-ry wL - Universitetet i Oslo

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-ry wL

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Forsiden viser ?e.loschistes puber (Ach.) Alnb'. de1' u1f Arup' 

Dette h.efte tileglnes ove Alnborn i anledning af hans 75 Ars dag' 

HcO- trYk 

rssN 090L-7593

OveAlmbornTS6r 

ove och jag triiffades ftirsta gangen under hostterminen 1970. Ett stort 

luga priiglade ove's rum och jag frck ta piats i besdksstolen bakom clet till 

siJta- kvadratcentimetern med boktravar och handlingar belamrade 

skrivbordet. Sedan jag framfiirt mitt drende om eventuella 

trebetygsstudier 6ver lavar minns jag att vi talade iiver min bakgrund 

samt dflvarande sysselsdttning. Bakgrunden var minst sagt lika viktig som 

ftrutsiittningaraa att kunna genomftira trebetygsstudier. Eft'er en trevlig 

pratstund grck vi upp tilt fidrde viningen ddr j?g nir ftirsta gAngen fick 

Itifta bekantskap med Ove's omfattande lavbibliotek samt fiirstAs even 

lavherbariet. .fag hade svArt att ftirest?illa mig att en person hade l6st sA 

mycket biicker, varav mdnga var utgivna pd exotiska- sprAk som 

bulgariska, japanska, ukrainska eller serbokroatiska. Fran detta tillf?ille 

minns jag nog andA Galloe's vackra bokverk btist. Budskapet med vackra 

bilder ocrr ute text gick lattare hem hos en 6nnu mycket oinitierad och p{ 

japanska eller ukrainska ej tillriickligt viil pAliist }ng stulggt: Jag ftl1s-t-ocl 

iite ttelte" dA siirskilt vdl finessersa med att en bok som vid inkOpstillftillet 

1939 kostat ? kr, trettio ar senare var vdrd ca. 7000 kronor eller att nagon 

bok i Ove's bibliotek faktiskt saknades i andra kollegors bokhyllor. 

vid samma tillfalle visade mig ove dven materialet ftir en liimlig 

arbetsuppgift eller ndrmare bestdmt systematiken inom davarande 

Lecidea-oliuaceae gntppen. Redan efter ftirsta anblicken pd eliindet blev 

jag fttga entusiastisk och jag hade nog inte heller skrivit de hiir raderna om 

jag fttisitkt litsa den uppgiften. Efter ett andra besiik hade Ove emellertid 

plockat fram nAgra islandslavar som biittre fiill mig -i 

smaken och 

problemet med alt skilja ut olika morfotyper aeil hjalp av kemiska 

ieagens fdrefiill dd mycket enklare. Min gode ldromdstare- B-fv -ryig 

endast diffisa instruktioner i hanteringen av den alkolhaltiga 

parafenyleudiaminldsningen, "mJilertid vilket resulterade i att storre delen av min 

-omgivniug, 

under slitet med att urskilja Cetraria ericetorum 6ven blev 

PD positiv. Trots en och annan PD-ad bok ur ove's bibliotek blev det i 

allafall en trea 6ver islandslavarnas systematik. Ove var emellertid dA som 

nu svar att overtyga om nagon annans uppfattning, vilket i detta speciglla 

fallet giillde beratligandet av Cetraria ericetorutn Gamla visdomoord har 

autid vagt hrngt f

124 

med lagerkrans, trots att jag rdkade gtira samma kardinalfel som Hult6n i 

stavningen av det svira ordet quaternary. 

Trots den trettioariga alderskillnaden har ove ochjag blivitriktigt goda 

vdnner under irenJ lopp. Det finns dven mAnga goda och roliga minnen 

frAn Aren med Ove och bland de goda tiinker jag kanske frdmst pd alla de 

middagar ove frikostigt bjudit pa, ofta i samband med besiik av utldndska 

giister. Ett mycket roligt minne i detta sammanhanget iir ndr vi fcirsdkte 

lura i sndlle Ernie Brodo griskiitt. I sista stund avsldjades emellertid 

,,komplotten" (=kompotten) av Ernie, som istdllet ftr den delikata fl6skfil6n 

frck Mlla tillgodo med fiskpinnar. 

MAnga av tnina trevligaste minnen dr emellertid frAn vAr gemensamma 

resa hU s6dra Afrika under vintern 1984. Det bdr pApekas i sanmanhanget 

att varken ove eller jag sj€ilvfallet dr nagra supportrar av det egendomliga 

"separationssystem" som rader i detta annarsi si vackra och floristiskt rika 

laq-d. Endast Ove och jag kuude med glimten i 6gat bo lika bra pA hotell fiir 

fdrgade, tita middag pA restauranger ftir svarta eller gi in i fel i-ngAng i 

affe.er, vilket inte allticl uppskattades lika viil av vira bleknosiga \oqegol 

som brukar kalla sig sjiiiva "afrikaaner". Klimatet i detta m6rka land 

maste anDars anses som nycket behagligt {iir ftiltarbete eller som ove 

utrydrte det "att eqdast en t1p av vdder lnrnde registreras"._En gAng klev 

stor och reslig giraffbokstavligen ut iiver var ftsrdvdg, vilket giorde en 

"n entusiastiskt gestikulerade ove plotsligt 30 ar yngre. Mitt grundtips dr nog 

dtirfiir att vi ithnil skulle behiiva lite mer giraffer i de ibland sa nnnars lite 

grA eller kritstreckrandiga akademiska korridoreraa. 

vi kom hem v6l efter resan och det har viil blivit ett odr an-at giort sedan 

dess. Materialet iir i varje fall etiketterat och uppordnat pA sliikten samt i 

minga fall utskickat till specialister. F6r min sggn del har det blivit nagra 

r""oifl"t sedan dess son naturligtvis resulterat i nya travar av lavar och 

htigar av arbetsuppgrfter. Men jag har ocksa liirt mig 9tt _och annat 

vislomsord av min gode vdn. Om man siktar pA ett lAngt liv framftir ett 

kammarflimmer i 50-6rs Aldern, kan man ju alltid. ta itu med dessa 

uppgifter i morgon. Men dessftirinnan hoppas jag att *t aE: skall bli 

UUAI" att dela Jn Griinberger Stein med min gode vdn i Clanwilliam. 

Ove, Dina elever i Lund, samt iivriga. kollegor frAn ndr och fidlran ber att 

nu lite i efterhand fA lyckdnska Dig pA 75-Arsdagen- 

Ingvar Kdrnefelt

125 

Graphis Scripta 22125-127, 1989. 

The production of rhodocladonic acid in Cladonia bacillifurmis and 

C. norvegica triggered by the presence of a lichenicolous mite 

Einar Timdal 

Botanical Museum, University of Oslo, Trondheimsveien 23 B, N-0562 Oslo 5, Norway 

Abstract Rhodocladonic acid is produced in the thallus of Cladonia 

bacilliformis md C. norttegica around cavities made by a lichenicolous mite, 

possibly as a defence against further grazing. This is apparently the frst 

report of the production of a lichen substance riggered by an ecological 

factor, and the taxonomic implications are briefly discussed. Cladonia 

norvegica is reported from Madeira, the frst record from outside Europe. 

Introduction 

In 1981, I started collecting some lichens belonging in cladonia sect cocciferae 

subsect. Ochroleucae with deep red spos on the thallus. Some specimens clearly 

belonged in c. bacillifonzr.r (Nyl.) Gliick, but the major part of the material apparently 

in an undescribed species. At the same time Tgnsberg & Holien (1984) discovered 

1ld described C. nomegtca Tgnsberg & Holien from Cenral Norway. Tgnsberg & 

Holien (1984) gave no indication of red pigments in c. nomegica, but it later became 

clear that our material was conspecific. 

Results 

Jhe red spots occurred mainly on the basal squamules, more rarely on the podetia. 

Young spots were first visible on the underside of the squamules, but later often 

penetrated it. In c. nomegica, specimens with large red spots on the basal squamules 

produced fcw, small, and often deformed podetia and large, densely proliferating basal 

squamules, whereas specimens lacking red spots produced larger, more regular podetia 

and smaller basal squamules. ln c. bacilliformis, the spots were usually more 

inconspicious and no distinct modification of the thallus was observed. The red spots 

were K+ purple-black, and the compound identified by TLC as rhodocladonic acid. 

Inside every examined spor was a little cavity, frequently containing a single, 

approximately 0.1 mm long, colourless mite. In cavities lacking the mite, there was 

usually a little hole leading out from the cavity to the underside, and often brownish 

black grains (excremens?) left in the cavity. It appeared that the mite fed on the 

hlphae of the lichen, and made the hole when leaving the cavity. crystals of rhodocladonic 

acid were deposited on the surrounding hlphae up to I mm from the cavity. 

Lichenicolous mites are common n Cladonia species growing in old spruCe 

forests in southeast Norway, and specimens of C. nonegica that are-not infested are 

rarely found in this area. Mites living in similar cavities in the thallus of c. 

bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer, C- cenotea (Ach.) Schaerer, C. coniocraea auct.. C.

126 

digitata (L.) Hoffm., ffid C. squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. were observed, but in these 

species no additional lichen compound occurred. 

Discussion 

Rhodocladonic acid is restricted to areas infested by mites in C. bacilliformis and C. 

nomegica. From this follows some assumptions: 

. The genetic material needed for the synthesis of a particular lichen compound may 

Ue presint in a specimen without being expressed in the phen_otype. Hence, a.chemical 

difference between two specimens may not neccessarily rcflect a genetic difference. 

This contradics a general assumption in lichenology rccently explessed, e.g., by Brodo 

(1986: 137) as 'th-e presence oiabsence of chemical compounds is an expression of 

the genotype'. 

. The production of some lichen substances may sometimes be qiggereq by ecological 

facton- There are apparently no previous reports of ecological factors influencing the 

presence or absence'of a iictreri compound., although it is well.known that light 

intensity may influence the amount of cortical pigment g_odlced in many lichens 

Geview'ed by Rundel l9?8, Lawrcy 1986). Carlil-(1986, 1987) has suggested from a 

Uio"tr"-i""Lpoint of view that ctrimicat strains differing in the.degree of oxidation of 

fhe tichen co'mpound only, such as norstictic and salazinic acid in some Uszea species, 

might be due io differerit metabolic activities in plants of the same genoqrpe caused 

Ui?ffo*t energy supplies of the plans. Carlin gave no evidence supporting his 

theory, however. 

. Ctadonia bacilliformis and C. rurttegrica are chemically more closely relate/ to the 

other species of sect. Cocciferae than previously realizcd, and this suPports the current 

U*ono-i" arrangement of rhe nvo species. The genetic material necded for producing 

rhodocladonic aIiC occun in at least two species of subsecl Ochroleucae' although 

utoUfy not expressed. The absence of rhodocladonic acid from the hymenium in this 

subsection is probably the result of a rpduction. 

. If so, absence of a particulal lichen compound may be a derived chafacter state' 

. In this particular instance, it is temp'$ng to regard the production of rhodocladonic 

acid as a iefence mechanism against furttrer grazing of the mite. The biological roles 

oflichen substances have been-much debated, and an antiherbivore.role has often been 

assumed @undel 1978, Lawrey 1986). It is.known that feeding and development -of 

some artt[opodes, including -mites, on lichens , may_ result in formation of e3{s 

(reviewed by Genon 1973). See Seyd & seaward (1984) for a comPrehensrve revrew 

of the known associations of oribatid mitcs and lichens. 

The distribution of Cladonia norvegica * 

Ctdonia nontegica was known mainly from the humid spruce forests in 'Cenral 

No"""t by Tgniberg & Holien (1934).- It was reported as new to.Sweden by Muhr 

ifSSOi'-d to West-Germany by Wirth (1987I bo$ 1eporu *9t" pTd on material 

;;;*1ff"id tl"dociaaonic oiA ina mites in the thallui (examined by me, but not 

*See also the following PaPer by Kuusinen et a1' ' ed'

127 

previously reported). It was later reported from Austria by Rouss et 

material was- said to have red spots on the basal squamules, but 

comrnents. 

Under this circumscription, C. nort,egicc should be regarded as a 

lichen in ttre old spruce forests throughout southern Fennoscandia. 

scattered in Centrat Europe, and is here reported from Madeira 

rhodocladonic acid and mites in the thallus)- 

Specimens examined 

(fi O unless othenpise stated; specimens containing rhodocladonic acid only): 

al. (1987); this 

without further 

rather common 

It also occurs 

(with spots of 

Cladonia bacillifurmis: Norway: Oppland (Holtan-Hartwig & Timdal 2653), Buskerud Gimdal 3065' 

3066, 3357), Tltemart Cfimdal gjtiO), Nord-TrFndelag Cfimdal 2999); Sweden: Dalarne Cfimdal 

21g4),.A,neermanland (timdal 2836), Jiimtland Ctimdal 2848), Vlisterbonen (fimdal 28Ol), Nonbonen 

cfimdal 2787); Finland: Kuusamo climdzl 2756ub, 2768). 

Ctadonia romegica: Nonray: Ostfold (Iimdal 2924, 3339, 3Y2, 3345), Akershus Climdat 2493, 

250g, 25l3a,b,i X20,2933,3405), Oslo Climdal 249/4,2500, 2501, ?5C/.,25A7,2518a'b,c,2519, 

iszt, xi+,''*is, zsz6, 2sz7a,b,c, zsz8, 2s31, 2959), oppland (HoltaryHartwig & Timdar 25Y, 

2659, 2662, ZffiS, 26116, Timdal 3878), Buskerud (Holtan-Harnvig & Timdal 2669,2671, Timdal 2929' 

2931,2g32a,b,3063, 3090, 3150, 3i52,3385, 3396), Telemark (timdal 33u,35n,3745,376), 

nurt-AgOer (ttorOnes l8f-1982), Nord-Trpndelag Cfimdal 2963); Sweden: Bohusliin (fimdal 3795), 

Datslanl (rimdal 37sg), vaste*ottand (timdal i752,38?5), verdand (Muhr 57a, Sundell 15169' 

Timdal 2672, Zgtt), Ne*e Cfi*Oat 2674), Stidermanland Cfimdal 3038), UPPla,( _Cfimdal 3051)' 

Vdstmanland (Cartin 81-35, herb. Carlin), Dalame (Thor 2473, 2493,2491,2495, all S; Timdal 2865, 

ZgTg), Gesgikland Climdal 2856), Htilsingland (Esseen 150/81, herb. Esseen; Timdal 2854), Medelpad 

CfimOA Zg1g),Viisrerbouen Crtror?526,1521,2540,a1I S), Asetf-appmark (nmdal 2830a), Lycksele 

Lppmart fimdal ZBZ3); Finland: Nyland (Thor 2431, S); \ilest Germany: BadegWiirtrcmberg 

(Siliindlet iwX, herb. Schindler; 11939); Madeira, Carreira do Gavalo,32o46'N, 17"01'W, alL 660 

rr, 4 April 1988, Haugan et al. 5996. 

References 

Brodo, I.M. 1986: Interpreting chemical variation in lichens for systematic purposes- 

Bryologist 89: L32-138. 

Carlin, b. tgSO: The chemical strains of ILsnca lapponica and U. glabrescens in 

Sweden. Graphis Scripta 1: 2942- 

Carlin, G. 1987: On the use of chemical characters in lichen tru(onomy. Graphis 

Scripta 1: 72n6. 

Gerson, tJ. 1973: Lichen-arthropod associations. Lichenologist 5: 434-443 - 

Lawrey, J.D. 1986: Biological iole of lichen substances. Bryologist 89: lll-122. 

Muhr,-L.-E. 1986: I-avfloian i Gravbiicksravinen i Varmland. Sveruk bot. Tidskr. 81: 

nn6. 

Rundel, P.'W. 1978: The ecological role of serondary lichen substances. Biochem. 

System. Ecol. 6: 157-170. 

Ruoss, E., Mayrhofer, H. & Pongratz, W. 1987: Eine Rentier- und eine Becherflechte 

neu ftir die Steierrnark. Mitt. ru$urw. Ver. Steiermark LL7: 105-110. 

Seyd, EI. & Seaward, M.R.D. 1984: The association of oribatid mites with lichens. 

hol. J. linn. Soc. 80: 36Y4?n. 

Tgnsberg, T. & Holien, H. 1984: Cladonra (sect. Cocciferae) rnrtegica, a new lichen 

species. Nord. J. Bot. 4: 7T82. 

Wirth, V. 1987: Die Flechten Baden-Wintembergs. Verbreitungsatlas. Eugen {Jlmer, 

Stuttgart.

Graphis Scripta 22128-133 , 1989. 

128 

CIADONIA NOR\IEGTCA A}ID C. INCRASSATA IN FINIAND 

Mikko Kuusinen, Soili Stenroos & Teuvo Ahti, Dept. of Botany, 

University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 44 , SF-ool'? 0 HeIsinki, 

Finland. 

ABSTRACT. During recent field work concentrating on 

threatened or rare lichen species in Finland two species of 

Cladonia sect. Cocciferae , vLz. Cladonia no:rregica Tpnsb. & 

Holien and g. incrassata Plorke, were recorded as new to 

Finland. C. norrregica is also reported f rom Poland and ltaly ' 

Cladoni-a norrregica 

This small Cladonia species was described by T/nsberg and 

Holien (1984) from Nor:vay, where it is widespread in hunid 

picea abies forests. L,ater it hras recorded f rom Sweden (l{uhr 

j.9g6) , West Gemany (wirth Lg87) , and Austria (Ruoss et aI- 

19g7) . This is the first record of C. notrrecrica from Finland, 

poland and f ta1y. g- nonregica seems to be prirnarily a boreal 

species occurring in Fennoscandia and high mountains of 

Central EuroPe (Fig. 1) - 

The morphology of e. norrrecrica nas well described by T/nsberg 

and Holien (1994). However, the podetia of this species are 

usually shorter (< 1 cm high) in Finland than in the 

Norrregian naterial ( 1. 5 - 3 cm high) . The best f ierd 

character of this species, vLz. the small, intensively red 

spots on the basal squamules and the medulla of the podetia, 

was not nentioned in the original description, but was 

obselrred by Ruoss et al . ( 1987 ) . These red spots contain 

rhodocladonic acid. They are often visible to the naked eye 

and seem to be most common on aging thalli. g. notrregica is 

usually sterile in Finland,, but fertile sPecimens have been 

found occasiona1lY. 

The chemistry of rnost of the specimens collected from Finland 

was tested by the standard methods of thin layer

129 

chromatography (fLC; Culberson t972, solvent At White & James 

L985, solvent B) . The rnajor compound is barbatic acid but the 

accessory substances rhodocladonic and 4-O-demethylbarbatic 

acids are generally also present in snall amounts ( for the 

concentrations of the substances, see Huovinen et aI. 1989). 

Although C. nonre€rica is closely related to g. bacill if ormis , 

it is most often misidentified as g. coniocraea, with which 

it often grows. The more finely divided, red-spotted basalsqluamules 

and usually shorter podetia of g. norrregica help to 

separate these two species in the fie1d. Furthermore, the 

chemistry of g, coniocraea is different: it reacts PD+ and 

UV- (funarprotocetraric acid) . The ]ack of usnic acid in c. 

norregica distinguishes it fron g. bacilliformis. 

c. no:rregica has usually been found in Finland on decaying, 

often decorticated and mossy tmnks of conifers lying on the 

ground in moist, shaded habitats. It is a tlpical species of 

old stands and virgin, mesic or paludified Pieea abies 

forests. It can also be found in young forests, but usually 

in uroist environments 2 €.g. on north or east slopesr ot near 

springs and brooks. It is most often associated with hepatics 

(e. g. Ptilidium puleherrimum and Cenhalozia spp, ) , as well as 

Cladonia coniocraea and C. cenotea . More rarely C. norrreqica 

has been found on basal tnrnks of Picea abies and Betula. 

Cr- notrtegica appears to be a relatively conmon but overlooked 

species in southern and central Finland. fts occurrence and 

abundance in northern parts of the countr? has yet to be 

explored. Favouring old stand and virgin coniferous forests, 

g. norrregica may have suffered from modern woodland 

management, especially clear-cuttingr. ft has not been listed 

as a threatened species in any part of the country, however. 

Selected specinens examined: FfNLAND. Varsinais-Suoni. Lohja 

r}ral parish: Seppe1a, Mussaari, 50 m, L987 Kuusinen 903 (H) . 

vihti: Kourld, hill Konia , L2a m, 1999, xuusinen tsge (H1 . 

Uusimaa. Kirkkonumlli : 6sterby, Stenbacka, 55 m, L98B Kuusinen 

1354 (H). Tammisaari: Tammisaari Nat. Park, island Jussar6, 

10 m, 1989 Kuusinen 2480 (H). siuntio: Kynnar, Djupbick, 60 

mr 1988 r Kuusinen 1595 (H) . Satalctrnta. fkaaLinen: 

Seitseminen Nat. Park, Multiharju, 165 m, 1989 Kuusinen 24L5 

(H) . - SoutJr Hi'ne. Lammi: Evo, Kotinen primeval forest ai€dr

130 

E of lake Valkea Kotinen, L9B7 Kuusinen 1149 (H) . Kuhmoinen: 

Vesijako Strict Nature Resenre, N of Hyodynrniki , L45 m, L989, 

Kuusinen 2626 (H). Ruovesi: Siikaneva, Pikkulatosaari, L7O m, 

1988 , Kuusinen 1594 (H) . Souttr Savo. Va1keala: Miettula, 

Sammalisenkalliot, 90 m, L988 , Kuusinen 162 6 (H) . North 

Hime. Saarijiinri: grhd-Hakki Nat. Park, near lake Iso 

Kotajinri, 155 m, 1989 Kuusinen 24O6 (H) . North Savo. 

Vieremii: Karankamdki, N of Joutenj rini , 2oO m, L989 , Kuusinen 

& Ahti 2565 (H). Kainuu. Vuolijoki: Saaresmiki, along creek 

Kiannosjoki , L95-200 m, 1989, Atrti & Kuusinen 48405 (H) . - 

Peri-Pohjanmaa. Rovaniemi rural parish: Kaihuanvaara, L986, 

Vanha-Mar amaa (H) . 

POLAND. Prov. Nowy Sacz: Tatra Nat. Park, upper end of 

Dolina Mietusia, 1 160 m, l-986 Atrti & Drozdowicz 45554 (H) . 

ITALY. Friuli Venezia Giulia. Prov. Udine. Ampezzo3 Passo 

Pura, 1 44O m, 1986 Ahti & James 45452 (BM, H). 

Cladonia incrassata 

e. incrassata is a suboceanic species distributed in Burope, 

eastern parts of North Anerica and East Asia (Trass l-958, 

Thomson L967, Ahti L977) . Closest to Finland it has been 

found from South Scandinavia (Alnborn 1948, Santesson 1984) 

and Estonia (Trass 1958 ) . This species rtas discovered as new 

to Finland from a drained peat bog on the south coast by the 

author Ahti in L979 (Kulckonen & Koponen L980, Rassi et al-. 

1986). This is still the only known locality of g. incrassata 

in Finland (Fig. 1) . 

C. -incrassata grows often in large patch€sr which are easily 

recogrnized by small (2-10 nm high), simple, areolatecorticate 

podetia with red hlmenia. Basal sqfuamules are 

small, yellowish-green above, pale below and usually 

abundantly sorediate at the margins. When sterile g. 

incrassata is easily overlooked or misidentified aq g. 

digitata or g. cenotea, the two conmon species in similar 

habitats. The chemistry of g. incrassata is, howev€Er 

distinct: it contains usnic, didlmic and sqluamatic acids as 

the major aromatic substances; rhodocladonic (hymenia), 

condidlmic, subdialmic and barbatic acids are f ound as 

accessory (Huovinen et al. 1989). 

The habitat of c. incrassata in Finland is typical for the

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tt*''lt--l 

't t I 

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I t 

d 

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t 

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oi 

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ir.-'-.-..-.s--'... 

1 t, 

Iig. 1. -Total dj-stribution of Cl"adonia norvegica.* The 

localities narked with an open circle are basea on T/nsberg & 

Holien (1984), lluhr (1986) and Ruoss et al. (1992). The 

Iocality of Cladonia incrassata in Finland is narked with a star. 

* See also the preceeding paper by Tirndal, ed. 

t 

._.-1 

: 

.-j. 

"r"-i

132 

species : it grrows on the surface of old, vertical , up to L m 

high peat-cuts. 

The locality of g. incrassata is situated in a densely 

popuiated area in the city of Espoo close to Helsinki. The 

bog Turrresuo was earlier excavated for peat-litter industry 

and later used as a dunp site, and most of it is now buried 

under garbag€. It is therefore probable that g. incrassata 

was previously more widespread in the bog. During a thorough 

survey of the rest of the bog in May 1989 the species proved 

to be verar sparse in the area, only ca. 8 patches being found 

witlrin ca. 2OO tn2. 

g. incrassata is classified as an endangered species in 

Finland (Rassi et aI. 1986, Rassi & Vdisinen 1987). The 

loeality of the species has late1y been threatened by 

constrrrction in the area. However, it seems now that the 

Iocality will be saved as a municipal consenration area, the 

first one in Finland established for a lichen species. 

Selected specinens examined: FINIAND. Uusinaa. Espoo: 

Mankkdd r Turrresuo ( ItNuij ala, Kilonsuofr ) , L979 Afrti 37788 (H, 

O) ; 1987 Kuusinen, Stenroos & Atrti. 996 (H) . 

Acknowledgenents 

The field work nas partly financed by the Finnish Ministry of 

Environnent, and the detailed mapping of e. incrassata by the 

City of Espoo. l{r. Sanuel Hamrner revised the English 

languagre. 

REFERENCES 

Ahti, T. 1977: Cladonia wigg., nom. cons. subgen. Cladonia. - 

In: Poelt , J. & Vezda, A. (eds. ) . Bestimmungsschl0ssel 

europiischer Flechten, Erginzungsheft I. Biblioth. 

Lichenol . 9:45-95. 

AlmboFD, O. L948: Distribution and ecologry of some South 

Scandinavian lichens. Bot. Notiser suppl. 1 (2) :L-252. 

Culberson, c.F. L9722 Improved conditions and new data for 

the identification of of lichen products by a standardized 

thin-layer chromatographic rnethod. J. Chromatogr . 72 z LL3- 

L25.

133 

Huovinen, K., Ahti, T. 6. stenroos, s. l-9g9: The composition 

and contents of aromatic l ichen substances in Cladoiria, 

section cocciferae. - Ann. Bot. Fennici 26:l_33-14g. 

Kukkonen I T & Koponen, T. l-9BO : Accessions to the Botanical 

lluseum, University of Helsinki/nelsingfors, in Lg79-1980. 

Memoranda soc. Fauna Flora Fennica s6 z l_59 -161 . 

I'Iuhr, L--8. 1986: Lavfloran i Gravbdcksravinen i Vdrm1and. - 

Svensk Bot. Tidskr, g l_ : L7 -3 6 . 

Rassi , P- , Alanen, A. , Kemppainen , E. , vickholm , y[. & 

vdisdnen, R. 19gG: uhanalaisten eiainien ja kasvien 

suoj elutoimikunnan urietint6. f f f . Suomen uhanalaiset kasvit. 

43L pp. He1sinki. 

Rassi . P. & Viisinen' R. (eds. ) l-987: Threatened animals and 

plants in Finland. English sunmarar of .the report of the 

Cornmittee for the conienration of Threatened Aninals ina 

Plants in Finland. - g2 pp. Helsinki. 

Ruoss , E- , Mayrhofer, H. & Pongratz, W. 19g7: Eine Rentierund 

eine Becherflechte neu ffir die Steieraarkr - Mitt. 

Natu:*riss. ver. steieraark lLz : 105-110. 

santesson' R. 1984: The lichens of sweden and Norway. 333 

pp. Stockholm and Uppsala. 

Thomsonr J-W. 19672 The lichen genus cladonia in North 

America. - L7Z pp. Toronto. 

Trass, H- 1958: Eesti NSV kladooniate (podrasamblike) 

m66raja- - Loodusuurijate Selts Eesti Nsv Teaduste Akadeemia 

Juures, Abiks r.oodusevaatrej are 39 : 1-11_4 . 

T/nsbergt . T- & Holien , H. 1984: cladonia 

norvegica' 

(sect. cocciferae) 

a new lichen species. Nord. J. Bot . 4:79-gz. 

I{hite, J' & James, P.w. 1985: A new guide to microchenical 

!"glt"igtlgs for the identification of- 

Bull . 

lichen substances. 

British Lich . - 

Soc . 57: J.-4 f- . 

wirth, v. 1987: Die Frechten Baden-worttembergs. 

verbreitungsatlas. - szg pp. stuttgart. -

craphis Scripta 2: 1 34-1 37 , 1989 . 

134 

Evolutionsgtrader hos Teloschistac:eerna - en Iangsan process 

Ingvar llAraefelt, Department of systematic botany, University of Lund, 

Ostra Vallgatan 18-20, 223 61 Lund. 

Abstract. The evolutionary process and its impact on speciation and emergence of 

genera is discussed briefly for the Teloschistaceae. Many facts which have been 

recognized mainly from studies of morphological variation within populations in 

addition to analyses of structural variation from herbarium material speak for a 

conceivable slow evolutionary process represented in this family' Some examples are 

discussed in the three most important recogrrized genera related also to 8trange 

biogeographical ranges. 

Jiimfiirt med hos andra vextgrupper egnas inte sdrskilt mycket 

uppmerksamhet At evolutionsprocessen_ och dess effekt pA artbiJdning eller 

"ii".r.ri"g av hiigre taxonomiska kategorier -hos 

de licheniserade 

.""o-y""ti*a. Defberor naturligtvis pa enkla fakta som svarigheter att 

utfttra genetiska analyser som bas fdr evolutionara teorier. 

Evolutioisprocessen dr en kontinuer5g process och skillnaden mellan olika 

["riaf,,t"a" genomgar en serie av olika stadier i takt med 

tiden (Grant "Wecklingslinjer lg77): Normalt brukar vi betrakta denna process som 

g""gr"fi"t artbildning, d.v.s. en ursprunglig population splittras upp i tva 

El""r n"t. lokala fott"ettningsvis i geografrska rase-r'-underarter, 

arter och artgrupper. """1"i, uppspiittringen kan sedan fortsiitta till hiigre nivaer 

"o- "faf.t"" ich fimiljei.-nfterso*t"trna process dr stdndig mAqte det dven 

vara ntijligt att obsefoera processen pA vilket stadium som helst och inte 

endast vidirxerade punkter som arter och sliikten' 

- Indicierna filr geografisk artbildning dr omfattande hos de licheniserade 

asco^ycetetn" .itt Jt framg6r av mAnga arbeten betrdffande strukturell 

och kemisk variation fran oiika omreden hos minga olika grupper 

Betriiffande avgrd.nsningsproblem hos arter frnns det mAnga exempel 

frAn alla de stdrre sldktena inom familjen even iuom de tempereade 

omrAdena men i detta sammanhanget vill jag belysa svArigheterna att 

urskilja distinkta arter frdmst ifrin den subtropiska zonen. Xanthoria 

capensis Almb. ined. och X. mandschurica Asahina, som ftirkommer 

uteslutande p6 havsstrandsklippor i stidra Afrika respektive i 6stra Asien, dr 

frdmst karakteriserade pA ganska smala och konvexa lober med smd 

pseudocyfeller. Strukturella skillnader dr emellertid knappast mdrkbara 

mellan dessa b6da enheter, vilket snarare talar ftir att det riir sig om 

underarter inom samma taxon. Det frnns heller inga ktinda ftirkomster 

mellan dessa bAda disjunkta populationer. Utbredningen 6r ocksA mycket 

svAr att ftirklara med tanke pA att utbredningst;4per som berdr enheter i 

siidra Afrika vanligtvis kan relateras till andra omrAden och enheter pA 

sydhemisfiiren. Troligtvis har X. capensisl X. mandschurico komplexet 

eller dess fOregingare ursprungligen haft en mer omfattande och 

kontinuerlig utbredning och idag AterstAr endast ett par mycket perifera 

stnrkturellt svagt differentierade populationer. 

Utbredningen av X. mendozae Rd.s. dr ett annat svArtolkat biogeografiskt 

problem. Xanthoria mendozae iir karakteriserad fr6.mst pA sina relativt 

tdtplacerade, subumbilicata och pA undersidan sorediOsa lobdelar. 

Ursprungligen var X. mendozae endast kiind frAn htiga hiijder i vdstra 

Argentina, men i samband med miua studier iiver siidra Afrikas 

Teloschistacder fann jag emellertid nAgra mycket liknande exemplar frAn 

Drakensbergen och nu 6r den dven kEind ifrAn Peru. Det miirkliga med 

dessa vitt disjunkta populationer i vdstra Sydamerika och i sddra Afrika tir 

att individen ftirfaller praktiskt tagit ofiiriindrade. Xanthoria mend.ozae 

verkar pd det hela tagit vara mycket siillsynt i sin mycket speciella milj0, 

och jag har svdrt att ftirestiilla mig att en framgAngsrik spridning och 

nyetablering ligger bakom den euorma disjunkta utbredningsarealen. Min 

teori dr istEiliet att de recenta populationem.a utg6r resterna av en mer 

sammanhdngande areal frAn krittidens Gondwanaland. Samtidigt mAste 

man emellertid de dven uppskatta Aldern ftr en sAdan hdr art till enormt 

hiig. 

Inom sldktet Teloschisfes finns det dven en del sviravgrdnsade 

artproblem, vilket nyligen delvis berdrdes av Almborn (1989). Teloschistes 

capensis (L. f.) Vain. ex Mtill. Arg., som dr endemisk ftir de sydv6stra 

delarna av Afrika, bildar i sina extremaste former ndstan oigenkiinnliga 

populationer. FrAn centrala Namibia 6r arten framftir allt ktind frAn sina 

enorma terrestra populationer. De gracila och upprdtta, helt sterila loberna, 

som tdcks av smi hyalina hAr, karakteriseras bland annat pA sina lAnga 

fibriller samt iippna barkltisa sprickor. I iivriga delar av 

utbredningsomrAdet ftirekommer T. capensis mest pA kvistar av olika 

buskar och den 6r vanligen dA dkt fertil och framftir allt karakteriserad p6 

sina mycket lAnga och smala fibriller, som bAde utg6r frAn apotheciekanten 

samt dven frAn sidoloberna. De hyalina hAren ftirefaller vara mycket mer 

spansamma pA dessa ferbila individen. Ar detta hiir frAga om en modifikativ 

anpassning till olika stAndortskrav och klimattyper eller observerar vi en 

evolutionsprocess som med tiden leder fram till ytterligare taxa i denna 

135

135 

artgnrpp? Mera intensiva fiiltstudier samt isoenzymanalyser borde kunna 

ge oss n6got svar pA de hdr fr6goma. 

Med tanke sdrskilt pA de sterila masspopulationerna av T. capensis i 

Namibciknen har meirkligt nog en parallellart utbildats under liknande 

okenartade fttrhAllanden i scidra Peru. Teloschistes peruensis (Ach.) 

Thoms., som fiirekommer i dessa sdrprdglade dkenomrAden i stora 

terrestra populationer, karakteriseras dven pA sina relativt lAnga och 

gracila lober med frbriller och ganska tydliga tippna barkliisa sprickor 

(Thomson & Iltis 1968). Loberna tdcks dven av mycket smA hyalina hAr pA 

samma vis som i T. capensis. Den mest framtriidande skillnaden mellan 

T. capensis och T. peruensis dr de lit€ tydligare barklcisa fissursprickorna 

hos den senare arten. Detta skulle kunna frirklaras som en anpassning av 

arten till de mycket extrema tikenftirhAllandena i sddra Perrr, d6,r de stiirre 

barklcisa delarna av loberna skulle mAste g:ynna vattenupptagning och 

resparation. Pe vilken taxonomisk rang man iin viiljer att behandla dessa 

bAda enheter, antar jag att de har ett gemensamt ursprung och att de nu 

existerande populationerna har bhvit geografiskt isolerade och som ti! fbljd 

av en mycket lAngsam evolutionsprocess endast uppvisar smA stnrlrturella 

skillnader. 

Inom det sttirsta sliiktet Caloplaca i familjen Tbloschistaceae finns d.et 

framftir allt mAnga problem betrEiffande vd.rdet med avgfensing av olika 

artgnrpper inom hcigre taxonomiska enheter men naturligtvis dven mAnga 

problem i avgrd,nsning av arter. I det hd,r sammanhanget vill jag bara ta 

upp ett exempel inom gruppen av svagt buskformade arter frAn den 

Afrikanska floran som emellertid kan belysa bAde evolutionen av sld,kten 

och arter. Tre arter eir urskiljda pA den Afrikanska kontinenten, ndmligen 

C. bonae-spei Almb. & Poelt, C. eudoxa (Miill Arg.) Zahlbnrckner samt 

C. mauritanica Werner (Poelt & Pelleter 1984). Calopla.ea bonae'spei, 

som endast 6r kiind frAn havsstriinderna kring Godahoppsudden, dr 

karakteriserad pA sina svagt busklika, lite dorsiventrala orangegula 

vanligen rikt fertila lober med pseudocyfelliknaden strukturer. De 

anatomsika skikten utmdrkes av ganska massiva skleroplectenchym.atiska 

hyfer med djupt liggande alger och olika kristaller. PA kustndra biotoper 

Idngre norr ut i Namibia fiirekommer emellertid den mycket liknande 

arten C. eudnxa. Den skiljer sig frdmst frAn C. bonae-spei i de oftast 

mycket svagare antraquinonpigpenterade och grAaktiga loberna. 

Apothecierna 6r emellertid vanligen mycket mera blodr6da i 

pigmenteringen vilket i enstaka fall dven delvis kan giilla ftir loberna. Det 

finns ftir tivrigt endast mycket smA habituella skillnader som mycket vtiL 

kan vara relaterade till de lite olika stAndorterna. Fenomenet med en 

varierande pigmentering har emellertid registrerats hos en del andra 

Calopla,ca, Teloschistes och Xanthoria arter som ft)rekommer i samma 

utbredningsomrAde i sydviistra Afrika, der de starkast eller opigmenterade 

individen ftirkommer i de norra delarna av omrAdet medan individen 

ldngre scidemt blir mera jiimnt orangegula. Troligtvis kan vi observera en 

uppsplittring i olika geografiska populationer och artbildningsprocess inom 

C. bonae-spei1. eudora komplexet, men jag iir inte helt civertygad om att 

We arber 6nnu kan urskiljas.

137 

Mycket talar emellertid ftir att C. bonae-spei och C. eudora tillsammans 

med 7 andra kustndra arter frdn andra kontinenter utgiir en viil 

avgrdnsad monofyleteisk grupp (Kiirnefelt 1989). Det frnns emellertid 

nAgon eller ndgra besvdrande "tiverg6ngsarter" att ta hiinsyn till i 

sammanhanget och Poelt och Pelleter (1984) ansAg att arterna ftir 

nd.rvarande fortsiittningvis bdst behandlades inom Coloplaca. En del av 

arterna visar dessutom pd en del nycket intressanta parallella drag med 

sliiktet Teloschistes. Caloplaca eudora fr6n Namibia exerr.pelvis visar pA 

en del gemensamma egenskaper med Teloschistes chrysocarpoi&s Vain., 

som tir endemisk ftir samma utbredningsomrAde. Den nordvdstafrikanska 

arten C. rnauritanica har pA samma vis en del parallella egenskaper med 

T. scorigenus (Mont.) Vain., som endast fir kEind frAn Kanarieiiarna och 

Marocko. 

Sammanfattningsvis iir mitt allmdnna intryck att vi kan observera ett 

stort antal exempel pA strukturella ftiriindringar i geografrskt isolerade 

populationer som med tiden kommer att ge upphov till viil avgrdnsade 

arter. PA samrna vis ftirefaller i vafe fall ett mindre antal artkornplex inom 

Co,Ioplaca uppvisa gemensanma stnrkhrrella ftriindringar som jag tolkar 

som en utveckling i riktning mot sl5.kten. Betrdffande den ftirmodat 

lAngsamma evolutionsprocessen och den samtidigt enorma 6lder man 

mAste uppskatta pd vissa taxoaomiska enheter, finns dsl i varje fall inget 

som emots6ger att en art omdjligen kan ha existerat oftirdndrad sedan 

krittiden. Ginkgo biloba 6r ett levande exempel pd att en art faktiskt har 

existerat 6ver si lAnga tidsrymder. 

Referenser 

Almborn, O 1989: Revision of the lichen gen'us Teloschistes in central and 

southern Africa. -Nordic Journol of Botany 8:521437. 

Arvidsson, L. 1983: A monograph of the genrui Coccocarpia. - Opera 

Botanica 67. 

Dillon, L. S. 1978: Euolutipn, concepts and consequences. - Mosby company, 

Saint Inuis. 

FutuSrma, D. 1986: Euolutionary biologX. - 

Sinauer Association, Inc., 

Massachusetts. 

Galloway, D. J. 1988: Plate tectonics and the distribution of cool temperate 

Southern Hemisphere macrolichens. - Botanical Journal of the 

Linnzon Society 96: 45-55. 

Grant, Y. 1977: Organismic euolution. - Freeman and company, San 

Francisco. 

Kdrnefelt, I. 1979: The browu fruticose species of Cetraria. - Opera 

Botanim46. 

Kdrnefelt, I. 1989: Morphology and phylogeny in the Teloschistales. - 

Cryptogamic Botony (in press). 

Poelt, J. & Pelleter, U. 1984: Zwergstrauchige Arten der Flechtengattuug 

Colopl.a,co. - Plant Systemotics and Euolution 748:51-a8. 

Tehler, A. 1983: The genera Dirino and Roccellizo (Roccellaceae). - 

Opero Botani.@ 70. 

Thomson, J. W. & nfis, H. H. 1968: A fog-induced lichen community in the 

coastal desert of southern Perl. - Th.e Bryolaeist 71:3L-34.

138 

Graphis Scripta l:138 -143, 1989. 

The comeet nares of the liehenized tlnphalina species in Seandinavia 

Per M, Jorgensen 

Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, 

AIldgaten 41, N-5007 BERGEN, Norway 

Svengunnar Ryman 

The Herbarium, Uppsala University 

P.0. Box 5tt1 , 5-751 21 UPPSALA, Sweden 

Abstraet: The nomenclature of the four lichenized 0mphalina species is 

reviewed.ThecorrectnameSare30'g\r-iqa(gritz.ffiky&Stang1'0. 

hudsoniana(Jenn.)Bige1ow,0.um6ffi(L.:Fr')Qu61.and0.veIutii? 

TQ..riTr6l. Types "re oesi. , A. umbffir. 

fLavus, Omphalia velutina, Cantharellus dovrefjeldiensis and Verrucaria 

laetevirens. 

Introduction 

The nomenclalure of the liehenized species of the genus Omphalina has 

remained unusually unstabJe. This refleets taxonomic difficulties, combined 

with a eomplex nomenclatural situation, often with eonfliet,ing 

interpretations of the texts. Far too often the only original material left 

are illustrations. As t.hese, according to the present Code (Rrt. 7.4), can be 

automatically used as lectotypes, they can take preference over any neotype. 

This is very unsatisfactory, particularly as illustrations eannot be studied 

microscopically or chemically, and thus invite diseussion and divided 

opinions if they are not extremely detailed. Accordingly this destabilizing 

element in the nomenclature should be removed by a change in the Code on this 

practiee. Howeverr wE have in spite of our dislike of this practice followed 

the present Code when typifying some of the names treated below. To avoid 

future difficulties as to whether a lecto- or neotype for an epit,het has been 

selected, we suggest such typifications should formally be recorded 

somewhere, e.g. in the Index of Fungi. }|e do not give a full synonomy, and 

only treat the most important or critical names; for a fuller treatment see 

Redhead & Kuyper (tgg7). 

The nEilEs 

In the most reeent ehecklist of liehen names in Seandinavia, Santesson (1984) 

records four species 0. hudsoniana, 0. luteovitellina, 0. psgudoandrosacea 

and o. umbellifera. Imo i 

and 0. ericetorulm for 0. umbellifera. In thEir 

Ettempts foi a-new taxon-my and revised-nomenClature, ReOneaA & Kuyper (1988) 

finally settled for the following names ( in the same sequence as Santesson 

1984)t Phytoconis viridis, P. luteovitellina-, P. velutina and P. erieetorum. 

We are not convinced that Phytoconis can bre separated from Omphalina in the 

way proposed by them (.:org6-GiliF), and regard their typification of the 

generic name as incorrect (Jargensen & Ryman 1989). Furthermorer BS a 

consequence of Art. 59 , we ( op. cit. ) propose to conserve the teleomorphic 

name Omphalina over the older generic names given to the sterile, liehenized 

thallus. 

In the following we review the specific epithets according to this view. The 

epithets are listed alphabetieally. A nomenclatural survey is g-i-ven in 

conclusion.

139 

alpina. Bresinsky & Stangl (1974) used this epithet for the fungus normally 

celled 0. luteovilelIina, and have been followed in many subsequent 

treatmeiffiEiElflEdhead & Kuyper (1gai. tt6-tt7), however, regarded 0. 

ilqina to be 0. hudsoniana, and accordingly a synonym of their P. tiridis: 

Under no circumetances should this name be transferred from one soeCies to 

another. It is then better to reject it. However, this does not seem 

necessary. Redhead & Kuyper apparently base their conclusion on an 

interpretation of a single character in Britzelmayr's descriptions (1890, 

189J, 1898) of A. alpinus - the white stipe - a character they claim is 

typical of -9. hudsgigna and can be used to separate the two species. As can 

be seen frofr-EnElli6-in Gulden et al. (1985: 15) and Rynan & Hotmisen 

(984. 259) the stipe of 0. luteovitellina can sometimes 6e quite pale, and 

therefore is a most unrelTdSli-@iffiing character between the two 

species. l.loreover, Britzelmayr described a species which is firmer and more 

compact than A. umbelliferus with e99- ('tdotter-" = yolk) yellow cap. This 

strongly suggests 0. Iuteovitellina, rather than !,_!g3!g!g, in spite of 

the rarity of the former in Bayern. The hollow stipe of Britzelmayr's fungus 

leaves room for another interpretation, viz. that it ie a member of the still 

unresolved complex of speciee grouped around Hyqrocybe vitellina (Fr.) Karst. 

Indeed, the colour plate of H. vitellina in Mijller (t945, pl-ff b) has much 

in common with Britzelmayr'sl@1gig. Howeveri H.v:!te!1!na ano 

its alliee have almost amygdaliform, 415:6;5 W broad sporesl End EriEzelmayr 

reports the spores of his alpina to be 8-10 x 3-4 pm, which in fact comes 

very close to the spore size given by Pildt and Nannfetdt for their 0. 

Iuteovitellina, 7-9 x l-4 pm. We therefore beLieve Bresinsky's and SEE'ngI's 

interpretation is the most plausible. Unfortunately no original material is 

left other than a rather poor, badly coloured plate, which we feel forced to 

designate as the lectotype. 

anthodia. Lundell in Lundell & Nannfeldt, Fungi exs. Suec. 1752 (1949) used 

this epithet as 0mphalia anthodia (Pers.) LundeLl. for the funous we now call 

0. velutina. Ir fiiiiGlfTlnGilietation had been correct, enfhodia would 

ftG-GEi--the correct epithet for this species. Unfortunatel!-i-o 

specimen of 

this name is located in Persoon's herbarium (L). Tfre description (persoon 

18282 66) is quite close eoncerning colour and habitat. However, the sizes 

given (stipes unc 1.5-2 longus; 1 uncia = 1 inch fide Stearn 197J2 536) arc 

far greater than found in 0. velutina. This indicates a different, taller 

fungus, perhaps belonging .E6@- 

davidis. This is the epithet given to a sterile lichen described as 

Normandi4qjavidis Hue (1889) on material eoLlected by Delavay in Yunnan, 

Chi-ffi-G'6lffifiligina1 material (Delavay 1888, H-Nyi 4170) has been found 

to be a rlq$sciunr'. The fully developed thallus is, however, much more 

deeply lo6EiEiliti-nave considirably longer squamules than in C. viride. This 

may be a result of the ecological conditions including the unffifcortieolous 

habitat, but since no fruit-bodiea are known and 0. hudsoniana to 

our knowredge otherwise has not been recorded from china (or EEEffiSiEiG), 

we hesitete to accept this epithet for 0. hudsoniana at the moment. If thev 

should prove to be conspecific, davidis-ii6T[?i-6FEF6- ordest valid epithet ior 

this_species. The specimen is inTected by Stiomidium joerqensenii R. Sant. 

(tt. sant. det.), previously only known from S. America on 0. foliacea p.M. 

Jgro. 

dowefjeldiensis. Pildt and Nannfeldt (1954) dismiss this as a oossible name 

for their 0. Iuteovitellina on the account of the small apores. No original 

material tr6TeeiiTo6ffifg), but we have found a cortection of young fruitbodies 

of 0. luteovitellina which natch the description entirely in size, 

colour and@GiffiTFFunripe spores are in 4-6 x 3-5 pm in size. It is 

therefore quite clear that Hennings (1902) based the description on such

140 

young material with unripe spores. As seen from the right hand specimen on 

lnu 6noto in Gulden & al. (1985: 15), such young specimens are superficially 

very similar to cantharellus. This collection from Dovre has been chosen as 

neotype. 

ericetorrn. This epithet is often ueed for 0. umbellifera. In actual fact 

Fries sanctioned both names, but the Linneai-i?ifiFlGference according to 

the new Code. The author citation and typification has been under discussion. 

i""g"-(fSAi) cites it as (Fr. ex Fr.) M. Lange and designates Lundell & 

ll"nif"iat, iungi exs. Suec. 1751 as a neotype. He adds: "This specimen shall 

agree with the illustration Flora Danica Tab' 1015, quoted by Friee.and by 

Qt1€letu. Since this illustration is part of the original material, it takes 

preference over the neotype, and is 6y us regarded as the lectotype' likewise 

oointed out bY Lanqe. 

--- n"Jf,""A &'Kuyp6r (98': . tZ6-tZ9) cite (Pers.: Fr.) as authors and regard 

the name as typi'fied by the type of A. pseudoandrosggea Bull. They overlookt 

hor"u"", that'Fries (AZlz 1e5) only-Ef6Tis own-0bs' mycol' 1 p'-87' 

Persoonis A, ericetorum is synonymiled under Fries'forma "b' gPllg"' 

is therefoft-iffilEiETf forma eiicetorum. Lange's author citation is 

iherefore correct, and so is n:.Spi-fication. It is quite legal to ehoose 

any of the elements included by the sanctioning author' 

flava. Pil6t snd Nannfeldt (1954) dismiss this ePithet as a name available 

for their 0. luteovitellina, since they regard Mijller's combination as being 

basedonanomennuoum|-A.uqbe1111prgqvai.-1ravu9Cooke'However,they 

overlooked the fact tnlt-ef f en (ffilZS6-257) had given a short 

description of this name. Accoriing to the present Code Art. 33.2t Mtiller's 

basionym can be regarded as having an incorrect form of author citation (see 

i". g.i, and his c6mbination is therefore valid. Somrnerfelt apparently first 

"orp"""d his B flavus with A. niv61i8 VahI, and found it to be different_by 

the convex, umUTGiTe is according to the iflustration (VahI 

1792, Iab.'1O7122) a species@ ""p.@ 

complex' No 

Sonrmerfelt material has been locatedl-End a-neotype from the same general 

region hae been selected. 

sriaella. This epithet was already used by Fries (1821:.,|65), and I'leinmann, 

(ft1e, gl), who is often regarded as the author, aPPears only to^follow 

Fries'treatment, also citing A. ericetorum Pets. as a synonym of'rb' 

orisellust,. However, Weinmann fr'a6-no-Elrect reference to Fries, end it is 

Tffi;fore best to attribute the name to him alone. This is, however, of 

Iittle consequence since Karsten (1890) when the.epithet.was firEt uaed on 

specific leveI, records it as 0mphalia qrisella (Weinm.?) Karst' n' sp' He 

describes it as a new species,GTif-iiT61-se-d on Weinmann or Fries. The 

combination 0mphaline qrieella (Weinm.) Moser is invalid since Moser fails to 

cite the basionym, 

laetevircns. D. Turner first used this epithet for the sterife squamules 

usually known as corisciurn viride, based on a specimen from England which he 

sent to Acharius.Tcfr:rGTT610-l 100) published it, however, under his own 

name, Endocarpon viride, basing it on Turner's specimen citing his 

unpuu1easasynonym.TUrner,sepitheL.was,however,1ater 

talen up and validly published by Borrer in Hooker (t810) as ]errucgria 

Iaetevirens, but as the valid Er:rdocaTpolr_viride Ach. is cited as a synonym' 

Ehe narne is illegitimate and not available. 

pseudoandrosacee. This epithet has been used for several different species of 

bmphalina. mostly because of uncertainty concerninq its typification' Redhead 

E-'iiiiFer (ts87: )29) leetotypified it on e Bulliard illustration' 

inteipreting it as the white form of L urleuifere, and have accordingly 

and

141 

hopefully stabilized the nomenclature. 

rugtica. This epithet has sometimes been used for the lichenized species we 

calt 0. velutina (Singer & Cl6mengon 197?). Ihe name has, however, 

particuTarly after Lange (193O2 12), been used for a non-lichenized, 4-spored 

species with dark grey gills and almost smooth stipe. l{e agree with Redheed & 

Kuyper (1987: IJB) that Fries (1818) distinguished between these two taxa, 

and that the lichenized 0. veLutina is treated as a form of A, umbelliferus. 

as it was already in 182Ti-TZfifre- awkward fact is, howeverlGT-Fffi-oon's 

illustration of A. ericetorum (t. +, fig. 12), which is the only original 

material teft ofTlGEl@and by FriJs called t'optime (contri texfumt)", 

in our opinion moEETG6if!-is 0. velutine. It is distinctly lichenized, the 

stipe, particularly on the specimen to the right appears to be hairy when 

studied under the lens and the gills are whitish grey, not dark grey as in A. 

rustica. There is no sign of discolouring, as claimed by Singer (961:23).- 

The whitish colour of other species on the plate is well preserved. Sinqer 

has selected a specimen collected by Persoon (L) as the lectotype of A. 

gricetolum Pers. This is 0. umbellifera, thus confirming the opinion 6? 

l-ries, that Persoon's illustration does not agree with the description. As 

this irrustration i.s also in conflict with Fries'concept and description of 

A. rusticus, it cannot be chosen as a lectotype for that name either, and a 

lgotyp: must be designated. We have chosen a specimen from Femsjii, obviously 

the only locality from where Fries (Fries 1949: ZB3) knew it when he nade the 

91igin91 description: Sweden, Femsjii, Sl6ttagHrdsskogen, fotbollsplanen, )1. 

VIII.1949 S. Lundell & J. StordaL no 6O27 (UpS, neotype). tnis specimen is in 

accord with the concept of 0. rustica as correctly adopted by e.g. Lange 

(1910) and Gulden & Lange (ffitffiiras A-spored basidia, dirk incrusted, 

clamped hyphae and the spores are (5-)7-g(-,10) x 4-4,5 pm. 

udellifera, This is a Linnean epithet, taking preference over any later 

epithet. For further details see Jorgensen & fryman (1989). 

velutina. Arready Fries (1821: 165) used this epithet on form revel for this 

texon. It was, however, teken up by Qu6ret on species revel without reference 

to Fries both in the genus 0mphalia and 0mphaLina in works evidently both 

published in 1885. since tlEi,iFan aote-fr?ffithe Enchir. funq. citino the 

plates of the work in Ass. frang., the former is most probably the older] The 

author citation should therefore be (Qu6l.) Quet. No specinens have been 

traced at PC or UPS, and accordingly the irlustration is the onry original 

material. left and is here designated as the lectotype. It is typical ior the 

species traditionally called 0, verutina, except for a peculiai star-tike 

hyphal weft at the base of ttre sEipe.-WE- have, however, located similar 

specimens in Scandinavian collections (".g: Sweden, Blekinge, Riideby par., 

Kdstorp 17.rx.1946 5. Lundell no 2428 (up5), as 0mphalia qiisella),'verifying 

that this phenomenon does occur in 0. velutina 

viride. This epithet, given to the sterile squamules of 0. hudsoniana. 

should' aceording to Art. 59, have been taken up for thi@Ti6wever, 

there is. already en.0mphalilg viridis (Hornem.) Kuyper, a different species, 

so a combi.nat.ion into Onpharina of the Acharien name wourd only create a 

Later, iLlegitimate hofionyrn. 

Conclusion 

The above data and relevant discussions result in the adoption of the 

following nomenclature for the four lichenized Omphalina species in 

Scandinavia:

142 

1, Onphalina alpina (Britz. ) Bresinsky & Stangl 

7. Pilzk. 

Augsburg 

Synonyms: 

40: 7t (lgl t+) . - Aqaricus alpinus Britz. , Ber. Naturw. Ver. 

l0: 13 (tggO). t 

(lectotyper selected here). 

Cantharellu P. Henn. & 

Furuhaugli, 

Kirsehst. , Hedwigia 41 z 62 (902) , 

?9 .V II .1982 G . Gulden 105 /82 ( 0 , 

neotype, selected here). 

Omphalia flava (Sommerf.) Mciller, Fungi Fer.z 260 (945), - Aqaricus 

umbelliferus-var. flavus Sommerf., 5uip1. Fl. lapp.: 256 (t8Ze)-Type: as 

ffiterri@-Frs, neotype, selected here) . 

0minaPi1dt&Nannf.,Friesia5z22-24(1954).--Iypu, 

eRiksgrHnsen),re9.a1p.,8dterram'e.700mS.lI|.9 

??.VI.1948 Alund (UPS, holotype). 

2. Oryhalina hudsoniana (Jenn. ) Bigelow 

Mycologia 622 15 (tgZO). - Hvorophorus hudsonianus Jenn., Mem. Carnegie Mus. 

I I I , 12t 2 (1936) . Type : Canada, Northwest Territories, Southhampton 

Island , 1930 G. M. Sutton ( Ct"t, holotype ) . 

Synonlms: 

Endocarpon viride Ach. r Liehenogr. universalis: ]00 (tgtO). Type: Anglia, 

Iotype ) . 

Verrucaria Verrucarta laetevirens Jaetevlrens Borrer borrer in ].n Hook., nooK., 5upp1. DuPP]. Engl. Lngr. Bot. DoL. 1, Ir tab. Lau. ?658 Lo) (1810) 

1and,5urrey,Esher,D.Turner(BM,1ectotype, 

selected here). 

omphalia luteolilacina Favre, R6s. recher. sci. entrepr. Parc National EuiEse 

ffi).-Type:PI.IV,fi9.9;Switzer1and,Engadin'VaI 

Sesvenna au-dessus du Laiets (syntype). 

l. (hphalina u$ellifera (L.: Fr.) Quet. 

Ench. fung.: 42 (1885b). - Aqarieus umbelliferus L., 5p. pl.t 1175 (753)z 

Fr., Elench. fung. 1: 22 (t828[ - Type: Rudbeck fil., 0.: Iter lapp. t 

Plat,e 9?, upper right figure ( lectotype ) . 

Synonyms: 

Aqaricus pseudoandrosaceus 8u11., Herb. France 6, fasc. 65-72 (lge). Type: 

Agarieus erieetorum Fr.: Fr., Syst. mycol . .12 165 (1821 ). Type: Fl. Dan. 

Aqaricus niveus Vahl ) ( lectotype ) . 

4, Orphatina velutine ( Qu61. ) Qu61. 

Enchir. fung. : 44 

Sci. 142 445 ( 1 885 

here ) . 

Synonyns: 

9mphalia qrisella 

Finland, Tavastia 

Herb, Karsten no. 

Acknowledgennnts 

(1885b). 0m hal ia velut ina Qu61. , C. R. Ass. frang. Av. 

a) . Type: pl. XII 

no 1 (lectotype, selected 

P. Karst., Medd. Soc, F. Fl. Fenn. 162 9? (1890). Type: 

australis, TammeLa, MyllyperH 26.V I I I . 1 889 P. A. Karsten ( H, 

3?44, holotype ) . 

We wish to thank the Directors and Curators of the cited herbaria for sending 

specimens on loan . l,Je are particularly indebted to Prof . R ' Santesson for 

identifying the parasymbiont and to Mr. P.}{. James for reviewing the 

language.

Literature 

143 

Acharius, E. 1810: Lichenographia universaLis. Gbttingae. 

Bresinsky, A. & Stangl, J. 19742 Beitrdge zur Revision M. Britzelmayrs 

rrHymenomyceten aus Siidbayetn't 12. Z. PLlzk. 4Oz 69-'1O4. 

Britzelmayr, M. 1890: Hymenomyeeten aus S0dbayern. Teil 6. Berlin. 

Britzelmayr, 14. '18932 Materialien zur Beschreibung der Hyrnenomyceten. Bot. 

Centralbl. 54:. 33-4O. 

Britzelmayr, M. 1898: Revision der Diagnosen zu den von Britzelmayr 

aufgestellten Hymenomyceten Arten. Bot. Centralbl. 71: 129-148. 

Fries, E. 1815: 0bservationes mycologicee 1. Kjobenhavn. 

Fries, E. 1821: Systema mycologicum 1. Lundae. 

Fries, E. 1828: Elenchus fungorum 1. Gryphiswaldiae. 

Fries, E. 18)8: Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Lundae & Upsaliae. 

Fries, E. 1849: Summa vegetabilium scandinaviae 2. Holmiae & Lipsiae. 

Gulden, G., Jensen, K.M. & Stordal, J. 1985: Arctic and alpine fungi 1. 0s1o. 

Gulden, G. & Lange, t4. 1971. Studies in the macromycete flora of Jotunheimen, 

the central mountain massif of South Norway. Norw. J. Bot. 18: 1-46. 

Hennings, P.19O2: Fungi nonnulli novi ex regionibus variis. Hedwigia 41 

(Beiblett):61-65. 

Hailand, K. 19872 The basidiolichens of Norway and Svalbard. Graphis Scripta 

1: 81-90. 

Hooker, W.J. 1829-31: Supplement to the English Botany of the late Sir J.E. 

Smith and Mr. Sowerby, 1. London. 

Hue, A.M. '1889: Lichenes yunnanenses a cI. Delavay praesertim annis 1886-87 

collectos. 8u11. Soc. Bot. Fr. )62 25-47- 

International Code of BotanicaL Nomenclature 1988. Regn. Veg. 118. 

Jargeneen, P.M. 1989: Omphalina foliacea, a new basidiolichin from America. 

Nord. J. Bot. 9: €=%]i]F-- 

Jorgensen, P.M. & Ryman, S. 1989: Proposal to conserve 0mohal-ina Qudlet over 

Phytoconis Bory and Botrydina Br6bisson. Taxon f8:Jb5-f0-6-l 

Kar6ten, P.A. 1890: Symbolae ad mycologican fennicam pars 29. Medd. Soc. F. 

Fl. Fenn. 162 84-1O6. 

Lange, J.E. 1910: Studies in the agarics of Denmark 8. Dgnsk Bot. Ark. 6(5). 

Lange, M. 1981: Typification and delimitation of 0mphalina Quel. Nord. J. 

Bot. 1: 691-696. 

Lundell, S. & Nennfeldt, J.A. 1949. Fungi exsiccati Suecici Fasc. j5-J6. 

UppsaIa. 

Mi51ler, F.H. 19452 Fungi of the Fertjes 1. Copenhagen. 

Persoon, C.H. 17962 0bservationes mycologi.cae 1. lipsiae. 

Persoon, C.H. 1828: Mycologia Europaea ). Erlangae. 

Pildt, A. & Nannfeldt, J.A. 1954: Notulae ad cognitionem hynenomycetum 

lapponiae tornensis (Suecicae). Friesia 5z 6-JB. 

Qu61et, L. 1886a: Quelques esplces critiques ou nouvelLes de La flore 

mycologique de France. C. R. Ass. franc. Av. Sci. 14: 444-451. 

Qudlet, L.'1886b: Enchiridion fungorum. Lutetiae. 

Redhead, S.A. & Kuyper, T.W. 1987: Lichenized agarics: taxonomic and 

nomencl.atural riddles. Env, Sci. Res. J4: t19-349. 

Redhead, S.A. & Kuyper, T.l,l. '1988: Phytoconis, the correct generic name for 

the Basidiolichen Botrydina, Mycotaxon j1t 221-22j. 

Ryman, S. & Holmisen, I. 1984: Svampar. Stockholm, 

Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of sweden and Norway. stockhol-m and uppsara. 

Singer, R. 1961: Type studies on basidiomycetes 10. persoonia Zt 1-62. 

singer, R. & cl6mengon, H. 19722 Notes on some leucosporous and rhodosporous 

European Agarics. Nova Hedwigia Zj: j15-j52. 

Sommerfelt, S.C. 1825. Supplementum Florae lapponicae. Christianiae. 

Stearn, W.T. 19732 Botanical latin. 2 ed. Newton Abbot. 

Vahl, M. 17922 FJ'ota danica vol. 5, Fasc, 19. Ksbenhavn. 

weinmann, J.A. 1815: Hymeno- et gasteromyeetes hucusque in imperio rossieo 

observatos. Petropoli.

Graphis Scripta 22144-145, 1989. 

FLORISTIC NOTES FROI{ STTil)EN 

144 

Mats Wedin, Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University ' Box 541 , 751 

21 Uppsala, Sweden. 

New Swedish localities are given for the rare and threatened 

liehens Calieium aedequatum, C. parvum, Thelotrema lepadi3um 

and Rama hffit 

spec eseriPtions. 

During fieldwork in eentral Sweden I have found some interesting lichens 

reported upon here. In the following short presentation the nomenelature 

follows Santesson (n,984) and eolleetion numbebs refer to my own collections 

deposited in UPS. i. r . . 

I thank Dr. Leif Tibelt and Prof. RoIf Santesson for checking my' 

determinations. 

@_aed"qu"tum. NyI. 

Jdmtland, Rdtan par., ca 1 km 5W Klaxisen, in small Alnus incana-swamp forest 

along the river iloan, just S Riihiillan. 62t22 N, 't4:2--6iTf9-s of Alnus 

incaia. 2.VII.1988. W"iin alt 

--ffi to the provinee of Jdmtland. Associated with !!9gbePg;lE!gl3 end 

Usnee subfloridana. Both habitat and substrate seem to be characteristic for 

th-;€pec61'Ti6fl 1978, Floravirdskommitten fijr lavar 1987). C. adaequatum 

is considered to be endangered (FloravArdskommitten fijr lavar tffiJ-i?threatened 

by modern forest management methods in Sweden (Ingeliig et aI. 

1987), where it was previously only known from five localities. 

$!!gig parvum Tibell 

1. Hdlsingland, Rogsta par., Hornslandet. Hiilik NEture Reserve, ca 800 m N of 

H6lik chapel, in old moist Picea-forest along the track from slorsand to the 

caves ca 200 m E of the main roed. 612J7 N, '17:26 E. 0n Pinus close to a 

brook. 9.X.1988. Wedin 1009. 

0n spruces in the surroundings several other Cilicigles-species were found, 

IikeCheenothecachrysocephala,Ch.stemonea(Wedin1011).6nd@' 

Lecenffi)wasfoundfertileandratherabundant'too. 

2. Hdlsingland, En6nger Par.r ca 4 km E of the village Lindefallet' swamp 

forest sE of Hedningahallan. 61 229 N, 17..O2 E. 0n trunks of Pinus -svlvestris. 

13.V.1989. liedin 1899. 

C.parvumwereveryabundentonthislocaIity.0ntrunksof.@ 

in SEa-urro'.rnding Graphis scripta (v{edin 717a) and @g!l3g!g!i 

were found. 

(717b) 

Calicium parvum, previously reported from the province of HHlsingland by Agren 

1136il;=-eems not to be uncommon in Gdstriklend and the southern Psrts of 

Hdtsingland. The locality on Hornslandet is the hitherto northernmost known in 

Sweden] The species is regarded as rare (Floravirdskommitten fiir lavar 1987)

145 

and threatened by modern forestry management methods (Ingeltig et al. 1987), 

but this locality is within a reserve however, bnd is therefore presumably 

protected. 

Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. 

HHlsingland, Rogsta par., Hornslandet. Ca 20 km E of Hudiksvalf in small 

Nature Reserve NW of Mt. Svartuddsberget. 51:39 N, 17t29 E. Moist Picea-Alnus 

forest around a small spring. 0n 3f1g4!!g9. 9.X.1988. Wedj.n 1015. 

New to the province of Hdlsingland, and the northernmost locality of the 

soecies in Sweden. The northern limit for the species is in Nord-Triindelag' 

Norway (Botnen & Tilnsberg'1988), In Hornslandet it was found to occur rather 

abundant on six Alnus-trunks in a small area' Additional species found on the 

trunks were, for:-xample, Lecanactis abietina, @, 

Arthonia leucooellaea. Buellia disciformis and Graphis scripta (wedin 1012). 

Thelotremq &1raCinum is regarded as threatened by modern forestry nanagement 

mettod-s fGdTEq ei-al. 1987). 

Ramalina thrausta (Aeh. ) NyI. 

1. J6mtland, Retan par., ca 1 km SW Ktaxisen, along the river Hoan, just S 

RijhHtlan. 6222? N, 14t26 E. 0n N-expoeed steep cliffs, rather abundant on some 

sections of the southern riverside. 2.VII.1988. l{edin 827. 

2. Ca 800 m SW of the village KlaxSsen, on cfiffs along the southern shore of 

the river Hoan. 62t22 N, 14226 E. 29.V1.1988. Wedin 810. 

This species is regarded as endangered in Sweden (Floravirdskommitten fijr 

lavar 1987) and threatened by modern forestry methods (Ingeliig et al. 1987). 

It has nearly vanished from it's typical substrate (twigs of Picea abies in 

moist forests) and is now mostly found on cliffs close to streams. 0n cliffs 

close to the river at the same localities, Bryoria nadvornikiana (ltredin 81)); 

Remalina pollinaria (Wedin 811), Nephroma pffill5-CWci-iT-677fEn-E'Lobaria 

serobiculata were al-so found. 

References: 

Botnen, A. & Ttinsberg, T. 1988: Additione to the lichen flora of central 

Norway. Gunneria 58: 1-43. 

Florav6rdskommitten fiir lavar. 1987: PreliminHr lista iiver hotade lavar i 

Sverige. (A preliminary list of threatened lichens in Sweden.) Svensk Bot. 

Tidskr. 812 237-256. 

Ingeliig, T., Thor, G. & Gustafsson, L. (ed.)'1987 : FloravArd i ekogsbruket. 

(2. ed.) Del 2 - artdel. Skogsstyrelsen. Jiinkiiping. 

Santesson, R. 1984: The lichens of Sweden and Norway. Swedish Museum of 

Natural History. Stockholn and Uppsala. 

Tibell, L. 1978: Comments on Caliciales Exsiccatae I. Lichenologist 10: 171- 

178. 

Agren, A. 1987: Lovande Levfijrsiik. VHxter i Hdlsingland och Gdstrikland 5(l): 

t1-35.

146 

craphis Scripta 2z L46-L48, 1989. 

I.,ICHEI{S ITBW TO SPITSBERGEI{ 

uaria olech, Institute of Botany. Jagiellonian University, 

Lubicz 45, 3t-5L2 Rrak6w, Poland. 

Vagn Alstrup, Institut for okologisk botanik, @- Farinagsgade 2D' 

DK-1353 Kdbenhavn K, Dennark. 

23 species found in the Hornsund area and Sorkapp I'and are 

reported from spitsbergen tor the fitst tine. References 

are given to the Tichenological Titerature of spitsbergen. 

The lichenflora of Spitsbergen is rather well known through numerous 

studies carried out during nore tban 200 years. Lindblorn 

(18{O) listed 63 species so far recorded fron the area and Lynge 

(1938) gave a survey of the lichens published by then including 

his own coll.ections of nacrolj.chens. Unfortunately he died before 

he could finish bis treatment of the nricrolichens- t{attick (1950) 

gave a detailed survey of the tristory of exploration- Ho$tever, the 

lack of a recent checklist nakes it a little risky to report species 

new to the area. as smaI1 contributions can easily be over- 

Looked, and we apologize for any nistake in our list. In tbe present 

nork we list the nrain contributions and all recent works }te 

know dealing specifically with the lichenology of Spitsbergen' and 

furthernore we have checked several revisions of genera and identification 

keys, e. g. Lanb (19??) and Poelt (1959)- 

The first author collected the lichens reported here as part 

of phytosociological work during two expeditions of the ilagief,lonian 

University in 1982 and 1985. Tbe second author assisted with 

sone of the identifications and made the literature survey. The 

col.lections have been deposited at KRA. 

Species new to SpitsbergeB- 

Brigantiaea tuscoZutea (Dicks.) R. sant. on mosses. mainly on 

Rhaconitriun Tanuginosun occasional in sorkapp Land. 

BueTTia aethalea (Ach.) Tb. Fr. 'on rock blocks. rare in sorkaPp 

Land. 

Chrometochlanys nuscorurn (Fr') Uayrh. & Poelt- on nosses;.mainly 

ln Poiygonun viviparun comrnunities. Rare in sorkapp Land. 

GeisTeria sychnogonoides Nitschke. on soil Un Gynnonitriun 

coraTToides comrnunity. Sgrkapp lJand, very rare. 

I'ecidea atronarginata l{agnusson. on +/- calciferous rocks and 

stones. Hornsund, Treskelen, a1t. 100 n. sorkapp l,and, Breinesf1ya,, 

very comnon. 

tecidea' Tinosa Ach. on soi] in snowbed. sorkapp Land. freguent in 

Breinesflya area. (Harttnann 1980 reported an unidentified species 

of the .Lecidea linosa group). 

I'ecidel7a etuifenii (Hepp) K6rber. on plant debris' sprkapp lJand, 

Breinesflya, rare. 

Massafongia carnosa (Dickson) K6rber. On mosses. Sorkapp Land. 

rare. 

MycobiTinbia berengeriare (tttassaL.) Itafellner & V. Wirth. on dead

147 

bryophytes. Sorkapp Land. rare. 

Nephrona paril.e (Ach.) Ach. On nosses. Sorkapp lJand, rare. 

OchroJechia inaequatuJ-a (NyI.) ZahLbr. On tnosses and plant debris, 

Sorkapp Land, rare. 

ParneTiefTa triptophyTTa (Ach.) Mffl1. Arg. On nosses ln poJygonun 

viviparun comrnunity. Sorkapp Land, rare. 

Pertusaria gTonerata (Ach.) Schaerer. On mosses and plant 

debris. Sorkapp l,and, very rare. 

Phaeophyscia nigricans (F16rke) Moberg. On rock. S6rkapp Land, 

very rare. 

Porina manniJJ.osa (Th. Fr.) Zah1br. On mosses. Sorkapp Land, very 

rare. 

Poz'oeyphus dispersus E. Dah1. On rocks. Sorkapp Land, rare. 

Porpidia superba (K6rber) Hertel & Knoph. On rocks. Sorkapp Land, 

freguent. 

Porpidia tubercuTosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph. On rocks. Sgrkapp 

Land, very rare. 

Pytenopsis macrocarpa E. Dah1. On rocks. Sgrkapp Land, rare. 

Rinodina cacuninun (Th. Fr-) Malme. On rock manured by birds. 

Sorkapp Land, very rare. 

Sguanarina poeitii Vanska. On calcareous stones. Hornsund, TreskeLen, 

a1t- 100 n- The species was recently described trotn 

Novaja Zemlya (Vinski 1985), and is now also known fron tfest 

Greenland, Sarfartog, Alstrup 79901. Both these collections 

trave kindly been checked by Heino Vinski. 

StereocauTon arenariun (Sav.) Latnb. On soil. Sorkapp Land, rare. 

StereocauTon condensatum Hoffrn. On soi1. Hornsund, Gangpasset. 

aLt- tl50 tn. Sgrkapp Land, near lake Svartvatnet, a1t. 25 m. 

Ackaowledgenent. 

We wish to thank Heino VinskS, who kindly checked our coLlections 

of Squamarina poeTtii. 

Literature and referenses- 

Elvebakk. A. 1984a. Contribution to the lichen flora and ecology 

of Svalbard, Arctic Noreray.- Bryologist 8Z:308-313. 

' 1984b. Vegetation pattern and ecology of silicious boulder snow 

beds on Svalbard.- polarforschung 54:9-20. 

Eurola, S. & A. V. K. Hakala !977. The bird cliff vegetation of 

Svalbard.- Aguilo. Ser. Bor. 15:1-18. 

Fries. Th. 1861. Lichenes Arctoi Europae Groenlandiaegue hactenis 

cogniti.- Nova Acta R. Soc- Scient. upsal., ser. 3,3: 101-39g. 

' 7851, Lichenes Spitsbergensis.- K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Hand1. 

7/2:3-53. 

Hadac. E. 1989- Notes on plant cornrnunities of Spitsbergen.- Folia 

Geobot. Phytotax, 2azt37-t69. 

Hafel.lner. J. 7,9A2. Flechtenfunde irn Bockfjord. Spitzbergen.- 

Phyton (Austria) 222 23-50- 

Hartmann, H. 1980. Beitrag zur Kenntnj.ss.der pflanzengesellschaften 

Spitzbergens.- phytocoenolbgia Bz65-!41. 

Hertel, lI. I977. Bemerkens$rerte Flechtenfunde aus dem Gebiet des 

Kongsfjordes und des Isfjordes {spitzbergen).- Herzogia 4:3G?- 

40L. 

" &. H. ULlrich 1976. Flechten von Amsterdamoya (Svalbard).- Mitt. 

bot. StSatnnl. Mffnch. !2t 4!1-S:-2- 

Lanb, I. 17. L977 - A conspectus of the lichen qenus StereocauLon 

(Schreb.) Hoffnr.- J. Hattori bot. IJab. {3:191-355.

148 

Lindblom, A. E. 1g40. F6rteckning 6fver de pa spetsbergen och 

Beeren-Island anmirkte vixter. - Bot. Not. 183 9 /1840 ( lichens 

p. 155-L57 ) . 

Irynge, B. !g24. Irichens f rom spitsbergen I. - Resultater norske 

SpitsbergeneksPed. 1 (5) : L-21. 

,. 1936. Th; richen genus Rhizocarpon on the west and north coast 

of Spitsbergen and Nordostlandet (the Notheast Land) -- Svensk 

bot. Tidskr. 30 : 3 07 -323 - 

f, 1g3 g . Irichens f rom the west and north coast of spitsbergen and 

the North-Ea.st Irand collected by numerous expeditions I - Macrolichens 

. - Skr. norske Vidensk-Akad. mat. -naturv. K1. 5 : 3-135 ' 

r, 1939. A small contribution to the lichen f lora of the Eastern 

Svalbard Islands. . Lichens collected by l'tr. olaf Hanssen in 

1930 . - Meddr. Norg. svalb. - og Ishavsunders . 44zl.-L2. 

,, tg5o. Et bidrag tir spitsbergens lavf Iora. - skr - svalbard 

Isiravet 79 zL-22. 

Magnusson, A. H. 1935. The lichen genus Acarospora in Greenland 

lna Spitsbergen.- Nytt Mag. Naturvid. 752 227-24L' 

Mattick, F. 19d1. Die vegetation frostgeformter B6den der Arktis, 

der Alpen und des Riestngebirges . - Fedde, Repertorium Beih - 

L26: 128-L84. 

', 194g. Die Bedeutung der Flechten f fir die Polargebiete - - Polarforschung 

Bd. 2 , 16 - Jahrg. :98 -!02 ' - -- ,. 

rr 1950 . Die Flechten spi tzbergens. - Polarf orschung Bd - TT/L949 

(1-2): 26L-273. 

Nowak. J. 1965: The lichens.from Hornsund (s.w.-spitsbergen) 

coLlected during the pofish Polar Fxpedition in L957 and 1958 ' - 

Fragrm. f 1or. geobot - 11: 171-190 ' 

olech, M. 1gg7. Materials to the lichen flora of Hornsund (sw- 

Spitsbergen) . - Zeszyxy Naukowe uJ Prace botaniczne 15: 155-168 ' 

poe1t, J. !969 . Bestimmungsschlfissel europiischer F1echtetl. - 

VerLag ,J. Cramer , Irehre - 

vinska, H. 1985. Sguamarina poeltii, a new I'ichen species from 

Novaya Zemlya.- Ann- Bot. Fenn. 22:31-35' 

Graphis Scripta 22148-155' 1989 

Chanqes e in the Lichen Flora on Bomeleklint, S. 

Sweden, over a 50-Year Period 

Ulf Arup, Stefan Ekman, Lars Fr6berg, Tommy Knutsson and Jan-Eric Mattsson. Dept. of 

Systematic Botany, University of Lund, O. Vallgatan 18, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden. 

Abstract A reinvestgation of the lichen flora on Romeleklint, southem Streden, was caried out from 

1ggffig, based on a floristic survey from 1939 by G. Degelius. Almost 60 species were found in the lirst 

study and 54 species in_the new one. About 20 of the specles from the f irst investigation were not found again 

and 1T were new. A comparison of pH data from 1949-1970 and 1984-85 showed that extensive 

acidification has taken place in the region. statistical analyses showed a s(Tnificant decrease in the pH 

prelerences of the present lichen flora compared wilh the lichen fkrra of 1939. The investigation points to 

the possibility ol working out scales lor measuring the air quality, based on saxicolous and tenicolous lichen 

species.

149 

The lichen flora on the peak of Romeleklint, SkAne (S. Sweden), was investigated in 1939 

by Ove Almborn, Gunnar Degelius and Gustaf Haglund (Degelius 1941 ). A repeated study 

was begun in the autumn of 1986 (Knutsson 1986), and c-ompleted in 1987-88. The 

changes in the lichen flora and possible reasons forthese changes are presented. 

The locality 

Romeleklint is one of the highest peaks in southern SkAne (1 75 m), and a well-known local 

viewpoint (Fig. 1 ). A path runs overthe hill, but human wearseems to be rather moderate, 

except close to the path. The locality is one of the tew places with bare rock in the area 

and it is exposed to both wind and light. The area below the peak is covered with young, 

cultivated spruces. ln 1939, there was a SG4o-year-old spruce plantation nearthe soulh 

side of the locality. Today there are no old spruces close to the south side of the hill. The 

area has not been grazed since the planting of the spruces in the 1ggo's (Bjerregaard 

1988).The bedrockconsistsof greenstone, both old amphiboliteand young hyperitedykes 

(Hjehqvist 1 934, p. 23). According to Wirth (1972, p. 15) such substrates, poor in SiO. 

are inhabited by an impoverished lichen flora with fewer true acidophytic species, 

compared with the lichen flora on SiQ richsubstrates. 

Fig. 1. The situation of the tocality. 

Air pollution and acidification in the region 

The pH values at Romeleklint, determined by us in 1988 are shown in Table 1 (measured 

with Merck litmus-paper). According to Falkengren-Grerup (1986, 1987) and Falkengren- 

Grerup et al. (1987) acidification has occurred in SkAne. This conclusion is based on an 

old investigation carried out from 1949-70 (Linnermark 1960), and a subsequent reinvestigation 

in 1984-85. The decrease in pH has also occurred at a depth of 70 cm where the 

influence of the vegetation is negligible (Falkengren-Grerup 1989). Furthermore, during 

the last 15 years the average pH in the precipitation has been about 4.24.4 (cf. 

Falkengren-Grerup 1987). The deposition of sulphur and nitrogen oxides are, to a large 

extent responsible for the decreasing pH. 

The deposition of SO, and NO, in SkAne is 20-25 kg SO, x 104 m€ x yearl, and 25-30 kg

150 

NO, x 10{ m-2 x YQar'' (Ldnsstyretsens NaturvArdsenhet in Malmohus liin, pers. comm.). 

J'hese figures, which are cafculated for open areas without trees, are based on measurements 

from S6derAsen, NW SkAne, made by Institutet f6rVatten- och LuttvArdsforskning. 

The maximum and the maximum of the monthly mean values of the SO, and NO, content 

in the air during 1986 and 1987 from the SdderAsen locality are shown in Table Z. For 

comparison, the corresponding values for Bredkiilen, in the province of J5mtland in central 

Sweden, are also included. The amount of other nitrogen oxides is negligible in relation 

to the amount of NO. (Dahlberg et al. 1 987, Lovblad et al. 1986). 

Table 1. 

pH values determined in November lggg at Romeleklint. 

Amphibolite Hyperiledyke cement found. soit 

Surface4-5564 

fnsiderock 54 7 t0 

Table 2. 

Measurements of SO. and NO, content from SOderAsen, NW SkAne (50 km lrom the locality) and Bredkilen, 

80 km NNE Ostersund in Jdmtland (centralsweden), made by lVL. Maxirnlm values for 1986 and 19g7, and 

the maximum of the monthly mean values are indicated. 

pg SO/rP air, max. value 

max. of rnonthly mean value 

pg NO/rP air, max. value 

m€u. ol npnthty mean value 

Material and methods 

S6derAsen: 

1986 1987 

51.8 155.6 

8.7 17.8 

9.2 12.6 

2.3 4.0 

Bredkilen: 

1986 1987 

11.2 13.1 

2.3 2.9 

5.0 3.2 

0.8 0.7 

Six people took part in the investigation and the area was visited lour times. The material 

collected is deposited in LD. The scientific names accord with Santesson (1984), except 

tor Placynthiella icmalea(Ach.) Coppins & P. James, Trapelia placodioidesOoppins & p. 

James and Porpidia Kdrb. (= Huilia). 

Most lichen species occur in a specific pH interval of their substrate. Wirth (1980) set up 

pH classes and presented pH intervals within which the ditferent species occur. The 

interuafs otten include more than one pH class, €. g. Lepraria incana which octurs in pH 

classes z4,which means pH 3.4-5.6 (see the bottom of Table 3). We have compared the 

distribution into pH classes between the lichen flora found in 1 939 and the lichen flora f rom 

1986-88. Two hypotheses were tested. 1) The present lichen flora occur within the same 

pH classes as the one from 1939, using 1, test (Clarke19B0) and Mann-Whitney U test 

conected forties (Siegal 1 956). 2) The vanished species occurwithin the same pH classes 

as the remaining ones, using X'test. Since the pH value of the substrate has decreased 

between the two studies (see above) only the lowest pH class for each species was used 

in the calculations. 

Results 

The species found in the two investigations, and the pH intervals within which they occur,

151 

are presented in Table 3 and 4. In 1939, Degelius found altogether 57-59 species (using 

recent taxonomy), while the number of species in our investigation is 54- 17 of them are 

new, while 20-22 of the species found in 1939 were not {ound again. 

The two hypotheses (see Material and methods) were both rejected at the 2-5"/" level. 

Thus, the present lichen flora prefers or tolerates a lower substrate pH level than the flora 

of 1g39, and the species which prefer or tolerate a less acid substrate have vanished. 

Discussion 

Methods 

The investigation of 1939 was carried out in a few hours, but this was probably 

compensated for by the great floristic knowledge of the excursion members. During the 

present investigation more time was spent and more people took part.The species found 

by us but not by Degefius et al., were in 1939 eitherabsent or present but not observed. 

Thus, it is easierto draw conclusions about the species found by Degelius, since theywere 

particularly looked lor during the present investigation. Degelius mainly mentioned the 

abundance of some conspicuous species, but since he did not use standardized methods 

we will only discuss them in a few cases. 

Conclusions 

This investigation indicates connections between acidification and changes in the lichen 

flora. The comparison of pH data from 1949-1970 and 1984-85, and the measurements 

of the air pollution show the occurrence of acidification in the region. Almost all species 

which do not prefer or tolerate acid substrates have disappeared from the locality, while 

almost all of the acid-tolerant species have remained. The increased trampling has 

affected only a very small part of the area. The spruc€ plantation probably had little 

influence on the lichen flora, since Degelius et al. found very few photophobous species. 

Therefore, it is highly probable that the acidification of the precipitation is responsible for 

their disappearance. The changes among the silicolous and tenicolous lichens on 

Romeleklint resernble previously known changes among corticolous ones. 

The tendency of this investigation is clear although a few species may have disappeared 

due to other factors than acidification. Lecanara muralis has remained at the locality 

although it prefers high pH values. An explanation may be that it grows in places which are 

occasionally manured by birds. Parmelia pulla, earlier stated to be abundant, has 

vanished. The species occurin the pH interval4.1-7.0 (-7.5), but it is also favoured by bird 

manuring. Perhaps the sensitivity to acidification is greater than that indicated by Wirth, 

if no fertilization oeurs. A retreat of the species has also been obserued in Stenshwud 

N. P., southeast SkAne (Ekman 1989). Porina chloroticaand Lecidella scabramay have 

disappeared due to the somewhat increased insolation when the spruce forest'was cut. 

Three Peltigeraspecies have also vanished, of which at least P. aninaand P- plydac'tyta 

were not sparse. This can also be due to the environmental changes towards the 

somewhat drier and more exposed conditions. Atthough they are tairlycapable of enduring 

desiccation (MacFarlane & Kershaw 1977, 1980), such drier conditions can strike very 

hard on local ecotypes, even if the species on the whole have a wide ecological amplitude. 

However, the acidification is another possible reason for the retreat of the Peltigera 

species. They demand a high substrate pH (see Table 3), and nitrogen fixation is known 

to be negatively influenced by low pH, especially in combination with high concentration 

of SO, (Heillgren & Huss 1975). A retreat of the Peltigera species has also been observed

Table 3. 

152 

List of the species. Altogether 77-79 species have been found on Romeleklint, 35-36 of these have 

been lound in both investigalions, 20-22 species have disappeared and 16-17 are new. 57-59 species 

were found in 1939 and 55 in 198G€8. 

Acarospora luscata 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea 

A. cinerea '1) 

A. simoensis 

Baeomyces rulus 

Buellia punctata 

Caloplaca festiva 

Candelariella coralliza 

C. vitellina 

Gtadonia bacillaris 

C. chloroPhaea s str 

C. con'tocraea 

C. comuta 

C. fimbriata 

C. floerkeana 

C. furcata ssP. lurcata'21 

G. rnacilenta 

C. ochrochlora'3) 

C. pleurota'4) 

C. pyxidata 

C. scabriusa.lla 

C. squarnosa 

C. subulata 

Diploschistes scruPosus 

Hypogymnia PhYsocles 

Lasallia Pustulata 

Lecanora atra 

L. badia 

L. intritcata 

L. macrocYclos 

L. muralis 

L. polYtroPa 

L. rupicola 

L. soralifera 

L. subcamea 

Lecidea furvella 

L. luscoatra 

L. granulosa 

Occurrence Abundance 

1939 198H8 1939 1986-1988 pH Class ($) 

x 

x 

x? 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

abundant 

abundant 

very scanty 

abundant 

scantier than 

C. coralliza 

one specimen 

very scantY 

abundant 

abundant 

scadtier than 

L. macrocyclos 

abundant 

abundant 

ahrndant 

abundant 

abundant 3-4 

scanty 3-4(5) 

scanty ; 

24 

4-5 

fairly t""nty 3-4 

24 


abundant 


1-3(4) 

2-5 

3-4 

1-3 

(2)3-s 

1-3(4) 

2-5 

1-3(4) 

1-3(4) 

(3)4-6 

(3)€ 

1-3 

24(s) 

3-5 

24 

(3)-4 

(3)4-5 

(2)H 

24 

rrrlre abundant than 5-€ 

L. macrocyclos 

fairly abundant 

abundant 

scanty 

very abundant 

24 

(3)4-5 

24 

3-4 

24 

3-€ 

1-3

L. insularis 

L. lapicida 

L. orosthea 

L. pycnocarpa 

L. sulphurea 

Lecidella scabra 

Lepraria incana 

L. neglecta 

Micarea botryoldes'5) 

Ochrolechia androgyna 

Parmelia conspersa 

P. bxodes 

P. pulla 

P. saxatilis 

P. sulcata 

Peltigera canina 

P. polydactyla s. lat. 

P. rufescens 

Pertusaria d ealbescens 

Physcia caesia 

P. dubia 

Placyntiella icrnalea 

Porina chlorotica 

Porpidia crustulata 

P. tuberculosa 

Pseudevemia lurfuracea 

Rhizocarpon badioatrum 

R. distinctum 

R. geographicum 

R. lecanorinum 

R. sphaerosporum'6) 

R. obscuratum 

Schaereria tenebrosa 

Scof iciosporum umbrinu m 

Trapelia involuta 

T. obtegens 

T. placodioides 

Umbilicaria deusta 

U. polyphylla 

153 

Occurrence Abundance 

1939 1986-88 1939 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

X 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

xx 

X ;X 

xx 

xx 


abundant 

abundant 

scantier lhan 

P. saxatilis 




one yourE 

specimen 

scanty 

abundant 

($). The pH classes are based upon information in Wirth (1980). 

Class 1 cprresponds to pH 9.3 

Class 2 3.4-4.0 

x 

x 

x 

x 

1986-1988 pH Class ($) 

(3)4-5 

3-4 

3-4 

45 

scanty 24 

3-4 


scanty 

,u 

3-5 

3-5 

3-5 

2{ 

(3)4-s 

H (3)4-5 

5-7 

very scanty 3-.4 

H 

5 

3-4 

(2)H 

(2)3-s 

2-3(4) 

3-4 

(3)H 

24 

abundant H 

locafly tairly 

abundant 


abundant 


Cfass 5 5.7-7.0(7.5) 

Cfass 6 e,a7 

(2)3-s 

3l-,4 

24 

3-5 

3-5 

(3)-4 

24

Class 3 

Class 4 

4.14.8 

4.9-5.6 

154 

Class 7 7.1-€.5 

Class 8 above 7 

'1) May be A. caesiocinerea. Many unusually pale specimens of this species o6pur in the locality. 

'2) c. rangiformis in Degelius (1941) is probabry C. rurcata ssp.furcata. 

'3) 'c. ochrochlora'found by Degelius et ar. is probably c. coniocraea. 

'4) Formerly C. coccifera included also C. pleurota (cf. Magnusson 1936). Degelius'C. coccifera 

should lherefore be regarded cottectively, but is probably C. pleurola, which we have found in 

the locality. 

'5) New to SkAne (see Arup & Ekman 1989). 

'6) Fits the descrtption of R. rEcrosporum, but according lo Tinrdal & Hottan-HartrvQ (198g) this 

name is a synonym of R. ghaerosporum. 

Table 4. 

The nunber of species in each pH class. The lowest pH class for each species was used. In x, tests, 

pH classes 4-8 were united in the calarlations when comparing the present flora with the one from 1g3g, 

and pH classes 3-8 were united in the calcr,llatiors when comparing the vanished species with the 

remaining ones. 

pH dass and interval 1939 1996-gg lggg & Vanished New 

198H8 Species Species 

1s.336214 

2 3.H.0 17 21 15 2 6 

3 4.1-4.8 26 2A 16 10 4 

44.H.640040 

5-88.731120 

Totat 53483H2014 

in Stenshuvud N. P., southeast SkAne (Ekman 1989). 

Prospects 

From studies on epiphytic lichens, the airquality can be measured, particularlythe amount 

of sulphur dioxide. Scales have been set up for corticolous lichens for this purpose 

(Hawksworth & Rose 1976), but for silicolous and terricolous lichens there are no such 

scales (cf. Westman 1975). Through continued investigations like this it may be possible 

to find out which silicolous lichen species are sensitive to acidification. 

Acknowledgements 

This investigation is part of a more comprehensive project, conceming endangered 

lichens in southern Sweden, with Ingvar Kirnefelt as the supervisor and the World Wide 

Fund For Nature as the supporting organisation.

Beferences 

155 

Arup, U. & Ekman, S. 1989: Notes on the lichen flora of southem Sweden. - Graphis 

Scripta 2: 104-106. 

Bjerregaard, J. 1988: Skogsbruk pA RomeleAsen. - SkAnes NaturTS(4):293-302. 

Clarke, G. M. 1980: Statistics and experimental design.- 188 pp. 2nd ed. Edward Arnold, 

London. 

Dahlberg, K., L6vblad, G. & Steen, B. 1987: Atmosfdrskemisk dvervakning vid IVL:s PMKstatione 

r. - NaturuArdsverket Happort 3473. 

Degelius, G. 1941 : Lavfloran pA toppen av Romeleklint (SkAne). - Botaniska Notiserg4: 

335-336. 

Ekman, S. 1989: F6rEindringar i Stenshuvuds lavflora under ett halvt sekel. - Svensk Bot. 

Tidskr.83: 1 3-26. 

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1986: Soil acidification and vegetation changes in deciduous 

forests in southern Sweden. - Oecologta (Berlin)70:339-347. 

Falkeng ren-Grerup, U. 1 987: Long-term changes in pH of forest soils in southern Sweden. 

- Environmental Pollution 43: 79-90. 

Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1989: Effekter av f6nsurningsbetingade markf6rdndringar pA 

kdrlvAxter - retrospektiva studier i bokskog 6ver 40 Ar. - WwF-npport f6r 1988. 

Falkengren-Grerup, U., Unnemark, N. & Tyler, G. 1987: Changes in acidity and cation 

pools of South Swedish soils between 1949 and 1985. - Chemosphere, 16(1f12): 

2239-2248. 

Hdllgren, J. & Huss, K. 1975: Effects of SO, on Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation. - 

Physiologica Plantarum 34 : 1 7 1 -176. 

Hawksworth, D. L. & Rose, F. 1 976: Lichens as Pollution Monitors. -59 

pp. Edward Arnold, 

London. 

Hjelmqvist, S. 1934: Zur Geologie des Stidschwedischen Grundgebirges. Die Kristallinischen 

Gesteine des RomeleAses. - Mddelanden frAn Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska 

lnstitution 58. 

Knutsson, T. 1986: Lavfloran pe Romeleklint, SkAne.-S pp. Dept. of Syst. Bot., University 

of Llnd. 

Linnermark, N. 1960: Podsol och brunjord.En studie av vegetation och jordmAnsbildning 

inom 6stra SkAnes As- och skogsomrAden. - 233 pp. Gleerups f6rlag, Lund. 

L6vblad, G., Andr6asson, K. & Dahlberg, K. 1986: Atmosf6rskemisk Overvakning vid IVL:s 

PM K-stat i on e r. - N at u ruA rd sve rket Rap po rt 3329. 

MacFarlane, J. D. & Kershaw, K. A. 1977: Physiological-environmental interactions in 

lichens 4. Seasonal changes in nitrogenase activity of Peltigen caninavar. pnetextata 

and P. canina var. rufescens. - New Phytologist 79: 403-408. 

MacFarlane, J. D. & Kershaw, K. A. 1980: Physiological-environmental interactions in 

lichnes 9. Thermal stress and lichen ecology. - New Phytologisf 84: 669485. 

Magnusson, A. H. 1936: Fdrted

Graphis Scripta 2: 1 55-1 50, 1 989 

Fdriindringar i utbredningsbilden hos Parmelia elegantula och 

Parmelia laciniarula i SkAne och Blekinge. 

Ame Thell, insdrutionen for systematisk botanik, 0 Va[gatan 20,223 61 Lund. 

Abstract 

The Swedish localities for Parmelia eleganrula (Zahlbr.) Szat. and Parmelia laciniatula (Oliv.) Zahlbr. 

wers outlined in denil by Almborn (1948) in a work on the distribution and ecology of some south 

Scandinavian lichens. In the summer of 1987, I revisited Ahnborn's renumerated localities in Sklne and 

Blekinge. Several new localiries were also registrated. Both species, as prcsumed, turned out to be less 

corrmon roday. They had vanished from about half of the visited localides. The number of localities in 

Sklne and Blekinge are 27 for Parmelia elegantula and about 60 for Parmelia laciniatulc. In 1948 the 

equivalent numbers were 34 respecdvely about 110. In addidon both could Presumably be found at more, 

for epiphytic lichens suitable habitats. Parmelia laciniatula doesn't occur in Blekinge or in the nonheast 

parts of SkAne. However, it's obviously nor rare in the south and the middle parts of Skllne. Parmelia 

elegantulc musr be rcgarded as an endangercd species as a whole whithin irs distributional range in south 

Scandinavia. Both spccies occur on bark of deciduous trees, prefcrably Acer, Fraxinus and Ulmus. 

Earlicr they were also common on Aesculus and Fagus, but now they are practicdly absent on these Eees. 

Another problem is rhe effecr of the reduced number of habin6, such as avenues. Parmelia elegantula as 

well as p. Iaciniatula prcfer rrecs in open places with supply on dust rich in nutriment. Climatic faciors, can 

also be delimiting for these mainly temperate species. 

Inledning 

Detta arbete har ingatt i ett storre projekt: Hotade lavar i siidra sverige, vid 

institutionen for systemarisk botanik vid Lunds universitet med ekonomiskt st6d frAn 

viirldsnarurfonOen, WWF. Projektet var frAn b0rjan fr[mst inriktat pA att studera 

nuvarande status for de 24 sydliga arter som finns rePresenterade i Almborns 

avhandling frAn 1948. Numera ingAr alla hotade arter i undersdkningen. Inom detta 

projekt uuld. jag som tilliimpningsarbete att specialstudera utbredningen av Parmelia 

,triorruta (Zahlbr.) Szat. och Parmelia eleganruta (OIiv.) Zahlbr i SkAne och Blekinge. 

Det iir nu over 40 Ar sedan Ove Almborn (1948) publicerade sin avhandling 

Distribution and Ecology of Some South Scandinavian Lichens' Arbetet 

omfattade utbredning och . 

,ekologi for 24 sydliga lavarter .samt noggranna 

lokalbeskrivnin gar. SJAan dess har inget civergripande arbete 6ver sodra Sveriges 

lavflora publiceiars. Det iir emellertid ualkant, att detta omrlde varit speciellt utsatt for 

luftfciroreningar och landskapsfdrlindringar. Effekterna av detta har p[verkal lavfloran. 

Vissa epifytiska arrer lir speciett k[nsliga fdr luftfororeningar medan andra troligen 

rrlngrs tiilbatca av det moderna lantbruket. Fcir utprlglat sydliga arter iir 

klimadluktuationer sannolikt ocksA en faktor att riikna med. 

parmelia elegantula, som beskrevs som slllsynt, insamlades for f6rsta glngen i 

Sverige 1929. Almborn (1948) angav 45 lokaler for Sverige, varav ett tiotal lAg utanfor 

Sken; och Blekinge inom ert begrlinsat omrAde vid v[stkusten (fig. 1). Fdrktaringen till 

denna isolerade forekomst ansAgs vara klimatologisk Vad som hlint inom dena omrAde 

iir itnnu okiint och borde kunna bli foremAl f6r en fortsan unders0kning. 

Parmelia laciniatula insamlades fdr fcirsta gAngen 1933. Antalet kiinda lokaler steg

157 

snabbt och var Ig48 uppe i ungeflr 110 f6r SkAnes del. Fcir Blekinge uPpgavs en enda 

lokal. Arten visade sig vara tiimligen allmen endast inom ett litet omrAde (fig. 2). Med 

anledning av P. laciniatulas f6rhAllandevis rikliga fdrekomst, rliknade Almborn (1948) 

bara upp de aktuella fcirsamlingarna i avhandlingen. Ett stort antal lokaler finns 

emellertid exakt beskrivna av Almborn (1935, 1939) samt dokumenterat i det 

insamlade materialet pA botaniska musdet vid Lunds universitet. (LD). 

Figot l. Parmelia eleganfula i Skandinavien (1948). 

Parnrelia elegantula in Scandinavia (1948). 

(Ur Almborn: Distribution and Ecology of Some South 

kandinavian Licheru.) 

Metodik 

Fig,u 2. Parmelia taciniatula i Skandinavien (19{8). 

Pamelia laciniatula in Sondinavia (1948). 

Or Alnborn: Distribution and Ecology of Some South 

Scandinavian Ucheru.) 

Samtliga av Almborn (1948) beskrivna lokaler f6r Parmelia elegantula och merparten 

av paimelia laciniatula-lokalerna Aterbes6ktes under sourmaren 1987. Samtidigt 

registrerades Atskilliga nya fyndplatser i samband med fiiltarbetet. Fcir att mojligg6ra 

mil'.roskopstudier och kemiska tester, insamlades smA fragment av lavarna pA varje 

fyndort, rftrtrom det kan vara besviirligt att skilja P. elegantula ftAn den n[rstAende 

p. glabtratula (Lamy) Nyl. i fdlr. Med hjAtp av spot-tests kan man emellertid l2itt skilja 

desia bAda arrer. Miirgen flirgas C+ riid av lecanorsyra pe P. glabratula, 

S tfl n dorts forhAll an den 

BAde p. elegantula och P. Iaciniatula tillh6r ett sydligt element inom den nordiska 

lavfloran. Di ar spridda Over stora delar av den europeiska kontinenten och har sin 

nordgriins i sodra Skandinav ien. Denna griins 6r troligen betingad av 

exrrernremperarurer (Almborn 1948). BAda arterna tillh6r den epifytiska 

rikbarksvegeration, som iir karakteristisk fcir sydsvenska slottsparker, all6er och 

kyrkogArdar (fig 3) och de har mycket likartade stAndortskrav och f6rekommer inte 

siillan pA samma trdd. Bark av Ac er , Fraxinus och U lmus iir de vanligaste 

substraten, men bAda arterna f6rekommer liven pA bark av andra l6vtr[d som 

Aesculus, Alnus, Fagus, Malus, Populus, Salix, Sorbus, Tilia och Quercus. D?iremot 

pAtraffas de nlstan aldrig p6, Betula, Picea, Pinus och sten.

158 

Vanliga asssocierade aner pl stAndorten tr Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia 

acetabulwt, P. glabratula, P. sulcata, Pseudevernb furfuracea, Ramalina farinacea, R' 

fastigiata, Xanthoria candelaria ochX fallax. Ibland finnar man [ven den nlrstAende 

Parmelia exasperatula Nyl. pA sa[lma tredstam, eD art som dock llr vara mer kenslig 

for luftfdroreningar [n vad de ganska motstAndskraftiga P. elegantula och P. 

laciniada dr NV irm- 1980). 

Inventeringsresultat 

Parmelia elegantula 

Parmelia elegantula Aterfanns pA 15 av de 34 beskrivna lokalerna. Dessutom 

upptacktes L2 nya. Antalet registrerade lokaler uppgAr dlrfttr till 27 inom 

unders6kningsomrAdet. De flesta lokalerna ir belEgna i sydvlstra SkAne (fig 4). I 

Blekinge finns bara en lokal kvar, vid idrottsplatsen i Sdlvesborg. Sammanfattningsvis 

visar undersdkningen pi en viss tillbakaglng. 

Parmelia laciniatula 

Ett Attiotal av de tidigare angivna lokalema besdktes. Parmelia laciniatula visade sig 

vara forsvunnen frln mer [n hltftcn av dessa. Som fnmglr av fig. 5, har den minskat i 

omrldes utkanter medan den har registrerats pl flera nya platser i s6dra och mellersta 

Sklne. Med hj[lp av det ganska stora antalet nya fyndplatser, kom jag upp i drygt 60 

lokaler, ett antal som formodligen kan 6kas yttcrligarc vid fortsan sdkande. Denna an 

er uoligen fdrsvunnen frln Blekinge. 

Figur 3. Almall6er ir rriktf. biotoper for bide Parmelia elegantula och Parmelia laciniarula 

Avenues of elms are important biotopes for both Parmclia elegantula and Parnrelia laciniatula

afien ej {terfunnen 

nyfynd 

Figur 4. Parmelia elegantula. Distribution in 19g9. 

t r Atufynd 

o arten ej Atafunnen 

* nyfynd 

Figur 5. Parmelia laciniatula. Distribution in 1989. 

0

Diskussion 

160 

Luftf6roreningama har under de senaste decenniema inneburit en kraftig tillbakaging 

fOita"f.if, ep'ifytiska lavarter (Skye 1968). P.elegantula anses emellertid vara ganska 

talie mot f6rorcnad luft, varf6r tiilbakagangen mlste vara beroende av andra orsaker 

iWit ft f SSOI. Aven P' laciniatula f6rckommer niira ttitbebyggda omrAden' 

Vissa lavarrer behover triid i iippna liigen med tillgang till nliringsrika dammpartiklar 

fre"; va! eUer Aker (Ingeliig iSSq).b" gamla all6ema har pA senare tid minskat i 

*ot t",o,iiigt som almsju-kan dykt upp somett nytt hot. Klimadaktorcr kan ocks6 vara 

U"grattt""O"-fOr sydliga arte., da a" i"R*ur sig alldeles i utkanten av sitt naturliga 

utbredningsomrlde. 

parmelii elegantula verkar ha bibehelnt sitt gamla utbredningsomrAde till stor del 

..a." utbredlningsomrldet fdr P. laciniatula har minskat nlgot mot centrum. 

Naturligstvis kan lrtema finnas pA fler platser _[n de som'flr angivna hlr, men en 

iifiUuf."ia"g ar iinda mf,rkbar. p.iaciniaula fdrekommer numera mycket sparsamt pl 

*i"t tit oIh Fogrr. Dessa trndslag hdrde till de allra vanligaste substrhte-n vid tiden 

f6r Almborns in"errt"rin!. fa-ef",it et ocksA tillbakagAngen mycket stark' Aven P' 

;;;;;ril; har minskat ie a"tt" trfldslag' Barken hos Aesczlus' Alrus octt Fagw ar 

*tiifigf i-tf" sur och den fOrsuming som pAgAr kan ha giort dem ointrcssanta som 

substrat. 

Tack 

Jag vill passa pl att tacka min handledarc Ingvar Klrnefelt' som [r ledare fdr WWFilj"ff, 

fiir i.oda rAd under arbetets ging samt. Ulf med vissa 

11!fT"b]1i9i 

iotituppgift"t.-iiven Ove Almbom har haft tarOenrUa synpunkter pA muuskriptet 

Litteratur 

Almborn, o. 1935. Nya svenska lokaler f6t Parmelia laciniatula. Botaniska notiser' 

L935:464471. 

er*uo,,uo.lg3g.LichenologicalNotesl.Botaniskanotiser.|939:773.780. 

A-d;;, O. 1948. Oitiiiuiion and Ecology of Some South Scandinavian Lidtens' 

Botaniska notiser suppl. vol 1:2. 252pp' 

G&;i. rss+. Flo;ravaia i skogsb'ruket del 1, allman del. Skogsstyrclsen, Jtinkiiping. 

154 pp. 

i-, g. 1968. Lichens and Air Pollution' Acta Phyogeogr' Suec' 52l.l-L23' 

Wirrir, V. 1980. Flechtenflora. Ulmer, Stungart 552pp'

Graphis ScriPta 2: 161, 1989. 

161 

GYATIDEA DIAPHAI\A AND TRAPELIOPSIS FLEXUOSA NEW TO GREENLAI{D 

vagn Alstrupr rnstitut for Okologisk botanik, 0. Farimagsgade 2D, 

DK-1353 Kdbenhawn K. 

Habitat notes are given for the two species and the 

pycnidia of c. diaphana are described. 

Gyglidea diqphana (K6rber) VEzda. Narssaq district, AlSngorssuq, 

60-51-N' 46-05-W' alt. 70 m' on vertical. north-facing granitj.c 

rock, constantly kept wet by spray from an ice-cold waterfall, 

assoclated wLt}: Polgblastia somnerfeltii Lynge, Placynthiun pannariellun 

(NyI.) I{agnusson, Porocyphus di.spereue DabJ-, fonaepis 

cfr. odora (Schaerer) B. Stein and. Veyruearia sp., 3 Aug. 1980, 

Alstrup 801183 (C). 

The species is seen as a very th5-n purplish-brownish filn on 

the wet rock; the apothecia are light brownish, translucent when 

wet and margj.nate, widely dispersed or absent. PycnLdes nere 

found on the specimen and they are described here, apparently for 

the filst time: black, up to 150 Un in diam. and 60 yrn ta11; pycnoconidia 

filiform 10-12(-19) x 2 um. 

The species has so far been reported from Riesengebirge anal AItvatergebj-rge 

ln CentraL Europe (VEzda 1978), but it is also known 

from Scotlancl (Coppinsr pers. conm.) and Noryray (p. M. .torgensen, 

pers. comm.). 

ItapeLiopeis fletuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P^ James. Narssag district, 

Kangerdluarssuk "Ref. IIf", 60"52-N, 46"01-W" a1t. 60 m, on dead 

bark of Betula sp., 2 July 1978, Alstrup 78019 (C). Associated 

species arez Leeidea tornoensis NyI., Leeidea antil.oga Stirt., 

Lecano?d fuseeseens (Sommerf.) tlyt., Biato?d oernalis (L.) Fr., 

al;,d BueLLia diseifornis (rr.) I{udd. 

The species is wi.dely distributed in temperate and.boreal regions. 

Literature: 

V8zda, A. 1978. Neue oder \"renig bekannte Flechten in iler Tschechoslowakei 

II.- FoLia ceobot. Phytotax. 13: 397-420.

162 

Graphis ScriPta 2z 162-163, 1 989. 

SCOLICIOSPORUM SAROTHAMNI NY FUR SVIRIGE. 

Lars-Eri k Muhr Sel kroksvdgen 47 , S-69 1 42 Karl skoga, sweden ' 

Scol 'ici osporum sarothamn'i (Vai ni o) VEzda i s reported as new to Sweden 

inTn6 iiooi.-ina southern irarts of the country- It 

.is probably a common and widespread_spec'ies wh'ich has been much overlooi

n.11610, pe Fraxinus excelsior. 

Viistmanl and: tan, 

Ifrs-Ff[l and: Hi I I e sn ., Testebodn, 

FfTrffi 

n.2 

Tack, 

exce'l s i or ; Ockel bo sn . ' 

163 

1989, L-E Muhr n.1191?, pd lopu]q tremula. 

500 m S Osliittfors, 1987, Am, 

H6nge1 n, 6 km NV Osl iirrf ors , A. Nordi n 

Jao vill tacka prof. A. vEzda fijr hiiilp med bestamningen av en av insamlingarna] 

Ett tack iivin ti11 Leif Andersson, Hans-Erik Gustavsson och Anders Nordin 

ftjr rapporter av fyndlokaler. 

Li tteratur. 

Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. 1985: Likenoi de okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita determinlibro. 

- Royan. 

Hansen, E. S. 1987: Nordisk lichenologisk forenings ekskursion til Danmark 

1987. - Graphis Scripta 1:95-102. 

Vdzda, A 1978: Neue oder wenig bekannte Flechten in der Tschechoslowakei. II 

- Folia Geobot. Phytotax., Praha, 132397-420. 

l,li rth, V 1 980 : Fl echtenf I ora . Stuttgart: Eugen Ul mer . 

fAVav' 

Fig. 1. A bundle of spores just released from an ascus and 

f ree spores of scori-ciosporum sarothamnus - from Bornholm, del. 

Vagn Alstrup.

164 

Graphis Scripta 2z 164-167, 1989. 

LICHEN MTERIAL BY O, P, SI,.IARTZ IN THE HERMRIUM AT EOTEEORE 

Lars Arvidsson, Naturhistoriska Fiusdet, Box 7281, 5-402 t5 Gbteborg' 

Sweden. 

Abstract: Twelve specimens from the West lndies, collected by 

0.p. Swartz, have been discovered in the herbarium at Gdteborg. 

The collection comprises n j.ne isotypes, v iz . Baeomyces l-g!99ides 

(Sw. ) Ach., Leptogium diaphanum (Sw. ) Mont., L. marginelJ- 

um (Sw.) S.F. Gray, Lobaria dissecta (Sw.) Raeuschel, Parmel-ieIJa 

pannosa (Sw.) NUff. Arg., Stereocaul,on ramulosum (Sw.). 

Raeuschel, Sticta damaecornis (5w. ) Ach., Sticta l,aciniata (5w. ) 

and S. tomentosa (Sw. ) Rcn. The material is briefly discussed. 

The main part of the lichen colLection by 0.p. swartz (rz5o-t8t8), 

is located. in Riksrnuseum, stockholm (s), with subord-inate maierial 

in UpS. In addition, varj-ous duplicates are also for:nd in BM-ACE, 

C, G, and H-ACH. 

In the Botanical Museum at Gbteborg (Cf)' f have encoulltered 12 

specimens which appears to be original collections by swartz from 

his voya€e to the West Ind.ies and. northern South America 1784-86. 

Nine of these lichens veqy 1ike1y constitute isotypes of species 

d.escribed. by Swartz in ,,Nova Genera & Species Plantal:tmtr (tl8g). 

The material 1s sparse, consisting of only one or two thalli of 

each species, grued on old-fashioned paper. Anrrotations are in black 

ink a'd. mention the ,,Lichenrr-11emsr' "J*rricatt (o" in one case 't'Dominica,,), 

and ,,Dr. Swartzr' (fig. 1 ). There is some uncertainty of the 

hand.-rgiting, and later scientists have made some comments on slips ' 

G.O. Malme says that the hand. is not unlike that of swartz, but more 

neat. The titl-e of ,rDr. ,, before swart z'name also casts suspici-On On 

i-ts authenticity. O. c,ertz states that the hand.-r^rriting j-s not found 

in letters by swartz. The specimens are preserved in modern packets 

with G3 herbarium labels. Of special interest here is an explanation 

in the ha'd of A.I[. Magnusson: "From the lichen corlection of Dr- 

Westring through lagnan C-J. Ergelblon, 18rr"' 

It is possible that the material was given io the Natural Eistory

165 

Museum j-n Giiteborg (Naturhistoriska Musdet) at that time. lde lceow with 

certainty that Scandinaviarr lichens fron Westring's herbarir:m belonged 

to this museum around 1870 (linaeuerg lBBB). This collection contained. 

the species that Westring used for his famous book frsvenska lafvarnas 

fii.rghistoria ( t BO5 ) . fn 1BB2 Naturhistoriska Museet recei-ved ad-d.itionalhistorical- 

material the herbarium by Prof . J.W. Zettersted.t, gi.ven 

by the merchant Th.G. Cederberg (linaeUerg lBBB). This latter collection 

is also of great interest as it contained original naterial- by Acharius, 

Swartz and Westri-ng as noted already by Jdgerskidld (l9ll). In 1926 the 

herbarium at' Natr:rhistori-ska Musdet was transferred to the Botanic Garden 

in Giiteborg, and was taken over by the State in 1962 (University of 

Gciteborg) . This ancient Scand.inavian lichen collection still- awaits a 

thorough presentation. 

In spite of the insecurity of the hand-r+-riting on the lttest fnd-j-an 

lichens, there is no reason to doubt that this is original material by 

0. P- Swart z. We ineov that Swart z exchanged lichens with E. Acharius 

(ll>l -1819 ) and. perhaps also with J. P. westring (tl>l-l}jil. Both Acharius 

and Westring worked in the province of Ostergcitland., and. the acknowledgements 

in various works by Acharius ind.icate a close collaborat 

ion. 

A survey of the West Indian lichens at GB is given below. The material 

is fertile if not othen^rise stated. 

Liehen /,unaoi-d,QA SrwLtz t7 88:146. Jamaica. = Baeomyces fungoides (S". ) Ach. 

kobably iso-Lvpe. See al_so Galloway 1980. 

Lichen dinphsalA Sle,)Ltz l78S:147. Jasraica" = Leptogir:m oiaphanum (Sr.) Mont. 

Pro max parte. Mixed. collection (ttt. Lind.strcim, pers, comm. ) . Probably 

i-so-type. See forthcoming revisi-on by M. Lindstrtirn. 

Lichen rchainellrJA gaaltz 17 88 :1 47. Jamaica. = Leptogir:m marginellum ( Sr. ) 

S . F. Gray. kobabl-y iso-type . See f olthcoming revision by I"l. Lj-ndstrdm. 

Liehen tnemet-I-oide.s- L. (i.t., nom. i{-Leg. Jarnaica. = Leptogium tremerloides 

(Sr.) S.F. Gray. The material belongs to Leploeiun punctulatum 

Nyf . (M. Lind.stron, pers. comm. ) . 

Liehen di.saecfuus g,MrLtz 17 88 :1 47 . Jamaica. = Lobaria d.issecta (s'. ) 

Raeuschel. Probablv iso-t 

Lichen paytno,suus 9^wltz t 7 88 : t 46. Jamaica. = Pa::meliel_Ja pannosa ( Sr. ) 

Miil]. Arg. Sterlle. Probably iso-tvpe even though the original material 

is 6liven as fertiLe ( "scute]Lis convexls rtrfis " ) . Fig. 1 .

Liehen pen|ona,fuA 

The name on the 

infund ibulis " . 

Lichen nanuLoatys SrJa)Ltz 17 8I : I 47 . Janaica. = Stereocaulon ramuLosum 

/^ \ - 

(Sw. ) Raeuschel. Frobably iso-t See also Lamb (t977 ) . 

Lielte-n danaeconni.s SrwLtz 1788:146. Jamaica. = Sticta daqaec.qrnfs 

( Sr. ) Aci:. Probably iso-ty 

Lichen Iaciwintys SrwLtz 17 88 : I 47. Ja,maica. = Sticta laciniata (sr. ) 

Ach. Pl9bablv iso-tvpe. 

Liclten llnvicatu 9Anlltz 17 88 :147 , Dominica. = Teloschistes fl-avicans 

(Sr. ) Uo:m. Sterj-le. Not type material. The present specimen orj-ginates 

from Doroinica and not Jamaica as stated in the protologue. 

See also A1rnborn' ( 1 989 ) " 

166 

Jaecq. Jamaica. = Pa:motrema perforata (.lacq. ) Mass. 

speeimen by Swartz has later been changed to "L. 

Lichen tomentoawb gntttz 1788:147. Jarnai-ca. = Siicta tomentosa 

Ach. Probablv iso-t 

(sr.) 

I am indebted to FiI. Lic. Bo Peterson, fo:mer Curator at the Botanical 

Museum at Giiteborg and to Fil. I(and. Ivlarie Lind.strcin, G

167 

Lamb, I. M- 1977 z A' conspectus of the l-ichen genus Stereocaulon (Schreb. ) 

Iloffm. - :1)1_ii5. 

lindeberg' c..l- .BBB: 2!-irs berdttelse frin den botaniska afdelningen 

af Gbteborgs Museum. In: G6teborgs Musei tjugoferntrs_berdttelse: 

I tv- | | z. uo.leDors- 

Swariz, O.P. ITSB: iova eenera er species pfantarur Holmiae, 

Upsaliae & Aboae. 

Graphis Scripta 2z 167, 1989. 

Xanthoria elegans spreadinq in Derunark. 

Ulrik_Sdchting, Institut for Sporeplant?r, 1tr. Farirnagsgade 2D, 

DK-1353 Kobenhavn K. 

xanthoria elegans, a Lichen cornmon on eutrophicated, calcareous 

rock in most of Europe, !,ras reported in 19gg frorn Jutland bv 

Al"strup et a1.. In the spring 1989 it was also found i; 

abundance on asbestos roofs in HvaIsO and on mortar at RisO, 

both in central Sea1and.. 

Mortar has been in use fo! centuries, and asbestos was 

already introduced in Denmark in 1,929. candelariella med.ians 

anq Caloplaca teicholyta, tvro other species of artificial, 

calcareous substrates was recorded several years ago 

(Christiansen et aI. L979). Why bas X. elegans n6t arrived 

earlj.er from the Elb area of northern Germany, where it has 

occurred for many years (Erichsen 1952)? It rnay have spread 

more sLowly to artificial substrates in Denmark, because its 

only means of dispersal are ascospores. Another explanation 

that it 

is 

is a more nitrogen demanding species than the others. 

Only during the last decades, when a harked increase in the 

nitrogen deposition has taken place, have the calcareous 

substrates become suffi-cientry eutrophicated for x. eregans 

occur. rt 

to 

may thus be regarded as an indicator of ai_rborne 

nj.trogen deposition. 

_ xantoria elegans was also recently reported from concrete at 

the Faroe Islands (Alstrup & Alstnip Ltgg), but has not been 

reported from the southern part of sweden (santesson 1gg4). 

Here it may, however, also be expected to colonize. 

titerature: 

AJ.strup, V. & K. Al-strup. 1989- Epiphytic lichens. In: A. H6j9aard, J. 

J6hansen & S. odum (eds.). A century of tree-planting in th" f"ro" 

Islands: I57-764- 

- , s- svane & u.. sochting. 1988. Notes on the lichen frora of Denmark rr 

- Graphis Scripta'2: 72-j7 . 

christiansen, !1. s., K. Ranker, F. Rose and ulrik sochting. 1979- Additions 

to the Danish lichen flora. - Bot. Tidssk!. ?4r 89-115. 

Erichsen, C. F. E. 195?. Flechtenflora von Norilwestdeutschlandl. 

Santesson, R. 1984. The lichens of Sweden and Norwav.

168 

Graphis Scripta 2: 168-170, 1989. 

A new species of Caloplaca (section Gasparrinia) from California, 

with notes on some other American Caloplaca 

William A. Weber, Prof. Emeritus 

University of Colorado Museum 

Boulder. CO 80309, USA 

Caloplaca bra1iae W. A, Weber, a maritime saxicolous species in Section Gasparrinia, is 

described frbm Santa Cruz lsland, Santa Barbara County, California. 

The genus Catoplaca has been a special interest of Ove Almborn for many years. His work 

with the maiine licheni of Halland's Vliderd inspired my first visit to that area, where I became 

acquainted with the remarkable zonation of the lichen flora, including several species of Caloplaca. 

It is a pleasure for me to describe a distinctive endemic maritime species in this volume dedicated 

to him. 

Catoplaca (*ct. Gasparrinia) brattiae, sP' nov. 

Thattus epilithicus, plagas rotundas vet rotundatas radiatim crescentes, in centro primum 

verruculoso-areoiatus et ap;th;cia crebra et approximata gerens' usque ad 2l ryn lat?s formans, 

dispersas vel hinc inde confluentes, flavus, fere opacus, KHO purpureus: lobi thalli prostrati, 

subcylindrici, paulum subtorulose inaequales, tenues,O.5-1.0 mm lati et plus minus 0.5-3'0 mm longi' 

nriitd, hciniis dictrotome vel subdichotome divisis, ad apicem rotundatis,. sorediis et isidiis 

aestitutii, subtus albidis; areolae centrales butliformes; stratum corticale non distincte cellulosum, 

medulla alba, ex hyphis longitudinalibus conglutinatis formatum. 

Apotiecia iicanorini, et iD centro thallo, et in lobis marginalibus superficialia, alte sessilia, 

rOtunda, parra, osque ad I mm lata; discus flavus, Opacus, KHO purpureus, epruinOsus, e concavo 

subplanui; marg thallinccrassiusculus, integer, interdum pustulatus (sorediaincipieutes?), penistenter 

Ue"'e proniiaulis, thallo coDcolor; hymeniuh 40-50 r,pr/ altum; sporae decolores, angusti-ellipsoideae, 

iectai, polari-di6Ustae, luminibus'ca. l/3 longitudinis sporarum metientibus, isthmo tenui junctis, 

lo-l I mr, longae et 3-4 mp latae. 

Pycnoconidia non visa. 

Tha[us epitithic, growing radiately in round or roundish plaques, verru.ulose-areolate in the 

center, up to 2j mm broad, separatc oi confluent, yellow, nearly opaque, KOH+ purple, with 

crowdid or adjacent apothecia; thallus lobes prostrate, subcylindric, subtorulose, unequal, 0.5- 1.0 mm 

wide and 0.5-3.0 mmlong beyond the first areotae, dichotomous or subdichotomous, rounded at the 

apGs, white ventrally, s-oredia or isidia lacking; central_ areoles bulliform, the cortical stratum not 

distinctly cellular, medulla white, of conglutinated longitudinal hyphae. 

Apothecia lecanorine, superficial on the central areoles and marginal lobes, sessile, round, 

small, up to I mm wide; disc yellow, opaque, KOH+ purple, epruinose,. a,lmost plane to concave; 

ifrattiire'margin thickish, cntiie, occasionally pustulate (incipienr soredia?),-persistent and quite 

prominent, cincolorous with the thallus; hymenium 40-50 mp high; spores l0-ll-mp x 3-4 mp, 

iyalio", narrow-eltipsoid, straighr, polaiildcular, each lumen ca. l/3 the length of the spore, the 

isthmus narrow. Pycnoconidia not seen, 

Hototype: California, U.S.A, Santa Barbara County. Channel Islands, Santa_Cruz Island. 

West end of tf,L ishnd, on rop of the rocky headland just above the spray zone, ca. 50-100 msm., an 

at;ost pure stand dominatin! the level oigently sloping area; o99u11ing Yith Caloplaca rosei Hasse 

anaiooieti.es overgrown w,lth Xanthoriaianditaria. 8 Jan. 1986, W. A.lleber &Charis Bratt, Lich- 

Exsicc. COLO No.660 (COLO). 

Other collections: California. San Luis Obispo County. On exposed boulders along the ocean 

at Morro Rock Reserve. I June 1987, R. E. Rielner 87-209 (COLO). 

The most recent treatment of the genus Caloplaca for western North America is an 

unpublished bul1ogeth€less extremely useful key (McCune l9E9). McCune lists the-followinS-taxa 

of yellow, saxicolous, effigurate-lobate, mariti'me Gasparrinie Caloplaca verruculilera (Yainio) 

Zsilbr., C. thaltincota (We?de[) DuRietz, C. scopularis (Nyl.) Lettau, nd Q. ryalna (Wecldell) 

Zahtbr. C. grotulosa (Mue[.-Aig.) tata, while no! clearly mentioned as such ia the key, is a nonmaritime 

species.

I ov 

, , . Qaloplaca brattiae belongs to this maritime series. According to the key provided by Nordin 

(1972),C.brattiaewouldfallclosest_toC. wrruculifera,whichisdistinguished-fiomallottrerspeciei 

!Y havin8 isjdia-like $,arts (probably better referred to as papiltae). Like C. brattiae. it is rosettefgrqtjgq_and 

clear yellow, end ecologicatly it is ornithocoprophilous, calciphobe, ani marlni, Uut 

the "isidia-like warts' are very small, numerous, and crowded.- They irise tin tne iurfu"e of normal 

convex'areoles'. I use the term areoles very loosely to mean simpiy the parts of the older thallus 

lobes which are cut off ftqp {t_a marginal ones, TLey are not autonomous areoles in the sense oi 

m-any crustose lichens. 'Isidia-like warts'are lacking iri C. brattiae. Instead, the individual segments 

of the internal thallus themselv-es are highly convei and even somewhat iirnriti"tea U"ro*,just.i 

are thos-e of C. uerruculifera before being overgrown by papillae. Nevertheleis, theie euiAeirifv iJ 

close relationship between the two species. 

Two features noted.on the type coltection may or may not be of taxonomic importance, The 

thalline margin of the apothecia commonly develop -pustulei wtrictr appiai i" ui trtii and possibly 

incipiently sorediate. Also, the lowermost margins oi the marginal lobei often rraue -aiatirig-;lrii6 

spicules which resemble minute rhizines but ttrly may, in faci, u. "rtiusion, oi r"tii.yrt"tr. 

Among the esorediate.species of section Gasparrinia, C. brauiae very closely resembles the 

- European C. thallincola (weddelD Du Rietz, but in rhit speciei the thallus is diitincitytrange, ttricter 

and with broader tobes, and the. spores are lemon-shaped' (in sygdi+, ,'c!ri"iirir"iil septum. utri;r;i;i;; 

Ecologically, c. lhallinco-la is characteristic, in Scandinavii, or irt" io*"ijeotinorine-beii 

or verrucaria maura facies (Almborn 1955), whire c. trauii b;tk;i;';;il;;; georittorine 

aerohaline belt-.Caloplaca sco-pularis lacks tle narrow, highly conue* ilargioaito-ffs-of 

mentioned 

the aborre- 

species. It is a truly marine species with a narrow vertical 

(from 

distribution on coastal 

1.5-4.0 

rocks 

m above sea levil (Nordin; r.c.). 

The coastal California.lichen flora is.highly endemic, but it must atways be borne in mind 

that thele are close relationships betwee! ttris frori ana tnat or trre ioiCicoaiiJin-orttrern chile 

(Zahlbruckner.l924' 1925). paloptaca orthocladazantvr. (c. tiilii-i"'liruil Ju"tJ,i.ly is a close 

relative occurring in similar sites on the chitean and peruviad coass. it i, i-niti'"tlii*J by unusualy 

etonsated marginal robes. An isidiate species, c. isidiia(vlinjzatib;.-(e'iiiiiti, zahrbr.) is 

also known fr-o_m c-hile, B-rasil, and Galipagos. A more brbadry itru.tur"a* .Jnfi*pi;i. study than 

was attempted bv Nordin is much ngqged, because of the probaLte occurh* "i-,iiJllttiunitloni. 

Furthermore, because the subtle differjnces betwein t-he species har" p;;;;;;; 

adequate description, 

difficutt of 

a special attempt must be made to quantify th;;.- '- - 

Arthough c- brattiae,is a_very yelrow species at the typ€ locality, I would not emphasize 

differences in thatlus color. since I betieve-th"t.nJ"iiylogly site probably inhibits the development 

of an intense parietin coloration (see also Nordi;, ,.c.;1 ti:Tne thictness 6r trre coitei"rro produces 

differences in the intensity of color, as aiscusse'O bet-ow-l' 

c' brattia4 exhibits what might te considered incipient soredia. This phenomenon can best 

be noted on the-margins of the apotiecia, where a patei citor ana "i*uuine "'r;riio-i.orn a smal 

pustule. In section, this is seer.ro be a srightry rupiured jart of ttre cortex.'silir;; ;; spots with 

small nrpture-s. may be seen on the.tips of ttre.tiraltus lobisi but soredia have not been observed. I do 

not believe this phenomenonnas.been described in any olne. ip""i* oirirfd*iirrlri" thus far, 

but I would hesitate to consider it of taxonomic signiricance r"itrroui icreinin;;;h across the 

group. 

A firm-like prothallus-has.not been observed to develop in c, brauiae. However, on rocks 

'-'.-r9rgl of sea-salt. sprav at pichidangui, chii;, fcoiL;;ea rnateriaf ;{e'.-;;;;r;;i (coto z- 

64241) in which a broad band of thislrothalluisurrounoea the thallus and in some instances the 

prothallus almost totally replaced the lobate thallus as if by some sort of.ttrition. On the California 

coast' the crustose c- rosei Hasse typicarty has a ye[ow fih-rike protrr"Gl. --' --' "' 

REFERENCES 

Almborn, ove. 1955- Lawegetation och lavflora pA Hallands ylider6. K. Vetensk. Akad. Avh. 

Naturskydd. )l:t-92. I2 plates. 

Mccune' Bruce- 1989. The genus caropraca in western North America. 19 pp. privatery printed. 

Nordin, Ingvar. 1972. caroplaca, sect. Gasparrinia i Nordeurope taxonomiska och ekologiska 

studier. Skriv Service AB, Uppsala.

170 

Zahlbruckner, A. 1924. Die Flechten der Juan Fernandez-Inseln. [In] C. Skottsberg, Natural History 

of the Juan Fernandez Islands 2:315-407. 

Zahlbruckner, A. 1925. Chilenische Flechten gesammelt von C. Skottsberg. Medd. Gdteb. Bot. 

Tridg.2:I-26. 

Glaphis Sctipta 2: 170-171, 1989. 

ADDIfiOE IO THE I.ICIIEN II.ORA CF FINi,A},ID 

O.\ro Vitikairen, Botanical l,hrseLn, tniversity of flelsinki, unioninkatu 44, 

tr{0170 ltelsinki, Finlard 

lecartcola canpestris, L. morccncle ard Thelma ocellatuo aLe taeptrt€d 

fro Finllrd. 

I€carm cactrig (Sdnets) tLs 

Ihis species ee€G hith€rto unrecotded fro Finlard. Thcugh Vainio (1878: 103) 

rrepctea L. subfusca f . canpetris (fru llfianka parish in ttrc Fvltince of 

Sorttr t*iml he laten cfiarEed his identification ard coined L. alloptnrn anbsp. 

epib./on f . litlrootrila Vainio (Vainio 1881: 156) fq- tttis firditEl ard anothen 

Epecinen collected in the princ€ l(tru:taDo, TI|e latter \rqrc*€r (its locality 

Kroppooja rrr belqErirg to U.S.S.R., t{.roard< District) is aporently nissirg 

in his herbarirn GUFI,) hrt it nay hlve ref!€sented a ea:

171 

The species is for the present lcnown in the follo$ing localities: V,/}b. 

Korpo: Avensor, Kir.no, linestone qr.rarry abardoned 35 years ago, 19gg Vitikainen 

11988; Juu'rc, on big erratic bor.rlder, 1989 Vitikainen. l,lagu (!,tawo): lkit6, (as 

L. ntuolis), 1981 c. Kvist; all at H. 

The cheuistry of the Kiroo ard Nag.r specinere irere tested ard fcr:rd to 

agrree vell with r€ference Daterial frm gneden ard the obsenrations }ry Tidal 

(19881. A few speciners of I.. gchariana corhronatogranDed rrith L. nacrocycle 

shoffed. a_pa.ttern of po:esunable triterpenoids uor"e r"eseoblirg L. nGfis than L 

r0ac?oo/clos, fc' ee

Graphis Scrj.pta 2z 1V2'174, 1989. 

172 

So clqse but yet so different - a brief report friom an excurcion in Estonia 

Ingvar lld,rnefelt, Department of Systematic Botany, University of Lund, 

Ostra Vallgatan 18-20, 223 61 Lund, Sweden. 

Abstract. An excursion to Estonian Saaremaa is briefly reported or, where four 

botanists from department of systematic botany at university of Lund took part, 

hosted by professor Hans Trass and three colleagues from department of botany 

and ecolory at Tartu state university. The excursions were mainly emphasized on 

the alvar localities in western Saaremaa and their lichen vegetation, which will be 

reported on in more detail in further publications. 

In the wake of the since some time now arurounced new open policy in the 

I1.S.S.R. I also saw a chance of fulfilling one old wish of mine to visit the 

calcareous islands of Estonian S.S.R. Therefore a year ago I took up the 

contact with Hans Trass again, whom I knew earlier basically from 

exchange of lichen material and reprints. Trass responded positively and 

he also believed that we would share many common interests especially 

concerning the lichen flora of the calcareous islands of the Baltic Sea. 

Soon we hid also made a mutual agreement to pay a visit to our countries 

during the following summer. W; only ne_eded to prepar some official 

documents such aslnvitations covering the e)qpenses for the visiting 

group in the foreign country. Hans Trass small group fo_*!"rmore 

Included fiina Rand.Iane, Iftistjan Zobel and Martin Zobel, all from the 

Department of Botany and Ecology_ at Tartrr State Universrtyr and I was 

invited together with Stefan Ekman, Lars Frdberg and Jan-Eric 

Mattsson. 

After a nice trip over the Finnish Bay we finally se! {9ot on the Estonian 

gror:nd in Tallinn on Sahrrday the 8:th of July.The following customs and 

passport controls were unexpectedly rynid and we were soon received by 

the small Estonian gtr.oup, immediately in a very informal and friendly 

manner. Before startittg the botanical excFrsionS we were brought to a 

charming medieval .Jttt"t of Tallinn, whete symbolically the new 

pl"*itt"i blo", black and white Estonian flag_ flow high in the winds on 

the tower Tall Herman above the red flag on top of the local 

administrative center of the lf-S.S-R. 

After this very informal reception we set out on the trip towards the 

western istands full loaded altogether with luggage and ever5rbhing in a 

small va1. \Me had, however, to spend the week end on the western 

Estonian coast in ttle Haapsalu district at Puhtu, since we needed some 

kind of document to be allowed into the westetn islands which could only 

be arranged on the next Monday. The ornithological research station 

where we spent the two following nights was situated in a deciduous

173 

forest which appeared to the very rich in corticolous lichens including 

several species of Arthonia, Calicium and Chaenothec@, Bacidea 

fraxinea,, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pertusaria flauida, P. leioplaca, 

Phlyctis agelaea and many other common epiphytes. Apart from 

excursions in the deciduous forest we also visited smaller semi-steppe like 

habitats on calcareous soils which were also dominated by large erratic 

boulders with a locally very rich lichen flora. 

On Monday after having received the necessary documents we could 

finally set out for the excursions to Saaremaa. The Estonian people is not 

particularly fond of the name Osel which only reminds them of times 

during German or Swedish influence. There on the island of Saaremaa, 

we were later accommodated in a private flat of good western standard in 

the main industrial and commercial center at Kuressaare. We visited 

many interesting localities during our visit which will not be reported in 

detail here but in a later joint publication on the main results of the 

excursions. I should only briefly mention the general appearance of the 

alvar localities, of which we at least visited three localities which could be 

refered to as alvar habitats, i.e. AtIa and Eeriksaare alvars located in the 

westernmost part of the island and thirdly Loo alvar located on the 

northern isthmus of the Stirve peninsula. 

From my time as student of botany through lectures in plant geography 

and literature with references to Eric Hult6n's Atlas iiver vf,,xternas 

utredning i Norden, Sten Selander s Det levande landskapet and Sjiirs' 

Nordisk viixtgeografi, I had imagined that at least this largest Estonian 

island of Saaremaa (which means island land ) should be very similar to 

southern Oland. However, this was not the case, since Saaremaa and also 

Hiiumaa (Dagci) are mainly covered by forests or agricultural land. The 

small scattered alvar localities which are present there more remind one 

on alvar localities in Gotland, where similar localities are mainly covered 

by shnrbs of especially ,Iuniperus and the flat calcareous rocks have been 

covered by much more glacial deposits resulting in more closed vascular 

plant communities. The scattered limestone pavements appeared to be 

rather small, compared to what we can study e.g:, between Vickleby and 

Resmo on the great alvar of Oland. 

Concerning the typical lichen communities which we know from the 

alvar localities in Oland and also in C'otland we found many of the most 

typical calcicolous species e.g. in the genera Acarospora,, Aspicilia, 

Caloplaca, Diploschistes, Fulgensia, Ionaspis, Lecanora, Lecidea, 

Protoblastenia, Polyblastia, Staurothele, Thelidium and Verrucaria. 

Also among the larger lichens many comrnon species within the genera 

Cetraria, Cladina, Cladonia, Collema, Physcia, and Xanthoria were also 

found. Altogether the calcicolous lichen flora compared to that of the 

Swedish Baltic islands seemed to be slightly poorer in number of sp.ecies. 

Especially conspicuous species occurring on the alvar localities in Oland 

such as Cetraria cucullata, Squamarina. cartilaginea and Thamnolia

174 

uerrnicularis seemed to absent in Saaremaa. The material is, however, 

not yet entirely analysed for a closer comparison between alvar localities 

in the larger Baltic islands. 

It was, however, not only the possibility to see a fragment of the lichen 

flora from the island of Saaremaa during a very pleasant week which 

was the most important thing with the exchange, but perhaps foremost 

the contact and the friendship we established with the small group of 

estonian scientists. They all seem to work very hard and apparently also 

achieve a lot with surprisingly minor resources compared to our western 

standard. They all have to struggle for the nse of facilities which we take 

for granted such as copy machines, well organized libraries, telephones, 

typewriters, computers etc. During nights we also discussed possible 

comrnon projects and further contacts. Concerning the possibilities for 

the Nordic Lichenological Society to visit Estonia'Hans Trass of course 

welcomed this suggestion and he would be very happy to arrange a 

meeting at any time after 1991. We urilt continue to discuss these plans at 

any possible event and in connection with the'next Nordic meeting in 

Sweden. 

I was very happy to see my Estonian friend,s again at the Silja terminal in 

Stockholm in mid Augrrst to be their host for a week during excursions in 

OUna and Gotland. In a way it was a little embarrassing to confront them 

too much with our increasingly developing coca cola culture. I think we 

all felt that when we looked out over the Baltic Sea in eastern Gotland. It 

is so close but yet so differenL 

Acknowledgements 

I wish to thank our estonian hosts and especially Hans Trass for 

arranging such a nice and interesting excursion for us. Furthermore I 

wish to thank Universitets- och Htigskoledmbetet for covering the 

expenses for the exchange with the Estonian group.

Graphis Scripta 2: 175, 1 989 

175 

Coordl-nated Brrcroean LLcleere marroL-req? 

Report from a meeting in Stuttgart 

by U1rik Sochting 

Increased mappi-ng activities in many European countries have 

made it attractive to initiate a European standard for lichen 

mapping and to harmonLze data in such a way that an atlas of 

European lichens could eventually be produced. 

In order to discuss this 35 ]ichenologists f rom 1,8 countries 

met in Stuttgart 22. -24. september L989 on the initiative of 

Dr. Volkmar Wirth. 

European mapping projects hrere presented in 28 papers, which 

will be published as proceedings from the meeting. A central 

theme of many papers was the changing lichen vegetation due to 

air pollution, but much emphasis was put to mapping of endangered 

and red-listed species. A particularly strong impression 

was made by the paper of professor Hans Trass from Estonia, who 

ended by proposing the formation of an International Lichen 

I"lapping Comitte€, ILMC, to initiate mapping of particularly 

threatened species. 

An important matter, wh5-ch was discussed by many participants, 

was the use of different grid systems and sizes. Almost 

every country had their own standard, but in most cases the 

grids used had a size close to 10 km. It was stressed by 

several persons, that transformation of data from one system to 

another was a problem rather easily solved by computers without 

too much loss of accuracy. tvlany pro j ects involved the use of 

computorized databases and programs for calling data and 

drawing maps. PauI Diederich from Luxembourg presented a most 

comprehensive and convincing computor progrErm, but such computor 

programs were also in use in ltaly, Austria, Switzerland, 

The Netherlands, Franc€, Great Britain and Germany. 

The closing session discussed aims and actions in connection 

with a coordinated mapping of lichens in Europe. Everybody 

agreed that the conmon map to be used for mapping should be the 

Flora Europaea map with a 5 0 km grid based on UTl,l. Almost any 

national grid could be converted to this grid without serious 

loss of accuracy, Even the lvlacaronesian Islands and the Azores 

might be included on these maps, if this is necessary to obtain 

support from the European Community. An actual mapping of 

selected species, e.g. species red-Iisted in several European 

countries should be decided on later by a committee with one 

member f rom each European country. A provis j-onal committee was 

elected representing the countries present. A subseguent 

committee meeting appointed Volkmar Wirth, Stuttgart and Roland 

Ivloberg, Uppsala to constitute a provis j-onaI secretariate, that 

should organi.ze the election of a committee, which could 

possibly meet during the 4. International Mycological Congress 

in Regensburg in 1990. 

Volkmar Wirth is to be congratulated for 

well-organized meeting, and for having made it 

many east European lichenologists to participate. 

an extremely 

possible for 

Thanks to his 

initiative European lichen mapping has been put on the track. 

Realization of the vi-sions of the meeting is now 

the community of european lichenologists. 

dependant on

Indhold: 

Ingvar Kirnefelt: Ove Almborn 75 Ar L23 

Einar Timdal: The production of rhodocladonic acid in 

CLadonia baciTliformis and C. norveqica triggered by 

the presence of a lichenicolous mite L25 

Mikko Kuusinen, Soili Stenroos & Teuvo Ahti : CTadonia 

norvegica and C. incrassa ta in Finland L28 

Ingvar KArnefelt: Evolutionsgrader hos TeToschistac5erna 

en lAngrsam procgss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-34 

Per M. Jgrgensen & Svengunnar Ryrnan: The correct names of 

the lichenised Onphalina species in Scahdinavia . o L38 

Mats Wedin: Floristic notes from Sweden . . L44 

Maria Olech & Vagn AIs trup : Lichens new to Spi tsbergren . . ]-46 

Ulf Arup, Stef an Ekman, Lars Froberg, Tommy Knutsson 6G 

Jan-Eric Mattsson: Changres in the lichen f lora on 

Romeleklint, S. Sweden, over a SO-year period . . . . 1-48 

Arne Thell: FSrandringar i utbredningsbilden hos Parmelia 

eJegantuLa och Parmelia Taciniatul-a i SkAne och Blekinge L55 

Vagn Alstrup z Gyalidea diaphana and TrapeTiopsis fTexuosa 

ngw tO Gfggnland . . . . . o . . . . . . . . . . o . L51 

Lars-Erik Muhr: .Sco-L iciosporum sarothamni ny f 6r Sverige L52 

Lars Arvidsson: Lichen material by O. P . Swartz in the 

herbarium at G6t,eborg . . . . . . . - - 1-54 

Ulrik S6chting z Xanthoria eTegans spreading in Denmark . . L67 

William A. Weber: A new species of Caloplaca (Sect. 

Gasparrinial frorn Calif ornia, with notes on some other 

American CaTopIac'a . . . . 158 

Orvo Vitikainen: Additions to the lichen flora of Finland L70 

Ingrvar Kirnef elt: So close but yet so dif f erent a brief 

report from an excursion in Estonia L72 

Ulrik SOchting: Coordinated European lichen mapping? . L75

-ry wL - Universitetet i Oslo

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