INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN PAGO ... - Bishop Museum

INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN 

PAGO PAGO HARBOR, FAGATELE BAY 

AND THE NATIONAL PARK COAST, AMERICAN SAMOA 

December 2003

COVER 

Typical views of benthic organisms from sampling areas (clockwise from upper left): Fouling 

organisms on debris at Pago Pago Harbor Dry Dock; Acropora hyacinthus tables in Fagetele Bay; 

Porites rus colonies in Fagasa Bay; Mixed branching and tabular Acropora in Vatia Bay

INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN 

PAGO PAGO HARBOR, FAGATELE BAY 

AND THE NATIONAL PARK COAST, AMERICAN SAMOA 

Final report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fagetele Bay 

Marine Sanctuary, National Park of American Samoa and American Samoa 

Department of Marine and Natural Resources. 

S. L. Coles 

P. R. Reath 

P. A. Skelton 

V. Bonito 

R. C. DeFelice 

L. Basch 

Bishop Museum 

Pacific Biological Survey 

Bishop Museum Technical Report No 26 

Honolulu Hawai‘i 

December 2003

Published by 

Bishop Museum Press 

1525 Bernice Street 

Honolulu, Hawai‘i 

Copyright © 2003 Bishop Museum 

All Rights Reserved 

Printed in the United States of America 

ISSN 1085-455X 

Contribution No. 2003-007 to the Pacific Biological Survey

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The biological communities at ten sites around the Island of Tutuila, American Samoa were 

surveyed in October 2002 by a team of four investigators. Diving observations and collections of 

benthic observations using scuba and snorkel were made at six stations in Pago Pago Harbor, 

two stations in Fagatele Bay, and one station each in Vatia Bay and Fagasa Bay. The purpose of 

this survey was to determine the full complement of organisms greater than 0.5 mm in size, 

including benthic algae, macroinvertebrates and fishes, occurring at each site, and to evaluate 

the presence and potential impact of nonindigenous (introduced) marine species. These results 

were compared with all marine organism reports for these areas by previous investigators. 

A total of 1256 taxa, including 847 identified to species, were identified from the survey. A clear 

spatial pattern was found for species richness by sampling site, with maximum numbers of taxa 

occurring at Fagetele and Vatia Bays, with the next highest occurring within Pago Pago Harbor at 

Onesosopo, the site nearest the east side of the harbor entrance. Numbers of taxa and species 

decreased dramatically with distance into the inner harbor, with minimal numbers occurring at the 

stations along the main shipping dock at Fagotogo and near the drydock and tuna canneries at 

Satala. 

Using criteria that have been used for similar studies in Hawai‘i, Guam and North Queensland, 

Australia, only 28 nonindigenous or cryptogenic species (NIS) were detected on the entire survey, 

considerably fewer than have been determined on harbor surveys in Hawai‘i or Guam but more 

than found at each of four North Queensland ports. The distribution pattern by station for these 

introduced species was in direct contrast to the pattern found for the total taxa, both in numbers 

of taxa and as a percentage of the total biota. A maximum of 17 NIS occurred at the main dock 

station, comprising about 10% of the total biota identified at that site, and 5 NIS, or 5% of the total 

biota, were at the drydock station. Eight NIS were found at the Utulei and seven at the 

Onesosopo sites near the west and east sides of the harbor, but because of their higher overall 

diversities, NIS comprised only about 1.6 to 2.1% of the total taxa identified at these sites. 

Percentages of total taxa composed by NIS were 1.0 and 1.3% at the Aua and Leloaloa sites in 

the outer harbor. By comparison, NIS at the four coral reef sites outside the harbor ranged only 

0.4-0.9%. 

These results suggest that relatively few introduced species have been propagated in the waters 

of Tutuila, and those that do occur are mostly restricted to inner portions of Pago Pago Harbor 

and are not invasive in coral reef areas either within or outside of the harbor. Therefore, no direct 

intervention or mitigation measures are required or recommended at this time. A program of 

periodic rapid assessment and monitoring should be implemented to assure that potentially 

invasive introduced organism that may arrive in the future can be detected and intercepted in 

their early stages of propagation and spread. Also, a program should be considered to inspect the 

hulls of large, slow craft such as barges moving between harbors and islands that may transport 

introduced organisms already occurring in Pago Pago Harbor. 

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i 

LIST OF APPENDICES iii 

ii 

Page 

LIST OF TABLES iv 

LIST OF FIGURES v 

I. INTRODUCTION 1 

III. METHODS 

A. Literature Search 4 

B. Bishop Museum Collections 4 

C. Field Surveys 4 

IV. RESULTS 

A. Station Descriptions 7 

B. Previous Species Reports 10 

C. Present Survey 12 

D. Nonindigenous and Cryptogenic Species 15 

V. DISCUSSION 18 

VI. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 20 

VII. REFERENCES 22 

VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 26 

IX. PLATES 27

LIST OF APPENDICES 

iii 

Page 

APPENDIX A. ALGAE SURVEY REPORT by Posa A. Skelton. 29 

APPENDIX B. List of Marine Organisms Reported by the Present and Previous Studies or 

in Bishop Museum Collections from Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay, 

Vatia Bay, and Fagasa Bay. 41 

APPENDIX C. Taxa Observed or Collected from 10 Stations in Pago Pago Harbor, 

Fagetele Bay, Vatia Bay, or Fagasa Bay, October 2002. 143 

APPENDIX D. Corals and Fishes Observed in Moats and on Reef crest at Ofu Island, 

October 2002. 177

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

1 Locations, dates, coordinates, and depths of stations sampled. 6 

2 References containing previous reports for the locations in the present study. 10 

3 Numbers of taxa in major groups and total biota reported for Pago Pago Harbor, 

Fagatele Bay, Vatia Bay, and Fagasa Bay by previous studies. 11 

4 Numbers of taxa for major taxonomic groups and total biota at each sampling 

station. 13 

5 Nonindigenous and cryptogenic marine species collected or observed on Tutuila 

surveys, October 2002. 16 

6 Summary of numbers of taxa for nonindigenous (N) and cryptogenic (C) species, 

total taxa and % of total that were NIS for harbors and ports on O‘ahu , Guam, 

and North Queensland, Australia. 19 

7 Summary of numbers of taxa for nonindigenous (N) and cryptogenic (C) species, 

total taxa and % of total that were NIS for coral reefs in the main and Northwestern 

Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll, and Guam. 19 

iv

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure Page 

1 Tutuila station locations. 5 

2 Dendrograph of Sorensen’s coefficient percent similarities among station biota. 13 

3 Distributions of numbers of taxa of algae, reef corals, and non-coral invertebrates 

among stations. 14 

4 Distributions of numbers of total taxa and NIS among stations. 14 

v

I. INTRODUCTION 

The island of Tutuila is the largest (ca. 140 km 2 ) of the six eastern islands of the Samoan 

Archipelago that comprise the U.S. Territory of American Samoa. It is also the major population 

center of American Samoa, with about 95% of the approximately 60,000 total population of the 

territory. Tutuila also is the site of American Samoa’s only international airport and the major 

shipping port in Pago Pago Harbor, which has a population of approximately 10,000 (Green et al. 

1997) and is also the location of two tuna canneries that provide the major source of local 

employment. 

Because of its strategic location and the excellent anchorage afforded by the deep and sheltered 

waters of Pago Pago Harbor, Tutuila has been linked to the United States since 1872, when a 

treaty was negotiated for use of the harbor as a coaling station for the U.S. Navy. U.S. influence 

increased in 1900 when 20 chiefs of Tutuila ceded their lands and accepted U.S. rule while 

retaining their tribal authority and local customs (Masterman 1980). The U.S. Navy held 

administrative authority for American Samoa until 1951, when a new constitution was formed, 

providing for a civilian government. The relationship between Tutuila residents and U.S. interests 

was further developed by operations conducted during World War II, when the Naval Station on 

Tutuila became an important base for military operations, employing local Samoans, and many 

Samoans joined the U.S. armed forces. 

Economic interdependence increased with the construction and operation of the first fish cannery 

by Van Camp Seafood in 1954, on the north shoreline of inner Pago Pago Harbor at Anua. This 

provided substantial employment and input to the cash economy, estimated at $4-5 million 

annually in 1980 (Masterman 1980). Presently two canneries operate at the site: Samoa Packing 

Company (a division of Van Camp Seafood) and Starkist Seafood. Also located within or near 

this inner harbor area are a ship dry dock and the Ronald Reagan Shipyard at Satala, the main 

port and shipping docks of American Samoa at Fagatogo, the Rainmaker Hotel at Nu‘ututai, and 

the point of discharge of Pago Pago’s municipal sewage at about 45 m depth off Utulei Beach, all 

within a radius of less than 1 km. 

Not surprisingly, this concentration of commercial uses and discharges in the inner section of 

Pago Pago Harbor has resulted in historical degradation of the harbor’s water and environment. 

The tuna canneries discharged approximately 2 mgd (7.6 10 3 m 3 /day) of untreated wastes near 

the shoreline at about 30 m depth until 1990, which provided a rich medium for growth of bacteria 

from the sewage discharge and other sources. Numerous studies cited in Sea Engineering 

Services Inc. and AECOS Inc. (1991) found a significant decline of water quality influenced by the 

combination of municipal and industrial wastewater, stream and surface runoff and the poor 

mixing and circulation in this inner harbor area. Some improvement resulted from treatment of 

the cannery wastes and removal of about 90% of their organic load prior to discharge, which 

began in August 1990. Further improvement in inner harbor water quality resulted from extending 

the canneries’ outfall and point of discharge to the central part of the outer harbor (Green et al. 

1997). The harbor, location of many early studies of reef corals and other biota, still supports 

1

coral and reef growth, especially in the outer harbor east of a line between Goat Island Point and 

Ava Point. 

Outside of the harbor, corals and reefs flourish around the island of Tutuila and two areas have 

been subject to considerable study and have been designated as areas for special management. 

Fagatele Bay, a 66 ha embayment on the southwest coast, is relatively isolated from shore 

access by steep cliffs and is recognized as a resource of high value (Thomas 1988). It was 

formally designated as a National Marine Sanctuary in April 1986 and is cooperatively managed 

by the American Samoan Government and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA). Only traditional uses of Fagetele Bay are allowed, and activities such as spear fishing, 

trawls, seines or fixed nets, and disturbance of the benthos are prohibited, along with discharge 

of any materials or substances. The bay is therefore in a virtually natural state with little anthro- 

pomorphic influence and is disturbed only by natural forces. 

The other managed marine area on the island is the offshore zone of the National Park of 

American Samoa, which extends from Fagasa Bay to Afono Bay on the north coast of Tutuila, 

directly across the mountains from Pago Pago Harbor. This is one of the most scenic areas on 

the island, and the park occupies land leased from native villages and the American Samoa 

government. The National Park was authorized in 1988 and established in 1993, and along with 

areas on the islands of Ofu and Ta‘u, encompasses about 4245 ha of land, beaches and sea, 

with about one quarter of the total area lying under water. Only traditional fishing and gleaning of 

the reef are allowed in the park. Two sites in the National Park on Tutuila were surveyed in the 

present study, Vatia Bay, about one-third of the way from the Park’s eastern end, and Fagasa 

Bay at its western end. 

The present study involved detailed examination of the marine biota at six locations in Pago Pago 

Harbor, an area that has been highly utilized for commercial and shipping activities for over 100 

years, at two sites (Vatia Bay and Fagasa Bay) which have long been subject to traditional uses 

and one area (Fagetele Bay) which has been relatively undisturbed by human usage. All of these 

locations have had previous studies conducted that allow some degree of comparison of present 

with past environmental conditions and the composition of their biotic communities. The focus 

and purpose of the present study was to evaluate the biota for the presence and impact of 

anthropogenically introduced marine species. 

Transport of introduced marine species among world ports has occurred with increasing 

frequency in the last 25 years, and introductions have sometimes produced substantial changes 

in the marine ecosystems and fisheries economies of receptor areas (Ruiz et al. 1997, Ruiz and 

Fofonoff 2000, Bax et al. 2001). Pago Pago Harbor is one of the major harbors in the central 

South Pacific and potentially represents a regional center where marine species introductions 

may enter and spread. Studies completed in Hawai‘i (Coles et al. 1997, 1999a, 1999b) have 

shown that harbors on O‘ahu have been a major recipient of introduced marine species and that 

new species continue to arrive. A total of 25 recently introduced marine and 15 new cryptogenic 

species have been found in O‘ahu ’s commercial and military ports and introduced species have 

2

een found to compose 17-23% of the ports’ total species. A similar level (19%) of composition 

of the total biota was found in the semi-enclosed waters of Kan‘eohe Bay, O‘ahu (Coles et al. 

2002a), although studies on more open reef environments through have found much lower levels 

of introduced species throughout the Hawaiian Islands (Coles et al. 1998, DeFelice et al. 1998, 

DeFelice et al. 2002, Coles et al. 2002b), Johnston Atoll (Coles et al. 2001), and Guam (Paulay et 

al. 2002). 

The high level of usage of Pago Pago Harbor docking facilities for cargo and tuna fish offloading 

and cleaning of vessel hulls at the dry-dock facility has provided ample opportunity for 

introduction of nonindigenous species into the harbor’s marine environment. American Samoans 

are highly dependent on their marine resources for subsistence and cultural identity, and they 

would be greatly impacted by degradation of those resources. Despite the potential importance 

of disruption by introduced marine species of the ecology and economies of American Samoa, 

nothing has been known about the degree to which such introductions have occurred, whether 

they have affected the biota of the harbor, or if they have spread to other areas on Tutuila. In 

order to evaluate these potential impacts of nonindigenous species on the marine communities of 

Tutuila, the present study was conducted. 

3

II. METHODS 

A. Literature Search 

A variety of sources of information on the environmental conditions and biological communities of 

Pago Pago Harbor, Fagetele Bay, Vatia Bay, and Fagasa Bay were examined. Literature 

consulted included published papers in the open scientific literature, taxonomy-based 

monographs, and unpublished reports for environmental studies. Resources that were consulted 

in this search were the libraries of Bishop Museum, the University of Hawai‘i, Manoa, AECOS 

Inc., and a bibliographic list available from the American Samoa Department of Marine and 

Wildlife Resources (DMWR). 

B. Bishop Museum Collections 

Bishop Museum collections databases for algae, invertebrates, and ichthyology were reviewed for 

all marine organisms that been collected from Pago Pago Harbor, Fagetele Bay, Vatia Bay, and 

Fagasa Bay. The retrieved data were assembled into a combined database for containing taxa 

identity, taxonomic authority, collection location and date, collector and collectors notes, when 

available. 

C. Field Surveys 

Samples were collected from six sites in Pago Pago Harbor, two sites in Fagetele Bay, and one 

site each in Vatia and Fagasa Bays (Figure 1) using methods previously employed on 

nonindigenous species surveys in the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Sampling station 

locations, dates, coordinates and depths are summarized in Table 1. 

Collections and observations were made by a team of four experienced investigators while 

snorkeling or using scuba at each station and sampling as many micro-habitats as possible on 

the forereef at reef sites. Working from shore and using snorkel, the phycologist (PAS) recorded 

algal taxa observed in the intertidal and subtidal zones and collected specimens for later 

identification. One scuba diver (VB) recorded the identities of abundant invertebrate and 

macrofauna and fishes swimming in the area and did some sampling of organisms, while the 

second (PAR) focused on collecting of invertebrates and macroalgae from hard surfaces and 

coral rubble. Macro-organisms were collected by hand, hard surfaces were scraped with a chisel, 

and coral rubble was placed in bags and transported back to a temporary laboratory at the 

DMWR for inspection and removal of cryptic organisms. A third diver (SLC) recorded general 

observations of the habitats and dominant organisms at each station, took underwater digital 

photographs of specimens and made additional collections of macrofauna that were added to the 

specimen collections. In addition to these more detailed samplings and observations on Tutuila, 

rapid assessments were made on the island of Ofu in two moats and on their reef crests offshore 

of the airstrip and the hurricane house. 

4

Figure 1. Tutuila station locations. 

W 

N 

S 

Fagatele Bay 

1 

# # 

E 

2 

10 

# 

Fagasa Bay 

Tutuilla 

5 

5 

# 

4 

# 

#9 

Vatia Bay 

# 

# 

Pago Pago Harbor 

3 

8 

7 

# 

6 

#

Table 1. Locations, dates, coordinates, and depths of stations sampled (PPH = Pago Pago 

Harbor). 

WGS84 UTM Depth 

Station Location Date °S Min °W Min Northing Easting (m) 

1 W. Fagatele Bay 14-Oct-02 14 21.96 170 45.85 525427 8411783 9-12 

2 E. Fagatele Bay 14-Oct-02 14 21.95 170 45.77 525571 8411801 21-24 

3 Utulei, PPH 13-Oct-02 14 17.02 170 40.67 543748 8420877 0.5-18 

4 Main Dock, PPH 15-Oct-02 14 16.59 170 41.26 533688 8421671 +0.5-8 

5 Dry Dock, PPH 15-Oct-02 14 16.32 170 41.54 533186 8422169 6-10 

6 Onesosopo, PPH 12 & 17Oct-02 14 17.18 170 39.89 536150 8420571 1.5-24 

7 Aua, PPH 17-Oct-02 14 16.71 170 40.17 535656 8421453 2-23 

8 Leloaloa, PPH 17-Oct-02 14 16.23 170 40.61 534857 8422343 2-22 

9 East Vatia Bay 16-Oct-02 14 14.79 170 40.10 535779 8424986 5-28 

10 Fagasa Bay 16-Oct-02 14 17.01 170 43.37 529900 8420894 4-21 

Specimens were pre-processed at the DMWR laboratory to reduce volume of material to be 

shipped. Algal specimens were processed as described in Appendix A and identified by PAS at 

the International Ocean Institute in Townsville, Australia. Invertebrate taxa requiring relaxation, 

i.e. hydroids, anemones, ophiuroids, holothurians, and ascidians were held in a solution of 

saturated magnesium sulfate in seawater for at least 12 hours, transferred to 5% formalin- 

seawater, and then into 70% isopropyl alcohol. The remaining organisms were preserved directly 

in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Coral rubble was broken into small pieces of ca. 5-20 cm dimension 

and treated in 5% formalin for 12 hours, the residue was washed though a 0.5 mm screen to 

remove small invertebrates, and these were transferred to 70% isopropyl for shipment to Bishop 

Museum in Honolulu. Upon arrival all invertebrate specimens were transferred to 70% ethyl 

alcohol for storage until sorting and identification. 

Invertebrate specimens were sorted under dissecting microscope magnification into major 

taxonomic groups and, where needed, sent to taxonomic experts for identification to species or 

the lowest practicable taxa (see Acknowledgments). Identified taxa on were compiled into 

spreadsheets and converted into a database for comparison with previous species reports for the 

sites and to evaluate the presence and impact of introduced marine species at each site. 

The Sorenson’s Index of percent similarity, based on presence-absence of species at station 

pairs, was used to measure the degree of association among stations. By this index, the more 

species two stations share relative to their total species complements, the greater their ecological 

similarity. Based on a matrix of Sorensen Index values, cluster analysis was used to arrange 

stations into groups or clusters. Intercluster distances were calculated using an unweighted pair 

group average method. In this analysis, similar stations will form clusters distinct from other 

stations. These clusters are arranged in a hierarchical, treelike structure called a dendrogram. 

Calculation of the similarity measures and cluster analysis were performed using the Multi-Variate 

Statistical Package, ver. 3.1 (Kovach 2002). 

6

IV. RESULTS 

A. Station Descriptions 

Collections and observations were made at 10 stations, comprised of two sites in inner Pago 

Pago Pago Harbor, four sites in the outer harbor, two sites in Fagatele Bay and one site each in 

Vatia and Fagasa Bays. Descriptions of the environment at each station are as follows: 

Station 1. West Fagatele Bay. 14-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 21.96'S, Longitude 170° 45.85'W). 

The bottom slopes at a steep 30° slope from shore to a sandy area at the base of the coral zone 

at 20-25 m, with a substratum of mostly cobble to boulder size coral rubble on hard limestone 

reef. The coral cover is about 20-50% with Acropora hyacinthus coral abundant with tables up to 

2 m diameter and vestiges of old tables and outcrops heavily covered with calcareous algae, 

suggesting that these were alive at time of a hurricane that occurred 12 years ago. Very few 

branching forms of Acropora or other species were present, indicating this area to be exposed to 

frequent high turbulence. 

Station 2. East Fagatele Bay. 14-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 21.95'S, Longitude 170° 45.77'W). 

The site is a rich coral area with high relief and channels littered with coral rubble and coarse 

sand. Coral is very abundant on ridges between channels and dominated by Pocillopora, 

Acropora and Montipora species with cover up to >60%. Most of the rubble in the narrow 

channels is cemented together by sponges and calcareous algae, and much was covered by a 

surface of encrusting corals (mainly Montipora spp.). Below 15 m, the reef sloped more steeply 

into a zone of predominately small/medium sized coral rubble (18-22 m) and flattened out into a 

sandy bottom at about 24 m. Water clarity was high and visibility was 20 m or more. A shallower 

area about 150 m offshore near the center of the bay in ca. 5-6 m depth has monospecific stands 

of Merulina and Echinopora that begin at 5-7 m depth and extend for about 20 m in at least two 

large channels and an area where disease lesions occurred on about 10-20% of the A. 

hyacinthus tables counted. 

Station 3 Pago Pago Harbor, Utulei. 13-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 17.02'S, Longitude 170° 40.67'W) 

The site is a reef in the vicinity of the Pago Pago sewage outfall pipeline that extends ca. 75 m 

from shore across the reef flat and down the reef slope at south end of Utulei Beach. The reef 

flat is ca. 0.5 m deep and with coarse sand pits 3-4 m deep stabilized by Caulerpa sp. algae and 

littered with rubble in pebble to cobble size ranges. Boulders of basalt rock that stabilize the 

sewer pipe are heavily covered with a small barnacle (Chthamalus sp.) near the shore. Towards 

the reef crest rubble increased in size, but was less abundant, and coral cover increased across 

this zone from

and caves and is mostly barren of coral cover, except large colonies of up to 2 m diameter of 

Diploastrea heliopora. The soft bottom slope had a fair amount of large/medium sized rubble. 

heavily encrusted on the bottom, with some coral on the top. Nonindigenous species noted and 

photographed were the hydroid Pennaria disticha and the polychaete Salmacina dysteri. 

Station 4. Pago Pago Harbor Main Dock 15-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 16.59'S, Longitude 170° 

41.26'W) 

Samples and observations were taken from the pilings and bottom from the east end of the main 

harbor docking area and around its corner to a smaller dock, ending at a rocky jetty and sheet 

piling near the DMWR offices. The depth ranged 4 to 10 m, with a bottom of coarse sand with a 

thin muddy surface and abundant trash and metal scrap providing hard surfaces for organism 

settlement. Samples were taken from dock pilings that support abundant fouling, including some 

species recognized in as nonindigenous in Hawai‘i, i.e. Pennaria disticha, Schizoporella cf. errata, 

and Mycale sp. The echinoderms Diadema setosum and Echinothrix diadema were abundant in 

shallow area along the second dock, and oysters were abundant in shallow subtidal on sheet 

piling and rocky jetty. The water was very turbid and visibility only ca. 3-4 m. 

Station 5. Pago Pago Harbor Dry-Dock 15-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 16.32'S, Longitude 170° 41.54'W) 

This site is near the head of harbor on its north side along the edge of a seawall next to the 

Ronald Reagan Shipyard and west of the tuna canneries. The bottom is steeply sloped and 

covered by coarse sand and muddy silt, barren of any macrobiota except where occurring on 

intermittent trash consisting of old tires, ropes, fiberglass and metal scrap which provide surfaces 

for fouling of sponges, bryozoans, and tunicates . Visibility was very low (1-2 m) in the surface 

layer due to runoff from recent rainfall, but visibility increased somewhat to 5-6 m near the 

bottom. 

Station 6. Pago Pago Harbor, Onesosopo, 12 & 17-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 17.18'S, Longitude 170° 

39.89'W) 

A narrow (ca. 150 m) fringing reef with high coverage of Acropora and mixed coral species that 

drops steeply to a mixed sand/coral rubble bottom at ca. 25 m. The reef flat consists of a shallow 

1-2 m sandy moat area with ca. 5-20% coral cover and few narrow, shallow grooves directed 

towards the reef front and a channel area. These grooves are lined with small to medium sized 

rubble well encrusted with sponges and tunicates. Thickets of staghorn Acropora from 10 to 30 m 

wide and 20-30% cover occur at 1-2 m depth along an offshore moat area 10-30 wide. 

Approaching the outer fringing reef crest is a shallow zone of mixed rubble, some of which was 

heavily encrusted with calcareous algae and/or coral with

pebble/cobble rubble heavily encrusted on the bottom side and occasional hard corals on the top. 

Coral cover on the deeper slope was patchy and

Station 10. Fagasa Bay 16-Oct-02 (Latitude 14° 17.01'S, Longitude 170° 43.37'W) 

The site drops steeply from a ca. 2 m deep reef flat on the east side of the bay to ca. 18 m depth 

at the reef base, with pronounced spur and groove development forming projecting ridges that 

merge into a coarse sandy bottom with pebble to cobble sized rubble. Coral cover on reef slope 

was ca. 50% and diverse in species, with abundant Halimeda. Porites rus was common at the 

bottom of the reef slope, which has numerous ledges and overhangs. Shallow areas of the reef 

appear to have been sediment stressed and were largely algal covered, with lots of Echinometra 

burrows. Porites lutea was the dominant coral and total coral coverage was only ca. 10%. 

B. Previous Species Reports 

Review of the available published and unpublished literature for Pago Pago Harbor and Fagetele, 

Vatia, and Fagasa Bays found previous species reports for marine algae, seagrasses, 

invertebrates, fishes, and turtles in 15 papers and reports, from studies conducted from 1917 to 

2002 (Table 2). The Bishop Museum collections contain algae, invertebrates and fishes collected 

from these four areas between 1900 and 1984. 

Table 2. References containing previous reports for the locations in the present study. Citation 

numbers for references are used in Table 3. 

Citation Reference Pago Harbor Fagatele Bay Vatia Bay Fagasa Bay 

1 Mayor (1924a) 1917 

2 Cary (1931) 1917 

3 Setchell (1924) 1920 1920 1920 

4 Dahl & Lamberts (1977) 1973 1973 1973 

5 Dames & Moore (1974) 1974 

6 Randall & Devaney (1974) 1974 

7 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979 1979 1979 1979 

(1980) 

8 Birkeland et al. (1987) 1985 1985 1985 

9 Sea Engineering /Wass (1986) 1979 & 1985 

10 Sea Engineering /AECOS (1991) 1990 

11 AECOS Inc. (1991) 1990 

12 Maragos et al. (1994) 1991-92 1991-92 1991-92 1991-92 

13 Green et al. (1997) 1995 

14 Green et al. (1999) 1985-95 

15 Work & Raymeyer (2002) 2002 2002 2002 

16 BPBM Collections 1900-83 1973-84 1964-74 1930-80 

Details for these collection and observation records are shown in Table 3, and lists of all taxa 

previously reported in these areas are in Appendix B. Information is available from 14 of the 16 

sources for Pago Pago Harbor, with eight sources available for Fagatele Bay, five for Vatia Bay 

and six for Fagasa Bay. A total of 562 taxa were previously reported for Pago Pago Harbor, while 

reported taxa for the remaining locations ranged from 160 in Vatia Bay to 631 in Fagatele Bay. 

For all of the four locations reef corals and fish comprised most of the identified taxa, 

10

Table 3. Numbers of taxa in major groups and total biota reported for Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay, Vatia Bay, and Fagasa Bay by previous 

studies. Citation numbers refer to references given in Table 2. 

Citation 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All Studies 

Pago Pago Harbor 

Algae 71 6 4 6 10 5 93 

Coral 19 16 44 34 42 25 29 19 22 6 2 129 

Non-coral Invertebrates 3 4 3 3 22 5 29 21 2 3 16 71 

Fishes 124 50 114 1 6 82 268 

Turtle 1 1 

Total Taxa 22 4 71 19 171 113 51 174 61 6 19 24 9 105 562 

Fagetele Bay 

Algae 22 2 39 55 

Coral 8 96 47 122 3 151 

Non-coral Invertebrates 3 132 2 4 125 

Fishes 13 208 245 30 299 

Turtle 1 1 

Total Taxa 22 27 475 49 371 3 30 631 

Vatia Bay 

Algae 5 4 10 18 

Seagrass 1 1 1 

Coral 15 9 61 2 71 

Non-coral Invertebrates 6 5 2 6 15 

Fishes 44 43 55 

Total Taxa 71 62 63 29 160 

Fagasa Bay 

Algae 3 4 20 4 30 

Coral 13 81 30 1 101 

Non-coral Invertebrates 3 35 67 45 

Fishes 18 47 60 

Total Taxa 3 38 136 30 58 236 

11

anging from 68% of the total at Vatia Bay to 79% at Fagasa Bay, demonstrating the emphasis on 

reef coral and fish studies that has been the case for most of the previous investigations, except 

for the early study by Setchell (1924), who conducted the first surveys of marine algae in 

American Samoa. The only previous study that identified substantial numbers of non-coral 

invertebrates was that of Birkeland et al. (1987), which reported 132 taxa in Pago Pago Harbor, 

Fagatele, or Fagasa Bays, most of them mollusks. 

C. Present Survey 

A total of 1256 taxa of algae, invertebrates and fishes were identified for the ten sites sampled in 

the present study, with 847 of these identified to species. All of the organisms observed or 

collected in this study are listed, along with those from previous reports, in Appendix B and their 

occurrences by station are shown in Appendix C. In addition observations of corals and fishes 

observed in the two moats reef crests on Ofu Island are listed in Appendix D. Distributions of the 

major taxonomic groups are shown in Table 4. Total taxa reported at each station ranged from a 

low of 102 at Station 5 (Dry Dock) to a high of 564 at Station 6 (Onesosopo), both in Pago Pago 

Harbor. Of the total 847 species identified for the present study 433 were new reports and 

included the first sponge, polychaete, bryozoan or ascidian species that have been identified for 

these sites, and 87 crustacean species were new reports while only 8 species had been 

previously reported for this group. By comparison 52% of algae species, 52% of reef corals and 

65% of reef fishes listed in Appendix B had previously reported, indicating the focus of previous 

studies on these major groups. 

The taxa listed in Appendices B and C are a complete listing of all organisms identified for the ten 

sites surveyed. However, sampling at two stations Utulei (Station 3) and Onesosopo (Station 6) 

included surveys of invertebrates and fishes of the reef flat environment that were not conducted 

at the other stations, and the reef slope of Onesosopo was surveyed twice, once by snorkel on 12 

October and once using scuba on 17 October. In order to facilitate valid comparisons of the 

results among the ten stations, organisms from the reef flats at these stations were omitted, and 

only data from the 17 October sampling was used for Onesosopo. This resulted in reductions of 

total taxa by about 100 for each of these two stations from the values shown in Table 4. 

The dendrograph of Sorensen coefficient percent similarities (Figure 2) indicates a major break at 

about 20% similarity between a cluster composed from the inner harbor Stations 4 and 5 and the 

other eight stations. The rest of the stations also clustered according to their locations within and 

outside the harbor. Stations 3 and 6, which are nearest the harbor entrance on its east and west 

sides, form one station pair with about 55% similarity, as do stations 7 and 8, which are further 

into the harbor and east of the dock areas. The remaining cluster is composed of the four 

stations that are in bays outside of the harbor. 

The distributions of numbers of taxa of algae, soft and hard corals, fish and non-coral 

invertebrates are shown in Figure 3 and total taxa in Figure 4, with the numbers of stations 6 and 

12

Table 4. Numbers of taxa for major taxonomic groups and total biota at sampling stations in 

present study. 

Station 

Taxa Total No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

Algae & Seagrass 147 47 47 56 8 1 34 35 14 31 42 

Porifera 43 11 3 7 8 1 13 8 12 5 14 

Hydrozoa 27 10 5 7 2 2 8 8 9 6 6 

Anthozoa 209 113 96 92 5 4 123 66 70 132 99 

Polychaetes & Worms 78 16 15 12 21 15 26 16 13 25 12 

Mollusca 296 49 68 108 42 18 123 72 38 45 50 

Copepoda and Cirripedia 13 1 3 1 5 3 8 4 0 1 0 

Pericarida 53 20 20 2 14 10 23 14 15 9 10 

Decapoda and Stomatopoda 76 6 21 21 19 7 24 23 12 13 14 

Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda 26 9 3 5 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 

Echinodermata 60 14 22 30 3 7 27 17 16 14 23 

Ascidacea 13 0 0 1 4 5 7 3 2 3 4 

Fishes 215 152 128 139 43 28 147 110 113 161 129 

Total 1256 448 431 481 185 102 564 376 314 445 403 

4 20 36 52 68 84 100 

Figure 2. Dendrograph of Sorensen’s coefficient percent similarities among station biota for 

present study. 

Percent Similarity 

13 

5 

4 

8 

7 

6 

3 

10 

9 

2 

1 

Inner 

Harbor 

Outer 

Harbor 

Non- 

Harbor

Figure 3. Distributions of numbers of taxa of algae, reef corals and non-coral invertebrates. 

Number of Taxa 

Number of Taxa 

500 

450 

400 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

Figure 4. Distributions of numbers of total taxa and NIS (nonindigenous + cryptogenic species) 

among stations. 

0 

1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9 10 

14 

Station 

Algae Corals 

Fish Non-Coral Inverts 

1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 9 10 

Station 

Total Taxa NIS % NIS 

10.0% 

9.0% 

8.0% 

7.0% 

6.0% 

5.0% 

4.0% 

3.0% 

2.0% 

1.0% 

0.0% 

Percent NIS

8 transposed on the graphs to correspond to their location in Pago Pago Harbor. All of these 

groups showed decreasing occurrence with proximity to the inner harbor, with their minimum 

numbers of taxa occurring at Stations 4 or 5. Interestingly, although maximum numbers of taxa 

for reef corals and fishes occurred in bays outside the harbor, numbers of non-coral taxa were 

greatest at Stations 6 and 7 in the outer harbor, resulting in numbers of total taxa at Station 6 

about equal to the maximum values in Fagetele and Vatia Bays, where the highest numbers of 

algae, coral and fish taxa occurred. This suggests that the relatively turbid and eutrophic 

conditions at these outer harbor sites near the entrance support biota that occur both on coral 

reefs and in harbors, but that the coral reef associated organisms decline with further movement 

into the harbor. This transition is quite rapid, since the Utulei Station 3, less than 2 km southwest 

of the main dock and drydock stations, had high numbers of algae, fishes and non-coral 

invertebrates, resulting in number of total taxa nearly as high or higher that at reef sites outside of 

the harbor. 

D. Nonindigenous and Cryptogenic Species 

As indicated for the previous reports summary in Table 3 and the list of organisms in Appendix B, 

most available information for the marine biota of American Samoa is limited to algae, reef corals 

and fishes, and little has been reported about non-coral invertebrates. This largely precludes an 

evaluation of introduction status based on new species occurrences, since the present study is 

the first to sample and analyze a full complement of organisms in Pago Pago Harbor or the four 

bays that were surveyed. Therefore, species were categorized as native, nonindigenous or 

cryptogenic (i.e. of uncertain origin but with indications of being introduced per Chapman and 

Carlton 1991) based upon studies and evaluations that have been made in Hawai‘i (Carlton and 

Eldredge In prep.), Guam (Paulay et al. 2002) or for port surveys in North Queensland, Australia 

(Hewitt et al. 1998, Hoedt et al. 2000, 2001), or were based on recognized geographic 

distributions of the species that may suggest an anthropomorphic introduction. We consider this 

to be a conservative approach that may overstate, rather than underestimate the likelihood of the 

species being assigned nonindigenous or cryptogenic status. Nonindigenous and cryptogenic 

species are hereinafter referred to collectively as NIS. 

Using these criteria, a total of 28 species occurred on these surveys that may be considered 

nonindigenous or cryptogenic in American Samoa (Table 5) representing a total of 2.2% of the 

total taxa identified. These consist of two algae, one sponge, six hydroids, one polychaete, two 

barnacles, four amphipods, one isopod, two bivalves, six bryozoans, one ophiuroid and two 

tunicates. In addition, one amphipod (Leucothoe micronesiae Barnard) and one crab (Panopeus 

pacificus Edmondson) were found that are considered introduced in Hawai‘i but not in Samoa, 

based on their geographic distributions (R. C. DeFelice, pers. comm.). A single dead shell of 

Trochus niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 was found at Onesosopo. T. niloticus was transported from Fiji 

to American Samoa in 1958, but no specimens had been observed as of April 1992 on several 

invertebrate surveys (Eldredge 1994). The two algae Caulerpa serrulata (Forsskål) 

15

Table 5. Nonindigenous and cryptogenic marine species collected or observed on Tutuila surveys, October, 2002. 

Station 

Taxa Family Genus Species Authority Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

CHLOROPHYTA CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa serrulata (Forsskål) J. Agardh Cryptogenic x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA HALYMENIACEAE Halymenia durvillei Bory de Saint Vincent Cryptogenic x x x 

PORIFERA MYCALIDAE Mycale sp. Cryptogenic x x 

HYDROZOA PLUMULARIIDAE Plumularia strictocarpa Pictect, 1893 Cryptogenic x x x 

HYDROZOA SERTULARIIDAE Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824 Cryptogenic x x 

HYDROZOA SERTULARIIDAE Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885) Cryptogenic x 

HYDROZOA SERTULARIIDAE Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper, 1793) Cryptogenic x 

HYDROZOA CLAVIDAE Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, 1856 Introduced x 

HYDROZOA HALOCORDYLIDAE Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) Introduced x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855) Introduced x x x 

CIRRIPEDIA BALANIDAE Balanus amphitrite Darwin 1854 Introduced x x x 

CIRRIPEDIA BALANIDAE Balanus reticulatus Utinomi, 1967 Introduced x 

AMPHIPODA AORIDAE Bemlos virgus Myers, 1985 Cryptogenic x 

AMPHIPODA COROPHIIDAE Corophium ?insidiosum Crawford, 1937 Introduced x 

AMPHIPODA COROPHIIDAE Ericthonius brasiliensis (Dana, 1853) Introduced x 

AMPHIPODA STENOTHOIDAE Stenothoe valida Dana, 1853 Cryptogenic x x x 

ISOPODA LIGIIDAE Ligia exotica Roux, 1828 Introduced x 

BIVALVIA ANOMIIDAE Anomia nobilis Reeve, 1859 Introduced x 

BIVALVIA CHAMIDAE Chama pacifica Broderip, 1834 Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA BUGULIDAE Bugula dentata (Lamauroux, 1816) Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA BUGULIDAE Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA ARACHNOPUSIIDAE Poricella robusta Hincks, 1884 Cryptogenic x 

ECTOPROCTA SAVIGNYELLIDAE Savignyella lafontii (Audouin, 1826) Introduced x x x 

ECTOPROCTA SCHIZOPORELLIDAE Schizoporella cf. errata (Waters, 1878) Introduced x x 

ECTOPROCTA WATERSIPORIDAE Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1842) Introduced x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 

1842) 

Cryptogenic x x x x x x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Styela canopus (Savigny 1816) Introduced x x x 

ASCIDIACEA ASCIDIIDAE Phallusia (Ascidia) nigra Savigny, 1816 Introduced x 

Total NIS 3 4 8 17 5 7 6 3 1 3 

16 

Total Taxa 449 431 380 185 102 440 376 314 445 403 

% NIS 0.7 0.9 2.1 9.7 4.9 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.7

J. Agardh and Halymenia durvillei Bory de Saint Vincent are tentatively considered cryptogenic 

based upon their occurrence in Apia Harbor in Western Samoa (PAS, Appendix A). 

Most of the invertebrates listed in Table 5 are common in harbors in Hawai’i and many are widely 

distributed around the world. The hydroid Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss) (Plates C and D) is widely 

distributed worldwide, occurs in harbors and some bays throughout the main Hawaiian Islands 

and was reported in Guam (Paulay et al. 2002). Pennaria disticha and the barnacle Balanus 

reticulatus Utinomi were the only introduced invertebrates found at French Frigate Shoals in the 

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (DeFelice et al. 2002). Pennaria. disticha was also the most 

frequently found introduction in the present study, observed or collected at all of the harbor 

stations except at Aua, and was abundant at the main dock (Plate C). The barnacle Balanus 

amphitrite Darwin is also widely distributed around the world and was the only introduced species 

in the present study that was reported in surveys at four North Queensland ports (Hewitt et al. 

1998, Hoedt et al. 2000, 2001). Conspicuously not found in American Samoa was the introduced 

bryozoan Amathia distans Busk, which is a dominant fouling organism in harbors in the main 

Hawaiian Islands and occurred both in Guam and on all of the North Queensland port surveys. 

Of the remaining nonindigenous and cryptogenic species found in the present study, six of these 

were found on a three surveys on Guam that identified 85 introduced or cryptogenic taxa among 

a total of 2828 taxa (Paulay et al. 2002). These are the sponge Mycale sp. (Plate A), the 

hydroids Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper) (Plate B) and Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, the 

polychaete Salmacina dysteri (Huxley) (Plate E), the bivalve Anomia nobilis Reeveand the 

ophiuroid Ophiactis savignyi (Müller and Troschel). The latter species is considered cryptogenic 

in Guam based on its distribution outside of the Indo-West Pacific and frequent association with 

artificial substrata, and has been demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA analysis to have been 

widely dispersed between the Pacific and western Atlantic Oceans (Roy and Sponer 2002). This 

species has not yet been given introduced status in Hawai‘i (Carlton and Eldredge In prep.), 

although it is abundant in the fouling fauna in O‘ahu harbors (Coles et al. 1997, 1999a, Coles et 

al. 2002b). Interestingly, it did not occur at the two dock sites in the present study but rather on 

reef sites in the harbor and in Vatia and Fagasa bays. 

The nonindigenous and cryptogenic invertebrates found in this study (Table 5) occur in harbors 

throughout the main Hawaiian Islands and many are often prominent and easily observed 

components of the fouling communities on pier pilings and other artificial surfaces in Hawaiian 

harbors. With the exception the hydroids Plumularia strictocarpa Pictect 1893 and Dynomena 

crisoides Lamouroux, the polychaete Salmacina dysteri, the bryozoan Savignyella lafonti 

(Audouin) and the ophiuroid Ophiactis savignyi, all were found only in Pago Pago Harbor, none 

were abundant on coral reefs in or outside the harbor and none were observed in the moats on 

Ofu. Both in terms of numbers of taxa and their percentage component of the total taxa 

identified, NIS increase with penetration into the inner harbor and proximity to the dock area 

stations, ranging from 1-4 species and 0.4 to 0.9% on reefs outside the harbor to 3-8 species and 

1.0 to 2.1% on coral reefs within the harbor to 5-17 species and 4.9 to 9.7% at the inner harbor 

dock stations (Table 5, Figure 4). This pattern is approximately the reverse of the one shown for 

17

distributions of total taxa at the stations (Tables 4 and 5, Figure 4), indicating that introduced 

species are primarily confined to the inner areas of Pago Harbor and show little propensity for 

movement onto the more biologically diverse coral reefs, even on areas only a few kilometers 

away from the docks within the inner harbor such as Aua, where only three NIS were detected. 

Even where intermediate levels of NIS occur within the harbor such as at Station 3 at Utulei, 

these were a relatively minor component of the total biotic community identified. None of the NIS 

appear to be invasive, i.e. propagating to a degree where they are in competition with local 

endemic or indigenous species or spreading beyond a limited distribution concentrated in the 

dock areas of inner Pago Pago Harbor. 

V. DISCUSSION 

The results of this study present a clear pattern of decreasing numbers of introduced and 

cryptogenic species with distance from the dock areas in Pago Pago Harbor, and even less 

presence and impact of marine introductions on coral reefs outside of the harbor. This minimal 

influence of NIS in the harbor is somewhat surprising, given the historical opportunity for 

introduction and proliferation of NIS from ocean-going vessels and the variety of environmental 

disturbances that have occurred there, especially in the inner harbor. Comparing the incidence of 

NIS within Pago Pago Harbor with harbors in Hawai‘i (Table 6), even the Pago Pago Harbor dock 

sites which showed the highest levels of introductions have far fewer numbers of NIS taxa with 

much lower percentages of the total biota than have been reported from Pearl Harbor, Honolulu 

Harbor and other harbors surveyed on the island of O‘ahu. Total NIS for each of the seven 

harbor areas on O‘ahu have ranged 36-95 species and 15-38% of the total identified taxa, 

compared to the maximum of 17 NIS and 9.7% of the total biota identified at the Pago Pago 

Harbor main dock. Overall, NIS abundance in Pago Pago Harbor is still less than, but more 

closely resembles, Apra Harbor in Guam, where a total of 46 NIS sponges, echinoderms and 

ascidians comprised about 7% of the total identified invertebrate biota (Table 6). Apra Harbor is 

similar to Pago Pago in being relatively open to the ocean and supporting coral reefs in a truly 

tropical setting, unlike the semi-enclosed harbors of O‘ahu that are in a subtropical environment. 

All of these harbors show substantially higher numbers of NIS than have been found in the four 

North Queensland Ports along the Australian coast where only 4-11 NIS have been determined in 

any survey, for a NIS component of only 0.8-2.3% of the total identified taxa. This is despite the 

fact that these Australian ports are largely used for bulk cargo shipping, which means that very 

large quantities of ballast water are released from bulk carriers when taking on their cargo loads. 

The minimal presence of NIS on coral reefs both within Pago Pago Harbor and in bays outside of 

the harbor is encouraging and reflects a similar pattern found on most surveys in coral reef areas 

the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll (Table 7), although NIS values are again higher on some 

Hawaiian reefs than in American Samoa. The highest NIS values in Hawai‘i occurred in 

Kane‘ohe Bay and Waikiki, where the NIS components were of 19% and 7% respectively 

approaching or exceeding those occurring in some O‘ahu harbors, despite the high diversity of 

18

Table 6. Summary of numbers of taxa for nonindigenous (N) and cryptogenic (C) species, total 

taxa and % of total that were NIS for harbors and ports on O‘ahu, Guam, and North 

Queensland, Australia. 

Location N C 

Hawai‘i, O‘ahu 

Total 

NIS 

19 

Total 

Taxa 

% 

NIS Source 

Pearl Harbor 69 26 95 419 23 Coles et al. 1997, 1999a 

Honolulu Harbor 51 22 73 487 15 Coles et al. 1999b 

Keehi Lagoon 38 14 52 158 33 " " " " 

Ala Wai Yacht Harbor 48 9 57 204 28 " " " " 

Kewalo Basin 40 8 48 178 27 " " " " 

Barber’s Point Deep 

Draft Harbor 33 12 45 150 30 " " " " 

Kuapa Pond, Hawai‘i Kai 32 4 36 96 38 Coles et al. 2002c 

Guam 

Apra Harbor 27 29 46 682 6.7 (Paulay et al. unpub. ms.) 

Australia, North Queensland 

Hay Point Port 8 2 10 506 2.0 Hewitt et al. 1998 

Mourilyn Harbor 2 2 4 401 1.0 Hoedt et al. 2000 

Abbot Point Port 0 5 5 593 0.8 Hoedt et al. 2001 

Lucinda Port 2 9 11 480 2.3 

Table 7. Summary of numbers of taxa for nonindigenous (N) and cryptogenic (C) species, total 

taxa and % of total that were NIS for coral reefs in the main and Northwest Hawaiian 

Islands, Johnston Atoll, and Guam 

Location N C 

Hawai‘i 

Total 

NIS 

Total 

Taxa 

% 

NIS Source 

Kane‘ohe Bay 82 34 116 617 19 Coles et al. 2002a 

Waikiki 19 33 52 749 6.9 Coles et al. 2002b 

Maunalua Bay 6 2 8 205 3.9 " " " " 

Kaho‘olawe Island 3 0 3 298 1.0 Coles et al. 1998 

Kaua‘i, eight sites 2 9 11 235 4.4 Coles et al. in. prep. 

Moloka‘i, eight sites 1 5 6 196 3.1 " " " " " 

Maui, nine sites 2 9 11 274 4.0 " " " " " 

Midway Atoll 4 0 4 444 1.5 DeFelice et al. 1998 

French Frigate Shoals 2 0 2 617 0.3 DeFelice et al. 2002 

Johnston Atoll 5 5 10 668 1.5 Coles et al. 2001 

Guam, island wide 41 44 85 2878 2.7 Paulay et al. 2002

the total biota in these two embayments. Although they do support corals and coral reefs, both 

Kane‘ohe Bay and Waikiki are highly disturbed environments with histories of marine species 

introductions and plentiful artificial surfaces, and Kane‘ohe Bay especially has many harbor 

characteristics such as low flushing rates, relatively high organic, nutrient, and turbidity content, 

and non-reef biotopes that may support a variety of introduced organisms. More typical coral reef 

environments supporting coral dominated biota occurred at Kaho‘olawe, Midway, French Frigate 

Shoals and Johnston Atoll, where NIS were only a minor (0.3-1.5%) component of the total biota. 

All of these reef areas are remote from large harbors and therefore presumably relatively isolated 

from major sources of marine introductions. Proximity to harbors or docking areas has been 

indicated to be a major contributing factor in the occurrence of NIS on coral reefs determined on 

rapid assessment surveys underway in the main Hawaiian Islands (Coles et al. in prep). The 

overall values of 3-4% NIS shown in Table 7 for surveys completed on Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i and Maui 

are averages of values which ranged from as high as 8-9% on small reefs in the vicinity of 

Nawiliwili and Port Allen harbors on Kaua‘i to zero on remote reefs on Moloka‘i and Maui, with 

most reefs that are distant from harbors showing NIS percentages of 1-3%, similar to the values 

found for American Samoa reefs (Table 5) or around the island of Guam (Table 7). 

VI. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS 

The results of this survey indicate that introduced marine species are a minor component of the 

total biota of Pago Pago Harbor and an even less frequent and smaller percentage of the total 

biota in coral reef areas both in and outside of the harbor. Nonindigenous and cryptogenic 

species are mostly confined to the docking areas of the innermost harbor, where they are fewer in 

number and a smaller component of the total identified taxa than has been determined for 

harbors in Hawai‘i. None of the 28 nonindigenous or cryptogenic species found in this study have 

been reported to be invasive in other areas where they have been reported, and no native 

species appear to be threatened by these introductions. Therefore, no intervention or mitigation 

measures are apparently necessary or advisable at this time. However, managers should 

maintain vigilance concerning the prospect of new introductions or the possibility that cryptic 

introduced species already present in American Samoa may be favored by temporary 

environmental conditions that promote their irreversible proliferation. Observations in Hawai‘i 

have indicated that it may require 10-20 years for an introduced organism to propagate to the 

point that it is considered invasive, such has occurred for the algae Gracilaria salicornia (Smith et 

al. 2002), the octocoral Carijoa riisei (Coles and Eldredge 2002a), and the barnacle Chthamalus 

proteus (Southward et al. 1998). Periodic rapid assessments and monitoring by trained 

observers should be undertaken to assure that introductions have not occurred or proliferated, in 

order to be able implement control measures in the early stages of the introduced organism’s 

growth and spread. As indicated in the successful intervention against the bivalve mussel 

Mytilopsis sallei (Récluz) in Darwin, Australia harbors (Willan et al. 2000, Bax et al. 2002) 

eradication of an invasive introduced species is likely to be possible only if the introduction is 

caught in its early stages, thus requiring periodic evaluation of existing conditions. Wherever 

possible, inspections of barges and other slow moving craft which is moving from Pago Pago 

Harbor to other areas in American Samoa should also be undertaken to limit the spread of 

20

organisms already established in the harbor. These preventative measures are the most feasible 

procedures to implement for maintaining the present low levels of introduced marine species in 

the harbors and on the coral reefs of American Samoa. 

21

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in Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, American Samoa. Pac. Sci. 53:376-400. 

Hewitt, C. L., M. L. Campbell, K. M. Moore, N. B. Murfet, and B. Robertson. 1998. Introduced 

species survey. Port of Hay Point, Queensland. Unpublished Report, CSIRO Centre for 

Research on Introduced Marine Pests to Ports Corporation of Queensland, Brisbane. 

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Queensland ports. Review of candidate risk biota. Stage 4 Report, Ports Corp of 

Queensland, Brisbane. 

Hoedt, F. E., J. H. Choat, J. Collins, and J. J. Cruz. 2000. Mourilyan Harbour and Abbot Point 

surveys: port marine baseline surveys and surveys for introduced marine pests. School of 

Marine Sciences and Aquaculture, James Cook University to Ports Corporation of 

Queensland, Brisbane. 

Hoedt, F. E., J. H. Choat, J. Collins, and J. J. Cruz. 2001. Port of Lucinda surveys: port marine 

baseline surveys and surveys for introduced marine pests. School of Marine Sciences 

and Aquaculture, James Cook University to Ports Corporation of Queensland, Brisbane. 

Kovach, W. I. 2002. MSVP Plus - A multivariate statistical package for IBM-PCs, version 3.1. 

Kovach Computing Services, Pentraeth, Wales, U.K. 

23

Maragos, J. E., C. L. Hunter, and K. Z. Meier. 1994. Reefs and corals observed during the 1991- 

1992 American Samoa coastal resources inventory. Prepared for the American Samoa 

Department of Marine & Wildlife Resources. 

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Pap. Dept. Mar. Biol. 19:1-2 5. 

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coral reef ecosystem: a case study from Guam. Pac. Sci. 56:403-421. 

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biodiversity of Apra Harbor: significant areas and introduced species, with focus on 

sponges echinoderms and ascidians. Cooperative agreement N68711-97-LT-70001, 

Naval Activities Guam, Agana, Guam. 

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inventory of selected coastal sites at American Samoa. B. P. Bishop Museum, Dept. 

Zoology. Prep. for Corps of Engineers, Pacific Branch, Honolulu. 

Roy, M. S. and Sponer, R. 2002. Evidence of a human-mediated invasion of the tropical western 

Atlantic by the ‘world’s most common brittlestar’. Proc. R. Soc. B 269:1017-1023. 

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estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: mechanisms, extent and consequences. 

Am. Zool 31:621-632. 

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apparent patterns, processes, and biases. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31:481-531. 

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for Bartlett, Harris and Assoc., Inc, Honolulu. 

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outfall improvement design and assessment, Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa. Prep. 

for Van Camp Seafood Inc., Honolulu. 

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. Dep. of Mar. Biol. 341:15-184. 

Smith, J. E., C. M. Hunter, and C. M. Smith. 2002. Distribution and reproductive characteristics of 

nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. Pac. Sci. 53:299-315. 

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and W. A. Newman. 1998. Invasion of Hawaiian inner shores by an Atlantic barnacle. 

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 165:119-126. 

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Part B - Atlas. Contract No. DACW84-79-C-0022, Development Planning Office, 

American Samoa Government, Honolulu. 

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(Récluz, 1849) (Bivalvia: Dressenidae) in Australia. Molluscan Res. 20:25-30. 

24

Work, T., M., and R. A. Raymeyer. 2002. American Samoa reef health survey. Agreement No. 

1220000N004, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu. 

25

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This study was conducted with the financial support of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

(USFWS), the Fagetele Bay National Marine Sanctuary (FBNMS) The National Park of American 

Samoa (NPAS) and the American Samoa Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources 

(DMWR). Special thanks to Chris Swenson of USFWS, Nancy Daschbach of FBNMS, Peter 

Craig of NPAS, Larry Basch of the U. S. National Park Service and Will White of DMWR for 

funding and logistical support. Jack Fisher, Regie Kawamoto and Arnold Suzumoto provided 

assistance in querying the Bishop Museum marine algae, mollusk and fish collections database 

for previous American Samoa reports. The Bishop Museum Library, University of Hawaii 

Hamilton Library, and AECOS Inc., provided access to unpublished reports and other valuable 

information from their respective libraries. 

Taxonomic expertise for identifying organisms was provided by the following individuals, and their 

generous efforts and contributions to this project are gratefully acknowledged. 

Porifera, Amphipoda and Brachyura: Mr. Ralph DeFelice, Los Angeles County Museum 

Hydrozoans: Dr. Dale Calder, Royal Ontario Museum 

Zoantharians: Dr. Daphne Fautin and Ms. Meg Daly, University of Kansas 

Molluscs: Dr. Gustav Paulay, Florida Museum of Natural History 

Polychaetes: Dr. Pat Hutchings, The Austalian Museum, Sydney 

Cirripedia: Dr. Alan Southward, Marine Biological Association, U. K. 

Ostracods: Dr. Louis Kornicker, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 

Isopods: Dr. Brian Kensley, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 

Pycnogonids: Dr. C. Allan Child, U.S. National Museum of Natural History 

Bryozoa: Ms. Chela Zabin, Department of Zoology, University of Hawai‘i 

Opihuroids: Dr. Gordon Hendler. Los Angeles County Museum 

Crinoidea: Dr. Charles Messing, Nova Southeastern University 

Ascidians: Mr. Scott Godwin, Bishop Museum 

26

PLATES 

27

A. Mycale sp. Sponge , Station 4, Main Dock 

C. Pennaria disticha hydroid, Station 4 Main 

Dock 

E. Salmacina dysteri, Station 3, Utulei 

B. Thyroscyphus fruticosus hydroid, Station 4, 

D. Pennaria disticha hydroid, Station 3, Utulei 

F. Schizoporella cf. errata, Station 5, Dry Dock

APPENDIX A 

ALGAE SURVEY REPORT 

by 

Posa A. Skelton 

29

Skelton, P. A., Algae survey report 

Introduction 

Introduced Marine Species Survey in Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa. 

ALGAE SURVEY REPORT 

By 

Posa A. Skelton 

International Ocean Institute (Australia) 

PO Box 1539 

Townsville, QLD 4810 

AUSTRALIA 

This report was prepared for the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, as part of the introduced marine 

species survey in American Samoa conducted in October 2002. The report analyzes the results 

of algal surveys from ten sites on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to determine their status as 

invasive species. 

Algae are an important component of tropical reefs providing food for many organisms including 

humans, consolidating loose rubble, providing a niche for animals and plants, and complementing 

the array of colors that continues to entice visitors. They are also good environmental indicators 

especially when there is a change in the ecosystem such as increased nutrients or the absence 

of herbivores and grazers (Hatcher and Larkum 1983). One of the more serious threats to the 

marine environment is introduced invasive algae. 

Invasive algae have been documented in most oceans and seas. In the Mediterranean 

approximately 61 species are considered introduced, 28 in the Atlantic coast of Europe, 21 in 

New Zealand, and about 20 in Southern Australia (Ribera and Boudouresque 1995). Negative 

ecological impacts are known for some invasive algal species, for example Acanthophora 

spicifera, Avrainvillea amadelpha, Gracilaria salicornia and Hypnea musciformis in Hawai‘i (Smith 

et al. 2002), Undaria pinnatifida in New Zealand and Australia (Hay and Luckens 1987, Hay 1990, 

Sanderson 1990), Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides in North America (Carlton and Scanlon 

1985), Sargassum muticum in Canada and Europe (Critchley et al. 1990), and Caulerpa taxifolia 

in the Mediterranean and South Australia (Meinesz and Hesse 1991). In the tropical seas 

introduced algae are poorly documented, except for the Hawaiian Islands. This may in part be 

attributed to the lack of expertise in the Pacific Island countries to accurately identify species and 

the low priority accorded to introduced species in the past. The smothering and subsequent 

weakening of the reef structure at Kan‘eohe Bay, Hawai‘i by the introduced Kappaphycus 

striatum (Smith pers. comm.) is of a grave concern as this alga (and other related Kappaphycus 

species) has been introduced to most Pacific Islands for cultivation (Skelton 1998). 

30


The introduction of algae into a new place is either accidental, that is attached to ships hulls, 

equipment used in the aquatic environment, shells of cultured animals and ship’s ballast, or 

deliberate for animal feed or aquaculture purposes (agar and carrageenan extraction). 

American Samoa’s algal flora was first assessed by William Albert Setchell in the early 1920s 

(Setchell 1924), and 100 species were compiled. Setchell’s collections were limited to shallow 

intertidal areas, with a few subtidal specimens obtained by dredging. No other major algal work is 

known from American Samoa since Setchell, but the efforts of some sporadic and itinerant algal 

collectors passing through the islands have yielded some new additions to the flora of the islands. 

The recent publication of the South Pacific Reef Plants by Diane and Mark Littler (2003) 

illustrates 33 algal species from American Samoa. The Littlers’ algal collections are housed at the 

Smithsonian Institution, Washington. The last two phycologists that visited the islands are Drs 

Paul Gabrielson and Peter Vroom, their collections are yet to be curated. American Samoan 

algae are also noted from reef ecologists’ reports (Dahl 1971, Birkeland et al. 1987, Hunter et al. 

1993, Wilkins in Birkeland et al. 1995). Moreover, American Samoa algae were included in the 

algal checklist of the Samoan Archipelago by Skelton and South (1999), where 198 taxa were 

listed. The checklist is currently being updated as past collections housed at the Bishop Museum 

and the University of California at Berkley Herbarium are examined, together with continuing field 

surveys, adding new records as well as new species to the flora. A total of 318 species have so 

far been documented (Skelton unpubl. data) for the Archipelago. 

None of the past studies address the issue of introduced algal species. However, they provide an 

excellent foundation whereby determination of the status of algal introductions can begin. With 

continuing monitoring of the coral reef ecosystem coupled with the knowledge gleaned and 

accumulated from past studies, managers should be able to determine the best course of action 

to safeguard the integrity of the marine environment of American Samoa. This report provides the 

first assessment of introduced marine species for the Archipelago. 

Materials and Methods 

Surveys were carried out from 13-17 October 2002. Algae were collected by snorkeling or by 

using Scuba gear, wading or shore-collecting, often with the assistance of a diving knife. Smaller 

and fragile algae were collected together with the substratum they were growing on. 

All specimens were treated with 4-percent formalin (10% formaldehyde) in seawater solution, and 

soaked in plastic bags or plastic vials for two days, before draining and repacking them for 

shipment. 

Ten sites were surveyed (Table 1), although two smaller collections were made at Leone and 

Amalau. 

31


Table 1. Details of collection sites and dates. 

Station 

No. 

Depth 

(m) 

Date 

32 

GPS 

Collected Locale Lat. Long. 

1 3-24 14 Oct. 02 West Fagatele Bay 14 o 21.96' 170 o 45.85' 

2 5-26 14 Oct. 02 East Fagatele Bay 14 o 21.95' 170 o 45.77' 

3 +0.5-18 13 Oct. 02 Utulei, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 17.02' 170 o 40.67' 

4 +0.5-8 15 Oct. 02 Main Dock, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 16.59' 170 o 41.26' 

5 2-14 15 Oct. 02 Dry Dock, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 16.32' 170 o 41.54' 

6 0-24 17 Oct. 02 Onesosopo, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 17.18' 170 o 39.89' 

7 2-23 17 Oct. 02 Aua, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 16.70' 170 o 40.16' 

8 2-22 17 Oct. 02 Leloaloa, Pago Pago Hbr 14 o 16.22' 170 o 40.61' 

8 4-28 16 Oct. 02 Vatia Bay, National e Park 14 o 14.79' 170 o 40.10' 

10 4-21 16 Oct. 02 Fagasa Bay, National Park 14 o 17.01' 170 o 43.36' 

Standard phycological methods were followed (see Tsuda and Abbott 1985). Macro-algae (large 

seaweeds of size 5 cm or more) were identified and pressed in a standard plant-presser, and if 

necessary parts of the plant were removed for anatomical assessment to confirm the species 

identification. Macro-algal epiphytes were removed and identified. Algae smaller than 5 cm were 

identified using a Nikon SMZ645 dissecting microscope and an Olympus CX31 compound 

microscope. Smaller specimens were mounted on slides in a 50% Karo solution (corn syrup in 

water with a few thymol crystals). Photographs were taken of some of the algae using a Nikon 

Coolpix 990 digital camera. 

Each specimen analyzed was designated a field number, which was entered into a log-book. The 

field number began with the letters AS (for American Samoa) followed by a consequent number. 

These were later computed into a Microsoft Excel Sheet for further documentation and analysis. 

Voucher specimens are deposited in the Herbarium Pacificum of Bishop Museum (Honolulu), with 

some duplicate specimens at the South Pacific Regional Herbarium at the Marine Studies 

Programme, the University of the South Pacific, Fiji.


Results 

A total of 313 specimens were analyzed comprising 139 taxa: 33 Chlorophyta, 9 Phaeophyta, 84 

Rhodophyta and 13 Cyanophyta. 

Station Location and Site Description 

Stations 1 and 2: West and East Fagatele Bay (14 o 21.96'S, 170 o 45.85') 

Stations 1 and 2 are located within the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which is a 

moderately exposed bay with relatively steep cliffs and an undulating coastline. A few pockets of 

flat intertidal areas exist joining the steep cliffs to a gradual sloping fringing reef. The two stations 

are treated here as one algal ecological habitat due to the continuous fringing reef and their close 

proximity to each other. The stations were dominated by articulate and non-articulate or crustose 

coralline algae, as well as small turf algal communities. A buoy is located in the middle of the Bay, 

and algae attached to it were collected. Algae were also collected from the intertidal area as well 

as the splash zone. The two sites are not considered high risk sites to introduced species. 

Station 3: Utulei Pago Pago Harbor (S14 o 17.04', W170 o 40.62') 

The reef flat was surveyed from the shoreline toward the fringing reef crest. Subtidal sites were 

surveyed by the team. The reef flat frequently has pockets of deeper (3-5 m depth) sandy pits, 

which were barren at most parts or dominated by soft corals. Debris, rubbish and other structures 

littered parts of the sandy pits. Digital photos were taken of the site as well as some specimens 

collected. The current flow and the fact that the site is nearer to the harbor entrance may be a 

reason why algal communities seem more abundant there. Small red algal turfs (Gelidiella 

repens, Gelidium spp.) were common in crevices and on the undersides of limestone rocks and 

volcanic rocks strewn throughout the site. A few green macro-algae were obvious (Valonia 

fastigiata, Dictyosphaeria versluysii, Bryopsis pennata and Halimeda gracilis). Hypnea pannosa 

was found abundant between coral colonies. Two main habitats were distinguished: (i) the 

shallow reef flat and (ii) deeper sandy pits. Collections were also made from the sea-wall, which 

consisted mainly of small algal fuzz. This site is considered a high risk to introduced species due 

to its location. 

Station 4 and 5: Main (14 o 16.59, 170 o 41.26') and Dry (14 o 16.32', 170 o 39.89') Docks, respectively 

- Pago Pago Harbor 

Stations 4 and 5 – algal samples were collected from hulls of vessels and pilings. Station 4 (Main 

Dock) samples were scraped off the hull of an out-of-use landing craft ship with Oregon, USA 

written on the side. At the water-line mark, little turf algae were collected. One of the 

anchor/stabilizer ropes had a small clump of a black colored alga (Grateloupia filicina), mimicking 

a feather-star. This was collected, with a few plants preserved in alcohol and the rest in formalin 

33


solution. The wharf metal and concrete pilings were also sampled. I collected a number of 

animals for the group, including an urchin, a shrimp, crabs, a goby and pipe fish and numerous 

gastropods. Station 5 (Dry Dock), samples were scraped off the hull of Lien Fan Noi fishing 

vessel. The team collected algae, amongst other things, from the shallow subtidal. Both sites are 

high risk to receiving non-native organisms. 

Station 6. Onesosopo, Pago Pago Harbor (14 o 17.18', 170 o 39.89') 

This site is located on the opposite side of Utulei on the other side of the harbor. A short fringing 

reef (


Algal Results By Station 

Stations 1 and 2. (Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary) 

A total of 47 taxa were found from Fagatele consisting of 3 Cyanophyta, 11 Chlorophyta, 5 

Phaeophyta, and 28 Rhodophyta. One new addition to the Tutuila Island flora is Derbesia 

marina. This alga is not considered invasive as its distribution is widespread from tropical to cold- 

water places. 

Station 3. (Utulei) 

Fifty six algae were assessed consisting of 5 Cyanophyta, 17 Chlorophyta, 5 Phaeophyta, and 29 

Rhodophyta. Of all the Pago Pago Harbor sites this is by far the most biologically diverse from an 

algal perspective. Three new records for the Tutuila Islands were found (Acetabularia exigua, 

Codium mammilosum, and Hypoglossum anomalum). All these algae have been recorded from 

neighboring Western Samoa and Fiji. 

Stations 4 and 5 (Docks) 

A mere 9 species were collected from the two Docks comprising 1 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta, 

and 5 Rhodophyta. No Phaeophyta were found. 

Station 6 (Onesosopo) 

A total of 33 algae were recorded, 2 Cyanophyta, 8 Chlorophyta, and 23 Rhodophyta. No 

Phaeophyta were found . 

Station 7 (Aua); 

Thirty-four taxa were enumerated comprising of 4 Cyanophyta, 8 Chlorophyta, 1 Phaeophyta, and 

21 Rhodophyta. 

Station 8 (Leloaloa) 

Only 13 taxa were found, comprised of 3 Chlorophyta, and 10 Rhodophyta. No cyanophytes or 

phaeophytes were collected, which may reflect the limited collections made and the season. 

Station 9 (Vatia) 

A total of 31 taxa was recorded, comprised of 3 Cyanophyta, 5 Chlorophyta, 4 Phaeophyta, and 

19 Rhodophyta. The most unusual find from this site was the collection of a small green alga – 

Sporocladopsis erythraea. This rarely known alga was first recorded from the Red Sea. Its 

troubled taxonomic history is attributed to Papenfuss (1962) who erroneously synonymized it with 

Pilinia (a Phaeophyta). This alga was found epiphytic on the discoid holdfast of the endemic 

Sargassum anapense. This is the first record of this alga from the Pacific Ocean, but it may well 

be more common than we think. It may often be overlooked during surveys due to their minute 

size and cryptic habit. 

35


Station 10 (Fagasa) 

Forty-two taxa were recorded comprising of 4 Cyanophyta, 6 Chlorophyta, 4 Phaeophyta, and 28 

Rhodophyta. One new addition to the Samoan flora is Chrysymenia kaernbachii a species with its 

type locality from Papua New Guinea and which has recently been found in Fiji and neighboring 

Western Samoa. 

Comparison with Previous Surveys 

Of the 318 algae recorded for the Samoa Archipelago, 262 are now known for American Samoa. 

Our surveys found 65 new records for American Samoa (of which approximately 10 are new 

records for the Archipelago’s flora). 

Setchell (1924) in his treatment of algae from American Samoa compiled 100 species consisting 

of 13 Cyanophyta, 47 Rhodophyta, 11 Phaeophyta, and 29 Chlorophyta. Setchell, with assistance 

from three able collectors (Alfred G. Mayor, A. L. Treadwell, and F.A. Potts), collected from 15 

different sites within the island of Tutuila plus nearby islets (Aunu’u and Goat). One of the sites 

that received much attention during Setchell’s surveys was Aua Reef including Breaker Point. 

From this site alone, he compiled 51 species of which four he described as new to science. Our 

surveys yielded 34 taxa from the Aua Reef site, of which eight were found to be new additions to 

Setchell’s 1924 list. The eight new additions have a pan-tropical distribution and most have been 

recorded from Western Samoa and as far east as French Polynesia. 

Setchell made a few collections from Fagasa (9 species) and Utulei (4 species – as Utelei), but 

no collections were made from Vatia, Onesosopo, Leloaloa and Fagatele. Approximately 12 algal 

taxa were collected by Richard Buggeln and Roy Tsuda from Vatia Bay and Fagasa Bay in 1964 

(these are housed at Bishop Museum). Their collections need to be examined, although their 

tentative identifications include species with a pan-tropical to subtropical distribution. 

The Fagatele National Marine Sanctuary has been studied over the last fifteen years (Birkeland et 

al., 1987, 1995) and is considered one of the best monitored marine ecosystems in the 

Archipelago. In the surveys of Birkeland et al. (ibid) they found a very high algal cover (> 75%), 

comparable to the estimation made during our surveys. The number of algal species reported 

during their ecological surveys was 39 species in 1987 and 26 in the 1995 survey. This compared 

to 47 species found during our surveys. This slight increase in species number is attributed 

primarily on the different habitats that were sampled during our surveys, which include the upper 

intertidal and the spray-zone, habitats not sampled by Birkeland and team. 

Nonindigenous and Cryptogenic Species 

As previously stated all of the identified species from our surveys have distributions that are either 

pan-tropical or limited to the Indo-Pacific region. It is important to note that some marine plant 

species have spread to as far as American Samoa and no further. For example American Samoa 

36


is the easternmost limit for the natural spread of mangroves. Seagrasses (Halophila ovalis and 

Syringodium isoetifolium) find their easternmost limit here, being absent from the Cook Islands 

and then reappearing with a different species in French Polynesia (Halophila decipens). This may 

indicate that the distribution of some marine plants is still continuing eastward. It is highly possible 

that some of the algae recorded in our surveys have recently been brought in from neighboring 

countries, particularly Western Samoa. Two species that could be considered in this category are 

Caulerpa serrulata and Halymenia durvillei. These two species are found abundant at the Apia 

Harbor and were found to be common in Utulei. It is interesting to note that these two algae have 

an Indo-Pacific distribution but had not been recorded from American Samoa by Setchell, despite 

the fact that both species are fairly large. Another species of interest is Codium mamillosum. 

Although only a juvenile specimen was collected, it is noted that Codium species are notorious in 

terms of invasiveness. Codium arenicola is a species found in Southeast Asia but it appears to 

have spread as far east as Apia Harbor including Suva Harbor (pers. observ.). This alga is yet to 

be found in Pago Pago Harbor, although with frequent commuting between Apia Harbor and 

Pago Pago, it may find its way here. Another Codium species that is of concern worldwide is 

Codium fragilis ssp. tomentosoides with an Atlantic origin has spread to North America, the 

Mediterranean and New Zealand. Grateloupia filicina is an alga with its type locality from Italy was 

collected from the main Dock. It would be tempting to label this alga as invasive species but it has 

been recorded from Hawai‘i (Abbott 1999) and French Polynesia (Payri and N’Yeurt 1997). 

There is one alga that has a disjunct distribution, Sporocladopsis erythraea. This minute green 

alga was recorded from the Red Sea by Nasr (1944). There are only two Sporocladopsis species 

known with the second species (Sporocaldopsis novae-zealandiae) found in New Zealand and 

Australia (Millar and Kraft 1994). The occurrence of this alga in our collections was a surprise 

find, as it was epiphytic on the base of a Sargassum anapense an endemic brown alga to Samoa. 

We consider the presence of Sporocladopsis erythraea as native, and it may well be more 

common than currently reported, but its small size and cryptic habitat may contribute to its being 

overlooked. 

Discussion 

The algal diversity within the tropical Pacific Ocean to some extent generally follows the pattern 

seen in other tropical marine organisms (e.g. corals, fishes, gastropods, etc.), with the highest 

diversity found in the Indo-Malay region. Algae, unlike other tropical marine organisms have their 

highest species diversity in a few but widely dispersed areas ranging from temperate (South 

Australia), sub-tropical (southern Japan) to tropical Philippines (Bolton 1994). All of these places 

contain over 800 species, and their floras continue to receive much attention from scientists. By 

contrast, the Pacific Islands have had little scientific study of their marine flora. Of the few better 

known places [Hawai‘i (400 spp.), Fiji (500 spp.), French Polynesia, and Samoa (both with over 

300 spp.)] many areas and reefs remain to be surveyed. These surveys are important as they 

provide the baseline information needed when discussing introduced marine species. 

37


Fortunately for American Samoa, the algal inventory began in the early 1920s. Although, the flora 

of the neighboring islands of Western Samoa began much earlier with an inventory carried out by 

Grunow (1874) followed by Reinbold (1896). It is important to note that the marine flora of the two 

countries are very similar and therefore should be considered as one (except for the remote atolls 

of Swains and Rose part of American Samoa). The updated algal list for the Archipelago, 

compiled by Skelton and South (1999, 2002) provides a checklist against possible recent 

introductions. We must be cautious as we acknowledge that many cryptic species and species 

found only in deeper waters were probably missed by earlier collectors, and careful analyses 

need to be made to determine their introduced status. For example, the red alga Chrysymenia 

kainbachii was first described from Papua New Guinea, and was collected in our surveys from the 

Fagasa site. This alga has not been listed in previous algal compilations from the Archipelago 

and it could easily be considered as an introduced species. However, this alga has been 

recorded from Fiji and as far north as Hawai‘i. Moreover, the site where it was collected (Fagasa) 

is fairly remote from potential source of introductions such as ports and harbors. It is therefore 

unlikely to be an introduced species. 

Utulei was found to be the most diverse site with 56 species recorded and 16 species were new 

additions to Setchell’s list. Fagatele and Fagasa with 47 and 42 species, respectively, were the 

next sites with high diversity. The numbers of new additions from these two sites were 16 species 

for Fagatele and 15 for Fagasa. The majority of the new additions consist of minute epiphytic 

algae such as Herposiphonia secunda, Griffithsia subcylindrica, Dictyopteris repens and 

Hypoglossum anomalum. Some larger seaweeds are also found from our surveys include 

Halymenia durvillei (ca 20 cm tall), Caulerpa serrulata (spread to > 10 cm, 5 cm tall) and 

Galaxaura filamentosa (5 cm). Halymenia durvillei is an edible seaweed in Samoa (known locally 

as Limu mumu or Limu aau). There has been an increased abundance of this seaweed in the 

Apia Harbor, Western Samoa (pers. observ.). Caulerpa serrulata is also found abundant in the 

Apia Harbor, especially near the break-wall by the Matautu Wharf (pers. observ.). Both these 

algae were collected from Utulei (by the Harbor entrance). It is reasonable to assume the two 

algae to have been introduced into the Pago Pago Harbor from neighboring Apia Harbor. 

Although more studies including molecular work will need to be undertaken to confirm this. 

Galaxaura filamentosa is a red alga that is often covered in fine silt, thus could have been easily 

overlooked. It was collected from all of the sites except the docks, thus it is considered part of the 

native flora. 

Of the six sites that are considered vulnerable to introduced species (Aua, Docks 1 and 2, 

Leloaloa, Onesosopo and Utulei), the algal flora was found to be very similar to those from other 

less vulnerable sites. Only one alga Grateloupia filicina was found to be an anomaly in the flora, 

although it has been reported from Fiji (South and Skelton 2003, in prep.), Hawai‘i (Abbott 1999) 

and from French Polynesia (Payri and N’Yeurt 1997). This alga could be considered a recent 

introduction as it was only found at the main dock attached to a rope that was anchoring a landing 

craft. This is the first record of this species from the Archipelago. 

38


References 

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Hawai‘i. xv + 477 pp. 

Birkeland, C.E., Randall, R.H., Green, A.L., Smith, B., and Wilkins, S. 1995. Changes in the Coral 

Reef Communities of Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Tutuila Island 

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Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. 

Birkeland, C.E., Randall, R.H., Wass, R.C., Smith, B., and Wilkins, S. 1987. Biological Resource 

Assessment of the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA Technical 

Memorandum NOS MEMD 3. Washington D.C. 

Bolton, J.J. 1994. Global seaweed diversity: patterns and anomalies. Botanica Marina 37: 241- 

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Carlton, J.T., and Scanlon, J.A. 1985. Progression and dispersal of an introduced alga: Codium 

fragile ssp. tomentosoides (Chlorophyta) on the Atlantic coast of North America. Botanica 

Marina 28: 155-165. 

Critchley, A.T., Farnham, W.F., Yoshida, T., and Norton, T.A. 1990. A bibliography of the invasive 

alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Fucales; Sargassaceae). Botanica Marina 

33: 551-562. 

Dahl, A.L. 1971. Ecological Report on Tutuila, American Samoa. Smithsonian Institution, 

Washington D.C. 13 p. 

Grunow, A. 1874. Algen der Fidschi-, Tonga- und Samoa-Inseln, gesammelt von Dr. E. Graeffe. 

Journal des Museums Godeffroy [Hamburg] 3: 23-50. 

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standing crop of the epilithic algal community on a coral reef. Journal of Experimental 

Marine Biology and Ecology 69: 61-84. 

Hay, C.H. 1990. The dispersal of sporophytes of Undaria pinnatifida by coastal shipping in New 

Zealand, and implications for further dispersal of Undaria in France. British Phycological 

Journal 25: 301-313. 

Hay, C.H., and Luckens, P.A. 1987. The Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta: Lamin- 

ariales) found in a New Zealand harbour. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25: 329-332. 

Hunter, C.L., Friedlander, A., Magruder, W.H., and Meier, K.Z. 1993. Ofu Reef Survey – Baseline 

Assessment and Recommendations for Long-Term Monitoring of the Proposed National 

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Report to the National Park Service, Pago Pago American Samoa. 3 December 1993. 

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South Pacific coral reefs. Offshore Graphics, Inc Washington DC, USA. 331 pp. 

Meinesz, A., and Hesse, B. 1991. Introduction et invasion de l’ague tropicale Caulerpa taxifolia en 

Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Oceanologica Acta 14: 415-426. 

Millar, A.J.K., and Kraft, G.T. 1994. Catalogue of marine benthic green algae (Chlorophyta) of 

New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific. Australian 

Systematic Botany 7: 419-453. 

39


Nasr, A.H. 1944. Some new algae from the Red Sea. Bulletin de l’Institut d’Égypte 26: 31-42. 

Papenfuss, G.F. 1962. On the circumscription of the green algal genera Ulvella and Pilinia. 

Phykos 1: 6-12. 

Payri, C.E. and N’Yeurt, A.D.R. 1997. A revised checklist of Polynesian benthic marine algae. 

Australian Systematic Botany 10: 867-910. 

Reinbold, T. 1896. Meersalgen (Schizophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodo- 

phyceae). In Reinecke, F. Die Flora der Samoa-Inseln. Botanische Jahrbücher für 

Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 23: 266-275. 

Ribera, M.A. and Boudouresque, C-F. 1995. Introduced marine plants, with special reference to 

macroalgae: mechanism and impacts. Progress in Phycological Research 11: 187-268. 

Sanderson, J.C. 1990. A preliminary survey of the distribution of the introduced macroalga, 

Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer on the East Coast of Tasmania, Australia. Botanica 

Marina 33: 153-157. 

Setchell, W.A. 1924. American Samoa: Part I. Vegetation of Tutuila Island. Part II. Ethnobotany of 

the Samoans. Part III. Vegetation of Rose Atoll. Publications of the Carnegie Institution of 

Washington 341: vi + 275 pp. 

Skelton, P.A. 1998. A review of Aquaculture of Marine Macroalgae in the Tropics, with species 

reference to the South Pacific. Marine Studies Programme, USP. 1-35 pp. 

Skelton, P.A., and South, G.R. 1999. A preliminary checklist of the benthic marine algae of the 

Samoan Archipelago. The University of the South Pacific. Marine Studies Programme 

Technical Report 99/1: 1-30. 

Skelton, P.A., and South, G.R. 2001. Annotated catalogue of benthic marine algae of the Palolo 

Deep National Marine Reserve of Samoa. Australian Systematic Botany 15: 135-179. 

Smith, J.E., Hunter, C.L., and Smith, C.M. 2002. Distribution and reproductive characteristics of 

nonindigenous and invasive marine algae in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 56: 

299-315. 

South, G.R., and Skelton, P.A. 2003. Marine benthic macroalgae of the Fiji Islands, South Pacific. 

(in prep.). 

Tsuda, R.T., and Abbott, I.A. 1985. Collection, handling, preservation, and logistics. pp. 67-86. In 

Littler, M.M., and Littler, D.S. (eds). Handbook of Phycological Methods: Ecological Field 

Methods: Macroalgae. Cambridge University Press. xiii + 617 pp. 

40

APPENDIX B 

List of Marine Organisms Reported by the Present and Previous Studies or in Bishop Museum 

Collections from Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay, Vatia Bay, and Fagasa Bay. 

41

PLANTA 

Phylum CYANOPHYTA 

Family CHAMAESIPHONACEAE 

Hyella caespitosa Bornet & Flahault 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua 

Family NOSTOCACEAE 

Anabaena sp. 

2002 present study 

Family OSCILLATORIACEAE 

Lyngbya confervoides C. Agardh 


Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) Harvey 



Lyngbya semiplena (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 


Lyngbya sp. 

1990 Sea Engineering/AECOS 1991 Atu‘u-Leasi Pt. 


Microcoleus lynbyaceus (Kutz.) Crouan 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 Fagatele Bay 

Oscillatoria cf. bonnemasonii (Crouan & Crouan) Crouan & Crouan 


Oscillatoria sp. 


Schizothrix calicola (Ag.) Gomont 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 Rainmaker Hotel 

Symploca hydnoides Kütz. ex Gomon 


1920 Setchell 1924 Fagatele Bay 

Symploca muscorum (Ag.) Gomont 


Family PHORMIDIACEAE 

Phormidium cf. laysanense Lemmermann 


Phormidium penicilliatum Gomont 


Phormidium sp. 


Phormidium submembranaceum (Ardissone & Strafforello) Gomont 


Family SCHIZOTHRICHACEAE 

Schizothrix calicola (Ag.) Gomont 


Schizothrix mexicana Gomont 



Schizothrix sp. 


Family SCYTOMENATACEAE 

Microchaete vitiensis (Askenasy) de Toni 


Scytonema figuratum var. samoense Hieronymus 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Fagatogo 

Scytonema hofmanni Agardh 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago village 

Scytonema stuposum Kütz. (Bornet) 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua, Pago Pago Harbour 

42

Family STIGONEMATACEAE 

Mastigocoleus testarum Lagerheim, 1886 


Phylum CHLOROPHYTA 

Family BRYOPSIDACEAE 

Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux 



Bryopsis pennata var. secunda Lamouroux 



Bryopsis plumosa (Huds.) Agardh 


Bryopsis pottsii Setchell 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Harbor 

Bryopsis sp. 

1979 USACE 1980 Fagatele Bay 

Family BRYOPSIDALES 

Chlorodesmis sp. 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 Vatia Bay 

Halimeda gracilis 


Family CAULERPACEAE 

Caulerpa cf. sertularIoides (Gmel.) Howe 


Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux 



Caulerpa racemosa (Lamouroux) Eubank 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Harbor, Aua 

Caulerpa racemosa v. peltata (Lamouroux) Eubank 


Caulerpa racemosa var. clavifera (Turner) Weber Bosse 

1920 BPBM-542706 Aua 

Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata (J.V.Lamour.) Eubank 

1920 BPBM-542072 Aua 

Caulerpa serrulata (Forsskål) J. Agardh Cryptogenic 


Caulerpa sp. 

1985 Sea Engineering 1986 Rainmaker Hotel 

Caulerpella ambigua (Okamura) Prud'homme & Lokhorst 


Family CHROOLEPIDACEAE 

Sporocladopsis erythraea Nasr 


Family CLODOPHORACEAE 

Boodlea montagnei (Harvey ex J. Gray) Egerod 


Boodlea vanbosseae Reinbold 



Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kützing 


Chaetomorpha restricta (Suhr) Kützing 


Cladophora cf. limicola Setchell 


Cladophora pinniger Setchell 


43

Cladophora sp. 



Dictyosphaeria sp. 


Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber-van Bosse 

1920 Setchell 1924 Aua 


Rhizoclonium africanum Kützing 


Rhizoclonium samoense Setchell 




Family CODIACEAE 

Codium bulbopilum Setchell 


Codium cf. mamillosum Harvey 


Family DASYCLADIACEAE 

Neomeris annulata Dickie, 1874 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 Fagasa Bay 

Family DERBESIACEAE 

Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier 


Family HALIMEDACEAE 

Halimeda discoidea Decaisne 

1979 USACE 1980 Utulei 

1979 USACE 1980 Fagasa Bay 



Halimeda gracilis Harvey ex J. Agardh 


Halimeda incrassata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 




Halimeda minima (W.R. Taylor) Colinvaux 


Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux 


1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Harbor, Aua 






Halimeda sp. 

1979 USACE 1980 Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 Aua 



Family POLYPHYSACEAE 

Acetabularia exigua Solms-Laubach 


Acetabularia parvula Solms-Laubach 


44

Family RHODOMELACEAE 

Chondria cf. polyrhiza Collins & Hervey 


Chondria minutula Weber-van Bosse 


Chondria simpliciuscula Weber-van Bosse 


Chondria sp. 


Chondroaphycus succiscus (Cribb) Nam 


Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE 

Cladophoropsis carolinensis Trono 


Cladophoropsis herpestica (Montagne) Howe 


Cladophoropsis limicola Setchell 


Cladophoropsis sp. 


Dictyosphaeria cf. cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen 


Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber-van Bosse 


Ventricaria ventricosa (J. Agardh) Olsen & J. West 





Family UDOTEACEAE 

Chlorodesmis fastigiata (C.Agardh) Ducker 






Family ULVACEAE 

Enteromorpha ?cf. intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees 


Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) J.Agardh 

1920 BPBM-545891 Pago Pago Harbor 





Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees 


Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh 


Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Link 


Enteromorpha sp. 


Family VALONIACEAE 

Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber Bosse 


Valonia cf. aegagropila C. Agardh 


45

Valonia fastigiata Harvey ex J. Agardh 





Phylum PHAEOPHYTA 

Family CHNOOSPORACEAE 

Chnoospora implexa J. Agardh 


Family DICTYOTACEAE 

Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) Børgesen 



Dictyota bartayresiana Lamouroux 


Dictyota friabilis Setch. 




Dictyota sp. 


Dictyota sp. (lata ?) 


Lobophora variegata (Lam.) Womersley ex Oliveira 


Ralfsia sp. 




Family ECTOCARPACEAE 

Ectocarpus van-bosseae Setchell & Gardiner 


Feldmania indica (Sonder) Womersley & Bailey 


Feldmannia indica (Sonder) Womersley & Bailey 


Hincksia breviarticulata (J. Agardh) P. Silva 



Family RALFSIACEAE 

Hapalospongidion pangoense (Setchell) 


1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Wharf, Aua 


Mesospora pangoensis (Setch.) Chihara & J.Tanaka 


Family SARGASSEACEAE 

Sargassum anapense Setchell et Gardner 


Sargassum sp. 

1964 BPBM-508965 Vatia Bay 

Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh 



Family SPHACELARIACEAE 

Sphacelaria cornuta Sauvageau 


Sphacelaria tribuloides Menegh. 


46

Phylum RHODOPHYTA 

Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE 

Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan 


Family CAULICANTHACEAE 

Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kützing 


Family CERAMIACEAE 

Aglaothamnion sp. 


Anotrichium tenue (C.Agardh) Naegeli 


Antithamnion decipiens (J. Agardh) Athanasiadis 


Antithamnionella breviramosa (Dawson) Wollaston 


Antithamnionella sp. 


Balliela repens Huismann & Kraft 


Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne 



Ceramium affine Setchell & Gardner 


Ceramium borneense Weber-van Bosse 


Ceramium cf. marshallense Dawson 


Ceramium flaccidum (Kützing) Ardissone 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Harbor; 


Ceramium krameri South & Skelton 


Ceramium macilentum J. Agardh 


Ceramium mazatlenese Dawson 



Ceramium sp. 



Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey 


Champia viellardii Kützing 


Cheilosporum acutilobum Kützing 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua & Breaker Point 


NA BPBM-508980 Vatia Bay 

Cheilosporum maximum Yendo 



Cheilosporum multifidum (Kützing) Yendo 


Cheilosporum sp. 


47

Cheilosporum spectabile (Decaisne) Piccone 


1920 Setchell 1924 Fagasa Bay 





Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) J. Agardh 


Griffithsia sp. 


Griffithsia subcylindrica Okamura 


Haloplegma duperreyi Montagne 



Spyridia filamentosa (Wuflen) Harvey 


Wrangelia argus (Montagne) Montagne 


Family CHAMPIACEAE 

Champia compressa Harv. J. Agardh 


Family CORALLINACEAE 

Amphiroa anceps (Lamarck) Decaisne 



Amphiroa foliacea Lamouroux 


1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua, Utulei 


1964 BPBM-508993 Fagasa Bay 




Amphiroa fragillisima (Linnaeus) Lamouraux 




Amphiroa sp. 


1979 USACE 1980 Leloaloa 



Cheilosporum maximum Yendo 


Cheilosporum sp. 



Choreonema thuretti (Bornet) Schmitz 


Chrysemnia kaernbachii Grunow 


Coralline sp. 


Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose & Woelkerling 





48

Hydrolithon reinboldii (Weber-van Bosse & Foslie 1901) Foslie 



Hydrolithon sp. 


Jania adhaerens Lamouroux 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua, Pago Pago Harbor 

Jania capillacea Harvey 


Jania cf. adhaerens Lamouroux 


Jania cf. pumila Lamouroux 


Jania sp. 



Lithophyllum kotschyanum Unger 




Lithophyllum moluccense Foslie 



Lithophyllum pygmaeum (Heydrich) Heydrich 



Lithoporella melobesioides Foslie 


Lithoporella sp. 



Lithothamion proliferum Foslie 


Mastophora pacifica (Heydrich) Foslie 


Mesophyllum erubesence (Foslie) Lemoine 


Mesophyllum mesomorphum (Foslie) Adey 


Mesophyllum simulans (Foslie) Lemoines 


Mesophyllum sp. 


Neogoniolithin sp. 


Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & Mason 


Neogoniolithon cf clavacymosum 


Neogoniolithon sp. 


Porolithon sp. 








Sporolithon erythraeum (Rothpletz) Kylin 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Utulei; Fagatogo; Aua 

49

Family DASYACEAE 

Dasya anastomosans (Weber-van Bosse) Wynne 


Heterosiphonia crispella (Børgesen) Wynne 


Family DELESSERIACEAE 

Hypoglossum anomalum Wynne & Ballantine 


Hypoglossum attenuatum Gardner 


Hypoglossum simulans Wynne, Price & Ballantine 


Martensia fragilis Harvey 


Myriogramme sp. 


Family ERYTHRICHIACEAE 

Erythrotrichia sp. 


Family FAUCHEACEAE 

Halichrysis coalescens (Farlow) R. Norris & Millar 


Family GALAXAURACEAE 

Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen 

1920 BPBM-526441 Aua 

1920 BPBM-526440.2 Aua 





Actinotrichia sp. 


Galaxaura filamentosa Chou 


Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 


Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 


Galaxaura sp. 


Family GELIDIACEAE 

Gelidiella sp. 


Gelidium cf. pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis 


Gelidium delicatulum (Kützing) Setchell 


Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis 



Gelidium samoense Reinbold 



Gelidium sp. 


50

Family GELIDIELLACEAE 

Gelidiella acerosa ( Forsskål) Feldmann & Hamel 




Gelidiella sp. 



Family GIGARTINACEAE 

Chondracanthus tenellus (Harvey) Hommersand 


Family HALYMENIACEAE 

Cryptonemia decumbens Weber-van Bosse 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Pago Pago Harbor; 


Grateloupia cf. filicina (Lamouroux) C. Agardh 


Halymenia durvillei Bory de Saint Vincent Cryptogenic 


Halymenia sp. 


Prionitis obtusa Weber-van Bosse 


Family HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE 

Liogora sp. 


Family HYPNEACEAE 

Hypnea nidulans Setchell & Gardner 


Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh 


Hypnea sp. 


Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kutzing 


Family LIAGORACEAE 

Liagora sp. 


Family LOMENTARIACEAE 

Lomentaria corallicola Børgesen 


Family PEYSONNELIACEAE 

Peyssonellia sp. 


Peyssonnelia cf. bornetii 


Peyssonnelia cf. delicata Setchell 


Peyssonnelia cf. flavescens sp. in edit 


Peyssonnelia cf. inamoena Pilger 


Peyssonnelia delicata Setchell 


Peyssonnelia foveolata (Weber-van Bosse) Denizot 


Peyssonnelia mariti (Weber-van Bosse) Denizot 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Utulei Reef 

51

Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) Agardh 



Peyssonnelia sp. 




Polystrata dura Heydrich 


Family PORPHYRIIDIACEAE 

Stylonema alsidii 


Family RHODOMELACEAE 

Bostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh 


Herposiphonia delicatula Hollenberg 


Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn 



Herposiphonia sp. 


Herposiphonia tenella (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz 


Laurencia ceylanica J. Agardh 


Laurencia nidifica J. Agardh 

1920 Setchell, 1924 Aua, Pago Pago Harbor 

Laurencia obtusa (Huds,) Lamx. 


Laurencia sp. 


Lobosiphonia villum (J. Ag.) Setchel & Gardner 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) howei Hollenberg 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) savatieri Hariot 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) scopulorum var. minima Hollenberg 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) sp. 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) sparsa (Setchell) Hollenberg 


Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) sphaerocarpa Børgesen 


Polysiphonia mollis var. tongatensis (Harvey) Hollenberg 


Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey 








Polysiphonia simplex 


Polysiphonia sp. 


52

Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Børgesen 









Polysiphonia upolensis (Grunow) Hollenb. 


Tolypiocladia glomerulata (C. Agardh) Schmitz 





Family RHODYMENIACEAE 

Botryocladia sp. 


Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey) Børgesen 


Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh) Vickers 




Gelidiopsis repens (Kützing) Weber van Bosse 


Rhodymenia sp. 


Family SCHIZYMENIACEAE 

Titanophora weberae Børgesen 


Phylum MAGNOLIOPHYTA 

Family HYDROCHATIALES 

ANIMALIA 

Phylum PORIFERA 

Class CALCAREA 

Subclass CALCINEA 

Order CLATHRINIDA 

Family CLATHRINIDAE 

Halophila ovalis (R. Brown) Hooker 


Halophila sp. 



Clathrina sp. 


Family LEUCETTIDAE 

Leucetta cf. chagosensis Dendy, 1913 


Leucetta sp. 


UNID. CALCAREA 

unid. Calcarea 


53

Class DEMOSPONGIAE 

Subclass TETRACTINOMORPHA 

Order SPIROPHORIDA 

Family TETILLIDAE 

Cinachyra sp. 


Craniella abracadabra de Laubenfels, 1954 


Paratetilla bacca Selenka, 1867 


Order ASTROPHORIDA 

Family COPPATIIDAE 

Jaspis sp. 


Order HADROMERIDA 

Family CRANIELLIDAE 

Cynachyra sp. 


Family POLYMASTIIDAE 

Polymastia sp. 


Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE 

Spirastrella sp. 


Family TETHYIDAE 

Tethya sp. 


Subclass CERACTINOMORPHA 

Order AGELASIDA 

Family AGELASIDAE 

Agelas sp.1 


Agelas sp.2 


Order POECILOSCLERIDA 

Suborder MYCALINA 

Family DESMACELLIDAE 

Biemna sp. Cryptogenic 


Family MYCALIDAE 

Mycale sp. 


Order HALICHONDRIDA 

Family AXINELLIDAE 

Axinella ?carteri (Dendy, 1889) 


Phakellia cavernosa (Dendy, 1889) 


Stylissa ?flabelliformis (Hentschel, 1912) 


Stylissa massa (Carter, 1889) 


Family HALICHONDRIIDAE 

Axinyssa sp. 


Halichondria sp.1 


54

Halichondria sp.2 


Order HAPLOSCLERIDA 

Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE 

Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. 


Callyspongia (Cladochalina ) sp. 


Callyspongia sp. 


Family CHALINIDAE 

Haliclona (Haliclona ) sp. 


Haliclona (Reniera) sp. 


Haliclona (Sigmadocia) sp. 


Family PETROSIIDAE 

Xestospongia sp. 


Order DICTYOCERATIDA 

Family THORECTIDAE 

Hyrtios erecta (Keller, 1889) 


Hyrtios sp. 


Psammocinia sp. 


Order DENDROCERATIDA 

Family DYSIDEIDAE 

Dysidea sp. 


Dysidea herbacea (Keller, 1889) 


Dysidea sp.1 


Dysidea sp.2 


Dysidea sp.3 


Euryspongia delicata (Thiele, 1905) 


Family DARWINELLIDAE 

Chelonaplysilla sp. 


Dendrilla sp. 


Pleuraplysilla sp. 


Family DICTYODENDRILLIDAE 

Dictyodendrilla sp. 


Phylum CNIDARIA 

Class HYDROZOA 

Order HYDROIDA 

Family AGALOPHENIIDAE 

Aglaophenid (fragment) 


55

Gymnangium eximium (Allman, 1874) 


Gymnangium hians (Busk, 1852) 


Lytocarpia brevirostris (Busk, 1852) 


Lytocarpia phyteuma (Kirchenpauer, 1876) 


Family CLAVIDAE 

Turritopsis nutricula McCrady, 1856 Introduced 


Family EUDENDRIIDAE 

Eudendrium sp. 


Myrionema amboinense Pictet, 1893 


Family HALECIIDAE 

Halecium sp. (fragment) 


Family HALOCORDYLIDAE 

Pennaria disticha (Goldfuss, 1820) Introduced 



Family LAFOEIDAE 

Hebellopsis scandens (Bale, 1888) 


Zygophylax rufa (Bale, 1884) 


Family PLUMULARIIDAE 

Kirchenpaueria irregularis (Millard, 1958) 


Plumularia spiralis Billard, 1911 


Plumularia strictocarpa Pictect, 1893 Cryptogenic 


Plumularia strobilophora Billard, 1913 


Family SERTULARIIDAE 

Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824 Cryptogenic 


Sertularella diaphana (Allman, 1885) Cryptogenic 


Sertularella orthogonalis Gibbons & Ryland, 1989 


Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876 


Sertularia malayensis Billard, 1925 


Thyroscyphus fruticosus (Esper, 1793) Cryptogenic 


Order MILLEPORINA 

Family MILLEPORIDAE 

Millepora dichotoma Forsskål, 1775 




1995 Green et al. 1999 Fagatele Bay 


56

Millepora exaesa (Forsskål, 1775) 

1995 Green et al. 1997 Aua 

Millepora platyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 

1974 BPBM-D 471 Vatia Bay 






1992 Maragos et al. 1994 Fagatele Bay 

1992 Maragos et al. 1994 Vatia Bay 



Millepora sp. 

1917 Mayor 1924a Aua 

1973 Dahl & Lamberts 1977 Aua 


1974 Dames & Moore 1974 Ava Point 





2002 Work & Raymeyer 2002 Faga‘alu 

Millepora tuberosa Boschma, 1966 






Order STYLASTERINA 

Family STYLASTERIIDAE 

Distichopora gracilis Dana, 1846 


Distichopora sp. 


Stylaster sp. 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Stylaster aurea) Aua 

Stylaster gracilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 




Stylaster sp. 





Class ANTHOZOA 

Subclass OCTOCORALLIA 

Order GORGONACEA 

Family MELITHAEIDAE 

Acabaria bicolor Nutting, 1908 


Acabaria sp. 


Family PLEXAURIDAE 

cf. Villagorgia sp. 


UNID. GORGONACEA 

Gorgonian sp. 1 


57

Gorgonian sp. 2 


Order ALCYONACEA 

Family ALCYONIIDAE 

Cladiella pachyclados (Klunzinger, 1877) 


Cladiella sp. 


Lobophytum spp. 


Lobophytum variatum Tixise-Durivault, 1957 


Nepthya sp. 

1917 Cary 1931 (as Nepthya flexile) Utulei 

Sarcophyton acutangulum (von Marenzeler, 1886) 


Sarcophyton sp. 

1917 Cary 1931 (as Sarcophytum latum) Utulei 



2002 Work & Raymeyer 2002 Tafagamanu 


Sinularia densa (Whitelegge, 1897) 

1917 Cary 1931 (as Scleropytum densum) Utulei 

Sinularia polydactyla (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

1923 BPBM-D 511 Pago Pago Harbor 

Sinularia procera Verseveldt, 1977 


Sinularia sp. 

1917 Cary 1931 (as Scleropytum confertum) Utulei 







Family NEPHTHEIDAE 

Dendronepthea sp. 1-white 


Dendronepthea sp. 2-lumpy 


Dendronepthea sp. 3-red 


Order HELIOPORACEA 

Family HELIOPORIDAE 

Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1776) 


Subclass HEXACORALLIA 

Order ACTINIARIA 

Family ACTINIIDAE 

Anthopleura sp. 


Entacmaea quadricolor (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) 


Family DISCOSOMATIDAE 

Rhodactis howesii Saville Kent, 


Rhodactis sp. 


58

Family STICHODACTYLIDAE 

Heteractis sp. 


Order SCLERACTINIA 

Family ACROPORIDAE 

Acropora ?donei Veron & Wallace, 1984 


Acropora ?horrida (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora ?latistella (Brook, 1891) 


Acropora ?nobilis (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora ?prostrata (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora ?pulchra (Brook, 1891) 


Acropora ?robusta (Dana, 1846) 



Acropora ?yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 


Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) 



2002 Work & Rameyer 2002 Fagatele Bay 


Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) 

1992 Maragos et al. 1994 North Outer Harbor 



Acropora aff. cophodactyla (Brook, 1892) 


Acropora aff. valida (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846) 

1973 Dahl & Lamberts 1977 (as Acropora hebes) Aua 

Acropora austera (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora azurea Veron & Wallace, 1984 





Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) 



Acropora cf. austera (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora cf. diversa (Brook, 1892) 


Acropora cf. gemmifera (Brook, 1892) 


Acropora cf. globiceps (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora cf. granulosa (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860) 


59

Acropora cf. nana (Studer, 1878) 




Acropora cf. quelchi (Brook, 1893) 


Acropora cf. samoensis (Brook, 1891) 


Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891) 


Acropora complanata (Brook, 1891) 


Acropora crateriformis Gardiner, 1898) 





Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1848) 





Acropora danai (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860) 



Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) 

1917 Mayor 1924a (as Acropora leptocyathus ) Aua 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Acropora leptocyathus ) Vatia Bay 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Acropora leptocyathus ) Ava Point 






Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846) 


Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) 

1917 Mayor 1924a (as Acropora cf. muricata) Aua 





Acropora gemmifera (Dana, 1846) 





Acropora globiceps (Dana, 1846) 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1988 (as A. wardi ) Fagasa Bay 

Acropora granulosa Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860) 


60

Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) 














Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) 













Acropora irregularis (Brook, 1892) 




Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Acropora tutuilensis) Ava Point 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Acropora tutuilensis) Fagatele Bay 

1995 Green et al. 1999 (as Acropora tutuilensis) Fagatele Bay 

Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892) 


Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) 


Acropora monticulosa (Bruggemann, 1879) 




Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Acropora nana (Studer, 1878) 




Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) 


1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Acropora cymbiculatus ) Ava Point 






Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846) 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Acropora intermedia) Fagatele Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Acropora intermedia) Fagasa Bay 


61




Acropora ocellata (Kluzinger, 1879) 




Acropora pagoensis Hoffmeister, 1925 



Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1816) 







Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 





Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902 


Acropora paxilligera Dana, 1846 


Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Acropora pinquis) Fagatele Bay 




Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891) 



1974 BPBM-SC 643 Vatia Bay 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Acropora pagoensis) Fagatele Bay 




Acropora schmitti ? Wells, 1950 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Acropora smithi) Fagatele Bay 

Acropora selago (Studer, 1878) 

1992 Maragos et al. 1994 (as Acropora delicatula) North Outer Harbor 


Acropora smithi (Brook, 1893) 


Acropora sp. 

1900 BPBM-SC 3014 Pago Pago Harbor, unspec. Loc. 

1992 Maragos et al. 1994 Fagasa Bay 


Acropora sp. 1 






Acropora squamosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 


Acropora squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

62



Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) 




Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866) 


Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) 






Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 



Acropora yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 





Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980 


Astreopora eliptica Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 



Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896 


Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 





1992 Maragos et al. 1994 (as Astreopora elliptica) Fagatele Bay 


Astreopora randalli Lamberts, 1980 



Astreopora sp. 





Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 


2002 present study (as Montipora ?aequituberculata) 

Montipora berryi Hoffmeister, 1925 



Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846) 



Montipora cf. verrilli Vaughan, 1907 


Montipora conicula Wells, 1954 


63

Montipora ehrenbergii Verrill, 1975 









Montipora elshneri Vaughan, 1918 





Montipora floweri Wells, 1954 



Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766) 



Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1846) 







Montipora granulosa Bernard, 1897 



Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897 




Montipora hispida (Dana, 1846) 



Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 


2002 present study (as Montipora ?hoffmeisteri) 

Montipora informis Bernard, 1897 


Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1897 



Montipora marshallensis Wells, 1954 


Montipora monasteriata (Forsskål, 1775) 



Montipora nodosa (Dana, 1846) 


Montipora socialis Bernard, 1898 



64

Montipora sp. 












Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) 






Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 


2002 present study (as Montipora ?turgescens ) 

Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 




Montipora verrilli Vaughan, 1907 







Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck,1816) 





Montipora sp. 



Family AGARICIIDAE 

Coeloseris mayeri Vaughan, 1918 


Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) 





Leptoseris cf. mycetoseroides Wells, 1954 


Leptoseris explanata Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 





Leptoseris gardineri (van der Horst, 1921) 

1974 BPBM-SC 651 Utulei 

Leptoseris incrustans (Quelch, 1886) 


65

Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954 








Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 






Leptoseris sp. 


Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801) 



Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846) 








Pavona cf. diffluens (Lamarck, 1816) 



Pavona clavus Nemenzo, 1980 





Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846) 






Pavona divaricata (Lamark, 1816) 










Pavona duerdeni Vaughan, 1907 




Pavona explanata (Lamarck, 1816) 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Pavona planata) Aua 

Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816) 



66

Pavona frondifera Lamarck, 1816 






Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) 

1974 BPBM-SC 645 (as Pavona poliicata) Fagasa Bay 





Pavona minuta Wells, 1954 


Pavona sp. 1 aff. varians Randall & Myers 1983 


Pavona sp. 2 aff. varians Randall & Myers 1983 


Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 











Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 







Pavona sp. 








Family ASTROCOENIIDAE 

Stylocoeniella armata (Ehrenberg, 1834) 








Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE 

Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) 






67

Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE 

Tubastraea aurea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 



Tubastraea sp. 


Turbinarea ?frondens (Dana, 1846) 


Turbinarea reniformis Bernard, 1896 






Family FAVIIDAE 

Caulastrea furcata Dana, 1846 




Cyphastrea chalcidicum (Forsskål, 1775) 



Cyphastrea microphthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 

1974 BPBM-SC 648 Pago Pago Harbor, Faga‘alu Bay 




Cyphastrea serailia (Forsskål, 1775) 




Cyphastrea sp. 



Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) 











Echinopora ?hirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 


Echinopora gemmacea Lamarck, 1816 


Echinopora hirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 




Echinopora lamellosa (Esper, 1795) 







68



Favia ?danae Verrill, 1872 


Favia favus Forsskål, 1775 







Favia heliantoides Wells, 1954 


Favia laxa (Klunzinger,1879) 


Favia matthaii Vaughan, 1918 









Favia pallida Dana, 1846 






Favia rotumana Gardiner, 1899 





Favia speciosa Dana, 1846 






Favia stelligera Dana, 1846 









Favia sp. 




Favites abdita Ellis & Solander, 1786 



Favites cf. complanata Ehrenberg, 1834 



Favites cf. halicora Ehrenberg, 1834 

69


Favites complanata Ehrenberg, 1834 


2002 present study (as Favites ?complanata) 

Favites flexuosa Dana, 1846 





Favites halicora Ehrenberg, 1834 





2002 present study (as Favites ?halicora) 

Favites pentagona Esper, 1794 



2002 present study (as Favites ?pentagona) 

Favites russelli (Wells, 1954) 



2002 present study (as Favites aff. russelli) 

Favites sp. 



Goniastrea ?aspera Verrill, 1905 


Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971 




Goniastrea favulus (Dana, 1846) 


Goniastrea pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834) 







Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816) 









Goniastrea sp. 


Leptastrea ?bewickensis Veron & Pichon, 1977 


Leptastrea ?pruinosa Crossland, 1952 


Leptastrea purpurea Dana, 1846 





70











Leptastrea purpurea Dana, 1846 




Leptastrea sp. 


Leptastrea transversa Klunzinger, 1879 






Leptoria phrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 








Leptoria sp. 




Montastrea annuligera (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) 



Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846) 








Montastrea sp. 1 




Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816) 



Platygyra ?lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 


71

Platygyra daedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 








Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 



Platygyra pini Chevalier, 1975 



Platygyra sinensis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 


Platygyra sp. 


Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816) 



Family FUNGIIDAE 

Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923) 



Fungia concinna Verrill, 1864 


Fungia danai Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 


2002 present study (as Fungia ?danai ) 

Fungia echinata (Pallas, 1766) 


Fungia fungites (Linneaus, 1758) 







Fungia horrida Dana, 1846 


Fungia paumotensis Stuchbury, 1833 


Fungia repanda Dana, 1846 





2002 present study (as Fungia ?repanda) 

Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1801 







72

Fungia sp. 







Halomitra pileus (Linneaus, 1758) 


Herpolitha limax (Houttuyn, 1772) 



Herpolitha sp. 


Sandolitha robusta Quelch, 1886 



Family MERULINIDAE 

Hydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766) 








Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) 









Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846) 



Merulina ampliata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 








Merulina scabricula Dana, 1846 



Merulina sp. 


Merulina vaughani van der Horst, 1921 


Scapophyllia cylindrica Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 



73

Family PECTINIIDAE 

Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 









Echinophyllia echinata (Saville-Kent, 1871) 



Echinophyllia sp. 


Mycedium elephantotus (Pallas, 1766) 



Mycedium sp. 


Oxypora lacera (Verrill, 1864) 



2002 present study (as Oxypora ?lacera) 

Family MUSSIDAE 

Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846) 




Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forsskål, 1775) 





Lobophyllia costata (Dana, 1846) 




Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 








Scolymia sp. 


Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846) 



2002 present study (as Symphyllia ?recta) 

74

Family OCULINIDAE 

Galaxea fascicularis (Linneaus, 1767) 













Galaxea sp. 


Family POCILLOPORIDAE 

Pocillopora ankeli Scheer & Pilai, 1974 





Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) 


1973 Dahl & Lamberts 1977 (as Pocillopora brevicornis) Aua 



1979 USACE 1980 (as Pocillopora brevicornis) Leloaloa 



1985 Sea Engineering 1986 (as Pocillopora brevicornis) Rainmaker Hotel 






Pocillopora danae Verrill, 1864 







Pocillopora elegans Dana, 1846 





Pocillopora eydouxi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 












75



Pocillopora ligulata Dana, 1846 



2002 present study (as Pocillopora cf. ligulata) 

Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 







Pocillopora setchelli Hoffmeister, 1929 





Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 













Seriatopora angulata Klunzinger, 1879 


Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846 



Stylophora mordax (Dana, 1846) 




Stylophora pistllata Esper, 1797 



Family PORITIDAE 

Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925 


Alveopora superficialis Pillai & Scheer, 1976 




Alveopora viridis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 




Goniopora cf. lobata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 


Goniopora columna Dana, 1846 


Goniopora minor Crossland, 1952 


76

Goniopora somaliensis Vaughan, 1907 





Goniopora sp. 





Porites annae Crossland, 1952 







Porites australiensis Vaughan, 1918 



Porites convexa Verrill, 1864 


1974 BPBM-SC 640 Vatia Bay 




Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 

1917 Mayor 1924a (as Porites andrewsi) Aua 

1973 Dahl & Lamberts 1977 (as Porites andrewsi) Aua 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Porites andrewsi) Ava Point 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Porites andrewsi) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Porites andrewsi ) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Porites andrewsi ) Aua 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Porites andrewsi ) Utulei 

1985 Sea Engineering 1986 (as Porites andrewsi ) Rainmaker Hotel 






Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925 




Porites lichen Dana, 1846 






Porites lobata Dana, 1846 



1979 USACE 1980 Fagatogo 








77

Porites lutea Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 





















Porites monticulosa Dana, 1846 


Porites murrayensis Vaughan, 1918 




2002 present study (as Porites ?murrayensis) 

Porites rus (Forsskål, 1775) 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Porites (S.) undulata) Vatia Bay 










Porites solida (Forsskål, 1775) 


Porites superfusa Gardiner, 1898 



Porites vaughani Crossland, 1952 




Porites sp. 







Stylarea punctata (Linneaus, 1758) 



78

Family SIDERASTREIDAE 

Coscinerea columna (Dana, 1846) 










Coscinerea wellsi Veron & Pichon,1980 


Psammocora cf. obtusangula (Lamarck, 1816) 


Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797) 
















Psammocora digitata Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851 


Psammocora explanulata Van der Horst, 1922 


Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 




Psammocora nierstraszi Van der Horst, 1922 





Psammocora profundicella Gardiner, 1898 




Psammocora samoensis Hoffmeister, 1925 




Psammocora sp. 







Psammocora sp. 1 aff. nierstraszi 


79

Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898 






Order ZOANTHIDEA 

Family ZOANTHIDAE 

Palythoa sp. 





Palythoa sp./spp. 


Protopalythoa sp. 


Zoanthus sp. 


Zoanthus sp. 



Zoanthus vietnamensis Pax and Mueller, 1957 


unid. Zoanthidae 


Order CORALLIMORPHARIA 

Family ACTINODISCIDAE 

Discosoma howesii (Saville Kent, 1893) 


Discosoma sp. 


Subclass CERIANTIPATHARIA 

Order ANTIPATHARIA 

unid. Anthozoa 


Family ANTIPATHIDAE 

Cirrhipathes sp. 



Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES 

Phylum NEMERTEA 

Phylum NEMATODA 

unid. Platyhelminthes 


unid. Nemertea 


unid. Nematoda 


Phylum ANNELIDA 

Class POLYCHAETA 

Family POLYNOIDAE 

Lepidonotus sp. 


unid. Harmothoinae sp. 


unid. Lepidonotinae sp. 


80

unid. Polynoidae 


Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE 

Chrysopetalum sp. 


Palaeonotus sp. 


Family AMPHINOMIDAE 

?Eurythoe sp. 


?Pseudoeurythoe sp. 


Eurythoe sp. 


Hermodice sp. 


Pherecardia sp. 


Pseudoeurythoe spp. 


Family PHYLLODOCIDAE 

?Paranaitis sp. 


Phyllodoce sp. 


Family SYLLIDAE 

Pionosyllis 1 


Syllidae sp. 1 


Syllidae sp. 2 


Syllis sp. 1 


unid. Syllidae 


Family NEREIDIDAE 

Ceratonereis sp. 1 


Ceratonereis sp. 2 


Ceratonereis spp. 


Neanthes sp. 


Nereis sp. 


Platynereis sp. 


Pseudonereis sp. 


Pseudonereis sp.1 


unid. Nereididae 


Family GLYCERIDAE 

Glycera sp. 


81

Family EUNICIDAE 

Eunice sp. 

1923 BPBM-R 1371 Pago Pago Harbor 


Lydidice sp.1 


Lysidice sp.2 


Lysidice spp. 


Nematonereis sp. 


Nematoneris sp. 


Oeninida sp. 


Oenone sp. 


Family LUMBRINERIDAE 

Lumbrineris sp. 



Family DORVILLEIDAE 

Dorvillea sp. 


Family SPIONIDAE 

Dipolydora sp. 


Polydora sp. 


Prionospio sp. 


unid. Spionidae 


Family CIRRATULIDAE 

Caulleriella sp. 


Cirratulus sp. 


Cirriformia punctata (Grube, 1856) 


Cirriformia sp. 


Family CHAETOPTERIDAE 

Chaetopterus sp. 


Mesochaetopterus sp. 


Phyllochaetopterus sp. 


Spiochaetopterus sp. 


Family ORBINIIDAE 

Naineris sp. 


Family OPHELIIDAE 

Armandia sp. 


82

Class OLIGOCHAETA 

Polyophthalmus sp. 


Family CAPITELLIDAE 

Bhawania sp. 


Notomastus sp. 


Family TEREBELLIDAE 

?Nicolea sp. 


Eupolymnia sp. 


Loimia cf. ingens (Grube, 1878) 


Pista sp. 


Streblosoma sp. 


unid. Terebellidae 


Family SABELLIDAE 

Branchiomma sp. 


Hypsicomus sp. 


Megalomma sp. 


Potamilla sp. 


Sabella sp. 


Family SERPULIDAE 

Ficopomatus sp. 


Salmacina dysteri (Huxley, 1855) Introduced 


Spirobranchus giganteus Pallas, 1766 


Spirobranchus sp. 


Temporaria sp. 


unid. Sepulidae 


Family EUPHROSINIDAE 

Euphrosine sp. 


Family POECILOCHAETIDAE 

Poecilochaetus sp. 


unid. Oligochaeta 


Phylum MOLLUSCA 

Class GASTROPODA 

Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA 

Order ARCHAEOGASTROPODA 

83

Family HALIOTIDAE 

Haliotis sp. 



Family FISSURELLIDAE (DIODORINAE) 

Diodora sp. 


Family FISSURELLIDAE (EMARGINULINAE) 

Emarginula montrouzieri Souverbie, 1872 


Family PATELLIDAE 

Cellana pricei Powell, 1973 


Cellana sp. 

1985 Sea Engineering 1986 (as Patella sp. ) Rainmaker Hotel 

Scutellaster flexuosa Reeve, 1854 


unid. Patellidae 


Family STOMATELLIDAE 

?Stomatia sp. 


Synaptocochlea sp. 1 






unid. Stomatellidae 


Family TROCHIDAE (ENCYCLINAE) 

Euchelus atratus (Gmelin, 1791) 


Gibbula marmorea (Pease, 1861) 


Family TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) 

Clanculus atropurpureus (Gould, 1849) 


Clanculus clanguloides (Wood, 1818) 



Clanculus denticulatus (Gray, JE, 1827) 


Clanculus sp. 


Monilea philippiana Dunker 


Monilea sp. 


Tectus pyramis Born, 1778 



Trochus conus Gmelin,1791 


Trochus histrio Reeve, 1848 


Trochus incrassatus Lamarck, 1822 


84

Trochus laciniatus Reeve, 1861 



Trochus niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 Introduced 

2002 present study (dead shell) 

Trochus ochroleucus Gmelin, 1791 


Trochus pyramis Born,1778 



Trochus sp. 1 


Trochus sp. 2 


Trochus stellatus Gmelin, 1791 


unid. Trochidae 


Family TURBINIDAE (COLLONINAE) 

Astralium rhodostoma (Lamarck, 1822) 


Leptothyra sp. 


Leptothyra verruca (Gould, 1845) 


Family TURBINIDAE (TURBININAE) 

Astraea rhodostoma (Lamarck, 1822) 



Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 



Turbo cinereus Born, 1778 


Turbo crassa Wood, 1829 


Turbo crassus Wood, 1829 


Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758 



Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 



Turbo sp. 





Family CYCLOSTREMATIDAE 

Liotina loculosa Gould 1862 


Family NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) 

?Nerita (Ritena) undata Linnaeus, 1758 

1985 Sea Engineering 1986 (as ?Ritena undata) Rainmaker Hotel 

?Nerita sp. 


Nerita albicilla Linnaeus, 1758 


85

Nerita argus Récluz, 1841 


Nerita cf. picea (Récluz, 1841) 


Nerita incerta Philippi, 1844 


Nerita morio Linnaeus, 1758 


Nerita plicata Linnaeus, 1758 






Nerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 




Nerita sp. 


Puperita bensoni (Récluz, 1850) 


Order NEOTAENIOGLOSSA 

Suborder DISCOPODA 

Family CERITHIIDAE 

?Cerithium zebrum Kiener, 1841 


Cerithium alveolus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854 



Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1834 


Cerithium echinatum Houbrick, 1992 



Cerithium nesioticum Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1905 



Rhinoclavis articulata (Adams & Reeve, 1850) 


Rhinoclavis aspera (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Rhinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin, 1791) 


Family MODULIDAE 

Modulus tectum (Gmelin, 1791) 


Family PLANAXIDAE 

Hinea fasciata (Pease, 1868) 


Planaxis sulcatus (Born,1778) 



Family TURRITELLIDAE 

unid. Turritellidae 


Family LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) 

86

Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791) 





Littoraria scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Littoraria sp. 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Littorina ap.) Vatia Bay 



Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839) 



Nodilittorina sp. 


Family CAECIDAE 

unid. Caecidae 


Family RISSOIDAE (RISSOININAE) 

?Rissoina sp. 


Rissoina (Apataxia) cerithiiformis Tryon, 1887 


Rissoina ambigua (Gould, 1849) 


Family STROMBIDAE 

Lambis scorpius (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Lambis truncata (Kiener, 1843) 


Strombus cf. luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 


Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758 


Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758 


Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758 


Family HIPPONICIDAE 

Hipponix sp. 


Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817) 


Family VERMETIDAE 

unid. Vermetidae 


Family CYPRAEIDAE 

Cypraea annulus Linnaeus, 1758 






Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758 



Cypraea asellus Linnaeus, 1758 


87

Cypraea caputserpensis Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758 



Cypraea childreni Gray, 1825 



Cypraea cicerula Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea cribraria (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Cypraea depressa (Gray, 1846) 


Cypraea eglantina Duclos, 1833 


Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758 



Cypraea labrolineata Gaskoin, 1849 


Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758 



Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 





Cypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea poraria Linnaeus, 1758 


Cypraea sp. (juvenile) 


Cypraea testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758 


Family LAMELLARIIDAE 

Coriocella nigra Blainville, 1824) 


Family BURSIDAE 

Bursa bubo Linneus,1758 


Bursa bufonia (Gmelin, 1791) 


Bursa cruentata Sowerby, 1841 



Bursa mammata (Röding, 1798) 


88

Bursa rhodostoma Sowerby, 1841 




Family CASSIDAE (PHALINAE) 

Casmaria erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family RANELLIDAE (CYMATIINAE) 

Charonia tritonis (Linnaeus, 1767) 


Cymatium (Septa ) ?gemmatum (Reeve, 1844) 


Cymatium (Septa ) aquatile (Reeve, 1844) 


Cymatium (Septa ) pileare (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Cymatium (Septa ) rubeculum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Cymatium sp. 


Family RANELLIDAE (RANELLINAE) 

Gyrineum sp. 


Gyrineum gyrinum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Suborder PTENOGLOSSA 

Family TRIPHORIDAE (INIFORINAE) 

Iniforis sp. 


Family TRIPHORIDAE (MASTONIINAE) 

Mastonia ?cingulifera (Pease, 1861) 


Mastonia rubra (Hinds, 1843) 


Mastonia sp. 


unid. Triphoridae 


Family TRIPHORIDAE (METAXIINAE) 

Metaxia sp. 


Family EULIMIDAE 

Stilifer linckiae Sarasin & Sarasin, 1887 


Order NEOGASTROPODA 

Family BUCCINIDAE 

?Cantharus sp. 


Cantharus undosus (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Engina alveolata (Kiener, 1836) 



Engina incarnata (Deshayes, 1834) 


Engina mendicaria (Linnaeus, 1758) 


89

Engina zonalis Lamarck, 1822 


Prodotia iostomus (Gray in Griffiths & Pidgeon, 1834) 


unid. Buccinidae 


Family COLUBRARIIDAE 

Colubraria sp. 


Family COLUMBELLIDAE 

?Anachis misera (Sowerby, 1844) 


Columbellidae sp. 1 








Euplica sp. 


Metanachis marquesa (Gaskoin, 1852) 


Mitrella sp. 


Mitrella albina (Kiener, 1841) 


Mitrella marquesa (Gaskoin, 1852) 


Mitrella sp. 


Pyrene deshayesii (Crosse, 1859) 



Pyrene flava (Bruguière, 1789 


Pyrene testudinaria (Link, 1807) 


Pyrene turturina (Lamarck, 1822) 


unid. Columbellidae 


Zafra sp. 


Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE 

Coralliophila sp. 


Coralliophila madreporaria (Sowerby, 1824) 


Coralliophila monodonta (de Blainville, 1832) 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Quoyula monodonta) Fagatele Bay 

Coralliophila neritoidea Lamarck, 1816 


Coralliophila violacea (Kiener, 1836) 



90

cf. Leptoconchus lamarckii Deshayes, 1863 


Quoyula madreporarum (Sowerby, 1834) 


Family FASCIOLARIIDAE 

?Peristernia cf. constricta (Koch, 1845) 


Latirolagena smaragdula (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Latirus polygonus (Gmelin, 1791) 


Latirus polygonus barclayi Reeve, 1847 


Latirus smaragdula Linnaeus, 1758 


Peristernia fastigium (Reeve, 1847) 



Peristernia incarnata (Kiener, 1840) 


Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck, 1822) 



Peristernia sp. 1 






Pleuroploca filamentosa (Röding, 1798) 




Pleuroploca sp. 


unid. Fasciolaridae 


Family MURICIDAE 

Chicoreus brunneus (Link, 1807) 



Chicoreus sp. 


Cronia margariticola (Broderip, 1833) 



Cronia sp. 


Family NASSARIIDAE 

Nassarius glans (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Nassarius quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1904) 


Niotha albescens (Dunker, 1846) 


91

Family THAIDIDAE 

?Morula sp. 


?Thais sp. 


Drupa (Drupa ) morum Röding, 1798 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Drupa morum) Fagatele Bay 

Drupa (Drupa ) ricina (Linnaeus, 1758) 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Drupa ricinus ) Fagatele Bay 

Drupa (Drupina) grossularia (Röding, 1798) 


Drupa (Ricinella) rubusidaeus Röding, 1798 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Drupa rubusidaeus) Fagatele Bay 

Drupa ?rubusidaeus (juvenile) Röding, 1798 


Drupa grossularia (Röding, 1798) 


Drupa morum Röding, 1798 



Drupa ricina (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Drupa rubrosidaeus Röding, 1798 


Drupella cornus (Roding, 1798) 


Drupella elata Blainville, 1832 


Drupella sp. 


Habromorula lepida Houart, 1994 


Habromorula sp. 


Mancinella hippocastanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Mancinella tuberosa (Röding, 1798) 


Morula biconica (Blainville, 1832) 



Morula dumosa (Conrad, 1837) 


Morula granulata (Duclos, 1832) 




Morula nodicostata (Pease, 1868) 


Morula sp. 


Morula spinosa (Adams & Adams, 1853) 



Morula squamosa Pease, 1867 


92

Morula uva (Röding, 1798) 




Nassa francolina (Kuroda, 1953) 


Thais aculeata Deshayes, 1844 


Thais armigera (Link, 1807) 




Thais tuberosa (Röding, 1798) 



Family COSTELLARIIDAE 

Costellaria sp. 1 


Costellaria sp. 2 


Costellaria cadaverosa (Reeve, 1844) 


Costellaria exasperata (Gmelin, 1791) 


Costellaria semifasciata (Lamarck, 1811) 


Vexillum (Costellaria) ?diutenerum (Hervier, 1897) 


Vexillum (Pusia) cancellarioides (Anton, 1839) 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Pusia cancellarioides) Fagatele Bay 


Vexillum (Pusia) lautum (Reeve, 1845) 


Vexillum (Pusia) suavis (Souverbie, 1875) 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Pusia suavis) Fagasa Bay 

Vexillum (Pusia) unifascialis (Lamarck, 1811) 


Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791) 


unid. Costellariidae 


Family HARPIDAE 

Harpidae (juvenile) 


Family MITRIDAE (IMBRICARIINAE) 

Imbricaria olivaeformis (Swainson, 1821) 


Subcancilla flammea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 


Family MITRIDAE 

?Nebularia doliolum Swainson 


Cancilla peasei (Dohrn, 1860) 


Cancilla sp. 


Domiporta filaris (Linnaeus, 1771) 


93

Mitra (Dibaphus) multiplicata Pease, 1865 


Mitra (Mitra) coffea Schubert & Wagner, 1829 


Mitra (Nebularia) contracta Swainson, 1820 


Mitra (Nebularia) cucumerina Lamarck, 1811 


Mitra (Nebularia) fraga Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Nebularia fraga) Fagatele Bay 

Mitra (Nebularia) tabanula Lamarck, 1811 


Mitra (Strigatella) acuminata Swainson, 1824 


Mitra (Strigatella) assimilis Pease, 1868 


Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium (Reeve, 1845) 


Mitra (Strigatella) litterata (Lamarck, 1811) 


Mitra sp. 


Nebularia chrysalis Reeve, 1844 


Nebularia chrysostoma Broderip, 1836 


Strigatella decurtata Reeve, 1844 


Swainsonia casta (Gmelin, 1791) 


unid. Mitridae 


Zierliana woldemarii (Kiener, 1838) 


Family TURBINELLIDAE 

Vasum ?turbinellum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Vasum ceramicum (Linnaeus, 1758) 




Vasum turbinellum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family CONIDAE 

Conus ?circumactus Iredale, 1929 


Conus ?imperialis Linnaeus, 1758 


Conus ?moreleti/balteatus 


Conus ?sponsalis (juvenile ) Hwass, 1792 


Conus chaldeus (Röding, 1798) 



Conus coronatus Gmelin, 1791 


Conus distans Hwass, 1792 



94

Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 





Conus eburneus Hwass, 1792 


Conus flavidus Lamarck, 1810 




Conus frigidus Reeve, 1848 


Conus geographus Linnaeus, 1758 


Conus glans Hwass, 1792 



Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758 


Conus lividus Hwass, 1792 





Conus miles Linnaeus, 1758 





Conus miliaris Hwass, 1792 



Conus nanus Sowerby, 1833 


Conus planorbis Hwass, 1792 


Conus pulicarius Hwass, 1792 


Conus rattus Hwass, 1792 



Conus sanguinolentus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 




Conus sp. 



Conus sponsalis Hwass, 1792 



Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758 



Conus terebra Born, 1778 


Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791 



95

Family TEREBRIDAE 

Terebra ?jenningsi Burch, 1965 


Terebra aereolata (Link, 1807) 


Terebra affinis Gray, 1834 


Terebra babylonia Lamarck, 1822 


Terebra columellaris Hinds, 1844 


Terebra crenulata (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Terebra dimidiata (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Terebra guttata (Röding, 1798) 


Terebra maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Terebra subulata (Linnaeus, 1767) 


unid. Terebridae 


Family TURRIDAE (DRILLIINAE) 

?Inquisitor sp. 


Turridrupa cerithina (Anton, 1838) 


unid. Turridae 


Order HETEROSTROPHA 

Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE 

unid. Architectonicidae 


Subclass OPISTOBRANCHIA 

Order CEPHALASPIDEA 

Family ACTEONIDAE 

Acteon sp. 


Family ATYIDIDAE 

Atys ?cylindrica (juvenile). (Helbling, 1779) 


Atys sp. 


Order SACOGLOSSA 

Family PLAKOBRANCHIDAE 

Elysia sp. 


Order NUDIBRANCHIA 

Family CHROMODORIDIDAE 

Risbeca tyroni (Garrett, 1873) 


Family PHYLLIDIIDAE 

Phyllidia sp. 


Phyllidiella pustulosa (Cuvier, 1804) 


Family DORIDIDAE (KENTRODORIDINAE) 

96

Jorunna funebris (Kelaart, 1858) 


Subclass PULMONATA 

Order BASOMMATOPHORA 

Family MELAMPIDAE 

Class BIVALVIA 

Laemodonta octanfracta (Jonas, 1845) 


Family SIPHONARIIDAE 

Siphonaria (Heterosiphonaria) sp. 


Siphonaria sp. 





UNID. GASTROPODA 

unid. Micromollusc sp. 1 










Family MYTILIDAE 

Brachidontes spp. 


Lithophaga nigra (d’Orbigny, 1842) 


Lithophaga sp. 


Musculus sp. 


Rhomboidella malaccana Ockelmann, 1983 


Septifer cumingi complex 


Family ARCIDAE (ANADARINAE) 

Anadara sp. (juv) 


Bentharca sp. 1 


Family ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) 

Acar plicata (Dillwyn, 1817) 


Arca avellana Lamarck, 1819 



Barbatia amygdalumtostum (Röding 1798) 


Barbatia parva (Sowerby, 1833) 


Barbatia sp. 


97

Family ISOGNOMONIDAE 

Isognomon cf. californicum (Conrad, 1837) 


Isognomon (juvenile) 


Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck, 1819) 


Isognomon perna (Linnaeus, 1767) 



Isognomon sp. 


Family MALLEIDAE 

Malleus (Malrufundus) cf. regula (Forsskål, 1775) 


Malvufnudus nuttalli complex 


Vulsella sp. 


Family PTERIIDAE 

Pinctada sp. 


Family PINNIDAE 

Pinna sp. 


Streptopinna saccata (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family LIMIDAE 

Ctenoides annulata (Lamarck, 1819 


Lima vulgaris Link, 1807 


Limaria sp. 


Family OSTREIDAE 

Dendostrea sandvicensis (Sowerby, 1871) 


Ostreidae sp. 


Ostreidae sp. (juvenile) 


Saccostrea sp. 


Saccostrea?sp. ((juvenile)) 


Family PLICATULIDAE 

Plicatula ?australis Lamarck, 1819 


Family PECTINIDAE 

Chlamys sp. 


Pasachinnites coruscans (Hinds, 1845) 


Family PROPEAMUSIIDAE 

Chlamydella incubata complex 


Family SPONDYLIDAE 

98

Spondylus sp. 



Family ANOMIIDAE 

Anomia nobilis Reeve, 1859 Introduced 


Anomia sp. 


Family CHAMIDAE 

Chama asperella Lamarck, 1819 


Chama brassica Reeve, 1847 


Chama pacifica Broderip, 1835 Introduced 


Chama sp. 



Family GASTROCHAENIDAE 

Gastrochaena sp. 


Family VENERIDAE 

?Irus sp. 


Irus sp. 


Lioconcha castrensis Linnaeus, 1758 


Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) 



Tridacna sp. 


Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819 


Family PETRICOLIDAE 

Petricola lapicida (Gmelin, 1791) 


Family GALEOMMATIDAE 

Galeommatidae sp. 1 






Family CARDIIDAE 

Fragum fragum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family CARDITIDAE 

Cardita variegata (Bruguière, 1792) 



Cardita variegata? (juvenile) Bruguière 1792 


Vasticardium orbita philippinense (Hedley, 1899) 


Family SEMELIDAE 

Lonoa hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch, & Rehder, 1938 


99

Family TELLINIDAE 

Pinguitellina robusta Hanley, 1844 


Scutarcopagia scobinata (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Tellina crucigera Lamarck, 1818 


Family TRAPEZIIDAE 

Trapezium oblongum (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Class CEPHALOPODA 

Order TEUTHOIDEA 

Family LOLIGINIDAE 

Sepioteuthis sp. 


Class POLYPLACOPHORA 

Order CHITONIDEA 

unid. Chitonidae 


Family CRYPTOPLACIDAE 

Cryptoplax larvaeformis (de Blainville & Burrow 1815) 


Cryptoplax sp. 


Phylum ARTHROPODA 

Class MAXILLOPODA 

Subclass CIRRIPEDIA 

Order THORACICA 

Family BALANIDAE 

Balanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) Introduced 


Balanus reticulatus Utinomi, 1967 Introduced 


Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 


Family CHTHAMALIDAE 

Chthamalus sp. A , cf. malayensis? Pilsbry, 1916 


Chthamalus sp. B, challengeri group 


Family LEPADIDAE 

Capitulum mitella Linnaeus, 1758 


Lithotrya nicobarica Reinhardt 1850 


Family POECILASMATIDAE 

Poecilasma crassa Gray, 1848 


Family VERRUCIDAE 

Verruca cookei Pilsbry, 1928 


Family TETRACLITIDAE 

Acasta sp. 


100

Subclass COPEPODA 

Family UNID. COPEPODA 

unid. Copepoda 


Class OSTRACODA 

Family UNID. OSTRACODA 

Asteropterygion n. sp. 


Paravargula trifax Kornicker, 1991 


Order PODOCOPINA 

Family CYPRIDIDAE 

Cypridina n. sp. 


Class MALACOSTRACA 

Subclass HOPLOCARIDA 

Order STOMATOPODA 

Family GONODACTYLIDAE 

Cymo melanodactylus Milne Edwards, 1873 

1924 BPBM-S 1680 Pago Pago Harbor 

Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabricius, 1781) 


Family UNID. STOMATOPODA 

Stomatopod (juvenile) 


Subclass EUMALACOSTRACA 

Superorder PERACARIDA 

Order AMPHIPODA 

Suborder GAMMARIDEA 

Family AMPHILOCHIDAE 

Amphilochus menehune Barnard, 1970 


Family AMPITHOIDAE 

Ampithoe sp. 


Family ANAMIXIDAE 

Paranamixis madagascarensis Ledeyer, 1982 


Family AORIDAE 

Bemlos ?intermedius Schellenberg, 1938 


Bemlos virgus Myers, 1985 Cryptogenic 


Bemlos sp. 


Family COLOMASTIGIDAE 

Colomastix lunalilo Barnard, 1970 


Colomastix sp.1 


Family COROPHIIDAE 

Corophium insidiosum? Crawford, 1937 Introduced 


Corophium sp.2 


Ericthonius brasiliensis (Dana, 1853) Introduced 


101

Family DEXAMINIDAE 

Paradexamine sp.1 


Family ISAEIDAE 

Gammaropsis atlantica Stebbing, 1888 


Gammaropsis sp.1 


Photis sp.1 


Family ISCHYROCERIDAE 

Jassa sp.1 


Leucothoe micronesiae Barnard, 1965 Introduced 


Leucothoe sp.1 


Leucothoe sp.2 


Leucothoides pottsi Shoemaker, 1933 


Notopoma sp. 


Family LEUCOTHOIDAE 

Leucothoella bannwarthi Schellenberg, 1928 


Family LILJEBORGIIDAE 

Liljeborgia ?laniloa Barnard, 1970 


Family MELITIDAE 

Elasmopus pseudoaffinis Schellenberg, 1938 


Elasmopus sp.1 










Maera? pacifica Schellenberg, 1938 


Maera sp. 


Mallacoota insignis (Chevreux, 1901) 


Family PHLIANTIDAE 

Pereionotus alaniphlias Barnard, 1970 


Family PLEUSTIDAE 

Tepidopleustes ?honomu (Barnard, 1970 ) 


Family PODOCERIDAE 

Podocerus sp.1 


102

Family STENOTHOIDAE 

Stenothoe valida Dana, 1853 Cryptogenic 


Family TALITROIDAE 

Hyale sp.1 


Order ISOPODA 

Suborder GNATHIIDEA 

Family GNATHIIDAE 

Gnathia n.sp. 


Suborder ANTHURIDEA 

Family ANTHURIDAE 

Mesanthura sp. 


Panathura sp. 


Pendanthura sp. 


Family EXPANATHURIDAE 

Eisothistos n.sp. 


Suborder FLABELLIFERA 

Family CIROLANIDAE 

Metacirolana sp. 


Family LIMNORIIDAE 

Limnoria sp. 


Family SPHAEROMATIDAE 

Hadromastax sp. 


Neonaesa rugosa Harrison & Holdich, 1982 


Sphaeromatidae n. gen. 


Suborder ASELLOTA 

Family JANIRIDAE 

Carpias sp. 


Family JOEROPSIDAE 

Joeropsis sp. 


Family STENETRIIDAE 

Mizothenar sp. 


Stenetrium sp. 


Suborder ONISCIDEA 

Family LIGIIDAE 

Ligia exotica Roux, 1828 Introduced 


Order TANAIDACEA 

Suborder TANAIDOMORPHA 

Family TANAIDAE 

unid. Tanaidae 


103

Superorder EUCARIDA 

Order DECAPODA 

Suborder PLEOCYEMATA 

Infraorder STENOPODIDEA 

Family STENOPODIDAE 

Stenopus hispidus (Olivier, 1811) 


Infraorder CARIDEA 

Family PALAEMONIDAE (PONTONIINAE) 

Periclimenes sp. 


Family ALPHEIDAE 

Alpheus bucephalus Coutière, 1905 


Alpheus collumianus Stimpson, 1860 


Alpheus gracilipes Stimpson, 1860 


Alpheus obesomanus Dana, 1852 


Alpheus pachychirus Stimpson, 1861 


Alpheus paralcyone Coutière, 1905 


Alpheus parvirostris Dana, 1852 


Synalpheus coutierei Banner, 1953 


Synalpheus gracilirostris DeMan, 1910 


Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutière, 1905 


Synalpheus redactocarpus Banner, 1953 


Synalpheus streptodactylus Coutière, 1905 


Family HIPPOLYTIDAE 

?Saron spp. 


Thor sp. 


Suborder REPTANTIA 

Infraorder BRACHYURA 

Family GRAPSIDAE 

Grapsus sp. 


Metopograpsus sp. 



Pachygrapsus minutus Milne Edwards, 1873 


Plagusia sp. 


Plagusia tuberculata (Lamarck, 1818) 


Family PORTUNIDAE 

Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) 

1979 USACE 1980 Inner harbor 

104

Thalamita sp.1 


Family CARPILIIDAE 

Carpilius convexus (Forsskål, 1775) 


Carpilius maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family PILUMNIDAE 

Pilumnus sp.1 


Family TRAPEZIIDAE 

Coralliophaga coralliophaga complex 


Domecia glabra Alcock, 1899 


Family DAIRIDAE 

Daira perlata (Herbst, 1790) 


Family PANOPEIDAE 

Panopeus pacificus Edmondson, 1931 Introduced 


Family XANTHIDAE 

Actaea tomentosus (Milne Edwards, 1834) 


Actaeodes tomentosus (Milne Edwards, 1834) 


Chlorodiella barbata (Borradaile, 1900) 


Chlorodiella cythera Dana, 1852 


Chlorodiella laevissima (Dana, 1852) 


Chlorodiella nigra (Forsskål, 1775) 


Etisus ?utilis Jacquinot, 1852 


Liomera monticulosa (Milne-Edwards, 1873) 


Neoliomera pubescens (Milne Edwards, 1834) 


Neoliomera sp. 


Paractaea sp. 


Phymodius ungulatus (Milne Edwards, 1834) 



Pilodius flavus Rathbun, 1893 


Pilodius maotieni Serene, 1971 


Pilodius pubescens Dana, 1852 


Pilodius pugil Dana, 1852 


Pilodius sp. 


Pseudoliomera variolosa (Borradaile, 1902) 


105

Xanthias sp. 


Zosimus aeneus (Linnaeus, 1758) 


unid. Xanthidae 


Family MAJIDAE 

Camposia retusa Latreille, 1829 


Menaethuis sp. 


Tylocarcinus dumerilii (Milne-Edwards, 1834) 


unid. Majidae 


Family PARTHENOPIDAE 

Daldorfia horrida (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family AETHRIDAE 

Aethra scruposa (Linnaeus, 1764) 


Family CALAPPIDAE 

Calappa hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) 


Family LEUCOSIIDAE 

Leucosia sp. 1 


Nucia speciosa Dana, 1852 


Infraorder PALINURIDEA 

Family SCYLLARIDAE 

Parribacus antarcticus (Lund, 1793) 


Infraorder ANOMURA 

Family DIOGENIDAE 

Aniculus ursus (Olivier, 1811) 


Calcinus lineapropodus Morgan & Forest, 1991 


Calcinus elegans Milne Edwards, 1836 


Calcinus guamensis Wooster, 1982 


Calcinus haigae Wooster, 1982 


Calcinus laevimanus (Randall, 1839) 


Calcinus latens (Randall, 1839) 


Calcinus minutus Buitendijk, 1937 


Calcinus morgani Rahayu & Forest, 1999 


Ciliopagurus strigatus (Herbst, 1804) 


Dardanus deformis Milne Edwards, 1836 


Dardanus guttatus (Olivier, 1812) 


106

Dardanus lagopodes (Forsskål, 1775) 


Dardanus megistos (Herbst, 1804) 



Dardanus sp. 


Diogenes biramus Morgan, 1987 


Family PAGURIDAE 

?Pagurixus sp. 


Pagurixus ?laevimanus (Ortmann, 1892) 


Family GALATHEIDAE 

Galathea sp. 


Phylum ECTOPROCTA 

Class GYMNOLAEMATA 

Order CHEILOSTOMATA 

Suborder ASCOPHORA 

Family CELLEPORIDAE 

Celleporaria spp. 


Celleporaria? 


Family CREPIDACANTHIDAE 

Crepidicantha longiseta Canu & Bassler, 1928 


Family SAVIGNYELLIDAE 

Savignyella lafontii (Audouin, 1826) Introduced 


Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE 

Schizoporella cf. errata (Waters, 1878) Introduced 


Family SMITTINIDAE 

Parasmittina sp. 1 


Parasmittina spp. 


Smittina ? sp. 


Family TETRAPLARIIDAE 

Tetraplaria ventricosa (Haswell, 1880) 


Family ARACHNOPUSIIDAE 

Poricella robusta Hincks, 1884 Cryptogenic 


Watersipora subtorquata (d'Orbigny, 1842) Introduced 


Suborder ANASCA 

Family BEANIIDAE 

Beania sp. 


Family BUGULIDAE 

Bugula dentata (Lamauroux, 1816) Introduced 


107

Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758) Introduced 


Family CRIBRILINIDAE 

Cribrilaria radiata Moll, 1803 


Family EPISTOMIIDAE 

Synnotum aegyptiacum (Audouin, 1826) 


Family SCRUPOCELLARIIDAE 

Caberea boryi (Audouin, 1826) 


Scrupocellaria sinuosa? Canu & Bassler, 1927 


Family AETEIDAE 

Aetea sp. 


Family HINCKSINIDAE 

Antropora granulifera (Hincks, 1880) 


Order CTENOSTOMATA 

Suborder STOLONIFERA 

Family VESICULARIIDAE 

Amathia sp. 


Class STENOLAEMATA 

Order CYCLOSTOMATA 

Suborder TUBULIPORINA 

Family TUBULIPORIDAE 

Tubulipora pulcherrima Kirkpatrick, 1890 


Suborder ARTICULATA 

Family CRISIIDAE 

Crisia sp. 1 


Crisia sp.2 


Crisia sp.3 


Phylum BRACHIOPODA 

Class ARTICULATA 

Order RHYNCHONELLIDA 

Family LAQUEIDAE 

Frenulina sanguinolenta Gmelin, 1790 


Phylum ECHINODERMATA 

Class ASTEROIDEA 

Order PAXILLOSIDA 

Family ASTROPECTINIDAE 

Astropecten sp. 

1924 BPBM-W 724 Pago Pago Harbor 

Order VALVATIDA 

Family ACANTHASTERIDAE 

Acanthaster planci Linnaeus, 1758 






108

Family ASTEROPSEIDAE 

Asteropsis carinifera (Lamarck, 1816) 


Family MITHRODIIDAE 

Mithrodia clavigera Lamarck, 1816) 


Family OREASTERIDAE 

Culcita novaeguineae Müller & Troschel, 1842 


Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE 

Fromia nodosa Clark, 1967 


Fromia sp. 


Fromia sp. 1 


Fromia sp. 2 


Gomophia egyptiaca Gray, 1840 

1974 BPBM-W 2292 Vatia Bay 


Leiaster speciosus von Martens, 1866 


Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus 1758) 







Linckia multifora (Lamarck, 1816) 




Neoferdina cf. cumingi (Gray, 1840) 



Class CRINOIDEA 

Order COMATULIDA 

Family COMASTERIDAE 

Comanthus sp. 


Comanthus wahlbergii (Müller, 1843) 


Phanogenia gracilis (Hartlaub, 1890) 


Family COLOBOMETRIDAE 

?Oligometra serripinna (juvenile) Carpenter, 1881) 


Oligometra carpenteri (Bell, 1884) 

1974 BPBM-W 2311 Fagasa Bay 

Family MARIAMETRIDAE 

?Stephanometra indica (juvenile) (Smith, 1876) 


Class OPHIUROIDEA 

Order OPHIURIDA 

Family OPHIOCOMIDAE 

?Macrophiothrix sp. 


109

Ophiarthrum elegans Peters, 1851 


Ophiocoma brevipes Peters, 1851 


Ophiocoma erinaceus Müller & Troschel, 1842 




Ophiocoma sp. (juvenile) 


Ophiocomella sexradia (Duncan, 1887) 


Ophiomastix caryophyllata Lutken, 1869 


Ophiomastix mixta (Marsh, 1980) 



Ophiomastix palaoensis Murakami, 1943 


Family OPHIODERMATIDAE 

Ophiopeza spinosa (Ljungman, 1867) 


Family OPHIURIDAE 

Ophiolepis cincta Müller & Troschel, 1842 


Ophioplocus imbricatus (Müller & Troschel, 1842) 


Family OPHIONEREIDIDAE 

Ophionereis porrecta Lyman, 1860 


Ophionereis ?porrecta (juvenile) Lyman, 1860 


Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE 

Macrophiothrix longipeda (Lamarck, 1816) 


Macrophiothrix sp. 


Ophiothrix sp. 


Ophiothrix sp. 1 


Ophiothrix sp. 2 


Unid. Ophiotrichidae 


Family AMPHIURIDAE 

Amphiura sp. 


Family OPHIACTIDAE 

Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Cryptogenic 


Ophiactis sp. 1 


Ophiactis sp. 2 


110

Class ECHINOIDEA 

Order CIDAROIDA 

Family CIDARIDAE 

Eucidaris metularia Lamarck, 1816 



Order DIADEMATOIDA 

Family DIADEMATIDAE 

Diadema ?savignyi (Michelin, 1845) 


Diadema paucispinum Agassiz, 1863 


Diadema sp. 



Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) 


Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Echinothrix spp. 


Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA 

Family TEMNOPLEURIDAE 

Mespilia globulus Linnaeus, 1758 





Order ECHINOIDA 

Family ECHINOMETRIDAE 

Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825) 







Echinometra oblonga (de Blainville, 1825) 


Echinometra sp. (white tip) 


Echinostrephus ascicularis Agassiz, 1863 


Echinostrephus sp. 





Class HOLOTHUROIDEA 

Order ASPIDOCHIROTIDA 

Family HOLOTHURIIDAE 

Actinopyga echinites (Jaeger,1833) 


Actinopyga mauritiana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 


Bohadschia argus Jager, 1833 


Bohadshia marmarata (Jaeger,1833) 


111

Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jaeger, 1833 





Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) 


Holothuria (Microthele) whitmaei Bell, 1887 


Holothuria (Stauropora) pervicax Selenka, 1867 


Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla Lesson, 1830 


Holothuria ludwigi (Döderlein, 1896) 


1974 BPBM-W 2342 Vatia Bay 

Holothuria sp. 



Family STICHOPODIDAE 

Stichopus chloronotus Brandt, 1835 








Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867 


Order APODIDA 

Family SYNAPTIDAE 

Opheodesoma sp. 1 


Opheodesoma sp. 2 


Polyplectana sp. 


Synapta maculata (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) 


Phylum CHORDATA 

Class ASCIDIACEA 

Order ENTEROGONA 

Suborder APLOUSOBRANCHIA 

Family DIDEMNIDAE 

Didemnum molle (Herdman 1886) 


Diplosoma spp. 


unid. Didemnidae 


Family POLYCLINIDAE 

unid. Polyclinidae 


Suborder PHLEBOBRANCHIA 

Family ASCIDIIDAE 

Phallusia (Ascidia) cf. nigra Savigny, 1816 Introduced 


Order PLEUROGONA 

Suborder STOLIDOBRANCHIA 

112

Family STYELIDAE 

Cnemidocarpa sp. 


Eusynstyela sp. 


Polyandrocarpa sp. 


Polycarpa sp. 


Styela canopus Savigny, 1816 Introduced 


Family PYURIDAE 

Microcosmus sp. 


Pyura sp. 


Phylum Chordata 

Class Elasmobranchii 

Order Carcharhiniformes 

Family Carcharhinidae 

Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 


Order Rajiformes 

Family Dasyatidae 

Dasyatis kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841) 


Family Myliobatidae 

Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) 


Class Actinopterygii 

Order Anguilliformes 

Family Chlopsidae 

Kaupichthys sp. 

1974 BPBM-17482 Aua 

Family Ophichthidae 

Scolecenchelys macroptera (Bleeker, 1857) (as Muraenichthys macropterus) 

1974 BPBM-17484 Aua 

Family Muraenidae 

Gymnothorax ?fimbriatus (Bennett, 1831) 


Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, 1859) 





Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1864 

1974 BPBM-17505 Fagatele Bay 

Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) 




Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Gymnothorax ?picta) Ava Point 

Moringua sp. 

1974 BPBM-17942 Aua 

Uropterygius sp. 


113

Order Clupeiformes 

Family Clupeidae 

Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837) 


Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus (Rüppell, 1837) 




Sardinella melanura (Cuvier, 1829) 


1974 BPBM-28182 Aua 


Spratelloides sp. 


Family Engraulidae 

Encrasicholina heteroloba (Rüppell, 1837) 


Order Aulopiformes 

Family Synodontidae 

Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 


Synodus variegatus (Lacépède, 1803) 



Order Ophidiiformes 

Family Carapidae 

Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) 


Family Bythitidae 

Microbrotula randalli Cohen & Wourms, 1976 



Order Lophiiformes 

Family Antennariidae 

Antennarius sp. 


Order Atheriniformes 

Family Atherinidae 

Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801) 


Hypoatherina temminckii (Bleeker, 1853) 


Family Notocheiridae 

Iso nesiotes Saeed, Ivantsoff, & Crowley, 1993 


Order Beloniformes 

Family Belonidae 

Tylosurus crocodilus (Peron & Lesueur, 1821) 


Family Hemiramphidae 

Hemiramphus sp. 


Hyporhamphus affinis (Günther, 1866) 


Hyporhamphus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1846) 


Family Exocoetidae 

Cypselurus sp. 


114

Order Beryciformes 

Family Holocentridae 

Myripristis adusta Bleeker, 1853 



Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann 1903 



Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann, 1903 


Myripristis kuntee Valenciennes, 1831 



Myripristis murdjan (Forsskål, 1775) 


Myripristis violacea Bleeker, 1851 


Neoniphon aurolineatus (Liénard, 1839) 


Neoniphon opercularis (Valenciennes, 1831) 


Neoniphon sammara (Forsskål, 1775) 





Sargocentron caudimaculatum (Rüppell, 1838) 



Sargocentron diadema (Lacépède, 1802) 



NA BPBM-5365 Pago Pago Harbor 

Sargocentron lepros (Allen & Cross, 1983) 


Sargocentron microstoma (Günther, 1859) 

1974 BPBM-17489 Aua 




Sargocentron praslin (Lacépède, 1802) 


Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) 

1974 BPBM-17483 Aua 

1975 BPBM-18717 Aua 

1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) Rainmaker Hotel 




Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier, 1829) 




Sargocentron tiereoides (Bleeker, 1853) 


Sargocentron violaceum (Bleeker, 1853) 


115

Order Syngnathiformes 

Family Aulostomidae 

Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) 






Family Syngnathidae 

Corythoichthys amplexus Dawson & Randall, 1975 


Corythoichthys ?flavofasciatus (Rüppell, 1838) 


Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881) 


Corythoichthys sp. 


Cosmocampus maxweberi (Whitley, 1933) 


Doryrhamphus excisus Kaup, 1856 


Hippichthys spicifer (Rüppell, 1838) 


Family Fistulariidae 

Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838 





Fistularia sp. 


Order Scorpaeniformes 

Family Scorpaenidae 

Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) 


Pterois radiata Cuvier, 1829 


Pterois sp. 


Scorpaenopsis sp. 


Synanceia verrucosa Bloch & Schneider, 1801 


Order Perciformes 

Family Labridae 

Anampses caeruleopunctatus Rüppell, 1829 



Anampses chrysocephalus Randall, 1958 


Anampses meleagrides Valenciennes, 1840 





Anampses twistii Bleeker, 1856 




116

Bodianus axillaris (Bennett, 1832) 



Bodianus loxozonus (Snyder, 1908) 


Bodianus sp. 


Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch, 1791) 




Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1791) 



1983 BPBM-28935 Utulei 


Cheilinus oxycephalus Bleeker, 1853 




Cheilinus trilobatus Lacépède, 1801 




Cheilinus undulatus Rüppell, 1835 




Cheilinus unifasciatus Streets, 1877 



Cirrhilabrus sp. 


1974 BPBM-17561 Pago Pago Harbor; W side 



Coris aygula Lacépède, 1801 




Coris gaimard (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 





Cymolutes praetextatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) 

1974 BPBM-17480 Aua 

Epibulus insidiator (Pallas, 1770) 






Gomphosus varius Lacépède, 1801 








117

Halichoeres biocellatus Shultz, 1960 


Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacépède, 1801) 



1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Halichoeres centriquadrus ) Vatia Bay 





Halichoeres margaritaceus (Valenciennes, 1839) 






2002 present study (as Halichoeres margaritaceus complex) 

Halichoeres marginatus Rüppell, 1835 








Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker, 1851) 


1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Halichoeres hoeveni) Ava Point 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Halichoeres hoveni) Utulei 





Halichoeres ornatissimus (Garrett, 1863) 


Halichoeres prosopeion (Bleeker, 1853) 





Halichoeres trimaculatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834) 



Hemigymnus fasciatus (Bloch, 1792) 





Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) 






Hemipteronotus sp. 



Hologymnosus doliatus (Lacépède, 1801) 



118

Labrichthys sp. 


Labrichthys unilineatus (Guichenot, 1847) 




Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean 1928 





Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) 







Labroides rubrolabiatus Randall, 1958 





2002 present study (as Labroides ?rubrolabiatus) 

Labropsis xanthonota Randall, 1981 


1977 BPBM-24126 Aua 




Macropharyngodon meleagris (Valenciennes, 1839) 







Macropharyngodon negrosensis Herre, 1932 


Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacépède, 1801) 





Oxycheilinus digramma (Lacépède, 1801) 




Oxycheilinus sp. 


Oxycheilinus unifasciatus (Streets, 1877) 


Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermann, 1903 


Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857) 






119

Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins, 1901 




Pseudodax moluccanus (Valenciennes 1840) 



Pteragogus sp. 


Stethojulis balteata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 


Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker, 1851) 






Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett, 1832) 



Stethojulis trilineata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 





Thalassoma amblycephalum (Bleeker, 1856) 



Thalassoma hardwicke (Bennett, 1828) 











Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett, 1839) 




Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskål, 1775) 



Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839) 









Thalassoma trilobatum (Lacépède, 1801) 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Thalassoma fuscus) Fagasa Bay 



120

Family Scaridae 

Bolbometopon muricatum (Valenciennes, 1840) 



Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes, 1840) 




Cetoscarus bicolor (Rüppell, 1829) 




Chlorurus capistratoides (Bleeker, 1847) 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Scarus capistroides) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Scarus capistroides) Vatia Bay 

Chlorurus japanensis (Bloch, 1789) 


Chlorurus pyrrhurus (Jordan & Seale, 1906) 


Chlorurus sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Scarus sordidus) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Scarus sordidus ) Vatia Bay 

1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) (as Scarus sordidus ) Rainmaker Hotel 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Scarus sordidus ) Fagatele Bay 

1995 Green et al. 1999 (as Scarus sordidus ) Fagatele Bay 


Chlorurus frontalis Valenciennes, 1839 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Scarus jonesi) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Scarus jonesi) Vatia Bay 


1995 Green et al. 1999 (as Scarus frontalis) Fagatele Bay 

Chlorurus gibbus Rüppell, 1829 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Scarus gibbus ) Fagatele Bay 

Chlorurus microrhinos Bleeker, 1854 

1995 Green et al. 1999 (as Scarus microrhinos ) Fagatele Bay 


Hipposcarus longiceps (Valenciennes, 1840) 


Scarus altipinnis (Steindachner, 1879) 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Scarus brevifilis) Fagatele Bay 

Scarus dimidiatus Bleeker, 1859 



Scarus dubius Bennett, 1828 Endemic 


Scarus forsteni (Bleeker, 1861) 



Scarus frenatus Lacépède, 1802 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Scarus sexvittatus) Vatia Bay 





Scarus frontalis Valenciennes, 1839 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Scarus jonesi) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Scarus jonesi) Vatia Bay 



121

Scarus ghobban Forsskål, 1775 



Scarus globiceps Valenciennes, 1840 



Scarus niger Forsskål, 1775 



Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1840 






Scarus psittacus Forsskål, 1775 





Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849 





Scarus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1861) 




Scarus sp. 





Scarus spinus (Kner,1868) 




Scarus tricolor Bleeker, 1847 



Family Mugilidae 

Liza vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 


Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858) 


Valamugil sp. 


Family Sphryaenidae 

Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792) 


Family Gobiidae 

Amblyeleotris guttata (Fowler, 1938) 


Amblyeleotris periophthalma (Bleeker, 1853) 

1974 BPBM-17446 Aua 

Cryptocentrus sp. 


Ctenogobiops tangaroai Lubbock & Polunin, 1977 


122

Eviota disrupta Karnella & Lachner, 1981 


Gnatholepis anjerensis (Bleeker, 1850) 


Gobiodon citrinus (Rüppell, 1838) 


Istigobius ornatus (Rüppell, 1830) 


Istigobius sp. 


Paragobiodon echinocephalus (Rüppell, 1830) 


Priolepis semidoliatus (Valenciennes, 1837) 


Trimma sp. 


Valenciennea puellaris (Tomiyama, 1956) 

1979 BPBM-22719 Pago Pago Harbor, Oil Dock 

Valenciennea strigata (Broussonet, 1782) 




Family Acanthuridae 

Acanthurus achilles Shaw, 1803 







Acanthurus albipectoralis Allen & Ayling, 1987 


Acanthurus blochii Valenciennes, 1835 




Acanthurus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1835 


Acanthurus guttatus (Forster & Schneider, 1801) 





Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 











Acanthurus maculiceps (Ahl, 1923) 




Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758)) 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Acanthurus glaucopareius) Vatia Bay 


123

1979 USACE 1980 (as Acanthurus glaucopareius ) Vatia Bay 

1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) (as Acanthurus glaucopareius ) 

Rainmaker Hotel 



Acanthurus nigricauda Duncker & Mohr 





Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskål, 1775) 









Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskå,l 1775) 


Acanthurus nigroris Valenciennes 1835 






Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 




Acanthurus pyroferus Kittlitz, 1834 





Acanthurus thompsoni (Fowler, 1923) 






Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) 










Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835 


1990 AECOS 1991 Inner Harbor 



Ctenochaetus binotatus Randall, 1955 


124

Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 










1979 USACE 1980 Onesosopo 



Ctenochaetus strigosus (Bennett, 1828) 





Naso annulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 


Naso brevirostris (Cuvier, 1829) 


Naso lituratus (Forster & Schneider, 1801) 






Naso tuberosus Lacépède, 1801 



Naso unicornis (Forsskål 1775) 



Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier, 1829) 








Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch, 1797) 






Family Zanclidae 

Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) 








Family Siganidae 

125

Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 





Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn, 1782) 


Siganus punctatus (Schneider, 1801) 


Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 






Family Scombridae 

Gymnosarda unicolor (Rüppell, 1838) 




Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1829) 



Rastrelliger sp. 


Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 


Family Microdesmidae 

Nemateleotris magnifica Fowler, 1938 



Ptereleotris evides (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925) 




Ptereleotris heteroptera (Bleeker, 1855) 




Ptereleotris sp. 




Family Blenniidae 

Alticus sp. 


Aspidontus dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1836) 


Aspidontus taeniatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 




Blenniella chrysospilos (Bleeker, 1857) 


1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) (as Istiblennius coronatus ) Rainmaker 

Hotel 

Blenniella periophthalmus (Valenciennes, 1836) 


Cirripectes polyzona (Bleeker, 1868) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Cirripectes sebae) Ava Point 

126

1974 BPBM-17486 Aua 

1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) (as Cirripectes sebae ) Rainmaker Hotel 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Cirripectes sebae) Fagatele Bay 


Cirripectes sp. 



Cirripectes stigmaticus Strasburg & Schultz, 1953 





Cirripectes variolosus (Valenciennes, 1836) 



Ecsenius bicolor (Day, 1988) 


Entomacrodus decussatus (Bleeker, 1857) 


Meiacanthus atrodorsalis (Günther, 1877) 








Meiacanthus ditrema Smith-Vaniz, 1976 




Plagiotremus laudandus (Whitley, 1961) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Runula laudandus ) Ava Point 

Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Runula rhinorhynchos) Ava Point 

Plagiotremus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1857) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Runula tapeinosoma) Ava Point 


Salarias fasciatus (Bloch, 1786) 


Family Xenisthmidae 

Xenisthmus sp. 


Family Serranidae 

Aethaloperca rogaa (Forsskål, 1775) 


Anyperodon leucogrammicus (Valenciennes, 1828) 


Belonoperca chabanaudi Fowler & Bean, 1930 

1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 (as Gracila chabanaudi) Fagatele Bay 


Cephalopholis argus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 






Cephalopholis leopardus (Lacépède, 1801) 



Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828) 

127


Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) 



Cephalopholis urodeta (Forster, 1801) 





Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) 


Epinephelus hexagonatus (Forster, 1801) 



Epinephelus howlandi (Günther, 1873) 


Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch, 1790) 

1974 BPBM-17488 Aua 

Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 

1975 BPBM-31042 Aua 



Epinephelus sp. 


Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) 



2002 present study (as Epinephelus ?tauvina) 

Epinephelus timorensis Randall & Allen, 1987 


Gracila albomarginata (Fowler & Bean, 1930) 



Liopropoma mitratum Lubbock & Randall, 1978 

1974 BPBM-38578 Aua 

Liopropoma sp. 



Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) 


1974 BPBM-17487 Aua 


Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède, 1802) 



2002 present study (as Plectropomus ?leopardus ) 

Plectropomus truncatus (Fowler & Bean 1930): 


Pseudanthias hypselosoma Bleeker, 1878 


Pseudanthias pascalus (Jordan & Tanaka 1927) 



Pseudogramma astigmum Randall & Baldwin, 1997 


Pseudogramma sp. 


128

Variola louti (Forsskål 1775) 




Family Pseudochromidae 

Pseudochromis jamesi Schultz, 1943 

1974 BPBM-17485 Aua 

Pseudochromis porphyreus Lubbock & Goldman, 1974 



Pseudoplesiops sp. 


Family Pinguipedidae 

Parapercis cephalopunctata (Seale,1901) 


Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1910 



Parapercis millepunctata (Günther, 1860) 



Parapercis sp. 


Family Plesiopidae 

Steeneichthys plesiopsus Allen & Randall, 1985 

1975 BPBM-20012 Aua 

1975 BPBM-24110 Aua 

Family Terapontidae 

Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) 


Family Priacanthidae 

Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacépède, 1801) 


Priacanthus blochii Bleeker, 1853 


Family Apogonidae 

Apogon dammermani Weber & de Beaufort, 1929 

1977 BPBM-18724 Utulei 

Apogon kallopterus Bleeker, 1856 

1974 BPBM-17490 Aua 

Apogon novemfasciatus Cuvier, 1828 


2002 present study (as Apogon ?novemfasciatus ) 

Archamia fucata (Cantor, 1850) 


Cercamia sp. 


Cheilodipterus macrodon (Lacépède, 1802) 



Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus Cuvier, 1828 


Fowleria marmorata (Alleyne & Macleay, 1877) 


Fowleria variegata (Valenciennes, 1832) 


Pseudamiops gracilicauda (Lachner, 1953) 


129

Family Malacanthidae 

Malacanthus brevirostris Guichenot, 1848 


Malacanthus latovittatus (Lacépède, 1801) 


Malacanthus sp. 


Family Carangidae 

Carangidae sp. 


Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775) 


Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 





Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 

1974 BPBM-17000 Aua 

1982 BPBM-28904 Pago Pago Harbor, Whale Rock 


Caranx sp. 



Scomberoides lysan (Forsskål, 1775) 




Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) 


Trachinotus baillonii (Lacépède, 1801) 



Uraspis sp. 


Family Coryphaenidae 

Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 


Family Leiognathidae 

Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795) 


Leiognathus sp. 




Family Lutjanidae 

Aphareus furca (Lacépède, 1801) 




Aphareus sp. 


Aprion sp. 


Aprion virescens Valenciennes, 1830 



130

Lutjanus bohar (Forsskål, 1775) 




Lutjanus fulvus (Forster, 1801) 









Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) 




Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskål, 1775) 




Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828) 




Macolor macularis Fowler, 1931 



Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775) 





Paracaesio xanthura (Bleeker, 1869) 

1974 BPBM-17481 Aua 

Family Caesionidae 

Caesio caerulaurea Lacépède, 1801 


1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Caesio caerulaureus) Ava Point 



Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1791) 


Caesio teres Seale, 1906 




Caesio xanthonota Bleeker 1853 



Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 





Pterocaesio sp. 


Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier, 1830) 




131

Pterocaesio trilineata Carpenter, 1987 



Family Gerreidae 

Gerres sp. 



Family Haemulidae 

Plectorhinchus orientalis (Bloch, 1793) 




Family Lethrinidae 

Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacépède, 1802) 






Lethrinus harak (Forsskål, 1775) 






Monotaxis grandoculis (Forsskål, 1775) 






Family Nemipteridae 

Scolopsis trilineata Kner, 1868 



Family Mullidae 

Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (Lacépède 1801) 





Mulloidichthys sp. 


Mulloidichthys vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) 





Parupeneus barberinus (Lacépède, 1801) 



Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) 








132

Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacépède 1801) 






Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 



Parupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett, 1831) 


Parupeneus trifasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) 




Family Pempheridae 

Pempheris oualensis Cuvier, 1831 




Pempheris sp. 


Family Kyphosidae 

Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) 




Kyphosus elegans (Peters, 1869) 


Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 



Family Ephippidae 

Platax orbicularis (Forsskål, 1775) 


Family Chaetodontidae 

Chaetodon auriga Forsskål 1775 






Chaetodon bennetti Cuvier, 1831 



Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 









Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier 1831 






133

Chaetodon falcula Bloch 1795 


Chaetodon lunula (Lacépède 1802) 






Chaetodon melannotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 




Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 



Chaetodon ornatissimus Cuvier, 1831 






Chaetodon pelewensis Kner, 1868 





Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier, 1831 


Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray, 1831 



Chaetodon rafflesi Bennett, 1830 






Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier, 1831 










Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 




Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 




Chaetodon trifasciatus Park, 1797 






134

Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier, 1831 






Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 






Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 






Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan & McGregor 1898 






Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet, 1782) 




Hemitaurichthys polylepis (Bleeker, 1857) 




Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Heniochus chrysostomus Cuvier 1831 





Heniochus monoceros Cuvier, 1831 





Heniochus varius (Cuvier, 1829) 





Family Pomacanthidae 

Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831) 


1985 Birkeland et al. 1987 ( as Holacanthus trimaculatus ) Fagatele Bay 

Centropyge aurantia Randall & Wass 1974 


135

Centropyge bicolor (Bloch, 1787) 






Centropyge bispinosa (Günther, 1860) 





Centropyge flavissima (Cuvier, 1831) 






Centropyge heraldi Woods & Schultz, 1953 


Centropyge loricula (Günther, 1860) 




Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787) 




Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772) 






Family Pomacentridae 

Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) 





Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) 


1979 USACE 1980 Onesosopo 




Abudefduf sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) 





Abudefduf vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard. 1825) 



Amblyglyphidodon leucogaster (Bleeker, 1847) 



Amblyglyphidodon orbicularis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1853) 


136

Amphiprion chrysopterus Cuvier, 1830 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Amphiprion bicinctus) Ava Point 




Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830) 


Amphiprion melanopus Bleeker, 1852 




Chromis acares Randall & Swerdloff, 1973 







Chromis agilis Smith, 1960 


Chromis alpha Randall, 1988 



1974 BPBM-17346 Aua 

Chromis amboinensis (Bleeker, 1873) 






Chromis atripectoralis Welander & Schultz, 1951 




Chromis iomelas Jordan & Seale, 1906 








Chromis lepidolepis Bleeker, 1877 


Chromis margaritifer Fowler, 1946 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Chromis dimidiatus) Ava Point 




Chromis opercularis (Günther, 1867) 


Chromis ternatensis (Bleeker, 1856) 


Chromis vanderbilti (Fowler, 1941) 



137

Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830) 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Chromis caeruleus ) Vatia Bay 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Chromis caeruleus ) Ava Point 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Chromis caerulea) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Chromis caeruleus) Aua 


Chromis xanthura (Bleeker, 1854) 





Chromis sp. 


Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Abudefduf biocellatus ) Ava Point 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops biocellatus ) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops biocellatus ) Fagatogo 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Abudefduf biocellatus) Aua 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops biocellatus ) Aua 


Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) 


Chrysiptera cyanea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 



1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops cyanea) Utulei 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops cyanea) Aua 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops cyanea) Fagasa Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops cyanea) Fagatele Bay 

Chrysiptera cyanea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 




Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, 1830) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Abudefduf glaucus ) Ava Point 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Glyphidodontops glaucus ) Vatia Bay 


1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops glaucus) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops glaucus) Leloaloa 



Chrysiptera leucopoma (Cuvier, 1830) 

1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus) Vatia Bay 

1979 Wass (in Sea Engineering 1986) (as Plectroglyphldodon leucozona) 

Rainmaker Hotel 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Utulei 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Aua 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Vatia Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Fagatele Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Fagasa Bay 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Glyphidodontops leucopomus ) Leloaloa 



Chrysiptera tricincta (Allen & Randall, 1974) 


1974 BPBM-16793 Aua 

No date BPBM-5371 ( as Glyphidodontops tricinctus) Pago Pago Harbor 

138

Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 




Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) 



Dascyllus trimaculatus (Rüppell, 1829) 






Lepidozygus tapeinosoma (Bleeker, 1854) 


Neopomacentrus metallicus (Jordan & Seale, 1906) 



2002 present study (as Neopomacentrus metallicus ) 

Plectroglyphidodon dickii (Lienard, 1839) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Abudefduf dicki) Ava Point 







Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis (Vaillant & Sauvage, 1875) 

1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Abudefduf ?imparipennis) Ava Point 

Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus Fowler & Ball, 1924 





Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 


1974 Dames & Moore 1974 (as Abudefduf lacrymatus ) Ava Point 






Plectroglyphidodon leucozona (Bleeker 1859) 


Plectroglyphidodon phoenixensis (Schultz, 1943) 



Pomacentrus brachialis Cuvier, 1830 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Pomocentrus melanopterus ) Leloaloa 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Pomocentrus melanopterus ) Onesosopo 

1979 USACE 1980 (as Pomocentrus melanopterus ) Utulei 


1979 USACE 1980 (as Pomocentrus melanopterus ) Aua 



Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks, 1901 





No date BPBM-5368 Pago Pago Harbor 

139

Pomacentrus nigromarginatus Allen, 1973 


Pomacentrus philippinus Evermann & Seale, 1907 



Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan & Seale, 1906 










Pomachromis richardsoni (Snyder, 1909) 



Pomachromis sp. 


Pristotis obtusirostris (Günther , 1862) 

1995 Green et al. 1999 (as Pristotis jerdoni) Fagatele Bay 

Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel & Müller, 1839) 



1974 Randall & Devaney 1974 (as Eupomacentrus albofasciatus ) Vatia Bay 









Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel & Müller, 1839) 


Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1889) 








Stegastes nigricans (Lacépède, 1802) 








Family Cirrhitidae 

Cirrhitus pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 



Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) 




140

Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 





Paracirrhites hemistictus (Günther, 1874) 




Order Pleuronectiformes 

Family Soleidae 

Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacépède, 1802) 


Order Tetraodontiformes 

Family Tetraodontidae 

Arothron mappa (Lesson, 1831) 

1973 BPBM-14994 Aua 

Arothron meleagris (Lacépède, 1798) 



Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 







Canthigaster amboinensis (Bleeker, 1865) 




Canthigaster janthinoptera (Bleeker, 1855) 


Canthigaster solandri (Richardson, 1845) 






Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853) 



Family Balistidae 

Balistapus undulatus (Park, 1797) 






Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 




Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 




141

Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786) 




Melichthys vidua (Solander, 1844) 




Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1829) 


Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 



Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 






Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 




Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 


Sufflamen fraenatus (Latrielle, 1804) 


Family Monacanthidae 

Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765) 


Amanses scopas (Cuvier, 1829) 






Cantherhines dumerilii (Holland, 1854) 




Cantherhines pardalis (Rüppell, 1837) 



Oxymonacanthus longirostris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 







Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker, 1854) 


Pervagor melanocephalus (Bleeker, 1853) 




Family Diodontidae 

Diodon liturosus Shaw, 1804 


Diodon sp. 


142

APPENDIX C 

Taxa Observed or collected from 10 Stations in Pago Pago Harbor, Fagetele Bay, Vatia Bay, or Fagasa 

Bay, October 2002 

143

Station 

Taxa Family Species Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

CYANOPHYTA NOSTOCACEAE Anabaina sp. x 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya confervoides x x x 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya majuscula x x x 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya semiplena x 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya sp. 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Oscillatoria cf. bonnemasonii x 

CYANOPHYTA OSCILLATORIACEAE Oscillatoria sp. x 

CYANOPHYTA PHORMIDIACEAE Phormidium cf. laysanense x 

CYANOPHYTA PHORMIDIACEAE Phormidium penicilliatum x 

CYANOPHYTA PHORMIDIACEAE Phormidium sp. x x x 

CYANOPHYTA PHORMIDIACEAE Phormidium submembranaceum x 

CYANOPHYTA SCHIZOTHRICHACEAE Schizothrix mexicana x 

CYANOPHYTA SCHIZOTHRICHACEAE Schizothrix sp. x x 

CHLOROPHYTA POLYPHYSACEAE Acetabularia exigua x 

CHLOROPHYTA POLYPHYSACEAE Acetabularia parvula x 

CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORALES Boodlea montagnei x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORALES Boodlea vanbosseae x 

CHLOROPHYTA BRYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis pennata x x x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa peltata x x x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata x 

CHLOROPHYTA CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa serrulata Cryptogenic x x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CAULERPACEAE Caulerpella ambigua x x 

CHLOROPHYTA UDOTEACEAE Chlorodesmis fastigiata x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORACEAE Cladophora cf. limicola x 

CHLOROPHYTA SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis carolinensis x 

CHLOROPHYTA SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis herpestica x 

CHLOROPHYTA SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis sp. x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CODIACEAE Codium cf. mamillosum x 

CHLOROPHYTA DERBESIACEAE Derbesia marina x x 

CHLOROPHYTA SIPHONOCLADACEAE Dictyosphaeria cf. cavernosa x 

CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORALES Dictyosphaeria versluysii x x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA ULVACEAE Enteromorpha ?intestinalis x 

CHLOROPHYTA ULVACEAE Enteromorpha clathrata x x 

CHLOROPHYTA ULVACEAE Enteromorpha compressa x 

CHLOROPHYTA ULVACEAE Enteromorpha sp. x x 

CHLOROPHYTA HALIMEDACEAE Halimeda gracilis x x 

CHLOROPHYTA HALIMEDACEAE Halimeda incrassata x 

CHLOROPHYTA HALIMEDACEAE Halimeda minima x 

CHLOROPHYTA HALIMEDACEAE Halimeda opuntia x 

144

Station 


CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORACEAE Rhizoclonium africanum x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CHROOLEPIDACEAE Sporocladopsis erythraea x 

CHLOROPHYTA VALONIACEAE Valonia cf. aegagropila x 

CHLOROPHYTA VALONIACEAE Valonia fastigiate x x x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA SIPHONOCLADACEAE Ventricaria ventricosa x x 

CHLOROPHYTA CLODOPHORACEAE Cladophora sp. x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA HALIMEDACEAE Halimeda sp. x 

PHAEOPHYTA CHNOOSPORACEAE Chnoospora implexa x x 

PHAEOPHYTA DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris repens x x x x x 

PHAEOPHYTA DICTYOTACEAE Dictyota bartayresiana x x 

PHAEOPHYTA DICTYOTACEAE Dictyota friabilis x x x x 

PHAEOPHYTA ECTOCARPACEAE Feldmannia indica x 

PHAEOPHYTA ECTOCARPACEAE Hincksia breviarticulata x x 

PHAEOPHYTA DICTYOTACEAE Lobophora variegata x x x x x 

PHAEOPHYTA SARGASSEACEAE Sargassum anapense x 

PHAEOPHYTA SARGASSEACEAE Turbinaria ornata x x 

RHODOPHYTA GALAXAURACEAE Actinotrichia fragilis x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Aglaothamnion sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa foliacea x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa sp. x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Antithamnion decipiens x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Antithamnionella breviramosa x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Antithamnionella sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA BONNEMAISONIACEAE Asparagopsis taxiformis x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Balliela repens x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Bostrychia tenella x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODYMENIACEAE Botryocladia sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA CAULICANTHACEAE Caulacanthus ustulatus x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Centroceras clavulatum x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium affine x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium borneense x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium cf. marshallense x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium flaccidum x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium krameri x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium macilentum x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Ceramium sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Champia parvula x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Champia viellardii x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Cheilosporum acutilobum x x 

145

Station 


RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Cheilosporum spectabile x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA GIGARTINACEAE Chondracanthus tenellus x 

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Chondraphycus succisca x x 

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Chondria cf. polyrhiza x x x 

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Chondria minutula x 

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Chondria simpliciuscula x x 

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Chondria sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Choreonema thuretti x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Chrysemnia kaernbachii x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODYMENIACEAE Coelothrix irregularis x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Coralline sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Crouania attenuate x x 

RHODOPHYTA HALYMENIACEAE Cryptonemia decumbens x x 

RHODOPHYTA DASYACEAE Dasya anastomosans x x 

RHODOPHYTA ERYTHRICHIACEAE Erythrotrichia sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA GALAXAURACEAE Galaxaura filamentosa x x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA GALAXAURACEAE Galaxaura marginata x x x 

RHODOPHYTA GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella acerosa x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODYMENIACEAE Gelidiopsis intricata x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODYMENIACEAE Gelidiopsis repens x x x x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA GELIDIACEAE Gelidium cf. pusillum x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA GELIDIACEAE Gelidium samoense x x 

RHODOPHYTA GELIDIACEAE Gelidium sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA HALYMENIACEAE Grateloupia cf. filicina x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Griffithsia sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Griffithsia subcylindrica x 

RHODOPHYTA FAUCHEACEAE Halichrysis coalescens x x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Haloplegma duperreyi x 

RHODOPHYTA HALYMENIACEAE Halymenia durvillei Cryptogenic x x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Herposiphonia delicatula x x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Herposiphonia sp. x x x 

RHODOPHYTA DASYACEAE Heterosiphonia crispella x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Hydrolithon onkodes x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Hydrolithon sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA HYPNEACEAE Hypnea pannosa x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA HYPNEACEAE Hypnea sp. x 

RHODOPHYTA HYPNEACEAE Hypnea spinella x x 

RHODOPHYTA DELESSERIACEAE Hypoglossum anomalum x 

146

Station 


RHODOPHYTA DELESSERIACEAE Hypoglossum simulans x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Jania cf. adhaerens x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Jania cf. pumila x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Jania sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Laurencia sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Lithophyllum kotschyanum x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Lithophyllum pygmaeum x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Lithothamion proliferum x x x 

RHODOPHYTA LOMENTARIACEAE Lomentaria corallicola x x 

RHODOPHYTA DELESSERIACEAE Martensia fragilis x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Mastophora pacifica x x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Mesophyllum sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA DELESSERIACEAE Myriogramme sp. x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Neogoniolithon cf clavacymosum x x 

RHODOPHYTA CORALLINACEAE Neogoniolithon sp. x x x 

RHODOPHYTA PEYSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia cf. bornetii x 

RHODOPHYTA PEYSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia cf. delicata x 

RHODOPHYTA PEYSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia cf. flavescens x x 

RHODOPHYTA PEYSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia cf. inamoena x x x 

RHODOPHYTA PEYSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia sp. x x x x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) howei 

Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) 

x x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE 

savatieri 


x 


scopulorum x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) sp. x x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Polysiphonia (Neosiphonia) sparsa 


x 


sphaerocarpa x 

RHODOPHYTA SCHIZYMENIACEAE Titanophora weberae x x 

RHODOPHYTA RHODOMELACEAE Tolypiocladia glomerulata x 

RHODOPHYTA CERAMIACEAE Wrangelia argus x x 

MAGNOLIOPHYTA HYDROCHATIALES Halophila ovalis x x x x 

PORIFERA CLATHRINIDAE Clathrina sp. x x 

PORIFERA LEUCETTIDAE Leucetta cf. chagosensis x x x x x x 

PORIFERA LEUCETTIDAE Leucetta sp. x x 

PORIFERA UNID. CALCAREA unid. Calcarea x x 

PORIFERA TETILLIDAE Cinachyra sp. x x x x x 

PORIFERA TETILLIDAE Craniella abracadabra x x x x 

PORIFERA TETILLIDAE Paratetilla bacca x x 

147

Station 


PORIFERA COPPATIIDAE Jaspis sp. x 

PORIFERA CRANIELLIDAE Cynachyra sp. x 

PORIFERA POLYMASTIIDAE Polymastia sp. x x 

PORIFERA SPIRASTRELLIDAE Spirastrella sp. x 

PORIFERA TETHYIDAE Tethya sp. x 

PORIFERA AGELASIDAE Agelas sp. 1 x 

PORIFERA AGELASIDAE Agelas sp. 2 x x x 

PORIFERA DESMACELLIDAE Biemna sp. x 

PORIFERA MYCALIDAE Mycale sp. x x 

PORIFERA AXINELLIDAE Axinella ?carteri x 

PORIFERA AXINELLIDAE Phakellia cavernosa x x 

PORIFERA AXINELLIDAE Stylissa ?flabelliformis x x x x x 

PORIFERA AXINELLIDAE Stylissa massa x x x x x x x 

PORIFERA HALICHONDRIIDAE Axinyssa sp. x 

PORIFERA HALICHONDRIIDAE Halichondria sp. 1 

PORIFERA HALICHONDRIIDAE Halichondria sp. 2 x 

PORIFERA CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia (Callyspongia) sp. x 

PORIFERA CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia (Cladochalina) sp. x 

PORIFERA CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia sp. x 

PORIFERA CHALINIDAE Haliclona (Haliclona) sp. x x 

PORIFERA CHALINIDAE Haliclona (Reniera) sp. x 

PORIFERA CHALINIDAE Haliclona (Sigmadocia) sp. x 

PORIFERA PETROSIIDAE Xestospongia sp. x 

PORIFERA THORECTIDAE Hyrtios erecta x x x 

PORIFERA THORECTIDAE Hyrtios sp. x 

PORIFERA THORECTIDAE Psammocinia sp. x x x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea herbacea x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea sp. x x x x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea sp. 1 x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea sp. 2 x x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea sp. 3 x 

PORIFERA DYSIDEIDAE Euryspongia delicata x 

PORIFERA DARWINELLIDAE Chelonaplysilla sp. x 

PORIFERA DARWINELLIDAE Dendrilla sp. x 

PORIFERA DARWINELLIDAE Pleuraplysilla sp. x 

PORIFERA DICTYODENDRILLIDAE Dictyodendrilla sp. x 

HYDROIDA AGALOPHENIIDAE Aglaophenid (fragment) x 

HYDROIDA AGALOPHENIIDAE Gymnangium eximium x 

HYDROIDA AGALOPHENIIDAE Gymnangium hians x 

148

Station 


HYDROIDA AGALOPHENIIDAE Lytocarpia brevirostris x x 

HYDROIDA AGALOPHENIIDAE Lytocarpia phyteuma x x 

HYDROIDA CLAVIDAE Turritopsis nutricula Introduced x 

HYDROIDA EUDENDRIIDAE Eudendrium sp. x x 

HYDROIDA EUDENDRIIDAE Myrionema amboinense x 

HYDROIDA HALECIIDAE Halecium sp. (fragment) x x 

HYDROIDA HALOCORDYLIDAE Pennaria disticha Introduced x x x x x 

HYDROIDA LAFOEIDAE Hebellopsis scandens x 

HYDROIDA LAFOEIDAE Zygophylax rufa x 

HYDROIDA PLUMULARIIDAE Kirchenpaueria irregularis x 

HYDROIDA PLUMULARIIDAE Plumularia spiralis x 

HYDROIDA PLUMULARIIDAE Plumularia strictocarpa Cryptogenic x x x 

HYDROIDA PLUMULARIIDAE Plumularia strobilophora x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Dynamena crisioides Cryptogenic x x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Sertularella diaphana Cryptogenic x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Sertularella orthogonalis x x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Sertularella robusta x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Sertularia malayensis x 

HYDROIDA SERTULARIIDAE Thyroscyphus fruticosus Cryptogenic x x x 

MILLEPORINA MILLEPORIDAE Millepora dichotoma x x x 

MILLEPORINA MILLEPORIDAE Millepora platyphylla x x x x x x x x 

MILLEPORINA MILLEPORIDAE Millepora tuberosa x x x 

STYLASTERINA STYLASTERIIDAE Distichopora sp. x x x x x 

STYLASTERINA STYLASTERIIDAE Stylaster sp. x x x x x x x x 

GORGONACEA MELITHAEIDAE Acabaria bicolor x 

GORGONACEA MELITHAEIDAE Acabaria sp. x 

GORGONACEA PLEXAURIDAE cf. Villagorgia sp. x 

GORGONACEA PLEXAURIDAE Villagorgia sp. x 

GORGONACEA UNID. GORGONACEA Gorgonian sp. 1 x x 

GORGONACEA UNID. GORGONACEA Gorgonian sp. 2 x 

ALCYONACEA ALCYONIIDAE Cladiella sp. x x x x 

ALCYONACEA ALCYONIIDAE Lobophytum spp. x x x x x x 

ALCYONACEA ALCYONIIDAE Sarcophyton sp. x x x 

ALCYONACEA NEPHTHEIDAE Dendronepthea sp. 1-white x 

ALCYONACEA NEPHTHEIDAE Dendronepthea sp. 2-lumpy x 

ALCYONACEA NEPHTHEIDAE Dendronepthea sp. 3-red x x 

HELIOPORACEA HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x 

ACTINIARIA ACTINIIDAE Entacmaea quadricolor x x x x x 

ACTINIARIA STICHODACTYLIDAE Heteractis sp. x x 

149

Station 


SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?donei x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?horrida x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?latistella x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?prostrata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?pulchra 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?robusta x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?yongei x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora abrotanoides x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora acuminata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora aff. cophodactyla x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora aff. valida x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora austera x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. austera x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. diversa x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. globiceps x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. granulosa x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. quelchi x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora clathrata x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora crateriformis x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora cytherea x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora digitifera x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora gemmifera x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora granulosa x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora humilis x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora hyacinthus x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora monticulosa x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora muricata x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora nasuta x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora ?nobilis x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora palifera x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora palmerae x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora paniculata x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora samoensis x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora selago x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora sp. x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora sp. 1 x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora sp. 2 x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora sp. 3 x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora tenuis x x x 

150

Station 


SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora valida x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Acropora verweyi x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Astreopora cucullata x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Astreopora listeri x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Astreopora myriophthalma x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Astreopora randalli x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora ?aequituberculata x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora berryi x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora conicula 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora ehrenbergii x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora elshneri x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora floweri x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora foliosa x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora grisea x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora ?hoffmeisteri x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora lobulata x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora monasteriata x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora socialis x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora spp. x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora tuberculosa x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora ?turgescens x x x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora verrilli x 

SCLERACTINIA ACROPORIDAE Montipora verrucosa x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Coeloseris mayeri x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Gardineroseris planulata x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Leptoseris explanata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Leptoseris incrustans x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Leptoseris mycetoseroides x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Leptoseris scabra x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pachyseris speciosa x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona decussata x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona divaricata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona duerdeni x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona explanulata x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona maldivensis x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona minuta x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona sp. 1 aff. varians x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona sp. 2 aff. varians x x x x x x x x 

151

Station 


SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona varians x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA AGARICIIDAE Pavona venosa x x 

SCLERACTINIA ASTROCOENIIDAE Stylocoeniella armata x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Euphyllia glabrescens x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Tubastraea sp. x 

SCLERACTINIA DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Turbinarea ?frondens x 

SCLERACTINIA DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Turbinarea reniformis x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Caulastrea furcata x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Cyphastrea chalcidicum x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Cyphastrea microphthalma x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Cyphastrea serailia x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Diploastrea heliopora x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Echinopora ?hirsutissima x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Echinopora gemmacea x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Echinopora lamellosa x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia ?danae x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia favus x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia heliantoides x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia matthaii x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia rotumana x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia speciosa x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favia stelligera x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites abdita x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites ?complanata x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites ?halicora x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites flexuosa x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites ?pentagona x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Favites aff. russelli x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Goniastrea ?aspera x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Goniastrea edwardsi x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Goniastrea pectinata x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Goniastrea pectinata x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Goniastrea retiformis x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Leptastrea ?bewickensis x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Leptastrea ?pruinosa x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Leptastrea purpurea x x x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Leptastrea transversa x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Leptoria phrygia x x x x x x 

152

Station 


SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Montastrea curta x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Montastrea sp. 1 x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Montastrea sp. 2 x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Oulophyllia crispa x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Platygyra ?lamellina x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Platygyra daedalea x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Platygyra pini x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FAVIIDAE Plesiastrea versipora x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia ?danai 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia echinata x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia fungites x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia paumotensis x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia ?repanda x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Fungia scutaria x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Halomitra pileus x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Herpolitha limax x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA FUNGIIDAE Sandolitha robusta x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MERULINIDAE Hydnophora exesa x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MERULINIDAE Hydnophora microconos x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MERULINIDAE Merulina scabricula x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MERULINIDAE Scapophyllia cylindrica x 

SCLERACTINIA MUSSIDAE Acanthastrea echinata x 

SCLERACTINIA MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA MUSSIDAE Scolymia sp. x 

SCLERACTINIA MUSSIDAE Symphyllia ?recta x x 

SCLERACTINIA OCULINIDAE Galaxea fascicularis x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PECTINIIDAE Echinophyllia aspera x x ? x ? 

SCLERACTINIA PECTINIIDAE Echinophyllia echinata x x 

SCLERACTINIA PECTINIIDAE Mycedium elephantotus x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PECTINIIDAE Oxypora ?lacera x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora danae x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora elegans x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora eydouxi x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora cf. ligulata x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora meandrina x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora setchelli x x 

153

Station 


SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora verrucosa x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA POCILLOPORIDAE Stylophora mordax x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Alveopora superficialis x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Goniopora cf. lobata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Goniopora columna 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Goniopora minor x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Goniopora somaliensis x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites annae x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites australiensis x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites convexa x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites cylindrica x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites horizontalata x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites lichen x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites lobata x x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites lutea x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites ?murrayensis x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites rus x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites solida x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites sp. x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites superfusa x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Porites vaughani x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA PORITIDAE Stylarea punctata x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Coscinerea columna x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora cf. obtusangula x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora contigua x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora digitata x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora explanulata x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora haimeana x x x x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora nierstraszi x x x x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora profundicella x x 

SCLERACTINIA SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora sp. 1 aff. nierstraszi x x x x x 

ZOANTHIDEA ZOANTHIDAE Palythoa sp. x x x x x 

ZOANTHIDEA ZOANTHIDAE Protopalythoa sp. x x 

ZOANTHIDEA ZOANTHIDAE unid. Zoanthidae x x x x x x x 

ZOANTHIDEA ZOANTHIDAE Zoanthus sp. x 

ZOANTHIDEA ZOANTHIDAE Zooanthus vietnamensis x x 

CORALLIMORPHARIA ACTINODISCIDAE Discosoma howesii x x 

ANTHOZOA UNID. ANTHOZOA unid. Anthozoa x 

PLATYHELMINTHES UNID. PLATYHELMINTHES unid. Platyhelminthes x x 

154

Station 


NEMERTEA UNID. NEMERTEA unid. Nemertea x 

NEMATODA UNID. NEMATODA unid. Nematoda x x x x 

POLYCHAETA POLYNOIDAE Lepidonotus sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA POLYNOIDAE unid. Harmothoinae sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA POLYNOIDAE unid. Lepidonotinae sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA POLYNOIDAE unid. Polynoidae x 

POLYCHAETA CHRYSOPETALIDAE Chrysopetalum sp. x 

POLYCHAETA CHRYSOPETALIDAE Palaeonotus sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE ?Eurythoe sp. x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE ?Pseudoeurythoe sp. x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE Eurythoe sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE Hermodice sp. x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE Pherecardia sp. x 

POLYCHAETA AMPHINOMIDAE Pseudoeurythoe spp. x x 

POLYCHAETA PHYLLODOCIDAE ?Paranaitis sp. x 

POLYCHAETA PHYLLODOCIDAE Phyllodoce sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA SYLLIDAE Pionosyllis sp. 1 x 

POLYCHAETA SYLLIDAE Syllidae sp. 1 x 

POLYCHAETA SYLLIDAE Syllidae sp. 2 x 

POLYCHAETA SYLLIDAE Syllis sp. 1 x 

POLYCHAETA SYLLIDAE unid. Syllidae x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Ceratonereis sp. 1 x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Ceratonereis sp. 2 x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Ceratonereis spp. x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Neanthes sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Nereis sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Platynereis sp. x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Pseudonereis sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE Pseudonereis sp. 1 x 

POLYCHAETA NEREIDIDAE unid. Nereididae x x x 

POLYCHAETA GLYCERIDAE Glycera sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Eunice sp. x x x x x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Lydidice sp.1 x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Lysidice sp .2 x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Lysidice spp. x x x x x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Nematonereis sp. x x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Nematoneris sp. x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Oeninida sp. x 

POLYCHAETA EUNICIDAE Oenone sp. x x x x 

155

Station 


POLYCHAETA LUMBRINERIDAE Lumbrineris sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea sp. x x x x 

POLYCHAETA SPIONIDAE Dipolydora sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SPIONIDAE Polydora sp. x x x x 

POLYCHAETA SPIONIDAE Prionospio sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SPIONIDAE unid. Spionidae x 

POLYCHAETA CIRRATULIDAE Caulleriella sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA CIRRATULIDAE Cirratulus sp. x 

POLYCHAETA CIRRATULIDAE Cirriformia punctata x 

POLYCHAETA CIRRATULIDAE Cirriformia sp. x 

POLYCHAETA CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA CHAETOPTERIDAE Phyllochaetopterus sp. x x x x 

POLYCHAETA CHAETOPTERIDAE Spiochaetopterus sp. x 

POLYCHAETA ORBINIIDAE Naineris sp. x 

POLYCHAETA OPHELIIDAE Armandia sp. x 

POLYCHAETA OPHELIIDAE Polyophthalmus sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA CAPITELLIDAE Bhawania sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA CAPITELLIDAE Notomastus sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE ?Nicolea sp. x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia sp. x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE Loimia cf. ingens x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE Pista sp. x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE Streblosoma sp. x 

POLYCHAETA TEREBELLIDAE unid. Terebellidae x 

POLYCHAETA SABELLIDAE Branchiomma sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA SABELLIDAE Hypsicomus sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SABELLIDAE Megalomma sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA SABELLIDAE Potamilla sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SABELLIDAE Sabella sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Ficopomatus sp. x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Salmacina dysteri Introduced x x x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Spirobranchus giganteus x x x x x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Spirobranchus sp. x x x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE Temporaria sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA SERPULIDAE unid. Serpulidae x x x x 

POLYCHAETA EUPHROSINIDAE Euphrosine sp. x x 

POLYCHAETA POECILOCHAETIDAE Poecilochaetus sp. x 

OLIGOCHAETA UNID. OLIGOCHAETA unid. Oligochaeta x x x x x 

GASTROPODA HALIOTIDAE Haliotis sp. x x 

156

Station 


GASTROPODA FISSURELLIDAE (DIODORINAE) 

FISSURELLIDAE 

Diodora sp. x x x x x 

GASTROPODA (EMARGINULINAE) Emarginula montrouzieri x x x 

GASTROPODA PATELLIDAE Cellana pricei x 

GASTROPODA PATELLIDAE Scutellaster flexuosa x x 

GASTROPODA PATELLIDAE unid. Patellidae x x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA STOMATELLIDAE ?Stomatia sp. x x 

GASTROPODA STOMATELLIDAE Synaptocochlea sp. 1 x x x 

GASTROPODA STOMATELLIDAE Synaptocochlea sp. 2 x 

GASTROPODA STOMATELLIDAE Synaptocochlea sp. 3 x x 

GASTROPODA STOMATELLIDAE unid. Stomatellidae x x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (ENCYCLINAE) Euchelus atratus x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (ENCYCLINAE) Gibbula marmorea x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Clanculus denticulatus x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Clanculus sp. x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Monilea sp. x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Tectus pyramis x x x x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus histrio x x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus incrassatus x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus niloticus Introduced x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus pyramis x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus sp. 1 x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus sp. 2 x x x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) Trochus stellatus x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA TROCHIDAE (TROCHINAE) unid. Trochidae x x x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (COLLONINAE) Astralium rhodostoma x x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (COLLONINAE) Astralium rhodostoma x x x x x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (COLLONINAE) Leptothyra verruca x x x x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (TURBININAE) Turbo argyrostomus 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (TURBININAE) Turbo crassa x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (TURBININAE) Turbo petholatus x 

GASTROPODA TURBINIDAE (TURBININAE) Turbo setosus x x x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) ?Nerita sp. x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) Nerita albicilla x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) Nerita cf. picea x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) Nerita incerta x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) Nerita plicata x x 

GASTROPODA NERITIDAE (NERITINAE) Nerita polita x x x x 

GASTROPODA CERITHIIDAE ?Cerithium zebrum x 

157

Station 


GASTROPODA CERITHIIDAE Rhinoclavis aspera x 

GASTROPODA CERITHIIDAE Rhinoclavis sinensis x x 

GASTROPODA PLANAXIDAE Hinea fasciata x 

GASTROPODA TURRITELLIDAE unid. Turritellidae x 

GASTROPODA LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) Littoraria coccinea x x x 

GASTROPODA LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) Littoraria scabra x 

GASTROPODA LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) Littoraria sp. x x 

GASTROPODA LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) Littoraria undulata x 

GASTROPODA LITTORINIDAE (LITTORININAE) Nodilittorina sp. x 

GASTROPODA CAECIDAE unid. Caecidae x x x 

GASTROPODA RISSOIDAE (RISSOININAE) ?Rissoina sp. x x x x 

GASTROPODA RISSOIDAE (RISSOININAE) Rissoina (Apataxia) cerithiiformis x x x x x 

GASTROPODA STROMBIDAE Lambis scorpius x x x x 

GASTROPODA STROMBIDAE Strombus cf. luhuanus x 

GASTROPODA STROMBIDAE Strombus gibberulus x x 

GASTROPODA STROMBIDAE Strombus lentiginosus x 

GASTROPODA STROMBIDAE Strombus luhuanus x x x x 

GASTROPODA HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix sp. x x x x 

GASTROPODA VERMETIDAE unid. Vermetidae 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea annulus x x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea arabica x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea asellus x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea caputserpensis x x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea carneola x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea childreni x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea childreni x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea cribraria x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea depressa x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea eglantina x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea erosa x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea isabella x x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea labrolineata 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea lynx x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea moneta x x x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea poraria x 

GASTROPODA CYPRAEIDAE Cypraea sp. (juvenile) x x x 

GASTROPODA LAMELLARIIDAE Coriocella nigra x x 

GASTROPODA BURSIDAE Bursa cruentata x 

GASTROPODA BURSIDAE Bursa rhodostoma x 

158

Station 


GASTROPODA RANELLIDAE (CYMATIINAE) Cymatium (Septa) ?gemmatum x 

GASTROPODA RANELLIDAE (CYMATIINAE) Cymatium (Septa) aquatile x 

GASTROPODA RANELLIDAE (CYMATIINAE) Cymatium (Septa) pileare x 

GASTROPODA RANELLIDAE (CYMATIINAE) Cymatium sp. x 

GASTROPODA RANELLIDAE (RANELLINAE) Gyrineum gyrinum x x x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (INIFORINAE) Iniforis sp. x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (MASTONIINAE) Mastonia ?cingulifera x x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (MASTONIINAE) Mastonia rubra x x x x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (MASTONIINAE) Mastonia sp. x x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (MASTONIINAE) unid. Triphoridae x x x 

GASTROPODA TRIPHORIDAE (METAXIINAE) Metaxia sp. x x x x 

GASTROPODA EULIMIDAE Stilifer linckiae x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE ?Cantharus sp. x x x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE Cantharus undosus x x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE Engina alveolata x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE Engina mendicaria x x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE Engina zonalis x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE Prodotia iostomus x x 

GASTROPODA BUCCINIDAE unid. Buccinidae x x 

GASTROPODA COLUBRARIIDAE Colubraria sp. x x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE ?Anachis misera x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Columbellidae sp. 1 x x x x x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Columbellidae sp. 2 x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Columbellidae sp. 3 x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Columbellidae sp. 4 x x x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Euplica sp. x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Metanachis marquesa x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Mitrella sp. 1 x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Mitrella sp. 2 x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Pyrene testudinaria x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE unid. Columbellidae x x x 

GASTROPODA COLUMBELLIDAE Zafra sp. x x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila sp. x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila madreporaria x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila neritoidea x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila violacea x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE cf. Leptoconchus lamarckii x 

GASTROPODA CORALLIOPHILIDAE Quoyula madreporarum x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE ?Peristernia cf. constricta x x x 

159

Station 


GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Latirolagena smaragdula x x x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Latirus polygonus x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Latirus smaragdula x x x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Peristernia fastigium x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Peristernia incarnata x x x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Peristernia nassatula x x x x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Peristernia sp. 1 x 



GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Pleuroploca filamentosa x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE Pleuroploca sp. x 

GASTROPODA FASCIOLARIIDAE unid. Fasciolaridae x x 

GASTROPODA MURICIDAE Chicoreus brunneus x x x 

GASTROPODA MURICIDAE Chicoreus sp. x 

GASTROPODA MURICIDAE Cronia margariticola x 

GASTROPODA MURICIDAE Cronia sp. x 

GASTROPODA NASSARIIDAE Nassarius quadrasi x 

GASTROPODA NASSARIIDAE Niotha albescens x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE ?Morula sp. x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE ?Thais sp. x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupa ?rubusidaeus (juvenile) x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupa grossularia x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupa morum x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupa ricina x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupa rubrosidaeus x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupella cornus x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Drupella sp. x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Habromorula lepida x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Habromorula sp. x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Mancinella hippocastanus x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Mancinella tuberosa x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Morula granulata x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Morula sp. x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Morula spinosa x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Morula uva x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Nassa francolina x 

GASTROPODA THAIDIDAE Thais armigera x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Costellaria sp. 1 x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Costellaria sp. 2 x 

160

Station 


GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Costellaria cadaverosa x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Costellaria exasperata x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Costellaria semifasciata x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE unid. Costellariidae x x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum (Costellaria) ?diutenerum x x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum (Pusia) cancellarioides x 

GASTROPODA COSTELLARIIDAE Vexillum exasperatum x 

GASTROPODA HARPIDAE Harpidae (juvenile) x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (IMBRICARIINAE) Imbricaria olivaeformis x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (IMBRICARIINAE) Subcancilla flammea x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE ?Nebularia doliolum x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE Cancilla peasei x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE Cancilla sp. x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Domiporta filaris x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Mitra (Nebularia) tabanula x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Mitra (Strigatella) assimilis x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Nebularia chrysalis x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Nebularia chrysostoma x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Strigatella decurtata x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Swainsonia casta x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE unid. Mitridae x x 

GASTROPODA MITRIDAE (MITRINAE) Zierliana woldemarii x 

GASTROPODA TURBINELLIDAE Vasum ?turbinellum x 

GASTROPODA TURBINELLIDAE Vasum ceramicum x x x x 

GASTROPODA TURBINELLIDAE Vasum turbinellum x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus ?circumactus x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus ?imperialis x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus ?moreleti/balteatus x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus ?sponsalis (juvenile) x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus chaldeus x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus distans x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus ebraeus x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus eburneus x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus flavidus x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus frigidus x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus geographus d x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus glans x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus lividus x x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus miles x x x x 

161

Station 


GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus miliaris x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus nanus x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus planorbis x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus pulicarius x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus rattus x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus sanguinolentus x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus sp. x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus sponsalis x x x x x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus striatus x 

GASTROPODA CONIDAE Conus vexillum x x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra ?jenningsi x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra aereolata x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra affinis x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra babylonia x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra columellaris x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra crenulata x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra dimidiata x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra guttata x x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra maculata x x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE Terebra subulata x 

GASTROPODA TEREBRIDAE unid. Terebridae x 

GASTROPODA TURRIDAE (DRILLIINAE) ?Inquisitor sp. x 

GASTROPODA TURRIDAE (TURRINAE) unid. Turridae x x 

GASTROPODA ARCHITECTONICIDAE unid. Architectonicidae x x 

GASTROPODA ACTEONIDAE Acteon sp. x 

GASTROPODA ATYDIDAE Atys ?cylindrica (juvenile) x 

GASTROPODA ATYDIDAE Atys sp. x 

GASTROPODA CHROMODORIDIDAE Risbeca tyroni x x x x 

GASTROPODA PHYLLIDIIDAE Phyllidia sp. x x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA PHYLLIDIIDAE 

DORIDIDAE 

Phyllidiella pustulosa x x x x x 

GASTROPODA (KENTRODORIDINAE) Jorunna funebris x x 

GASTROPODA MELAMPIDAE Laemodonta octanfracta x 

GASTROPODA SIPHONARIIDAE Siphonaria (Heterosiphonaria) sp. x x x x 

GASTROPODA UNID. GASTROPODA unid. Micromollusc sp. 1 x x x x x x 

GASTROPODA UNID. GASTROPODA unid. Micromollusc sp. 2 x 



GASTROPODA UNID. GASTROPODA unid. Micromollusc sp. 5 x x 

162

Station 


BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Brachidontes spp. x x x x x 

BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Lithophaga nigra x x 

BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Lithophaga sp. x 

BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Musculus sp. x 

BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Rhomboidella malaccana x 

BIVALVIA MYTILIDAE Septifer cumingi complex x x x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ANADARINAE) Anadara sp. (juvenile) x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ANADARINAE) Bentharca sp. 1 x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Acar plicata x x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Acar plicata? (juvenile) x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Arca avellana x x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Barbatia amygdalumtostum x x x x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Barbatia parva x x x x x x 

BIVALVIA ARCIDAE (ARCINAE) Barbatia sp. x 

BIVALVIA ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon (juvenile) x 

BIVALVIA ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon nucleus x 

BIVALVIA ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon perna x x 

BIVALVIA ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon sp. x 

BIVALVIA MALLEIDAE Malleus (Malrufundus) cf. regula x x 

BIVALVIA MALLEIDAE Malvufnudus nuttalli complex x x x x x x x 

BIVALVIA MALLEIDAE Vulsella sp. x x 

BIVALVIA PTERIIDAE Pinctada sp. x x x x 

BIVALVIA PINNIDAE Streptopinna saccata x 

BIVALVIA LIMIDAE Ctenoides annulata x 

BIVALVIA LIMIDAE Lima vulgaris x 

BIVALVIA LIMIDAE Limaria sp. x 

BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Dendostrea sandvicensis x 

BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Ostreidae sp. x 

BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Ostreidae sp. (juvenile) x x 

BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Saccostrea sp. x x 

BIVALVIA OSTREIDAE Saccostrea?sp. (juvenile) x 

BIVALVIA PLICATULIDAE Plicatula ?australis x 

BIVALVIA PECTINIDAE Chlamys sp. x 

BIVALVIA PECTINIDAE Pasachinnites coruscans x 

BIVALVIA PROPEAMUSIIDAE Chlamydella incubata complex x x 

BIVALVIA SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus sp. x x x x 

BIVALVIA ANOMIIDAE Anomia nobilis Introduced x 

BIVALVIA ANOMIIDAE Anomia sp. x 

BIVALVIA CHAMIDAE Chama asperella x x x x 

163

Station 


BIVALVIA CHAMIDAE Chama brassica x x 

BIVALVIA CHAMIDAE Chama pacifica Introduced x 

BIVALVIA CHAMIDAE Chama sp. x 

BIVALVIA GASTROCHAENIDAE Gastrochaena sp. x x 

BIVALVIA VENERIDAE ?Irus sp. x x 

BIVALVIA VENERIDAE Irus sp. x x 

BIVALVIA VENERIDAE Lioconcha castrensis x 

BIVALVIA TRIDACNIDAE Tridacna maxima x 

BIVALVIA TRIDACNIDAE Tridacna squamosa x x x x x 

BIVALVIA PETRICOLIDAE Petricola lapicida x 

BIVALVIA GALEOMMATIDAE Galeommatidae sp. 1 x 



BIVALVIA CARDIIDAE Fragum fragum x 

BIVALVIA CARDITIDAE Cardita variegata x x x 

BIVALVIA CARDITIDAE Cardita variegata? (juvenile) x 

BIVALVIA CARDITIDAE Vasticardium orbita philippinense x 

BIVALVIA SEMELIDAE Lonoa hawaiensis x 

BIVALVIA TELLINIDAE Pinguitellina robusta x x 

BIVALVIA TELLINIDAE Scutarcopagia scobinata x 

BIVALVIA TELLINIDAE Tellina crucigera x 

POLYPLACOPHORA CHITONIDAE unid. Chitonidae x x x x x 

POLYPLACOPHORA CRYPTOPLACIDAE Cryptoplax larvaeformis x 

POLYPLACOPHORA CRYPTOPLACIDAE Cryptoplax sp. x x 

CIRRIPEDIA BALANIDAE Balanus amphitrite Introduced x x x 

CIRRIPEDIA BALANIDAE Balanus reticulatus Introduced x 

CIRRIPEDIA BALANIDAE Balanus trigonus x x 

CIRRIPEDIA CHTHAMALIDAE Chthamalus sp.A cf. ?malayensis 

Chthamalus sp. B, challengeri 

x x x x x 

CIRRIPEDIA CHTHAMALIDAE 

group x 

CIRRIPEDIA LEPADIDAE Capitulum mitella x 

CIRRIPEDIA LEPADIDAE Lithotrya nicobarica x 

CIRRIPEDIA POECILASMATIDAE Poecilasma crassa x 

CIRRIPEDIA VERRUCIDAE Verruca cookei x 

COPEPODA UNID. COPEPODA unid. Copepoda x x x x x 

OSTRACODA UNID. OSTRACODA Asteropterygion n. sp. x 

OSTRACODA UNID. OSTRACODA Paravargula trifax x 

PODOCOPINA CYPRIDIDAE Cypridina n. sp. x x x 

STOMATOPODA UNID. STOMATOPODA Stomatopod (juvenile) x 

164

Station 


AMPHIPODA AMPHILOCHIDAE Amphilochus menehune x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA AMPITHOIDAE Ampithoe sp. x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA ANAMIXIDAE Paranamixis madagascarensis x x 

AMPHIPODA AORIDAE Bemlos ?intermedius x 

AMPHIPODA AORIDAE Bemlos sp. x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA AORIDAE Bemlos virgus Cryptogenic x 

AMPHIPODA COLOMASTIGIDAE Colomastix lunalilo x x x 

AMPHIPODA COLOMASTIGIDAE Colomastix sp. 1 x x x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA COROPHIIDAE Corophium ?insidiosum Introduced x 

AMPHIPODA COROPHIIDAE Corophium sp. 2 x x x 

AMPHIPODA COROPHIIDAE Ericthonius brasiliensis Introduced x 

AMPHIPODA DEXAMINIDAE Paradexamine sp. 1 x 

AMPHIPODA ISAEIDAE Gammaropsis atlantica x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA ISAEIDAE Gammaropsis sp. 1 x 

AMPHIPODA ISAEIDAE Photis sp. 1 x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Jassa sp. 1 x x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Leucothoe micronesiae Introduced x x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Leucothoe sp. 1 x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Leucothoe sp. 2 x x x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Leucothoides pottsi x x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA ISCHYROCERIDAE Notopoma sp. x 

AMPHIPODA LEUCOTHOIDAE Leucothoella bannwarthi x x x 

AMPHIPODA LILJEBORGIIDAE Liljeborgia ?laniloa x x x x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus pseudoaffinis x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus sp. 1 x x x x x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus sp. 2 x x x x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus sp. 3 x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus sp. 4 x x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Elasmopus sp. 5 x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Maera ?pacifica x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Maera sp. x x 

AMPHIPODA MELITIDAE Mallacoota insignis x x 

AMPHIPODA PHLIANTIDAE Pereionotus alaniphlias x 

AMPHIPODA PLEUSTIDAE Tepidopleustes ?honomu x 

AMPHIPODA PODOCERIDAE Podocerus sp. 1 x 

AMPHIPODA STENOTHOIDAE Stenothoe valida Cryptogenic x x x 

AMPHIPODA TALITROIDAE Hyale sp. 1 x 

ISOPODA GNATHIIDAE Gnathia n. sp. x x 

ISOPODA ANTHURIDAE Mesanthura sp. x x x x x x 

165

Station 


ISOPODA ANTHURIDAE Panathura sp. x 

ISOPODA ANTHURIDAE Pendanthura sp. x x x x 

ISOPODA EXPANATHURIDAE Eisothistos n. sp. x x 

ISOPODA CIROLANIDAE Metacirolana sp. x x 

ISOPODA LIMNORIIDAE Limnoria sp. x x 

ISOPODA SPHAEROMATIDAE Hadromastax sp. x 

ISOPODA SPHAEROMATIDAE Neonaesa rugosa x x x x 

ISOPODA SPHAEROMATIDAE Sphaeromatidae n. gen. x x x 

ISOPODA JANIRIDAE Carpias sp. x x x x x 

ISOPODA JOEROPSIDAE Joeropsis sp. x x x x 

ISOPODA STENETRIIDAE Mizothenar sp. x x x 

ISOPODA STENETRIIDAE Stenetrium sp. x x 

ISOPODA LIGIIDAE Ligia exotica Introduced x 

TANAIDACEA TANAIDAE unid. Tanaidae x 

STENOPODIDEA STENOPODIDAE 

PALAEMONIDAE 

Stenopus hispidus x x x x 

CARIDEA 

(PONTONIINAE) Periclimenes sp. x x x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus bucephalus x x x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus collumianus x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus gracilipes x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus obesomanus x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus pachychirus x x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus paralcyone x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Alpheus parvirostris x x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Synalpheus coutierei x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Synalpheus gracilirostris x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Synalpheus paraneomeris x x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Synalpheus redactocarpus x 

CARIDEA ALPHEIDAE Synalpheus streptodactylus x x x x x 

CARIDEA HIPPOLYTIDAE ?Saron spp. x x 

CARIDEA HIPPOLYTIDAE Thor sp. x x 

BRACHYURA GRAPSIDAE Grapsus sp. x 

BRACHYURA GRAPSIDAE Metopograpsus sp. x 

BRACHYURA GRAPSIDAE Pachygrapsus minutus x x 

BRACHYURA GRAPSIDAE Plagusia tuberculata x 

BRACHYURA PORTUNIDAE Thalamita sp. 1 x x x x x 

BRACHYURA CARPILIIDAE Carpilius convexus x 

BRACHYURA CARPILIIDAE Carpilius maculatus x 

BRACHYURA PILUMNIDAE Pilumnus sp. 1 x 

166

Station 

Taxa Family Species 

Coralliophaga coralliophaga 

Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 

BRACHYURA TRAPEZIIDAE 

complex x x x 

BRACHYURA TRAPEZIIDAE Domecia glabra x 

BRACHYURA DAIRIDAE Daira perlata x x x x x x 

BRACHYURA PANOPEIDAE Panopeus pacificus Introduced x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Actaeodes tomentosus x x x x x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Chlorodiella barbata x x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Chlorodiella cythera x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Chlorodiella laevissima x x x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Chlorodiella nigra x x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Etisus ?utilis x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Liomera monticulosa x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Neoliomera pubescens x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Neoliomera sp. x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Paractaea sp. x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Phymodius ungulatus x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pilodius flavus x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pilodius maotieni x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pilodius pubescens x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pilodius pugil x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pilodius sp. x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Pseudoliomera variolosa x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE unid. Xanthidae x x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Xanthias sp. x 

BRACHYURA XANTHIDAE Zosimus aeneus x x 

BRACHYURA MAJIDAE Camposia retusa x 

BRACHYURA MAJIDAE Menaethuis sp. x 

BRACHYURA MAJIDAE Tylocarcinus dumerilii x 

BRACHYURA MAJIDAE unid. Majidae x 

BRACHYURA AETHRIDAE Aethra scruposa x 

BRACHYURA CALAPPIDAE Calappa hepatica x 

BRACHYURA LEUCOSIIDAE Leucosia sp. 1 x x 

PALINURIDEA SCYLLARIDAE Parribacus antarcticus x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Aniculus ursus x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus lineapropodus x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus elegans 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus guamensis x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus haigae x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus laevimanus x 

167

Station 


ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus latens x x x x x x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus minutus x x x x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Calcinus morgani x x x x x x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Ciliopagurus strigatus x x x x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Dardanus deformis x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Dardanus guttatus x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Dardanus lagopodes x x x x x x x x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Dardanus megistos x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Dardanus sp. x 

ANOMURA DIOGENIDAE Diogenes biramus x 

ANOMURA PAGURIDAE ?Pagurixus sp. x 

ANOMURA PAGURIDAE Pagurixus ?laevimanus x x 

ANOMURA GALATHEIDAE Galathea sp. x 

ECTOPROCTA CELLEPORIDAE Celleporaria spp. x 

ECTOPROCTA CELLEPORIDAE Celleporaria? x 

ECTOPROCTA CREPIDACANTHIDAE Crepidicantha longiseta x 

ECTOPROCTA SAVIGNYELLIDAE Savignyella lafontii Introduced x x x 

ECTOPROCTA SCHIZOPORELLIDAE Schizoporella cf. errata Introduced x x 

ECTOPROCTA SMITTINIDAE Parasmittina sp. 1 x 

ECTOPROCTA SMITTINIDAE Parasmittina spp. x 

ECTOPROCTA SMITTINIDAE Smittina? sp. x 

ECTOPROCTA TETRAPLARIIDAE Tetraplaria ventricosa 

ECTOPROCTA ARACHNOPUSIIDAE Poricella robusta Cryptogenic x 

ECTOPROCTA WATERSIPORIDAE Watersipora subtorquata Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA BEANIIDAE Beania sp. x 

ECTOPROCTA BUGULIDAE Bugula dentata Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA BUGULIDAE Bugula neritina Introduced x 

ECTOPROCTA CRIBRILINIDAE Cribrilaria radiata x 

ECTOPROCTA EPISTOMIIDAE Synnotum aegyptiacum x 

ECTOPROCTA SCRUPOCELLARIIDAE Caberea boryi x 

ECTOPROCTA SCRUPOCELLARIIDAE Scrupocellaria sinuosa? x 

ECTOPROCTA AETEIDAE Aetea sp. x 

ECTOPROCTA HINCKSINIDAE Antropora granulifera x 

ECTOPROCTA VESICULARIIDAE Amathia sp. x 

ECTOPROCTA TUBULIPORIDAE Tubulipora pulcherrima x x 

ECTOPROCTA CRISIIDAE Crisia sp.1 x 

ECTOPROCTA CRISIIDAE Crisia sp.2 x x 

ECTOPROCTA CRISIIDAE Crisia sp. 3 x 

BRACHIOPODA LAQUEIDAE Frenulina sanguinolenta x 

168

Station 


CRINOIDEA COMASTERIDAE Comanthus sp. x 

CRINOIDEA COMASTERIDAE Comanthus wahlbergii x x x 

CRINOIDEA COMASTERIDAE Phanogenia gracilis x 

CRINOIDEA COLOBOMETRIDAE ?Oligometra serripinna (juvenile) x 

CRINOIDEA MARIAMETRIDAE ?Stephanometra indica (juvenile) x x 

ASTEROIDEA ACANTHASTERIDAE Acanthaster planci x x x x 

ASTEROIDEA ASTEROPSEIDAE Asteropsis carinifera x 

ASTEROIDEA MITHRODIIDAE Mithrodia clavigera 

ASTEROIDEA OREASTERIDAE Culcita novaeguineae x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Fromia nodosa x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Fromia sp. 1 x x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Fromia sp. 2 x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Gomophia egyptica x x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Leiaster speciosus x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Linckia laevigata x x x x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Linkia multiflora x x x x x x x x x 

ASTEROIDEA OPHIDIASTERIDAE Neoferdina cf. cumingi x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE ?Macrophiothrix sp. x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiarthrum elegans x x x x x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma brevipes x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma erinaceus x x x x x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma sp. (juvenile) x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocomella sexradia x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiomastix caryophyllata x x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiomastix mixta x x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIURIDAE Ophiolepis cincta x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIURIDAE Ophioplocus imbricatus x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIONEREIDIDAE Ophionereis ?porrecta (juvenile) x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOTRICHIDAE Macrophiothrix longipeda x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOTRICHIDAE Macrophiothrix sp. x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ophiothrix sp. 1 x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ophiothrix sp. 2 x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ophiotrichidae sp. x x 

OPHIUROIDEA AMPHIURIDAE Amphiura sp. x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis savignyi x x x x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis sp. 1 x x x 

OPHIUROIDEA OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis sp. 2 x 

ECHINOIDEA CIDARIDAE Eucidaris metalaria x x x 

ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE Diadema ?savignyi x x x 

169

Station 


ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE Echinothrix calamaris x x x x x x x 

ECHINOIDEA DIADEMATIDAE Echinothrix diadema x x x x x x x x x 

ECHINOIDEA TEMNOPLEURIDAE Mespilia globulus x x x x x 

ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra mathaei x x x x x x x x 

ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra oblonga x x 

ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinometra sp. (white tip) x x x 

ECHINOIDEA ECHINOMETRIDAE Echinostrephus ascicularis x x x x x x x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Actinopyga echinites x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Actinopyga mauritiana x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Bohadschia argus x x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Bohadshia marmarata x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Holothuria (Halodeima) atra 

Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) 

x x x x x x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE 

leucospilota x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Holothuria (Microthele) whitmaei x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Holothuria (Stauropora) pervicax x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA HOLOTHURIIDAE Holothuria (Thymiosycia) hilla x x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA STICHOPODIDAE Stichopus chloronotus x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA STICHOPODIDAE Stichopus horrens x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA SYNAPTIDAE Opheodesoma sp. 1 x x 

HOLOTHUROIDEA SYNAPTIDAE Opheodesoma sp. 2 

HOLOTHUROIDEA SYNAPTIDAE Synapta maculata x ? x 

ASCIDIACEA DIDEMNIDAE Didemnum molle x 

ASCIDIACEA DIDEMNIDAE Diplosoma spp. x x x x 

ASCIDIACEA DIDEMNIDAE Diplosoma sp. x x 

ASCIDIACEA DIDEMNIDAE unid. Didemnidae x x x x x 

ASCIDIACEA POLYCLINIDAE unid. Polyclinidae x x 

ASCIDIACEA ASCIDIIDAE Phallusia (Ascidia) cf. nigra Introduced x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Cnemidocarpa sp. x x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Eusynstyela sp. x x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Polyandrocarpa sp. x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Polycarpa sp. x x 

ASCIDIACEA STYELIDAE Styela canopus Introduced x x x 

ASCIDIACEA PYURIDAE Microcosmus sp. x x x 

ASCIDIACEA PYURIDAE Pyura sp. x 

ELASMOBRANCHII CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus melanopterus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax ?fimbriatus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax javanicus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax meleagris x x x x 

170

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII SYNODONTIDAE Synodus variegatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BELONIDAE Tylosurus crocodilus x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HOLOCENTRIDAE Myripristis murdjan x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HOLOCENTRIDAE Neoniphon sammara x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HOLOCENTRIDAE Sargocentron microstoma x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HOLOCENTRIDAE Sargocentron spiniferum x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HOLOCENTRIDAE Sargocentron tiere x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus chinensis x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII FISTULARIIDAE Fistularia commersonii x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SYNGNATHIDAE Corythoichthys ?flavofasciatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SYNGNATHIDAE Corythoichthys intestinalis x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SYNGNATHIDAE Corythoichthys sp. x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCORPAENIDAE Pterois antennata x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCORPAENIDAE Pterois radiata x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCORPAENIDAE Scorpaenopsis sp. x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCORPAENIDAE Synanceia verrucosa x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Cephalopholis argus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Cephalopholis urodeta x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Epinephelus merra x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Epinephelus ?tauvina x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Plectropomus laevis x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SERRANIDAE Plectropomus ?leopardus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII PRIACANTHIDAE Heteropriacanthus cruentatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII APOGONIDAE Apogon ?novemfasciatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MALACANTHIDAE Malacanthus brevirostris x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CARANGIDAE Caranx melampygus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CARANGIDAE Caranx sexfasciatus x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Aphareus furca x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Aprion virescens x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus bohar x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus fulvus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus gibbus x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus monostigmus x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Macolor macularis x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LUTJANIDAE Macolor niger x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CAESIONIDAE Caesio teres x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CAESIONIDAE Pterocaesio marri x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CAESIONIDAE Pterocaesio tile x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII HAEMULIDAE Plectorhinchus orientalis x x x x x x x 

171

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII LETHRINIDAE Gnathodentex aurolineatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LETHRINIDAE Lethrinus harak x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LETHRINIDAE Monotaxis grandoculis x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII NEMIPTERIDAE Scolopsis trilineatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys flavolineatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys vanicolensis x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Parupeneus barberinus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Parupeneus bifasciatus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Parupeneus cyclostomus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MULLIDAE Parupeneus multifasciatus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII PEMPHERIDAE Pempheris oualensis x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus cinerascens x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus vaigiensis x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII EPHIPPIDAE Platax orbicularis x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon auriga x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon citrinellus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon ephippium x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon lunula x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon melannotus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon mertensii x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon ornatissimus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon punctatofasciatus x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon rafflesi x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon reticulatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon semeion x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon trifascialis x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon ulietensis x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon unimaculatus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon vagabundus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Forcipiger flavissimus x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Forcipiger longirostris x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Hemitaurichthys polylepis x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Heniochus acuminatus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Heniochus chrysostomus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Heniochus monoceros x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CHAETODONTIDAE Heniochus varius x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge bicolor x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge bispinosus x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge flavissima x x x x x x x x 

172

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Centropyge loricula x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Pomacanthus imperator x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACANTHIDAE Pygoplites diacanthus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf septemfasciatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf sexfasciatus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Amphiprion chrysopterus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Amphiprion clarkii x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis acares x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis amboinensis x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis iomelas x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis margaritifer x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis viridis x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chromis xanthura x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chrysiptera biocellata x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chrysiptera brownriggii x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chrysiptera cyanea x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Chrysiptera glauca x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Dascyllus aruanus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Dascyllus reticulatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Dascyllus trimaculatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Neopomacentrus ?metallicus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Plectroglyphidodon dickii x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Plectroglyphidodon johnstonianus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Pomacentrus coelestis x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Pomacentrus vaiuli x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Pomachromis sp. x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Stegastes albifasciatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Stegastes fasciolatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII POMACENTRIDAE Stegastes nigricans x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CIRRHITIDAE Paracirrhites arcatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CIRRHITIDAE Paracirrhites forsteri x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII CIRRHITIDAE Paracirrhites hemistictus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MUGILIDAE Valamugil engeli x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Anampses meleagrides x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Anampses twistii x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Bodianus axillaris x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Cheilinus chlorourus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Cheilinus fasciatus x x x x x x 

173

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Cheilinus trilobatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Cheilinus undulatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Cirrhilabrus sp. x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Coris aygula x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Coris gaimard x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Epibulus insidiator x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Gomphosus varius x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Halichoeres hortulanus 

Halichoeres margaritaceus 

x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE 

complex x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Halichoeres marginatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Halichoeres melanurus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Halichoeres prosopeion x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Hemigymnus fasciatus x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Hemigymnus melapterus x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Labrichthys unilineatus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Labroides bicolor x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Labroides dimidiatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Labroides ?rubrolabiatus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Labropsis xanthonota x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Macropharyngodon meleagris x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Novaculichthys taeniourus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Oxycheilinus sp. x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Oxycheilinus unifasciatus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Pseudocheilinus hexataenia x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Pseudocheilinus octotaenia x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Stethojulis bandanensis x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Stethojulis strigiventer x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Thalassoma hardwicke x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Thalassoma lutescens x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Thalassoma purpureum x 

ACTINOPTERYGII LABRIDAE Thalassoma quinquevittatum x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Cetoscarus bicolor x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Chlorurus sordidus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Chlorurus microrhinos x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus forsteni x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus frenatus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus globiceps x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus oviceps x x x x x x x x 

174

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus psittacus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus rubroviolaceus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCARIDAE Scarus schlegeli x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII PINGUIPEDIDAE Parapercis clathrata x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII PINGUIPEDIDAE Parapercis sp. x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII GOBIIDAE Valenciennea strigata x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MICRODESMIDAE Nemateleotris magnifica x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MICRODESMIDAE Ptereleotris heteroptera x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MICRODESMIDAE Ptereleotris sp. x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SIGANIDAE Siganus argenteus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SIGANIDAE Siganus spinus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ZANCLIDAE Zanclus cornutus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus achilles x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus blochii x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus dussumieri x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus guttatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus lineatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus maculiceps x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigricans x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigricauda x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigrofuscus x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigroris x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus olivaceus x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus pyroferus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus thompsoni x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus triostegus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus xanthopterus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Ctenochaetus strigosus x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Naso annulatus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Naso lituratus x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Naso tuberosus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Naso unicornis x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Zebrasoma scopas x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII ACANTHURIDAE Zebrasoma veliferum x x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SCOMBRIDAE Gymnosarda unicolor x 

ACTINOPTERYGII SOLEIDAE Pardachirus pavoninus x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Balistapus undulatus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Balistoides conspicillum x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Balistoides viridescens x x x 

175

Station 


ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Melichthys niger x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Melichthys vidua x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus x x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Rhinecanthus aculeatus x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Rhinecanthus rectangulus x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Sufflamen bursa x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII BALISTIDAE Sufflamen chrysopterus x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MONACANTHIDAE Amanses scopas x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MONACANTHIDAE Cantherhines dumerilii x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MONACANTHIDAE Oxymonacanthus longirostris x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII MONACANTHIDAE Pervagor janthinosoma x 

ACTINOPTERYGII TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron meleagris x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII TETRAODONTIDAE Arothron nigropunctatus x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII TETRAODONTIDAE Canthigaster solandri x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII TETRAODONTIDAE Canthigaster valentini x 

ACTINOPTERYGII DIODONTIDAE Diodon liturosus x x x x x x x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII OSTRACIIDAE Ostracion cubicus x x 

ACTINOPTERYGII OSTRACIIDAE Ostracion meleagris x x x x x 

176

APPENDIX D 

Corals and Fishes Observed in Moats and on Reef crest at Ofu Island, October 2002 

177

Class Family Genus Species Author Date 

ANTHOZOA MILLEPORIDAE Millepora platyphylla Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1834 

Millepora dichotoma (Forsskål, 1775) 

ASTROCOENIIDAE Stylocoeniella armata (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Pocillopora danae Verrill, 1864 

Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 

Pocillopora setchelli Hoffmeister, 1929 

Pocillopora eydouxi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 

Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 

ACROPORIDAE Acropora cf. austera (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora craterformis (Gardiner, 1898) 

Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892) 

Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora cf. ocellata (Kluzinger, 1879) 

Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 

Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891) 

Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 

Acropora valida (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora ?pulchra (Brook, 1891) 

Acropora ?yongei Veron & Wallace, 1984 

Acropora cf. surculosa (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora ?horrida (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora abrotanoides (Lamarck, 1816) 

Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) 

Acropora aff. cophodactyla (Brook, 1892) 

Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora cf. globiceps (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) 

Acropora ?donei Veron & Wallace, 1984 

Acropora ?latistella (Brook, 1891) 

Acropora ?prostrata (Dana, 1846) 


Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 

Montipora ?aequituberculata Bernard, 1897 

Montipora conicula Wells, 1954 

Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897 

Montipora elshneri Vaughan, 1918 

Montipora ehrenbergii Verrill, 1975 

Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 

Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) 

Montipora socialis Bernard 1897 

Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816) 

Montipora monasteriata (Forsskål, 1775) 

Montipora berryi Hoffmeister, 1925 

Montipora ?turgescens Bernard, 1897 

Montipora sp. cf. hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954 

Cyphastrea microphthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 

178

Taxa Family Genus Species Author Date 

ANTHOZOA FAVIIDAE Cyphastrea serailia (Forsskål, 1775) 

Cyphastrea chalcidicum (Forsskål, 1775) 

Echinopora gemmacea Lamarck, 1816 

Echinopora ?hirsutissima Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 

Favia stelligera Dana, 1846 

Favia matthaii Vaughan, 1918 

Favia speciosa Dana, 1846 

Favia pallida Dana, 1846 

Favites abdita Ellis & Solander, 1786 

Favites ?complanata Ehrenberg, 1834 

Favites aff. russelli (Wells, 1954) 

Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816) 

Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971 

Goniastrea ? aspera Verrill, 1905 

Leptastrea purpurea (Dana, 1846) 

Leptoria phrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 

Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846) 


Platygyra ?lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

Platygyra pini Chevalier, 1975 

Platygyra daedalea (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 

PORITIDAE Porites lichen Dana, 1846 

Porites australiensis Vaughan, 1918 


Porites lobata Dana, 1846 

Porites annae Crossland, 1952 

Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 

Porites rus (Forsskål, 1775) 

Porites superfusa Gardiner, 1898 

Porites ?murrayensis Vaughan, 1918 

Stylarea punctata (Linneaus, 1758) 

SIDERASTREIDAE Coscinerea columna (Dana, 1846) 

Psammocora haimeana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860 

Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797) 

AGARICIIDAE Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954 

Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 

Pavona sp. aff. varians Randall & Myers 1983 

Pavona divaricata (Lamark, 1816) 

Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846) 

Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

FUNGIIDAE Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1801 

Fungia fungites (Linneaus, 1758) 

OCULINIDAE Galaxea fascicularis (Linneaus, 1767) 

DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Turbinarea reniformis Bernard, 1896 

MERULINIDAE Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) 

Hydnophora ?pilosa Veron, 1985 

MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 

Symphyllia ?recta (Dana, 1846) 

HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1776) 

Total Corals 98 

179


OSTEICHTHYES CARCARHINIDAE Carcharrhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

MURAENIDAE Gymnothorax melegris (Shaw & Nodder, 1795) 

Gymnothorax ?fimbriatus (Bennett, 1831) 

HOLOCENTRIDAE Myripristis murdjan (Forsskål, 1775) 

Sargocentron microstoma (Günther, 1859) 

Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775) 

Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier, 1829) 

AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) 

FISTULARIDAE Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1838 

SYNGNATHIDAE Corythoichthys intestinalis (Ramsay, 1881) 

Corythoichthys sp. 

SCORPAENIDAE Pterois antennata (Bloch, 1787) 

Scorpaenopsis spp. 

APOGONIDAE Apogon ?novemfasciatus Cuvier, 1828 

CARANGIDAE Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 

Caranx sexfasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

CAESIONIDAE Pterocaesio marri Schultz, 1953 

LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus fulvus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 

LETHRINIDAE Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Lacépède, 1802) 

Monotaxis grandoculus (Forsskål, 1775) 

MULLIDAE Mulloides vanicolensis (Valenciennes, 1831) 

Parupeneus barberinus (Lacépède, 1801) 

Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacépède, 1801) 

Parupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 

KYPHOSIDAE Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 

Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775) 

CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon auriga Forsskål, 1775 

Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, 1831 

Chaetodon ephippium Cuvier, 1831 

Chaetodon lunula (Lacépède, 1803) 

Chaetodon melannotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 

Chaetodon ornatisimmus Cuvier, 1831 

Chaetodon reticulatus Cuvier, 1831 

Chaetodon semeion Bleeker, 1855 

Chaetodon trifacialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 

Chaetodon ulietensis Cuvier, 1831 

Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 

Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 

Forcipiger flavissimus Jordan & McGregor, 1898 

Heniochus chrysotomus Cuvier, 1831 

Heniochus monoceros Cuvier, 1831 

CIRRHITIDAE Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier, 1829) 

Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider, 1801) 

POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf septemfasciatus (Cuvier, 1830) 

Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacépède, 1802) 

Centropyge flavissimus (Cuvier, 1831) 

Chromis viridis (Cuvier, 1830) 

Chrysiptera biocellata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

Chrysiptera glauca (Cuvier, 1830) 

Chrysiptera brownriggii (Bennett, 1828) 

Dascyllus aruanus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

180


OSTEICHTHYES POMACENTRIDAE Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson, 1846) 

Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

Pomacanthus imperator (Bloch, 1787) 

Pomacentrus coelestis Jordan & Starks, 1901 

Pomacentrus vaiuli Jordan & Seale, 1906 

Pygoplites diacanthus (Boddaert, 1772) 

Stegastes albifasciatus (Schlegel & Müller, 1839-1844) 

Stegastes fasciolatus (Ogilby, 1889) 

Stegastes nigricans (Lacépède, 1802) 

SERRANIDAE Cephalopholis urodeta Bloch & Schneider, 1801 

Cephelopholis argus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 

Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1791 

Epinephelus ?tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) 

LABRIDAE Cheilinus fasciatus (Bloch, 1791) 

Coris gaimard (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 

Gomphosus varius Lacépède, 1801 

Halichoeres hortulanus (Lacépède, 1801) 

Halichoeres margaritaceus complex 

Halichoeres marginatus Rüppell, 1835 

Halichoeres melanurus (Bleeker, 1851) 

Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch, 1791) 

Labroides bicolor Fowler & Bean 1928 

Labroides dimidiatus (Valenciennes, 1839) 

Pseudocheilinus hexataenia (Bleeker, 1857) 

Stethojulis bandanensis (Bleeker, 1851) 

Stethojulis strigiventer (Bennett, 1832) 

Thalassoma hardwickii (Bennett, 1828) 

Thalassoma lutescens (Lay & Bennett, 1839) 

Thalassoma quinquevittatum (Lay & Bennett, 1839) 

Thalassoma purpureum (Forsskål, 1775) 

SCARIDAE Chlororus sordidus (Forsskål, 1775) 

Scarus frenatus Lacépède, 1802 

Scarus oviceps Valenciennes, 1840 

Scarus psittacus Forsskål, 1775 

ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus achilles Shaw, 1803 

Acanthurus guttatus Forster, 1801 

Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Acanthurus maculiceps (Ahl, 1923) 

Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Acanthurus nigrofuscus (Forsskål, 1775) 

Acanthurus nigroris Valenciennes, 1835 

Acanthurus olivaceus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 

Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 

Naso literatus Forster, 1801 

Naso tuberosus Lacépède, 1802 

Naso unicornis (Forsskål, 1775) 

Zebrasoma scopas (Cuvier, 1829) 

Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch, 1797) 

SOLEIDAE Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacépède, 1802) 

ZANCLIDAE Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

181


OSTEICHTHYES BALISTIDAE Balistipus undulatus (Park, 1797) 

Psudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1829) 

Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 

MONOCANTHIDAE Oxymonocanthus longirostris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 

Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker, 1854) 

OSTRACIONTIDAE Ostracion meleagris Shaw, 1796 

TETRADONTIDAE Arothron nigropunctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 

Canthagaster solandri (Richardson, 1844) 

DIODONTIDAE Diodon literosus Shaw, 1804 

MUGILIDAE Moolgarda engeli (Bleeker, 1858) 

PINGUIPEDIDAE Parapercis clathrata Ogilby, 1911 

NEMIPTERIDAE Scolopsis trilineata Kner, 1868 

SIGANIDAE Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) 

Siganus spinus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

MALACANTHIDAE Malacanthus brevirostris (Guichenot, 1848) 

Total Fishes 118 

182

INTRODUCED MARINE SPECIES IN PAGO ... - Bishop Museum

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