30/31. Ifa specieswas caught within a certain ten-day period, thewhole period is marked as flight period.RESULTSThe flight periods of the different species areshown in Fig. 1; the species are arranged accordingto the ten-day period when they were firsttaken, starting with the early species. The flightperiod ofthe different species is given as a continuousor discontinuous bar, the extent of thebar indicating the length ofthe flight period. Thenumber of specimens on which the recordedflight period are based are given in relativeterms. For species taken in low numbers a shortbar must be regarded more as an indication ofwhen the species can be expected rather than theactual flight period. No attempt has been madeto join adjacent bars referring to the same species.In most cases these gaps indicate absence ofrecords rather than a discontinuous flightperiod, but, as will be mentioned later, some ofthese gaps may also be of significance.No indication of the abundance in the differentten-day periods during the flight period isgiven, and possible peaks of abundance havethus been masked. In cases were the flightperiod is long and continuous the most satisfactoryway of using the information might thereforebe to regard the earlier and later parts as exceptionaldates and regard the middle period asthe more likely time to encounter the species.Chilostigma sieboldi McLachlan, 1876 wasthe earliest species to be taken, flying in themiddle of March. More species started to fly inMay, and some of these species, like Polycentropusflavomaculatus (Pictet, 1834), Limnephiluscentralis (Curtis, 1834) and Stenophylax permistusMcLachlan, 1895, have long flight periodslasting until October, the latter species with adistinct gap in the flight period from 10 June toI July. Rhyacophila nubila (Zetterstedt, 1840)had the most extended flight period, starting inthe beginning of June and lasting until 20 November.Most species had started to fly at theend of June. Some of these, like Athripsodesaterrimus, (Stephens, 1837) had a rather shortflight period lasting less than two months. A lowernumber of species started to fly in July andAugust and nearly all species with flight periodsstarting after mid July were limnephilids. Thelatest species taken, Chaetopteryx villosa (Fabricius,1798), started to fly in late September andwere found until the beginning of December.The number of species taken in each ten-dayperiod is shown in Fig. 2. Until the beginning ofMay only C. sieboldi had been caught. In Mayless than 10 species were captured, but in thefirst part of June the number rose above 30 species,and in the last period of June 50 specie~were taken. In July the numbeIj of species takenin each ten-day period varied between 57 and 59species and maximum number, 64 species, wasreached in the first period of August. At the endof August the number of species were below 45species and at the end of September below 25species. In the last period of October 10 specieswere caught and in the first period of November5 species. After this date only R. nubila. Limnephiluslunatus Curtis, 1834, and C. villosa werestill found."' Q)~ 600."''0:vLlE:J 40z20n-1 rrb,~MAMJJASONDMonthFig. 2. The number of species taken in each ten-dayperiod.66

DISCUSSIONCrichton (I 960) distinguished between threetypes of seasonal occurrence: (1) summer species;(2) autumn species; (3) double-brooded species.He regarded species which are captured inmaximum numbers from May to August assummer species, listing a number of non-Iimnephilids,mainly phryganids, leptocerids andhydropsychids, as species having this type ofseasonal occurrence. The autumn species, i.e.species which are caught mainly in the monthsofSeptember and October, are mainly limnephilids.As double-brooded species he mentionedseveral small species, mainly belonging to Hydroptilidae.To demonstrate that a species isdouble-brooded confirmation from studies onlarvae is needed. Nielsen (I 948) studying the larvalgrowth of Oxyethira jlavicornis (Pictet, 1834)in Denmark, stated that this species had two distinctgenerations in one year rather than either aprolonged flight period of one generation or theco-existance of two distinct cohorts with differingflight periods. He also considered other Hydroptilids,like Hydropti/a tineoides Dalman,1819, to be double-brooded.As mentioned above many limnephilids exhibitan extended flight period with peak numbersin September and October and with an additionalsmall peak in Mayor June. In previous studies(e.g. Winkler 1961) it was suggested that•these species also had two distinct broods in theyear. However, Novak and Sehnal (I963) demonstratedthat in Czechoslovakia females ofspecies with this flight pattern emerge in earlysummer with immature ovaries and enter animaginal quieseence ofvarying length before theeggs mature in late summer or autumn. Crich• ton (I971) thus proposed that limnephilidsmight be grouped in: (1) Species with an extendedflight period, probably involving a diapause,from spring through summer into autumn; (2)species with a shorter flight period, without adiapause, in spring and summer, and sometimesextending into autumn; (3) species with a shortflight period, without a diapause, in autumn.Crichton (1971) and Crichton and Fisher (1981)list British limnephilids belonging to either of thethree categories. But Crichton (197 J) showedthat of many limnephilids exhibiting an extendedflight period in southern England, few ornone specimens were caught in Scotland inMay, June or July and he stated that the diapausemight be shorter or absent in Scotland.On Ostef0Y most non-limnephilids have theirmain flight period from May to August andmust be considered as summer forms. But theduration of the flight periods varies. Severalleptoceridshave rather short flight periods, whileR. nubila and several polycentropodids havemore extended flight periods. Among the hydroptilidsthere are some species, like Hydroptilaocculta (Eaton, 1873), H. simulans Mosely, 1920and H. tineoides Dalman, 1819, that have ratherlong flight periods, mostly with a strong peakearly in the flight period, a period when few orno specimens are taken, and then a shorterperiod when a smaller number of specimens arecaught. However, the larval development mustbe studied to assert if the latter specimens belongsto a partial second brood.Among the limnephilids several species, likeLimnephilus jlavicornis (Fabricius, 1787) and S.permistus, have an extended flight period with apronounced bimodality, and hence probably belongto category I of Crichton (1970. A fewlimnephilids, like Limnephilus elegans Curtis.1834 and Micropterna lateralis (Stephens, 183nhave relative short flight periods in June, Julyand August and they probably belong to category2, while a higher number of limnephilids,like Halesus radiatus (Curtis, 1834), and C. villosa,have short flight periods in the autumn andthus belong to category 3 of Crichton (1971).To get a better understanding of the differencesobserved, the flight periods of the differentspecies must be viewed in connection with theirlarval development. However, so far only fewstudies on the larval development of West NorwegianTrichoptera have appeared; the speciesstudied are R. nubila (Fjellheim 1976) and Hydropsychesiltalai Dohler, 1963 and H. pellucidula(Curtis, 1839) (Andersen & Klubnes 1983,Klubnes 1981). On the other hand, a betterknowledge of the flight periods might be of significancewhen the larval development of furtherspecies are studied.Western Norway is a large area with a varyingtopography, the coastal parts have an atlanticclimate, while the climate in the inner partsare more continental. In the coastal parts severalof the species, which started to fly in May andJune on Ostef0Y, will therefore undoubtedlystart to fly even earlier and thus have a longerflight period. In the inner more montainousparts the opposite trend will be experienced.When studying the Trichoptera along the fjordsof inner Hardanger and on the Hardangerviddamountain plateau (J 000 -1200 m a.s.L) Andersen(1979) demonstrated that species rangingfrom sea level up to the mountain plateau generallyhad a longer flight period in the lowlands67

than on the plateau, and that species flying duringautumn generally started to fly earlier in themountain areas than along the fjords.REFERENCESAndersen. T. 1974. Caddis flies (Trichoptera) fromthe outer part of Sogn and Fjordane. Norsk ent.Tidsskr. 21, 25 - 29.- 1976. Lysfellefangst av Trichoptera pa Osteroy,Ytre Hordaland. I. Diversitet, jlygeperioder ogk,jonnsfordeling pa tre lokaliteter. Unpubl. thesis.Zoological Museum, Univ. Bergen. 53 pp.- 1979. Trichoptera. Fauna Hardangervidda 13, 18pp.- 1980a. On the occurrence of Beraeidae (Trichoptera)in Western Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B, 27,22-24.- 1980b. Relative abundance and flight periods ofTrichoptera at Lake Vassbygdvann, West Norway.Fauna norv. ser. B. 27, 25-31.- & Klubnes, R. 1983. The life histories of Hydropsychesi/talai DoWer, 1963 and H. pellucidula(Curtis, 1834) (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) in aWest Nowegian river. Aquatic Insects, 51-62.- Fjellheim, A., Larsen, R. & O1to, C. 1978. Relativeabundance and flight periods of Ephemeroptera,Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in a regulated WestNorwegian river. Norw. J. Ent. 25,139-144.Brindle, A. 1965. The flight period of Trichoptera(Caddis·flies) in Northern England. EntomologistsRec. J. Var. 77, 148-159.Crichton, M.L 1960. A study of captures of Trichopterain a light trap near Reading, Berkshire.Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1l2, 319-344.- 1971. A study of caddis flies (Trichoptera) of thefamily Limnephilidae, based on the RothamstedInsect Survey, 1964-68. J. Zool. Lond. 163,533-563.- & Fisher, D.B. 1981. Further observations on limnephilidlife histories, based on the RothamstedInsect Survey. pp. 47-55 in G.P. Moretti (ed,)Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Trich. Junk, The Hague.- Fisher, D. & Woiwod, LP. 1978. Life histories anddistribution of Britisli Trichoptera, excludingLimnephilidae and Hydroptilidae, based on theRothamsted Insect Survey. Holarct. Ecol. 1,31-45.Fjellheim, A. 1976. Livssyklus, produk~jon og drifthos Rhyacophi/a nub/la (Zett.)(Trichoptera)i Oselven,Hordaland. Unpubl. thesis. Zoological Museum,Univ. Bergen. 106 pp.Gothberg, A. 1970. Die Jahresperiodik der Trichopterenimaginesin zwei lappliindischen Bachen.Osterr. Fischerei 23,118-127.Hickin, N.E. 1967. Caddis larvae: larvae of the BritishTrichoptera. Hutchinson. London. 476 pp.Klubnes, R. 1981. Livssyklus og morfologi av larvestadierhos Hydropsyche pellucidula (Curtis) og Hydropsychesi/talai Dohler (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae).Unpubl. thesis. Zoological Museum,Univ. Bergen. 151 pp.Nielsen, A. 1948. Postembryonic development andbiology of the Hydroptilidae: a contribution to thephylogeny of caddis flies and to the question ofthe origin of the case-building habit. Bioi. Skr. K.danske vidensk. Selsk. 5 no. 1, 200 pp.Novak, K. & Sehnal, F. 1963. The development cycleof some species of the genus Limnephilus (Tri Jchoptera). Cas. ceske Spol. ent. 60, 68 - 80.Olsson, T. 1971. Ljusfiillefangst a(, Trichoptera ochPlecoptera vid Ricklea 1970; artssammensatning,flygtider och flygriktning. Rapp. Ricklea Fiiltstation.Umea Univ. 23, 17 pp.Svensson, B.W. 1972. Flight periods, ovarian maturation,and mating in Trichoptera at a South Swedishstream. Oikos 23,370-383.•Tobias, W. 1969. Die Trichopteren der Lule Lappmark(Schweden), 11. Verzeichnis der Arten, Fundorteund Flugzeiten. Ent. Z. Frankf a. M. 79,77-100.Ulfstrand, S. 1970. Trichoptera from River Vindeliilvenin Swedish Lapland. A four-year study basedmainly on the use of light-traps. Ent. Tidskr. 91,46-63.Winkler, D. 1961. Die mitteleuropaischen Arten derGattung Limnephi/us Leach. (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae).Dt. Ent. Z. n. f 8, 165-214.Received 9 Dec. 1982.68

Identification of the Norwegian larvae of the genusPotamovhylax WalIengren, 1891 (Trichoptera,Linlnephilidae), with data on life histories, habitatsand food in the Kongsvoll area, Dovrefjell mountains,Central NorwayJOHN O. SOLEMSolem, J.O. Identification of the Norwegian larvae of the genus Potamophylax Wallengren,1891 (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae), with data on life histories, habitats and food in the Kongsvollarea, Dovrefjell mountains, Central Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30,69 -76.A key to the Norwegian larvae of the genus Potamophylax is presented. P. nigricornis and Pcingulatus had a one year life cycle, and it is assumed that P. latipennis also was univoltinein the area sampled. P. cingulatus occurred in all running water habitats, ranging from riversto small streams. P. nigricornis was found only in small streams, and P. latipennis onlyin the main river. Thus P. cingulatus coexisted with either P. nigricornis or P. latipellnis. Pcingulatus and P. nigricornis were omnivorous, while P. latipennis was a shredder. The differencein food habits may be a major factor regulating distribution of the species above thetree line. Growth of P. cingulatus and P. nigricornis occurred at 0.2 to 0.3°C in late autumnand winter. Adults of P. cingulatus collected above the tree line had shorter wings thanthose collected below the tree line.John O. Solem, University of Trondheim, Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters,the Museum, Erling Skakkesgt. 47 A, N-7000 Trondheim, Norway.'INTRODUCTIONSpecies of the family Limnephilidae represent a species occur. The main objective of the presenthigh percentage of caddisflies occurring in nort paper is to give a key to the Potamophylax larvaehern latitudes, and larvae of the genus Potamop in Norway. but data on life histories, habitatshylax are widely distributed in running waters, and food are included.from large rivers to small streams, and at all alti The larvae of P. cingulatus and P. latipennis.tudes. Three Potamophylax species, P. nigricor are morphologically very similar, but recentlynis (Pictet), P. cingulatus (Stephens) and P. lati Wallace (980) has given diagnostic characterspennis (Curtis) are recorded in Norway. Larvae to separate them. I have used his characters onof the genus Potamophylax belong to the group Norwegian material and found them valid.of limnephilids that has single filament gillsonly, and a key to the Norwegian genera of thisgroup has been presented in another paper (SoSTUDY AREA, MATERIAL ANDMETHODSlem in press). Apart from flight periods of adults(Andersen et a1. 1978, Andersen 1979. 1980, Larval collections were taken monthly, fromLillehammer 1978, Solem 1978a. b). nothing is March 1981 to February 1982, in two smallknown about life histories and very little about streams. Raubekken (UTM grid 32V NQthe habitats and food of the Potamophylax spe 324079 and 1100 m a.s.U and Blesbekkencies in Norway. The aquirement of more know (UTM grid 32V NQ 323072 and 1000 m a.s.U,ledge, on the above topics, has been hampered running down the mountainside of S Knutshb.by difficulties in identifying the larvae. and by at KongsvolL Dovrefjell, Central Norway. A dipthe absence of a detailed investigation into the net was positioned downstream of an areadistribution and abundance of adults in a small where stones were washed and the gravel andgeographical area where all three Norwegian sand substratum were vigorously disturbed to aFauna norv. Ser. B. 30.. 69-76. Oslo 1983 69

+ Light 'rapX Emergence 'rapst Malaise 'raps~0,5 1 kmFig. I. A map showing the sampling sites at the Raubekken.Blesbekken and the Driva. The highest sitesampled in Blesbekken was 1350 m a.s.l.depth of 5- 10 cm. Successively the net wasmoved upstream until a stretch of 1. 5- 2.0 m ofthe bottom of the stream was covered. Fromeach stream 3-4 litres of bottom substrate weretaken to the laboratory and sorted under a microscope.During the years 1978 -1981 between10 and 20 emergence traps of the tent typewere operated in the Raubekken and Blesbekken.Each trap covered 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 m2.Three Malaise traps were working during thesummers of 1980 and 1981 at each of thestreams. A light trap was in use in the years1973 - 75 on the bank of the Driva which is themain river in the valley, and into which the Raubekkenand Blesbekken empty (Fig. 1). The severaltraps for collecting adults were emptiedonce a week during the whole flight season ofTrichoptera.Larval instars were separated by head widthmeasurements.Chemical characteristics of the water in the2A~/~.r:?

48POlamophyFig. 4. Dorsal setae of 2nd femur: A -lax nigricornis; B - P. cillgulatus.importanceSetae ofFig. 5. Head capsule, instar V, area posterior to theeye: A - Potamophylax cingulatus; B - P. latipenlIis.I. Face of anterior third of pronotum denselycovered with setae (Fig. 2A). Two to fourblack setae on the dorsal side of each analproleg (Fig. 3A). Inner dorsal half of 2nd femurwith two or three setae (Fig. 4A) .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potamophylax nigricornisFace of anterior third of pronotum sparselycovered with setae (Fig. 2B). About 10black setae on the dorsal side of the analproleg (Fig. 3B). Inner dorsal half of 2nd femur with only one, fairly large seta (Fig.4B)22. Head width of 5th instar larva 1.60-2.10mm: a pale wedge present between the eyeand the nearest muscle attachment spotsPOlal/1ophylax fliX posterior to it (fig. SA) .. Potamophylax cinglllatllsFig. 3. Setae on anal proleg; A ricomis; B P. cinglllatlls.,KEY TO THE NORWEGIAN LA RVAE OFTHE GENUS POTA MOPH YLAX7J

AdultslI)"-5co-en 4.63tii>"2co...J1- - 343526_.-5219 •.•••••P. cingulatus•M J J A SON D JMonthsFig. 7. Larval collections in selected months during1981-82, and adult flight periods in 1981.- - 26 18P. nigricornis8-- -267-M J J A SON D J Fbut a few bottom samples from the Driva indicatedthat P. latipennis completed its life cycle inone year.FOODGut analyses were made on 30 5th instar larvaetaken in May 1981 and 18 3rd and 4th instarlarvae in November-December 1981 of P.cingulatus. In the case of P. nigricornis, 15 5th3020lI)•

140'=>12~ ! j-ca~10~ & ECD8I....642AMonthsMJ J A s o N o J F MFig. 9. Water temperature recordings at Raubekkenfrom April 1981 to May 1982. The solid line showswater temperatures taken on selected days between1200 and 1400 hours. Vertical bars show weeklymaximum and minimum temperatures taken fromautomatic recordings made every hour.Norwegian species divide the habitats betweenthem. P. cingulatus occurs in all habitats sampledin the Driva and the small streams runningdown the mountainsides into it. P. latipennis hasonly been recorded from the Driva, and P. nigricorm'sonly from the small streams. The COnsequenceof this spatial distribution is that onlytwo Potamophylax species are common andcoexisting in these habitats.In Scotland the flight period of P. cingulatusextended from June to October (Crichton 1981),a period of 20 weeks, with the median weekcatch at the end of August. Because of altitudeand latitude, the flight period is only 7- 8 weeksin the Dovrefjell mountains, with the medianweek catches in early August.The flight periods of P. nigricornis and P.cingulatus are clearly separated in south Sweden,with P. nigricornis flying mainly in lateJune and P. cingulatus in August-October(Svensson 1972). At Kongsvoll the peak in thenumber of flying individuals of P. nigricornis is74en~Q).0E:JZ20015010050IiilItlllllllJl8 15 22 29 5 12July Aug.Fig. 10. Collections of adult Potamophylax latipennisand P. cingulatus in light traps at Kongsvoll overthree years, 1973-75. P. latipennis - black bars; P.cingulatus - white bars.

about two weeks before the peak for P. cillgllla/IIS, and there is a considerable overlap in flightperiods (Fig. 8). A similar partitioning of flightperiods also occurs when P. la/ipennis and P.cingllla/us fly in the same habitats at Kongsvoll(Fig. 10). This temporal separation was constantduring the years 1973 - 75 for P. latipennis andP. cingula/us, and in 1979 - 81 for P. nigricornisand P. cingula/us.Since high frequencies of animal fragmentswere detected in the gut contents of larvae of P.cingula/us and P. nigricornis, these species mustbe regarded as omnivorous. Lillehammer (1978)reported plant fragments and detritus in the gutcontents of P. cingulatus from Ovre Heimdalsvatn,Jotunheimen. Siltala (I908) and Nielsen(I 942) mentioned plant fragments as food for P.nigricornis. Identifications of larvae of P. cingula/usand P. latipennis earlier than 1980-81must in many cases be regarded with caution,because the first reliable diagnostic charactersfor separating these two species appeared inWallace (1980). Larvae of P. latipennis should,according to the present investigation, be regardedas shredders. The very low percentage ofanimal fragments in their gut contents indicatesthat other invertebrates were not a major fooditem. This is not so for larvae of P. cingula/usand P. nigricornis, where other aquatic invertebratesoccur with such a high frequency in thegut coentents that they are bound to be major• food item. It should also be kept in mind thatthese frequency counts of animal fragments giveminimum frequences. The counts are mostly basedon sclerotized fragments, and if soft bodiedinvertebrates, e.g. oligochaets or soft portions ofaquatic invertebrates, are eaten, they will be difficult,if not impossible, to recognize in the gut\ contents.The differences found in the diet, between P.cingula/us and P. nigricornis on one hand, andP. latipennis on the other, indicate that care shouldbe taken not to state that all species in agenus have similar food habits. However, theview that the genus is a morphological and ecologicalunit, used by Wiggins and Mackay(I 978) as a general premise, may have a highervalidity in the central area of the geographicaldistribution of a genus, because more optimalconditions occur here than at the periphery. Inthe present case, high altitudes are the peripherialand thus marginal areas for Po/amophylaxspecies. A species that is opportunistic in foodhabits is better adapted to complete its life cycleabove the tree line than a shredder. The differencein food habits between P. cingula/lis, P.Iligricomis and P. la/ipennis may be a major factorregulating the distribution of Po/amophylaxspecies at high altitudes. above the tree line.During autumn and early winter at watertemperatures that are constantly close to ooe (

showed life history features wel1 adapted to thedemanding physical conditions in the temporaryvernal pools. However, both the Potamophylaxand Asynarchus life history patterns differ fromthe development reported for Agrypnia obsoleta(Hagen) (Solem, 1983), which has a one-year lifecycle in the lowlands of the Trondheim area,Central Norway, and a two-year cycle in theKongsvol1 area. Sirnildr variations, as for A. obsoleta,in the life history patterns of caddisflyspecies in relation to altitude were also found byDecamps (I 967).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFinancial support was given by The NorwegianResearch Council for Science and Humanities,grant no. D.65.73-IO. 1. Andersen, 1. Steinkjerand O. Frengen have been of great help in collectingthe larvae. T. Andersen, Bergen, has providedP. latipennis larvae from Western Norway.E. and S. Bretten at the Biological Station,Kongsvoll, have in various ways given help duringthe field work. I. Harder typed the manuscript.I.M. Crichton has corrected the English.My thanks are due for al1 assistance received.REFERENCESAndersen, T. 1979. Trichoptera. Fauna Hardangervidda13, 18 pp.Andersen, T. 1980. Relative abundance and flightperiods of Trichoptera at Lake Vassbygdvann,West Norway. Fauna norv. Ser. B, 27: 25-31.Andersen, T., Fjellheim, A., Larsen R. and Otto, C.1978. Relative abundance and flight periods ofEphemeroptera, PIecoptera, and Trichoptera in aregulated West Norwegian river. Norw. J. Ent.25: 139-144. .Crichton, M.1. 1981. Further observations on limnephilidlife histories, based on the RothamstedInsect Survey. Pp. 47-55 in Moretti, G.P. (Ed.)Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Trichoptera, Ser. Ent. 20.Junk Pub!., The Hague.Decamps, H. 1967. Ecologie des Trichopteres de lavallee d'Aure (Hautes-Pyrenees). Annls. Limnol.3: 199-577.Gislason, G.M. 1981 a. Predatory exclusion of Apataniazonella (Zett) by Potamophylax cingulatus(Steph) (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) in Iceland.Pp. 93-98 in Moretti, G.P. (Ed.) Proc. 3rd Int.Symp. Trichoptera, Ser. Ent. 20. Junk Pub!., theHague.Gislason, G.M. 1981 b. Distribution and habitat preferencesof Icelandic Trichoptera. Pp. 99-109 inMoretti, G.P. (Ed.) Proc. 3rd lilt. Symp. Trichoptera,Ser. Enl. 20. Junk Pub!., The Hague.Lepneva, S.G. 1971. (English translation) Fauna ofthe U.S.S.R. Vol. 2, no. 2. Larvae and pupae ofIntegripalpia.Israel Program for Scientific Translations,Jerusalem.Lillehammer. A. 1978. The Trichoptera of Ovre HeimdaIsvatn.Holarct. Ecol. I: 255-260.Nielsen, A. 1942. Uber die Entwicklung und Biologieder Trichopteren. Arch. Hydrobiol. Supp!. 17.Nost, T. 1981. Ferskvanusbiologiske og hydrografiskeundersokelser i Drivavassdraget 1979-80. K.norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. Rapp. Zool. Ser.1981-10.O1to, C. 1971. Growth and population movements ofPotamophylax cingula/us (Trichoptera) larvae in aSouth Swedish stream. Oikos 22: 292 - 301.Siltala, J.A. 1908. Uber die Nahrung der Trichopteren.Acta Soc. Flora Fauna fenn. 29: 1-34.Solem, J.O. 1978a. Varfugler (Trichoptera). Pp.44-49 in Koksvik, J.1. (Ed.) Ferskvannsbiologiskeog hydrografiske unders0kelser i Salt.fjell-/Svartisomractet. Del III. K. norske Vidensk.Selsk. Mus. Rapp. Zool. Ser. JJ78-5.Solem, J.O. I978b. Varfluer (Trichoptera). Pp.55 - 57 in Koksvik, J.1. lEd.) Ferskvannsbiologiskeog hydrografiske unders0kelser i· Saltfjell-/Svartisomradet.Del IV. K. norske Vidensk.Selsk. Mus. Rapp. Zoo!. Ser. 1978-9.Solem, J.O. lin press). The identification of the Nor~wegian genera of the limnephilid larvae whichhave single-filament gills (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae).Ent. scand.Solem, la. lin press). Larval and pupal descriptionsand bionomics of Asynarchus contumax McLachlan,1880 and Asynarchus lapponicus Zetterstedt,1840 (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) in CentralNorway. Ent. scand.Solem, J.O. 1983. Temporary pools in the Dovre mountain,Norway, and their fauna of Trichoptera.Acta ent. fenn. 42.Svensson, B. W. 1972. Flight periods, ovarian maturation,and mating in Trichoptera at a South Swedishstream. Oikos 23: 370-383.Wallace,I.D. 1980. The identification of British limnephilidlarvae (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)which have single-filament gills. Freshwat. Bioi.10: 171-189.Wiggins, G.B. and Mackay, R.J. 1978. Some relationshipsbetween systematics and trophic ecologyin nearctic aquatic insects, with special referenceto Trichoptera. Ecology 59: 1211 -1220.Received I June 1983.76

Contribution to the knowledge of the NorwegianLepidoptera ILEIF AARVIKAarvik, L. 1983. Contribution to the knowledge of the Norwegian Lepidoptera I. Faunanorv. Ser. B. 30, 77 - 80.The following species are reported new to Norway: Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder, Aplotapalpella (Haworth), Depressaria sUesiaca Heinemann, Monochroa elongella (Heinemann),Gelechia hippophaella (Schrank), Heinemannia laspeyrella (Hiibner), Scythris noricella (Zellerl,Epiblema rosaecolana (Doubleday) and Cydia servillana (Duponchell.Remarks on diagnostic characters (or a reference to relevant literature), distribution andfood-plants are given.Leif Aarvik, Tirnveien 6, N-1430 As, Norway.In the present paper nine species new to ourfauna are reported. Most of the species were collectedby the author in 1980 - 81. A few recordsmade by AIf Bakke, Audun Gussgard and SveinSvendsen are also included in the material.Unless when otherwise stated the materialhas been collected and identified by the author.ColeophoridaeColeophora arctostaphyli Meder, synonym: C. karvoneniKanervaI 0 Leiret, Elverum HEs (EIS 55), 12 June 1980,ex pupa on Arctostaphylos uva-ursilL.), imago 22June 1980; I d Vestad,Elverum HEs (EIS 55),28 July 1980, in light trap; 2 9 9 Vestad 16 May1981, ex larvae on A. uva-ursi, imagines July1981; 19 Vestad28June 1981,'netted at dusk.In addition some vacated mines and larval caseswere found iJ spring both in 1980 and 1981.The forewings of C. arctostaphyli are brownwith a white costal streak. The antennae areringed {vhite and brown. Thus C. arctostaphyliclosely resembles C. peri Svensson and C. albicostella(Duponchell. However, the two latter speciesare not likely to occur in Norway. The genitalia ofC. arctostaphyli are figured by Kyrki & Viramo(I 975) and Patzak (I 974).The biology is dealt with by Kyrki & Viramo(975). The larva is monophagous on Arctostaphylosuva-ursi, and the imago appears from thebeginning of June until the end of July.C. arctostaphyli has been collected in Denmark.Sweden, Finland, USSR (Carelia, Estonia). Poland,Germany, Scotland and Corsica (Kyrki &Viramo 1975, Leraut 1980, Patzak 1974). In Swedenit has been found in Gotland. bstergotland.Bohuslan and Sodermanland (Svensson 1974.1976), and in Finland it is recorded from manyprovinces north to Kuusamo (Kyrki 1978l.Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30: 77 -80. Oslo 1983OecophoridaeAplota palpella (Haworth)IoN. Sletter, Rade (') (EIS 19), 5 July 1981. expupa, imago 14 July 1981. The specimen was rearedfrom moss growing on rock.A. palpella is characterized by its palpi whichhas the median joint long, straight and directedforward, terminal joint small and almost concealedby the bushy scaling of the median joint. Forewingblackish brown sprinkled with ochreousyellow scales and with three dark dots. Hindwingsblackish brown. Expanse 10-14 mm. Thewings are figured by Palm (I 978).In south Finland another Aplota species occurs,A. kadeniella (Herrich-Schafferl. A. kadenielladiffers from A. palpella as follows: Forewingsnarrower and wihout ochreous yellow scales.Terminal joint of palpi not hidden by the brushyscaling of the median joint. Toll (964) figureshead, wings and genitalia of both species.The larvae of A. palpella feeds on moss growingon the trunks of different deciduous trees.Palm (I 978) also mentions that it has been observedfeeding on moss growing on sandstone. TheNorwegian locality is a small island in the Oslofjord.Not a single tree is growing there.A. palpella is on the wing in July and August.The moth occurs sporadically throughout Europe.In Denmark it is rare and local (Palm 1978).In Sweden it has been collected in Skane, Hallandand bland only (Svensson 1976, 1978). It has notbeen found in Finland.Depressaria sitesiaca Heinemann, synonym: D. freyiM. HeringI Q Smestad, Lillehammer Os (EIS 54), 20 August 1978, S. Svendsen leg.; and 10 Vestad, EIverum HEs (EIS 55), 26 July 1981. Both specimens were captured in light traps.77

'itIn Sweden M. elongel/a has been collected inten provinces fron Skane to Medelpad (Benander1946,1953, Svensson 1974, 1977, 198)), Itisrecordedfrom six provinces in south Finland (Kyrki1978). Odtherwise distributed in Denmark, England,France, Germany, Poland, Lithuania andLatvia (Karsholt in litt.).Gelechia hippophael/a (Schrank)4dol Q As AK (EIS 28), 22 August - I1 September1981. The specimens were captured in alight trap.Schnack (1978) figures the wings of G. hippophae/laand related species, and the genitalia are figuredby Sattler (1960).The food-plant of G. hippophae/la is HippophaeL. which occurs extremely scattered in Norway.However, it is sometimes grown in gardens.There are several trees in a garden not far fromthe spot where the trap was standing.G. hippophael/a is on the wing during the lastpart of August and in September.In Sweden the moth has been collected alongthe east coast from Uppland to Norrbotten, and inBohuslan on the west coast (Benander 1946,1953, Svensson 1974, 1977, 1980). In Finlandthere are records along the west coast north to theSwedish border (Kyrki 1978). Otherwise G. hippophael/ais distributed in central Europe includingDenmark and Britain (Sattler 1960, Schnack1978).Agonoxenidae• Heinemannia laspeyre/la (Hiibner)I 0 Bmnn0ya, Asker AK (EIS 28), 2 July 1980.The specimen was flying in sunshine on the edgeof a grove of deciduous trees. .H. laspeyrel/a is a brilliant insect (Fig. 4); theforewings are bright yellow, edged black alongcosta and tlrmen, and with three white-edgedblack spots. The two inner spots 'form an 8-shapedfigure. Hindwings and cilia are grey. Expanse17-20 mm.The biology of H. laspeyrel/a is not known. It ison the wing in June and July.In Sweden this species has been collected inSmaland. bland. Gotland, Vastergotland and Dalarne(Benander 1946, Svensson 1974, 1980). It isalso distributed in south Finland (Kyrki 1978), butis absent from Denmark. Otherwise found insouth and central Europe (Riedl 1969).ScythrididaeScylhris noricella (Zeller)I 0 Rambekk, Gj0vik Os (EIS 45), 9 August1981; 20 0 8 August 1982 (same locality). Thespecimens were captured in a light trap whichwas situated in a garden.S. noricel/a may easily be separated from otherNorwegian Scylhris species by its larger size (expanse18 - 21 mm). The characteristic male genitaliaare figured by Wolff (I 964).The larvae of S. noricella feeds on Chamaenerionallgusli{olium (L.). and the imago appears inJuly and August.S. noricella is a boreo-alpine species which isdistributed in the mountains of central Europe, inFennoscandia and in Greenland (Wolff 1964). InSweden it has been collected in six provincesfrom Dalarne and Gastrikland north to Norrbotten(Benander 1946, 1953, Svensson 1981, 1982),and it has been found in five provinces of southand central Finland (Kyrki 1978).TortricidaeEpiblema rosaecolana (Doubleday)20 0 Blindern, Oslo AK (EIS 28), 28 July and 17August 1958, A. Gussgard leg. The specimenswere captured in a light trap which was situatedin a garden. I discovered the two specimens in thecollection of the Norwegian Institute of Plant Protectionat As. They had been dissected and identifiedby the collector (the genitalia were mountedon the pins), but for some reason the record wasnever published.E. rosaecolana and related species are dealtwith by Bradley et al. (I 979) who also figure thewings. The genitalia are figured by Bentinck &Diakonoff (1968).The food-plant of E. rosaecolana is Rosa L. andit is on the wing in June - August.In Sweden E. rosaecolana has been recorded inSkane, Blekinge, bland and SOdermanland(Svensson 1974, 1982), and in Finland there arerecords from three southern provinces (Kyrki1978). Otherwise distributed from western Europeto eastern USSR, China and Japan. It was introducedinto USA (Bradley et al. 1979).Cydia servil/ana (Duponchel)10 Kviberg, Lardal VE (EIS 18), May-June1980, A. Bakke leg. The specimen was capturedin a trap fitted with pheromones which were designedto attract C. strobi/ella (L.). Two other Cydiaspecies were also trapped: C. i//utana (Herrich-SchafferJand C. coral/ana (Hiibner).C. servi//ana is an unmistakable species and it isfigured by Bradley et al. (1979). The genitalia arefigured by Bentinck & Diakonoff (I968).The larva lives internally in one year old twigsof Salix caprea L. and S. cinerea L., causing aslender gall. In spring the larva pupates within thegall, and the imago appears in May and June(Bradley et al. 1979).Jn Sweden there are records of this speciesfrom Skane, Blekinge, bland, Gotland and Bohuslan(Benander 1946, Svensson 1974, 1976). InFinland there are records from five southern provinces(Kyrki 1978). Otherwise distributed in Europeeastwards to the Ural Mountains (Bradley etal. 1979).79

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI am indebted to Or. Alf Bakke and lac. Fjelddalenfor loan of specimens and to Svein Svendsenfor permission to publish some of his specimens.I also thank Ingvar Svensson who identified themale specimen of Depressaria silesiaca from asketch of the genitalia, and Ole Karsholt and KevinTuck who provided information on Monochroaelongella and Depressaria silesiaca. FinallyI wish to thank Gunnar Wiig for takingthe photographs and Fred Midtgaard for helpingme with the manuscript.REFERENCESBenander, P. 1945. Sliiktet Xystophora och dess svenskaarter. Ent. Tidskr. 66, 125-135.- 1946. Forteckning over Sveriges smafjilrilar. CatalogusInsectorum Sueciae. VI. Microlepidoptera.Opusc. ent. 11, 1-82.- 1953. Microlepidoptera. Catalogus InsectorumSueciae. VI. Additamenta. Opusc. ent. 18,89-101.Bentinck, G.A. & Diakonoff, A. 1968. De NederlandseBladrollers (Tortricidiae). Monogr. Ned.ent. Ver. 3. 201 pp.Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A. 1979.British Tortricoid Moths. Tortricidae: Olethreutinae.The Ray Society 153, London.Ellerton, H.B. 1970. Microlepidoptera added to theBritish list since L.T. Ford's review. Proc. Trans.Br. ent. nat. Hist. Sac. 3, 33-41.Hackman, W. 1941. Smarre meddelanden. Forfaunan nya smatjarilar. Notu/. ent. 21. 98-101.Kyrki, 1. 1978. Suomen pikkuperhosten levinneisyys.I. (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae - Pterophoridae).Notu/. ent. 58, 37-67.Kyrki, 1. & Viramo, 1. 1975. Beitrage zur Kenntnisder Coleophoriden Finnlands. I. Co/eophora karvoneniKanerva synonym mit C. arctostaphyliMeder. Ann. ent./enn. 41, 128-134.Leraut, P. 1980. Liste systematique et synonymiquedes Upidopteres de France, Belgique et Corse.Suppi. A/exanor et Bull. Soc. entom. France, 334pp.Palm. E. 1978. De danske Oecophoridae. Lepidoptera,Sa!rnummer 4, lOO pp.Patzak, H. 1974. Beitriige zur Insektenfauna derDDR: Lepidoptera - Coleophoridae. Beilr. Ent.24, 153-278.Riedl, T. 1969. Materiaux pour la connaissance desMomphidae palearctiques IX. Revue des Momphidaeeuropeennes, y compris quelques especesd'Afrique du Nord et du Proche - Orient. Pol.Pismo Ent. 39, 635-923.Sattler, K. 1960. Generische Gruppierung der europiiischenArten der Sammelgattung Ge/echia (lepidoptera,Gelechiidae). Dt. ent. Z. (N.F.) 7,10-118.Schnack, K. 1978. Ge/echia rhombelliformis Stgr.overset dansk art - og lidt om dens sl

Piophila (Amphipogon)jlava (Zett. 1838) in Norway(Dipt., Piophilidae)UTA GREVE AND JOHN O. SOLEMGreve, L. & Solem, J.O. 1983. Piophila (Amphipogon)jlava (Zett. 1838) in Norway. (Dipt.,Piophilidae). Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30, 81-83.'.In the Dovre mountains near Kongsvoll, Oppdal County, province of S. Tmndelag, 433males and 421 females of Piophilajlava (Zetterstedt, 1838) were caught in Malaise traps during1980 and 1981. Highest numbers occurred in a trap in the subalpine birch belt havinggrassy areas nearby. Some catches were also made above the tree line in the low alpine zone.The flight period extends July, August, September and early October. Tendency to an upstreamflight in males is discussed. The sex ratio was 50.7% males and 49.7% females. Theknown distribution of P. jlava in Norway is given.Uta Greve, University of Bergen, Zoological Museum, Museplass 3. N-50 14 Bergen l'niLNorway.John O. Solem, University of Trondheim, Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters.the Museum, Erling Skakkesgt. 47A, N-7000 Trondheim, Norway.INTRODUCTIONBoth sexes have characteristic dorsal longitudinalstripes on thorax, however, these vary soPiophila (Amphipogon)flava (Zett. 1838) was remewhatfrom specimen to specimen, and incorded from Norway for the first time by Ringspecimensthe thorax is nearly whollydahl (I 954). One specimen was found on a birch some(Betula sp.) trunk during the summer 1926 inblack (Fig. I).Troms0, Troms province.Malaise traps were operated in three sites inThe following material can in addition be lisbirchforest, UTM: 32V-NQ323072; (2)1980: (I) Blesbekken, 1000 m a.s.\., subalpine• ted from Norway: HEN: Tynset, KvikneskogenRaubek18 - 27. July 1977 I male col!. et det. V. Michelken,900 m a.s.\., subalpine birch forest, UTM:sen (Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Copenhaloweralpine zone, UTM: 32V-NQ324079. All32V-NQ315082; (3) Raubekken, 1100 m a.s.\.,gen). HOJ: Eidfjord, Stigstuv 15. July 1972 Imale on Salix sp. coli. et det. A. Fjellberg (Zoo!. localities lie in the lower part of the westernmus., Univ. ijergen). F0: S0r-Varanger, Gj0kgsvoll,Oppdal county, S0f-Tmndelag province.slope of the mountain S. Knutsh0, east of Konvann 16. July 1969 I female leg. 1. & T. Nielsendet. B.H. Cogan (Zoo\' mus., Univ. Bergen). All sites in EIS 79.RingdaW (I 95 I) reports P. flava to be rare in Three Malaise traps were in 1981 operated inSweden, and the species has been recorded from Blesbekken, two traps at 1000 m a.s.\. in theUpland to Lapland. It has been collected from subalpine birch forest, UTM: 32V-NQ3207. Onetrunks of birch. Hennig (I 943) reports the spetwoin 1981. The traps were positioned acrosstwo-sided Malaise trap was used in 1980 andcies from Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia.Hackman (I 980) reports the species from Finaquaticinsects.the stream with the prime objective to collectland.The P. flava males are easy to recognize onaccount of the many well developed peristomalbristles. The male hypopygium is also fitted withRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONtufts of setae. The trochanters of the median pair Table I shows the number of individuals of P.of legs carry each one long seta curved at the flava collected in the various traps during 1980end. The hind femura carry a row of long hairs. and 1981. The Malaise trap at Blesbekken 1980Hennig (I943; Fig. 32, p. 49) has a figure of a and Blesbekken no 3 in 1981 was positioned atmale specimen. The female lacks, due to sexual the same site the two years. This trap captureddimorphism, both peristomal bristles and brist the highest number of individuals during theles in connection with legs and the abdomen. summers, and our interpretion of this is that thisFauna norv. Ser. B. 30.. 81-83. Oslo 1983 81

Fig. I. Thorax. dorsal view, of Piophila flava.trap was positioned close to a good habitat forthe species. The biology and habitat of the larvaeof p, flava are unknown, but the conspicuousdifference between Blesbekken no 3 1981 andthe other sites, was that Blesbekken no 3 1981has much more grassy areas nearby. The terrestrialground at the other sites are either muchdrier or much more wet, with heather or mosses,respectively. We assume that a good larvalhabitat in the subalpine birch belt is ground coveredwith grass.The total flight period of P. flava in the Dovremountain cover July until early October. Themedian, or the time when 50 % of the summertotal eatch of individuals occurred was 11 August1981 and 31 July in 1980. This difference iscertainly caused by a much later spring in 1981than in 1980.G0thberg (1973) showed that some terrestrialinsects also fly upstream as many aquatic insectsdo (Muller 1982), and the two sided Malaisetraps used at some sites gave data about an ups- ,tream or a downstream flight ,direction. Theupstream and downstream catches of females ofP. flava are not significantly different from eachTable I. Numbers of individuals of Piophila flava collected in Malaise traps during 1980 and 1981, in the areaof Kongsvoll, Dovre mountains, Sr-Trondelag province. D =Downstream side, U =Upstream side of Malaisetrap, M =Male, F =Female, • =p

other, and no particular flight direction can befigured out. The numbers of males, however.captured II and 18 August 1981 on the downstreamside of the trap, are significantly higher(p

Phenology and species composition of Syrphidae (Dipt.)in a meadow habitatELINE BENESTAD HAGVARHagvar, E.B. 1983. Phenology and species composition of Syrphidae (Dipt.) in a meadowhabitat. Fauna norv. Ser. B, 30,84-87.Species composition of adult syrphids was studied from May to October in a meadow habitatat Gaustad, Oslo, during 1970 and 1971. Duration of flowering in dominant plant specieswas also recorded. Twenty-eight syrphid species were identified. Species richness culminatedin August. Most abundant species were Syrphus ribesii (L.l, Sphaerophoria scripta (L.l,Sphaerophoria taeniata (Meigen), Eristalis arbustorum (L.l, Syrphus vitripennis Meigen, ~Episyrphus ba/teatus (DeGeerl and Syritta pipiens (L)Eline Benestad Hagvar, Agricultural University of Norway, Department of Zoology, Box46, N-1432 Aas-NLH, Norway.INTRODUCTIONwere made about the visual impression of syrp-'hid species dominance in the hSlbitat.The main intention of this work was to regiIn both years. syrphids were collected mainlystrate which syrphid species occur during a seaonsunny days with little wind.son in a meadow habitat in south east of Norway. With the exception of Nielsen's (I 971 ,1972) studies at Jreren, western Norway, suchsyrphid investigations have not previously been RESULTSperformed in this country. The sampling techThe vegetation was not quantitatively analysed.nics were inadequate to present a quantitativeHowever, fig. I illustrates the duration of flowepictureof the fauna.ring in dominant plant species through a season,based on an average for the two years.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe picture was about the same in both years,except for Cirsium arvense (L.) which in 1970Adult syrphids were collected from a meadow had a somewhat shorter flowering period thanhabitat at Gaustad, Oslo, in 1970 and 1971. The in 1971, probably caused by more heavy infestasamplingarea measured 10 x 20 m and was part tion by the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli.of a larger open area sloping towards east. The Bean aphids were also observed on Matricavegetationin the sampling area differed somew ria indora L. The dominant flowering plant spehatin plant dominance from that of the surro cies through most ofthe season were C. arvense,unding meadow.M. indora and Achillea millefolium L. M. indoraIn 1970 only adult syrphids in the air or expo obviously served as a valuable pollen source,sed on the vegetation were captured, by sweep and adult syrphids were often observed on thisnetting for 1-2 I /2 hours. In 1971, this met plant. Egglaying syrphids were apparently athodwas supplemented by sweep-netting in the tracted by the heavily aphid infested C. arvense, t,vegetation, with 200 strokes at each sampling. syrphid eggs and larvae being quite commonlySampling dates in 1970 were: 17, 20,23 and 29 observed in July and August on this plant.July; 10, 24 and 26 August; and 7 and 12 Sep Twenty-eight identified syrphid species weretember. Sampling dates in 1971 were: 19 May; 4 collected from the habitat (Fig. 2). No females ofand 23 June; 3 July; 6, 9, 20 and 31 August; 10 Sphaerophoria have been identified to species.September; and I October. On 20 July and 10 The figure illustrates the change in speciesAugust 1970 some syrphid larvae were collected composition in the habitat for both years. Becaandreared to adults in the laboratory. Because use of the unreliable quantitative sampling techthesampling techniques are not strictly quanti niques. only the presence of a species and nottative and may also be selective, additional notes the number of specimens at each sampling is gi-84Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30,84-87. Oslo 1983

Plant species May June July August SeptemberTaraxacum sp.Glechoma hederaces L.Barbarea vulgaris BrownBrassies campestris L.Euphrasia brevipilaBurnat et GremliMyosotis arvensbs (L.)Galium mollugo L.Achillea millefolium L.Sinapis arvensis L.Stellaria graminea L~Festuca rubra L.Dactylis glomerata L.Cirsium arvense (L.)Matricaria indora L.Artemisia vulgaris L.Senecio Bp.Fig. 1. Duration of flowering in dominant plant speciesthrough a season, given as an average picture of1970 and 1971.May_s_yr_p_"_'d_ap_e_c_'e_a --"i.:' L..i'--Sphaerophoria Bp. (f)Sphaerophoria scripta (L.lMeta8yrphus lunlger (Melgen)Syrphus ribes11 (L.)Metasyrphu8 lundbecki (Soot-Ryen)Pipiz!a bimacul",ta l4elgenPlatychirus anguetat'us (ZetterstedtlMetaayrphull latifasciatuB (Macquart)Sphaerophoria taenl/ta (Melgen)Platychlrus albimanuB (Fabriclus)Syrltta piplens (L.)Syrphus torW8 Osten-SackenEriatalis arbustorum (L.)Cheilosia sp.Cheilosia velutina LoewChel10sia vernal1s (FallenlMetasyrphl.ls corollae (Pa.bricll.1slEpisyrphus ba.lteatus (DeGeer)Volucella. pelluacens (L.)Neoascia. podaqr lca. (Fa.bricius)Dasyayrphus lunulatus (Meiqen)Platychirua clypeatus (MeigenlEristalis nemorum (L.)Syrphus vitripennis MeiqenPha.la.crodira. vitt1qer (ZetterstedtJVol ucella inanis (L.)Heliophill.la pendulus L.Erlsta.lis tena.x (L.)Platychirl.ls pelta.tus (Melqen)Erista.l1s pertinax (Scopol1lJune July ~ Augu5t ~ Septe~r--"c:'_-'--'-____'_17.LJ2~_1~?-------.3!JL--'--'1c11_'0__'_°.L'_·..LI.L~6_ILJ3t_7-'._1.L1c1t_'...L.Number of identified species J 0 8 10 9 4 10 5 11 9 10 6 2Fig. 2. Species composition ofadult Syrphidae duringtwo seasons (x: 1970, 0: 1971 l,85

ven. Yet some generalization concerning the dominantspecies can be made, based on Fig. 2 andadditional notes made during the samplings: InMay to first part of July species of Sphaerophoriadominated in number, Sphaerophoria scripta(L.) and Sphaerophoria taeniata (Meigen) beingabout equally numerous. In last part ofJuly alsoEristalis arbustorum (LJ and Syritta pipiens (L.)became very common. During the first part ofAugust, Syrphus ribesii (L.) increased significantlyin number, and dominated among thesyrphids during the next month. In the last halfof August, Ephisyrphus balteatus (DeGeer) becamesuccessively more common and wasamong the dominating species throughout restof the season together with S. ribesii, Eristalisspecies and Sphaerophoria species.Because of the sampling dates, the two yearscan be compared from August on. The picturewas quite similar for the dominating species.Some of the less common species were found inone of the years only.By the present sampling methods, speciesrichness was greatest in August. During October,the adult syrphids disappeared from the habitat.In July/August 1970, syrphid eggs and younglarvae (I st and 2nd instars) were rathercommonly observed among dense bean aphidcolonies on C. arvense. The majority (70 %) ofthose larvae collected for breeding to adult, diedas larvae or parasitized pupae. From the fewadults that emerged, it appeared that larvae collectedon 20 July belonged to Metasyrphus coro/ae (Fabricius) and larvae collected on 10 Augustto S. ribesii.DISCUSSIONThe present results describe the phenology ofsyrphids in a particular, small meadow habitat.Absent species may well occur in the surroundinghabitats, just as present species may haveoccurred in the surroundings before they wererecorded in the studied habitat.Several investigations on the syrphid fauna invarious habitats also include information on seasonalvariation in the occurrence of differentspecies (Schneider 1958, Banks 1959, Bombosch1963, Belakova 1966, Nielsen 1971, 1972, Pollard1971, Wnuk 1972, Dusek & Laska 1974,Bankowska et al. 1975). The syrphid fauna in acertain habitat at a particular time is a result ofboth the present flora, which offers food and/ oroviposition sites, and the developmental biologyof each syrphid species, particularly hibernation86stage and generation number. Dusek & Laska(1974) were able to correlate the sequential springemergence of some dominant syrphid specieswith the thermal requirements of the hibernatingstages.In the present study, the number of floweringplant species culminated in June, whereas speciesrichness of syrphids in this particular habitatwas highest in August. Apparently, life cycleof the flies determine their phenology. However,the rich fauna in August may also be explainedby the late slimmer migration of species into thehabitat from the surrounding vegetation and bypoor representation of spring species due tosmall first generation populations.Because the developmental biology shows geographicalvariations, the present results are bestcomparable with those of Nielsen (1971, 1972)from Jreren, Norway. However, his materialwas sampled from different biotopes, whichwere described by nourishing flowers for thesyrphids. Most abundant species in Fig. 2 were \S. ribesii, S. scripta, S. taeniata, E, arbustorum,Syrphus vitripennis Meigen, E. ba/teatus and S.pipiens. The majority of the listed species haveaphidophagous larvae, exceptions are S. pipiens,Neoascia podagrica (Fabricius), He/iophilus pendu/usL. and the species of Eristalis, Cheilosiaand Vo/ucella. The syrphid species listed in Fig.2, except S. taeniata, Vo/ucella inanis (L.) andCheilosia ve/utina Loew are all recorded fromNielsen's studies on Jreren, where most of thesespecies are characterized as eurytope and common.The occurrences in Fig. 2 fit with the flightperiods from Jreren, although last observationsof adult S. ribesii, Pha/acrodira vittiger (ZetterstedO,Heliophilus pendu/us L. and P/atychiruspeltatus (Meigen) were slightly later than recordedfrom Jreren, and first observations of adultS. ribesii and S. scripta slightly earlier.In the investigation from Jreren, some speciesoccurred most commonly in spring and earlysummer, as Syrphus torvus Osten-Sacken, Dasysyrphus/unu/atus (Meigen), P. vittiger, Platychirusa/bimanus (Fabricius), P/atychirus clypeatus(Meigen) and P. pe/tatus. Others were most numerousin late summer and autumn, as S. ribesii,M. corollae, S. scripta, E. balteatus, Eristalistenax (L.) and Eristalis pertinax (ScopoJi). Onlythe most abundant species in the present studycan be compared with such trends, which fitwell for S. ribesii and E. balteatus. On the otherhand, S. scripta appeared about equally numerousin May as in the autumn.Generally, syrphids hibernating as adults arelikely to be seen early and/or late in the season.II

Fig. 2 illustrates this for Metasyrphus /uniger(Soot-Ryen) and E. tenax, which together withE. ba/teatus and N. podagrica apparently hibernateas adults in Norway (Nielsen 1971, 1972).Most syrphid species, however, probably spendthe winter as larvae in diapause or quiescence.In the south east of Norway, hibernating as maturelarvae has been demonstrated for the 3commotl species S. ribesii, S. vitripennis and S.torvus (Hagvar in prep.). In that study, S. ribesiistarted to pupate in April/May and emerged inMay and June. The early record of this speciesin Fig. 2 supports such development even thoughadults were not recorded from the habitat inJune. Probably, a second generation developedin August.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am greatly indebted to cand.real. Tore Nielsenfor his kind assistance with the syrphid identification.REFERENCESBanks, C.l. 1959. Experiments with suction traps toasses the abundance of Syrphidae (Dipteral, withspecial reference to aphidophagous species. Entomo/.Exp. Appl. 2, 110-124.Bankowska, R., Kierych, E., Mikolajczyk, W., Palmowska,l. & Trojan, P. 1975. Aphid-aphidophagecommunity in Alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.l in Poland. Part 1. Structure and phenologyof the community. Polska Akad. Nauk, Ann.zoo I. , Warsz. 32,299-345.Belakova, A. 1966. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bestiuberder Samenrube (Beta vulgaris L.l in Bedingungenvon Sudslowakei. Acta F.R.N. Univ. Comen.,12 (Zool. 13),163-169.Bombosch, S. 1963. Untersuchungen zur Vermehrungvon Aphis fabae Scop. in Samenrubenbestindenunter besonderer Berucksichtigung derSchwebfliegen (Diptera, Syrphidael. Z. ang. Ent.52, 105-141.Dusek.1. & Laska, P. 1974. Overwintering and springemergence of some common species of aphidophagoussyrphids (Syrphidae, Dipteral. FoliaFae. Sei. Nat. Univ. Pllrk. Bru. 15 (BioI. 43),71-75Nielsen. 1. 1971. Syrphidae (Dipt.) from lreren. Norway.1. With description of two new species.Non.... J. El1t. 18. 53-7.1.Nielsen. 1. 1972. Syrphidae (DipU from Jreren. '\orway.11. .Vonr 1. Ell!. 19. 63-7(Pollard. E. 1971 Hedges. \'1 HabItat dJVersllv andcrop pests: a study of Brel'icoryne brauica'e andits syrphid predators. 1. app/. £col 8. ~ 51 - 78Schneider. F. 1958. Kunstliche Blumen zum ~hweisvon Winterquanieren. Funerpflar.zen undTageswanderungen von Lasiopricus pyrlZ5/ri (Llund anderen Schwebfliegen (Syrphidae Dip IMitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 31. I - 24Wnuk, A. 1972. Investigations on the species compositionof predaceous Syrplridae lDipreraJ occurringin the colonies of aphids on fruit trees andshrubs. Pol. Pismo Ent., Wrac/all. 42. 235-247.Received 20 April 1983.,87

Additions to the Norwegian fauna of calypterate Diptera(Tachinidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae)KNUT ROGNESI.,Rognes, K. 1983, Additions to the Norwegian fauna of calypterate Diptera (Tachinidae, Calliphoridae,Muscidae), Fallna norv, Ser, B, 30, 88-93,Data on Linnaemya perinealis Pandelle, 1895 (Tachinidae), BoreellllS atriceps (Zetterstedt,1845) (Calliphoridae), Helina dlipes (Schnabl, 1911), Spilogona pllberula (RingdaW, 1918),S, SGnctipallli (Malloch, 1nl), S, trilineata (Huckett, 1932), Limnophora scruplllosa (Zetterstedt,1845) and L, sinllata Collin, 1930 (Muscidae), all recently captured in Norway for thefirst time, are presented. S. trilineata is also reported as new to the Palaearctic Region, andL. sinllata as new to the Palaearctic mainland. A new record of B. atriceps from Svalbard ispresented and its biology discussed.Knut Rognes, Stavanger Lrererh0gskole, Postboks 2521 Ullandhaug, N-400 I Stavanger,Norway.Below are reported some rather interesting capturesof flies made in Norway mainly during thesummer 1982. None of them have been recordedfrom this country before. Unless otherwisestated the specimens have been caught by theauthor and are in his collection. Some duplicateshave been presented to the British Museum (NaturalHistory), London (BMNH>, Museum ofZoology, Copenhagen (ZMC), and StaatJichesMuseum fUr Naturkunde, Stuttgart (SMNK).The Norwegian localities are presented accordingto the system of 0kland (1981).Family TachinidaeLinnaemya perinealis Pandelle, 1895.Material: - Oppland, OS, S0r-Fron: Harpefoss,EIS 62, to 14 July 1981, T. Nielsen, Malaisetrap:ON, Nord-Fron: 3 km E of Vinstra, EIS 62,I 0 17 July 1982, 0. Rognes; II 0 0 17 July1982 (2 0 0 in SMNK).All specimens from 1982 were mounted withthe terminalia partly extended, and one male hasbeen dissected. The genitalia agree with the figuresgiven by Herting (I 961 l, Chao (I 962) and Zimin(] 954, 1963). The specimens from 1982 werenetted in low vegetation during the early part of asunny day after a night with very heavy rainfall,one of the very few during the extremely drysummer of 1982. The species is very characteristicon account ofthe two successive pairs ofdiscalI) Paper no. 1 in a series based on investigations financedby a grant (

----------._---all over the ground at all localities. Especially thelocality W of Sognefjellhytta was obviously thewinter-burrows of lemmings. Attempts to attractthe species with liver slices in the upper alpinezone near Juvasshytta (ON, Lom, 1841 m) wereunsuccessful, despite of good weather conditions.No lemming burrows or faecal pellets were obserVedin that area, however.The species was first described by Zetterstedt(1845: 1311, as Sareophaga atrieeps) from asingle female specimen captured by Dahlbom «adradicem alp. Mullfjellen ..» (Sweden, Jamtland)27 July 1840, now in Museum of Zoology,Lund. In the Swedish Museum of Natural History,Stockholm, is another female which I havebeen able to examine. It is labelled (I) «Gl.» (2)«P.Wg.», which means that it has been taken onGotland by the well known entomologist PeterFredrik Wahlberg, who lived from 1800 to 1877,according to Smith (1981). No other records fromSweden exist, and surprisingly the species wasunknown to Ringdahl (1945: 210, «ej kand avforf.»). In Finland B. atrieeps was recorded byBonsdorff (1866: 143) from «Lappmarkem> and«Tuovilanlaks» (now Tuovilanlahti = Maaninkain Savonia borealis) (specimens not seen). Theonly modern record in Scandinavia is from abovethe tree-line on the hill Ailigas in northern Finland(Lapponia inarensis: Utsjoki), where 2 d dand 10 Q Q were captured in blow-fly traps baitedwith meat or human faeces (Nuorteva 1964,Hedstrom & Nuorteva 1971). Outside Scandinaviathe species is known from Svalbard (Collin 1925,cf. Nuorteva 1967), the arctic parts of the USSR(Zumpt 1956, Chernov 1959, 1961, 1965, Lobanov1976), the arctic parts of North America (Hall1948, McAlpine 1965) and Greenland (Collin1931). It is a blowfly species to reach very far tothe North. According to map given by McAlpine(1965: 78) it occurs well N of 80 0 N at EllesmereI., and I ha~ recently been able to examine 3 d dand 2 Q Q taken at Bockfjorden, Haakon VIILand, Vest-Spitsbergen, a locality at about 79°30'N 13° 20'E (specimens in Troms0 Museum).Dead mammals belonging to the following specieshave been reported to serve as larval food forB. atrieeps: walrus (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) (Hall1948), lemming (Dicrostonyx groen/andieus (Traill)),arctic hare (Lepus aretieus Ross), husky dog(Canis fami/iaris L.l (McAlpine 1965), lemming(Lemmus obensis (Brants) = Lemmlls sibirieus ofWalker et al. 1964), Middendorfs vole (probablyDierostonyx torquatus (Pallas)) (Chernov 1965),arctic fox (obviously A/opex /agoplls L.) (Collin1925, cf. Nuorteva 1967). McAlpine relates thefantastic number of 1812 adults to have emergedfrom a single medium sized carcass of D, groell/andieus. Dead Lemmus /eml1lllS (L.) is probablythe main substrate for larval development inScandinavia, although no direct evidence such assuccessful breeding has been reported as yet.McAlpine relates the interesting observationfrom Ellef Ringnes I. (Canada, NWT) that larvaeof B. arrieeps do not go underneath the carcass ordownward under protective soil for pupation, asother blowflies do, but move to the exterior of thecarcass and pupate in the hair exposed to the sunto receive the fullest possible benefit of the insolationalheat, both directly and indirectly by theheat absorbed by the dead animal's hair. Chernov's(1965:8 I) observation near Dickson (USSR:western part of Taymyr Peninsula) that the,manydead lemmings (iiLemmus obensis Brants» = L.sibirieus) «lying freely on the ground» were infestedto the maximum level with B. atrieeps larvaeis consistent with McAlpine's observations. It isalso remarkable that B. atrieeps was not amongthe species obtained from carcasses of lemmings(again L. obensis. rendered as «Siberian lemming»in the Ent. Rev. Wash. translation p. 43, whereas«obskogo lemminga» i.e. obslemming is used inthe original) and «short-skulled voles» dead inburrows (Chernov 1965: 81). Nuorteva's citationof Chernov (1961) to the effect that "Boree//lIsatrieeps develops in the burrows of Lemmlls /emmus(L.),> (Nuorteva 1964: 225) is possibly due toa mistranslation of the relevant parts of Cherno\'swork (1961: 37, lines 22-23 from above), Chernovhere reports to have found larvae and pupanaof B. atrieeps in humus nearby burrows, not withinas implied by Nuorteva, and states elsewhere(1961: 37, lines 8- 9 from below) that the larvaedevelop in rotting meat. Neither can I find thatthe specific name IILemmus /emmus L.» is mentionedby Chernov (1961) who only uses the generalexpression «lemming». Lemmlls /emmus(L.) does not exist as far east as Anabar Bay (YakutskayaASSR) (about 115°E) which was thestudy area of Chernov (196]), and Lemmus sibirieusis probably the species meant (cf. informationon distribution in Walker et al. 1964).Equally problematical are Nuorteva's (1967:62) statement to the effect that the adults are able«to take shelter in the burrows of lemmings» andHedstrom & Nuorteva's (1971: 125) reference toits «occurrence in the burrows of lemmings». Infact I can find no evidence to this effect in the sourcescited by these authors (i.e. Chernov 1961,McAlpine 1965), although it may of course betrue. However, I think it likely that the adults areable to seek refuge in any space below upper groundlevel, e.g. also in crevices beneath or betweenstones, a type of shelter abundantly available inmost parts of alpine and arctic habitats, and thatthe presence of lemming burrows per se does notplay a decisive role, if a role at all, in the ability ofthe species to withstand the rigorous conditions ofthe arctic as implied by NUOlieva and Hedstrom.Note that B. atrieeps apparently thrives well atSvalbard where no burrowing rodents occur. Theassociation of B. atrieeps with lemming burrowsobserved in other parts of the Arctic (Chernov1961 )and also shown by the Norwegian localitiescited above may simply be due to a higher frequ89

ency of carcasses in such areas than elsewhere.McAlpine (1965: 90- 91) suggests that the keyto the understanding of the success of insects suchas B. atriceps in the harsh conditions of the Arcticis an ability on their part to tolerate «frequent interruptionsof development in various stages",which would result in the extension of «individuallife cycles over a period of several years» forsome portion at least of the breeding population,assure «continuation of the species regardless ofconditions in any single seaSOll)', and amount to«perenniality in generations, a well known andapparently indispensible characteristic of theplants that grow in such areas». He relates thecase of a dead husky at Ellef Ringnes r. on whichwere present all stages of B. atriceps during thewhole period of his visit there. He thinks it is astrong possibility that some of the specimensmight «have taken several years to complete theirlife cycles». This may also be the case for theScandinavian population of this species althoughno experimental or other evidence is available.B. atriceps «is one of the earliest insects to appearin the spring in the High Arctic» (McAlpine1965) and the adults were observed before 13 Julyon Ellef Ringnes I. (about 79°N). Chernov (] 9611lists it is common in the first third of June at thetundra near Anabar Bay (about 73°N). It is notknown whether this early appearance is due tosurvival through the winter of (almost) fully maturedlarvae, of puparia or of adults.The adults have been reported to visit meat andfaecal matter (Chernov 1961, Nuorteva 1964),and Chernov (] 961) lists it as commonly visitingflowers at the study area of Anabar Bay. No observationof flower visits exists from Scandinavia.B. atriceps adults are well equipped for life inarctic environments by having a very dark shiningblue-black integument which to me appearsquite identical to that of Protophormia terraenovae(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) whose skin is wellable to absorb radiant heat and probably also protectsagainst ultraviolet radiation (Sychevskaya &Shaidurov 1965, Sychevskaya 1966).Family MuscidaeHelina cilipes (Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki,1911).Material: - Oppland, ON, Skjiik: 2 km W ofNordberg, about 450 m, EIS 70, 8 0 0 21 July1982; Nord-Fron: 3 km E of Yinstra, EIS 62, I 016 July 1982.The specimens from Skjiik were taken on theground or on stones at the edge of an old footballplaygroundin a very dry sandy area with pineforest close to the river Otta. Many more couldhave been taken. Both localities lie to the E or NEof the Jotunheimen mountain massif and the climateis very dry, especially in the Skjak area.since the predominantly south-westerly windsover southern Norway gives off all moisture asrainfall to the west of or within the higher mountainareas.Of the specimens from Skjiik, one was mountedwith extended terminalia and another dissected.The genitalia agree closely with the figures givenby Hennig ([957). All the specimens haveshort, rather inconspicuous pale hairs on the undersideof scutellum, as described by Fonseca(1968: 44) and Lyneborg (1970: 35).The species has been recorded from Sweden(Skane 10, Smiiland I 0)(RingdahI1952, 1956),Finland (Nylandia 2 cl cl, Karelia australis 1 0)(Tiensuu 19J5), Poland, USSR (Lithauen, Leningraddistrict) (Hennig 1957), England (Dorset, atStudland) (Fonseca 1968) and Spain (Granada6 cl cl 299 2200-2550 m) (Lyneborg 1970).Spi/ogona puberula (Ringdahl, 1918).Material: - Sogn og Fjordane, SFT, Arda1: Yetti,230 m, EIS 60, I cl 24 July 1982.The specimen was taken on a stone at the bankof the swift-flowing river Utla in Utladalen justbelow the farm Yetti in the southern part of Jotunheimen.I have compared the specimen withall material of this species present in Ringdahl's \collection in Lund. Sweden (7 cl cl O. Ringdahlleg, I cl I 9 RC. Huckett leg.)."The species has previously only been reportedfrom Sweden (Torne Lappmark: Abisko; Jamtland:Are) (Hennig 1959) and Alaska (Huckett1965).Spi/ogona sanctipauli (Malloch, 1921).Material: - Oppland, ON, Lom: Juvasshytta, •1841 m, upper alpine zone, EIS 61, 7 0 0 159 919 July 1982.The specimens were taken on the ground orwithin flowercups on a sunny day within a circumferenceof 200 m from the lodge Juvasshyttain the Galdh0piggen mountain massif in Jotunheimen.One male has been dissected and the genitaliaagree with the ones figured by Hennig (1959)and Huckett (] 965).The species is widely distributed in the arcticparts of North America and Greenland (Huckett1965, McAlpine 1965). Together with one namedSpi/ogona obsoleta (Malloch, 1920) it was the onlymuscid fly to occur at Ellef Ringnes I. (Canada,NWT), «the most barren part of the high arctic region»(McAlpine 1965: 73). According to Hennig(] 959) it has also been captured in the arctic partsof the USSR (Kolyuchin I., Wrangel I.. TaymyrPeninsula). Adrian C. Pont Gn litt. 10 May 1981)informs me that he has seen many specimensfrom Northern Sweden (Tome Lappmark: MtNuolja near Abisko).Spilogona trilineata (Huckett, 1932).Material: - Oppland, ON, Lom: Juvasshytta,1841 m, upper alpine zone, EIS 61, 10 19 July1982.This record from the Galdh0piggen mountainmassif in central Jotunheimen is the first onefrom the Palaearctic Region. The single specimenwhich agrees fairly well with Huckett's descrip90

tion (I932: 283) has been dissected and the terminaliaagree with Huckett's (I 965) figures. AdrianC. Pont has most kindly compared it with twospecimens from North America in the collectionsof the BMNH and he agrees with my identification.Furthermore, I have myself compared itwith two males from Canada (NWT: Eskimo Point,G.G. DiLabio leg.; Chesterfield, J.G. Chillcottleg.) (both in my own collection), and one malefrom USA (Alaska: Anchorage, II June 1921,J.M. Aldrich leg.) (in USNM). The holotype wastaken at the latter locality 6 June 1921, also byJ.M. Aldrich.The species is very characteristic on account ofthe hairy eyes, the narrow grey dusted stripe onmesonotum along the de setae, and the deep Vshaped excavation in the cereal plate. In the Norwegianspecimen the parafacialia at the base ofthe antenna are narrower than the third antennalsegment, a dusted spot on the middle of the disc ofscutellum can hardly be said to be present, thougha slightly greyish area is present apically, the spotsof the abdomen tend to coalesce, especially on T3,and a darkened area of more or less coalescedspots is present on T5. The Canadian specimensare rather like the Norwegian one in all these respects.The specimen from Alaska, however, hasthe parafacialia distinctly broader above than below,and in the upper part broader than the thirdantennal segment. This segment is also narrowerthan in the other specimens I have seen. The spoton the middle of the disc of the scutellum is ratherstriking, and the spots on T3 separated by a distinctgreyish white dusted line. On T5 no spots arepresent.The species is widely distributed in northernNorth America from Alaska to Quebec and Labrador(Huckett 1965). Even though it has notbeen recorded from Greenland the presentlyknown range parallels the type of amphi-atlanticdistribution presented by e.g. Carex scirpoideaMichaux (Cyperacea) whose only known localityin the Old World is Solvagtind in northern Norway(NSI, Saltdal) (Hulten 1958, Gjrerevoll 1973).Limnophbra serupulosa (Zetterstedt, 1845).Material: - Rogaland, RY, Sandnes: Graveren,EIS 7, I c5 27 Sept. 1981, I c5 6 June 1982, 2 c5 c530 July 1982, T. Jonassen.The locality at Graveren lies close to the southernend of Gandsfjorden, and the specimens weretaken on clayey ground. Adrian C. Pom haskindly verified the identification of the specimenfrom 27 Sept. which has the terminalia exposed.They agree with Lyneborg's (1965a: 219) figures.The species has been reported from Sweden(Skane). Denmark (Jutland, Zealand), Great Britain

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMany thanks are due to T. Jonassen, Songesand,T. Nielsen, Sandnes, and J.R. Vockeroth, Ottawa,for gift of material; and to R. Danielsson,Lund, P.I. Persson, Stockholm, L. Lyneborg,Copenhagen, A.e. Pont, London, and R. Gagneand e.W. Sabrosky, Washington, D.e., for loanof material in their care. I am especially gratefulto A.e. Pont for information on distribution andsynonymy and for having verified a number ofmy identifications; to B. Herting, Ludwigsburg,for having checked the identity of the tachinid;to P. Nuorteva, Helsinki, for most kindly havingsupplied me with xerox-copies of Chernov's articles;and to Zoja Grannes, librarian at Universitetsbiblioteket,Bergen, for having translatedparts of one of them. The grant (

, liphoridae)of Spitsbergen. Ann. ent. fefm. 33, rature tela nekotorykh sinantropnykh mukh na62-64. vostochnom Pamire. Zool. Zh. 44, 779-783.0kland, K.A. 1981. Inndeling av Norge til bruk ved Tiensuu, L. 1935. Die bisher aus Finn1and bekanntenbiogeografiske oppgaver - et revidert Strandsystern.Musciden. Acta Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 58 (4),Fauna, Oslo 34, 167-178.Ringdahl, O. 1945. Oversikt over de hittills frin Sverigekitnda arterna av familjen Tachinidae (Diptera).Ent. Tidskr. 66, 177 - 21 O.1-56.Walker, E.P., Warnick, F., Lange, K.!., Uib1e, RE.,Hamlet, S.E., Davis, MA & Wright, P.F. 1964.Mammals of the World, Vo!. 2, pp. 647-1500.- 1952. Catalogus insectorum Sueciae XI DipteraCyclorrapha: Muscaria Schizometopa. Opusc. ent.17, 129-186.The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore.Zetterstedt, J.W. 1845. Diptera Scandinal'iae dispositael descripta. 4,1281-1738. Lundae.- 1954. Nya fyndorter for norska Diptera. Norskent. tidsskr. 9, 46 - 54.Zimin, L.S. 1954. Vidy roda Linnaemyia Rob.-Desv.(Diptera, Larvaevoridae) fauny SSSR. Trudj Zoologicheskogo- 1956. Tvaingar. Diptera Cyclorapha SchizophoraSchizometopa. I. Fam. Muscidae. Hiifte 2. Svensk Institula Akadamii Nauk SSSR 15,258-282.Insektfauna 11, 91-195.Smith, K.G.V. 1981. List of full names of cited authors.- 1963. Paraziticheskie dvukrylye podtriby Linnaemyinapalearkticheskoi oblasti. Trud)' I'sesoyuz- In: Crosskey, R. W. (edJ, Catalogue of nogo nauchno-issledovatel"skogo 1nslillllaZashthe Diptera ofthe Afrotropical Region, British Museum(Natural History), London, pp.1197 -1217.Sychevskaya, V.I. 1966. 0 sinantropnykh mukhakhPamira. Zool. Zh. 45, 390-399.Sychevskaya, V.I. & Shaidurov, V.S. 1965.0 tempechit)' Raslenii 17. 186 - 215.Zumpt, F. 1956. 64i. Calliphorinae - In: Lindner.E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearkliscllel1 Region11, 1-140 (Lieferungen 190. 191. 193)Received 17 March 1983.,93

The tick Ixodes uriae (Acari, Ixodides) in seabirdcolonies in NorwayREIDAR MEHL AND TERJE TRAAVIKMehl, R. & Traavik, T. 1983. The tick Ixodes uriae (Acari, Ixodidesl in seabird colonies inNorway. Fauna norv. Ser. B, 30, 94-107.Only one species of ticks, Ixodes uriae White, 1852 was recorded in 12 seabird coloniesalong the coast of Norway. Its principal hosts were puffins Fratercula arctica (L.l, guillemotsUria aalge (Pontoppidanl and kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla (L.l, but it was also recordedon black guillemots Cepphus grylle (L.l and shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis (L.l that bred inpuffin colonies.The spatial distribution of ticks in the bird colonies and the prevalence and infestation intensitieson the birds were variable. The greatest number of ticks per bird were found onguillemots. The highest prevalence on adult birds was found on puffins, and on young birdson kittiwakes. The majority of the tick population appeared to be associated with puffins. I.uriae also attacked man.I. uriae survive the winter as eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. Observations from R0Stand Runde indicate that the majority of the tick populations have a 4 year life cycle.Ticks were attached to the head, neck, wings, legs, feet and other places on the bird host.In general, most were attached to the body.IThis paper is a part of a project on vectors and arboviruses in Norway, and discusses theisolated viruses from I. uriae.Reidar Mehl, Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Public Health, Postuttak,N-Oslo I, Norway.•Terje Traavik, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Troms0, and virological Laboratory,Regional Hospital of Troms0, N-9001 Troms0, Norway.INTRODUCTIONPeople engaged in collecting eggs, hunting. or ject on arboviruses and vectors (Traavik andstudying birds in seabird colonies along the Nor MeW 1975).wegian coast are well aware of the presence of In northern Europe four species of ticks areticks in these habitats. More than two centuries associated with seabirds: Ornithodoros maritiagoPontoppidan (I 753) included these ticks in mus Vermeil & Marguet, 1967, Ixodes uriae, Ixfaunisticlists and referred to them as «Iundelus» odes unicavatus Neumann, 1908 and Ixodesor puffin lice. A testimony as to the great num rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911.bers of ticks which can occur in seabird colonies O. maritimus is known from the British Isles,was given by Gmnlie (I 948) who had to termi Bretagne, Tunisia, Krim and the Aral Sea. It benatea botanical study of the bird cliffs because longs to the capensis-group of species which hasof infestation with the ticks. Besides these gene a world wide distribution. I. uriae has a circumralnotes, very little information on seabird ticks polar distribution in both the Northern andin Norway has been published. Tambs-Lycke Southern Hemispheres in regions with subarctic(J 943Hdentified a few specimens of Ixodes uriae and temperate climate. Both of these species liveWhite, 1852 which originated from the islands on a number of seabird species. l. unicavatus isof R0St in Lofoten. MeW. (1968) published some primarily confined to cormorants and shags onobservations on l. uriae from the same islands the British Isles and Bretagne, although there isand Myrberget (J 960) from Lovunden. a single record from cormorants from the wesInvestigations on parasitic insects, ticks and tern coast of Sweden. Specimens from Krimmites on seabirds and in their breeding colonies probably also belong to this species. I. rothwerestarted by Mehl in 1966. In 1973 we deci schildi has only been found on the British Isles,ded to include l. uriae and seabirds in our pro- mainly on fulmars, puffins and shags (Schulze94Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30: 94-107. Oslo 1983

1930, Thompson 1957, Arthur 1963. Gilot &Beaucournu 1973, Filippova 1977, ClifTord1979). Various aspects of the biology of I. uriaehave been studied by Nuttall (1913), Kelly &Walton (1977), and Kelly (1982) on the BritishIsles, Murray & Vestjens (1967) on the MacquarieIslands to the south of New Zealand, Karpovich(I 973) in the Murmansk region, USSR, andEveleigh & Threlfall (J974, 1975) in Newfoundland.The aims of the present investigation includethe isolation of viruses from ticks, serologicalsurveys in birds for antibodies against these viruses,and to study the distribution, host realtionshipsand ecology of the ticks.1. HORNeVA2. SVLTEFJORDSTAURENMATERIALS AND METHODSThree samples of I. uriae were available in thecollections of the Zoological Museum in Oslo(ZMO).Material from the following seabird coloniesare included in the present study. The collectiondates and the species of birds or their nests arelisted below. The localities are shown on themap (Fig. I).Horn0ya, Vard0, Finnmark. 17 July 1981. Pha/acro 10. ReSTcorax aristotelis (L., 176 J).Syltefjordstauren, Batsfjord, Finnmark. 20 June11. LOVUNDEN.1973. Rissa tridacty/a (L., 1758).Kongs0Y, Berlevag, Finnmark. Summer 1974. PhaRUNDE/acrocorax carbo (L., 1758).Gjesvrer, Magef0y, Finnmark. 23 and 25 June 1973.13. KONGSSYAR. tridacty/a and P. aristotelis (ZMO).Nordfugl0y, KarlS0Y, Troms. 8-9 July 1981. Fra 14. BORGVIRtercu/a arctica 0,., 1758).R0St (Hernyken, Trenyken and Ved0Y), Nordland.ASVIR'6-14 August 1968, 5 May 1975, July 1977,2-8May 1978,22-27 July 1979,7 and 27 June 1980, Iand 13 July 1980, 12 and 30 July 1981, May and July1982. Uria aa/ge (Pontoppidan, 1763), A/ca torda L.,1758, Cepphus gry//e (L., 1758), F. arctica. R. tridacty/a. Fu/marus g/acialis (L., 1761), Hydrobates pe/agicus (L., 1758), Oceanodroma /eucorrhoa (Vielliot,1817) and P. aristotelis.Borgvrer, Vestvag0Y, Nordland. 10 June 1982. P.carbo.Fig. I. Map of Norway showing the location of theLovunden, LUf0Y, Nordland, 2. June 1970. F. arcinvestigated seabird colonies and the recorded distributionof Ixodes uriae White. l. uriae was recordedtica.Asvrer, D0nna, Nordland. 4 June 1970. P. aristotelis.from localities No. I -12. Solid circle = materialRunde, Hef0Y, M0re and Romsdal. 10 June 1950collected. Open circle containing a dot = ticks, «puffinlice», observed.(ZMO), 28-31 July 1969, 6-9 July 1975, 2-4June 1978,24-28 September 1973, 20 June 1967.F. arctica. R. tridacty/a and P. aristotelis.Gulls (Larus spp.), terns (Sterna spp.) and marineducks were also investigated for ectoparasi3. SV~RHOLTKLUBBEN4. GJESV~R5. HJELMSeVSTAUREN6. NORDFUGLeV7. SeRFUGLeV8. BLEIKSevA9. V~ReV95

tes. This part of the material (28 birds and 29nests) is described in the publications on fleas associatedwith seabirds (Mehl in prep,), Informationabout ticks. «puffin lice». in seabird colonieswere obtained from visitors to the islands ofVcer0y. Bleik, Hjelms0Y and Svcerholtklubben.We assume that these ticks were I. uriae.The techniques used for collecting ticks were:I. «Flagging» on stones and vegetation with apiece of terry cloth, I x 0.5 m, attached to astick. 2. Turning stones and other loose objectsin colonies of puffins or shags, in rock-strewnslopes and under steep bird cliffs. 3. Visual examinationfor ticks in teased nest material in awhite plastic tray. 4. Maintaining nests andgrass in double polyethylene bags and waitingfor the parasites to crawl out, as described byMeW (I 970).Birds, adults and nestlings, were collected byhand, in nets, or were shot. Nestlings from R0Stfrom July 22 and 27 1979 had fallen from theirnests in the cliffs during a three hour period inthe middle of the night. All birds were placed inseparate plastic bags containing a piece of cottonwith chloroform and subsequently examined forticks and other ectoparasites as described byMehl (1970). Blood samples were obtained bycardiac puncture. The birds were stored frozen.Most of the petrels were examined alive and released.The examination of seabirds for ticks is difficultand time consuming mainly because of thethick layer of down covering their bodies. Consequently,small ticks are easily overlooked. Itwas found that ticks were easier to detect whenthe down was slightly moistened with ethanol.Thicks used for virus isolation attemps weremaintained in glass vials containing moistenedplaster of Paris or a green straw, and stored in arefrigerator.We did not climb the steep bird cliffs and thusthe nesting material which we collected comesfrom the more accessible sites. A total of 63nests and 246 birds (66 nestlings) were examined.A total of 1350 ticks were collected, and ofthese 206 were used for virus isolation.Ecological aspects of bird cliffs and nests ashabitats for ticksKittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla, fulmars, Fulmarusglacialis, razorbills, Alca torda, guillemots Uriaaalge, puffins, Fratercula arctica, gannets Sulabassana, shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis andcormorants Phalacrocorax carbo breed in colonieson steep, rugged cliffs along the west andnorth coast of Norway. These bird cliffs may beoccupied by a single species, such as with puffinsin Lovunden, or more commonly by severalspecies nesting in their typical habitats. The coloniesmay number from 20 to more than100.000 pairs. (Haftorn 1971, Brun 1978, Eld0Y1982, Tschanz & Barth 1978).The same nesting sites are usually occupiedyear after year. The birds nest close together,from a few decimeters to a few meters apart.The birds exert strong modifying effects ontheir nesting habitats with their nest material,excrements and burrowing acitivites. Furthermorethe vegetation on and around the cliffs isstrongly influenced by the fertilization effects ofthe excrements (Goks0yr 1938, Gf0nlie 1948).Short descriptions of the nests of birds as habitatsfor parasites are given below:The kittiwake constructs a cupshaped structureconsisting mostly of terrestrial vegetation •and some seaweed, on tiny ledges in the steepestparts of the cliffs. The depression' in the nest isdeep and dry during the incubation period andwhen the nestlings are small, but subsequentlybecomes trampled flat and soiled sith excrements.The original nests are further built uponduring several seasons and can become quite •large. The incubation period lasts for 21 to 24days. The fledglings leave the nest around August10th, when they are about five weeks old.Pairs having neither eggs nor nestlings may occupytheir nests for several weeks during thebreeding season.The shag breeds at the foot of sea cliffs and onisolated rock stacks and islands. The nests are situatedbelow rock falls or in rock clefts, andconsist mainly of large algae which is lined withfresh grasslike vegetation. The cup of the nest remainsdry as long as eggs or small nestlings arepresent. Thereafter, it becomes trampled and soiledwith excrements. The nest and its immediatesurroundings are often moist and slimy dueto excrements and rotting algae. However, drynesting material can be found in the cracks andcrevices around the well protected nests, andthis appears to be the best microhabitat for ticksand fleas. The incubation period lasts for24 - 28 days and the young are fledged whenthey are 4-5 weeks old. Large age variationscan occur among nestlings in the same colony.The puffin lays a single egg at the end of crevicesin the rock slides or else in burrows whichthey have dug in the steep grassy slopes. Thenests consist mainly of grass. The floor of theburrows is damp and hardpacked whereas the96

ceiling is often covered by hanging exposedroots. Egg laying takes place in the middle ofMay and incubation lasts for 40-43 days. Youngpuffins leave the nest when they are around40 days old and able to fly.The guillemots nest on narrow rocky ledgesdevoid of vegetation or in rock clefts. No nestmaterials are used and the birds may breed veryclose together. Their nests are often located inthe same steep cliffs as the kittiwakes. On Ved0yin the R0st islands they occupy the upper part ofthe cliffs. A single egg is laid around June I, andit is incubated for 28 - 30 days. The young leavethe nest and take to the water when they arearound 14 days old and only half grown.Razorbills lay a single egg directly on barerock or in mixtures of gravel and earth in cracksin the rocks or between stones in steep rockyslopes. The egg is laid around June I and is incubatedfor 35- 36 days. The young take to seawhen they are half grown, about 20 days old.Several other birds nest on or near the birdcliffs and may therefore serve as hosts for thebird cliff parasites. The most important are:Leach's petrel Oceanodroma leucorrhoa, stormpetrel Hydrobates pelagicus, black guillemotCepphus grylle (L., 1758), herring gull (Larus argentatusPontoppidan, 1763, arctic skua StercorarillSparasiticus, (L. 1758), raven Corvlls corax(L., 1758), hooded crow Corvus corone L., 1758,wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe (L., 1758), starlingStllrnlls vulgaris L., 1758, white wagtail Motaciliaalba L., 1758, twite Acanthis flavirostris(L., 1758), water pipit Anthus spinoletta (L.,1758), blackbird Turdus merula L., 1758, fieldfareTurdus pilaris L., 1758, ring ouzel Turdustorquatus L., ,1758. Other bird visit bird cliffsduring migration. Herring gulls, crows and ravensare predators on eggs and chicks in the birdcolonies.Gulls form more or less dense colonies onknol1s, or on small open areas covered by lowgrass-like vegetation, along the coast and in thefjords. Their nests are several meters apart andthey modify the surrounding habitats to a lesserdegree than the auks, puffins, shags and guillemots.The gulls incubate their eggs for 25 - 27days and the chicks stay in or close to their nestsfor about 6 weeks.RESULTSGeographical distributionThe only tick associated with seabird colonieswas Ixodes uriae and its distribution in Norwayis shown in Fig. I. The ticks were only found oncolonial cliff-nesting birds, in their nests and onthe ground of typical bird cliffs. It was never foundon other sea birds such as gulls or ducks orin their nests.Host relationshipsThe host relationships of I. uriae was studied onrelatively small samples of nestlings (66), fledglings(8), and adults (42), and nests (63). (Tabs.1,2 and 3).The highest prevalence among nestlings at theend of July was observed on kittiwakes (83 %).and common guil1emots (80 %) (Tab. 0. Bothnestlings of black guillemot which were examinedhad ticks, whereas no ticks were found onnestlings of fulmars or shags. The number ofticks per individual showed large variationswith I - 6 per individual being most common.Only a few nestlings hosted large numbers ofticks, the maximum being 51 for a commonguillemot, and 19 and 18 on a black guillemotand on a kittiwake, respectively.Only I of 24 puffin nestlings had I. uriae duringJuly 1-7, 1982. However. the observationon July 23, 1979 that puffin nestlings. whichhad starved to death, had ticks. indicates thathigher prevalences can occur. A quick examinationof 27 puffin fledglings which left their nestingburrows on August 7, 1968 failed to revealticks.Recently fledged kittiwakes were captured directlybeneath the bird cliffs of Ved0Y island.R0st on August 8, 1968 and many of these hadticks. One individual, which was newly deceased,had 97 (89 Q 8 nymphs), most of whichwere fully engorged.In the beginning of May 1978, during aperiod with cool weather, only one unattachedtick was collected on the puffins. However. duringa warm spell, in the beginning of May1975. there was a high prevalence of I. uriae onpuffins (Tab. 2).In July 1979, most puffins left the colonyearly because nearly all of the nestlings had diedof hunger. On July 25, large numbers of puffinsreturned to the cliffs and only one of the birdswhich were examined had a single, unattachedtick.During the period July 1-7, 1982, 20 adultindividuals of each of the following species werecollected: common guillemot. puffin and kittiwake.The prevalence of I. uriae on these birdswere: puffins 40 %, common guillemots 35 %and kittiwakes 15 % (Tab. 2), Most birds hosteda single tick. common guillemots having lA.97

Table I. Ixodes uriae from nestlings of seabirds, N =nymphs, L =larvae.Bird speciesLocalityDate ofcollectionNo.birdsNo.infestedNo. ticks~Uria aalgeR\!>st22-27 July 19795463;3 '? 60 N" " "10 Aug. 196820Alcil torda "-----8 Aug. 196820" " "25 July 197910Fratercula arctica "" " "" " "1-7 July 198212 July 198127 July 197924111112 ; 2 N1;1 '?1;1 '?Cepplms ~ "" " "13 July 198030 July 198111111 ; 1 N19; 19 '?Rissa tridactylaRunde6-9 July 1975311 ; 1 L" " Rlbst22-27 July 197911942 ; ~ '? 39 NPhalacrocoraxaristotelisRunde6-9 July 1975100" " Rlbst6-14 Aug. 196830Fulmarus slacialis Rlbst5 July 198210Total 66 130two ticks in the nests of shags but in this colonythere are also nesting populations of puffins andrazorbills, thus the ticks may have come fromthese species. In a pure colony ofshag in Asvzer,we did not find any ticks./. uriae was found both in the nests of kittiwakes and from puffin «runways» (Tab. 3). However, these collection techniques do not provide a complete picture of ticks in these places.Both engorged and unfed ticks were found.Ticks were not found on fulmars or petrels, orfrom nests of cormorants.Adult females, nymphs and larvae of /. uriaeappeared to undergo normal development oncommon guillemots, puffins, black guillemotsand kittiwakes.The fledged kittiwake which hosted 97 tickspuffins 1,0 and kittiwakes 0,5 ticks per individual.The common guillemot had many morefemale adults but fewer larvae than the othertwo species. The maximum number of ticks perbird was 6 for kittiwakes, 7 for puffins and 12for common guillemots.Seabirds from other areas were also examinedfor ticks (Tab. I and 2). A common guillemot,collected from the Geirangerfjord near Runde inJuly 1980, had 26 ticks, most of which werenymphs.Two adult shags from HOfll0ya and Gjesvzerin Finnmark had /. uriae. However, we did notfind any ticks in the shag colony located on theshady side of the island of Runde despite flagging,stone turning, and examining nest materialfor 2.5 hours. On the islands of R0St we found98

~--Table 2. Ixodes uriae from adult seabirds. ;-; =nymphs. I =larvae.Bird speciesLocalityDate ofcollection1'0.birdsNo. infestedNo. ticksUria aalgeR,,",st8 June 1982118=8 N" ""2G June 1980111=1 'j>" ""1-7 July 198220728=24 'i' 3 N 1 L" "Geirangerfj.July 19802227=1 'j> 22 N 4 LFratercula arctica" "R,,",st,.5 May 19755-7 May 1978328315 = 5 N1 = 1 N" ""7 June 1980112 = 2 N" "Runde10 June 1950113 = 3 'i'" "R,,",st1-7 July 198220819 = 2 0 + 7N 10L" "" "Nordfugl\ilyR,,",st8 July 198125 July 197911711'?1 = 11 = 1 N" ""July 19774419 = 19 '?Rissa tridactylaGjesviEr26 June 1878116 = 3 'i' 3N" "R,,",st1-7 July 19822039 = 2 N 7LPhalacrocoraxaristatelisGjeSViEr23June1878112=1'j>1 N" "Horn,,",ya17July1981113=3N" ",Fulmarus glacialisRlllst 24 July 19791 0" 26 July 1979 1 0Hydrobates pelagicus" 10-14 Aug 1968 57 0Oceanodromaleucorrhoa" 10-14 Aug 1968 3 0Total 180 11699

"'"Table 3. Ixodes uriae from nests and nest material in burrows, N = nymphs.Bird speciesLocality Date of No. No. tickscollection nestsFruterculu urcticu" "" "" "Rissa tridactyla" "" "" "R~st 2-7 May 1978 5 21 =5o'8'?8N" 6-14 Aug. 1968 5 10=4r15~1NRunde 20 June 1967 1 1 = 1 N" 28-31 July 1969 2 0R

In the last week of September 1973 no eggs,larvae or engorged females were found. Dead,dried, adult males were often recorded.The discovery of overwintered ticks amongthe exposed roots in the ceiling of the puffin tunnelsin the grass-turf covered slopes on the islandsof R0St on 5 May, 1978 indicates that tickswander up along the walls in all types of puffintunnels.Ticks were collected by flagging from boththe grassy slopes and the rocks of the puffin colonies.The largest numbers were obtained by loweringthe flag into holes and crevices betweenthe stones. Many ticks were also collected onflags which lay on the ground.In the kittiwake colonies on R0St and Rundeislands, ticks were collected from the nests andfrom the rocky walls just beneath the nests. InMay 1978, overwintered ticks were found understones and in discarded nest material at thefoot of the cliffs, under the kittiwake colonies onVed0y island. In July 1979 we collected ticks atthe same site by flagging and by overturning stones.We found engorged ticks either singly or inaggregations under' the stones and the largestaggregation numbered IQ, 75 nymphs and 8larvae. These ticks must have fallen from the coloniesof kittiwakes, puffins and common guillemotswhich nested above since birds do notnest at the foot of the cliffs.Seasonal variations in the catchability of I. uriaeMay During the first week of May 1978 on R0Stislands only I nymph was captured after threedays of flagging. During this period the weatherwas cold with temperatures of 0- 5°e. The groundwas partially frozen. There were periods ofsnowfall but the intermittent sunshine meltedthe snow '~md warmed the grass tussocks up tolO°e. In the beginning of May, 1975, when theweather was warm, many ticks (nymphs only)were collected by flagging in the puffin colonyon Hernyken island.June In the puffin colony on Lovunden island,2 June 1970, we captured an average of 94nymphs per hour by flagging. In the puffin colonyon Runde island, 3 and 4 June 1978, flaggingyielded from 4 to 108 nymphs per hour.Nymphs only were collected.July During the second week in July 1975,flagging yielded 50 Q and 240 nymphs in thepuffin colony on Runde island. The maximumyield was 13 Q and 58 nymphs per hour. OnR0St islands, during the fourth week of July1979 we collected 2 d , 26 Q and 39 nymphs byflagging for 4 hours. Most ticks were collectedfrom the foot of the bird cliffs where there areno nesting birds.August On the islands of R0st, no ticks werecollected by flagging during the second week ofAugust 1968. However, we did observe a fewticks crawling on rocks.September We did not manage to collect ticksby flagging in the puffin colony on Runde islandduring the last week of September in 1973.Observations on the life cycleThe earliest observation of egg laying are fromJUly 22, 1979 on the islands of R0St. Egg clusterswere found under stones on the same day.The latest observation of mating was on August8, 1968. The egg clusters collected on the sameday included a few eggs which contained veryearly larva stages. On the other hand, on May 7.1978 two egg clusters containing various larvalstages were collected under stones below kittiwakecolony. In one of the clusters we observednewly-hatched larvae which stood on or nearthe egg cases. All egg clusters were found understones or pieces of wood. Most eggs continuedto develop in the laboratory.There were very few active nymphs in the beginningof May 1978 and 1982 when the weatherwas cool (five-day means T. = 0.8°C in1978). On the other hand, when the weatherwas warmer during the first week of May 1975(five-day means T. = 5.0°C), many activenymphs were captured by flagging and many attachednymphs were detected on puffins (Tab.2). Inactive adult males and females were discoveredunder stones and dry plant materials duringthe cool first week of May 1978.During the first week of June, only nymphswere active and collected by flagging in the puffincolony on the island of Lovunden (I 970) andRunde (1978), and collected from puffins andcommon guillemots on R0St in 1980 and 1982.The first time that we observed engorged adultfemales on puffins was on June 10th. Severalfemales (6) were found on kittiWakes, commonguillemots and cormorants during the period23-26 June (Tab. 2).In July we observed active larvae, nymphsand adults on the ground and attached to birds.The proportion oflarvae, nymphs and adults attachedto birds showed large variations, thus nogeneral trends could be seen

nymphs was 8: I. On adult kittiwakes and puffins,on the other hand, larvae were the dominatingstage (61 %) and the relation betweennymphs and larvae were I: 1,9. Towards the endof July 1979, the infestation with the varioustick stages on the young of common guillemotsand kittiwakes was very similar. Larvae werenot found on these and the relation betweenfemales and nymphs was I: 16.5. Other samplesfrom the young of black guillemots and kittiwakesrevealed a large dominance of females at theend of July and beginning of August. On the otherhand, in samples obtained by flagging we founda relation between females and nymphswhich was I:4.8 in the first week of July (Runde)and I: 1.5 in the last week of July (R0St).It seems as though l. uriae disappear from thesurface of the ground in the beginning of August.During August 6-14, 1968 only two activefemales were observed on the islands ofR0St. Furthermore, no observations were madeof active individuals on Runde island duringJuly 28-31, 1969 and September 24-28,1973. during July 1982, on the other hand Lidcollected 85 females and 18 nymphs, all activebut unengorged, whereas he observed only afew individuals in August. The ticks which wereremoved from kittiwake fledglings on August 8,1968 on the islands of R0St were all either engorgedor nearly so, and had probably attachedthemselves around August I.Fully engorged ticks were found under stonesat the foot of the bird cliffs at Ved0y, R0St, onJuly 22-27, 1979 but not newly hatched individualswere found among them.During the last week of September 1973 onthe island of Runde, inactive females, males, andnymphs were already in their winter quarters,under stones, etc. Unengorged ticks (47 d,42 Q, and 144 nymphs) together with exuviaeunder the same stones indicated that the tickshad hatched recently. However, more than 25engorged nymphs were not ready to moult.In the beginning of May 1978 we collected19 d, 29 Q, 9 nymphs and I larva in overwinteringmicrohabitats. Seven of the nymphs wereengorged and subsequently developed intoadults in the laboratory.Ixodes uriae on birdsAttached ticks were removed from various partson the hosts. An analysis of 148 ticks on youngand adult kittiwakes, puffins and common guillemotsrevealed the following distribution: head3%, neck 16%, crop region 5%,breast/abdomen 36 %. back/shoulders 3 %,wings 18 %, legs 16 % and tarsus/foot 3 % .Nearly all of the ticks (females) on adult commonguillemots were attached around the neck,just below the head. Furthermore, on youngpuffins we found ticks on the head, throat, tarsusand feet, but no ticks were observed on theirbodies. No obvious differences were observed inthe sites of attachment on adult and young kittiwakes,adult puffins and young common guillemots.Concerning the sites of attachment wefound no obvious differences between the differentstages of ticks on these birds.Most of the ticks which were attaChed to thewings were found at the base of the primaryfeathers. The ticks which were found on thebody occurred both within and outside of thepterylae.Ixodes uriae on humansPeople visiting bird cliffs often find l. uriaecrawling on their clothing, yet tkey seldom attachthemselves. Some individuals can visit birdcliffs for years without getting bitten by ticks,whereas other find ticks attached to them after abrief visit. Three individuals (ornithologists)who worked with the bird colonies at R0st in •the beginning of May 1975 all found attachednymphs on themselves. Furthermore, around adozen pupils discovered attached ticks on themselvesafter a class trip to the bird cliffs in June1981. Later that summer, July 25 and August14, individuals who visited the islands also foundattached l. uriae on themselves.We reckon with two main possibilities for humaninfestation: Ticks crawl up onto clothingwhen people are sitting on the ground, or elsethey attach themselves to the sleeves of individualswho stick their arms into cracks betweenthe stones or burrows to collect eggs from birdsnests.There does not appear to be any preferantialregion on the human body for tick attachment.The recorded sites of attachment include: inbeards, on the crown of the head, around thewaist, on the scrotum, on forearms and on thelegs. Most of the l. uriae found on people werenymphs, but females also occurred.The inhabitants on the islands of R0st havenamed nymphs of l. uriae as puffin lice (

ning of May people are infested by nymphsonly. Later on it is common to be infested withadult females, especially on the arms, when collectorsgather razorbill and guillemot eggs fromcracks and crevices in the beginning of June (E.Person pers.commJDISCUSSIONOnly a single tick species, /. uriae was found duringthis investigation. The observed distributionof ticks in seabird colonies suggest that this speciescan occur in all larger colonies of puffins,guillemots and kittiwakes along the entire coastof Norway. The most northern observation of /.uriae in the North Atlantic, aside from Norway,are from Iceland, Jan Mayen and the Murmanskregion. It has not been observed on Spitsbergen,Novaya Zernlya or the northern coast of Siberia(Lvov et al. 1975, Haarl0v 1977, Filippova1977, Oifford 1979)./. uriae was found in two seabird colonies onthe Varanger penninsula (Fig. I, loco I and 2),which has the most arctic climate in Norway.On the British Isles three additional tick speciesoccur in seabird colonies. One of these, Ixodesunicavatus is found both on the east coast ofnorthern Scotland (Thompson 1957) and on thewest coast of Sweden (Schulze 1930). This observationssuggest that it may also occur in Nor. way. It is especially associated with shags andcormorants and has an activity period duringthe winter season (Kelly 1982). We did not expectto collect this species since the methodswere not suitable.The distribution of Ornithodoros maritimusand Ixodes rothschildi is of a more limited naturein south western part of the British Isles.Both species have a short activity period duringmid summer. Since their distribution appears tobe governed by climatic conditions, it is unlikelythat these two species occur in Norway./. uriae can be transported over great distanceswith birds. To exemplify this /. uriae was foundon kittiwakes on the Trondheimsfjord(Schulze 1938)and at Kragef0 (MehI1983)severalhundred kilometers from the nearest seabirdcolony. I. uriae was found on the shore of thenewly formed volcanic island Surtsey near Iceland(Lindroth et al. 1973). This observation indicatesthe ability for rapid spreading to newlyestablished seabird colonies./. uriae was only found in typical seabird colonieswhere one or more of the following speciesnested; guillemots, razorbills, puffins, kittiwakesand shags. It was never found in connectionwith Larus species, but large colonies ofgulls were not investigated. On Newfoundland,/. uriae was found on young Larus argentatus,but this was probably a consequence of the younggulls seeking cover in puffin burrows (Eveleigh& Threlfall 1974).Guillemots, puffins and kittiwakes were allfound to be good hosts for l. uriae. The microhabitatin and around the nests of these threespecies are very different, but these differencesdo not appear to be crucial for the distribution of/. uriae. This tick species was also occasionallyfound on shags, but it is questionable whetheror not shag or cormorant colonies are good habitatsfor /. uriae. Shags and cormorants soiltheir nesting places with excrements to a muchgreater degree than the other species and thismay possibly make conditions unsuitable for /.uriae. The excessive excrements in and aroundthe shag nests definitely influence the spatial distributionof the flea Ceratophyllus vagabundus(Boheman, 1903) which occurs only in the drymicrohabitats in and around the shags nest(Mehi unpubUTicks have not been found on Leach's petrelor storm petrel. The nesting activities of thesespecies occurs from August till December on theislands of R0St (G. Lid, pers. comm.) and therebydo not coincide with the activity period of/. uriae.Other bird species, such as black guillemotand gulls, when nesting in bird cliffs, can be infestedby /. uriae, but probably will not havetheir own populations of ticks when their nestsare isolated from the bird cliffs. Some migratorybirds rest in the bird cliffs during spring andsummer, and these may also become infestedwith this tick species (Thompson 1957).There are large populations of gannets andfulmars in some Norwegian seabird colonies,and these can be important hosts for /. uriae.The present study revealed a pattern of hostpreferance by /. uriae, but also that some hostspecies appeared to have higher infestation intensities.In general, the greatest numbers ofticks per bird were found on guillemots. Adultshad an average of 1,4 and young 12,6 ticks perbird. These observations agree with other studieswhich conclude that guillemots, U. aalgeand U. lomvia, appears to be the prefered host of/. uriae (Karpovich 1973, Eveleigh & Threlfall1974, 1975). The prevalence of /. uriae on guillemotson Newfoundland during two years were58% and 50%, whereas puffins had 7,8% and29,5 %, respectively. However, we found the103

highest prevalence on adult birds on puffins andthe lowest on kittiwakes. The prevalence on youngbirds was highest for kittiwakes with guillemotsfollowing close behind. The greatest numberticks per individual were found on a kittiwakefledgling. In general, young birds hostedmany more ticks than adults, with the exceptionof puffins.Relatively few ticks were found on youngpuffins. This may be an indication that the microclimatein puffin burrows is unsuitable for I.uriae, or else that most of the ticks that werepresent in the burrows fed on adults during thenesting and brooding periods. The latter seemsto provide the best explanation since relativelymany ticks, including males, were collectedfrom puffin burrows, thus indicating that theconditions are suitable for the development ofticks.When one considers the numbers of nestingpuffins, guillemots and kittiwakes 000.000,3.000 and 90.000 pairs respectively) on the islandsof R0st in relation to the number of tickscollected, an overall evaluation of the data indicatesthat puffins hosts a much greater proportionof the tick population than the other twobird species.A feature which is common for all of the birdspecies which host I. uriae is that they all formlarge persistent breeding colonies with a highnest density. Such conditions enable I. uriae toreadily find new host individuals. I. uriae is anactive tick, and apparently searches for a hostrather than waits passively until one passes.Another factor which is important for breedingand survival of I. uriae, is the presence of welldrainedand relatively dry habitats near the nestsof the hosts. This provides the ticks with a microhabitatsuitable for winter survival, moultingand egg laying. We agree with the conclusionsof Murray & Vestjens (\967) that I. uriae is nothost specific and that its distribution is principallydue to factors which influence the survivalof the free-living stages of its life-cycle. breedingand moulting behaviour ofthe hosts may also beinvolved in its distribution determination.Both visual observations and collections ofticks on the ground in the puffin colonies gavethe impression that the spatial distribution of theticks was variable and that this was not relatedto the population density of the puffins. It is likelythat a variable distribution on the groundwill result to variations in the number of ticksper bird.A number of factors are involved in determiningthe spatial distribution of ticks: density ofbird host, topography. microclimate, soil conditions,dispersion and aggregation (by pheromons?)of the ticks themselves, or with the aidof birds, and by fully engorged ticks fallingdown the cliffs. Temporal variation in the tickpopulation can be influenced by climatic conditions,shifting of breeding period, the productionand survival of young birds, and a number ofotherfactors (Murray & Vestjens 1967, Karpovich1973, Kelly 1980, 1982, Lid 1981, Myrberget1981).The numbers of ticks which can be obtainedby using our collection methods depend greatlyon the weather and season of the year. The resultsof flagging in the beginning of May vividlyillustrate this point. Also, under certain conditionslarge numbers of non nesting birds can visitland for a short period and thus (Myrberget1959) influence the results of the investigation.This occurred on July 25, 1979.We regard the quantitative results of the pre- ,sent investigation as reflections of the methodsemployed and the prevailing cdnditions. Theecological conditions in seabird colonies arequite complex and variable, and only certainparts of the bird cliffs were included in our studies.We did not, for example, investigate thesteepest parts of the bird cliffs. Consequently, •the general conclusions from this study must beseen in the light of the limitations imposed. Variationsin natural phenomena probably constituteimportant factors underlying many of thedescrepancies encountered in descriptions of theecology of I. uriae.The observed seasonal abundance of I. uriaein Norway corresponds to the descriptions fromMurmansk region and Newfoundland. We observedthat I. uriae survived winter as eggs, larvaeand nymphs (unfed and engorged) and asadults (unfed only).It appears as though all adults and the majorityof nymphs overwinter in the unfed state. Inlate September 1973, we estimated that 22 % ofthe nymphs which had fed during the summer,still were engorged, and most likely would passthe winter in that state. Based on the collectionof ticks in early May 1978, we estimated that13 % of the nymphs which fed the previousyear, had passed the winter in engorged state.Karpovich (1973) observed mass death of engorgedticks in a cold winter and concluded thatonly eggs and unfed ticks are well adapted tooverwintering.Nymphs become active earlier in the springthan the adults. This may indicate that a part ofthe population overwinters in tussocks and104

cracks near the surface (where engorged larvaehave moulted?) and become active at the end ofApril or beginning of May when their microenvironmenthas been sufficiently warmed by thesun. Thus, weather is an important factor influencingthe initiation of the activity period. Thenymphs are most active in May and June, butactivity can continue until the end of July andinto August.Females were first observed on birds duringthe second week of June. The delayed initiationofadult activity as compared to the nymphs, caneither be due to adults hibernating deeper incracks and burrows than the nymphs, where thetemperature rises later, or else may be due tosome intrinsic mechanism. Adults become inactiveat the end of July to the beginning of August.The life cycle of l. uriae was studied by Eveligh& Threlfall (1974) in Newfoundland, andKarpovich (1973) summarized the results ofRussian investigations in the Murmansk region.All stages are able to develop at temperatures betweenI° and 20°C. In Newfoundland the lifecyclewas reported to be completed in 4- 5years, with the majority of the population havinga 4 year life-cycle. In the Murmansk regionthe life-cycle usually lasts 4- 6 years, sometimesas long as 7 years, depending on weather conditionsand microclimate of various parts of thebird colonies.In R0st and Runde our observations indicatethat the majority of the tick population have a 4year life-cycle. The general pattern is as follows:Eggs laid during the first summer hatch to larvaein the autumn or the following spring.These larvae feed and develop to nymphs duringthe second year. Nymphs overwinter, feed anddevelop into adults during the third year. Adultsoverwinter and reproduce the fourth year. Lowtemperature during the oviposition and incubationperiods may prolong the life cycle by oneyear.The results described by Kaprovich (1973) in.... dicated that the host-seeking activity by the ticksis regulated by some intrinsic mechanism. Onlyticks which have overwintered unfed, will beginfeeding the same year. Overwintering, engorgedticks that moult during spring or summer willremain inactive until the following spring. Dueto this mechanism the life cycle will be prolongedby one year if the tick feeds late in thesummer. It also prevents ticks from becomingmore than one active stage a year.We found ticks attached to the head, neck,wings, legs, feet and other places on the birdhosts. In general, most were attached to thebody (44 %), but individual variation was large.On adult guillemots nearly all adult ticks werelocated on the upper portion of the neck. Theseobservations are in agreement with the result ofEveleigh & Threlfall (1974, 1975).Puffins which were one to two weeks old, didnot have ticks attached to the body, but we foundl. uriae on their heads, necks, legs and feet.Similar observations were made by Murray &Vestjens (1967) on young penguins which hadticks attached on their faces, feet and aroundtheir cloacal openings. The extremely dense plumageof adult make it impossible for ticks toreach the skin except during certain periods duringtheir moult. In a similar fashion it is conceivablethat the dense down plumage on the youngpuffins protect them against tick infestationon their bodies.Under laboratory conditions, Eveleigh &Threlfall Cl 974) found that ticks which were placedon the heads of birds, with few exceptions,attached themselves to the heads. They concludedthat little wandering by the ticks occurred inselecting a feeding site. If this generalization iscorrect, then the site of attachment on the hostsreflect which part of the body which made contactwith the ticks. Therefore, the sites of tick attachmentwill to a certain degree, be influencedby the nature around the nest and the behaviourof the bird.The bites of l. uriae are painful to man (Nuttall1913). These ticks may be directly harmfulto birds and cause the death of a host when heavilyinfested. (MeW 1968, Ballard & Ring 1979).The significance of ticks as parasites and vectorsfor viruses and microorganisms has been discussedby Bourne et aI. (197 I), Kelly & Walton(1977) and Evans & Bourne (1978).The first isolation of arboviruses from l. uriaewere published by Lvov et al. (1970) from TuleniyIslands, Sea of Okhotsk, and by Clifford etal. (197 I) from Three Arch Rocks, Oregon,U.S.A. In recent years l. uriae has been activelystudied for arboviruses. Viruses, mostly of theKemerovo group, Sakhalin group, B group andUukuniemi group, have been isolated in westernand eastern North America, Kola Penninsulaand eastern USSR, Scotland, Faeroe Islands,Runde and R0st Islands in Norway, MacquarieIslands in the Southern Ocean (Lvov et al.1975, 1979, Main et al. 1976 a, b, Yunker 1975,Traavik et al. 1977, Main 1978, CIifford 1979).In Norway, the isolated viruses belong to theUukuniemi and Kemerovo groups, Tyuleniyvirus of B group, and untyped viruses (orbivirus105

like and coronavirus like, «Runde virus») (Traavik,Mehl & Kjeldsberg 1977, Traavik & Mehl1977, Saikku et al. 1980).The infection rate of J. uriae with viruses ishigh in most investigations (Main 1978, Lvovetal. 1979, Saikku et al. 1980). Therefore, the riskof becoming infected by virus is great for infestedbirds and people. Little is known concerningthe effects of J. uriae borne virus infections inseabirds. Experimental infections of kittiwakes,herring gulls and briinich's guillemots with Tyuleniyvirus produced pathogenic conditions, sometimeswith fatal outcome. The virus can causea general febril condition in man (Lvov et al.1979).AKNOWLEDGEMENTSOur thanks are due to the following personswho assisted us in the fieldwork: Lennart Blomberg,Gunnar Lid, Stale Lysfjord, Olav Runde,Olaf Storjord and Arne Aasgaard. We wish toexpress our gratitude to Richard Wiger for hiscritical evaluation of the manuscript. Financialsupport was given by the Norwegian ResearchCouncil for Science and Humanities, the Ministryof Environment, and the Directorate forWildlife and Freshwater Fish.REFERENCESArthur, D.R. 1963. British ticks. Butterworths, London.213 pp.Ballard, J.T. & Ring, RA 1979. The ectoparasites ofsome marine birds from Bamfield Marine Station,British Columbia, with particular reference to thecommon murre, Uria aalge (Pont). Can. J. Zool.57,1980-1984.Brun, E. 1978. Present status and trends in populationchanges of seabirds in Norway. Wildl. Res.Rep I I, u.s. Fish Wildl. Serv., 289-301.Bourne, W.R.P., Dixon, J.J. & Yule, R. 1971. Noteon the occurrence of avian pox in auks with anappeal for the collection of sick seabirds and theirparasites. Seabird Rep. 2,52-53.Clifford, CM. 1979. Tick-borne viruses of seabirds.- In: Kurstak, E. (ed.) Arctic and tropical arboviruses.Academic Press, New York, pp. 83-100.Clifford, CM., Yunker, CE., Thomas, L.A., Easton,E.R. & Corwin, D. 1971. Isolation of a group Barbovirus from Ixodes uriae collected on ThreeArch Rock National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon.Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 20, 461-468.Eldoy, S. 1982. Skarvenes hekkeutbredelse i Norge.Vdr Fuglefauna 5, 281-285.Evans. P.G.H. & Bourne, W.R.P. 1978. Auks on Inishtearaght,1968 -1973, and the occurrence ofdisease in terns. Irish Birds I, 239-243.Eveleigh, E.S. & Threlfall. W. 1974. The biology ofIxodes (Ceratixodes) lIriae White. 1852 in Newfoundland.Acarologia 16, 621-635.Eveleigh, E.S. & ThrelfaIl, W. 1975 Bionomics ofIxodes (Ceratixodes) uriae White, 1852 on auks(Aicidae) from Newfoundland. Can. J. Zool. 53,82-86.Filippova, N.A. 1977. Iksodovye kJesCi podsem. Ixodinae.Paukoobraznye 4 (4). Fauna SSSR. Nov.Ser. II 4, 1-396.Gilot, B. & Beaucournu, J.-C. 1973. Premier inventairedes tiques d'oiseaux (Acarina, Ixodoidea) del'ouest de I~ France; presence d'Ixodes unicavatusNeumann 1908 en Bretagne. Bull. Soc. Sci. Bretagne48,131-141.Goksoyr, H. 1938. Das Pflanzenleben auf Rundoy,Sunnmore in Norwegen. Det Norske VidenskapsAkademi, Oslo. 184 pp.Gronlie, A.M. 1948. The ornithocoprophilous vegetationof the birdcliffs of Rost in the Lofoten islands,Northern Norway. Nytt Mag. Naturvid. 86,117-243.Haarlov, N. 1977. Ectoparasites (Mallophaga, Siphonaptera,Acarina) from birds of Jan Mayen Is- 'lands, Norway. Norw. J. Ent. 24, 37-41.Haftorn, S. 1971. Norgesfugler. Uni1ersitetsforlaget,Oslo.Hoogstraal. H., Clifford, CM., Keirans, J.E., Kaiser,M.N. & Evans, DE 1976. The Ornithodoros (Aleetorobius)capensis group (Acarina: Ixodoidea:Argasidae) of the Palearctic and Oriental Regions. •O. (AJ maritimus: Identity, marine bird hosts, virusinfections,and distribution in western Europeand north-western Africa. J. Parasit. 62,799-810.Karpovich, V.N. 1973. The life cycle of Ceratixodesputus (Pick.-Camb.l in Murmansk conditions. Parazitologiya,Leningrad 7, 128 -134. (Englishtranslaton: NAMRU3, T616).Kelly, T.C 1980. Asynchrony in egg-laying at a guillemotcolony. Irish Birds I, 529-532.Kelly, r.C 1982. Seabird ticks (Acarina: Ixodoidea)and niche theory. IZP-GIC Abstracts, UniversityCollege Cork 1982, 4.Kelly, T.C & Walton G.A. 1977. The auk populationcrash of 1968-69 on Inishtearaght - a review.Irish Birds I, 16-36.Lid, G. 1981. Reproduction of the puffin on Rost inthe Lofoten Islands in 1964-1980. Fauna norv.Ser. C, Cinc/us 4, 30-39.Lindroth, CH., Anderson, H., B6dvarsson, H. &Richter, S.H. 1973. Surtsey, Iceland. The developmentof a new fauna, 1963 -1970. Terrestrial invertebrates.Ent. scand. Suppl. 5.Lvov, D.K., Timofeeva, A.A., Gromashevski, V.L. &Chervonski, V.I. 1970. Isolation of arbovirusesfrom l. putus ticks collected at a seabird colony onTuleniy Island, Sea of Okhotsk. Vop. Virus. 5,440-444.Lvov, D.K., Timopheeva, A.A., Smirnov, V.A., Gromashevsky, V.L., Sidorova, G.A., Nikiforov,L.A., Sazonov, A.A., Andreev, A.P., Skvortzova,106

i,Mehl, R. 1983. The distribution and host relations of.~T.M., Beresina, L.K & Aristova, V.A. 1975. Ecologyof tick-borne viruses in colonies of birds inthe U.S.S.R. Med. Bioi. 53, 325-330.Lvov, D.K, Gromashevski, V.L., Skortsova, T.M.,Berezina, L.K, Gofman, Y.P., Zhdanov, V.M.,Novokhatski, A.S., K1imenko, S.M. Sazonov,A.A., Khutoretskaya, N.V., Aristova, V.A., Kondrashina,N.G., Fomina, KB., & Sarksyan, B.G.1979. Arboviruses of high latitudes in the USSR.- In: Kurstak, E. (ed.). Arctic and tropical arboviruses.Academic Press. New York, pp 21- 37.Main, A.l., Shope, R.E. & Wallis, R.e. 1976a. CapeWrath: A new Kemerovo group orbivirus fromIxodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) in Scotland. J. med.Ent. 13, 304-308.Main, A.l., Downs, W.G., Shope, R.E. & WalIis,R.e. 1976b. Avalon and Clo Mor: Two new Sakhalingroup viruses from the North Atlantic. J.med. Ent. 13, 309-315.Main, A.J. 1978. Tindholmur and Mykines: Twonew Kemerovo group orbiviruses from the FaeroeIslands. J. med. Ent. 15, 11-14.MeW, R. 1968. Lopper og lundelus pa sjofugl pa Rost1968. Fauna, Oslo 21,197-198.Mehl, R. 1970. Om innsamling av insekter og middpa fugler og pattedyr. Fauna, Oslo 23, 237 - 252.Norwegian ticks (Acari, Ixodides). Fauna norv.Ser. B, 30, 46 - 51.Murray, M.D. & Vestjens. W.l.M. 1967. Studies onthe eetoparasites of seals and penguins. Ill. Thedistribution of the tick Ixodes uriae White and theflea Parapsy/lus magel/anicus heardi de MeilIonon Macquarie Island. Aust. J. Zool. 15,715-725.Myrberget, S. 1959. Vekslinger i antall lundefugler• inne ved kolonien. Sterna 3, 239 - 248.Myrberget, S. 1960. Lundefangst pa Lovunden. JaktFiske-Fri/ufts/iv 1960 (8), 1-7.Myrberget, S. 1981. the fledging period of puffins,Fratercula arctica on Rost, northern Norway.Fauna norv. Ser. C, Cinc/us 4, 27 - 29.Nuttal, G.H.F. 1913. Observations on the biology ofIxodidae. Parasitology 6, 68 - 118.Pontoppidan, E. 1753. Det f'1rste fors'1g paa Norgesnatur/ige historie. Anden deel. Kiobenhavn. 464pp.Saikku, P., Main, A.l., Ulmanen, I. & Brummer-Korvenkontio,M. 1980. Viruses in Ixodes uriae (Acari:Ixodidae) from seabird colonies at Rost Islands,Lofoten, Norway. J. med. Ent., 17.360-366.Schulze, P. 1930. Erster Beitrag zu einer ZeckenfaunaSchwedens. G6teborgs Vetensk.-Samh.Handl., 5. F6/jd., Ser. B, 1. no. 13,1-18.Schulze, P. 1938. Ober die «bipolare» Zecke Ceratixodesuriae (White). Zool. Anz. 123, 12 - 17.Tambs-Lyche, H. 1943. Notes on Norwegian ticks.Bergens Mus. Arbok 1943, Naturvid. Rekke, 3.1-8.Thompson, G.B. 1957. The parasites of British birdsand mammals.-XXXI. Summary of the records ofticks of sea-birds. Ent. mono Mag. 93. 213-216.Traavik, T. & Mehl, R. 1975. Tick-borne viruses inNorway. Med. Bioi. 53, 321 - 324.Traavik, T. & Mehl, R. 1977. Uukuniemi group virusesisolated in Norway. Arch. Virol. 54,317-331.Traavik, T., Mehl, R. & Kjeldsberg, E. 1977. «Runde»virus a coronavirus-Iike agent associated withseabirds and ticks. Arch. Virol. 55, 25-38.Tschanz, B. & Barth, EX 1978. Svingninger i lomvibestandenpa Vedoy pa RosL Fauna, Oslo 31.205-219.Yunker, C.E. 1975. Tick-borne viruses associatedwith seabirds in North America and related islands.Med. Bioi. 53, 302-311.Received IS. lune 1983.107

Noen nye lokaliteter for Coenagrion armatum (Charp.)(Odonata: Coenagrionidae) pa 0stlandetHANSOLSVIKABSTRACTSome new localities for Coel/agrion armatum (Charp.)(Odonata: Coenagrionidael in EasternNorway.Coeangrion anl/atum (Charp.l was previously only known from a few localities in 0stfold.Hedmark. Akershus and S0r-Tf0ndelag. Here are listed findings from ten new lakes or pondsin 0stfold and Akershus. It is suggested that C. armatum may possibly have increased innumber and spread to new localities due to the agricultural influence. which has made thewaterbodies more eutrophic and better fitted for the species.H. Olsvik. Zoological Museum, Sarsgt. I, N-Oslo 5.INNLEDNINGCoenagrion armatum (Charp.) ble f0rste gangpavist i Norge av W. M. Sch0yen i slutten av detforrige arhundre (S0mme 1937) og ble da funnetpa Hvaler i 0stfold. Siden har den dukket oppved noen lokaliteter i 0stfold og Hedmark(S0mme 1937, Abro 1966). Tj0nneland (1952)fant arten i Orkdal i S0r-Tmndelag, videre pavisteDolmen, Srether og Aagaard (I 975) og Aagaardog Dolmen (I 977) den ved flere dammerog smavatn i Gauldalen og Trondheim (S0rTmndelag).Arten er saIedes kjent fra det s0rlige 0stlandetog Tmndelag, men tidligere finnere har pekt paat den er sjelden og lite tallrik. Det har derforvrert antydet at den burde vernes, srerlig pagrunn av lokalitetenes utsatte beliggenhet i jordbruksomrader(Aagaard og Dolmen 1977).Totalt er C. armatum hittil kjent fra et dusinsteder i Norge, hvorav omtrent halvparten liggerpa 0stlandet.MATERIALEVed underS0kelser sommeren 1982 og 1983 fantundertegnede C. armatum ved en rekke nye 10kaliteter i Akershus og 0stfold. De fleste avfunnstedene er eutrofe lavlandsvatn, srerpregetav rik vegetasjon som ofte er dominert av sivaksScirpus lacustris, takmr Phragmites communisog sneller Equisetum.Fglgende funn er gjort:0stfold (EIS:20): Vdler; Bjornerodvatn 19. juni1983 I d 2 Q Q innsamlet. Den var ikke tallrikher, ca. 5 ind. sett i tillegg.108Akershus (EIS: 28): Oslo; 0stensjowitn 5. juni19822 d d 2 Q Q innsamlet, arten forekom i'stort antall. 31. mai 1983 6P d + I Q innsamlet,tallrik, under klekking.Oslo; Bogstadvatn 2. juni 1982 I Q (nyklekket)innsamlet, ingen flere a se. 6. juli 1982 I Qinnsamlet, ingen flere a se.Oslo; Gjersrudtjern 8. juni 1983 I Q (nyklekket)innsarnlet, llere ind. sett.•As; 0stensjovatn 31. mai 1983 I Q (nyklekket)innsamlet, ingen flere a se.Ski; Midtsjgvatn 31. mai 1983 2 d d + I Q innsamlet,flere ind. sett.Ski; Na:revatn 31. mai 1983 3 d d + 5 Q Qinnsamlet, flere ind. sett.(EIS: 29): Aurskog-Holand; Helles,jovatn 31. mai1983 I d + I Q innsamlet, noen fa sett.Fet; Monsrudvika (Nordre 0yeren) IS. juni 19834 d d + 2 Q Q innsamlet, flere sett i tilJegg.20. juni 1983 I d + 2 Q Q innsamlet, artenforekom meget tallrik.(EIS: 37): Skedsmo, Ringstilla IS. juni 1983I d + 2 Q Q innsamlet, arten var ikke tallrikved lokaliteten.Coenagrion armatum virket tallrik og sa ut til autgj0re en betydelig del av det observerte individantallav vannymfer ved flere av vatna, mensden andre steder forekom sparsomt og mer tilfeldigiblant andre arter. I st0rst antall forekom denved Monsrudvika i Nordre 0yeren og ved0stensj0vatnet i Oslo. Ved f0rstenevnte lokalitetsa arten ut til vesentlig a holde til i snellebeltet(Equisetum) i beskyttede sma viker, hvor de parvisfl0y rundt og la egg (20. juni 1983). C. arma-Fauna norv. Ser. B, 108-109. Oslo 1983.

Fig. 1. Utbredelsen av Coenagrion armatum (Charp.)i Norge, inkludert de nye funn.The distribution of Coenagrion armatum (Charp'>in Norway.perioden for parring og egglegging sa ut til avrere omkring midten av juni i Nordre 0yeren.Man kan sp0rre seg hvorfor Coenagrion armatumna ble funnet i st0rre eller mindre antallved de fleste bes0kte meringsrike vann, mensden tidligere ikke var kjent fra mer enn en handfUlllokaliteteri 0stfold og Akershus. Artene tidligeog heller korte flyvetid har nok medvirket tilat den er forblitt uoppdaget noen steder, men deter ogsa mulig at den har spredt seg og 0kt i antallde senere ar. 0kende grad av eutrofiering, somer et velkjent fenomen rjordbruksomrader, kankanskje ha gjort vatn og dammer mer attraktive,slik at arten har fatt en sjanse til a etablere segsom ny art enkelte steder. Lokaliteter somNordre 0yeren og 0stensj0vatnet (Oslo) hvor C.armatum kan opptre i store mengder, tilsier atartens status i Norge kanskje b0r vurderes pany. Ialt 14 mulige lokaliteter ble unders0kt i flyvetideni 0stfold og Akershus, og den ble funnetved ti av disse (ugunstig vrer ved bes0k pa minsten av de andre lokalitetene). Flere unders0kelserog oppf0lging gjennom en arrekke er n0dvendigf0r artens status i Norge med sikkerhet kan siesa vrere endret fra tidligere antagelser. Det kan seut som om C. armatum na er utbredt, men fordet meste lite tallrik ved vegetasjonsrike og eutrofevatn og dammer pa det s0rlige 0stlandet.Etter Aagaard og Dolmen (1977) er c. armatumikke tidligere pavist i EIS-rutene 28 og 37.TAKKTakk til Dag Dolmen for a ha bidratt med opplysninger,til Albert Lillehammer for a ha gjennomgattog kritisert utkastet og til Grethe Garfjeldfor maskinskriving.tum var her den dominerende vannymfeart. Ibegynnelsen av juni (1982) var arten, sammenmed Coenagrion pulchellum, V. D. Lind, denmest tallrike ved 0stensj0vatnet i Oslo, mensden var langt mer tallrik enn C. pulchellum 31.mai 1983. Det siste kan forklares ved at sistnevnteart enna ikke var kommet i gang medklekkingen pa grunn av den sene varen.DISKUSJONEt srertrekk ved C. armatum's forkomst er dentidlige klekkingen, ofte i manedsskiftet mai/junii omradet rundt indre Oslofjord, og den relativtkorte flyvetiden. I begynnelsen av juli ser det uttil at de aller fleste er forsvunnet. Den viktigsteLITTERATURLISTEDolmen, D., Srether, B. & Aagard, K. 1975: Ferskvannsbiologiskeunders0kelser av tj0nner og evjerlangs elvene i Gauldalen og Orkdalen, S0r-Tr0ndelag.K. norske Vidensk. Selsk. Mus. RapportZool Ser 1975 - 5, 47 pp.S0mme, S. 1937: Zoogeographische Studien ubernorwegische Odonaten. Avh. norske Vidensk.Akad. Nr. 12.Tj0nneland, A. 1952: A contribution to the zoogeographyof Norwegian dragonflies. Univ. BergenArbok 1952, Naturvitensk. rekke Nr. 15.Abro, A. 1966. Odonata from the Vannsj0 region insouth-eastern Norway. Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 13:185-190.Aagaard, K. & Dolmen. D. 1977: Vann-nymfer iNorge. Fauna 30 nr. 2, 61-74.109

( Short communiCatiOns) iTHREE SPECIES OF STAPHYLINIDCOLEOPTERA NEW TO SPITSBERGENARNE FJELLBERGOlophrum boreale (Payk.), Eucnecosum brachypterum(Grav,) and Omalium caesum Grav. from theWoodfjorden area, N. Spitsbergen, were found in thecollections of Troms0 Museum.Arne Fjellberg, Department of Zoology, Troms0 Museum,N-9000 Troms0, Norway.A total number of twelve species of Coleopteraare reported from Spitsbergen so far: Amara quenseli(Sch'), Micralymma marinum (Stf0m),Philonthus sp., Atheta subplana Sahlb., A. graminicola(Grav.), Simplocaria metallica (Sturm),Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauv.), Anthicus flavipes(Panz.), (?) Phytodecta sp., Atomaria atricapil/as.sp. angulicollis Kangas, A. lewisi Reitt., Rhynchaenusflagellum(Erichs.) (Strand 1942, Bengtssonet al, 1967, Kangas 1967, Hagvar 1971,Kangas 1973, S0mme 1979). The Philonthus sp.refers to a fragment of a dead specimen probablybrought ashore with ballast from ship (Holmgren1870). Oryzaephilus is introduced in humanstockware. (?) Phytodecta sp. refers to EIton(925) who reported a single specimen of apossibly Phytodecta collected at the hot springsin Bockfjorden. Unfortunately the specimenwas lost, and the record has not been verified.Thus there are only nine species of Coleopt~rawhich could be considered true inhabitants ofSpitsbergen.In Troms0 Museum there is a small collectionof Coleoptera from northern part of West Spitsbergencollected by expeditions from the museumin 1958 and 1960. The species are identifiedby Andreas Strand, but the material has remainedunpublished. From the small island ofMoffen a single specimen of the well known Athetagraminicola is present. More interesting arefive specimens from the Woodfjorden area,consisting of three staphylinide species whichhave not been reported from Spitsbergen so far:Olophrum boreale (Payk,). Stasjons0yene, 14Aug. 1958, 3 ex.Eucnecosum brachypterum (Grav.). Samedata, Id.Omalium casum Grav. Bockfjorden, kildene,8 Aug. 1960, I ex.According to correspondance between BengtChristiansen - the collector - and AndreasStrand, the two former species appeared in samplesfrom moss and grass growing near theshore of Reinsdyrflya inside the islands Stasjons0yene.The latter species was collected undergrass turf along large stones close to the hot springsin Bockfjorden. Staphylinids were abundantthere, but were sought in vain in similarhabitats some distance from the springs. Thusthe occurrence may be restricted to a fairly smallarea.All three species have a fairly northern distribution(Strand 1946), the two former are also reportedfrom Bj0rn0ya (Strand 1942). But it is remarkablethat they are not collected from thewell investigated southern parts of Spitsbergen.This may indicate that the fauna of northernSpitsbergen differs somewhat from southernparts of the island. Already Lynge 0933,1939)'suggested that certain lichens ar; pre-WeichseIian relics in N. Spitsbergen. The observation ofChristiansen, cited above, indicates that Omaliumcaesum is favoured by high soil temperaturenear the hot springs. A similar effect is foundin the local flora. The three species Carexcapil/aris, Sibbaldia procumbens and Euphrasia'arctica have their only Spitsbergen occurrencearound these springs (R0nning 1961).REFERENCESBengtsson, S.-A., A. Fjellberg and T. Solh0y 1975.Amara quenseli Schn. (Coleoptera Carabidae)new to Svalbard. Non\!. J. Ent. 22, 81-82.Elton. C.S. 1925. Coleoptera und Lepidoptera fromSpitsbergen. Results of the Oxford University Expeditionto Spitsbergen 1924. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist./6.Kangas, E. 1967. Identification of the Coleoptera collectedby the Finnish Spitsbergen Expeditions.Ann. ent. fenn. 33, 41-43.Kangas, E. 1973. Ober die Coleopterenfauna in Spitsbergen.Ann. ent. fenn. 39, 68-70.Holmgren, A.E. 1870. Bidrag til kiinnedom om BeerenEilands och Spetsbergens insektfauna. Kg!.Sv. Vetens. Akad. Hand!.. Stockholm 8 (5), 3-55.Hagvar, S. 1971. Some observations on Coleoptera.Hymenoptera and Siphonaptera in Svalbard 1968.Norsk Polarinst. Arb. /969,101-106.Lynge, B, 1933. On Dufourea and Dactylina, threearctic lichens. Skr. Svalbard /shavet 59. I-62.Lynge, B. 1939. On the survival of plants in the Arctic.Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. 7, 489-497.110Fauna nom Ser. B. 30.' 110. Oslo 1983.

R0nning, 0.1. 1961. Some new contributions to theflora of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinst. Skr. 124,1-20.Strand, A. 1942. Die Kaferfauna von Svalbard. Norskent. Tidsskr. 6, 53-69.Strand, A. 1946. Nord-Norges Coleoptera. TromslJMus. Arsh. 67 (1), f-629.S0mme, L. 1979. Insektliv pa Svalbard. Fauna (Oslo)32,137-144.Received 16 Feb. 1983.PLA TYCEPHALA UMBRA CULA TA (FABR.,1794) (DIPT., CLOROPIDAE) NEW TONORWAYLITA GREVE219 specimens of the Chloropid flies Platycephalaplanifrons (Fabr., 1798) (69 dd, 61 Q Q) and Platycephalaumbraculata (Fabr., 1794) (32 Cl d, 57 Q Q)were collected from 7· different localities in Vestfoldprovince, southern Norway. P. umbraculata is reportednew to Norway. A key is given to distinguishbetween the adults of these species.Lita Greve, Zoological Museum, University of Bergen,N-5000 Bergen, Norway.The fly larvae of the Chloropid genus Platycephalalive in reeds - Phragmites communisTrin., and the adults are therefore often foundamong the reed. Large populations are not uncommon.Only one species of Platycephala viz.Platycephala planifrons (Fabr., 1798) has beenreported from tNorway by Siebke (1877) fromAkershus province.In 1982 Arild Fjeldsa collected a number ofPlatycephala specimens from severallocalities inVestfold province. He collected among reedswith sweep-net. Both species P. planifrons andP. umbraculata were found, in some localitiestogether. The localities are listed below:P. planifrons (Fabr., 1798).VE Sem Korten UTM 32 VNL 789719 19 July1982 18 d d 7 9 9VE N0tter0Y Ekenes UTM 32 VNL 817674 21July 1982 10 d d 11 9 9VE Tj0me Kolabekk-kilen UTM 32 VNL806513 24 July 1982 3 d d 29 9VE Tj0me Mostranda UTM VNL 800496 22July 1982 27 d d 32 9 9VE Tj0me Treidene UTM 32 VNL 803498 23July 1982 10 d d 9 9 9Fauna norv. Ser. B. 30: Ill. Oslo 1983.P. umbraculata (Fabr., 1794)VE N0tter0Y Ekene~ UTM 32 VNL 817674 21July 1982 1 d 1 9VE Tj0me Mostranda UTM 32 VNL 80049622July 1982 25 d d 41 9 9VE Tj0me Treidene UTM 32 VNL 803498 23July 1982 6 d d 11 9 9VE Sem Va1l0Y UTM 32 VNL 707853 24 July19824991 male specimen of P. planifrons from YE:Tj0me (no exact locality given) collected on 1August 1965 by Arne Fjellberg, was in additionfound among undetermined material in ZoologicalMuseum, University of Bergen.On two occasions both species were collectedtogether viz. at Mostranda and Treidene. Thecollection at Kolabekk-kilen was done near midnightat 23.00 P.M., otherwise collection wasdone at daytime. P. umbraculata is here reportedfrom Norway for the first time. P. planifronsis reported new for Vestfold province.P. planifrons and P. umbraculata have bothbeen reported from Sweden (Wahlgren, 1919),from Finland (Hackman, 1980) and from England(Kloet & Hincks, 1976).Adults of P. planifrons and P. umbraculatalook superficially much the same and can be separatedon the following characters beside thegenitalia:Key to Norwegian Platycephala:I. Larger species. Specimens with bodylengthfrom approximately 6 mm to 9 mm. Fronslonger than broad with very distinct black punctures,as distinct as the punctures on the thoraxdorsally. Most specimens have distinctly darkenedtarsi on the first pair of legs. For figure ofthe head see Andersson (I 977). Note: The smallestspecimens are about the same length as thelargest specimens of P. umbraculata (see below)................ P. plan~frons (Fabr., 1798).Smaller species, approximately from 35 mm tonearly 6 mrrl in bodylength. Frons somewhatlonger than broad, but ratio length/bredth lessthan in P. planifrons. Punctures on frons weakand not very distinct, celarly different from thepunctures on the thorax dorsally. Often redmarkings on frons. Tarsi on all pair of legs yellow............... P. umbraculata (Fabr., 1794).109 ofthe specimens listed above have been examinedby Dr. Hugo Andersson who has kindlyverified my determinations. I herewith extendmy sincere thanks to him. I am also grateful toArild Fjeldsa who collected the material.111

REFERENCESAndersson, Hugo, 1977. Taxonomic and phylogeneticstudies on Chloropidae (Diptera) with specialreference to Old World Diptera. Em. scand.Suppl, 8, 1-200.Hackman, W" 1980, A checklist of the Finnish Diptem.n. Cyclorrhapha. Notul. Ent. 60,1 117-162.Kloet, G.s. & Hincks, WD., 1976. A check lisl of BritishInsects: Diptera. Siphonaptera. Handbk. idem.Br, Insects 11 (5), 1-139.Siebke, H., 1877. Enumeralio InseclOrlIm NorvegicorumFasciculum IV. Catalogwl1 Dipterorum Continentem.A.W. Brogger. Christiania. 255 pp.Wahlgren, E., 1919. Diptera. 2 Andra underordningen.F1ugor Cyclorapha. Andra gruppen Brachycera.Fam 20 Fritflugor. Svensk insekt~rauna11, 248-275.Received 21 Mar. 1983.~,n1KOM TIL OSS MEDDINE FOTOPROBLEMERVI HJELPER DEGGJERNE! .Start utvalg ; alt avfato.DAG•5111111kker_&4161O_,_23 331)129Gr~47 574915Tr~37 192720,--.."'. Tr.....'" 181212/i1IIJ FREMKALLING ogI KOPIERIN__G__( PeltlMlce 1

GUIDE TO AUTHORS.FAUNA NORVEGICA Ser. B. publishes papers inEnglish, occasionally in Norwegian and Germanwith an extensive English abstract. When preparingmanuscripts for submission, authors should consultcurrent copies of Fauna norvegica and follow itsstyle as closely as possible. Manuscripts not conferringto the guide to authors will be returned for revision.Manuscripts should be submitted to one ofthe membersof the editorial committee or directly to the Editor-in-Chief.Send two copies. They must be typewritten,double spaced throughout, on one side of thepaper, and with wide margins, 5-6 cm on the left. Separatesheets should be used' for the following: I)Title page, with author's name. 2) An abstract, withthe name and full postal address of the author underneath.3) Tables with their headings. 4) Legends to figures.Dates should be referred to as 10-20 Aug. 1970.Only Latin names should be underlined. Otherunderlinings should be left to the editor. Approximateposition of figures and tables in the text shouldbe indicated in the margin. All acknowledgementsshould be given under a single heading at the end ofthe text, but before the references.Figures and Tables. Send two copies. All illustrationsshould be identified lightly with the author'sname and the figure number. The figures and tablesshould be constructed in proportion to either the entirewidth of the typed area (I40 mm) or to the columnwidth (67 mm).Nomenclature. The first time a binomen is used inthe text the name of its author should be included.Author names should be written in full except L. forLinneaus. Dates can be included when considerednecessary, i.e. Ryacophifa nubila (Zetterstedt, 1840).References. In the text: Black (] 979), Black & Blue0973:100), or «as noted by Green (1978) and Black(1979»>. Multiple references should be given in chronologicalorder, i.e. (Black & Blue, 1973, Green 1976,1979, Black 1978).List of references are to be unnumbered and in internationalalphabetical order (i.e. A = AA, lE andA = Ae, 0 and 6 = Oe). Titles of journals should beabbreviated according to the World List of ScientificPeriodicals. Do not refer to papers «in prep.» amongthe references.Examples:Journal:L0ken,A. 1962. Social wasps in Norway (Hymenoptera,Vespidae). Norsk ent. Tidsskr. 12, 191 - 218.Book:Mayr, E. 1913. Animal species and evolution. HaryardUniversity Press. Cambridge, Mass.Fittkau,EJ. 1962. Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae),Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropeloponiund Pentaneurini. Abh. Larvalsyst. Insekten6, 453 pp.Chapter:Whitman,L. 1951. The arthropod vectors of yellowfever.- In: Strode,K. (ed,), Yellow Fever. Mc.Graw'- Hill. New York & London, pp 229 - 298.Proofs. Two copies of the first proof will be sent tothe author: One corrected copy should be returned tothe editor without delay. Alterations should be limitedto correcting typesetting errors. Extensive alterationswill be charged to the author.Reprints. Twentyfive reprints are supplied free (fiftywith.-multiple authorships). Additional reprints canbe ordered at a charge (an order form is sent with theproofs).FAUNA NORVEGICA Ser. A, B, C vii normalt utkommemed til sammen 5 hefter i 10pet av en argang(ett volum). For at heftene skal komme inn undetPostverkets regler for billig serie-utsendelse, forlangesdet at Fauna norvegica i hvert kalenderar gisfortl0pende nummer fra I og oppover (altsa i argang1981: I - 5). Det vii kunne bli noe tilfeldig hvilkehefter som blir gitt de respektive nummer pa grunnav uregelmessigheter med rekkef01gen i 10pet av aret.Referansemessig skal en aldri ta hensyn tif nummereti lJvre hlJyre hjlJrne pd omslaget (inne i firkanten).Det en skal ta hensyn tit er de oppgitte data for respektiveserier. De f0rste heftene i hver serie vii i argang1981 hete henholdsvis Ser. B ·Vol. 28 No. l. Ser.C Cinclus Vol. 4 No. 1, Ser. A Vol. 2 No. l. Det erdisse data som gir den korrekte litteraturreferansen,og det er disse forkortelsene som star oppf0rt i Abstracttil hver artikkel og pa srertrykkene.

CoDteDt......'..r.Ser. B. Vel 31, Ne. 2lC_me, T. A It AuIsson. Spbol:idle (Hymo, Aculeata) recorded fromaaDle fauD8l1llllles from South Norway 00 0 0 0 ••• 0 •• 0 • 0 0 ••••••••••• t1 "I, T.• E.B. fUpar. PriIIuIry P8l"IIitGids (Hym., AphidIidae)~,~~~o~.·rr~)~·~·~Of.~·i~d~o~~.~·~i~p~~·h~·1891 O'ricbaptera Umnepbilidae), with data on life bistorieB,lI81JiIIIIlt.area. DoYmJ;tU mountains, Central Norway 0 ••••• 0 •••••••••Aarvik, Lo CGaCriblation to the knowled&e of the Nw. U'. I..epidoplInGreve, L. &. 1.0. Solemo Piop/lllQ (,fmphJptJgOU)/kIwl (Zett. 1138) in N~H8gvar, EoB. PIle801oIY ltIId....composition of Syrpbidae (DjpLRopes, K. Additions to the NorwePm fauna of calypterate DiI*raMuscidae) .••. 0.000 •• 0.0 •• 00 •••• 000 ••• 0 0 •••••••• 000 ••••••• 0.Meb1, R. &. T.~ The tick 1J«Jdes "I'iGe (Acari, Ixodides) in~OJavik, H. NGeIt....kWaliteter for Coenqrion armatum(CharpJ ... .aIIe SOlD mIIcIe.r~cIler h__ ....

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