Message - 7th IAL Symposium

The 7 th IAL Symposium 2012 

Lichens: from genome to ecosystems in a changing world 

9 th – 13 th January 2012, Chaophya Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand 

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS 

The 7 th Symposium of the International Association for Lichenology 

Organized by 

Ramkhamhaeng University 

On behalf of the International Association for Lichenology 

January 2012

Lichen: from genome to ecosystem in a changing world 

This book contains the abstracts of the papers for The 7 th IAL Symposium 2012, The International 

Conference of the international Association for Lichenology on 9 th – 13 th January 2012 at Chaophya Park 

Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. They reflect the authors’ opinions and are published as presented without 

change, in the interests of timely dissemination. 

Published by 

Ramkhamhaeng University Press, Bangkok, Thailand 

ISBN: 978-616-513-788-1 

LOCAL ORGANIZER: 

Lichen Research Unit, 

Department of Biology, 

Faculty of Science, 

Ramkhamhaeng University, 

Bangkok, Thailand, 10240 

Tel: +66(0) 2310 8395, Fax. +66(0) 2310 8416 Ext. 12 

E-mail: lichen@ru.ac.th 

Website: http://www.ru.ac.th/lichen and www.IAL7.com 

CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT: 

Lichen Research Unit, 

PO Box 1109, 

Faculty of Science, 

Ramkhamhaeng University, 

Bangkok, Thailand, 10240 

Tel: +66(0) 2229 3335 Fax: +66(0) 2229 3346 

E-mail: lichen.ial7@gmail.com and lichen@ru.ac.th

The 7 th International Association for Lichenology Symposium 2012 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Welcome Message from the President of The International Association of Lichenology .................... i 

Welcome Message from the President of Ramkhamhaeng University ................................................ iii 

Report from Chairperson of IAL7 Organizing committee …………………………………………………. v 

Opening Address from Chairman, The Executive Board of the National Research Council of Thailand. vii 

IAL Council (2008-2012) …………………………………......………………………………………………. ix 

Scientific Committee ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ix 

Local Organizing Committee ………………………………………………………………......................... x 

Co-hosts organization ........................................................................................................................... x 

Information for speakers and presenters ............................................................................................. xi 

Information for chair persons ................................................................................................................ xii 

Symposium venue ................................................................................................................................ xiii 

Floor plan ............................................................................................................................................. xiv 

Information of poster presentation boards ............................................................................................ xvii 

Keynote Lectures ……………………………………………………………………………………………… xix 

Aair Lichens Lunch Symposium ………………..………………………………………………………….. xxx 

Scientific Programme 

Oral Program ………………………………………………………………………………………….. O2 

Poster Session ………………………………………………………………………………………... P15 

Abstracts - ORAL SESSION 

9 th January 2012: 

1I : Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted interactions …………………….. 1 

1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action ……………………………………………….. 7 

1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis ………………………………… 19 


2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution …………………………………………………. 23 

2A-1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution and diversity of the largest 

family of tropical crustose lichens ……………………………………………………… 28 

2A-2: Parmeliaceae : improving our understanding of taxonomy, classification and 

biogeography ............................................................................................................ 30 

2B: Forest lichens : their ecology and distribution .............................................................. 34 


3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and ecological roles of metabolites in 

lichens ........................................................................................................................... 39 


4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific region .............................. 44 

3A: Molecular phylogenetics .............................................................................................. 48 

3B - 1: Bioinformatics ......................................................................................................... 54 

3B - 2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems ........................................... 58 


5I: Global Change and lichen biology ................................................................................ 62 

4A : Evolution and Systematics in the Teloschistales ......................................................... 67


4B : Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology .......................................................................... 71 

Abstracts – POSTER SESSION 

1I : Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted interactions ............................... 76 

1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action ................................................................... 81 

1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis ............................................... 91 

2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution ..................................................................... 94 

2A-1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution and diversity of the largest 

family of tropical crustose lichens .............................................................................. 99 

2A-2: Parmeliaceae : improving our understanding of taxonomy, classification and 

biogeography 104 

2B: Forest lichens : their ecology and distribution .............................................................. 114 

3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and ecological roles of metabolites in 

lichens ........................................................................................................................... 132 

4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific region .............................. 138 

3A: Molecular phylogenetics .............................................................................................. 150 

3B - 1: Bioinformatics ......................................................................................................... 166 

3B - 2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems ........................................... 169 

5I: Global Change and lichen biology ................................................................................ 178 

4A : Evolution and Systematics in the Teloschistales ......................................................... 185 

4B : Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology ........................................................................... 187 

Sponsors and Supporters ..................................................................................................................... 195 

Abstract Author Index ........................................................................................................................... 197

Welcome Message 


The President of the International Association of Lichenology 

Dear Fellow Lichenologist 

It is a great pleasure for me to welcome you to IAL7 on behalf of the IAL Council and both the 

Local and Scientific Organizing Committees of the conference. 

Past IAL meetings have been tremendously enjoyable and successful events and we are 

confident that the 7 th IAL7 Symposium in Bangkok will be equally memorable. As the title of the 

Symposium suggests, the scientific sessions and individual contributions to them are wide ranging in 

topic. These reflect the tremendous influence of molecular studies on lichenology, the threats imposed 

by rapid man-made changes occurring to the biosphere and an ever growing interest in lichens in 

tropical regions. 

In addition to the science, there is a rich and exciting social programme. Therefore, I hope that 

during this meeting you will enjoy excellent science, stimulating interaction with colleagues and a sense 

of community all spiced by, for the first time at an IAL Symposium, a tropical setting. 

Professor Dr. Peter Crittenden 

IAL President 

i


ii

Welcome Message 

Dear IAL7 Participants, 


The President of Ramkhamhaeng University 

On behalf of the Lichen Research Unit at Ramkhamhaeng University, we are 

delighted to welcome all of you to Thailand. I am honored to know that, the 7 th Symposium 

of the International Association for Lichenology has been held for the first time in Asia, 

here in Thailand. Thanks to all lichenologists from throughout the world for coming to this 

symposium. I hope you will soon feel very much comfortable in Bangkok, in the heart of Asia. 

We are proud to know that you are giving us a great opportunity to co-hosting this 

important symposium with IAL. As this symposium is principally designed to provide opportunities 

for world-wide lichenologists to share experiences and knowledge, as well as to create cooperations 

to enhance researches in this field. Ramkhamharng University has supported, directly 

and indirectly, lichen research and would maintain such program to strengthening our academic 

capacity, including cooperation among local, regional and international scientific communities. 

Apart from all the dedicated scientific program, I hope that everyone will have a chance to enjoy 

the wide array of social networking events, pre- and post-symposium tours. Please kindly take this great 

opportunity to experience our famous hospitality, excellent cuisine, rich history, culture heritage, as well 

as sights and sounds that are typical Thai. I hope you will have pleasant memory to take home with you. 

Assistant Professor Wutisak Lapcharoensap 

President of Ramkhamhaeng University 

iii


iv

Report 


Chairperson of IAL7 Organizing committee 

On behalf of the local organizing committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to the The 

7 th Symposium of the International Association for Lichenology in Bangkok, Thailand. 

The theme of this year “Lichens: from Genome to ecosystems in a changing world” is 

composed of highly achieved keynote lectures from young and senior lichenologists, oral presentations 

of interdisciplinary, focus sessions, as well as a poster session. I am confident that the most up-to-date 

worldwide research findings will be presented and discussed at this event. 

Three hundred and seven abstracts from participants of over 50 countries have been submitted. 

One hundred and seven abstracts are assigned as oral presentations, while 183 abstracts are allocated 

to posters. In addition, workshops on Parmeliaceae, Graphidaceae and Tropical lichens have been well 

supported by international agencies and experts. Furthermore, excursions to the North, Northeast and 

Eastern seacoast would provide first-hand experiences on lichens, nature and culture in the tropics, 

which is relatively unexplored by scientific communities. 

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the speakers and all who submitted their works 

and attend the symposium. I hope that you will find it a thoroughly rewarding experience –, academically, 

professionally and socially. Finally, I hope you would be able to make the most of this lovely time of the 

year, either before or after the symposium. 

Associate Professor Dr. Kansri Boonpragob 

Chair of LOC for 7 th IAL Symposium 2012 

v


vi

Opening Address 


Chairman, The Executive Board of the National Research Council of Thailand 

Dear Professor Crittenden– The President of IAL, Dr. Lumbsch- The Vice president of IAL, 

Assistant Professor Wutisak Lapcharoensap- The President of Ramkhamhaeng University, Distinguish 

IAL participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, 

First of all, I would like to extend a warm welcome to all of you on behalf of The National Research 

Council of Thailand (NRCT), and on behalf of my own. I am delighted, this symposium is convened 

in Thailand, and for the first time in Asia. This symposium will be another great event which inspires 

and encourages scientists from different parts of the world to carry on lichen research for the benefit 

of the globe. The NRCT functions involve promoting and supporting cooperation among international 

researchers and research institutes by providing research grants to government and private sectors, 

coordinating with national and international organizations on research projects, as well as being a center 

of exchanging the research information and researchers in Thailand. 

Being the part of this symposium as the main supporter of lichen research in Thailand, I am 

grateful to know that over three hundred abstracts from over 50 countries will be presented. I have no 

doubt that this symposium will be a great forum to create collaboration, exchange experiences as well 

as establish a lichen research network among international researchers in the near future. 

Finally, I wish all symposium objectives will be accomplished and wish the participants a very 

fruitful and productive symposium. 

Professor Dr. Thira Sutabutra 

Chairman, NRCT Executive Board 

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viii

IAL COUNCIL (2008-2012): 


President: - Peter D. Crittenden, The University of Nottingham, UK 

Vice President: - H. Thorsten Lumbsch, The Field Museum of Natural History,U.S.A. 

Secretary: - Jurga Motiejnaitė, Institute of Botany, Lithuania 

Treasurer: - Christian Printzen, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Germany 

Assistant Treasurer: - Imke Schmitt, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Germany 

Editor: - Peter Scholz, Germany 

Members-at-Large: - Andreas Beck, Botanische Staatssammlung München, Germany 

- Maria Herrera-Campos, Instituto de Biologĺa, México 

- Kansri Boonpragob, Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand 

- Ana Crespo, Universidad Complutense, Spain 

Auditor: - Ulrik Søchting, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 

Vice Auditor: - James D. Lawrey, George Mason University, U.S.A. 

Nomination Committee: - Gintaras Kantvilas, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Australia 

- Lucyna Śliwa, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland 

- Ulrik Søchting, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE: 

• Achariya Rangsiruji Thailand 

• André Aptroot Netherlands 

• Andreas Beck Germany 

• Cecile Gueidan U.K. 

• Christoph Scheidegger Switzerland 

• Christopher Ellis U.K. 

• Daniele Armaleo U.S.A. 

• Ester Gaya U.S.A. 

• François Lutzoni U.S.A. 

• Gintaras Kantvilas Australia 

• Gerhard Rambold Germany 

• Kansri Boonpragob Thailand 

• Kawinnat Buaruang Thailand 

• Khwanruan Papong Thailand 

• Knut Solhaug Norway 

• Lucia Muggia Austria 

• Mats Wedin Sweden 

• Martin Grube Austria 

• Ólafur Andrésson Iceland 

• Olga Nadyeina Ukraine 

• Peter Crittenden U.K. 

• Pradeep Divakar Spain 

• Robert Lücking U.S.A 

• Sarah Jovan U.S.A 

• 

Susan Will-Wolf U.S.A. 

ix


• Thorsten Lumbsch U.S.A. 

• Toby Spribille U.S.A. 

• Ulrik Søchting Denmark 

• Vivian Miao Canada 

• Wanaruk Saipunkaew Thailand 

• William Sanders U.S.A. 

• Rosemary Honegger Switzerland 

LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: 

Chair: - Kansri Boonpragob, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

Committee: - Achariya Rangsiruji, Srinakarinviroj University, Bangkok 

- Chutima Sriviboon, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Ek Sangvichien, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Kajonsak Vongshewarat, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Kawinnat Buaruang, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Khwanruan Papong, Mahasarakarm University, Maha Sarakharm 

- Pachara Mongkolsuk, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Pawanrat Aksornsingchai, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

- Santi Wattana, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chaingmai 

- Sureeporn Jariangprasert Maejo University, Chaingmai 

- Wanaruk Saipunkaew, Chiangmai University, Chaingmai 

- Wetchasart Polyiam, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 

CO – HOST ORGANIZATIONS: 

The Botanical Society Chiang Mai University Maejo University 

Srinakarinwirot University Mahasarakham University Queen Sirikit 

Botanic Garden 

Biodiversity Research Thai Mycological 

and Training Program Association 

x


INFORMATION FOR SPEAKERS AND PRESENTERS 

ORAL PRESENTATION 

• Power Point slides or Acrobat PDF for presentation on a LCD projector are recommended. 

• All the presentation room will be equipped with: a computer running WINDOW XP 

Professional operating system, with MS Office, Acrobat Reader 6.0 and a LCD video 

projector. 

• It is recommended to use simple fonts to prepare your presentation. Fancy fonts may not 

always be supported by presentation computers. 

• Oral presentation rooms will be equipped with the following items: 

• A laptop computer 

• An LCD video projector 

• A laser pointer 

• We recommended that presenters bring their presentation files in a format compatible with 

one of the above applications, with the files stored in a CD-ROM or a USB thumb drive 

(flash disk). 

• Presentation files should be uploaded into the computers at the back of presentation room at 

least 4 hours prior to your session. The room are opened on the following schedule: 

th • Sunday 8 January 2012 from 10.00 – 18.00 hrs. 

th th • Monday 9 – Thursday 12 January 2012 from 8.00 – 18.00 hrs. 

th • Friday 13 January 2012 from 8.00 – 16.00 hrs. 

• Please arrive the presentation room at least 15-30 minutes before your presentation time in 

order to check attendance with the chairs of your session. 

POSTER PRESENTATION 

th th • Posters need to be on display from 9 – 13 January 2012. 

• Your poster presentation code will be indicated on the poster board and the abstract / 

program book. 

• The standard poster board size 100 (width) x 250 (height) cm. will be provided. 

• Recommended size of your poster is 85 cm. x 120 cm. Posters should be in PORTRAIT 

layout. 

• Poster rooms are Rachada 1 – 3. 

• Time for poster set up: 

th • Sunday 8 January 2012, 15.00 – 20.00 hrs. 

th • Monday 9 January 2012, since 8.00 hrs. 

• Time for poster removal: 

th • Within 16.00 hrs. on Friday 13 January 2012. 

• Presenters are responsible for the dismantling of their posters. Posters left behind will be 

disposed and are not the responsibility of the organizer. 

• 

Self- adhesive tape will be provided for mounting your posters. 

xi


INFORMATION FOR CHAIR PERSONS 

To ensure that our sessions are enjoyable, informative and fair for all speakers and members of 

the audience, please follow these guidelines. 

BEFORE THE SESSION 

• Arrive 10-15 minutes prior to the start of the session and familiarize yourself with the room 

layout. Introduce yourself to the room attendance staff and AV technician. 

• Read the Program Update/Housekeeping Notices that will be left on the head table. 

• Make decision with your co chair, who will introduce each speaker and who will keep track of 

the time. 

• Check the content of the session 

• As presenters arrive, check their attendance and advise them to keep presentation time on 

schedule which includes questions and discussion. It is important to keep strictly to time so 

that the program will not be late. 

• Work out a communication signal to let presenters know that they should move to a closing 

slide by ringing the bell for 3 and 1 minutes left and standing up when time is over. 

AT THE START OF THE SESSION 

• Welcome the audience 

• Inform the session time to the audience, and then introduce presenter and the title of the 

paper. 

• Closely watch time for both the presentation and the Q&A. Suggest the audience to 

approach the speaker/presenters during the next break if the assigned time is over. 

• Questions and discussion following the speakers/presenters should be addressed to the 

Chair. Have a chairman’s question ready only if no questions come from the floor. Please do 

not leap in with your question first. 

• If there are any problems during the session, seek help from the room attendance staffs. 

AT THE END OF THE SESSION 

• Thank the speakers/presenters and invite applause 

• Make any housekeeping annoucements 

• 

Close the session on time 

xii

SYMPOSIUM VENUE 


xiii


FLOOR PLAN 

Main building, 2 nd Floor 

xiv

FLOOR PLAN 


Main building, Lower lobby Floor 

Tarntip building, 5 th Floor 

xv


POSTER BOARD: Main building, Rachada 1 - 3 

xvi


INFORMATION OF POSTER PRESENTATION BOARDS 

Submission ID Position Submission ID Position Submission ID Position Submission ID Position 

IAL0001-00001 3A-P1 IAL0087-00001 3B-2-P5 IAL0161-00001 5I-P3 IAL0223-00001 2I-P9 

IAL0004-00001 1A-O14 IAL0088-00001 4I-P7 IAL0162-00002 2B-P16 IAL0224-00001 3B-1 - P3 

IAL0004-00002 2B-P13 IAL0091-00001 3A-P7 IAL0163-00001 2I-P5 IAL0230-00002 4B-P7 

IAL0009-00007 1A-O12 IAL0093-00001 3B-2-P6 IAL0166-00001 3A-P11 IAL0236-00001 3I-P7 

IAL0009-00009 4B-P1 IAL0094-00001 3B-2-P7 IAL0166-00002 3A-P12 IAL0238-00001 2A-2- P13 

IAL0011-00001 1A-P1 IAL0095-00001 1A-P5 IAL0166-00003 3A-P13 IAL0239-00001 1B-P2 

IAL0015-00001 2A-1-P1 IAL0096-00002 2A-1-P2 IAL0167-00001 3A-P14 IAL0241-00001 1A-O9 

IAL0015-00002 2B-P1 IAL0100-00001 1B-P1 IAL0168-00001 2I-P6 IAL0241-00002 1B-P3 

IAL0017-00001 2B-P20 IAL0101-00001 3B-2-P8 IAL0168-00002 3I-P3 IAL0242-00001 3I-P8 

IAL0018-00002 1I-P1 IAL0103-00001 2A-1-P3 IAL0169-00001 4A-P2 IAL0243-00003 4I-P16 

IAL0019-00001 1A-O10 IAL0103-00002 2A-1-P4 IAL0171-00001 3A-P15 IAL0244-00001 4I-P17 

IAL0024-00001 4I-P20 IAL0104-00002 3A-P8 IAL0173-00001 4B-P5 IAL0245-00001 4I-P18 

IAL0026-00001 4I-P1 IAL0105-00001 4I-P8 IAL0173-00002 4B-P6 IAL0246-00001 1B-P4 

IAL0029-00001 4I-P2 IAL0110-00002 4A-P1 IAL0174-00003 2I-P7 IAL0247-00002 5I-P5 

IAL0030-00001 3B-2-P1 IAL0110-00003 1A-P6 IAL0175-00001 3I-P4 IAL0249-00001 3I-P9 

IAL0035-00002 2B-P9 IAL0111-00001 4I-P9 IAL0176-00001 3A-P16 IAL0250-00002 1A-P12 

IAL0036-00001 3A-P2 IAL0113-00001 4B-P2 IAL0177-00002 2A-2- P9 IAL0252-00001 2B-P17 

IAL0037-00002 4I-P3 IAL0113-00002 3I-P1 IAL0178-00002 2A-1-P5 IAL0255-00002 2A-2- P14 

IAL0039-00001 4I-P4 IAL0114-00001 3A-P9 IAL0178-00003 2A-1-P6 IAL0258-00001 5I-P6 

IAL0040-00005 2B-P4 IAL0114-00002 4I-P10 IAL0180-00001 3I-P5 IAL0260-00002 1I-P7 

IAL0041-00001 2A-2- P1 IAL0115-00001 3I-P2 IAL0181-00001 2B-P3 IAL0261-00001 4B-P8 

IAL0041-00002 2A-2- P2 IAL0120-00001 5I-P2 IAL0182-00001 2A-2- P10 IAL0263-00005 2A-2- P15 

IAL0047-00001 1A-P2 IAL0124-00002 1I-P3 IAL0183-00001 2B-P11 IAL0264-00001 3B-1 - P4 

IAL0056-00001 2B-P2 IAL0125-00001 1A-P7 IAL0184-00001 2B-P8 IAL0265-00001 2B-P19 

IAL0057-00001 3A-P3 IAL0125-00002 1A-P8 IAL0186-00001 3I-P6 IAL0265-00002 2B-P18 

IAL0057-00002 3A-P4 IAL0126-00001 3A-P10 IAL0187-00001 5I-P4 IAL0266-00001 3I-P10 

IAL0057-00005 3B-2-P2 IAL0127-00001 2B-P27 IAL0189-00001 3B-2-P11 IAL0267-00001 1A-P13 

IAL0057-00007 3B-1 - P1 IAL0127-00002 2B-P28 IAL0194-00001 4I-P13 IAL0270-00001 3A-P23 

IAL0057-00008 2I-P1 IAL0127-00003 2B-P29 IAL0196-00001 1I-P5 IAL0275-00001 1A-P14 

IAL0057-00009 3A-P5 IAL0129-00002 1A-P9 IAL0199-00001 2A-2- P11 IAL0278-00001 2B-P21 

IAL0057-00010 3B-2-P3 IAL0129-00003 2A-2- P6 IAL0200-00001 1I-P6 IAL0279-00001 2A-2- P16 

IAL0058-00001 2A-2- P3 IAL0131-00001 2B-P26 IAL0201-00001 3A-P17 IAL0280-00001 2I-P10 

IAL0059-00002 1A-P3 IAL0131-00002 2A-2- P7 IAL0201-00002 3A-P18 IAL0281-00001 2A-2- P17 

IAL0060-00001 3B-2-P4 IAL0132-00001 4I-P11 IAL0201-00003 2B-P22 IAL0282-00001 5I-P7 

IAL0062-00001 2B-P24 IAL0135-00001 2B-P14 IAL0201-00004 3A-P19 IAL0284-00001 3B-2-P13 

IAL0063-00001 2B-P25 IAL0136-00003 3B-2-P9 IAL0201-00008 2B-P23 IAL0285-00001 1I-P8 

IAL0063-00002 2A-2- P4 IAL0137-00002 4B-P3 IAL0201-00010 3A-P20 IAL0289-00001 3B-2-P14 

IAL0064-00002 1A-P4 IAL0138-00001 1A-P10 IAL0202-00002 3B-1 - P2 IAL0291-00003 5I-P8 

IAL0065-00001 1A-O13 IAL0138-00002 3B-2-P10 IAL0204-00001 3A-P21 IAL0292-00001 4B-P9 

IAL0065-00002 2B-P10 IAL0138-00004 2A-2- P8 IAL0204-00002 2A-2- P12 IAL0299-00002 3A-P24 

IAL0068-00001 4I-P5 IAL0140-00002 2I-P2 IAL0206-00001 3A-P22 IAL0300-00001 4I-P19 

IAL0070-00001 4I-P6 IAL0140-00004 1I-P4 IAL0209-00001 4I-P14 IAL0309-00002 3B-2-P15 

IAL0071-00001 2B-P12 IAL0140-00005 2I-P3 IAL0211-00002 2I-P8 IAL0315-00001 2B-P5 

IAL0073-00001 2A-2- P5 IAL0141-00001 2I-P4 IAL0212-00002 1A-O11 IAL0322-00001 1B-P5 

IAL0078-00001 2B-P6 IAL0151-00001 2B-P15 IAL0213-00001 3B-2-P12 IAL0325-00001 5I-P9 

IAL0080-00001 3A-P6 IAL0152-00001 2B-P7 IAL0219-00001 2A-1-P7 

IAL0083-00001 1I-P2 IAL0156-00001 4I-P12 IAL0219-00002 1A-P11 

IAL0086-00001 5I-P1 IAL0158-00002 4B-P4 IAL0221-00001 4I-P15 

xvii


xviii


xix 

KEYNOTE LECTURES


KEYNOTE LECTURE 1 

Monday 9 th January 2012 

09:15 – 10:00 hrs. 

Venue: Chaophya Ballroom, 2 nd floor, Main Building 

Professor Dr. Pranom Chantaranothai 

Khon Kaen University, Thailand 

E-mail: pranom@kku.ac.th 

Topic: Phytogeography of Southeast Asia 

Position: Professor of Botany at the Department of Biology, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 

Current Academic Associate Activities: 

• A Member of University Council of Khon Kaen University 

• Editor-in-Chief of Thai Journal of Botany, The Botanical Society under the Royal Patronage 

of Her Majesty the Queen 

• Honorary Research Associate, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom 

Current Research: 

• Flowering plants for the Flora of Thailand Project 

• Families: Boraginaceae, Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae and 

Sarcospermataceae) 

• Genera: Phyllanthus and Trigonostemon (Euphorbiaceae); Mussaenda and Pavetta 

(Rubiaceae); Vitex (Lamiaceae): Indigofera and Uraria (Leguminosae) 

• Plant Diversity in Phu Phan, Phu Rua and Nam Pong National Parks, Thailand 

Research Grants (Postdoctoral Research & Scholarships): 

• Study of the Plant Family “Melastomataceae” at Institut für Botanik, University of Innsbruck, 

Austria (1991 – 1992) by Austrain Academic Exchange Service 

• A Preliminary study on Barringtonia J.R. Forst and G. Forster of Thailand at School of 

Botany, Trintity College, University of Dublin, Ireland (1993 – 1994) by The International 

Scientific Cooperation Programme of the Commission of the European Communities 

Marie Curie Scheme 

• A Revision of Sapotaceae in Thailand at Swedish Natural History Museum, Stockholm, 

Sweden (1995 – 1995) by The Swedish Institute. 

• A Revision of Lecythidaceae in Thailand at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom 

(1999 – 1999, 6 months) by The Royal Society, UK 

• The Taxonomy of Pavetta L. (Rubiaceae) in Thailand at School of Botany, Trintity College, 

University of Dublin, Ireland (2008 -– 2008, 2 months) by the Commision of Higher 

Education, Thailand 

Education: 

• 1990 PhD, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 

• 1985 BA (Poitical Science), Ramkamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

• 1980 MSc (Botany), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. 

• 

1977 BSc (Biology), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. 

xx


PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 

Chantaranothai P. 

Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 

Southeast Asia’s seasonal and tropical rainforest is four of the 25 global hotspots of biodiversity which 

are the Indo-Burma, Philippines, Sundaland and Wallacea hotspots. Its natural phytogeographical area 

comprises the mainland SE Asia and Malay Archipelago sub-region and boasts some of the largest 

numbers of vascular plant species in the world. Thailand has a species rich and complex biodiversity 

that differs in various parts of the country. The reason for the high level of species richness in Thailand 

is that the country is situated on the borders or at the cross-roads between four majors biogeographical 

regions. The flora is therefore influenced by the Indo-Burmese, Indo-Chinese and Malesian elements. 

Seven floristic regions of Thailand are in use by botanists and the Flora of Thailand Project and more than 

eight forest types are recognized. A collaboration between Danish and Thai botanists was established 

in 1957 with the purpose of explore the natural vegetation of the country. In 1970, the first instalment of 

the Flora of Thailand was issued. However, Thailand is still heavily undercollected and the distributional 

data for most species are incomplete. At present, c. 60% of flowering plants have been studied and 

published. Nevertheless, the loss of biodiversity and its consequences for climate, economics, etc, are 

already becoming noticeable. A great deal of intensive floristic and ecological studies are still urgently 

needed, and also the protection and improvement of biodiversity should become the main focus of 

attention for the government. 

xxi



Tuesday 10 th January 2012 

09:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Professor Dr. Pier Luigi Nimis 

University of Trieste, Italy 

E-mail: nimis@units.it 

Topic: Computer-Aided indentification tools: progress and problems 

Position: Professor of Systematic Botany at the Department of Life Sciences of the 

University of Trieste 

Experience: 

The scientific interests of Prof. Nimis are centered on four main fields: 

• Ecology - Bioindication and radioecology using lichens and bryophytes as bioindicators and 

bioaccumulators. 

• Quantitative biogeography – multivariate analysis of plant distribution ranges in different 

parts of the world (Alaska-Yukon, Ontario, Siberia, Europe, Argentina). 

• Lichenology - from floristics and taxonomy to vegetational and applied studies. Prof. Nimis is 

presently writing a lichen flora of Italy. 

• Biodiversity , with emphasis on automatic generation of identification tools. 

Activities: 

• Prof. Nimis is member of the Editorial Boards of several international Journals . He is the 

coordinator of National and European Research Projects since 1991 and responsible for 

Lichenology within the Italian Antarctic Survey. He was Co-ordinator of the European 

Project KeyTo Nature from 2007 to 2010. 

• Prof. Nimis was President of the Italian Lichen Society (1987-1993), Secretary of the Lichen 

Commission of O.P.T.I.M.A. (1993-2003), Member of the Executive Council of the 

International Association for Lichenology (IAL) and of the International Mycological 

Association, Editor-in-chief of the International Lichenological Newsletter (1997-2000), 

President of the International Association of Lichenology (2000-2004), and Member of the 

International Committee for Botanical Nomenclature 

• Prof. Nimis was awarded with the small golden Panda of W.W.F. for his biomonitoring 

studies with lichens, with the O.P.T.I.M.A. medal (1995) for the best study on the 

Mediterranean flora published in 1993 (his monograph on the Lichens of Italy), and with the 

International Ferrari-Soave Prize for Biology from the Academy of Sciences of Turin (2009). 

Academic career: 

• 2009 - 2011 Dean of the PhD-School of Biomonitoring, University of Trieste. 

• 1996 - 2003 Director of the Department of Biology, University of Trieste. 

• 1988 - 1990 Chairman of the School of Biological Sciences, University of Trieste. 

• 1986 Full Professor of Systematic Botany at the Faculty of Sciences, 

University of Trieste. 

• 1978 a researcher at the Botanical Institute of the University of Trieste. 

• 

1977 Graduated with honors in Natural Sciences at the University of Trieste. 

xxii


COMPUTER-AIDED IDENTIFICATION TOOLS: PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS 

Nimis P. L. 

Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy 

In the past, the tools for identifying organisms were printed on paper, in the form of dichotomous 

(rarely polytomous) keys. The constraints of a paper-printed text and the absence of computers forced 

most authors to organise their keys following the schemes of biological classification (keys to orders, 

families, genera, and finally species). Nowadays a wide array of identification tools can be generated 

more or less automatically starting from morpho-anatomical databases, such as single-access, multi- or 

free-access, and multi-entry keys. The order of couplets (choices) in an identification tool may be defined 

by the creator (single-access key), or may be freely selectable by the user (free-access key); a multientry 

key is an intermediate form that may combine advantages of both forms if only a small character 

subset is included in the multi-entry phase. In all computer-generated keys the process of identification 

can be made more or less completely independent from classification, with important and not always 

fully exploited consequences on their usability (e.g. for ‘citizen science’). The new identification tools are 

available on a variety of media: internet, CD and DVD-Roms, printed paper, and also mobile devices 

such as smartphones. Furthermore, open access, an already established best practice in academic 

communication, puts the need of permanent cross-linking and data exchange among biodiversity data 

holders, while semantic markup of texts permit unprecedented increase of visibility, citations and re-use 

of biodiversity information; the electronic media become themselves tools and platforms for indexing, 

aggregating and retrieval of information, offering unique opportunities to accelerate biodiversity research 

and understanding. All of this is profoundly changing the way identification tools are created, where joint 

work among specialists and even the involvement of a large community of users (such as in the Wikiapproach) 

can play a much more important role than in the past. This also creates new problems as far 

IPRs are concerned, which need careful consideration. An exciting challenge for the next future will be 

the creation of computer-aided identification systems permitting an automatic integration of molecular 

and morpho-anatomical data. 

xxiii



Wednesday 11 th January 2012 

09:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Dr. Jolanta M. Miadlikowska 

Duke University, United States 

E-mail: jolantam@duke.edu 

Topic: Novel molecular markers and their utility in molecular systematics of Fungi 

Position: Research Scientist, Department of Biology, Duke University 

Professional Academic Appointments: 

• 2004 - present Research Scientist, Department of Biology, Duke University, 

Durham, NC (laboratory of Dr. F. Lutzoni). 

• 2001 - 2004 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Biology, Duke 

University, Durham, NC (laboratory of Dr. F. Lutzoni). 

• 1999 - 2001 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Botany, 

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 

(laboratory of Dr. F.Lutzoni). 

• 1999 - 2004 Adjunct Professor, Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature 

Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

• 1989 - 1999 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Plant Ecology 

and Nature Protection, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

Instructor in the following courses: Systematics and Morphology of 

Cryptogamic Plants and Fungi, Systematics of Vascular Plants; 

Fundamentals of Lichenology, and Lichens as Bioindicators. 

• 1987 - 1989 Technician and Research Assistant, Department of Plant Ecology 

and Nature Protection, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

Research Interest: 

Jolanta Miadlikowska is a systematist interested in the taxonomy, molecular systematics and 

evolution of lichenized fungi (with special emphasis on cyanolichens from the order Peltigerales) and 

their secondary cryptic associates (endolichenic fungi). She also explores the evolutionary mechanisms 

that shape interactions among bionts in lichen-forming associations. In her systematic work, she 

integrates traditional revisionary methods (morphology-, anatomy-, and chemistry-based approaches) 

and molecular phylogenetic tools. Recently she joined a team of mycologists exploring biodiversity, 

ecological rule and biogeographical pattern in cryptic fungal communities associated with lichens and 

plants (endolichenic and endophytic fungi). 

Education: 

• 1994 - 1999 Ph.D. Biology (Lichenology), University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

• 1987 - 1989 M.Sc. Biology (Lichenology), University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

• 

1983 - 1987 B.Sc. Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. 

xxiv


NOVEL MOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR UTILITY IN MOLECULAR 

SYSTEMATICS OF FUNGI 

Miadlikowska J. M. 1 

1 Duke University, Department of Biology, Durham, North Carolina, United States 

Although next generation sequencing methods have proven to be very successful in accelerating the 

process of data acquisition, development of novel molecular markers remains an integral component 

of the scalability of molecular systematic studies on lichen-forming fungi and associated symbionts. 

Existing fungal phylogenies from large-scale to species level surveys demonstrate an urgent need for 

novel single-copy protein-coding genes to resolve with high confidence phylogenetic relationships. For 

example, when using a cumulative super-matrix approach with available sequences of five frequently 

targeted loci for Lecanoromycetes, the resulting multilocus phylogeny was resolved but with many 

portions of the tree inconclusively supported, especially at deeper nodes. As part of the Assembling 

the Fungal Tree of Life project (AFToL 2), a comparative genomic approach was adopted to select all 

genes with the greatest potential to resolve the most challenging nodes of the fungal tree of life and to 

test their performance phylogenetically. Based on the comparison of 39 fungal genomes, 71 potentially 

single-copy genes were selected and a total of 243 primer pairs were designed and tested with six 

exemplar species representing Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and early-diverging fungi. The successful 

amplification and sequencing of 19 gene regions across these 6 representative taxa adds a total of 

about 15,000 bp per taxon, to the commonly sequenced nucLSU, nucSSU, mitSSU, MCM7, RPB1 and 

RPB2. The data set we generated for AFToL 2 includes 37 non-lichenized fungi for which the genomes 

are available and up to 26 lichen-forming members of the Lecanoromycetes, Dothideomycetes, 

Eurothiomycetes and Arthoniomycetes, for which the sequences were obtained from cultures of the 

mycobionts. Phylogenetic analyses were completed on each of the 19 novel and 8 commonly used 

gene regions and their multilocus combinations on the same set of taxa (including representatives of 

lichen-forming fungi) when possible. Phylogenetic efficiency (e.g., the level of resolution and internode 

robustness) and phylogenetic informativeness among all loci was compared and the utility of the novel 

genes in molecular systematics at various taxonomic levels is discussed. Phylogenetic performance of 

selected genes at the species level is shown based on a systematic revision of the genus Peltigera. 

xxv



Thursday 12 th January 2012 

09:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Professor Dr. Jouko Rikkinen 

University of Helsinki, Finland 

E-mail: jouko.rikkinen@helsinki.fi 

Topic: Symbiotic dispersal and lichen diversity – new insights from Cenozoic fossils and 

extant cyanolichens 

Position: Professor of Botany, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland 

Primary research interests and ongoing projects: 

• Symbiont diversity in lichens and bryophyte symbioses. Doctoral students Katja Fedrowitz 

and Sanna Leppänen; graduate students Kaisa Jauhiainen and Veera Tuovinen. 

• Cyanobacterial toxins in lichens and Nostoc-plant symbioses, Academy of Finland 2008–2011. 

Doctoral student Ulla Kaasalainen. In collaboration with Prof. Kaarina Sivonen http://www. 

biocenter.helsinki.fi/groups/sivonen/gl.htm. 

• Palaeobiology of cryptogams preserved in amber. Graduate student Elina Kettunen. In col 

laboration with Dr. Alexander Schmidt http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/101998.html. 

• Systematics and ecology of resinicolous fungi, especially Mycocaliciales. Doctoral student 

Hanna Tuovila. 

• Taita Research Station of University of Helsinki (Taita Hills, Kenya) http://blogs.helsinki.fi/ 

taita-research-station/. Graduate students Mervi Laitinen and Petri Nyqvist. 

• Pinkka – lajintuntemuksen oppimisympäristö (‘Pinkka’ – E-learning environment for 

biodiversity education). http://www.helsinki.fi/pinkka/ 

More details: 

https://tuhat.halvi.helsinki.fi/portal/en/persons/jouko-rikkinen(a97cbe18-8aad-410d-b2adcbd23ee72268).html 

Education: 

• 1999 Docent Lecturer in Botany, University of Helsinki 

• 1997–1998 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Oregon State University 

• 1995 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), University of Helsinki 

• 

1988 Master of Science (MSc), University of Helsinki 

xxvi


SYMBIOTIC DISPERSAL AND LICHEN DIVERSITY – NEW INSIGHTS 

FROM CENOZOIC FOSSILS AND EXTANT CYANOLICHENS 

Rikkinen J. 1 

1 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

Some Paleozoic fossils may represent lichens, but their assignment to extant lineages is not 

possible due to their incomplete preservation, and the morphological homoplasy seen in extant lichen 

lineages. In contrast, during the Cenozoic numerous lichens were preserved as inclusions in amber. 

Some of these fossils are in excellent condition, and allow detailed comparisons with extant genera and 

species. Such fossils can be used for minimum age assessment of modern lichen lineages, but also 

offer unique evidence of evolutionary stasis in some morphological attributes, including structures that 

facilitate symbiotic dispersal in extant lichens. The first part of this presentation summarizes recent, 

previously unpublished findings from lichen fossils preserved in Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Dominican amber. 

Cyanobacteria participate in many types of symbioses, either serving as a source of fixed carbon and 

nitrogen, as in cyanolichens, or solely as a source of nitrogen, as in plant symbioses. Some strains of 

Nostoc are common symbionts in lichens and related genotypes are also found in thalloid bryophytes, 

cycads, and in the angiosperm Gunnera. Attempts to determine the strain identity of the cyanobacterial 

symbiont have only been made for a small fraction of all cyanolichen species. Tropical cyanolichens, 

in particular, have so far received very little attention. The second part of the presentation summarizes 

findings from ongoing studies on the genetic diversity of cyanobacterial symbionts in lichens and 

bryophytes. The topics touched include tripartite lichens, free-living lichen symbionts, and various 

community level diversity patterns in arctic, temperate and tropical environments. One unifying theme 

in both lines of research is the role of symbiotic dispersal in generating and maintaining biological 

diversity among lichen symbionts. The surprising level of genetic variation in modern lichen-symbiotic 

Nostoc may be partly explained by genetic drift in small, vertically transmitted symbiont populations. 

The Cenozoic lichen fossils show that such processes have had the opportunity to shape the genetic 

structure of lichen symbionts over tens of millions of years. 

xxvii



Friday 13 th January 2012 

09:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Auxiliar Professor Dr. Cristina Maria Filipe Máguas da Silva Hanson 

Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal 

E-mail: cmhanson@fc.ul.pt 

Topic: Carbon-Water-Nitrogen relationships between lichens and the atmosphere: Tools to 

understand metabolism and ecosystem change 

Position: 

• Biologist, specialization in Ecophysiology and Stable Isotopes 

• Professor at the Botany Department, University of Lisbon (FCUL) 

• Researcher at Centre for Environmental Biology (CBA-FCUL) 

• Member of Executive Committee of Centre for Environmental Biology (CBA-FCUL) 

• Group Coordinator of Environment Functional Ecology in Centre for Environmental Biology 

(CBA-FCUL) 

• Member of Portuguese Committee of SIBAE (Stable Isotopes Biosphere Atmosphere Ex 

change) 

Professional Experience: 

University professorship 

• 1997 - present Auxiliar Prof 

• 1994 - 1997 Assistant Prof 

• 1991 - 1994 Assistant 

• 1986 - 1987 Monitor 

Portuguese Nominations: 

• 2009 - present Member of Executive Committee of Centre for Environmental Biology 

• 2009 - present Group Coordinator of Environment Functional Ecology in Centre for 

Environmental Biology (CBA) 

• 2007 - 2009 Member of Executive Committee of Instituto de Ciência Aplicada e 

Tecnologia (ICAT) 

• 1998 - 2006 Member of Scientific Committee of Center for Ecology and Plant 

Biology (CEBV) 

International Nominations: 

• 2000 - present Member of Portuguese Committee of SIBAE (Stable Isotope 

Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange) 

Other non-academic activities: 

• 2010 - present 

Education: 

Member of Executive Committee of Portuguese Ecological Society 

(SPECO) 

• 1997 PhD in Biology-Ecology and Systematics, University of Lisbon (UL) 

• 

1986 Degree in Biology, University of Lisbon (UL) 

xxviii


CARBON-WATER-NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LICHENS 

AND THE ATMOSPHERE: TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND METABOLISM 

AND ECOSYSTEM CHANGE 

Máguas C. 

Centre for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 

Lichens are highly diverse organisms offering a number of particular physiological and morphological 

characteristics, which enable the assessment of several environmental and ecological factors. Since 

lichens grow slowly and are strongly influenced by microclimatic conditions such as light, water, 

temperature, CO 2 concentration, and airborne deposition elements (i.e. nitrogen), their organic material 

(OM) integrates the interactions between local atmosphere conditions at their specific microhabitat 

over a long period. Moreover, this OM is also modeled by the continuous “equilibrium” behavior of 

lichens towards the surrounding atmosphere which is strong influenced by several thallus traits such as 

morphology, carbon source and sink (which are mainly influenced by photosynthesis and respiration), 

water sources and availability time periods and nitrogen bio-availability. Indeed, our current knowledge 

in “biosphere-atmosphere exchange processes” lacks the understanding of these complex interactions 

between lichen biogenic fluxes of carbon, water and nitrogen and atmosphere. For that, tools such 

the application of stable isotope techniques, may provide new insights into understanding lichen 

physiological and ecological processes. Due to their direct dependency on environmental conditions, 

lichens’ stable isotope compositions reflect changes of carbon and water as an integral over a long 

period and on a microenvironmental scale. Their poikilohydric nature enables them to settle under 

environmental conditions where higher plants are unable to survive and also to assimilate extraordinary 

substrates such as vapor or carbon microresources which are not commonly utilized by higher plants. 

Another important aspect is the need of a general framework in order to use lichen communities to 

evaluate and monitor complex ecosystems responses in a changing environment. Although there is an 

obvious local spatial scale of influence in what concerns environmental factors, which may limit the use 

of lichen communities to study factors associated to global change at a planetary scale, the application 

of spatial explicit analysis can contribute to model lichen responses to global drivers such as climate 

or eutrophication. The main objective of this talk is to provide an overview of past and recent insights 

on the interactions between local atmosphere and lichen-metabolism and functional diversity in order 

to a better use of lichens as tracers for biosphere-atmosphere exchange processes, and early impact 

indicators of global change. 

xxix


AAIR LICHENS LUNCH SYMPOSIUM 

Date: Tuesday 10 th January 2012 

Time: 12.45 – 13.15 hrs. 

Room: Tarathep Hall building 

Supported by: Aair Lichens Company 

Abstract by: Philippe Giraudeau, Founder and Manager 

DIOXINS AND FURANS IN FRANCE, RESULTS OF 10 YEARS OF SURVEYS BY 

THE AAIR LICHENS COMPANY, SUMMARY 

Giraudeau P. 

AAIR Lichens Company, 17 Rue Des Chevrettes, Carquefou, France 

Nowadays, in France, environmental survey of dioxins, furans and heavy metals is compulsory for 

any kind of waste incinerator. In 1999, the usual methods were not accurate enough to assess the short 

and long-term exposition of individuals submitted to fallouts of PCDD/F in the air as well as no matrix 

allowed getting data linked to the average level of an industrial site, and based on periods longer than 

two months. Since 2000, one of the most accurate methods is the one using lichens. This method is 

sensitive whether the fallouts are low or high. From the beginning, the Aair Lichens Company understood 

the need in the utilization of this type of biomonitoring by conducting this kind of researches. However, 

in order to protect its invention and get enough funds for its researches, the company has patented the 

process. 10 years later, the results are fully recognized and the process is used by Aair Lichens for many 

different plant surveys with more than 85 sites being monitored. Both a partner for the government and 

for industrials, Aair Lichens can be capable of highlighting signatures and interferences while innovative 

mapping is already implemented to open new perspectives. The conference shows how much the lichen 

matrix is sensitive and underlines the role that Aair Lichens has been playing in France for this process 

could finally be recognized. Thus, the survey of dioxins and furans in lichens associates a biologic matrix 

to the necessity of an environmental survey that has the legitimacy of the impact on health. 

KEYWORDS: lichens, PCDD/F, industries, health 

xxx

Scientific Program 

P14


s 

s 

Monday 9 th January 2012 

Session: Keynote Lecturer 1 (KN1) 

Date/Time: Monday 9 th January, 9:20 – 10:00 hrs. 

Room: Chaophya Ballroom, 2 nd floor, Main Building 

Lecturer: Professor Dr. Pranom Chantaranothai 

Topic: PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH EAST ASIA 

Session: Interdisciplinary Session 

Topic: 1I: Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted 

interactions 

Date/Time: Monday 9 th January, 10:30 - 12:45 hrs. 


Chairs: François Lutzoni, Martin Grube 

S1 O2 

S indicates student abstracts 

1I-O1: 10:30-10:45 hrs. IAL0085-00001 Page 1 

LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI: DESCRIBED AND CRYPTIC FUNGAL COMPONENTS OF THE LICHEN 

MICROBIOME 

Lawrey J., Diederich P. 


DIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ENDOPHYTIC AND ENDOLICHENIC FUNGAL COMMUNITIES 

Uren J., Lutzoni F., Miadlikowska J., Arnold A. 


MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN ANTARCTIC LICHENS 

Park C.H., Kim K., Chun J., Jeong G., Hong S. 


THE MICROBIOME OF LICHENS: STRUCTURAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY 

Berg G., Cardinale M., Grube M. 


PYROSEQUENCING REVEALS PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN PHYLOGENETIC, METABOLIC AND 

ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY WITHIN THE LICHEN MICROBIOME 

Hodkinson B.P., Gottel N.R., Schadt C.W., Lutzoni F. 


EVOLUTION OF PHOTOBIONT ASSOCIATIONS IN THE FAMILY VERRUCARIACEAE 

Gueidan C., Thues H., Muggia L., Perez-Ortega S., Favero-Longo S., Joneson S., O’Brien H., Nelsen M.P., 

Duque-Thues R., Grube M., Friedl T., Brodie J., Andrew C.J., Lücking R., Lutzoni F. 


PHOTOBIONT - MYCOBIONT INTERACTIONS IN THE WIDESPREAD LICHEN CETRARIA ACULEATA 

Printzen C., Domaschke S., Fernandez Mendoza F. 


GENE MOVEMENT IN THE PHOTOBIONT OF RAMALINA MENZIESII 

Werth S., Sork V.L.

s 

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INSIGHTS ON TREBOUXIA PHYCOBIONTS: COEXISTENCE OF TAXA IN A LICHEN THALLUS, 

MOLECULAR MARKERS, PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCES, HGT, GENOME ANALYSIS 

Barreno E., Lichen Symbiogenesis Team 

Session: Focus Session 

Topic: 1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action 

Date/Time: Monday 9 th January, 13:30-15:31 hrs. 


Chairs: Christoph Scheidegger / Olga Nadyeina 

1A-O1: 13:30-13:38 hrs. IAL0133-00001 Page 7 

LICHEN CONSERVATION: FROM ACTIONS TO CONCEPTS AND BACK 

Scheidegger C., Stofer S. 


LUNGWORT’S PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE IS A STEEPLECHASE IN THE FOREST: SMALL SCALE 

GENETIC PATTERN OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA IN A PRIMEVAL BEECH FOREST LANDSCAPE 

Nadyeina O.V., Dymytrova L.V., Naumovych G.O., Postoyalkin S.V., Scheidegger C. 


LOBARIA SCROBICULATA, A THREATENED SPECIES: INSIGHT POPULATION DYNAMICS 

Merinero S., Martinez I., Rubio-Salcedo M. 


FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE IN THE 

NEW FOREST NATIONAL PARK UK 

Wolseley P., Sanderson N., Thues H., Eggleton P. 


LICHENS OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS IN FINLAND 

Pykala J. 


WINNERS AND LOSERS IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: EFFECTS OF NON-INDIGENOUS 

HERBIVORE REMOVAL ON SAXICOLOUS LICHENS 

Blanchon D., Elliott C., Ennis I., Hayward G., Galbraith M., Aguilar G. 


LICHEN CONSERVATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS: PRESSURES AND MEASURES 

Sparrius L. 


TRADE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF LICHENS IN NEPAL HIMALAYAS 

Devkota S., Scheidegger C. 


POPULATION GENETICS AND CO-PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE FUNGAL AND ALGAL SYMBIONTS 

OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA IN EUROPE 

Dal Grande F., Widmer I., Wagner H.H., Scheidegger C. 


OLD, ARTIFICIALLY DRAINED SWAMP FORESTS PROVIDE VALUABLE HABITATS FOR LICHENS: A 

COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY FROM ESTONIA 

Lõhmus P. 

S2 O3


s 

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THE LICHEN KILLER: WHEN STONE CONSERVATION ASKS FOR NEW METHODS OF LICHEN 

DEVITALIZATION 

Bertuzzi S., Candotto Carniel F., Tretiach M. 


THE NECESSITY FOR ESTABLISHING A DATABASE AND AN INDEX OF THE DETERIORATION OF 

CULTURAL HERITAGE STONEWORK BY LICHENS AS AN AID TO CONSERVATION WORK 

Favero - Longo S.E., Gazzano C., Caneva G., Cannon P., Fiorentino J., Gómez Bolea A., Grillo M., Marques 

J., Matteucci E., Modenesi P., Nimis P., Prieto-Lamas B., Ravera S., Roccardi A., Salvadori O., Seaward 

M.R., Stocker-Wörgötter E., Piervittori R. 


CONSERVATION OF LICHENS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: MODERN STATUS 

Muchnik (Moutchnik) E.E. 


LICHEN CONSERVATION AS THE ELEMENT OF NATURA 2000 

Dingová A., Valachovič M. 


Topic: 1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis 

Date/Time: Monday 9 th January, 13:30-15:30 hrs. 

Room: Grand Rachada Ballroom, 5 th floor, Tarntip Building 

Chairs: Daniele Armaleo / Ólafur Andrésson / Vivian Miao 

1B-O1: 13:30-13:35 hrs. IAL0319-00001 Page 19 

APPROACHING LICHENS BY UNWINDING COMPLEMENTARY GENOMES: AN INTRODUCTION 

Miao V., Armaleo D. 


GENOME SEQUENCING OF XANTHORIA PARIETINA 46-1-SA22 

Dyer P.S., Crittenden P.D., Archer D.B., Barry K., Foster B., Copeland A., Kuo A., Grigoriev I. 


PARTIAL GENOME OF THE PHYCOBIONT TREBOUXIA TR-9 ISOLATED FROM RAMALINA 

FARINACEA (L.) ACH. SEQUENCED BY 454 PYROSEQUENCING 

Martínez- Alberola F., Barreno E., Marín I., Del Campo E.M., Casano L.M., Guéra A., Aldecoa R., 

Del Hoyo A. 


TREBOUXIA DECOLORANS - ARE THERE FUNGAL GENES IN LICHEN ALGAE? 

Beck A., Divakar P.K., Zhang N., Molina M.C., Price D., Bhattacharya D., Struwe L. 


PELTIGERA LICHEN SYMBIOMES: METAGENOMICS OF A COMPLEX NATURAL COMMUNITY 

Andresson O., Jónsson Z.O., Xavier B.B., Manoharan S.S., Miao V., Snaebjarnarson V., Jonsson H. 


DECODING SYMBIOSIS: THE TWO GENOMES OF THE LICHEN CLADONIA GRAYI 

Armaleo D., Mueller O., Lutzoni F., Martin F., Blanc G., Merchant S., Collart F. 


LICHEN MICROBIOMES: A MULTIPHASIC APPROACH TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY 

AND FUNCTION 

Grube M., Cardinale M., Müller H., Riedel K., Berg G. 

S3 O4


Tuesday 10 th January 2012 


Date/Time: Tuesday 10 th January, 9:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Lecturer: Professor Dr. Pier Luigi Nimis 

Topic: COMPUTER-AIDED IDENTIFICATION TOOLS: PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS 


Topic: 2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution 

Date/Time: Tuesday 10 th January, 10:30-12:30 hrs. 


Chairs: Mats Wedin / Thorsten Lumbsch 


THALLUS ARCHITECTURE AND DOMINANCE IN CLADINA 

Crittenden P.D., Sturrock C., Ellis C.J. 


PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LICHENS: INSIGHTS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE EXTREME 

MODIFICATIONS IN CETRARIA ACULEATA (PARMELIACEAE) 

Perez-Ortega S., Fernandez-Mendoza F., Raggio J., Vivas M., Ascaso C., Sancho L., Printzen C., 

De Los Rios A. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THALLUS AXES IN USNEA LONGISSIMA, A FRUTICOSE LICHEN SHOWING 

DIFFUSE GROWTH 

Sanders W.B., De Los Rios A. 


THE TEPHROMELA ATRA SPECIES-COMPLEX: A CASE STUDY OF SYMBIOTIC SPECIES 

EVOLUTION 

Muggia L., Spribille T., Perez-Ortega S., Grube M. 


RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCESTRAL STATES USING PHYLOGENIES: PARMELIACEAE AS A CASE 

STUDY 

Kauff F., Divakar P.K., Lumbsch H.T., Crespo A. 


MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY AND SPECIES DELIMITATION OF LICHEN IN THE GENUS CLADIA 

(LECANORALES, ASCOMYCOTA) 

Parnmen S., Rangsiruji A., Mongkolsuk P., Boonpragob K., Lumbsch H.T. 


MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION, SPECIES CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC 

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE GENUS PECCANIA (LICHINACEAE) 

Schultz M. 

S4 O5


s 

s 

s 


GOOD-BYE MORPHOLOGY, OR THREE CHEERS FOR NUANCE? MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS 

AND A POSTERIORI MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN TWO CRUSTOSE LICHEN GENERA 

Spribille T., Grube M. 


Topic: 2A-1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the 

evolution and diversity of the largest family of tropical 

crustose lichens 



Chairs: Robert Lücking/ Khwanruan Papong 

2A-1-O1: 13:30-13:45 hrs. IAL0178-00001 Page 28 

HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

(ASCOMYCOTA: OSTROPALES) 

Rivas Plata E. 


DILEMMAS IN SPECIES AND GENUS DELIMITATION IN E.G. GRAPHIDACEAE 

Aptroot A. 


TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF LIRELLATE GRAPHIDACEAE (OSTROPALES) AT PHU LUANG 

WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, THAILAND 

Poengsungnoen V., Mongkolsuk P., Boonpragob K., Manoch L., Kalb K.J. 


MORPHO-CHEMOTAXONOMY OF THE GRAPHIDACEAE (SENSU LATO) LICHENS IN THE KALAHAN 

FOREST RESERVE OF NUEVA VIZCAYA, PHILIPPINES 

Tabaquero A.L., Bawingan P.A., Lücking R. 


Topic: 2A-2: Parmeliaceae: improving our understanding of 

taxonomy, classification and biogeography 



Chairs: Pradeep Kumar Divakar / Kawinnat Buaruang 


MULTILOCUS PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARMELIACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA) DERIVED 

FROM PARSYS-10 

Divakar P.K., Lumbsch T., Wedin M., Bjerke J., Mccune B., Kauff F. 


MAKING SENSE OF CRYPTIC DIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND DIVERSIFICATION IN LICHEN- 

FORMING FUNGI - A STUDY OF BROWN PARMELIOID LICHENS (PARMELIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) 

Leavitt S., Chatwin W., Garcia S., Esslinger T.E., Lumbsch T. 


MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN MENEGAZZIA (PARMELIACEAE) 

Tronstad I.K., Myles B.C., Grube M., Bjerke J. 

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GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF CETRARIA ACULEATA POPULATIONS ALONG A WIDE 

LATITUDINAL TRANSECT 

Fernandez Mendoza F., Printzen C. 


PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS VULPICIDA AND DELIMITATION OF THE SPECIES 

Saag L., Mark K., Saag A., Thell A., Randlane T. 


Topic: 2B: Forest lichens: their ecology and distribution 



Chairs: Susan Will-Wolf / Gintaras Kantvilas 


ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF LICHENS IN THAILAND 

Polyiam W., Pangpet M., Wannalux B., Boonpeng C., Santanoo S., Pohjaroen W., Senglek S., 

Boonpragob K. 


CORTICOLOUS LICHEN COMMUNITIES AS INDICATORS OF VEGETATION TYPES ALONG 

ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN KNUCKLES MOUNTAIN RANGE - SRI LANKA 

Weerakoon G.S., Mccune B., Wolseley P., Wijeyaratne S.C. 


OCCURRENCE AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF MACRO-LICHENS AMONG TROPICAL DECIDUOUS 

FOREST OF SHIMOGA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN INDIA 

Vinayaka K.S., Krishnamurthy Y. 


EPIPHYTIC LICHEN COMMUNITIES IN BOREAL CONIFER FORESTS OF PACIFIC COAST OF 

NORTHEAST ASIA (RUSSIA) 

Velikanov A., Skirina I. 


USING LICHENS TO EVALUATE TASMANIAN FORESTS 

Kantvilas G., Jarman J. 


ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA: IS IT AN 

ENDANGERED SPECIES IN SPAIN? 

Rubio-Salcedo M., Martínez I., Merinero S., Otálora M.G. 


TESTING HYPOTHESES OF THE DECLINE OF THE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ERIODERMA 

PEDICELLATUM (PANNARIACEAE) 

Cornejo C., Scheidegger C. 


DIVERSITY, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MACROLICHENS IN A 

TEMPERATE FOREST MAPPED PLOT IN SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA 

Kraichak E., Carter B.E., Shaffer J., Gilbert G.S. 

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Wednesday 11 th January 2012 


Date/Time: Wednesday 11 th January, 9:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Lecturer: Dr. Jolanta M. Miadlikowska 

Topic: NOVEL MOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR UTILITY IN MOLECULAR 

SYSTEMATICS OF FUNGI 


Topic: 3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and 

ecological roles of metabolites in lichens 

Date/Time: Wednesday 11 th January, 10:30-12:30 hrs. 


Chairs: Lucia Muggia / Knut Solhaug 


GAINING NEW INSIGHTS INTO LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLISM: ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 

TRIGGER CHEMOSYNDROMIC VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES OF THE GENUS XANTHOPARMELIA 

AND NOVEL TECHNIQUES TO DECIPHER THE GENETIC POTENTIAL OF POLYKETIDE 

BIOSYNTHESIS IN A CULTURED METABOLITE-PRODUCING MYCOBIONT 

Stocker-Wörgötter E. 


IDENTIFICATION OF LICHEN COMPOUNDS USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Fankhauser J.D., Elix J.A., Schmitt I., Lumbsch H.T. 


SNAILS AVOID THE MEDULLA OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA AND L. SCROBICULATA DUE TO 

PRESENCE OF SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 

Asplund J. 


ACETONE-EXTRACTABLE COMPOUNDS PROTECT LICHENS AGAINST MOLLUSCS 

Černajová I., Svoboda D. 


ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES AGAINST POTENTIAL 

COMPETITORS FOR ROCK SURFACES 

Favero-Longo S.E., Gazzano C., Piervittori R. 


ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE RESPONSE OF RAMALINA FARINACEA TO LEAD 

Barreno E., Diaz-Rodriguez C., Catala M. 

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Thursday 12 th January 2012 


Date/Time: Thursday 12 th January, 9:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Lecturer: Professor Dr. Jouko Rikkinen 

Topic: SYMBIOTIC DISPERSAL AND LICHEN DIVERSITY – NEW INSIGHTS FROM 

CENOZOIC FOSSILS AND EXTANT CYANOLICHENS 


Topic: 4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific 

region 

Date/Time: Thursday 12 th January, 10:30-12:30 hrs. 


Chairs: André Aptroot / Wanaruk Saipunkaew 


THE OCEANEAN LICHEN REALM 

Feuerer T. 


AN OVERVIEW OF LICHEN DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION IN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA 

Nayaka S., Upreti D.K. 


THE GENUS STAUROTHELE IN VIETNAM: SPECIES DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT 

Gueidan C. 


THE REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF ICMADOPHILA SPLACHNIRIMA – A RARE AUSTRALASIAN 

LICHEN EXHIBITING SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 

Ludwig L.R., Lord J.M., Burritt D.J., Summerfield T.C. 


LICHEN STUDIES IN THE CORDILLERA REGION NORTHERN PHILIPPINES - PAST, PRESENT AND 

FUTURE 

Bawingan P.A., Lardizaval M. 


STUDY OF MACROLICHEN DIVERSITY BETWEEN EUCALYPTUS, PINUS, AND ALTINGIA TREES AT 

CIBODAS BOTANICAL GARDEN, WEST JAVA 

Zulfikar R., Sedayu A., Arif A. 


MACROLICHEN DIVERSITY CAN BE USED AS A TOOL TO ANALYZE THE FOREST CONDITION AT 

HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK, SRI LANKA 

Jayalal R.U., Wolseley P., Wijesundara S., Karunaratne V. 

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Topic: 3A: Molecular phylogenetics 



Chairs: Cecile Gueidan / Achariya Rangsiruji 


THE DATING OF FUNGI AND PLANTS 

Lutzoni F., Magallon S., Nowak M., Alfaro M., Mcdonald T., Miadlikowska J., Reeb V. 


DIVERSIFICATION OF LICHEN-FORMING ASCOMYCETES 

Nelsen M.P., Lücking R., Lumbsch H., Ree R. 


PUNCTUATIONAL EVOLUTION AND RECENTLY ACCELERATED DIVERSIFICATION: INSIGHTS INTO 

THE EVOLUTION OF OSTROPOMYCETIDAE 

Schmitt I., Wedin M., Baloch E., Parnmen S., Papong K., Rivas Plata E., Lucking R., Healy R.A., 

Lumbsch T. 


MULTI-GENE PHYLOGENY DEFINES THE MONOPHYLY OF LOBARIA SECTION LOBARIA 

Cornejo C., Scheidegger C. 


DELIMITING PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES AMONG EUROPEAN TAXA OF THE GENUS USNEA 

Tõrra T., Saag L., Randlane T., Del-Prado R., Saag A. 


MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES FROM THE LICHENIZED FUNGI PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA AND 

PELTIGERA MALACEA 

Andresson O., Miao V., Jonsson Z.O., Xavier B.B. 


NEW APPROACHES TO INCORPORATE AMBIGUOUSLY ALIGNED SEQUENCE PORTIONS AND 

MORPHOLOGICAL DATA INTO PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 

Lücking R. 


Topic: 3B-1: Bioinformatics 



Chairs: Gerhard Rambold 

3B-1-O1: 13:35-13:45 hrs. IAL0248-00002 Page 54 

COLLECTING, VALIDATING AND USING DISTRIBUTION DATA OF LICHENS IN THE NETHERLANDS 

Sparrius L. 


THE POWER OF ITS: USING MEGAPHYLOGENIES OF BARCODING GENES TO REVEAL 

INCONSISTENCIES IN TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATIONS OF GENBANK SUBMISSIONS 

Lücking R., Kalb K.J., Essene A. 

O10 

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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK IN PROTECTING MEDITERRANEAN LICHEN 

SPECIES 

Rubio-Salcedo M., Martínez I., Carreño F. 


MULTILINGUALITY IN LICHENOLOGY 

Sohrabi M. 


DATA EXCHANGE AND PROCESSING IN DIGITAL SCIENCE INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORMS FOR 

BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION 

Triebel D., Hagedorn G., Rambold G. 


Topic: 3B-2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems 



Chairs: Toby Spribille 


ROLE OF LICHENS IN DETERIORATIVE PROCESSES THREATENING OUR STONY CULTURAL 

HERITAGE: CASE STUDY OF LICHEN COLONIZATION IN MACHU PICCHU (PERU) 

De Los Rios A., Perez-Ortega S., Speranza M., Huallparimachi G., Wierzchos J., Galvan V., Astete F., 

Ascaso C. 


THE INVESTIGATION OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS DIVERSITY IN THE NORTHEAST OF THAILAND 

Dathong W., Thanee N., Saipunkaew W. 


CHANGES IN EPIGEIC LICHEN COMMUNITIES IN CALCAREOUS GRASSLANDS (ALVARS) DUE TO 

THE CESSATION OF TRADITIONAL LAND USE 

Leppik E., Jüriado I., Suija A., Liira J. 


ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LOBARIA SECT. LOBARIA IN MACARONESIA 

Werth S., Cheenacharoen S., Scheidegger C. 


LICHEN IDENTIFICATION IN WOODLAND CARIBOU SCAT USING DNA BARCODING 

Mcmullin R.T., Newmaster S.G., Fazekas A. 


ANALYSIS OF TWELVE MOLECULAR LOCI SUGGESTS HIGH PHOTOBIONT AND LOW MYCOBIONT 

DIVERSITY IN POPULATIONS OF LASALLIA PUSTULATA 

Sadowska-des A., Otte J., Schmitt I. 

S10 O11


Friday 13 th January 2012 


Date/Time: Friday 13 th January, 9:00 – 10:00 hrs. 


Lecturer: Auxiliar Professor Dr. Cristina Maria Filipe Máguas da Silva Hanson 

Topic: CARBON-WATER-NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LICHENS AND 

THE ATMOSPHERE: TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND METABOLISM AND ECOSYSTEM 

CHANGE 


Topic: 5I: Global change and lichen biology 

Date/Time: Friday 13 th January, 10:30-12:30 hrs. 


Chairs: Sarah Jovan / Christopher Ellis 


ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CAUCASIAN LICHENS SUPPORTS THE KEY ROLE OF CLIMATE IN 

HOLARCTIC DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 

Otte V., Ritz M.S. 


RECONSTRUCTING HISTORIC BIODIVERSITY LOSS: LICHENS AS A POWERFUL NEW 

ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOOL 

Ellis C. J., Belinchon R., Yahr R., Coppins B. 


BARK ACIDITY AND LICHENS OCCURRENCE IN GOMEL, BELARUS 

Tsurykau A., Khramchankova V. 


THE RESPONSE OF EUTROPHIC LICHENS TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGEN IN THE LOS 

ANGELES BASIN 

Jovan S.E., Riddell J., Padgett P., Nash T.H. 


WHY LICHENS ARE OZONE TOLERANT? A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FROM CELL TO SPECIES 

LEVEL 

Tretiach M., Bertuzzi S., Candotto Carniel F., Davies L., Francini A. 


THE OPAL AIR SURVEY: ENGAGING THE PUBLIC WITH LICHENS 

Wolseley P., Hill L., Seed L., Davies L., Power S., Hilton B. 


LICHENS, BRYOPHYTES AND CLIMATE CHANGE (LBCC) UTILIZING SYMBIOTA SOFTWARE 

Nash T.H., Gries C., Gilbert E. 

S11 O12

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Topic: 4A: Evolution and systematics in the teloschistales 



Chairs: Ester Gaya / Ulrik Søchting 


SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION WITHIN THE ORDER TELOSCHISTALES AND FAMILY 

TELOSCHISTACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA, FUNGI) WITH A MULTI-LOCUS SUPERMATRIX APPROACH 

Gaya E., Högnabba F., Ramírez-Mejía M., Holguín A., Molnar K., Fernández-Brime S., Stenroos S., 

Arup U., Søchting U., Van Den Boom P., Lücking R., Vargas R., Sipman H., Lutzoni F. 


PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF THE TELOSCHISTACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA): IMPORTANCE OF 

MONOPHYLETIC GROUPS 

Kondratyuk S.Y., Kärnefelt I., Elix J.A., Hur J., Thell A. 


TOWARDS A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Arup U., Søchting U., Frödén P. 


METABOLITE EVOLUTION IN THE LICHEN FAMILY TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Søchting U., Arup U., Frödén P. 


DISENTANGLING THE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF CALOPLACA TH. FR. IN CHILE 

Vargas R., Beck A. 


PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON SOME GROUPS WITHIN TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Vondrak J., šoun J., řiha P. 


Topic: 4B: Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology 



Chairs: Andreas Beck / William Sanders 


ON TIME OR ‘FASHIONABLY’ LATE ? THE COMPARATIVE DATING OF LICHEN-ASSOCIATED 

EUKARYOTIC ALGAE AND THEIR FUNGAL SYMBIONTS 

Nelsen M.P., Lücking R., Andrew C.J., Ree R. 


PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DICTYOCHLOROPSIS RETICULATA 

ASSOCIATED WITH LOBARIA PULMONARIA, L. IMMIXTA AND L. MACARONESICA IN 

MACARONESIA 

Cheenacharoen S., Dal Grande F., Werth S., Scheidegger C. 

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PHOTOBIONT DIVERSITY AND RICHNESS IN LECIDEOID ANTARCTIC LICHENS FROM AN 

ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW 

Ruprecht U., Brunauer G., Printzen C. 


HOW DO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECT POLAR AND TEMPERATE 

HAPLOTYPES OF CETRARIA ACULEATA? 

Domaschke S., Vivas M., Sancho L., Printzen C. 


ASSESSMENT OF THE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF UMBILICARIA DECUSSATA ACROSS 

ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH SEVEN POPULATIONS WORLDWIDE. 

Vivas M., Pérez-Ortega S., Pintado A., Näsholm T., Sancho L. 


DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN THE HYGROPHILOUS LICHEN PARMOTREMA PERLATUM AND IN 

ITS ISOLATED TREBOUXIA PHOTOBIONT 

Candotto Carniel F., Bertuzzi S., Francini A., Pellegrini E., Tretiach M. 


PHOTOSYNTHESIS, N FIXATION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN THREE SPECIES OF PLACOPSIS 

FROM A SUBANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT 

Raggio Quilez J., Crittenden P.D., Green T., Pintado A., Vivas M., Sancho L. 


LICHEN COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO NITROGEN (N) DEPOSITION CAN IN PART BE EXPLAINED BY 

THE LICHENS’ SYMBIONT RESPONSES TO BOTH N AND P 

Palmqvist K., Johansson O. 

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POSTER SESSION 


Topic: 1I: Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted inter 

actions 

1I-P1 IAL0018-00002 Page 76 

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF A PHYSCIETUM ADSCENDENTIS-ASSOCIATED MICROBIAL COMMUNITY 

Beck A., Peršoh D., Rambold G. 


TOWARDS A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF LICHENICOLOUS DACAMPIACEAE 

(DOTHIDEOMYCETES, ASCOMYCOTA) 

Döring H., Atienza V. 


LINKING FUNCTION WITH BIOTECHNOLOGY: THE POTENTIAL OF LICHEN-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA 

TO CONTROL PHYTOPATHOGENS 

Berg G., Zachow C., Grube M. 


FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION AND CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING MICROSCOPY 

APPROACH TO ANALYSE ALPINE SOIL CRUST LICHENS 

Muggia L., Klug B., Berg G., Grube M. 


SYMBIOTIC CYANOBACTERIA PRODUCE A SERIES OF HEPATOTOXINS IN LICHENS 

Kaasalainen U., Fewer D.P., Jokela J., Wahlsten M., Sivonen K., Rikkinen J. 


CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF SPAIN 

Fernández-Brime S., Llop E., Gaya E., Navarro-Rosinés P., Llimona X. 


DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEMENTARY MOLECULAR MARKERS SEEMS CRUCIAL TO DETECT THE 

COEXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT TREBOUXIA TAXA IN A SINGLE LICHEN THALLUS 

Català García S., Del Campo E.M., Barreno E., García- Breijo F.J., Reig- Armiñana J., Casano L.M. 


GENETIC VARIABILITY OF CYANOBIONTS IN SOME PELTIGERA SPECIES 

Resl P., Grube M. 


Topic: 1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action 

1A-P1 IAL0011-00001 Page 81 

APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES FOR THE TRANSPLANTATION OF LICHEN VEGETATIVE DIASPORES 

IN TROPICAL FORESTS IN THAILAND 

Pangpet M., Boonpragob K. 

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ADDITIONS TO LICHEN BIOTA OF IRAN 

Haji Moniri M., Sipman H.J. 


FIRST STEPS TO REVEAL THE DIVERSITY OF LECANORA IN BOLIVIA 

Sliwa L., Wilk K., Rodriguez Saavedra P., Flakus A. 


PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A TAXONOMICAL REVISION OF NON-SAXICOLOUS LECIDEOID 

LICHENS IN SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 

Rodriguez-Saavedra P., Printzen C. 


EFFECTS OF WATER TREATMENT AND ASPECT ORIENTATION ON THE SURVIVAL OF 

PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM TRANSPLANTED TO ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES IN THAILAND 

Santanoo S., Boonpragob K. 


ON STUDY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ESFAHAN PROVINCE (IRAN) 

Kondratyuk S.Y., Zarei-Darki B. 


CONSERVATION BIOLOGY OF CLADONIA TRAPEZUNTICA J. STEINER 

Senkardesler A., Cansaran Duman D. 


WHERE ARE THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF ÖDÖN SZATALA REALLY DEPOSITED? 

Senkardesler A., Lökös L., Molnar K., Farkas E. 


ARID LICHENS FROM THE RED DATA BOOK OF UKRAINE - ASSESSMENT, CONSERVATION AND 

PERSPECTIVES 

Nadyeina O.V., Khodosovtsev O.Y., Nazarchuk Y.S., Dymytrova L.V. 


CAUCASUS BIOSPHERE RESERVE (WESTERN CAUCASUS, RUSSIA) AS A POTENTIAL VALUABLE 

HOTSPOT OF LICHEN DIVERSITY IN CAUCASUS AND RUSSIA 

Urbanavichyus G.P., Urbanavichene I. 


FIRST ACTIONS ON A PRELIMINARY RED LIST OF VENEZUELAN LICHENS 

Hernandez J.E. 


TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF THE LICHEN GENUS TONINIA (LECIDEACEAE, ASCOMYCETES) IN 

ISFAHAN PROVINCE, IRAN 

Dahmardeh F., Balali G., Sohrabi M. 


HERBARIUM OF YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY: LICHEN COLLECTION 

Nanagulyan S., Shahazizyan I., Gasparyan A., Stepanyan A. 


LICHEN FLORA OF THE ISLAND OF LASTOVO (CROATIA, EUROPE) 

Maslać M., Partl A., Miličević T., Žilić I., Počanić P., Derežanin L. 

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Topic: 1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis 

1B-P1 IAL0100-00001 Page 91 

GENE EXPRESSION IN DRY AND WET THALLI OF USNEA BISMOLLIUSCULA 

Kono M., Ohmura Y., Satta Y. 


ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF LICHEN MYCOBIONT ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM 

Wang Y., Zhou Q., Cao S., Wei X., Wei J. 


ANNOTATING BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTERS IN THE CLADONIA GRAYI GENOME 

Dal Grande F., Bode H.B., Armaleo D., Slot J. C., Schmitt I. 


TISSUE- SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA CYTOSINE METHYLATION IN THE LICHEN 

PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA 

Manoharan S.S., Snæbjarnarson V., Miao V., Jonsson Z.O., Andrésson O. 


A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE GENES IN PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA 

MYCOBIONTS 

Gagunashvili A., Andrésson O. 


Topic 2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution 


EVOLUTION OF VAGRANCY IN THE “MANNA LICHENS” 

Sohrabi M. 


ARE LONG-LIVING LICHEN THALLI AN ARENA FOR PHOTOBIONT VARIATION? 

Muggia L., Vancourova L., škaloud P., Peksa O., Wedin M., Grube M. 


A TALE OF TWO MYCOBIONTS: EXPLORING CONVERGENT EVOLUTION AND PHOTOBIONT 

SWITCHING IN THE LICHEN GENUS POLYCHIDIUM 

Muggia L., Spribille T. 


ON THE SPECIATION PROCESS IN MORPHOSPECIES: THE EXAMPLE OF PARMELINA 

PASTILLIFERA 

Nuñez J., Divakar P.K., Cubas P., Crespo A. 


GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SPECIMENS AND THEIR CULTURED MYCOBIONTS OF CLADONIA 

VULCANI 

Yoshitani A., Fujiwara T., Hara K., Komine M., Yamamoto Y. 

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THE YEAST-TO MYCELIAL-PHASE TRANSITIONS OF A LICHEN-FORMING FUNGUS UMBILICARIA 

MUEHLENBERGII 

Luo H., Qiu Z., Hur J. 


CHARACTER STATE EVOLUTION IN THE LICHEN-FORMING LINEAGE TRYPETHELIALES 


Nelsen M.P., Lücking R., Aptroot A., Andrew C.J., Lumbsch H.T., Ree R.H. 


CRYPTIC DIVERSITY OF LECIDEOID LICHEN SPECIES (LECANORACEAE & LECIDEACEAE) IN 

CONTINENTAL ANTARCTICA (ROSS SEA REGION) 

Ruprecht U., Brunauer G., Green T.A., Türk R. 


UMBILICARIA DECUSSATA - A PLEOMORPHIC LICHEN 

Davydov E.A. 


ARTHONIALEAN CHALLENGE 

Frisch A., Grube M., Ertz D., Thor G. 


Topic: 2A - 1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution 

and diversity of the largest family of tropical crustose 

lichens 

2A-1-P1 IAL0015-00001 Page 99 

ATM - ASSEMBLING A TAXONOMIC MONOGRAPH: THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

Lumbsch T., Lücking R. 


THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE IN THE PHILIPPINES 

Parnmen S., Rivas Plata E., Lucking R., Bawingan P.A., Lisangan-tabaquero A., Kalb K.J., Sipman H.J., 

Lumbsch T. 


PREDICTING SPECIES RICHNESS IN TROPICAL GRAPHIDACEAE BASED ON PATTERNS OF 

EVOLUTION AND CHARACTER CORRELATION 

Lücking R., Rivas Plata E. 


PHENOTYPE-BASED PHYLOGENETIC BINNING - A QUICK TUTORIAL 

Lücking R., Berger S., Stamatakis A., Rivas Plata E., Caceres M.E. 


A MEGAPHYLOGENY OF THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

Rivas Plata E., Parnmen S., Staiger B., Mangold A., Frisch A., Weerakoon G.S., Hernandez J.E., 

Caceres M.E., Kalb K.J., Harrie S., Lücking R., Lumbsch T. 


A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR THE FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA: 

LECANOROMYCETES: OSTROPALES) 

Rivas Plata E., Lücking R., Lumbsch T. 

S17 P18

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REVISION OF THE FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE S.L. FOR VENEZUELA, PRELIMINARY RESULTS 

Hernandez J.E., Lücking R. 


Topic: 2A - 2: Parmeliaceae: improving our understanding of 

taxonomy, classification and biogeography 


THE PHYLOGENY OF USNEA (PARMELIACEAE) REVISITED 

Truong C., Divakar P.K., Yahr R., Crespo A., Clerc P. 


TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF NEOTROPICAL USNEA SPECIES (PARMELIACEAE) 

Truong C., Clerc P. 


VARIABILITY IN EURASIAN VAGRANT LICHENS OF THE XANTHOPARMELIA PULLA GROUP 

Vondráková O. 


GENERA HYPOTRACHYNA AND REMOTOTRACHYNA IN BOLIVIA 

Flakus A., Rodriguez Saavedra P., Kukwa M. 


SPECIES OF GENERA PARMELIA IN RUSSIAN FAR EAST 

Chabanenko S.I. 


THE SPECIES OF CETRARIA ACULEATA GROUP (PARMELIACEAE) IN UKRAINE: IDENTIFICATION 

PROBLEMS 

Nadyeina O.V., Lutsak T.V., Grakhov V.P., Blum O.B. 


TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE USNIC ACID CONTAINING XANTHOPARMELIA SPECIES IN 

HUNGARY MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR INVESTIGATIONS 

Farkas E., Lokos L., Molnar K. 


PARMELIACEAE IN RUSSIA: DIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY 

Urbanavichyus G.P. 


DIVERSITY WITHIN THE LICHENIZED GENUS OROPOGON (PARMELIACEAE) 

Leavitt S., Lumbsch T., Esslinger T.L. 


PHOTOBIONT ACQUISITION, SPECIFICITY AND COEVOLUTION IN THE LICHEN GENUS BRYORIA 

Lindgren H., Myllys L., Högnabba F., Velmala S., Goward T., Halonen P., Holien H., Laitinen S. 


TANGLES IN HORSEHAIR - PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON PENDENT BRYORIA 

Velmala S., Myllys L., Goward T., Holien H., Halonen P. 

S18 P19


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PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM AND P. PSEUDOTINCTORUM (PARMELIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) TWO 

SUPPORTED SPECIES 

Roca-valiente B., Divakar P.K., Ohmura Y., Crespo A. 


A PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY OF HYPOGYMNIA (PARMELIACEAE) IN CHINA 

Wei X., Wei J. 


DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHEN FAMILY PARMELIACEAE IN INDIA 

Nayaka S., Upreti D.K. 


HIDDEN DIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICAN PARMELIA: A WORLD WAITING TO BE EXPLORED 

Molina M.C., Divakar P.K., Goward T., Millanes A.M., Struwe L., Sanchez E., Crespo A.M. 


NEW APPROACH ON THE PUNCTELIA HYPOLEUCITES (PARMELIACEAE) COMPLEX 

Canez L., Pinto Marcelli M. 


TYPE STUDIES ON SOREDIATE PARMOTREMA (ASCOMYCOTA, PARMELIACEAE) WITH SALAZINIC 

ACID 

Spielmann A.A., Marcelli M.P., Elix J.A. 


Topic: 2B: Forest lichens: their ecology and distribution 


STUDIES ON THE LICHENIZED FUNGI OF THE FIJIAN ARCHIPELAGO 

Lumbsch T., Papong K., Vonkonrat M., Naikatini A. 


A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE LICHEN FLORA OF MT. KITANGLAD AND MT. MUSUAN, 

BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES 

Azuelo A.G., Magday E.J., Montecillo R.G., Pabualan M.P. 


DIVERSITY OF LICHENS ALONG THE ELEVATION GRADIENT AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, 

THAILAND 

Senglek S., Polyiam W., Boonpragob K. 


SUCCESSION OF LICHENS ON SUBSTRATES IN TROPICAL FORESTS IN THAILAND 

Polyiam W., Seeiam D., Phokaeo S., Boonpragob K. 


BIODIVERSITY OF LICHENS IN EASTERN GHATS OF SOUTHERN INDIA 

Ponnusamy P., Ganesan A. 


ASSOCIATION OF ENDOLICHENIC FUNGI WITH SOME MACROLICHENS IN CENTRAL WESTERN 

GHATS OF KARNATAKA, INDIA 

Krishnamurthy Y. 

S19 P20

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THE LICHENS OF MOUNTAIN-TAIGA DARK CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN URAL AND 

THE SOUTHERN SIBERIA (RUSSIA) 

Urbanavichene I. 


THE LICHENS FROM FAMILIES GYALECTACEAE STIZENB. AND COENOGONIACEAE (FR.) STIZENB. 

IN RUSSIA 

Gagarina L.V. 


EPIXILIC LICHEN SUCCESSION ON DEADFALL IN MOUNTAIN FORESTS 

Kharpukhaeva T.M. 


A FIRST SURVEY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY IN THE NATIONAL PARK “MESHCHERSKY” 

(RYAZAN’REGION,CENTRAL,RUSSIA). 

Muchnik (moutchnik) E.E., Konoreva L.A., Kazakova M.V. 


DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS IN PRIMEVAL BEECH FORESTS OF THE CARPATHIAN 

BIOSPHERE RESERVE (UKRAINE) 

Dymytrova L.V., Nadyeina O.V., Naumovich A., Postoialkin S., Scheidegger C. 


LICHEN FLORA OF ILAM PROVINCE, SOUTH WEST IRAN AND ITS BIOGEOGRAPHICAL 

SIGNIFICANCE 

Valadbeigi T. 


THE IMPACT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF TERRICOLOUS 

LICHENS 

Dingová A., Valachovič M., Pišút I., Senko D., Šibík J. 


THE VERTICAL GRADIENT OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS IN CONIFEROUS FOREST CANOPIES 

Marmor L., Tõrra T., Randlane T. 


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DIVERSITY AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE 

EPIPHYTIC LICHEN COMMUNITIES IN MANAGED FORESTS OF SOUTHERN BELGIUM 

Ertz D., Van den Broeck D., Van Rossum F. 


WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE CONDITIONING LICHEN SPECIES DIVERSITY IN PINUS 

NIGRA FORESTS? 

Merinero S., Aragon G., Martinez I. 


ECOLOGY, DIVERSITY AND ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS IN MOUNT 

KENYA TROPICAL MONTANE FOREST 

Kirika P.M., Mugambi G.K., Newton L.E., Ndiritu G.G., Lumbsch T.H. 


LICHENS OF PURGATORY AND RIDGES MOUNTAINS: FURTHER EXPLORATIONS IN THE 

UWHARRIE MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA, USA 

Perlmutter G.B., Rivas Plata E. 

S20 P21


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LICHENS, LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI AND ALLIED FUNGI OF TURNIPSEED WAKENATURE PRESERVE, 

NORTH CAROLINA, USA 

Perlmutter G.B. 


IS LICHEN SPECIES RICHNESS LINKED TO LAND COVER PATTERN AT LARGE SCALES IN 

FORESTS ACROSS THE USA? 

Will-Wolf S., Morin R.S., Ambrose M.J., Riitters K., Jovan S.E. 


COMPARISON OF THE DIVERSITY OF GRAPHIS SPECIES IN DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES IN 

MEXICO 

Bárcenas A., Herrera-Campos M., Miranda González R., Lücking R. 


DIVERSITY, ECOGEOGRAPHY, AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE LICHEN GENUS STICTA IN COLOMBIA 

Moncada Cárdenas B. 


MICROLICHENS OF COLOMBIA: A FIRST APPROACH INCLUDING NEW RECORDS 

Moncada Cárdenas B., Ardila I., Betancourt L., Coca L., Gutierrez M., Mateus N., Peñaloza G., Ramirez N., 

Rincon-Espitia A., Romero L., Silano S., Simijaca D., Soto E., Suarez A., Lücking R. 


LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI FROM BOLIVIA, MAINLY FROM ANDEAN FORESTS 

Kukwa M., Flakus A. 


TOWARDS A MONOGRAPH OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENIZED FUNGI OF BOLIVIA 

Flakus A. 


NEW SPECIES AND INTERESTING RECORDS OF TROPICAL FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS 

Farkas E., Flakus A. 


LICHENS FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: NEW TAXA AND INTERESTING RECORDS 

Cáceres M.E., De Jesus L.S., Vieira T.S., Andrade A.D., Goes D.D., Lücking R. 


MANGROVE AND RESTINGA LICHENS FROM NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL 

Cáceres M.E., Leite A.B., Menezes A.A., Otsuka A.Y., Dos Santos V.M., Kalb K.J., Lücking R. 


LICHENS FROM SERRA DE ITABAIANA NATIONAL PARK, AN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST RELICT IN 

SERGIPE, BRAZIL 

Cáceres M.E., Mendonca C.O., Mota D.A., Dos Santos M.O., Lücking R. 

S21 P22

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Topic: 3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and eco 

logical roles of metabolites in lichens 


CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND MOLECULAR STUDIES OF SELECTED CETRARIOID LICHENS 

(PARMELIACEAE) AND THEIR CULTURED MYCOBIONTS 

Hametner C., Stocker-Wörgötter E. 


ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PARMELIA SAXATILIS ETHANOL EXTRACT 

Stajić M., Ćilerdžić J., Vukojević J. 


ACETYLCHOLINESTRASE INHIBITORY AND NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF BIRULOQUINONE, 

ISOLATED FROM LICHEN-FORMING FUNGUS CLADONIA MACILENTA 

Luo H., Li C., Liu Y., Hur J. 


EFFECT OF SUGAR ON SECONDARY METABOLISM IN CULTURED LICHEN MYCOBIONT OF 

CLADONIA RAMULOSA 

Hara K., Usuniwa Y., Komine M., Yamamoto Y. 


HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION OF POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE GENES OF LICHEN CLADONIA 

METACORALLIFERA 

Kim J., Yu N.H., Jeong M.H., Hur J. 


ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF PSEUDOEVERNIA FURFURACEA EXTRACT 

Ćilerdžić J., Stajić M., Vukojević J. 


ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI FROM CRUDE EXTRACT OF USNEA 

PULVINULATA 

Pengproh R., Papong K., Sangdee A., Chantiratikul P. 


DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE Pb-TOLERANCE IN THE TWO TREBOUXIA PHYCOBIONTS 

OF THE LICHEN RAMALINA FARINACEA 

Casano L.M., Guera A., Del Campo E.M., Barreno E., Garcia-Breijo F.J., Alvarez R., Del Hoyo A., 

Reig-Armiñana J. 


AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME THERMOPHILIC MYCOBIONTS ISOLATED IN NIGERIA 

Ogunleye A.O. 


PHYCOBIONTS IN SUSPENSION: METHODS OF QUANTIFICATION 

Catala M., Dominguez N., Moreno H., Barreno E. 

S22 P23


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Topic: 4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific 

region 


THE LICHENS FAMILY PHYSCIACEAE (LECANORALES, ASCOMYCOTA) IN THAILAND 

Meesim S., Mongkolsuk P., Boonpragob K., Buaruang K., Manoch L., Kalb K.J. 


IN VITRO ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF LAURERA SPECIES (TRYPETHELIACEAE, 

PYRENULALES) CRUDE EXTRACTS AGAINST FOUR HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES 

Vongshewarat K., Rodtong S., Siripong P. 


ANZIA MAHAELIYENSIS AND ANZIA FLAVOTENUIS, TWO NEW SPECIES FROM HORTON PLAINS 

SRI LANKA 

Jayalal R.U., Wolseley P., Gueidan C., Aptroot A., Wijesundara S., Karunaratne V. 


OPTIMIZATION FOR SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCTION FROM TROPICAL LICHEN 

MYCOBIONTS 

Sanglarpcharoenkit M., Chokchaisiri R., Suksamrarn A., Whalley A., Sangvichien E. 


LICHEN DIVERSITY «HOT SPOT» IN KRONOTSKY NATURE RESERVE, KAMCHATKA 

Stepanchikova I.S., Himelbrant D.E. 


CHEMICAL STUDIES ON TWO LICHENS OF THE GENUS ERIODERMA FROM MALAYSIA 

Samsudin M.B., Din L.B., Hamat A.B., John E.A. 


REDISCOVERY OF A FORGOTTEN LICHEN GENUS WITH UNIQUE CONIDIOMATA FROM NEW 

ZEALAND 

Ludwig L.R., Lücking R. 


MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCOLICHENS AT PHU LUANG 

WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (PLWS), LOEI PROVINCE 

Sriprang V., Mongkolsuk P., Manoch L., Papong K., Kalb K.J. 


USNEA IN INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 

Noer I.S., Maryawatie B., Maryani L. 


ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI FROM GENUS TRYPETHELIUM 

Luangsuphabool T., Piapukiew J., Sanglarpcharoenkit M., Sangvichien E. 


A FIRST ASSESSMENT OF THE LICHEN BIODIVERSITY IN NEORA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, 

EASTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA 

Jagadeesh Ram T. A., Sinha G.P. 

S23 P24

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TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS PORPIDIA (PORPIDIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) FROM CHINA AND 

SOUTH KOREA 

Wang X., Zhang L., Hur J. 


DISTRIBUTION OF HAEMATOMMA SPP. IN JAPAN 

Yamamoto Y., Hara K., Komine M., Kalb K.J. 


CONCENTRATION OF RADIOISOTOPES IN LICHENS BEFORE AND AFTER FUKUSHIMA NPP 

ACCIDENT IN JAPAN 

Ohmura Y., Hosaka K., Kasuya T., Matsumoto H., Abe J.P., Kakishima M. 


TAXONOMIC STUDY ON THE LICHENS OF “LECIDEA GROUP” FROM WESTERN CHINA 

Zhang L., Wang H., Zhao Z. 


DETERMINATION OF IRON (Fe) AND ZINC (Zn) CONTENTS IN SOME LICHENS IN NONGSOUNG 

DISTRICT, MUKDAHAN PROVINCE, THAILAND 

Keoinpaeng S., Chantiratikul P., Papong K. 


MEASURING NITRATE AND SULFATE DEPOSITION IN LICHENS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION TO 

POLLUTED SITES IN BANGKOK, THAILAND 

Sriviboon C., Boonpragob K., Sriviboon T., Jhumpasri T., Boonpeng C. 


QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN LICHEN PARMOTREMA 

TINCTORUM BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Thepnuan P., Khongsatra P., Sriviboon C., Rukachaisirikul T., Boonpragob K. 


NOTES ON OCCURRENCE OF CYANOLICHENS IN INDIA 

Khare R., Nayaka S., Upreti D.K. 


PHYSCIACEAE OF PANAMA 

Van Den Boom P., Giralt M., Fankhauser J.D., Moberg R. 


Topic: 3A: Molecular phylogenetics 


MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY REVEALS OVERLOOKED DIVERSITY WITHIN THE JELLY FUNGI 

GROWING ON BEARD-LICHENS. 

Millanes A.M., Diederich P., Wedin M. 


HOW MANY GENERA ARE HIDDEN WITHIN BUELLIA SENSU LATO? 

Kalb K.J., Lücking R., Plata E.R. 

S24 P25


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A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE UMBILICATE ASPICILIA (MEGASPORACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) 

BASED ON NU-ITS AND NU-LSU SEQUENCE DATA 

Sohrabi M., Stenroos S., Högnabba F. 


CURRENT STATUS OF THE PHYLOGENY OF THE FAMILY MEGASPORACEAE 

Sohrabi M., Leavitt S. 


A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF THE ASPICILIA INTERMUTANS COMPLEX (MEGASPORACEAE) 

Sohrabi M., Sipman H.J., Roux C., Nordin A. 


CORTICIALES ALLIES OF LICHENIZED/LICHENICOLOUS BASIDIOMYCETES: PHYLOGENY AND 

CHARACTER EVOLUTION 

Ghobad-Nejhad M. 


GENUS AND SPECIES CONCEPTS IN DICTYONEMA S. L. 

Dalforno M., Lücking R., Bungartz F., Yanez A., Lawrey J.D. 


NEW MOLECULAR DATA ON PYRENULACEAE FROM SRI LANKA REVEAL TWO WELL-SUPPORTED 

GROUPS WITHIN THIS FAMILY 

Weerakoon G.S., Aptroot A., Lumbsch T., Wolseley P., Wijeyaratne S.C., Gueidan C. 


CRYPTIC DIVERSITY IN TRYPETHELIUM ELUTERIAE IN THAILAND 

Luangsuphabool T., Sangvichien E., Lumbsch T., Piapukiew J. 


PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LICHENIZED AND NON-LICHENIZED CALICIOID FUNGI AND 

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAZAEDIUM WITHIN ASCOMYCOTA 

Prieto M., Baloch E., Wedin M. 


IDENTITY OF ENDOCARPON PULVINATUM, THE ONLY SUBFRUTICOSE VERRUCARIACEAE 

Heiðmarsson S., Miadlikowska J., Lutzoni F. 


PHYLOGENY OF MARINE VERRUCARIACEAE BASED ON MULTILOCUS ANALYSES 

Heiðmarsson S., Gueidan C., Miadlikowska J., Thüs H., Lutzoni F. 


DERMATOCARPON ARNOLDIANUM AND D. INTESTINIFORME IN CENTRAL EUROPE 

Heiðmarsson S., Thüs H. 


DNA BARCODING OF LICHENIZED FUNGI MICAREA AND VERRUCARIA SHOWS HIGH 

IDENTIFICATION SUCCESS 

Launis A., Myllys L., Pykälä J., Jääskeläinen K. 


TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CLADONIA CARIOSA GROUP (CLADONIACEAE) BASED ON 

PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR DATA 

Pino-bodas R., Burgaz A.R., Martin M.P., Lumbsch T. 

S25 P26

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FOCUS ON THE WORLD CLADONIACEAE 

Stenroos S., Högnabba F., Pino-bodas R., Ahti T. 


STICTA FULIGINOSA (LOBARIACEAE): SPECIES OR MORPHOTYPE? 

Moncada Cardenas B., Lücking R., Parnmen S., Lumbsch T. 


DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS LOBARIELLA (LOBARIACEAE) 

Moncada Cardenas B., Betancourt L., Lücking R. 


TYPE AND NOMENCLATURAL STUDIES IN NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS STICTA 

(LOBARIACEAE) 

Moncada Cardenas B., Lücking R. 


THE STICTA WEIGELII COMPLEX (LOBARIACEAE): TROPICAL TAXA ADD ANOTHER LEVEL OF 

COMPLEXITY 

Moncada Cardenas B., Lücking R. 


HOW MANY SPECIES ARE THERE IN RHIZOCARPON GEOGRAPHICUM GROUP? A PHYLOGENETIC 

STUDY OF THE COMPLEX 

Roca-valiente B., Pérez-ortega S., Sancho L., Crespo A. 


PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF THE CRUSTOSE STEREOCAULON SPECIES 

Högnabba F., Nordin A., Myllys L., Stenroos S. 


MULTILOCUS-BASED PHYLOGENY AND SPECIES RECOGNITION WITHIN THE COSMOPOLITAN 

PELTIGERA NEOPOLYDACTYLA-DOLICHORHIZA COMPLEX 

Magain N., Miadlikowska J., Lutzoni F., Goffinet B., Sérusiaux E. 


SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR ON SITE IDENTIFICATION OF PYXINE COCOES (SW.) NYL., A FOLLIOSE 

LICHEN, BASED ON GENOSENSOR 

Kosakul T., Chaumpluk P., Artchawakom T. 


Topic: 3B - 1: Bioinformatics 

3B-1-P1 IAL0057-00007 Page 166 

MYCO-LICH: A NEW TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IRANIAN MYCOLOGY-LICHENOLOGY 

Sohrabi M., Ghobad-Nejhad M. 


INDEXS - AN ONLINE THESAURUS FOR STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA ON EXSICCATAE IN 

BOTANY AND MYCOLOGY 

Triebel D., Scholz P., Weibulat T., Weiss M. 

S26 P27


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FLORISTIC DATA AND SPECIES ACCUMULATION CURVES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE CATALOG 

OF ALASKAN LICHENS 

Hampton-Miller C.J., Spribille T. 


CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MATING-TYPE LOCI IN LOBARIA PULMONARIA AND IMPLICATIONS 

FOR CONSERVATION 

Singh G., Dal Grande F., Cornejo C., Werth S., Scheidegger C. 


Topic: 3B - 2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems 


THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN BANGKOK PUBLIC PARKS ON THE 

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE LICHEN PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM (NYL.) HALE 

Boonpeng C., Boonpragob K. 


LICHENS AND STONE SURFACE DECAY OF THE TOMB OF CYRUS IN PASARGADAE (FARS 

PROVINCE, IRAN) 

Sohrabi M., Mohammadi P. 


LICHENS AROUND THE TANGIVAR STONE INSCRIPTION, KURDISTAN, IRAN 

Sohrabi M., Abbas Rouhollahi M. 


ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF VERRUCARIA S.LAT. (VERRUCARIACEAE) 

Krzewicka B. 


PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY ON STONE MONUMENTS IN NAKHON RATCHASIMA 

PROVINCE, THAILAND 

Pitakpong A., Muangsan N., Suwanwaree P. 


SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LICHEN SUBSTANCES IN RELICINA 

ABSTRUSA IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF THAILAND 

Pohjaroen W., Pangpet M., Khongsatra P., Sriviboon C., Boonpragob K. 


VARIATIONS IN THE GROWTH RATES OF LICHENS OVER THE COURSE OF A LONG-TERM 

INVESTIGATION IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND 

Wannalux B., Polyiam W., Boonpragob K. 


LICHENS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DEW AMOUNT AND DURATION IN THE NEGEV DESERT 

Temina M., Kidron G.J. 


ASSESSING VARIABILITY OF MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR POPULATION STUDIES IN MYCOBIONTS 

AND PHOTOBIONTS: A CASE STUDY USING LASALLIA PUSTULATA 

Sadowska-Des A., Balint M., Nunez J., Otte J., Pauls S., Pino-Bodas R., Schmitt I. 

S27 P28

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PECULIAR BIODIVERSITY OF LICHENS IN THE DAGESTAN REPUBLIC (RUSSIA) 

Urbanavichyus G.P., Ismailov A.B. 


GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF SYMBIONT DIVERSITY IN THE GENUS NEPHROMA 

Fedrowitz K., Kaasalainen U., Rikkinen J. 


LICHEN COMMUNITIES ON TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA IN COLD RAINFORESTS: WHAT DRIVES 

COMPOSITION AND RICHNESS? 

Taurer S., Wagner V., Hauck M., Spribille T. 


MICROLICHEN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS A WAY TO COMPREHEND TROPICAL DRY FOREST 

REGENERATION 

Miranda-González R., Lücking R., Mora- Ardila F., Barcenas-Peña A., Herrera- Campos M.A. 


STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCEROUS ACTIVITY OF RAMALINA LACERA FOR 

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION 

Ganesan A., Ponnusamy P. 


FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL ROLE OF LICHEN BIOTA 

Martin L., Martin J.L. 


Topic: 5I: Global Change and lichen biology 


LICHENS IN HYPERTROPHICATED ENVIRONMENT - FOREST AFFECTED BY GREAT CORMORANT 

COLONY 

Motiejunaite J., Adamonyte G., Dagys M., Matuleviciute D., Taraskevicius R. 


NOCTURNAL HYDRATION INCREASES LICHEN GROWTH RATES 

Bidussi M., Gauslaa Y., Solhaug K. 


LICHENS AS BIO-INDICATORS OF AMMONIA CONCENTRATION IN FLANDERS 

Van Den Broeck D., Herremans M., Meremans D., Van Avermaet P. 


NITROGEN DRIVES LICHEN COMMUNITY CHANGES THROUGH THE DIFFERENT SPECIES 

RESPONSES 

Johansson O., Palmqvist K. 


HOW MUCH DOES LICHEN DIVERSITY INDICATE GLOBAL CHANGE? ASSESSING THE USE IN 

BEECH FORESTS 

Llop E. 


SURVEYING LICHEN BIODIVERSITY ON ROYSTONEA REGIA IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT 

Scharnagl K. 

S28 P29


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LICHEN FLORA OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA (CROATIA, EUROPE) 

Derežanin L., Miličević T., žilić I., Počanić P. 


ESTABLISHMENT OF A FREQUENCY-BASED EPIPHYTIC LICHEN BIO-MONITORING SCHEME TO 

EVALUATE ATMOSPHERIC NH 3 POLLUTION IN THE UK 

Lewis J., Crittenden P.D., Leith I.D., Sheppard L.J., Sutton M.A., Wolseley P. 


LICHEN FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING THE FIRST EFFECTS OF CLIMATE 

CHANGE: DEVELOPING AN EARLY-WARNING ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR 

Matos P., Pinho P., Munzi S., Llop E., Branquinho C. 


Topic: 4A: Evolution and systematics in the teloschistales 


MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND RECENT TAXONOMY OF ASIAN RUSAVSKIA ELEGANS COMPLEX 

AND CLOSELY RELATED GASPARRINIOID LICHENS (TELOSCHISTACEAE, LICHEN-FORMING 

FUNGI) 

Kondratyuk S.Y., Fedorenko N.M., Hur J., Galanina I., Zarei-Darki B., Tsurykau A., Thell A., Kärnefelt I. 


OBLIGATE AND OTHER LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI ON XANTHORIA PARIETINA AS A CONTRIBUTION 

TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Fleischhacker A., Hafellner J. 


Topic: 4B: Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology 


A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF BIOCIDE EFFICACY THROUGH THE COLOUR BASED IMAGE 

ANALYSIS OF ALGAL CHLOROPHYLL EPIFLUORESCENCE 

Favero-Longo S.E., Gazzano C., Fusconi A., Piervittori R. 


MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF LICHENIZED TRENTEPOHLIALES COLLECTED IN DIVERSE HABITATS 

Hametner C., Stocker-Wörgötter E. 


COMPARISON OF FLUORESCENCE ACTIVITY IN POPULATIONS OF LASALLIA PUSTULATA AND 

L. HISPANICA IN THE FIELD AND UNDER LAB CONDITIONS ALONG A SEASONAL GRADIENT 

Vivas M., Pintado A., Pérez-Ortega S., Sancho L. 


PHOTOBIONT SELECTIVITY AND SPECIFICITY IN CALOPLACA SPECIES IN A FOG INDUCED 

LICHEN COMMUNITY IN THE ATACAMA DESERT, NORTHERN CHILE 

Vargas R., Beck A. 

S29 P30

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LICHENIZED FUNGI PROVIDE AN IDEAL OSMOTIC SPACE BY ADJUSTING THEIR OWN CELLULAR 

OSMOLARITY DIFFERENTLY FOR CHLOROBIONTS OR CYANOBIONTS 

Kosugi M., Shizuma R., Takeuchi A., Suzuki Y., Uesugi K., Koike H., Fukunaga Y., Miyazawa A., 

Kashino Y., Satoh K. 


LICHEN ASSIST THE DROUGHT-INDUCED NPQ OF THEIR PHOTOBIONT BY ARABITOL 

Kosugi M., Miyake H., Shibata Y., Miyazawa A., Kashino Y., Satoh K., Itoh S. 


EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPERATE FOLIOSE LICHENS ON COVER SLIPS 

Anstett D.N., Larsen E.W. 


EFFECTS OF UVR (A-B) IN CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE OF SEIROPHORA VILLOSA AND 

RAMALINA PUSILLA AND THEIR ISOLATED PHYCOBIONTS 

Salva Hernandez G., Gasulla F., Guera A., Barreno E. 


BLUE LIGHT SCREENING REDUCE BLUE LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF 

CYANOLICHENS COMPARED WITH CHLOROLICHENS 

Xie L., Solhaug K. 

S30 P31

1 

2 

3

ABSTRACTS OF CONTRIBUTED PAPERS 

(ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATION)

1ISession 1I: Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted interactions 1I 

A-O Session 1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action 

1B-OSession 1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis 

I-O Session 2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution 

2A-1Session 2A-1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution and 

diversity of the largest family of tropical crustose lichens 

2A-2-O Session 2A-2: Parmeliaceae: improving our understanding of taxonomy, 

classification and biogeography 

2B-O Session 2B: Forest lichens: their ecology and distribution 

3I-O Session 3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and ecological 

roles of metabolites in lichens 

4I-O Session 4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific region 

3A-O Session 3A: Molecular phylogenetics 

3B-1-O Session 3B-1: Bioinformatics 

B-2-O Session 3B-2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems 

5I-O Session 5I: Global Change and lichen biology 

4A-O Session 4A: Evolution and Systematics in the Teloschistales 

4B-O Session 4B: Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology 4B 

1A 

1B 

2I 

2A-1 

2A-2 

2B 

3I 

4I 

3A 

3B-1 

3B-2 

5I 

4A

1 

2 

3


ORAL SESSION 

1I: Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted interactions 

(1I-O1) Submission ID: IAL0085-00001 

LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI: DESCRIBED AND CRYPTIC FUNGAL COMPONENTS OF THE 

LICHEN MICROBIOME 

Lawrey J. 1 , Diederich P. 2 

1 Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States 

2 Mycology, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 

Lichenicolous fungi live exclusively inside and on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, 

but also as broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. Over 1,800 species have been described 

throughout the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and estimates are that 3,000-5,000 species will eventually be 

described. Most are ascomycetes, widely distributed in 7 classes and 19 orders; fewer than 5% are 

basidiomycetes, but these are also diverse, representing four classes and eight orders. Since few species 

have been cultured or sequenced, their identity, evolutionary origin and phylogenetic position cannot always be 

determined with certainty. However, it appears that lichenicolous ascomycetes are common in, and probably 

descended from, lichens in lichen-dominated lineages, but entirely unrelated to lichens in many other groups. 

The origin and direction of these transitions may depend on the nature of the parasitism. Recent culture-based 

and culture-independent studies indicate the presence of large numbers of obligate fungal inhabitants of 

lichens, some of which may represent asymptomatic lichenicolous fungi. The identity, origin, and diversity of these 

species will become apparent as more isolates are obtained and sequenced. 


DIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ENDOPHYTIC AND ENDOLICHENIC FUNGAL 

COMMUNITIES 

Uren J. 1 , Lutzoni F. 2 , Miadlikowska J. 2 , Arnold A. 1 

1 School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, United States 

2 Biology, Duke University, Durham NC, United States 

Endophytic and endolichenic fungi occur in healthy tissues of every plant and lichen species surveyed 

to date. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a close evolutionary relationship between these guilds, but previous 

sampling has been insufficient to evaluate the distinctiveness of these symbiotrophs and has not comprehensively 

assessed the biogeographic and abiotic factors that structure their communities. Using molecular data 

(ITSrDNA-partial LSUrDNA) we examined the diversity, taxonomic composition, and distributions of 4,154 

endophytic and endolichenic isolates of Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota) cultured from replicate surveys of ca. 

20 phylogenetically diverse plant and lichen species in each of five North American sites (Madrean coniferous 

forest, Arizona; montane semi-deciduous forest, North Carolina; subtropical scrub forest, Florida; Beringian 

tundra and forest, western Alaska; and subalpine tundra, east-central Alaska). Our surveys reveal that these 

symbiotroph communities differ significantly at the species level among sites, and that different classes of Pezizomycotina 

dominate related hosts in different locations. Fungal communities located closer together are more 

similar than communities located farther apart, but differences reflect environmental characteristics more 

strongly than geographic distance alone. Abiotic factors such as mean annual temperature and precipitation 

contribute differently to endophyte and endolichenic abundance and diversity. Endolichenic fungi are distinctive 

relative to most endophytes of vascular plants, but genotypes occurring in lichens frequently are found in mosses 

as well. Overall, our study illustrates the high richness and diversity of endophytic and endolichenic fungi at a 

continental scale, and reveals their unique patterns of host-, climatic-, and geographic affiliation. 

1 

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1I-O 


MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN ANTARCTIC LICHENS 

Park C.H. 1 , Kim K. 2 , Chun J. 3 , Jeong G. 3 , Hong S. 1 

1 Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea 

2 Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea 

3 School of Biological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul,Korea 

Lichens are symbiotic association of fungal (mycobiont) and photosynthetic algal or cyanobacterial 

(photobiont) partners. Contribution of the two major partners has been well known, but composition and role 

of other components of lichen ecosystems has not been evaluated carefully. Recently, microbial community in 

the lichen thalli has been revealed by cultivation of microorganisms, FISH imaging, and sequence analyses. It 

was also suggested that bacteria, archaea and microfungi associated with lichens (microbiont) have important 

roles in lichen ecosystem by biodiversity and meta-proteome analyses. In the current study, microbial community 

composition in Cladonia, Umbilicaria, Usnea, and 3 crustose lichens from King George Island, Antarctica 

was analyzed by pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rDNA, eukaryotic LSU rDNA, and algal ITS region of nuc 

rDNA. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in bacterial community and Dothideomycetes, 

Eurotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes in lichen-associated fungal community were the major phyla 

in the Antactic lichen ecosystems. Microbial phylotype composition from the same or related lichen species 

were more closely related than those of different lichen species. Sequencing results of LSU and ITS regions of 

nuclear rDNA and plastid 16S rDNA of algal species indicated that each lichen thalli contain diverse photobionts. 

In most cases a major photobiont constituted higher than 97% of total photobiont community, but in some cases, 

the second major photobiont comprised upto 20% of total photobiont community. These results imply that lichen 

thalli is a complex ecosystem composed of lichenized fungi, diverse photobionts and microbionts such as bacteria 

and microfungi. It also suggests that studies for all partners of lichens are required to understand ecology 

and physiology of lichens. 


THE MICROBIOME OF LICHENS: STRUCTURAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY 

Berg G. 1 , Cardinale M. 1 , Grube M. 2 

1 Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria 

2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria 

Lichens are traditionally considered as mutualisms between fungi and photoautotrophic species. New 

molecular and microscopic techniques revealed progress in the understanding of the lichen-associated microbiome. 

Our research during the last years revealed lichens as mini-ecosystems, which harbour highly abundant 

and diverse bacterial communities [1]. The analyses of samples from three lichen species (Cladonia arbuscula, 

Lecanora polytropa and Umbilicaria cylindrica) from alpine environments by a polyphasic approach showed 

biofilm-like structures and a high degree of species specificity [2]. Lichen-associated microbial communities consist 

of diverse taxonomic groups. The majority of bacteria in growing parts belong to Alphaproteobacteria [3] but 

there are also diverse new phylogenetic lineages as well as new species [4]. As an important driver of bacterial 

community the age of the thallus parts was identified: the younger growing parts of the lichens hosted bacterial 

communities that significantly differ from those of the older/senescing portions at the basis of the thalli. The 

substrate type and, to a lower extent, the exposition to the sun also affected the bacterial community structures 

significantly [3]. Moreover, the structure of the bacterial community was influenced by biogeographic aspects. 

The variation of the always dominant Alpaproteobacteria correlated with geography, whereas this effect could 

not be observed for Burkholderia or functional genes for nitrogen fixation (nif). 

2



PYROSEQUENCING REVEALS PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN PHYLOGENETIC, METABOLIC AND 

ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY WITHIN THE LICHEN MICROBIOME 

Hodkinson B.P. 1 , Gottel N.R. 2 , Schadt C.W. 2 , Lutzoni F. 3 

1 International Plant Science Center, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, United States 

2 Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States 

3 Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States 

Although common knowledge dictates that a lichen is formed solely by a fungus (mycobiont) that 

develops a symbiotic relationship with an alga and/or cyanobacterium (photobiont), lichen-associated non-photobiont 

bacteria are increasingly regarded as significant players in the ecology and physiology of the lichen 

microbiome. For this study, 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing of cloned amplicons were conducted 

on lichen-associated bacteria to determine the ecological factors influencing their community composition and 

the metabolic functions that they perform. The 16S (SSU) rRNA gene of Bacteria was sequenced from lichen 

samples representing 24 genera collected from tropical to arctic environments. Comparative analyses of these 

sequence libraries indicate that bacterial community differences are correlated with a variety of factors, the most 

notable of which is photobiont-type. Metatranscriptomic libraries were made for lichens containing the two major 

photobiont-types (green algae [Cladonia grayi] and cyanobacteria [Peltigera praetextata]). These data reveal 

the diversity of functional genes in each sample, and demonstrate the fundamental differences between lichens 

with different types of photobionts in terms of basic carbon and nitrogen processing. Based on these functional 

analyses and phylogenetic results, differences in carbon and nitrogen cycling in lichens are proposed as major 

ecological drivers of differentiation between bacterial communities within the lichen microbiome, with secondary 

compounds as an alternative factor than can drastically shift the composition of bacterial communities in 

lichens. 

3 

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1I-O 


EVOLUTION OF PHOTOBIONT ASSOCIATIONS IN THE FAMILY VERRUCARIACEAE 

Gueidan C. 1 , Thues H. 1 , Muggia L. 2 , Perez-Ortega S. 3 , Favero-Longo S. 4 , Joneson S. 5 , O’Brien H. 6 , Nelsen M. 7 , 

Duque-Thues R. 1 , Grube M. 2 , Friedl T. 8 , Brodie J. 1 , Andrew C.J. 7 , Lücking R. 7 , Lutzoni F. 9 

1 Botany, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria 

3 Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain 

4 Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy 

5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States 

6 Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 

7 Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, United States 

8 Abteilung für Experimentelle Phycologie und Sammlung von Algenkulturen, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 

Göttingen,Germany 

9 Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States 

The lichen family Verrucariaceae is well known for its unique diversity in photobionts, including some 

algae that are rarely or never associated with other lichens. The identity of these photobionts has been established 

in the past based on morphological characters, but studies have highlighted the difficulty of accurate 

species and genus identifications for most of these unicellular or short filamentous groups of algae with problematic 

taxonomy. Recent studies on Verrucariaceae, mostly focusing on peculiar algal symbionts, have therefore 

used molecular data to confirm the identity of these photobionts. Here, molecular data (rbcL and 18S) are used 

to confirm the identity of a taxon sampling representative of most lineages within Verrucariaceae, including some 

poorly known species from the tropics. Phylogenetic analyses show that a large number of species are associated 

with the green algal genus Diplosphaera. Other algal genera consist in Auxenochlorella, Asterochloris, 

Dilabifilum, Elliptochloris, Heterococcus, Myrmecia, Prasiola and Trebouxia. The most common lichen photobionts 

(Trebouxia, Asterochloris, Trentepohlia and Nostoc) are never or seldom found associated with Verrucariaceae. 

Amphibious species of Verrucariaceae show a particularly broad phylogenetic range of algal associates: 

they were found with algal species from the Xanthophyceae (Heterococcus), Ulvophyceae (Dilabifilum), and 

Trebouxiophyceae (Diplosphaera, Elliptochloris and Prasiola). The endolithic genus Bagliettoa also shows a high 

diversity in photobionts (Asterochloris, Diplosphaera and Trebouxia). In contrast, the lichen lineage including 

Placidium and Heteroplacidium, although colonizing different habitats (soil, bark, rock) is only associated with 

algal species from the genus Myrmecia. When studied with comparative methods, the results suggest that both 

habitat requirements and common ancestry were involved in shaping the current patterns of photobiont associations 

in Verrucariaceae. Moreover, the presence of a developed upper cortex also plays an important role in the 

evolution of photobiont associations in this family. 

4



PHOTOBIONT - MYCOBIONT INTERACTIONS IN THE WIDESPREAD LICHEN 

CETRARIA ACULEATA 

Printzen C. 1 , Domaschke S. 1 , Fernandez Mendoza F. 2 

1 Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, 

Frankfurt am Main, Germany 

2 Laboratory Center, Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany 

The fruticose Cetraria aculeata is an extreme example of a lichen that occupies distributional ranges 

across several biomes, including areas as different as e.g. the maritime Antarctic and the parameras of Central 

Spain. We are currently investigating how interactions with genetically different photobionts (all belonging to 

Trebouxia jamesii) may contribute to the ability of C. aculeata to colonize this diverse range of habitats. DNA sequences 

from three loci for each symbiont confirm that the most important factors shaping the genetic structure 

of T. jamesii are climate and a history of co-dispersal with the mycobiont. The genetic structure of the mycobiont 

is best explained by an interaction of climatic and geographical factors. Most importantly, mycobionts in the 

temperate region are consistently associated with a specific photobiont lineage. We therefore conclude that a 

photobiont switch in the past enabled Cetraria aculeata to colonize temperate as well as polar habitats. The genetic 

diversity of T. jamesii is highest in temperate regions and decreases significantly towards the Antarctic but 

less pronouncedly towards the Arctic. This indicates that climatic factors may determine which photobionts are 

available in a certain habitat but have a minor effect on the overall diversity of photobiont populations. Hence, 

the low genetic diversity of photobionts and mycobionts observed in Antarctic populations of C. aculeata is 

most likely not the result of increased selection pressure but of founder events during colonisation. Especially 

in largely asexual lichens such as C. aculeata isolation by distance is probably not the only cause of genetic 

structure. Rare photobiont switches that associate the mycobiont with locally adapted photobionts may also lead 

to genetic isolation between populations and eventually to ecological specialisation and speciation. 


GENE MOVEMENT IN THE PHOTOBIONT OF RAMALINA MENZIESII 

Werth S. 1 , Sork V.L. 2 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

2 Ecology and Evolutionnary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States 

Ramalina menziesii is a widespread lichen throughout coastal and slightly inland regions of western 

North America in ecosystems that include desert, chaparral, oak woodland, and coniferous forest. Previously, we 

have found that the fungal species survived the Pleistocene glaciations in multiple refugia. Here, we assess geographic 

genetic variation in the photobiont of R. menziesii based on DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal 

rDNA gene cluster and the rbcL gene located on the chloroplast to address three objectives. First, we investigate 

the spatial distribution of photobiont clades across the range of R. menziesii. Second, we test whether the refugial 

areas found for R. menziesii fungal genotypes show the characteristics of refugial areas in its photobiont as 

well (private haplotypes, high haplotype diversity). Third, we test if genetic diversity in the photobiont correlates 

with latitude, and with the diversity of the mycobiont. Our results indicate that the photobiont has much greater 

genetic differentiation across sites than the mycobiont and that the geographic patterns of genetic variation are 

only loosely associated with that of the photobiont. Our study provides valuable insight whether the movement 

of genes of lichen fungi and their photobionts exhibits congruent patterns. 

5 

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INSIGHTS ON TREBOUXIA PHYCOBIONTS: COEXISTENCE OF TAXA IN A LICHEN THALLUS, 

MOLECULAR MARKERS, PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCES, HGT, GENOME ANALYSIS 

Barreno E. 1 , Lichen Symbiogenesis Team 2 

1 Botany, Inst. Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia / Burjassot, Spain 

2 Botany, Plant Biology, Cell Biology, Biomedicine, Universities of Valencia, Alcala, Rey Juan Carlos, CSIC Valencia / Alcala 

De Henares Mostoles, Spain 

“Lichen Symbiogenesis Team” is the interdisciplinary group of Spanish scientists building on a common 

objective: to study the identity, genetic diversity and function of lichen phycobionts and its role in the complexity 

of the thalli. We are taking steps to gain insights on the knowledge of lichen symbiosis, and different approaches 

are being used to investigate lichen algae, especially those of the genus Trebouxia, in both lichenized and cultured 

ones. This it is doing through integration of molecular, anatomical, physiological and genome analyses. 

We have designed molecular markers (chloroplast, nuclear, mitochondrial) and ultrastructural methods to add 

precision to the circumscription of Trebouxia taxa, improving phylogenetic accuracy. Even, a single primer pair 

that can amplify a portion of the 23S rRNA gene gives a specific ortholog amplicon in a wide range of Cyanobacteria 

and plastid-bearing organisms, has been proposed. Our team demonstrated that in Ramalina farinacea 

two phycobionts of Trebouxia (TR1 and TR9) were always coexisting in a single thallus.TR1 and TR9 showed 

distinct physiological responses to oxidative stress caused by a ROS propagator, which produced a more severe 

decay in photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments and proteins in TR1. Ramalina fraxinea was also investigated 

and phylogenetic analyses, based on new markers, indicated a high and unexpected diversification within the 

Trebouxia decolorans-like phycobionts; at least, five haplotypes and morphotypes were recognized and more 

than two Trebouxia may coexist. To understand the mechanisms involved in desiccation tolerance of lichens and 

their photobionts we studied dehydration rate and desiccation time in Trebouxia and Asterochloris. Our results 

indicate that there is an alternative mechanism of light energy dissipation during desiccation, where activation is 

dependent on a sufficiently slow dehydration rate. First evidence for fungal-associated NO in the regulation of 

oxidative stress during the early stages of rehydration - including chlorophyll photostability of the phycobionts- 

was provided as well as for the role of NO in the establishment of lichen symbiosis. The genomes of Trebouxia 

sp. TR-9 isolated from Ramalina farinacea have been partially sequenced by 454 pyrosequencing. We have 

identified mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes as well as interesting CO 2 concentrating or oxidative stress 

mechanisms among others. 

6

The 7th International Association for Lichenology Symposium 2012 

1A: Lichen conservation: concepts and action 

(1A – O1) Submission ID: IAL0133-00001 

LICHEN CONSERVATION: FROM ACTIONS TO CONCEPTS AND BACK 

Scheidegger C. 1 , Stofer S. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

In this address we will highlight the various instruments in Conservation Biology and discuss their 

applicability for lichens. We will describe some examples of species recovery programs and describe which 

information was most helpful to convince local and national stakeholders of the need of lichen conservation 

measures. We will stress the importance that data on the lichen’s demography and life-cycle be communicated 

to the land-managers in their “language”. For the facilitation of the communication between the different stakeholders, 

e.g. land owner, land manager, regional and national conservations agencies, and scientists, a national 

data Centre for lichens proved to be very important. Conservation programs were most successful when local 

stakeholders took the initiative and developed conservation acting plans for species or lichen communities in 

their area. However, this process depends on the availability of national instruments that justify local conservation 

measures. National Red lists are the most frequently used instruments to define threat categories and 

conservation priorities. Establishing national Red Lists is a very demanding scientific task and its complexity is 

often underestimated by scientists and funding agencies. However, Red Lists are often the most solid scientific 

basis available on which conservation measures can be based upon. 


LUNGWORT’S PATH OF LEAST RESISTANCE IS A STEEPLECHASE IN THE FOREST: 

SMALL SCALE GENETIC PATTERN OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA IN A PRIMEVAL 

BEECH FOREST LANDSCAPE 

Nadyeina O. V. 1 , Dymytrova L. V. 1 , Naumovych G. O. 2 , Postoyalkin S. V. 2 , Scheidegger C. 3 

1 Lichenology & Bryology, M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kyiv, Ukraine 

2 Botany, Kherson State University, Kherson, Ukraine 

3 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 

Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

Lobaria pulmonaria is a widespread, but regionally threatened epiphytic lichen species with special 

habitat requirements to old-growth and primeval forests. The species is suffering a strong decline in managed 

forest landscapes in most areas of Europe and North America. Our study aimed at investigating epiphytic lichen 

species diversity and population genetics of L. pulmonaria in one of Europe’s largest primeval beech (Fagus sylvatica) 

forests, situated in the Ukrainian Carpathians, the Uholka-Shyrokoluzhanskyi branch of the Carpathian 

Biosphere Reserve. Mountain slopes of this massif are covered by almost pure beech forests with varying altitudes 

from 400 to 1,500 m. occupying an area of 15,974 ha, almost 9,000 ha from which are considered to be 

virgin forests (Brändli & Dowhanytsch 2003). During 2009-2011 we have visited 339 plots and collected about 

1,500 specimens from about 500 trees. Trees with L. pulmonaria were found in floodplain forests along the small 

streams (400-700 m alt.) and in relatively open forests on the mountain ridges close to the timberline (900-1,200 

m alt.). Lobaria pulmonaria samples were genetically investigated with symbiont-specific microsatellite markers 

for myco- and phycobiont. A Bayesian analysis of the genetic population structure revealed two distinct clusters, 

which were distributed over the entire study area. One cluster was confined to floodplain forests and the second 

cluster was concentrated along the mountain ridges. On the mountain ridges, but not in the floodplain forests we 

found several admixed demes and a few individuals with an intermediate genotype. Intermediate genotype can 

be interpreted as F1 hybrid between the two different genetic clusters. 

7 

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LOBARIA SCROBICULATA, A THREATENED SPECIES: INSIGHT POPULATION DYNAMICS 

Merinero S. 1 , Martinez I. 1 , Rubio-Salcedo M. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain 

The successful conservation of a species relies on the knowledge of its biology, ecology and threats. 

To know the ecological, demographic and physiological status of an endangered species, it is essential do a 

precise diagnose of their populations. The goal of this study is to find out which are the external factors and 

vital processes conditioning the viability of populations of the threatened lichen species Lobaria scrobiculata in 

Central Spain. To obtain population dynamics data, we set two 50x50 m monitoring plots, corresponding to two 

different populations, growing in oak forests (Quercus pyrenaica) in Central Spain. To describe these populations, 

all L. scrobiculata individuals colonizing trees and rocks were recorded, considering variables related to 

individuals size, reproductive capacity, health and niche characteristics. The populations were characterized 

by several macro-environmental and forest structure variables. General Linear Models were carried out to find 

out which variables are determining the presence, abundance, thalli size distribution and reproductive capacity 

between trees and rocks in both populations. Currently, ca 10,000 individuals have been recorded in both populations. 

Of these, about a quarter of them presents asexual reproduction. GLMs results show that presence and 

abundance of L. scrobiculata are higher on trees than on rocks. Small thalli are more frequent on trees, whereas 

larger thalli are more common on rocks. Considering the tree model, tree density together with the tree diameter 

were the most important drivers determining presence, abundance and quantity of small thalli. According to the 

rock model, higher rock surface also promotes presence and abundance of L. scrobiculata, and a higher bryophytes 

cover favor the abundance of large thalli. Trees seem to be a more favorable habitat for the recruitment, 

establishment and maintenance of L. scrobiculata individuals. However, rocks could provide better conditions for 

individuals to reach a larger size. Thus, rocks may play a more important role than thought, since reproductive 

capacity is probably related to the individual size, as observed in other Lobaria species. 

8



FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE 

IN THE NEW FOREST NATIONAL PARK UK 

Wolseley P. 1 , Sanderson N. 2 , Thues H. 1 , Eggleton P. 3 


2 Self Employed, Southampton, United Kingdom 

3 Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

Understanding biodiversity patterns across a landscape is vital for setting conservation priorities. In 

2010 a quantitative inventory of the New Forest National Park covering c. 57,100 ha in the south of the UK was 

initiated in order to evaluate species distribution in a range of habitats and to provide a repeatable method with 

which to assess changes over time. The mosaic of woodlands, heathlands and wetlands provided an opportunity 

to compare ancient old-growth wood pasture with 19 th century plantations of native tree species, and the effects 

of grazing, and isolation of sites on the distribution of lichens and saproxylic beetles, organisms that include 

many species of high conservation value. The sampling method followed Bioassess in using random sampling 

in 1 ha plots established within 6 land use types. Watercourses were sampled at 16 points along a 10 m stretch. 

Within woodland plots 12 random points were established from a central point and nearest trees, lignum and 

dead wood selected for lichen sampling using 20, 10x10 cms square quadrats. A similar method was used to 

sample lichens on dry and wet heathlands. For invertebrates in each 1 ha plot three sampling methods were 

used, pitfall trapping, Winkler bag extraction of leaf litter and hand sorting of soil pits. Results have shown that 

diversity and frequency of species of conservation importance in both groups is significantly related to stand 

age. Lichen diversity within the old growth plots occurs in stands with ancient Quercus trees, where grazing by 

a range of large herbivores maintains glades and open spaces. There are significant differences between the 

tree species, including between Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, an unexpected result, and indications that 

distance to a source of propagules has an effect on the colonization of lichens of isolated 200 year old plantations. 

These results are similar to those found for ground-dwelling beetles, although lichens show the patterns 

more clearly. The heathland plots are locally rich in lichen species that are in decline in other areas of lowland 

heath in Western Europe. 

9 

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LICHENS OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS IN FINLAND 

Pykala J. 1 

1 Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland 

Calcareous rocks are rare and threatened habitat types in Finland. The total area of calcareous rocks 

is estimated to be ca. 500-2,000 hectares. Lichens of calcareous rocks in Finland have been previously insufficiently 

known. During the years 2003-2010 295 calcareous rocks and lime quarries have been studied, and the 

field work is continuing in 2011. Distribution and habitat characteristics of lichens of calcareous rocks and lime 

quarries are studied. The main aim is to produce data for a more precise evaluation of threat status of calcicolous 

lichens as well as to evaluate the need of conservation and management practices of calcareous rocks and lime 

quarries. Over 15,000 specimens have been collected and 137 lichens new to Finland have been determined. 

The total number of calcicolous lichens is ca. 280 species, which is 16% of all lichens reported to occur in Finland. 

The proportion of lichen species on calcareous rocks is more than 100-fold compared to the area of calcareous 

rocks. New localities have been found for most threatened lichens of calcareous rocks (e.g. Nephroma 

helveticum, Peltigera retifoveata). Five species considered extinct from Finland have been refound. The number 

of identified pyrenocarpous lichens is very high compared to previously known, although a large number of 

pyrenocarpous species still remain unidentified. Particularly Verrucaria is extremely species-rich, and 60 species 

new to Finland have been identified. Species composition of calcareous rocks differs strongly between southern 

and northern Finland. Many lichens on calcareous rocks have proved to very rare. Small populations are typical 

to many species. Shading by trees seems to restrict the occurrence of most calcicolous lichens. Lime quarries 

(both abandoned and those in use) are very important for many calcicolous lichens. Several rare pioneer calcicolous 

lichens disperse rather effectively to lime quarries. Calcareous rocks are threatened by building, mining 

and forestry. Conservation and management measures need to be intensified to preserve the rich lichen flora of 

calcareous rocks. 

10



WINNERS AND LOSERS IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION: EFFECTS OF NON-INDIGENOUS 

HERBIVORE REMOVAL ON SAXICOLOUS LICHENS 

Blanchon D. 1 , Elliott C. 1 , Ennis I. 2 , Hayward G. 1 , Galbraith M. 1 , Aguilar G. 1 

1 Natural Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand 

2 Research, Terranova Seeds, Auckland, New Zealand 

Deer were introduced to New Zealand in the 19 th century and are now found over 70% of the country. 

The impacts on native vegetation is well known, but the effects on lichens have not been widely studied. There 

is only limited information available on the prevalence of lichens in the diet of deer in New Zealand, but there is 

some evidence that significant quantities of fungi and lichens, including species of Pseudocyphellaria and Usnea 

are eaten. Removal of introduced herbivores has a dramatic effect on the recovery of native vegetation, but it is 

not known how lichens are affected. Motu Kaikoura is a 535 ha island in northern New Zealand. It was purchased 

in 2004 with the aim of restoring its biodiversity. The remnant vegetation is dominated by Leptospermum and 

Kunzea scrub, a result of degradation by fires, farming and browsing mammals. The effects of fallow deer (Dama 

dama) have been severe, removing palatable plant species and preventing regeneration. Surveys of the vegetation 

found 259 native plants species remaining, some of them restricted to sites inaccessible to deer. The lichen 

flora is diverse with 92 species recorded. Saxicolous lichens are well represented as rocky substrates are common. 

The eradication of fallow deer was completed in 2008, creating the opportunity to study the effects of herbivore 

removal on lichen diversity and abundance. Six permanent 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrats were set up on horizontal 

rock surfaces to monitor any changes to saxicolous lichens over time. The percentage cover of different lichen 

species, mosses and grasses were determined in 2008 and each year after. Early results show an increase in 

annual grasses within the quadrats and a decrease in percentage cover of foliose lichens, particularly Parmotrema 

and Xanthoparmelia species. Fruticose lichens such as Cladia aggregata and Stereocaulon ramulosum 

showed smaller decreases in percentage cover. This suggests that grasses are recolonizing after herbivore 

removal and that this may be at the expense of some lichen species. 

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LICHEN CONSERVATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS: PRESSURES AND MEASURES 

Sparrius L. 1 

1 Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Society, Gouda, Netherlands 

Lichen populations have suffered from many threads in densely populated areas, including habitat 

fragmentation, air pollution and change management practices. As a result some species have become rare, 

whereas a small group of species is able to survive under most of these pressures. These pressures are illustrated 

together with successfully applied conservation measures in the Netherlands. The first example is 

the disappearance of epiphytic lichen populations due to changes in atmospheric pollutants and their partial 

recovery after air pollution reduction measures were taken. The composition of the lichen vegetation over the 

past 50 years reflects mainly substrate acidity preference, caused by changes in pollutant concentrations. Life 

history strategy and remaining pressures seem to be important factors controlling the rate of species recovery. 

Secondly, abandonment of traditional 19 th century agricultural practices in heathland and inland dunes led to 

habitat loss and fragmentation of terrestrial lichen populations in those areas. Only since 25 years, conservation 

measures to restore inland dunes and heathlands are being taken. A recent evaluation shows best practices 

for conservation measures such as top soil removal, tree-removal, and re-activation of drift sands. The third 

example is habitat loss for coastal lichen populations confined to acid rock. In the 18 th century, dykes were built 

to protect the Dutch coast. Imported granite and basalt rock became covered in lichens over the past 250 years. 

Current safety measures to improve the quality of older dykes include replacement of natural acid rock by concrete, 

which is unsuitable for most typical coastal lichen species, such as Anaptychia runcinata. To protect a part 

of the lichen population, rocks with rare species are taken from the dyke and placed back afterwards. Monitoring 

showed a considerable survival rate. 


TRADE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF LICHENS IN NEPAL HIMALAYAS 

Devkota S. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 

Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

Like different plant species, lichens are ethnobotanically important for Nepalese. To collect the data 

regarding the uses and trade of lichens in different parts of Nepal, field level survey was carried out during 2009- 

2011, using standard sets of questions. In Nepal, there are more than 525 lichen species (12% cyanobacterial 

and 88% green algal lichens) and around 30 species are ethnobotanically important. Apart from trade and foods, 

lichens are also used as spices, to treat against wounds and burns, as bedding materials and to ignite fire. Collections 

of some lichen species has generally increased in last few years. As example, in Banke district, the trade 

of lichens increased from 43.6 thousand Kg in 2009 to 199.3 thousand Kg in 2011 and such trend has seriously 

declined the availability of lichen species in different parts of Nepal. The amount of lichens collected in west 

Nepal is more for trade but in east Nepal they are collected for food and rituals. Generally, lichens are collected 

by adolescent or children and each collector collects from 2-10 Kg/day. Though Nepal Government has banned 

lichens for the export without processing, the effective implementation of such laws is currently lacking. 

12



POPULATION GENETICS AND CO-PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE FUNGAL AND 

ALGAL SYMBIONTS OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA IN EUROPE 

Dal Grande F. 1 , Widmer I. 2 , Wagner H. H. 3 , Scheidegger C. 4 

1 Senckenberg Gesellschaft Fuer Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

2 Laboratory of Population Environment Development Lped, University of Provence, Marseille Cedex 03, France 

3 Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada 

4 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

This work aims to disentangle the relevant processes shaping the genetic diversity of the eukaryotic 

symbionts of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. at the intra-population and continental scale, 

using fungus- and alga-specific microsatellite markers. We explored the importance of the photobiont transmission 

mode and of evolutionary processes (mutation, recombination) at the within-population scale. The results 

confirmed that L. pulmonaria mainly disperses vegetatively over short distances (up to 20 m). We showed that 

the alga is a strictly clonal organism, with mutations being responsible of its substantial genetic diversity; the 

fungus displayed additionally clear signal of recombination. A further population genetic study on more than five 

thousand thalli from more than 150 populations covering most parts of the European distribution range of the 

lichen showed how the predominant vertical transmission of fungal and algal symbionts can lead to high congruency 

in phylogeographic patterns. Statistical analyses of allele frequencies among regions and geographic 

centroids of non-randomly distributed alleles across Europe sustained the presence of different refugia in South 

Italy and the Balkans. This region is characterized by a high genetic diversity and constitutes a hotspot of geographically 

restricted alleles for both symbionts. Admixed populations were detected on a south-north axis indicating 

putative re-colonization routes from the southern refugia. This study provides necessary tools to establish 

conservation plans aiming to preserve the overall coevolutionary history of L. pulmonaria in Europe. 

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OLD, ARTIFICIALLY DRAINED SWAMP FORESTS PROVIDE VALUABLE HABITATS 

FOR LICHENS: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY FROM ESTONIA 

Lõhmus P. 1 

1 Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 

In the boreal region, forested wetlands have been frequently drained in order to increase timber yields, 

while the accompanying impacts on biodiversity have received relatively little attention. At present, drained 

peatland forests cover 14% of the Estonian forest land, including large areas in reserves. Particularly in the 

nutrient-rich swamp site type, the biodiversity value of those forests is important to assess because old natural 

swamp forests have only survived as small remnants. I studied whether old, structurally rich drained forests can 

support threatened lichen species, which primary habitat swamp forests. For that, I used a fixed-area fixed-effort 

method to describe species richness and composition of lichens* in 20 undrained and 24 drained stands, each 

2 ha in size. They represented, in a block design, 4 treatments (old-growth and mature stands; retention-cut and 

clear-cut plots) in 5–6 replications. The total species richness of natural and drained swamp stands was similar: 

209 vs. 211 species in forests, and 176 vs. 177 in cut plots, respectively. Based on MRPP tests, the species composition 

of natural old-growth forests differed significantly from the other three forest stand combinations (those 

formed a relatively homogeneous group). However, the number of nationally protected, threatened and/or rare 

species** was similar or even higher in artificially drained forests compared to natural swamp forests (in total, 

29 vs 27 in old-growth and 19 vs 10 in mature stands, respectively). For example, Cetrelia olivetorum, Lobaria 

pulmonaria and Parmeliella triptophylla were always found from old-growth stands, irrespective of the incidence 

of drainage. The availability of old deciduous trees, large snags, and logs and root plates of tree falls seems to 

be more crucial for most lichens than the microclimatic changes putatively attributed to drainage. Possibly, the 

thick carpet of mosses developing after ditching is important for holding a favorable moist microclimate. Hence, 

despite being developed under human impact, old artificially drained swamp forests can be considered valuable 

habitats for lichens in nature conservation planning. 

* includes also lichenicolous and saprobic fungi traditionally treated by lichenologists 

** lichenicolous fungi not included 

14



THE LICHEN KILLER: WHEN STONE CONSERVATION ASKS FOR NEW METHODS 

OF LICHEN DEVITALIZATION 

Bertuzzi S. 1 , Candotto Carniel F. 1 , Tretiach M. 1 

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

The pros and cons of a new approach for killing poikilohydrous photoautotroph organisms that colonize 

outdoor stone buildings are discussed on the basis of field and laboratory data. The control of biological growth, 

particularly important in the field of stone conservation, largely depends on the use of biocides, that may be 

dangerous for the workers, the environment and the substratum. The new approach makes the most of a poorly 

known peculiarity of poikilohydrous organisms: they are thermo-tolerant (up to 55-60°C) when inactive for lack 

of water, but thermo-sensitive when hydrated and fully active metabolically. The efficacy of thermal treatments 

(range: 35-50°C), in parallel to applications of three commercial biocides based on quaternary ammonium cations 

and n-octyl-isothiazolinone, was verified in the laboratory with the biodeteriogenous lichens Protoparmeliopsis 

muralis and Verrucaria nigrescens at various water contents. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) emission 

were checked in treated and non-treated samples at different time intervals, from 12 h to 16 days, whereas confocal 

laser scan microscopy in combination with fluorescent dyes was used to assess the physiological state of 

photobiont and mycobiont cells. Further ChlaF measurements were carried out outdoor to evaluate the feasibility 

of treatments against biofilms of rocky outcrops and walls, and the behavior of phylogenetically distant groups, 

from cyanobacteria, to microalgae and bryophytes. The results confirm that treatments of 12-24 hours at 40- 

45°C are sufficient to kill all the colonizers tested so far if they are kept fully hydrated. At 35-40°C the organisms 

are damaged: in this case biocides at concentrations from ten to one hundred times lower than in normal applications 

can be used for killing them. The new protocol is simple, the field equipment is cheap, the negative 

effects associated with the standard biocide treatments are virtually absent, and there is no interference with the 

substratum. The application of thermal treatments in the tropics is also discussed. 

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THE NECESSITY FOR ESTABLISHING A DATABASE AND AN INDEX OF THE 

DETERIORATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE STONEWORK 

BY LICHENS AS AN AID TO CONSERVATION WORK 

Favero - Longo S. E. 1 , Gazzano C. 1 , Caneva G. 2 , Cannon P. 3 , Fiorentino J. 4 , Gómez Bolea A. 5 , Grillo M. 6 , 

Marques J. 7 , Matteucci E. 1 , Modenesi P. 8 , Nimis P. 9 , Prieto-Lamas B. 10 , Ravera S. 11 , Roccardi A. 12 , 

Salvadori O. 13 , Seaward M. R. 14 , Stocker-Wörgötter E. 15 , Piervittori R. 1 

1 Dip. Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy 

2 Dip. Biologia Ambientale, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy 

3 Jedrell Laboratory, CABI Europe-UK & Royal Botanic Garden Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom 

4 Dept. Biology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta 

5 Dept. Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 

6 Dip. Botanica, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy 

7 Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal 

8 DIP.TE.RIS., Università di Genova, Genova, Italy 

9 Dip. Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

10 Dept. Edafologia y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain 

11 Dip. STAT, Università del Molise, Pesche (IS), Italy 

12 ICR, Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro, Roma, Italy 

13 Laboratorio Scientifico, Soprintendenza Speciale per il Polo Museale Veneziano, Venezia, Italy 

14 Dept. Environmental Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom 

15 Fachbereich Organismische Biologie, Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria 

Conservators of cultural heritage currently lack practical tools to diagnose and quantify the impact of 

different (micro-)organisms on stonework, a key element in the planning and management of conservation programmes. 

The severity of deteriorative activity of many lichen species is well known, and thus public authorities 

generally opt for the physical and/or chemical removal of “disfiguring” lichens from stonework. However, in some 

cases these organisms may protect the substratum beneath and also have a positive aesthetic significance 

and biodiversity value, thus being worthy of conservation. The recently proposed Index of Lichen Potential Biodeteriogenic 

Activity (ILPBA) is a numeric descriptor to measure the impact of different lichen species on the 

substratum, both externally and internally (Gazzano et al., 2009, Int. Biodet. Biodegr. 63, 836-843). A research 

network of lichenologists will establish a European database in order to quantify the relative damaging impacts 

of species and calibrate the parameter scales adopted in the index calculation so that the ILPBA and its interpretation 

can be effectively and appropriately disseminated to public authorities, managers and professionals 

engaged in conservation work. This group seeks financial support to (a) organize meetings/training schools for 

sharing scientific knowledge and technical skills in order to provide comparable datasets for the index validation 

process, (b) implement case-studies to monitor the impact of particular lichens on different substrata under a 

variety of climatic conditions, and (c) establish a web-site database complemented by a realistic biodeterioration 

index/scale suitable for use by non-scientists. 

16



CONSERVATION OF LICHENS IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: MODERN STATUS 

Muchnik (Moutchnik) E. E. 1 

1 Laboratory of Deciduous Forest Ecology, Forest Science Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia 

The redlisting process nearly been accomplished in the regions of the Russian Federation. By now 81 

out of 83 regions of the Russian Federation have either published regional Red Data Books or adopted regional 

Red lists. The 2 nd edition of the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) contains 42 lichen species (in 

comparison with 29 species being included into the 1 st edition of 1988). Significant progress has also been made 

in regional lichen conservation measures. Species of lichens are included into Red Data Books of 64 regions 

covering over 16 million km 2 (94.6% of the territory of Russia). 21 region have already second editions of their 

Red Data Books with several, major revision of species lists prior to publishing. The numbers of protected lichen 

species vary from 1 (Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Magadan regions) to 109 in the Republic of Karelia. Total number of 

lichen species (subspecies, and varieties) included into the regional Red Data Books is 583 (compared with 378 

in 2004), except 85 species demanding “biological monitoring” in the Red Data Book of Murmansk region. Monitoring 

of redlisted lichens in several regions can be regarded as another positive trend. However some challenges 

still remain. The first one is the low number of lichenologists leading to uneven exploration of the lichen biota 

of different regions. Thus, this resulted in the absence of lichens in 19 regional Red lists as well as in rather short 

lists for several regions. Conflicts between experts and regional authorities responsible for adoption of the Red 

lists are common. The latter tending to minimize species numbers due to limited resources to support monitoring 

activities. The same explanation is used when species from Federal Red Data Book are proposed for exclusion 

from regional Red lists. Problem causing is a formal attitude of regional administrations towards preserving 

the territories of protected areas (except for strict nature reserves and national parks). Rare species inhabiting 

regional reserves and nature monuments are usually at higher risk as such protected areas are protected mainly 

on paper. 

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LICHEN CONSERVATION AS THE ELEMENT OF NATURA 2000 

Dingová A. 1 , Valachovič M. 1 

1 Department of Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia 

Aeolian sands in Borská nížina lowland are unique landscape in Slovakia with many semi-natural elements 

present. There so-called lichen steppes are presented with high biodiversity, and were therefore included 

in NATURA 2000 as follows: 2340 Pannonic inland dunes (alliance Corynephorion canescentis Klika 1931), 4030 

European dry heaths (alliance Euphorbio cyparissiacae-Callunion vulgaris Schubert ex Passarge in Scamoni 

1963), and 6260 Pannonic sand steppes (association of Festucion vaginatae Soó 1938). Terrain research has 

been carried out in the years 2009-2011 under the umbrella of the project LIFE06NAT/SK/000115. The aim of the 

study was to define the most optimal and the less stressed management, which should guarantee conservation 

of the NATURA 2000 localities. The object of the research has been to study the changing diversity and synusias 

of the lichens according to the different management impacts. There were six main types formed according to the 

growing shade to the moss and lichen layer: type 1 – open sand, type 2 – Pannonic inland dunes, type 3 – Pannonic 

inland dunes with oak and pine stands, type 4 – European dry heaths, type 5 – Pannonic sand steppes, 

type 6 – shaded places in the dense stands of oak and pine forests. There are significant differences between 

the types in the study area. The highest diversity, abundance and stability were reported for types 2, 3 and 4 

in the Pannonic inland dunes and European dry heaths. Management included cutting the trees and cleaning 

by hands, little exporter with low weight or loading machine as well as spreading the surface on the open sand 

stands. According to the study, the effect of the machines was visible. The weakest stress for lichens is clearing 

after trees removal by hands or by little exporter with the low weight. Observed NATURA 2000 localities are occurred 

on the open poor acid sand, so the highest priority should be cutting the trees and cleaning the wood after 

the cutting. Data show that cutting and clearing of the stands was most important for the conservation of lichens 

on nutrient poor open grassland vegetation. 

18


1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis 

(1B-O1) Submission ID: IAL0319-00001 

APPROACHING LICHENS BY UNWINDING COMPLEMENTARY GENOMES: 

AN INTRODUCTION 

Miao V. 1 , Armaleo D. 2 

1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

2 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States 

Lichen symbionts are unique in their near-absolute dependence on each other in nature, accompanied 

by occasional streaks of independence most obvious in aposymbiotic culture. This session will look at this 

balancing act from a genomics perspective. Superficially, the symbionts’ genomes are not very different from 

those of their non-symbiotic fungal and algal relatives. They have not degenerated so as to produce absolute 

dependence between mycobiont and photobiont, but have evolved in subtle ways to cement an intimate and 

successful interaction while maintaining each partner’s individuality. We will look not only at the general structure 

of several lichen genomes, but also at features connected with their functioning in the symbiosis: changes in 

gene families, presence of genes unique to lichens, transcriptional adaptations, metabolic adaptations, epigenetic 

changes. We will survey the mycobiont of Xanthoria parietina, two closely related Peltigera species and 

their cyanobionts, Cladonia grayi and its Asterochloris sp. photobiont, horizontal gene transfer in Trebouxia, and 

the effect of different ecological conditions on the larger bacterial communities inhabiting various lichens. 


GENOME SEQUENCING OF XANTHORIA PARIETINA 46-1-SA22 

Dyer P. S. 1 , Crittenden P. D. 1 , Archer D. B. 1 , Barry K. 2 , Foster B. 2 , Copeland A. 2 , Kuo A. 2 , Grigoriev I. 2 

1 School of Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom 

2 Eukaryotic Genome Program, DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States 

Xanthoria parietina has been chosen as a representative lichen-forming fungus for genome sequencing. 

This species was nominated because it has a wide distribution (being found in temperate and circumpolar 

regions worldwide), has a characteristic stratified thallus morphology, is amenable to axenic cultivation, and is 

one of the most commonly studied lichenized fungi. It can occur on a variety of substrata including rock, tree 

bark and man-made surfaces. To enable genome studies, ascospore progeny from an individual thallus of X. 

parietina were collected from the Peak District, UK, and grown in axenic culture to allow extraction of DNA purely 

of the fungal mycobiont. Sequencing of the genomic DNA by 454 and Illumina pyrosequencing technology has 

now been completed at the DOE Joint Genome Institute. Preliminary analysis reveals a 32 Mbp size genome 

(typical of pezizomycete fungi) with an estimated 10,800 genes of average size 1,505 nt encoding an average 

protein length of 432 amino acids. In further work, mRNA samples are being extracted from both the symbiotic 

(field thallus) and non-symbiotic (axenic pure culture) states of X. parietina prior to library construction and whole 

transcriptome sequencing (“RNA seq”). Arising data will be used for training of the genome auto-annotation process, 

and it is anticipated that comparison of transcriptome pools will yield insights into differential regulation of 

genes in the symbiotic versus non-symbiotic state. A multinational genome annotation group has been set up to 

assist with the genome annotation and analysis. 

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PARTIAL GENOME OF THE PHYCOBIONT TREBOUXIA TR-9 ISOLATED FROM 

RAMALINA FARINACEA (L.) ACH. SEQUENCED BY 454 PYROSEQUENCING 

Martínez- Alberola F. 1 , Barreno E. 1 , Marín I. 2 , Del Campo E. M. 3 , Casano L. M. 3 , Guéra A. 3 , 

Aldecoa R. 2 , Del Hoyo A. 3 

1 Botany, University of Valencia, Inst. Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Fac. of Biology , 

Valencia, Burjassot, Spain 

2 Instituto De Biomedicina, CSIC, Valencia, Valencia, Spain 

3 Plant Biology, University of Alcalá, Madrid / Alcalá De Henares, Spain 

The chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of Trebouxia sp. TR-9 phycobionts, isolated from 

Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., have being partially sequenced by 454 pyrosequencing to analyze genome structure, 

repeats characterization and finding of new gene sequences compared to green algae genome databases. 

We show that these sequencing technologies are highly productive and generate a lot of information on phycobiont 

genomes. Our research group has isolated two different Trebouxia phycobionts (TR-1 and TR-9) that always 

coexist on R. farinacea, even in geographically distant localities. Total Trebouxia sp. TR-9 DNA was extracted 

and loaded on a ¼ GS FLX Titanium 454 pyrosequencing run. Reads were assembled with MIRA3 software; the 

obtained contigs were analyzed with the BLAST algorithm against Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P.A. Dangeard, 

Chlorella variabilis NC64A, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and NCBI databases. We have generated 240256 

reads and their average length was 579.87 bp, 75% were assembled in 20787 contigs with a total consensus 

of 9211887 bp and a total average coverage of 41.76. C.reinhardtii and C.variabilis NC64A proteins were used 

for comparative analyses against TR-9 sequences by the tBLASTn algorithm. On this way, a total of 2.799 

possible homologies with both species were found (Max. Evalue: 10-3). A big number of Trebouxia sp. TR-9 

sequences were obtained; and we have identified mitochondrial and partial chloroplast genomes. We also found 

C. reinhardtii flagella proteome orthologs as well as oxidative stress, glucid metabolism or CO 2 concentrating 

mechanisms among others. It has been determined the presence of similar repetitive sequences in 612 contigs 

containing mobile elements and 653 showing another type of repeated sequences. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429- 

C02-01/02) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 


TREBOUXIA DECOLORANS - ARE THERE FUNGAL GENES IN LICHEN ALGAE? 

Beck A. 1 , Divakar P. K. 2 , Zhang N. 3 , Molina M. C. 2 , Price D. 4 , Bhattacharya D. 4 , Struwe L. 3,4 

1 Lichenology Dept., Botanische staatssammlung muenchen, Muenchen, Bavaria, Germany 

2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 

3 Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States 

4 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States 

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread in prokaryotes and viruses and HGT from bacteria has 

contributed to yeast evolution. HGT between eukaryotes has also been recently reported. Nevertheless, very 

little is known about potential gene transfer between the partners in the lichen symbiosis, even though close 

physical proximity and symbiosis are thought to facilitate HGT. Here we used novel genome data from Trebouxia 

decolorans to investigate the possible existence of fungal derived genes in lichen algae. Phylogenomic analysis 

using predicted proteins from the T. decolorans genome returned 10,165 alignments that included other Gen- 

Bank entries. These were used to infer PhyML trees of which 459 trees showed T. decolorans to form a monophyletic 

group with fungal sequences, supported at a bootstrap level ≥ 70%. Detailed analysis of these likely 

HGT candidates will be presented. The Trebouxia source culture was axenic and algal-fungal associations in the 

phylogenomic output are low (2.5%), suggesting the results are not explained by fungal contamination. 

20



PELTIGERA LICHEN SYMBIOMES: METAGENOMICS OF A COMPLEX 

NATURAL COMMUNITY 

Andresson O. 1 , Jónsson Z. O. 1 , Xavier B. B. 1 , Manoharan S. S. 1 , Miao V. 2 , Snaebjarnarson V. 1 , Jonsson H. 1 

1 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland 


Genomic analyses of lichens can be carried out in two fundamentally different ways. First, by the classical 

approach starting with pure, usually clonal, cultures of the individual symbiotic organisms, an approach which 

is essentially the same as generally used in genomics. This works fine if both (or all) symbionts can be cultured. 

The second approach starts with field material and the symbiont genomes are analyzed simultaneously. At first 

sight this approach appears only slightly more complicated than with the cultured material. In the best case, 

there is a fairly even proportion of two genomes, and after assembly of the basic sequence reads, it is simply 

a matter of sorting into two bins. In practice, there are several levels of complications. First, there may be more 

than two major symbionts, as in the case of tripartite lichens, and they may contribute very different numbers 

of genomes, including variable numbers of organelle genomes. Second, as the contributing organisms are not 

purely clonal, there may be considerable polymorphism. This complicates genome assembly and annotation, 

but can also contribute information on community structure. Third, a variety of microbes are present in natural 

lichen communities, both on surfaces and internal. This microbiome can account for a large part of the total 

metagenomic DNA, and can be very disperse in terms of taxonomy and clonality. Results and methodology from 

the genomic sequencing and analysis of the major components of the Peltigera membranacea and P. malacea 

symbiotic genomes, the mycobiont, the Nostoc photobiont, and the microbiome, will be presented as well as 

major features of transcriptomic analyses from thallus, rhizines and apothecia. Use of alternative homologs and 

differential gene expression in the different tissues yields molecular information on the nature of this widespread 

symbiosis, and the genome sequence base provides a platform for a wide range of investigations, e.g. using an 

array of molecular markers and transcriptome sequencing of multiple samples. 


DECODING SYMBIOSIS: THE TWO GENOMES OF THE LICHEN CLADONIA GRAYI 

Armaleo D. 1 , Mueller O. 1 , Lutzoni F. 1 , Martin F. 2 , Blanc G. 3 , Merchant S. 4 , Collart F. 5 


2 Tree-microbe Interactions, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Nancy, France 

3 Institut de Microbiologie De La Mediterranee, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France 

4 Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, L.A., Los Angeles, United States 

5 Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, United States 

We analyzed the genomes of the lichen fungus Cladonia grayi (34 Mb) and its alga, Asterochloris sp. 

(56 Mb), sequenced using DNA from the isolated symbionts grown in culture. We used several approaches to 

distinguish genes relevant to the lichen symbiosis from those not specifically constrained by it. One method 

involved searching for genes with a phylogenetic signature characterized by an early burst of positive selection 

followed by stabilizing selection. Another was an analysis of gene family expansion and contraction in the symbionts 

compared to their phylogenetic relatives. Both fungus and alga contain expanded families of novel proteins 

as well as of known proteins. We will focus on specific transcription factors and transporters. Finally, analyses 

of global transcriptional changes during early interactions between fungus and alga were combined with gene 

family data to further define genes relevant to symbiosis. Specific features will be discussed in detail. 

21 

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LICHEN MICROBIOMES: A MULTIPHASIC APPROACH TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING 

DIVERSITY AND FUNCTION 

Grube M. 1 , Cardinale M. 2 , Müller H. 2 , Riedel K. 3 , Berg G. 2 

1 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria 

2 Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria 

3 Institute of Microbiology, TU Braunschweig & Helmholtz Centre of Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany 

We extend our previous research on lichen-associated bacteria to study the effects of ecological and 

geographic variation on composition and function of lichen microbiomes. To characterise composition of the 

microbiomes of individual lichens we use a polyphasic approach including SSCP fingerprinting, deep amplicon 

sequencing and FISH-CLSM (fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy). This 

approach revealed the composition of core and transient fractions of bacterial communities in several species of 

lichens. We also study the effect of lichenicolous infections on the lichen-associated bacterial communities using 

Solorina crocea. These data of lichen microbiome variation were complemented by a functional characterization 

of the entire lichen symbiosis using an environmental proteomics approach. We here present first data on the 

analysis of the metaproteome of Lobaria pulmonaria. The results provide new insights into the effect of geography 

as well as intrinsic and environmental parameters on multispecies microbial ecosystems. 

22


2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution 


THALLUS ARCHITECTURE AND DOMINANCE IN CLADINA 

Crittenden P. D. 1 , Sturrock C. 2 , Ellis C. J. 3 


2 School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom 

3 Cryptogamic Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 

The capacity of mat-forming lichens, most notably those in the subgenus Cladina, to dominate the 

ground cover over large tracts of subarctic terrain has been attributed to their specialized mode of growth. Matforming 

lichens grow acropetally (at the apices vertically upwards) while older basal regions of the thallus senesce 

to produce an understorey of intact and persistent litter or necromass. This basal senescence is believed 

to facilitate internal recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus used to fund high growth rates in the apices resulting, 

under steady state conditions, in deeper mats casting deeper shade. However, how thallus architecture in 

mat-forming lichens is adapted to promote dominance (sensu Grime) has not previously been investigated. We 

hypothesise that the three-dimensional multi-branched structure of Cladina species is an adaptation to maximise 

interception of light and nutrients and to generate deep zones of depletion below the “photic zone”. We 

have used X-Ray computed tomography to determine vertical changes in gap fraction (light interception) and 

leaf area index (LAI) in mats of Cladonia portentosa in Scottish moorland. We compare these data with field 

measurements made in intact lichen mats of vertical gradients in light (determined using a fibre-optic quantum 

sensor) and 15N capture from labelled simulated rainfall, and with laboratory measurements of vertical changes 

in total chlorophyll content. We discuss the results in terms of possible trade-offs between needs for maximising 

interception of resources to promote dominance, light capture for photosynthesis and regenerative capacity. We 

also compare these first measurements of LAI within Cladina mats with those of forest trees. 


PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LICHENS: INSIGHTS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE EXTREME 

MODIFICATIONS IN CETRARIA ACULEATA (PARMELIACAE) 

Perez-Ortega S. 1 , Fernandez-Mendoza F. 2 , Raggio J. 3 , Vivas M. 3 , Ascaso C. 1 , Sancho L. 3 , 

Printzen C. 2 , De Los Rios A. 1 

1 Biologia Ambiental, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

2 Botany,Senckenberg Research Insititute, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

3 Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 

Phenotypic plasticity has been widely reported in lichens and its importance affects not only to the 

field of lichen ecophysiology but also to taxonomy and speciation genetics. We studied extremely modified 

vagrant morphs of the lichen Cetraria aculeata commonly found in steppe environments from Central Spain. CO 2 

exchange behaviour, water relationships, anatomical and ultrastructural modifications and genetic differentiation 

were studied for several populations of normal attached morphs of C. aculeata and modified vagrant morphs. 

We found that normal and vagrant morphs differ in the time span they are photosynthetically active. Further, 

the severe modifications found in vagrant morphs have an anatomical and ultrastructural basis, with intercalary 

growth being the most likely responsible for the abnormal growth found in vagrant morphs. Finally, we also 

observed certain degree of genetic differentiation between normal and vagrant morphs; however they do not 

differ in photobiont use. 

23 

2I-O


2I-O 


DEVELOPMENT OF THALLUS AXES IN USNEA LONGISSIMA, A FRUTICOSE LICHEN 

SHOWING DIFFUSE GROWTH 

Sanders W. B. 1 , De Los Rios A. 2 

1 Biological Sciences, FGCU, Ft. Myers, Florida, United States 

2 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

Cell wall thickening in plants is generally limited to tissues that have ceased growth. But fungal tissues 

in at least two lichens are known to undergo extensive diffuse growth despite massively thickened cell walls. 

We examined Usnea longissima (recently shown to elongate diffusely -- Rolstad & Rolstad 2008) in order to 

determine how diffuse growth shapes the morphological development of thallus axes, and how the thick cell walls 

of the medullary cord behave in diffuse growth. Material was examined using light microscopy, epifluorescence 

microscopy, SEM and TEM. Development of long axes involved continued diffuse growth of the central medullary 

cord, resulting in destruction of the overlying cortex, disruption of the algal layer, and stimulation of profuse 

lateral branch formation. At the anatomical level, fungal cells of the medullary cord repeatedly deposit layered, 

electron-dense wall materials that include UV-epifluorescent components, and amorphous electron-transparent 

substances. As older wall materials accumulate peripherally, discontinuities appear in the electron-dense layers 

and new branch cells grow right through the older wall layers. Layered cell wall accumulations were similar to 

those observed previously in Ramalina menziesii, although somewhat less extensive and with a greater proportion 

of electron-dense/UV-epifluorescent components. 


THE TEPHROMELA ATRA SPECIES-COMPLEX: A CASE STUDY OF SYMBIOTIC SPECIES 

EVOLUTION 

Muggia L. 1 , Spribille T. 2 , Perez-Ortega S. 3 , Grube M. 1 

1 Institute of Plant Science, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

2 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States 

3 Department of Environmental Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain 

Tephromela atra is a cosmopolitan lichen species, which grows on different substrates and in different 

climatic conditions. It moreover exhibits a high degree of morphological heterogeneity. T. atra is therefore often 

seen as an unresolved species complex with difficult and controversial taxonomic interpretation of its infraspecific 

taxa. New species of the genus Tephromela (described from the Americas and the Southern Hemisphere in 

the last two decades) differ slighthly by chemical or morphological characters from European T. atra. A previous 

phylogenetic study of samples from the Mediterranean revealed the presence of diverse lineages of both the 

mycobiont and the photobiont partners. We expanded our ongoing work on the T. atra species-complex to 

include specimens from the whole range of its geographic distribution. We perform molecular and chemical 

analyses and culture experiments assess geographic distribution of genetic diversity and adaptation to climatic 

conditions of mycobionts and photobionts in the T. atra species complex. Our preliminary results show that 

saxicolous T. atra are chemically homogeneous, although they represent distinct haplotype groups. We found 

genetic divergence between cold regions or higher elevation and lower elevations and warmer climate. Corticolous 

Tephromela samples segregate in separate clades. T. atra associates with green photobionts belonging 

to six different Trebouxia clades. The wider sampling confirms that specimens from higher elevation and 

colder region associate preferentially with T. simplex, whereas the most common photobionts still undescribed 

Trebouxia sp. 1 and sp. 2, seem not to be restricted only to the Mediterranean region but occur also in the Northern 

Europe, Chile and Peru. 

24



RECONSTRUCTION OF ANCESTRAL STATES USING PHYLOGENIES: 

PARMELIACEAE AS A CASE STUDY 

Kauff F. 1 , Divakar P.K. 2 , Lumbsch H. T. 3 , Crespo A. 2 

1 Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany 

2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

3 Department of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, United States 

Parmelioid lichens are a diverse and ubiquitous group of foliose lichens. Molecular phylogenetic studies 

have confirmed or rejected the monophyly of various genera – some newer, some older - , and others, previously 

believed to be unrelated, fell within single monophyletic groups. Reliable phylogenies for the parmelioid 

lichens enable us to further address the question of character evolution in this challenging group of lichens. Our 

recent study of 762 specimens using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined datasets of up 

to four loci served as a starting point for a reconstruction of ancestral states for several nodes of interest. Maximum 

Likelihood and Bayesian Methods with the MESQUITE and BayesCharacters software packages were 

used, implementing and comparing binary and multistate character coding together with one- or multi-parameter 

models. All major monophyletic clades and subclades within the parmelioid lichens were analyzed for various 

sets of morphological and chemical chracters, e.g. growth form, habitat, epicortex, and others. For example, 

for the parmelioid lichens a non-pored epicortex with pseudocyphellae and the presence of usnic acid could be 

reconstructed, whereas growth form and habitat remain controversial depending on the methods used for reconstruction. 

For most of the investigated clades, results supported with statistical significance were not conflicting 

between Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods, or between binary and multistate character coding. 

However, the level of statistical support varied considerably for many reconstructions. Given the considerable 

size and complexity of our data set, our results suggest that in such cases, a given method for reconstruction of 

ancestral states may be inconclusive, and results should generally be compared with other methods or models 

in order to achieve reliable conclusions. 


MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY AND SPECIES DELIMITATION OF LICHEN IN THE GENUS 

CLADIA (LECANORALES, ASCOMYCOTA) 

Parnmen S. 1 , Rungsiruji A. 2 , Mongkolsuk P. 3 , Boonpragob K. 3 , Lumbsch H.T. 1 

1 Department of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

2 Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand 

3 Biology, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

Phylogenetic studies of the genera Cladia, Heterodea and Ramalinora as well as the Cladia aggregata 

complex were carried out using the ribosomal nuclear ITS and LSU, mitochondrial SSU, protein-coding Mcm7 

and protein-coding GAPDH DNA sequences. Bayesian, Maximum likelihood (ML) and Maximum parsimony 

(MP) methods together with General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) were employed. Based on different analyses, 

the foliose genus Heterodea and the crustose genus Ramalinora were nested within the fruticose genus 

Cladia. For the C. aggregata complex, analyses based on a combined data set of nuITS and protein-coding 

GAPDH under GMYC criteria revealed at least eleven distinct lineages. Almost all previously recognized species 

were intermixed within this complex. Causes of the disparity exhibited unusual morphological in this group are 

discussed. 

25 

2I-O


2I-O 


MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION, SPECIES CIRCUMSCRIPTION AND PHYLOGENETIC 

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE GENUS PECCANIA (LICHINACEAE) 

Schultz M. 1 

1 Plant Systematics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 

The genus Peccania of the cyanobacterial lichen family Lichinaceae (Lichinomycetes) contains at 

present approximately 12 species with a nearly worldwide distribution. Whereas the genus is very well defined 

by a set of correlating morphological characters it is often challanging to define proper species boundaries. The 

main reason for this is that the species are very uniform in thallus and fruit body anatomy. Likewise, asco- and 

conidiospore features are of poor diagnostic value. On the other hand, the thallus external shape and size may 

vary considerably among specimens of a particular species of Peccania or sometimes even within a single 

specimen. Examples of such morphologically very variable species are Peccania coralloides, P. arabica and 

P. terricola. The reasons behind the high plasticity in external morphology of the species are largely unknown. 

Also, variation in morphological characters such as growth form, lobe formation, branchings patterns etc. is often 

thought to be environmentally controlled or may change considerably according to the developmental stage of 

the lichen thallus under study. Finally, it is known that congruence in patterns of general growth form among 

lichens is often simply due to homoplasy and not because of common ancestry. For the members of the genus 

Peccania this results in rather fuzzy species circumscriptions and difficulties in species identification are notorious. 

Therefore, the traditional, morpho-species concepts of the species have been confronted with the results 

from a reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among the species. 68 specimens of Peccania representing 

almost all described species have been studied. Secondary structure guided ITS 1+2 sequence analyses 

suggest that most of the species are monophyletic, this being an impressive proof for the usefulness of 

morphology based, traditional species circumcriptions even in critical lichen groups with a generally much 

reduced morphology such as the Lichinaceae. Character mappings suggest that general growth form characters 

like “growth form dwarf-fruticose” or “lobate-fruticose” are highly homoplasious among Peccania species. On the 

other hand, the detection of monophyletic clades was helpfull in reassessing the boundaries between morphologically 

variable species. Finally, the presence of cryptic species cannot be excluded in dwarf-fruticose species 

complex of Peccania subnigra and P. fontqueriana. 

26



GOOD-BYE MORPHOLOGY, OR THREE CHEERS FOR NUANCE? MOLECULAR 

PHYLOGENETICS AND A POSTERIORI MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 

IN TWO CRUSTOSE LICHEN GENERA 

Spribille T. 1 , Grube M. 2 

1 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States 

2 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

Recent advances in molecular phylogenetic analyses of lichen mycobionts have revealed that many 

taxa traditionally assumed to represent single, widespread species in fact consist of multiple, genetically distinct 

lineages. Consistent with a current popular trend across biological disciplines, these have been interpreted by 

many authors as “cryptic species”. While some authors have highlighted the usefulness of molecular markers for 

elucidating relationships in morphologically subtle groups, others suggest that the morphological approach itself 

is problematic and leading lichenologists potentially to overlook large nodes of diversity. Detection of diagnostic 

signal in a morphological character set requires systematic testing of congruence of a wide range of traits with 

identified clades. In molecular studies of mycobionts in two morphology-poor crust lichen genera, Mycoblastus 

and Xylographa, we recently detected numerous previously overlooked monophyletic groups that by most 

current measures would be called cryptic species. In some cases our results quadruple or quintuple the number 

of species relative to classical concepts. We tested the null hypothesis of no congruence between phenotype 

and genotype by scoring traditional and non-traditional morphological and chemical traits against the resulting 

molecular clades. In both genera, we found nearly all lineages could be reliably recognized using phenotypic 

characters alone. Far from being problematic, reliance on morphology underlies nearly all hypothesis-testing in 

current lichen molecular phylogenetics from the proposal stage to final publication. Molecular phylogeneticists 

have a unique opportunity to support and be supported by field lichenologists in ongoing efforts to elucidate 

specific problems such as photobiont effects on morphology and convergent body plan evolution in symbiosis. 

Together they can make meaningful contributions to lichen conservation that go well beyond the lab bench. 

27 

2I-O

2A-1-O 


2A-1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution and diversity of 

the largest family of tropical crustose lichens 

(2A-1-O1) Submission ID: IAL0178-00001 

HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE FAMILY 

GRAPHIDACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA: OSTROPALES) 

Rivas Plata E. 1 

1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, Durham, United States 

Graphidaceae is the second largest family of lichenized fungi and the largest family of tropical lichens, 

with over 1,500 accepted species. Although the family forms the most important component of tropical lichen 

communities, it has only recently begun to be studied in detail. Based on revisionary work undertaken by our 

study group for the past ten years, there is now a solid systematic concept in place, with over 50 genera currently 

accepted (compared to less than 15 only ten years ago). However, several clades within the family still need 

further studies. This applies in particular to the Ocellularia clade, the second largest in the family. The objective 

of this study was to study aspects of the natural history of Graphidaceae that go beyond a purely taxonomic 

revision. The research is focused on the evolution and early diversification of the family, evolution of phenotypic 

characters correlated with environmental parameters and their use for classification, and the phylogeny and 

classification of the Ocellularia clade. The results indicate that Graphidaceae evolved and diversified about 

160–180 mya in the Jurassic, in accordance with the early evolution of modern tropical rainforests. Many of the 

characters used in the delimitation of genera evolved in parallel in unrelated lineages, suggesting ecological constraints 

as explanation. Molecular phylogeny of the Ocellularia clade detected several previously unrecognized 

lineages deserving generic status, and a formal revised classification is proposed. 


DILEMMAS IN SPECIES AND GENUS DELIMITATION IN E.G. GRAPHIDACEAE 

Aptroot A. 1 

1 ABL Herbarium, Soest, Netherlands 

In former days, a species was what the monographer judged a good species, and a genus a handy 

group of species. Since cladistics was introduced in taxonomy, genus and species delimitations have become 

open to more universal discussions. Especially now that sequences have become available for some species 

(albeit still for only a minority of lichen taxa), many new classifications are proposed solely on the prerogative that 

a taxon should be monophyletic. This dogma needs closer scrutiny. Taxa evolve, and every monophyletic group 

can become paraphyletic the moment that one daughter group becomes geographically or otherwise isolated. 

On closer examination, nearly all groups were paraphyletic at least part of their history. 

28



TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY OF LIRELLATE GRAPHIDACEAE (OSTROPALES) 

AT PHU LUANG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, THAILAND 

Poengsungnoen V. 1 , Mongkolsuk P. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 , Manoch L. 2 , Kalb K.J. 3 

1 Department of Biology, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

2 Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 

3 Botany, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany 

Our objective was to explore the diversity and distribution of lirellate Graphidaceae occurring in seven 

different forest types (coniferous forest, CF; dry dipterocarp forest, DDF; dry evergreen forest, DEF; lower 

montane scrub, LMS; lower montane rain forest, LMRF; mixed deciduous forest, MDF; and tropical rainforest, 

TRF) at Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary. Five hundred and thirty-one specimens were collected and identified to 

ninety-one taxa in sixteen genera (Acanthothecis, Carbacanthographis, Diorygma, Dyplolabia, Glyphis, Graphis, 

Fissurina, Hemithecium, Leiorreuma, Pallidogramme, Phaeographis, Platygramme, Platythecium, Sarcographa, 

Thalloloma and Thecaria). Thirty-five taxa are first records for Thailand, while 17 taxa were expected to be new 

species to science. The highest diversity, 63 species, was found in LMS, while in LMRF (36 species), MDF (31 

species), DDF (20 species) and TRF (14 species) were collected, and the lowest diversity in DEF (9 species) 

and CF (8 species). The genus Graphis showed the highest diversity with 35 species, and Dyplolabia afzelii, 

Diorygma hieroglyphicum, Graphis streblocarpa, Pallidogramme chrysenteron and Phaeographis sp. 2 are the 

most common species and are widespread in almost all forest types. 


MORPHO-CHEMOTAXONOMY OF THE GRAPHIDACEAE (SENSU LATO) LICHENS IN THE 

KALAHAN FOREST RESERVE OF NUEVA VIZCAYA, PHILIPPINES 

Tabaquero A. L. 1 , Bawingan P. A. 2 , Lücking R. 3 

1 Institute of Natural Sciences, Saint Mary’s University, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines 

2 School of Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines 


Graphidaceae lichens collected from the Kalahan Forest Reserve in Imugan, Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya, 

were evaluated for their morpho-anatomical and chemical features. Taxonomic characters of thallus (cortex, 

texture, color), ascocarp/lirellae (morph, form, emergence, branch, color, striation, thalline margin, rim color, 

disc color, pruina), exciple (carbonization), hypothecium (carbonization), hymenium (inspersion), and ascospore 

(number per ascus, shape, septation, number of locules, length, width, color and color reaction to Iodine solution) 

were observed and described. A total of 52 species distributed in 16 genera were identified. Two of the species 

are suspected to be species novae. Only three of the 52 species are thelotremoids; the rest are all graphidoids. 

Two-way hierarchical clustering of the identified lichens showed that lirellae morphology determines major 

groupings while ascospore shape and iodine reaction distinguish the genera Graphis, Thelotrema, and Glyphis. 

There were significant differences in the majority of the morpho-anatomical features between the clusters. There 

was no significant difference in the lichen acids present in them. 

29 

2A-1-O

2A-2-O 


2A-2: Parmeliaceae: improving our understanding of taxonomy, classification 

and biogeography 


MULTILOCUS PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF PARMELIACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA) 

DERIVED FROM PARSYS-10 

Divakar P. K. 1 , Lumbsch T. 2 , Wedin M. 3 , Bjerke J. 4 , Mccune B. 5 , Kauff F. 6 , Roca-Valiente, B. 1 , Nuñez-Zapata J. 1 , 

Del-Prado R. 1 , Ruibal C. 1 , Amo de Paz, G. 1 , Cubas, P. 1 , Ohmura Y. 7 , Leavitt S. 2 , Kristin Kolstø T. I4 , Elix J. A. 8 , 

Esslinger T. L. 9 , Ahti T. 10 , Benatti M. N. 11 ., Buaruang K. 12 , Candan M. 13 , Clerc P. 14 , Egan, R. S. 15 , Gavilán R. 1 , 

Gueidan C. 16 , Hawksworth D. L. 1 , Hur J-S. 17 , Kantvilas G. 18 , Mattsson J. E. 19 , Miadlikowska J. 20 , Molina, M.C. 21 , 

Millanes, A. 21 , Nelsen M. 2 , Randlane T. 22 , Rico V.J. 1 , Saag A. 22 , Schmitt I. 23 , Sipman, J. M. H. 24 , Sohrabi M. 10 , 

Thell A. 25 , Truong C. 14 , Upreti D. K. 2 . & Crespo A. 1 

1 Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

2 Botany, The Field Museum Chicago, Chicago, United States 

3 Cryptogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden 

4 Climate and The Environment, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Troms, Norway 

5 Dept. Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Cordley, Corvallis, United States 

6 Fb Biologie, Molecular Phylogenetics, TU Kaiserslautern, Postfach, Kaiserslautern, Germany 

7 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan 

8 Australian National University, Department of Chemistry, Canberra, Act, Australia 

9 Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States 

10 Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland 

11 Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, São Paulo, Brazil. 


13 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science , Akdeniz University , 07058 Antalya , Turkey 

14 Laboratoire de Systematique et Biodiversite, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Geneve, Chambesy, Switzerland 

15 University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 

16 Department of Molecular Studies, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

17 Sunchon National University, Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon, Korea 

18 Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

19 Department of Operational Efficiency, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden 

20 Biology, Duke University, Durham NC, United States 


22 Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia 

23 Adaptation and Climate, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Franfurt, Germany 

24 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 


Parmeliaceae is one of the largest lichen families in lichenized fungi, containing ca. 2,500 species 

distributed in 84 genera. It is characterized by cupulate exciple, Lecanora-type asci and mostly simple hyaline 

ascospores. Taxa included in the family are morphologically very diverse e.g. crustose, subcrustose, foliose and 

fruticose growth forms and widely distributed. In our previous PARSYS-08 project we published a solid classification 

of core group parmelioid lichen and re-circumscribed several genera based on multigene molecular data. 

Almost all the phylogenetic relation among the divergent groups of parmelioid lichens was well resolved, however 

the backbone of the main clades were not resolved with confidence. Likewise parmelioids, a large number 

of species included in other groups of the family has also worldwide distribution and the sheer number of species 

makes it advisable that different research groups join forces in the study of the phylogeny of these lichens. 

The current project PARSYS-10 planned during an EOL meeting in 2010, and we are presenting here following 

results: i) elucidation of evolutionary relationship among Parmeliaceae taxa; ii) a comprehensive and coherent 

classification at generic level for Parmeliaceae. The following six molecular markers are included in the study, 

nuclear ribosomal regions, ITS and nuLSU rDNA, mitochondral SSU rDNA, and protein coding genes RPB1, 

Mcm7 and tsr1. Single-gene and combined data sets were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, 

and Bayesian methods. 

30



MAKING SENSE OF CRYPTIC DIVERSITY, BIOGEOGRAPHY, AND DIVERSIFICATION IN 

LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI - A STUDY OF BROWN PARMELIOID LICHENS 

(PARMELIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) 

Leavitt S. 1 , Chatwin W. 2 , Garcia S. 1 , Esslinger T. E. 3 , Lumbsch T. 1 

1 Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

2 Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States 

3 Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States 

While many lichen-forming fungal lineages have geographically restricted distributions, there is 

mounting evidence that transoceanic dispersal is common within some lichen associations. However, cryptic 

lineages within morphologically and chemically circumscribed taxa likely confound our understanding of the 

role of biogeography and long-distance dispersal in many broadly distributed species. In this study we address 

species circumscription and biogeographic patterns in two closely related, and notoriously challenging, parmelioid 

lichen genera (Melanelixia and Melanohalea) with broad distributions throughout the northern Hemisphere. 

Using DNA sequence data from ca. 650 individuals we address current morphological/chemical species 

circumscriptions, identify previously unrecognized lineages, and discuss biogeographical patterns. Although 

many clades are largely congruent with traditionally circumscribed taxa, some morphologically indistinguishable 

groups (cryptic species) are recovered in multiple, distinct genetic lineages in both Melanelixia and Melanohalea. 

Strong nodal support and reciprocal monophyly in independent gene trees suggest long-term reproductive 

isolation between most lineages. While many lineages are truly widespread and support the hypothesis of 

common transoceanic dispersal, a limited number of clades appear to have much more restricted distributional 

ranges. We also estimate net diversification rates between Melanelixia and Melanohalea and calculate the difference 

between them. Incorporating Bayesian divergence time estimation, we explore potential explanations 

for differences in diversification rates and biogeographic patterns. 


MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND SPECIES DELIMITATION IN MENEGAZZIA 

(PARMELIACEAE) 

Tronstad I. K. 1 , Myles B. C. 2 , Grube M. 3 , Bjerke J. 4 

1 Tromso University Museum, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway 

2 Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Palmerston North, New Zealand 

3 Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

4 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromso, Norway 

The genus Menegazzia has its main distribution in the Southern Hemisphere and is particularly species-rich 

in temperate forests in South America and Oceania and in mountainous regions close to equator. More 

than 70 species have been described, but species new to science are still being discovered. Recent comparative 

studies have also shown some formerly separated species to be conspecific, which has led to revisions of 

distribution maps. In this study Menegazzia specimens from South America, Australasia, North America, and 

Europe have been collected for molecular analysis to elucidate the phylogeny of this genus based on three loci 

(nuITS, nuLSU and mtSSU). The results suggest that the genus comprises a large proportion of endemic species 

and that chemistry is an important character for species delimitation. Further results will be presented, and 

some implications for species delimitation within the genus will be discussed. 

31 

2A-2-O

2A-2-O 



GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF CETRARIA ACULEATA POPULATIONS ALONG 

A WIDE LATITUDINAL TRANSECT 

Fernandez Mendoza F. 1 , Printzen C. 2 

1 Biodiversitat und Klima Forschungszentrum, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

2 Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Frankfurt Am 

Main, Germany 

Many lichen species that occur at high latitudes are common to both hemispheres, showing a bipolar 

disjunct distributional pattern. The fruticose lichen Cetraria aculeata, as many other bipolar species, also 

spreads into lower latitudes, into temperate and tropical high mountains and dry temperate lowlands. With this 

study we aim to explore the historical and geographical processes that determined its current distribution. The 

geographical distribution of species has frequently been interpreted in terms of vicariance and dispersal events. 

The relative importance of these two processes in the evolution of a species is very difficult to partial out. In the 

case of bipolar lichens, and other widely distributed taxa, their distribution has been interpreted in two opposed 

ways: a) they had extremely large ancestral ranges, or b) they are/were able to disperse across long ranges. In 

this work the lichen C. aculeata was studied from the perspective of population and evolutionary genetics on a 

transect joining south and north polar regions along the Andes and the Rocky mountains. Our results suggest 

that this species originated in the Northern Hemisphere and advanced progressively towards the Antarctic using 

available patches of suitable habitats on high mountain ranges. The genetic structure of populations suggests 

the absence of long range connectivity between extant populations. Population size reconstructions suggest that 

the species underwent at least one population expansion in the past followed by a more recent contraction. It 

seems likely that mid and long range dispersal lead to a transient increase in population size and a subsequent 

increase of geographical range during the Pleistocene, Our data suggest that extant regional populations result 

from the concurrence of two separate processes: a) population and range expansion, and a posterior b) population 

fragmentation leading to the appearance of vicariant demes. The geographical extent and temporal patterns 

of range and population size expansions and contractions during the Pleistocene glaciations should be further 

explored. 

32



PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS VULPICIDA AND DELIMITATION OF THE SPECIES 

Saag L. 1 , Mark K. 2 , Saag A. 2 , Thell A. 3 , Randlane T. 2 

1 Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia 


3 The Biological Museums, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 

The morphological group of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) with erect foliose/subfruticose thallus, 

marginal apothecia and pycnidia, and production of the Cetraria-type lichenan contains nearly 150 species in 

over 20 genera, of which c. 90 species and 15 genera form a monophyletic clade, the so-called ‘cetrarioid core’. 

Many genera in the cetrarioid core group are narrowly defined relative to other genera in the Parmeliaceae and 

so the genus delimitations of cetrarioid lichens is still in focus. The genus Vulpicida, belonging to the cetrarioid 

core, consists of six species of lichenized fungi: V. canadensis, V. juniperinus, V. pinastri, V. tubulosus, V. tilesii 

and V. viridis. The genus is distributed in the temperate and arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and its 

species are characterized by a unique set of secondary metabolites, pinastric and vulpinic acids, that are products 

of the shikimic acid pathway and cause an intense yellow color of the medulla. The morphological recognition 

of the genus is easy due to this impressive character, but the monophyly of the genus has not been shown 

with confidence and the evolutionary relationships between the species have remained unclear. The delimitation 

of, and the relationships between, all six Vulpicida species using nuclear ITS and Mcm7, and mitochondrial 

SSU DNA sequences have been analysed. Over 100 Vulpicida specimens, 10–30 samples of each taxon, 

were analysed together with species from the cetrarioid core group. Gene trees from Bayesian and parsimony 

analyses are presented, as well as the coalescent-based Bayesian species trees. Morphologically similar and 

not easily separable V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus are divided into two clearly distinguished groups in the gene 

trees. However, these species are mixed in both clades, appearing polyphyletic. In contrast, they form one intermixed 

clade in the species tree, supporting their synonymization. Vulpicida pinastri appears monophyletic, while 

V. tilesii sequences also group with V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus. Two further species, V. canadensis and V. 

viridis, with limited North American distributions and a different shape of the pycnoconidia (citriform instead of 

sublageniform) appear outside the clade of the other four taxa in the multilocus trees. 

33 

2A-2-O

2B-O 


2B: Forest lichens: their ecology and distribution 


ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF LICHENS IN THAILAND 

Polyiam W. 1 , Pangpet M. 1 , Wannalux B. 1 , Boonpeng C. 1 , Santanoo S. 1 , Pohjaroen W. 1 , 

Senglek S. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


The ecological study of lichens in Thailand started in 1990. It involved using lichens to monitor air quality 

in Bangkok. Long term ecological projects were subsequently developed by using Khao Yai National Park as 

a permanent study site. It involved five main areas of concern. The first project involved the continuous use of 

lichens to monitor air quality in Bangkok and its environs. It consisted of species composition in low, medium and 

high polluted areas as well as accumulation of toxic pollutants and physiological damages of lichens transplanted 

to those areas. The second project involved the long term effects of different tropical ecosystems on the longevity 

and growth of lichens. It was found that lichens in humid tropic have shorter thallus longevity in comparison 

to those in temperate region. Their growth rates averaged 6.3 and 2.8 mm/year for foliose and crustose lichens, 

respectively. The third project involved the spatial distribution of lichens in tropical ecosystems and the vertical 

stratification of lichen communities. The effects of microclimate on the survival and growth of species transplanted 

to different ecosystems were studied. It was found that lichens originally inhabited in warm forests survive better 

when transplanted to cooler climates. However, in contrast, lichens initially populated in cool forests are barely 

able to adapt to warmer climates. The fourth project involved seasonal variations in carbon dioxide assimilation 

by lichens and the production of lichen substances under the conditions of varying ecosystems. Seasonal variations 

along these parameters were found. The fifth project involved in situ transplantation of lichens to artificial 

substrates to enhance the production of lichens for purposes of conservation and sustainable utilization. 

34



CORTICOLOUS LICHEN COMMUNITIES AS INDICATORS OF VEGETATION TYPES ALONG 

ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN KNUCKLES MOUNTAIN RANGE - SRI LANKA 

Weerakoon G. S. 1 , Mccune B. 2 , Wolseley P. 3 , Wijeyaratne S. C. 1 

1 Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Colombo, Sri Lanka 

2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Oregon, United States 

3 Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

Knuckles Mountain Range is a world heritage site within the central massif of Sri Lanka covering 21,000 

ha and ranging from 400 to 1,900m altitude. At the higher altitudes montane and submontane forests occur giving 

way to disturbed secondary forests and to plantations of tea, Acacia and Pinus. This study of corticolous 

lichens was undertaken in all forest and plantation types in order to determine differences in assemblages and 

their association with environmental and microclimatic conditions, and to test for potential indicator species. 

Eighteen plots of 100x100 m were set up representing 8 vegetation types and 6 altitude classes. Lichen species 

and percentage cover were recorded in five microplots on 10 randomly selected tree trunks. Environmental 

parameters included bark type and pH, DBH, canopy cover and light intensity. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling 

(NMS) provided a graphical depiction of community relationships and habitat variables among 146 species 

recorded, using Beals smoothing to compensate for high beta diversity. Nonmetric-Multi-Response Permutation 

Procedure (MRPP) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) was carried to test for differences between groups and 

to identify species associated with the groups. The first axis of the NMS represented 33.4% of the variation in 

species composition coinciding with vegetation types and altitude classes. Highest diversity was recorded in 

montane forest including low frequency species belonging to Chlorophyceae and consistent contribution by 

tropical family Graphidaceae and genus Sticta. Rapidly invasive species were found in exotic plantations with 

lowest diversity. ISA indicated that forty percent of the lichen species recorded occurred frequently throughout 

and significant indicator values were recorded for 46 species that are exclusive to one habitat type or to one 

elevation class. This study has shown that lichens are potentially useful bioindicators to assess degree of disturbance 

and ecological continuity in the montane tropics. 

35 

2B-O

2B-O 



OCCURRENCE AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF MACRO-LICHENS AMONG TROPICAL 

DECIDUOUS FOREST OF SHIMOGA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN INDIA 

Vinayaka K. S. 1 , Krishnamurthy Y. 1 

1 Dept. of Botany, Kuvempu University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India 

In the present investigation the diversity, distribution and host specificity of macro-lichens of tropical 

deciduous forests of Shimoga district, India was studied. During intensive field exploration 61 species of macrolichens 

classified in 23 genera and belonging to 9 families were found. The family Physciaceae is dominating with 

21 species, followed by Parmeliaceae with 17 species. The corticolous lichens dominate with representing about 

85% of the recorded species, while about 10% of the species were saxicolous. About 80% of the species were 

foliose and about 20% fruticose. Roughly 70% lichens have green algae as photobionts and 30% cyanobacteria 

associated as photobiont. In a heterogeneous forest land the diversity of lichens is variable as the supporting 

host trees provide space for different types of lichens. Some of the macrolichens were found to have a broad 

amplitude. This includes Leptogium sp. Parmotrema tinctorum, P. cristiferum, Ramalina pacifica, and Usnea sp. 

Parmotrema tinctorum had the widest amplitude and was found growing on 9 different host tree species among 

the selected 30 host species. The most important host species were Terminalia paniculata, Spondias pinnata, 

Polyalthea sp., Bombax ceiba, Ziziphus sp., Delonix regia, Mangifera indica but they did not occur on the bark 

of Xylia xylocarpa, Tectona grandis, Lagistromia lanceoata and Adina cordifolia. The pH value of the bark varies 

between 3.73 (Santalum album) and 6.84 (Canthium sp.). Most of the lichens prefer acidic bark and moisture 

content varies from Terminalia tomentosa (40.24%) to Ficus racemosa (84.27%). The lichens showed preference 

for certain trees mostly based on the nature of bark and its microelements and chemical composition. 


EPIPHYTIC LICHEN COMMUNITIES IN BOREAL CONIFER FORESTS OF PACIFIC COAST 

OF NORTHEAST ASIA (RUSSIA) 

Velikanov A. 1 , Skirina I. 2 

1 Laboratory of Geobotany, Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Vladivostok, Russia 

2 Landscape and Environment Research Center, Pacific Institute of Geography, Vladivostok, Russia 

A study of lichen communities was carried out in humid boreal conifer forests on the Pacific coast of 

Northeast Asia. The main goal was to describe the structure of lichen communities and to reveal their relationships 

to ecological factors. The three most common conifer tree species in the region were chosen for lichen 

sampling: Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis and Pinus koraiensis. 85 study plots were established on trunks 

of these trees in two main locations representing intact oldgrowth forest ecosystems. Species composition and 

a relative cover of each species were recorded for each plot. A total of 90 lichen species were identified. Using 

Ward’s cluster analysis we defined 9 main lichen synusiae. Using statistical analytic tools we assessed the relationships 

between lichen communities and various environmental conditions, including large-scale factors (like 

geographic location and climate), mid-scale (forest type, relief) and small-scale factors (bark morphology, trunk 

aspect, height of the plot above ground). Large-scale factors proved to have the most influence on community 

composition, while some more local conditions showed a facultative influence, if any. Lichen species were also 

compared for coenotic activity (ability to dominate the communities) and frequency. Graphis scripta, Menegazzia 

terebrata and Parmelia squarrosa appeared to be the leading species in both aspects. 

36



USING LICHENS TO EVALUATE TASMANIAN FORESTS 

Kantvilas G. 1 , Jarman J. 1 

1 Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Tasmanian Herbarium, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 

Lichens are a major component of forest biodiversity in Tasmania. However, using them to explore 

broader ecological questions such as forest history, structure and composition is very much in its early stages, 

unlike in Europe, for example, where the role of lichens as indicators of forest age and continuity is well-established. 

In Tasmania, complications arise because the lichens are still incompletely known taxonomically; the 

ecology and distribution of many species is likewise incompletely documented; there is a political imperative to 

contribute lichen information to the forest management debate, even with incomplete data; and there is only a 

limited understanding in the broader community of lichens themselves, their life-history and their habit ecology. 

Comparisons of lichens from unlogged and from harvested, regenerating forests is one way that lichens can 

contribute to the forestry debate. These comparisons can be undertaken in various ways; for example, using 

indices of diversity, comparison of species composition, or comparing abundance of particular taxa. However, 

these approaches do not fully take into account that species have individual responses to disturbance, different 

habitat requirements and different conservation status. We present a preliminary classification of Tasmanian forest 

lichens based on general field observations, targeted study of particular species, targeted study of particular 

sites, and herbarium records. This classification offers a tool whereby the ecological quality of forest sites can 

be evaluated. 


ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA: 

IS IT AN ENDANGERED SPECIES IN SPAIN? 

Rubio-Salcedo M. 1 , Martínez I. 1 , Merinero S. 1 , Otálora M. G. 1 

1 Biology and Geology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain 

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the key variables affecting Lobaria pulmonaria populations, 

considering its ecology and population dynamics. For this purpose we defined environmental, demographic 

and physiological variables in two different habitats establishing 4 plots in central Spain: 2 of them in 

oak forests (Quercus pyrenaica), and 2 more in beech forests (two 1 ha, two 0.25 ha plots). All trees in each 

plot were georeferenced, described and marked. Location, size, status, and presence of sexual and/or asexual 

reproductive structures of all L. pulmonaria individuals in each plot were registered. Per plot, 200 individuals 

were randomly selected and marked. Semiannually, pictures of those 800 individuals are being taken in order to 

estimate potential reproductive changes and/or size variation. Monthly, we are also recording the physiological 

variable Fv/Fm of those 800 individuals, as a stress indicator (at noon and at predawn). Besides, 360 sampling 

squares (20x20cm) have also been set to find out L. pulmonaria establishment rates. Environmental factors 

determining presence, abundance, size and reproductive capability will be analyzed using Generalized Lineal 

Models and Generalized Lineal Mixed Models. Currently, 11680 L. pulmonaria individuals have been described. 

Trees hosting L. pulmonaria individuals are thicker and have rougher bark. Lobaria pulmonaria shows different 

patterns depending on forest type and among plots. One of the plots presents much lower population density 

than the other three (100 individuals/ha vs. 9,000 individuals/ha). Phorophytes differences were also found on 

height distribution pattern (individuals on beech grow grouped in the lower (

2B-O 



TESTING HYPOTHESES OF THE DECLINE OF THE CRITICALLY ENDANGERED 

ERIODERMA PEDICELLATUM (PANNARIACEAE) 

Cornejo C. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P.M.Jørg. is a critically endangered foliose lichen species growing exclusively 

on the bark of conifers. It is restricted to three disjunct geographic areas (Western Scandinavia, Atlantic 

Canada and Alaska). The photobiont of this lichen is the cyanobacterium Rhizonema sp., a rarely reported 

photobiont in lichen-forming fungi. Compared to most other lichen species, E. pedicellatum’s juvenile thalli are 

only rarely found and, consequently, known populations suffered a dramatic decrease during the last decades. 

To find causes of this decline, we tested two different hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that the availability of 

the free-living photobiont might limit the establishment of the lichen phenotype. Second, we studied the fungal 

genetic variation and populations structure. In order to test the first hypothesis, we characterized molecularly 

the photobiont of E. pedicellatum based on sequences (SSU nrRNA and RuBisCo) and investigated if several 

other lichen species, which form a characteristic epiphytic lichen community with E. pedicellatum, associate 

with related photobiont species in forest areas of the Avalon Peninsula (Newfoundland). Indeed, we found that 

E. pedicellatum and Coccocarpia palmicola (Sprengel) Arv. & D.J. Galloway share the same Rhizonema strain 

and the photobionts of other lichens of the same community are close related with this strain. Furthermore, we 

detected the cyanobacterial strain associated with E. pedicellatum in free-living populations in forest stands 

where neither E. pedicellatum nor C. palmicola are currently present. Thus, the photobiont of E. pedicellatum 

has a wider distribution than the lichen and the photobiont limitation hypothesis had to be rejected. For the study 

of fungal genetic structure of populations, we developed mycobiont-specific microsatellite markers and our results 

showed low variation within populations on the Avalon Pensinsula. Work is ongoing to evaluate the genetic 

variation between populations of the Avalon Peninsula and specimens from Alaska. Ultimately, these studies will 

give new perspectives in the understanding of population dynamics of E. pedicellatum. Such data give valuable 

insight on how conservation strategies can be developed that guarantee the long-term persistence of this critically 

endangered boreal felt lichen. 


DIVERSITY, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, AND SPATIAL PATTERNS OF MACROLICHENS IN 

A TEMPERATE FOREST MAPPED PLOT IN SANTA CRUZ, CALIFORNIA 

Kraichak E. 1 , Carter B. E. 1 , Shaffer J. 2 , Gilbert G. S. 3 

1 Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States 

2 Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States 

3 Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States 

We recorded the cover class of macrolichen species on the trunks of all woody plants with the diameter 

at breast height (DBH) greater than two cm in a six-hectare mixed evergreen forest plot in Santa Cruz, California, 

USA. Twenty nine species of macrolichens were found on 31 host species. Out of 7,984 trunks surveyed, 46.43 

percent contained at least one lichen species. Species richness increased significantly with the DBH, but the rate 

of increase varied among species of host trees (Generalized Linear Model; P < 0.001). While there was no clear 

clustering of lichen communities based on their host species, the majority of lichen species (20 of 29) occupied 

5 or fewer host species. Dissimilarity among communities was correlated with geographical distance between 

host trees (Mantel’s Test, r = 0.04, P = 0.001). The results suggested that spatial and stochastic processes may 

play a more important role than niche-based, deterministic processes in assembly of lichen communities in this 

temperate forest plot. 

38


3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and ecological roles of 

metabolites in lichens 

(3I - O1) Submission ID: IAL0144-00001 

GAINING NEW INSIGHTS INTO LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLISM: ECOLOGICAL FAC- 

TORS TRIGGER CHEMOSYNDROMIC VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES OF THE GENUS 

XANTHOPARMELIA AND NOVEL TECHNIQUES TO DECIPHER THE GENETIC POTENTIAL 

OF POLYKETIDE BIOSYNTHESIS IN A CULTURED METABOLITE-PRODUCING MYCOBIONT 

Stocker-Wörgötter E. 1 

1 University of Salzburg, Organismic Biology, Salzburg, Austria 

The ecological role and functions of secondary metabolites, particularly medullary compounds, has 

been extensively discussed among lichenologists since a long time. Variations in medullary chemistry within 

many lichen families and genera have generated debate over the recognition of “chemical species”. A series 

of patterns of chemical variations have been identified as replacement-type substances, accessory-type 

compounds, acid deficient, acid additive strains and also the occasional presence of chemosyndromes, even 

overlapping chemosyndromes have been reported. In many lichen groups, which have been screened for the 

content of lichen substances by TLC and HPLC analyses, major compounds in a particular taxon are often accompanied 

by minor, biosynthetically related satellite compounds, which in turn may become predominant in 

closely related taxa – this is known as chemosyndromic variation. Variations in chemical composition of secondary 

metabolites in lichens have been used as important taxonomic characters at different levels in lichen 

systematic. The precise taxonomic significance of such variation has been often discussed but may be best 

understood a posteriori and in conjunction with other characters. Chemical analyses indicate that substantial 

chemical variation is possible both within a species and among closely related species. Chemosyndromic variation 

has been correlated with morphology (differences in chemistry co-occurring with morphological, anatomical 

differences), geographic variation (reproductive isolation) and also with ecology. Our recent investigations with 

Australian and European species of the genus Xanthoparmelia have mainly focused on ecological factors that 

may be responsible for chemosyndromic variation within Australian species like Xanthoparmelia antleriformis, 

X. cheelii, X. filarszkyana, X. flavescentireagens, X. lineola, X. metaclystoides, X. substrigosa, X. tasmanica, X. 

flavecentireagens, and X. conspersa from Europe. Distinct medullary chemistries, growth forms, and the production 

of vegetative diaspores have been found to have evolved independently multiple times in Xanthoparmelia. 

Chemical variation was also studied in cultured mycobionts. One mycobiont (X. flavecentireagens) cultured in 

large scale/desiccation stress that yielded a complete chemosyndrome was selected to decipher the PKS genes 

coding for the respective PKSs, e.g. for norlobaridone, loxodin (medullary depsidones) and usnic acid (cortical 

dibenzofuran). 

39 

3I-O


3I-O 

(3I-02) Submission ID: IAL0288-00001 

IDENTIFICATION OF LICHEN COMPOUNDS USING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Fankhauser J. D. 1 , Elix J. A. 2 , Schmitt I. 3 , Lumbsch H. T. 4 

1 Plant Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States 

2 Australian National University, Department of Chemistry, Canberra, Act, Australia 

3 Adaptation and Climate, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Franfurt, Germany 

4 Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, Il, United States 

The utility of identifying lichen compounds is undeniable; whether for broad taxonomic studies or the 

description of new lichen species. While TLC is the most widely applied method of detection there are obvious 

shortcomings inherent to the method. The use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography is becoming the preferred 

method of lichen compound identification. We have developed a library of over 1,000 lichen compounds 

using herbarium material and authentic purified substances. Although not yet mainstream in many lichenologists’ 

laboratories the use of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry provides 

additional information is an exciting way to explore lichen chemistry. Using accurate mass measurements and 

statistical methods it is possible to not only identify known compounds and test their relevance to a particular 

taxonomic conjecture, but also to quickly identify potentially unfamiliar lichen specific secondary metabolites. 


SNAILS AVOID THE MEDULLA OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA AND L. SCROBICULATA 

DUE TO PRESENCE OF SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 

Asplund J. 1,2 

1 Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway 

2 Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden 

Lichens are frequently grazed by various invertebrates, such as snails and slugs. However, these 

gastropods discriminate between the various layers of the lichen thallus. Likewise, carbon based secondary 

compounds (CBSCs), some of which are known to deter lichenivores, are unevenly distributed between the 

various layers. In this study, the degree of rejection of medullary CBSCs by gastropods is investigated. The snail 

Cochlodina laminata was offered the lichens Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata with and without CBSCs. 

The secondary compounds were removed by rinsing dry thalli in acetone. The snails completely avoided the 

medulla of thalli with natural levels of CBSCs. However, they grazed through all layers perpendicularly after 

these compounds had been removed. Hence, the medullary compounds restrict feeding by gastropods to the 

cortical and sometimes also the photobiont layer. 

40



ACETONE-EXTRACTABLE COMPOUNDS PROTECT LICHENS AGAINST MOLLUSCS 

Černajová I. 1 , Svoboda D. 1 

1 Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic 

It is a well-known fact that lichens produce numerous unique secondary metabolites. Various functions 

have been proved for them and recently a lot of evidence that one of the ecological roles, at least for some species, 

is protection against grazers has been gathered (eg. Pöykkö et al. 2005, Nimis & Skert 2006, Asplund et 

al. 2010). In our study we tested the hypothesis that acetone-extractable compounds protect selected epiphytic 

species of the Parmeliaceae family against lichenivorous molluscs. We chose 6 species with diverse secondary 

compounds – Parmelia sulcata, P. saxatilis, Melanelixia fuliginosa, M. subaurifera, M. glabra, Parmelina tiliacea 

and 2 species with no secondary metabolites detected by t.l.c.(Smith et al. 2009) – Melanohalea exasperatula 

and M. exasperata. Two species of molluscs with different ecological strategies were selected – Lehmannia 

marginata and Cochlodina cerata. Following the method of Solhaug and Gauslaa (2001) for acetone-rinsing 

and adjusting the design of Gauslaa (2005) we set an experiment - lichen thalli were cut into two halves and 

one of them was rinsed in acetone. The two halves were put in each of ten glass containers together with two 

individuals of a mollusc species. The same procedure was used for all the lichen-mollusc species combinations. 

Afterwards the amount of thallus consumed was calculated. A strong preference for the acetone-rinsed thallus 

part was observed for all the species containing secondary lichen compounds. The results are reliable at p


3I-O 


ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES AGAINST POTENTIAL 

COMPETITORS FOR ROCK SURFACES 

Favero-Longo S. E. 1 , Gazzano C. 1 , Piervittori R. 1 

1 Dip. Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy 

Lichen secondary metabolites (LSM) are known to determine allelopathic effects on soil and mycorrhizal 

fungi, and on the spore/seed germination and early growth stages of bryophytes and vascular plants, thus 

likely supporting the competition of terricolous lichens for soil surfaces. In the current study, laboratory and field 

assays were performed to evaluate the potential allelopathic effects of LSM against potential competitors of saxicolous 

lichens for rock surfaces. Usnic acid, norstictic acid and parietin, solubilized in water, water-acetone 90:10 

mixture and pure acetone, were tested against microcolonial fungi (MCF: Coniosporium apollinis, C. perforans, 

C. uncinatum, Phaeococcomyces cfr. chersonesus), black yeasts (BY: Sarcinomyces petricola), green algae 

(GA: Apatococcus lobatus, Scenedesmus ecornis) and cyanobacteria (CY: Pleurocapsa minor, Lyngbya sp.). 

The common biocide benzalkonium chloride (1%) was used as positive control. Fungal, algal and cyanobacterial 

colonies, cultured on standard media (MEA, Trebouxia-Medium, BG11), were poured with 50 μl of each solution 

and their areal growth was monitored for one month using image analysis (WinCAM software). Field assays on 

black patinas on the walls of the Roman Theatre of Aosta (NW-Italy) were also performed, using epifluorescence 

microscopy to check the algal and cyanobacterial sensibility. The different MCF species showed a slightly different 

sensibility to the different LSM solutions, but in all the cases the three metabolites in the water-acetone 

mixture (ca. 0.05 mM) and usnic acid in water (0.02 mM) determined the highest growth inhibition, displaying 

the same effects of benzalkonium chloride. On the other hand, all the LSM solutions did not significantly affect 

or even increased the areal growth of algal and cyanobacterial colonies. Epifluorescence observations of the 

treated photosynthetic microorganisms in laboratory confirmed that most of cells were still emitting a strong red 

fluorescence. However, in the field patinas, algal and cyanobacterial cells showed a higher sensibility to LSM, 

more often displaying an epifluorescence decrease in the treated areas with respect to negative controls. In conclusion, 

LSM may play a significant role in lichen competition for rock surfaces. LSM may be a potential resource 

for the MCF control on rocks, avoiding the use of human-toxic biocides. 

42



ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE RESPONSE OF RAMALINA FARINACEA TO LEAD 

Barreno E. 1 , Diaz-Rodriguez C. 2 , Catala M. 2 

1 Botany, Inst. Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia, Burjassot, Spain 

2 Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, Spain 

Nitric oxide is a small multifaceted molecule with a plethora of biological functions. The roles of NO in 

biotic and abiotic stress are especially relevant and an involvement of NO in the establishment of symbiotic relationships 

(i.e. mycorrhizae) has been described. Despite its relevance, NO production in lichens has only been 

described recently and its roles are unknown. Both pro-oxidant and antioxidant functions have been described 

for NO and a recent study made in our laboratories suggests that during lichen rehydration NO seems to be 

related with contention of oxidative damage and chlorophyll stabilization. Preliminary studies have also showed 

that NO is important in the regulation of oxidative damage exerted by the air pollutant cumene hydroperoxide 

during rehydration. The toxic mechanisms of heavy metals, such as Pb, involve both the inhibition of enzymes 

and the production of free radicals. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of Pb in the intracellular 

oxidative burst occurred during rehydration and the role of NO in the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. Intracellular 

ROS specific fluorescent probe, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) has been used. ROS 

kinetics and chlorophyll autofluorescence have been recorded during the first minutes after rehydration. Lipid 

peroxidation and NO-endproducts have been quantified at different time points. NO specific inhibitor c-PTIO has 

been used in order to elucidate NO functions. The results show that Pb induces decreases in intracellular ROS 

production and lipid peroxidation during rehydration; although a decrease in chlorophyll autofluorescence has 

also been observed. NO inhibition during Pb-conditioned rehydration does not affect the studied parameters. 

We conclude that NO is not involved in lichen response to Pb. Lichen tolerance to moderate doses of Pb may be 

related to the induction of a compensatory response known as hormesis. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429-C02-01/02), 

AECID (PCI_A_l024755/09) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 

43 

3I-O


4I-O 

4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific region 


THE OCEANEAN LICHEN REALM 

Feuerer T. 1 

1 Biozentrum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 

Based on 280,000 data sets of distributional, morphological, anatomical and chemical data a global 

biodiversity analysis is calculated. It produces six units, the Oceanian unit one of it. The pattern of floral realms 

differs between lichens and vascular plants, where Oceania has no independent position. The historical and 

ecological reasons for the deviation between these groups of organisms are explained. A similarity calculation of 

the Oceanean lichen checklist in relation to those of all continents results in e.g. lists of species common to the 

respective units and a classification of distributional patterns. The lichens of Hawaii, the most isolated island 

group in the world, are investigated with emphasis. An enlarged checklist of the islands based on recent collections 

is presented. 120 Hawaiian lichen species have been barcoded. The relation between the Hawaiian 

lichen biota and those of North America and Asia is investigated by molecular methods. Their phylogeography 

is discussed. 


AN OVERVIEW OF LICHEN DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 

IN WESTERN GHATS, INDIA 

Nayaka S. 1 , Upreti D. K. 1 

1 Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India 

To be precise, till date, 2,358 lichen species are recorded from India. Among eight Lichenogeographical 

regions of India Western Ghats (WG) and Himalayas are undoubtedly lichen diversity hotspots. WG stretches 

from Tapti Valley in north to the Kanyakumari in the south, and covers as many as six states with dense tropical 

moist broadleaf forests. A total of 1,155 lichen taxa belonging to 1,136 species, 19 infraspecific taxa, 193 

genera and 54 families are reported so far from the WG. Most of these taxa (745 spp.) are recorded from Nilgiri 

Biosphere Reserve in Tamil Nadu. The region is dominated by crustose (727 spp.) and corticolous (986 spp.) 

lichens. The flora of WG contains a large number of taxa belonging to Graphidaceous (182 spp.), Pyrenocarpous 

(175 spp.), Parmelioid (125 spp.), Thelotremataceous (78 spp.) and Arthonioid (72 spp.) lichen communities. 

Further, Graphidaceae and Graphis are most dominant family and genus with 182 and 72 species respectively. 

Parmeliaceae (173 spp.), Physciaceae (118 spp.) and Thelotremataceae (87 spp.) are the other major families, 

while Pyrenula (50 spp.), Parmotrema (45 spp.) and Usnea (41 spp.) are the other important genus. The WG 

is represented by 266 endemic taxa and a large proportion of it includes species described in the recent years 

(neoendemics). This trend clearly indicates the tremendous opportunity for lichen systematics in the region. 

However, the lichen diversity in WG is under threat and over harvesting of economically valued species emerges 

as one of the major threat. The lacunae those prevents initiation of conservation measures in WG includes lack of 

quantitative data, inadequate ecological information, infrequent of observations, and absence of floras, checklist 

and threatened taxa list. Hence, gathering quantitative data at spatial, temporal and taxa levels has become a 

prerequisite in lichen conservation, which would help in identifying threatened taxa or vulnerable habitats. 

44



THE GENUS STAUROTHELE IN VIETNAM: SPECIES DIVERSITY AND 

PHYLOGENETIC PLACEMENT 

Gueidan C. 1 

1 Botany, Natural History museum, London, United Kingdom 

The Verrucariaceae is a mostly lichenized family comprising a large number of crustose saxicolous 

species (e.g., Verrucaria, Staurothele, Polyblastia, Thelidium). These crustose species are especially diverse on 

calcareous substrates, where they often are one of the main elements of the lichen flora. They are particularly 

diverse in the Mediterranean-type and the temperate to cold temperate climates. In the wet Tropics, they are 

only poorly studied so that their diversity and distribution is virtually unknown. A fieldtrip organized by the Natural 

History Museum in London and the Vietnam National Museum of Nature in Hanoi allowed the author to collect 

and study some specimens of crustose epilithic Staurothele from diverse localities in Northern Vietnam. The 

morphological study of these specimens suggests that they belong to four different species, but none of them 

seem to have been reported and treated in recent works on Staurothele. Molecular data (based on nuITS and 

nuLSU) show that none of these specimens are in fact Staurothele, but they all belong to the mostly squamulose 

genus Endocarpon. They form four to seven lineages of almost identical sequences, and are closely related to 

Endocarpon diffractellum, a species of Staurothele recently transferred to the genus Endocarpon based on molecular 

data. This study confirms that it is not possible to use the thallus structure as a character to differentiate 

the two Verrucariaceae genera with hymenial algae, Endocarpon and Staurothele. 


THE REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY OF ICMADOPHILA SPLACHNIRIMA – 

A RARE AUSTRALASIAN LICHEN EXHIBITING SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 

Ludwig L. R. 1 , Lord J. M. 1 , Burritt D. J. 1 , Summerfield T. C. 1 

1 Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand 

Icmadophila splachnirima grows preferentially in subalpine bogs and swamps of New Zealand (South 

Isl., Stewart Isl., subantarctic Islands) and South-East Australia (Tasmania, Victoria). During a summer survey 

of the distribution of this rare species, asexual reproduction was identified for the first time. This presentation 

provides results from the first year of a PhD study into the reasons for and implications of a switch from sexual 

to asexual reproduction in Icmadophila splachnirima. Preliminary results indicate that in more exposed microhabitats, 

apothecial growth is reversibly arrested at an early developmental stage, always accompanied by 

the formation of marginal soralia. This suggests an environmentally triggered switch from sexual to asexual 

reproduction, possibly in response to adverse growth conditions, e.g. high-light and/or desiccation stress. This 

hypothesis shall be tested experimentally during the remainder of the PhD study, and the presentation will give 

an outline of the intended methods to achieve this, alongside with further preliminary results. A wide range of 

aspects relating to the species’ biology and ecology will be part of this proposed work, including phytogeography, 

phytosociology, micro-habitat conditions, physiology, anatomy, morphology and population genetics. 

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LICHEN STUDIES IN THE CORDILLERA REGION NORTHERN PHILIPPINES - PAST, 

PRESENT AND FUTURE 

Bawingan P. A. 1 , Lardizaval M. 1 

1 Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Baguio City, Philippines 

Philippine lichenology started in the 18 th century when European scientists joined expeditions to the 

country. Meyer, Charles Gaudichard–Beaupre, Moseley, Schadenberg, and Warburg were among those who 

did extensive collections of lichens in the Philippines at that time. The Americans came in the early 20 th century; 

E.D Merrill led collections from almost every part of the country. More foreign scientists came including Herre, 

Degelius, and Hale. Only one of the Filipino botanists, Dr. William Gruezo, did serious study on lichens in the 

1970’s. His collections in Luzon including Benguet and Ifugao in the Cordillera Region northern Philippines resulted 

to new species and new records. In 1987, Andre Aptroot and Harrie collected in Baguio and Benguet that 

further gave new species and new records of Philippine lichens. In 1999, we started our own taxonomic study 

of lichens in the Cordillera Region. Presently, we have identified 130 species belonging to 37 genera distributed 

in 15 families in the Region. With the help of Dr. John Elix, Dr. Harrie Sipman, and Dr. Thorsten Lumbsch, our 

efforts resulted to new species and new records as well. We have also conducted studies on the use of lichens 

as indicators of environmental conditions. Our assessment of the atmospheric condition of four favorite parks 

of Baguio City, a prime city of the Region using epiphytic lichens as bioindicators has shown that the number of 

pollution tolerant species and pollution sensitive species vary significantly among them. Our study on sulfur dioxide 

pollution along a major road in the city also showed that the lichens, mosses, and leaves of vascular plants 

have no significant difference in the concentration of SO 2 accumulated within their tissues. Our lichen taxonomic 

study is on-going; we are also conducting biological assay of their active components and evaluating their use 

as bioindicator. Results we hope will support our conservation campaign for these organisms. 


STUDY OF MACROLICHEN DIVERSITY BETWEEN EUCALYPTUS, PINUS, AND ALTINGIA 

TREES AT CIBODAS BOTANICAL GARDEN, WEST JAVA 

Zulfikar R. 1 , Sedayu A. 2 , Arif A. 2 

1 Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, West Java, Bogor, Indonesia 

2 Biology, State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia 

Diversity of macrolichens on the barks of Eucalyptus, Pinus, and Altingia trees in Cibodas Botanical 

Garden was studied during November 2006 until April 2007. There were 28 species of macrolichens found on 

Eucalyptus trees (H = 3.63), followed by 22 species on Altingia (H = 3.4) and 17 species on Pinus (H = 3.09). 

Usnea spp., Rimelia sp., and Parmelinella wallichiana were the most abundant on Eucalyptus. Heterodermia 

japonica, P. wallichiana, Physcia sp., and Pseudocyphellaria aurata occurred only on Eucalpytus. Usnea sp., 

Parmotrema sp., and Parmelia sp. were the most abundant on Altingia. We found Lobaria isidiosa, Lobaria sp., 

Peltigera sp., and some Parmeliaceae that were only existed on Altingia trees. Pinus trees had Cladonia sp., 

Usnea sp. and Parmelia sp. as it top three. Note that Everniastrum vexans, Leprocaulon sp., and Relicina sp. 

only found on Pinus. There was no difference in term of Shanon wiener diversity index of stratum A (0 – 50 cm 

above ground), B (100 – 150 cm above ground), and C (200 – 250 cm above ground) on the barks of Eucalyptus 

and Pinus, but there was a difference in it on Altingia. Usnea sp., Cladonia sp., Coccocarpia palmicola, and Parmotrema 

sp. were the species that found on every host tree, while Lobaria sp., Relicina sp., and Heterodermia 

japonica, were the examples of species which might have substrate preference. The difference of bark texture 

might be one of the factors which affect the difference of macrolichen community consisting on each tree. Eucalyptus 

has the peeling bark, but mostly the peeling started from the top of the trunk. The large diameters of 

Altingia allowed foliose lichens grow with big thallus upon it. But, the rough and deeply fissured bark of Pinus 

limited the growth of macrolichens with big thallus. 

46



MACROLICHEN DIVERSITY CAN BE USED AS A TOOL TO ANALYZE THE FOREST 

CONDITION AT HORTON PLAINS NATIONAL PARK, SRI LANKA 

Jayalal R. U. 1 , Wolseley P. 2 , Wijesundara S. 3 , Karunaratne V. 1 

1 Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 


3 Department of National Botanic Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 

Horton Plains National Park (HPNP) is a Word Heritage site that includes extensive areas of cloud 

forest, which occurs as continuous forest on the upper slopes, and as forest islands of different sizes interspersed 

in ‘pathana’ grassland. Preliminary investigation showed a difference in lichen communities of forest islands 

and of continuous forest at similar altitudes above 2,000 m. The objective of this study was to characterize 

macrolichen communities in forest islands and continuous forest and investigate factors affecting their distribution. 

Macrolichens were sampled in quadrates on tree trunks in 12 plots, 6 in forest islands and 6 in continuous 

forest together with environmental data and tree data. Macrolichen species were identified and their diversity 

and frequency used to test the relationship with phorophyte and environmental factors including light intensity. 

Both macrolichen diversity and their phorophyte diversity were higher in forest islands (147 macrolichen taxa) 

than in the continuous forest (104 macrolichen taxa). These include many new records for Sri Lanka and include 

new species described elsewhere. PCA analysis of macrolichen and environmental data, showed that all island 

plots were separated from the continuous forest plots and that this was associated with an increase in macrolichens 

with a cyanobacterial photobionts in the island plots. Distribution of macrolichens within both forest types 

was significantly correlated with light intensity, although this was not significantly different between both forest 

types. The results have shown that macrolichen diversity is higher in the forest islands than in the continuous 

forest and that this is associated with an increase in species known to be sensitive to forest disturbance and 

environmental change. The results suggest that external factors affect the distribution of lichens in the montane 

forests of HPNP. Reasons for loss of diversity and changes in montane communities will be discussed. 

47 

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3A: Molecular phylogenetics 

(3A-O1) Submission ID: IAL0273-00001 

THE DATING OF FUNGI AND PLANTS 

Lutzoni F. 1 , Magallon S. 2 , Nowak M. 1 , Alfaro M. 3 , Mcdonald T. 1 , Miadlikowska J. 1 , Reeb V. 1 


2 Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico 

3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States 

The lichen symbiosis is one of many successful interactions between fungi and plants. The omnipresence 

of these interdependent heterotrophic-autotrophic associations at spatial and temporal scales, and ranging 

from mutualism to parasitism, suggests a strongly linked coevolution of these two kingdoms. If true, major 

adaptive radiations of plants and fungi should be mostly synchronized. In this study we have estimated divergence 

time of the fungi and land plants independently and inferred the occurrence of drastic shifts in rates of 

diversification across both chronograms. The combination of both analytical results enabled us to determine the 

synchronicity of these shifts in species diversification that likely occurred during the evolution of fungi and plants. 

Lichen-forming ascomycetes originated during one of the most spectacular adaptive radiations of the fungi, and 

of the plant kingdom. The origin of ascolichens is more recent than previously expected within the context of 

plant evolution, and is associated with the origin and radiation of hyperdiverse endophytic and endolichenic fungi 

interacting symbiotically with photosynthetic cells of plants as well as photoautotrophic prokaryotic and eukaryotic 

cells (photobionts) found in lichens. The origin of these Leotiomyceta fungi interacting with photosynthetic 

cells of plants are associated with the acquisition of an ammonium transporter/ammonia permease (AMTP) gene 

from hyperthermophilic chemolithoautotrophic prokaryotes via horizontal gene transfer. Balanced transport of 

nitrogen among lichen symbionts could be essential for the establishment and maintenance of this symbiosis, 

especially in nitrogen limiting environments. 

3A-O 


DIVERSIFICATION OF LICHEN-FORMING ASCOMYCETES 

Nelsen M. P. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Lumbsch H. 2 , Ree R. 2 

1 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chicago, Field Museum, 

Chicago, Illinois, United States 


The disparity in species richness across fungal lineages is striking. Within the fungal class Lecanoromycetes 

(Ascomycota), this unevenness is especially pronounced, with the number of species per family ranging 

from under 15 to nearly 2,500. Here potential explanations for this imbalance, initially focusing on clade age and 

diversification rate, are explored. Clade age showed little correlation with clade richness, while a strong correlation 

was observed between net diversification rate and clade richness. A number of families, such as Parmeliaceae 

and Cladoniaceae, were identified as having exceptionally high diversification rates, while a number of 

families with low species richness, such as Gypsoplacaceae and Miltideaceae had exceptionally low diversification 

rates. Finally, we attempt to identify potential sources of variation in diversification rates across Lecanoromycetes. 

48



PUNCTUATIONAL EVOLUTION AND RECENTLY ACCELERATED DIVERSIFICATION: 

INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTION OF OSTROPOMYCETIDAE 

Schmitt I. 1 , Wedin M. 2 , Baloch E. 3 , Parnmen S. 4 , Papong K. 5 , Rivas Plata E. 4 , Lucking R. 4 , 

Healy R. A. 6 , Lumbsch T. 4 

1 Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany 

2 Department of Cryptogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden 

3 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew, United Kingdom 


5 Biology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand 

6 Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States 

The rates of nucleotide substitution and the rates of diversification can vary widely among clades. 

Analyses of such evolutionary processes may help to understand the evolution of lineages that lack a fossil 

record and that show remarkable phenotypic variability. We were interested in using a comparative analytical 

framework to analyse phylogenetic patterns of diversification and morphological disparity in the fungal subclass 

Ostropomycetidae. Fungi in this lineage have strikingly variable phenotypes and no fossil record. Having observed 

substantial branch length differences in the two major orders of Ostropomycetidae, we use a 4-locus 

data set of 140 species to test whether the differences in branch lengths are significant, and to estimate the 

contribution of punctuational evolution to the diversity in the group. Using gamma-statistics and lineage-throughtime 

(LTT) plots we analyse the mode and tempo of evolution in these fungi. Nucleotide substitution rates differed 

significantly between the two major orders in the Ostropomycetidae, Agyriales and Ostropales. The test 

for punctuational evolution revealed a high contribution of punctuational evolution (bursts of speciation) to the 

evolution in Ostropales, but no such effect in Agyriales. The gamma-statistics indicated that the origins of extant 

lineages were clustered disproportionally late in the in the history of the subclass. The LTT plots show a recent 

acceleration of diversification in the Ostropales, but an antisigmoidal curve for the entire subclass. The antisigmoidal 

signal is consistent with the hypothesis of ancient mass extinction. Based on our results we develop a 

hypothetical evolutionary scenario for the phenotypically diverse Ostropomycetidae: after an initial radiation at 

the base of the clade, an ancient mass extinction led to the survival of a few phylogenetically isolated clades. 

Some of these clades, especially Ostropales and to some extent Agyriales, recently experienced an increase in 

diversification. The ancient mass extinction and subsequent radiation events in some clades may explain why 

Ostropomycetidae comprises fungi of vastly different life styles and morphologies. Our study suggests that comparative 

phylogenetic methods aid our understanding of evolutionary processes in lineages that are morphologically 

diverse and lack a fossil record. 

49 

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MULTI-GENE PHYLOGENY DEFINES THE MONOPHYLY OF LOBARIA SECTION LOBARIA 

Cornejo C. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 


Lobaria (Schreb.) Hoffm. is a genus of about 80 species that is hypothesized to have originated in 

Eastern Asia from where taxa speciated and spread to other continents . Although Eastern Asian Lobaria species 

were comprehensively revised, our understanding of taxa delimitation remains incongruous. Traditionally, 

two sections are distinguished: Lobaria and Ricasolia with fusiform or acicular spores, respectively. Besides 

the thallus morphology and chemical compounds, the presence of apothecia and the morphology of vegetative 

propagules were most determinant attributes for the definition of species. While some species were separated 

based on combinations of several morphological and chemical characters, other taxa were described based on 

one distinguishing feature alone. For instance, taxa that were identical, except for the presence of vegetative 

diaspores, were recognized as distinct species-pairs. In our study, we focused primarily on the section Lobaria 

and we tested the monophyly of this section. For this study, we performed phylogenetic analyses with a vast 

sampling, mainly from Eastern Asia, and based on five genetic loci (nrITS, nrLSU, EF-1a, RPB2 and mrSSU). 

Additionally to morphological studies, we analyzed lichen compounds with TLC and tested key criteria in relation 

to the resulting phylogenetic framework. Our analyses clearly confirmed the monophyly of the section Lobaria 

and of most species within this section, but relationships among taxa belonging to the section Ricasolia remained 

inconsistent. Within the section Lobaria, however, different markers produced conflicting phylogenetic information 

for some species. In addition, some Eastern Asian taxa showed low phylogenetic resolution, thus, only 

concatenated analysis revealed clades, challenging however traditional systematics and the described species 

abundance for this region. This, in combination with the fact that these species were not monophyletic, suggests 

that lineage sorting is incomplete. This is the first phylogenetic hypothesis presented for the section Lobaria that 

includes an extensive sampling, and the clades recovered contrast sharply with previously defined taxa based 

on morphological and chemical characters. Our results demonstrate difficulties that may arise in the integration 

of molecular data within traditional systematics. 

50



DELIMITING PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES AMONG EUROPEAN TAXA OF THE GENUS USNEA 

Tõrra T. 1 , Saag L. 2 , Randlane T. 1 , Del-Prado R. 3 , Saag A. 1 

1 Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia 

2 Molecular Evolution Workgroup, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia 


The study focuses on European Usnea (Parmeliaceae) species with sorediate shrubby thalli, with the 

aim to evaluate the validity of morphology and chemistry based separation of several widely recorded species 

(U. diplotypus, U. fulvoreagens, U. glabrescens, U. lapponica, U. subfloridana, U. substerilis, U. wasmuthii). 22 

Usnea species, identified according to morphological and chemical characters, were studied using maximum 

parsimony and Bayesian analyses of ITS and beta-tubulin sequences. Pairwise maximum likelihood distances 

(given as number of nucleotide substitutions per site) were calculated among the ITS sequences. The distances 

between the haplotypes of different species (interspecific distances) and distances between haplotypes within 

each species (intraspecific distances) were calculated, with the aim to estimate the thresholds between these 

distance ranges. The analyses showed that: (a) most taxa that are morphologically well distinguished are also 

distinct by means of molecular characters, (b) shrubby taxa in the section Usnea that are difficult to determine 

by traditional characters, form a group of closely related but still genetically distinct species, except U. diplotypus 

and U. substerilis which appear polyphyletic. The branch lengths differed largely between two parts (sections 

Usnea and Ceratinae) of the ITS tree and thus genetic distances were calculated separately for them. In clade A 

(section Usnea), the intra- and interspecific distance ranges were considerably smaller than in clade B (section 

Ceratinae), however, the distances can be used for species delimitation in both clades. In clade A the threshold 

for interspecific distances is close to 0.01 s/s; in clade B the threshold is around 0.02 s/s. The interspecific distance 

threshold for clade A in our study is close to the according threshold established for parmelioid lichens. 

Our estimate for clade B is higher than in parmelioid group and within the range reported by Lumbsch (2002) for 

intrageneric distances in Parmeliaceae. Comparison of inter- and intraspecific genetic distances offers useful 

criterion for delimiting species, however, more material should be analyzed to make reliable taxonomic decisions 

in the genus Usnea. We also observed that the use of chemical characters for species determination was often 

complicated as the variability of secondary metabolites was higher than previously known. 

51 

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MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES FROM THE LICHENIZED FUNGI PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA 

AND PELTIGERA MALACEA 

Andresson O. 1 , Miao V. 2 , Jonsson Z. O. 1 , Xavier B. B. 1 



Mitochondrial genomes from the fungal partners of two common terricolous foliose lichen symbioses, 

those of Peltigera membranacea and Peltigera malacea, have been sequenced and assembled using a metagenomic 

approach. Annotation was facilitated by sequencing of the transcribed mitochondrial RNA. The arrangements 

and sequences of the two circular genomes are very similar, the major difference being the inversion and 

deterioration of a gene encoding a type B DNA polymerase. The roughly 63 kb genomes show all the major features 

found in other Pezizomycotina, such as unidirectional transcription, 14 conserved protein genes, genes for 

the two subunit rRNAs and for the set of 26 tRNAs used in translating the 62 amino acid codons. Both genomes 

encode the RNA component of RNAse P, a feature seldom found in ascomycetes. The difference in genome size 

from the minimal ascomycete mitochondrial genomes is largely due to 17 and 20 Group I introns, respectively, 

most associated with homing endonucleases and all found within protein coding genes and the gene encoding 

the large subunit rRNA. One new intron insertion point was found, and an unusually small exon of seven nucleotides 

was identified and verified by RNA sequencing. Comparative analysis of mitochondrion-encoded proteins 

places the Peltigera spp., representatives of the class Lecanoromycetes, close to Leotiomycetes, Dothideomycetes 

and Sordariomycetes, differing from phylogenies found using multiple nuclear genes. 

52



NEW APPROACHES TO INCORPORATE AMBIGUOUSLY ALIGNED SEQUENCE PORTIONS 

AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA INTO PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS 

Lücking R. 1 

1 Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

Two novel methods are presented and briefly discussed to incorporate non-DNA data into phylogenetic 

analysis: PICS-Ord ambiguous region coding and morphology-based phylogenetic binning. PICS-Ord is 

a new approach to recode ambiguously aligned sequence portions in multiple sequence alignments that have 

low alignment confidence, and incorporate the codes into phylogenetic analysis using a maximum likelihood 

approach. It works by computing pairwise distance between the ambiguously aligned sequence portions, using 

the distance options provided by the software NGILA, then ordinating the distance matrix by means of principal 

coordinates analysis (using the R cmdscale function), and then transforming the axis scores into integer codes. 

The method can handle an unlimited number of OTUs and is comparatively fast: computing an ML tree in RAxML 

including 100 bootstrap replicates with 700 OTUs of ITS sequences and three coded portions takes about 36 

hours on a single-core PC computer. Morphology-based phylogenetic binning is a novel method to incorporate 

OTUs known by their morphological data only into phylogenies based on molecular data. Instead of just combining 

the molecular and morphological data into a supermatrix with gaps for the molecular data, the method 

first calculates a reference tree for all taxa for which both molecular and morphological data are known. It then 

computes weights for each morphological character based on its distribution in the molecular tree and the level 

of homoplasy displayed. These weights can be calculated using either maximum likelihood or maximum parsimony. 

In a third step, each OTU known by morphological data only is added to the dataset individually and its 

topological position in the tree computed by invoking the morphological character weights. Bootstrapping is performed 

to estimate the level of confidence for the topology. This is repeated for each OTU separately and gives 

an objective prediction for taxonomic placement of taxa even if no molecular data are available. The method is 

implemented in RAxML, available at http://www.exelixis-lab.org/software.html and https://github.com/stamatak/. 

A simple method to assess the level of homoplasy in molecular and morphological data prior to phylogenetic 

analysis is also discussed. 

53 

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3B-1-O 


3B-1: Bioinformatics 

(3B-1-O1) Submission ID: IAL0248-00002 

COLLECTING, VALIDATING AND USING DISTRIBUTION DATA OF LICHENS 

IN THE NETHERLANDS 

Sparrius L. 1 

1 Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Society, Gouda, Netherlands 

In 2003, the Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Society (DBLS) started to compile a database 

with all distribution data of lichens in the Netherlands. Data sources included institutional collections, private 

herbaria, lichen monitoring data, published lichen inventories and field observations. In 2011 all available data 

was digitalized and combined into a database, comprising 0.6 million records. Most data had been collected 

in lichen monitoring schemes, but a vast majority of the rest had been collected by amateur lichenologists, 

especially saxicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi. Amateurs are becoming the main source of distribution 

data of lichens, and many other species groups. Several tools have been developed to store, validate and 

visualize data collected by a distributed group of specialists. Web portals (e.g. www.telmee.nl, www.observado. 

org) are relatively new and currently used by those who want to submit only a small number of observations at a 

time. Datasets in several formats received by DBLS are stored in a local MS Access database. Both web portals 

and local data are synchronized with the National Database Flora and Fauna, using a PostgreSQL webserver. 

Incoming data needs to be validated in order keep the database free of errors as much as possible. This is done 

by rule-based automated validation, which decided which records are checked by a group of voluntary validators, 

mainly specialists. Observations of common taxa are automatically validated if a recent observation from 

the same locality exists. Distribution data is used for a number of applications. DBLS maintains an online atlas 

(www.verspreidingsatlas.nl) which displays the historical and present distribution at the scale of 5x5 km. Detailed 

observations are under license available for amateur lichenologists, scientists and nature conservation organizations. 

Data licenses are also sold to customers, including governmental organizations, ecological consultancy 

firms and construction and building companies, which considerably improves the conservation of lichens. The 

national database has recently been used to calculate trends for a new Red List, and provide distribution maps 

and trend graphs for several publications. 

54


(3B-1 – O2) Submission ID: IAL0103-00003 

THE POWER OF ITS: USING MEGAPHYLOGENIES OF BARCODING GENES TO REVEAL 

INCONSISTENCIES IN TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATIONS OF GENBANK SUBMISSIONS 

Lücking R. 1 , Kalb K. J. 2 , Essene A. 3 


2 Lichenologisches Institut Neumarkt, Neumarkt, Germany 

3 West College, Oberlin, Ohio, United States 

We take advantage of a novel method (PICS-Ord) of recoding ambiguously aligned sequence portions 

in genes with variable length to assemble multiple fixed alignments of ITS sequences across large groups of 

taxa and analyze them using a mixed model for DNA and code partitions under maximum likelihood in RAxML. 

This approach allows to simultaneously align and analyze all ITS sequences of a given family and that way 

detecting potential problems in taxonomic identifications of GenBank submissions, as well as testing genus and 

species concepts. While this methodology will not recover the backbone of a family-level clade with confidence 

(since ITS is too variable for that purpose), it will recover supported genus and species clades. Recoding ambiguously 

aligned regions which otherwise would have to be removed prior to analysis add a substantial amount 

of resolution and support to the analysis. The method was applied to two large families of lichenized fungi, Parmeliaceae 

with roughly 1800 OTUs and Physciaceae with roughly 700 OTUs currently available. It was found 

that a substantial portion of submitted sequences have problems in terms of taxonomic identification. Some of 

these are clear misidentifications at species or even genus level, whereas others are caused by inappropriate 

taxonomic concepts. In one case, the resulting pattern suggests gene duplication as the reason for incongruence 

between topology and taxonomy. We suggest to using this approach routinely to screen large taxonomic 

groups and detect problematic sequence submissions. Unfortunately, GenBank currently lacks a system where 

submissions can be annotated by third parties if a problem is detected, and we urge that this problem be solved 

as soon as possible. 


EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK IN PROTECTING MEDITERRANEAN 

LICHEN SPECIES 

Rubio-Salcedo M. 1 , Martínez I. 1 , Carreño F. 1 

1 Biology and Geology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain 

In the last few years, there have been an increasing number of studies on species distribution modeling. 

However, knowledge on the potential distribution of ‘non-charismatic’ species is still very scarce. In this 

study, we determined potential distribution patterns for 18 lichen species in Spain and evaluated the effectiveness 

of the Natura 2,000 network in protecting them. Models were implemented with ENFA (Ecological-Niche 

Factor Analysis), using presence-only data. Habitat suitability maps were obtained for each species and high 

suitability areas were characterized using 10 environmental variables. High-suitability area maps were overlaid 

with the Natura 2,000 network cover, considering the three different biogeographical regions present in mainland 

Spain. The studied species presented habitat requirements different from average conditions in Spain, and most 

of them had narrow ecological niches. Environmental constrictors were different for each model. The marginality 

axis was mainly linked to altitudinal variables, whereas the specialization axis was essentially related to 

summer precipitation and drought period. The effectiveness of the Natura 2,000 was quite low in most species. 

The analysis per region showed that Mediterranean lichen species growing in forests are better protected than 

species found in coastal, drier and warmer areas. Our results indicate that the Natura 2,000 network, a protection 

system based on vascular plants, does not guarantee the protection of Mediterranean lichen species. Thus, 

this type of gap analysis and especially the inclusion of “non-charismatic” organisms such as lichens should be 

considered in studies to define protected areas. 

55 

3B-1-O

3B-1-O 



MULTILINGUALITY IN LICHENOLOGY 

Sohrabi M. 1 

1 Botanical Museum, Department of Mycology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

The Ethnologue catalogued 6,912 languages spoken in the world today, many of them exist without any 

developed writing systems, which brings the possibility of having them vanished or close to be extinct. At present, 

writing systems have been changed by using computers and telecommunication tools. Text characters or 

symbols in every language’s writing system can be simply encoded and transformed to Unicode. Nowadays, elearning 

and teaching tools are being increasingly used to enhance academic studies and appear to be most effective 

when based on native languages. The mother tongue is an essential condition for the development of the 

intellectual, moral, and physical aspects of higher education; it enhances clarity of thought, better expression of 

terms and regulates the knowledge gained by hearing from other sources. In order to promote ‘native language’based 

education in lichenology, two options of multilingual web applications are convenient and functional in 

both global and local scales, and are discussed. An example at a global scale is a subproject of the LIAS lichen 

identification system ‘LIAS light’ (liaslight.lias.net), being at a rather advanced state and is currently consulted by 

lichenologists all over the world. At a local scale, on the other hand, there is the Google-powered bilingual Iranian 

lichen website MYCO-LICH (www.myco-lich.com). By applying the Google Language Tool, MYCO-LICH website 

contents may be available in up to 40 languages. However, results are not yet fully satisfactory. In contrast, LIAS 

light uses highly specific terminology (e.g. concerning morphological characters and secondary metabolites), up 

to this time, translated by lichenologists into a total of eleven language versions (English, Chinese, Esperanto, 

French, Farsi (Persian), German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Turkish). For Iranian biology students 

and researchers, the native Persian language key with its particular right-to-left script orientation has been proved 

to be of considerable use. The Persian language characters were encoded in Unicode format and dynamically 

converted into HTML or DELTA formats. The two mentioned websites appear to be a significant contribution to 

the development of lichenology in countries where information flow still has to overcome linguistic barriers. 

56



DATA EXCHANGE AND PROCESSING IN DIGITAL SCIENCE INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORMS 

FOR BIODIVERSITY INFORMATION 

Triebel D. 1 , Hagedorn G. 2 , Rambold G. 3 

1 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Information Technology Center of 

the Bavarian Natural History Collections, Munich, Germany 

2 Pflanzendiagnostik, Julius Kühn-Institut, Berlin, Germany 

3 Mycology Dept., University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany 

The digital science platforms Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL and BHL Europe), Catalogue of Life 

(CoL), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), International Barcode of Life 

(iBOL), International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) and JSTOR Plant Science, all are 

global players that among other data process and (re-)purpose lichen research data. While all these platforms 

capture biodiversity data, they focus on different aspects, for instance, taxonomy and classification, occurrence, 

morphology, molecular data, or ecology. Our contribution describes the processing of lichenological research 

data in some of these platforms, focusing on the technical implementation of data exchange, copyright issues, 

and data sharing policies and their implications for data custodians, owners, providers, and publishers. The international 

initiatives GBIF and CoL seek long-term business models and funding mechanisms to provide online 

data openly and free of charge. In the long run, GBIF depends on governmental commitments for its funding. 

CoL is financed by EU and other grants as well as by Species 2000, a British company limited by guarantee. 

These two business models are compared with that of JSTOR Plant Science, the commercial portal of the 

Global Plant Initiative (GPI). All three initiatives are currently discussing challenges of sustainability both with 

regard to data curation as well as software development for their complex portals. 

57 

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3B-2-O 


3B-2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems 

(3B-2 - O1) Submission ID: IAL0119-00001 

ROLE OF LICHENS IN DETERIORATIVE PROCESSES THREATENING OUR STONY 

CULTURAL HERITAGE: CASE STUDY OF LICHEN COLONIZATION 

IN MACHU PICCHU (PERU) 

De Los Rios A. 1 , Perez-Ortega S. 1 , Speranza M. 1 , Huallparimachi G. 2 , Wierzchos J. 1 , 

Galvan V. 3 , Astete F. 2 , Ascaso C. 1 

1 Biologia Ambiental, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

2 Seccion Cuzco, Ministerio Cultura Peru, Cuzco, Peru 

3 IE Universidad, Segovia, Spain 

Machu Picchu is the icon of the Inca World due to its extraordinary emplacement in which the architecture 

harmonizes completely with its amazing natural scenic surroundings. The conservation of this sanctuary is 

an important task for humanity in order to preserve our cultural heritage. One important risk for its conservation 

is the detrimental effect of the biological colonization of its walls. This colonization is enhanced by Machu Picchu’s 

natural emplacement in a tropical climate. Lichens are the main colonizers of its walls. Together with bryophytes, 

they completely cover the stone in untreated areas and are present also in areas previously treated for 

eliminating biological colonization. Crustose forms are the most frequently observed lichens in the emblematic 

constructions because Machu Picchu’s caretakers mechanically remove the foliose and fructicose forms. The 

external effects of lichen colonization can be appreciated by simple observation, but the associated biodeterioration 

processes are complex, since lichen growth is usually not restricted to external zones and their effects are 

added to these generated by the activity of microorganisms present nearby. Hence, we have characterized the 

interphase lichen-lithic substrate by electron microscopy in monument samples colonized by different species in 

order to evaluate the differential deteriorative capacity of each one. In general, crustose species were the most 

important deteriorative agents due to the close interactions established between mycobiont cells and the lithic 

substrate. Signs of mechanical alterations can be clearly associated to their presence. Disaggregation of stone 

surface and detachment and separation of mica layers are phenomena frequently observed. The detereriorative 

lichen activity was conditioned by the physiochemical properties of the stone and the presence of endolithic 

microorganisms. It has been shown that there is a harmful action of lichens on Macchu Picchu stone but their 

elimination might not always be the best strategy for preserving this monument. Only a temporary aesthetic 

improvement is obtained with the previous treatments because the stone is quickly recolonized. New treatments 

based in combination of biocide and laser cleaning are being assayed on Machu Picchu’s quarry rock in order to 

design the best strategy to preserve this wonder world. 

58



THE INVESTIGATION OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS DIVERSITY 

IN THE NORTHEAST OF THAILAND 

Dathong W. 1 , Thanee N. 1 , Saipunkaew W. 2 

1 Biology, Suranaree University of Technology, Science, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 

2 Biology, Chiang Mai University, Science, Chiang Mai, Thailand 

Epiphytic lichens were investigated on 160 mango trees in 16 sampling plots in eight provinces of 

the Northeast of Thailand during January to December 2010 using the VDI method. The lichen species were 

recorded on each tree and the frequency of each species was calculated in a grid frame of 20×50 cm². Lichen 

specimens were collected and identified to species. The pH of bark of mango trees, which are important habitats 

for lichen diversity, was determined. A total of 19 families, 31 genera and 86 species were collected. The growth 

forms were 64.86% crustose, 34.86% foliose and 0.28% squamulose whilst foliose was not found in study areas. 

Pyxine cocoes was the highest frequency followed by Chrysothrix xanthina, Lecanora leprosa and Graphis sp.1, 

respectively. The two lowest frequencies were Lepraria sp. and Graphis sp. This investigation discovered that 

nine lichen species (e.g. Phyllopsora sp., Parmotrema sp., Graphis sp.) were found only in inside city while 15 

lichen species (e.g. Amandinea punctata, Buellia sp., Cladonia sp.,and Pyrenula sp.) were found only in outside 

city . These can be regarded as good indicators for the environment of the Northeast of Thailand. The species 

richness was not significantly different at the 99% significance level for outside and inside city, whilst species 

evenness and species index showed significant difference at the 99% significance level (t = -1.814 and -2.287 

respectively, p

3B-2-O 



ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LOBARIA SECT. LOBARIA IN MACARONESIA 

Werth S. 1 , Cheenacharoen S. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 

1 Biodiv. & Conservation Biol., WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

Understanding why some taxa are endemic, whereas others are widespread is an important theme 

in evolutionary biology. Do co-distributed endemic and widespread species share biogeographic history, and 

do they exhibit similarities in their population structure? Here, we compare migration patterns and population 

structure in Lobaria Sect. Lobaria from Macaronesia, featuring two endemic and one widespread species. First, 

in order to determine whether the species originated in the same geographic area, we compare genetic diversity 

among geographic regions under the assumption that the area of origin has the highest diversity and largest 

number of private alleles. Second, drawing on methods borrowed from coalescent theory, we investigate bidirectional 

migration rates of each species among three Atlantic archipelagos and the mainland. Our results indicate 

that the two endemic species had clear and different centers of genetic diversity, whereas the widespread 

species exhibited incongruent results for different markers – its center of origin appears to be located outside 

Macaronesia. To conclude, the two endemic species and the widespread species had different biogeographic 

histories. These results imply that biological communities may be composed of species with widely different biogeographic 

backgrounds, even if their contemporary ranges and ecological niches overlap to a high degree. 


LICHEN IDENTIFICATION IN WOODLAND CARIBOU SCAT USING DNA BARCODING 

Mcmullin R. T. 1 , Newmaster S. G. 1 , Fazekas A. 1 

1 Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Guelph, Canada 

In Ontario, the woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus subsp. caribou) are in peril due to declining abundance 

and range retraction. Conservation efforts have resulted in the designation of woodland caribou as “threatened” 

under the provincial Endangered Species Act and the federal Species at Risk Act. Preliminary research 

suggests a link between anthropogenic disturbances in vital habitat (e.g., forestry, mining, road construction, 

hydro development) and declining numbers in woodland caribou. One hypothesis predicts that regenerating 

forests do not provide sufficient supplies of high quality food to meet the energetic requirements for successful 

recruitment of yearlings to the breeding population. The role of nutrition is rarely considered and poorly understood 

partly due to the fact that nutritional hypotheses are underpinned by diet of which we know very little. We 

examined the winter diet of woodland caribou by barcoding dietary components from samples of feces. We 

amplified the ITS2 ribosomal region from extracted DNA of fecal samples of 44 caribou animals. PCR products 

were cloned and the insert sequenced from individual colonies. These sequences were compared with a newly 

created library of lichen barcodes from the region. The results showed that most of the sequences generated 

from the caribou fecal samples were identified as lichen fungal symbionts, primarily belonging to the genus Cladonia. 

Three lichen species, Cladonia stygia, Cladonia arbuscula, and Cladonia mitis are widely represented in 

the caribou samples, being sequenced from almost half or more of the animals sampled. Cladonia rangiferina, 

Cladonia stellaris, and Cladonia uncialis were detected in ~20–25% of animals, and the remaining lichen species 

were found from only 1–3 individual caribou, contributing a minor amount to the observed dietary diversity. 

This research suggests that caribou prefer specific species of lichens, which may be explained by palatability or 

variability in the nutritional value among lichen species. 

60



ANALYSIS OF TWELVE MOLECULAR LOCI SUGGESTS HIGH PHOTOBIONT AND 

LOW MYCOBIONT DIVERSITY IN POPULATIONS OF LASALLIA PUSTULATA 

Sadowska-des A. 1 , Otte J. 2 , Schmitt I. 3 

1 Departament of Biodiversity and Plant Cover Protection, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland 

2 Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

3 Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft Fur Naturforschung, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of photobionts and mycobionts in Lasallia 

pustulata. It is our long term goal to understand the effects of climate on the selection of photobiont strains 

and to elucidate population dynamic processes in this lichen species. We compare the variability of molecular 

markers specific for the photobiont (actin, COX 2 , ITS, psbJ-L, rbcL) and the mycobiont (EF1, ITS, MCM7, 

mtLSU, mtSSU, RPB1, RPB2, TSR1), and assess their suitability for population studies in Lasallia pustulata 

and its trebouxioid algal partner. Lasallia pustulata has a patchy distribution across the European continent and 

typically grows at elevations of 400-800 m. Occasionally it can be found at up to 2,000 m. Most populations of 

Lasallia pustulata are restricted to small islands of suitable habitat in the landscape: exposed non-calcareous 

boulders and cliff faces. In our study we sampled populations along a north-south gradient, including material 

from Norway, Germany, Poland, Austria, Spain and Portugal, and along an altitudinal gradient (0-1,700 m) at 

a locality in Spain. Preliminary analyses of haplotypes indicate very low genetic diversity in all fungal markers, 

but considerable levels of diversity in the photobiont markers. We observed that some photobiont genotypes 

are geographically widespread, whereas others are more locally restricted. Most populations contained several 

distinct photobiont haplotypes. 

61 

3B-2-O


5I-O 

5I: Global Change and lichen biology 


ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CAUCASIAN LICHENS SUPPORTS THE KEY ROLE 

OF CLIMATE IN HOLARCTIC DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 

Otte V. 1 , Ritz M. S. 1 

1 Botany, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Goerlitz, Germany 

Distribution of many lichen species spans both Holarctic continents (Eurasia and North America). Nevertheless, 

it appears not stochastic, but can be assigned to certain types, which resemble those known from 

vascular plant species. One distribution type frequently observed in lichens is the Asa Gray disjunction (East Asia 

– Eastern North America), which is known from vascular plants mostly on the level of higher taxonomic units. 

Distributions of this type are commonly linked with extinction events during the Quaternary. Their representatives 

(or, in vascular plants, their close relatives) often have small isolated outposts in southeastern Europe and are 

considered as Tertiary relicts, which were pushed back to their current occurrences during the Pleistocene. Our 

study aimed to test whether occurrence of lichens of this distribution type can be explained by factors other than 

history. We studied the allocation of epiphytic lichens of different distribution types in the north-western Caucasus 

along an altitudinal gradient, which resembles a climatic gradient from warm-dry (lowlands) via warm-wet (middle 

altitudes) up to cold-wet summers (higher mountains). Our results show that lichens with a global distribution of 

the Asa Gray disjunction type clearly prefer the middle (warm-wet in summer) altitudinal belt in the Caucasus. 

The more pronounced the preference of the relictic areas on a global scale, the stricter the confinement to the 

middle altitudes in the Caucasus. Conversely, lichens that avoid the Asa Gray relictic areas on a global scale are 

substantially rarer or lacking at the middle altitudes of the Caucasus, occurring instead below as well as above. 

Species without pattern related to the Asa Gray areas do also not express an altitudinal pattern in the Caucasus. 

We conclude that preference or avoidance of the Asa Gray relictic areas does not need historical explanations, 

but can be put down to ecophysiological preferences related to the combination of moisture and temperature. 

This should be kept in mind also in interpreting distribution of representatives of other taxonomic groups. Also, it 

implies considerable distribution dynamics when climate changes. 


RECONSTRUCTING HISTORIC BIODIVERSITY LOSS: LICHENS AS 

A POWERFUL NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOOL 

Ellis C. J. 1 , Belinchon R. 1 , Yahr R. 1 , Coppins B. 1 

1 Cryptogamic Botany, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 

We report the exceptional preservation of lichen epiphytes on historic wooden building materials in 

southern England, representing an entirely novel archaeobotanical tool. These building materials were harvested 

from the landscape during the pre-industrial period (< 1,750), with lichen and bryophyte epiphytes preserved 

intact on both bark of large timbers and smaller diameter poles and rods. By using this resource to quantify 

historic lichen diversity, we can demonstrate: (i) shifts in the biogeographic range of lichens across the threshold 

of industrialisation, and (ii) changes in epiphyte community structure, both consistent with a severe depletion in 

epiphyte diversity. We can robustly quantify the difference between pre-industrial biodiversity (prior to Linnaean 

taxonomy and a modern conservation ethic), and biodiversity and environmental indicators developed during the 

post-industrial period. In conclusion, modern indicators represent ‘soft targets’ for early-to-industrialise western 

regions (e.g. southern England), which may be based on the recalcitrant subset of persisting species. These 

results should cause the re-evaluation of conservation goals when looking for equity across developed and developing 

nations. 

62



BARK ACIDITY AND LICHENS OCCURRENCE IN GOMEL, BELARUS 

Tsurykau A. 1 , Khramchankova V. 1 

1 Biological, F. Skoryna Gomel State University, Gomel, Belarus 

Bark pH might importantly determine the regional occurrence of lichen species, and specific information 

on the relationship between lichens and phorophyte bark pH is invaluable for bioindication and monitoring. 

We investigated these relationships for an urban area in the city of Gomel, the second largest city in the 

Republic of Belarus with a population of c. 480,000 people. We studied the composition of foliose and fruticose 

lichens, associated with 11 tree species, and we determined the bark pH. We found that bark acidity in Gomel 

exceeds the values recorded for Western European in the 1960s, by 1.5–2.5 pH units, providing new information 

on lichen response. Variation in bark acidity was associated with three phorophyte groups: Group 1 (pH 

6–8): Physconia distorta and Physconia enteroxantha; Intermediate group (pH 4.5–6.5); Group 2 (pH 4.0–5.5): 

Hypogymnia physodes, Evernia prunastri, Melanohalea exasperatula. Regressions to explain lichen occurrence 

and bark acidity were calculated for contrasting indicator species: Hypogymnia physodes (y = -7.76x + 52.94; r 

= 0.78; p < 0.01) and Physconia distorta (y = 9.38x – 43.89; r = 0.81; p < 0.01). Using the Gomel glass factory 

as a site-specific case-study for increased alkalinity, we explore in detail the relationship between lichen species, 

their phorophytes, and the functional interaction between phorophyte pH and environmental setting. 


THE RESPONSE OF EUTROPHIC LICHENS TO DIFFERENT FORMS OF NITROGEN IN THE 

LOS ANGELES BASIN 

Jovan S. E. 1 , Riddell J. 2 , Padgett P. 2 , Nash T. H. 3 

1 PNW Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, United States 

2 Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Riverside California, United States 

3 Dept. of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconcin, United States 

Epiphytic lichen communities are highly sensitive to excess nitrogen (N), which causes the replacement 

of native floras by N-tolerant, “weedy” eutrophic species. This shift is commonly used as the indicator of 

“harm” in studies developing empirical critical levels (CLE) for ammonia (NH 3 ) and critical loads (CLO) for N. To 

be most effective, empirical CLE/CLO must firmly link lichen response to causal pollutant(s), which is difficult 

to accomplish in field studies in part because the high cost of N measurements limits their use. For this case 

study we synthesized an unprecedented array of N measurements across 22 long-term monitoring sites in the 

Los Angeles Basin, California: gas concentrations of NH 3 , nitric acid (HNO 3 ), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone (n = 

10); N in throughfall (n = 8); modeled estimates of eight different forms of N (n = 22); and nitrate accumulated on 

oak twigs (n = 22). We sampled lichens on black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and scored plots using two indices of 

eutroph abundance to characterize the community-level response to N. Our results contradict two common misconceptions 

about the lichen-N response: 1) that eutrophs respond specifically to NH 3 , and 2) that that response 

is necessarily dependent upon the increased pH of lichen substrates. Eutroph abundance related significantly 

but weakly to NH 3 (r 2 = 0.48). Nitrogen deposition as measured in canopy throughfall was by far the best predictor 

(r 2 = 0.94), indicating that eutrophs respond to multiple forms of N. Most N variables had significant correlations 

to eutroph abundance (r 2 = 0.36 – 0.62) as well as to each other (r 2 = 0.61 – 0.98), demonstrating the 

risk of mistaking correlation for causality in CLE/CLO field studies that lack sufficient calibration data. Our data 

furthermore suggest eutroph abundance is primarily driven by N inputs, not pH-- at least at the high pH values 

found in the basin (4.8 - 6.1). Eutrophs correlated negatively with trunk pH (r 2 = 0.43), exactly the opposite of 

results from virtually all previous studies of eutroph behavior. This correlation is probably spurious and results 

because HNO 3 dominates N deposition in our study region. 

63 

5I=O


5I-O 


WHY LICHENS ARE OZONE TOLERANT? A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FROM CELL 

TO SPECIES LEVEL 

Tretiach M. 1 , Bertuzzi S. 1 , Candotto Carniel F. 1 , Davies L. 2 , Francini A. 3 

1 Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

2 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 

3 Dipartimento di Coltivazione E Difesa Delle Specie Legnose Giovanni Scaramuzzi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 

Ozone (O 3 ) is an important component of global change, contributing to 20 th century warming. Tropospheric 

O 3 is constantly increasing and will continue to rise in the absence of control measures. This pollutant has 

direct, deleterious consequences on the terrestrial biosphere through the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species 

(ROS), that are particularly aggressive against cell membranes, enzymes and DNA. The data concerning the 

putative effects on lichens available so far are largely incomplete and rather problematic, due to differences in 

treatment methods, concentrations and exposure techniques. A recent field study with lichen transplants suggests 

that the key factor in modulating the ozone resistance of lichens is water availability, because daily rehydrated 

thalli can efficaciously repair O 3 damage and replenish the reservoir of antioxidants, whereas dry thalli 

suffer from the sum of two co-occurring stressors, desiccation and O 3 . In this work the effects of O 3 on three 

epiphytic macrolichens with different ecology and resistance to airborne pollutants (Flavoparmelia caperata, 

Parmotrema perlatum and Xanthoria parietina) and their isolated photobionts (three species of Trebouxia) were 

verified by exposing thalli and axenic cultures in fumigation chambers and/or OTCs at different air humidity and 

watering regimes. Chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, antioxidants (AsA, GSH) and activity of specific enzymes 

(APX, CAT, DHAR, GR, POD, SOD) were measured in pre and post exposure samples, and again after 1-2 days 

of recovery. Histochemical techniques were used to localize ROS at cellular level by confocal microscopy, and 

ultrastructural modifications were studied by TEM. The results show that all the three lichens tolerate O 3 well, 

whereas desiccation tolerance varies in accordance to the species-specific ecology. The ozone tolerance is justified 

by the availability of a large pool of constitutive antioxidants that in a lichen are necessary to contrast the 

oxidative burst associated with the frequent dehydration-rehydration cycles to which it is naturally subjected, and 

oxidation occurring during the protracted desiccation. 

64



THE OPAL AIR SURVEY: ENGAGING THE PUBLIC WITH LICHENS 

Wolseley P. 1 , Hill L. 2 , Seed L. 3 , Davies L. 2 , Power S. 3 , Hilton B. 4 


2 Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom 

3 Natural Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom 

4 Vice-president, British Lichen Society, Barnstaple, United Kingdom 

The OPAL Air Survey is part of an ongoing project to engage the public in a study of the natural world. 

Lichens are widespread organisms occurring in both man-made and natural habitats, and have long been used 

as bioindicators of environmental change. This national programme has been developed to stimulate public 

interest in lichens and their use as bioindicators, to allow the survey of lichens on trees in their local area and to 

contribute their results to an on-line website. The OPAL Air survey explores the impact of nitrogenous pollutants, 

largely from transport and agriculture, on selected lichen taxa in England. Participants are introduced to air quality 

legislation, systems used to monitor air quality and the links to the distribution and diversity of lichens on tree 

trunks and twigs. Three categories of lichen are distinguished: nitrogen-sensitive - Usnea spp., Evernia prunastri 

and Hypogymnia spp.; nitrogen-tolerant - Xanthoria polycarpa, Xanthoria parietina, Physcia adscendens and 

P. tenella; intermediate - Melanelixia spp., Flavoparmelia caperata, Parmelia spp. Survey packs, distributed 

to schools and community groups, contain an easy to follow guide with lichen images to aid identification, a 

workbook for recording findings and x4 magnifier. Participants were asked to record data on location, tree species 

and girth, indicator lichen diversity and abundance and to submit these via OPAL on the on-line database. 

Online identification tools are also available at http://www.opalexplorenature.org/AirSurvey. To date, over 3,300 

sites have been surveyed across England amounting to over 18,000 records of lichen on tree trunks. Nearly 

half of the participants state that they could not recognise a lichen before they completed the survey. Following 

data quality control, results were analysed statistically and showed that under increasing dry deposition of NH X 

and NO X , nitrogen-tolerant species increased and nitrogen- sensitive species decreased. However all species 

showed a significant relationship with historic SO 2 (1987) levels, with present day deposition of NO X , and with 

mean annual rainfall. Distribution patterns of Usnea and Evernia were significantly correlated with mean annual 

temperature suggesting that these species may be at risk from anthropogenic climate change. 

65 

5I-O


5I-O 


LICHENS, BRYOPHYTES AND CLIMATE CHANGE (LBCC) UTILIZING SYMBIOTA SOFTWARE 

Nash T. H. 1 , Gries C. 2 , Gilbert E. 3 

1 Dept. of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconcin, United States 

2 Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconcin, United States 

3 Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States 

SYMBIOTA software has been used to create along with other thematic nodes the portals: The Consortium 

of North American Lichen Herbaria (CNALH, http://symbiota.org/nalichens/) and The Consortium of North 

American Bryophyte Herbaria (CNABH, http://symbiota.org/bryophytes/index.php). Among other functions, the 

portals together provide access now to ca. 1.6 million collection records of lichens and bryophytes. Through 

new funding from the US National Science Foundation, ca. 2.3 million additional specimens will be databased 

from Canada, Mexico and the USA. Both groups of organisms are dominant components of arctic and subarctic 

ecosystems and occur extensively in boreal and other temperate to tropical ecosystems. The two portals will 

provide unparalleled information on distribution patterns both historically and from the present forward. For georeferenced 

specimens, maps can be readily generated. As such, they will provide a major tool for assessing 

climate change across North America. In addition, in collaboration with LIAS (LIchenizedAScomycetes) we are 

developing on-line keys, a prototype of which is available for the greater Sonoran Desert region for over 1,800 

species. The keys are being expanded to include known arctic species. The functionality of SYMBIOTA will be 

demonstrated. 

66


4A: Evolution and Systematics in the Teloschistales 


SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION WITHIN THE ORDER TELOSCHISTALES AND FAMILY 

TELOSCHISTACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA, FUNGI) WITH A MULTI-LOCUS 

SUPERMATRIX APPROACH 

Gaya E. 1 , Högnabba F. 2 , Ramírez-Mejía M. 1,3 , Holguín A. 3 , Molnar K. 4 , Fernández-Brime S. 5 , Stenroos S. 2 , 

Arup U. 6 , Søchting U. 7 , Van Den Boom P. 8 , Lücking R. 9 , Vargas R. 10 , Sipman H. 11 , Lutzoni F. 1 

1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States 

2 Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland 

3 Department of Biology, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotà, Colombia 

4 Institute of Ecology and Botany, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vacratot, Hungary 

5 Department of Plant Biology (Botany Unit), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 

6 Botanical Museum, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 

7 Section of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 

8 Arafura 16,NL-5691 JA Son, Netherlands 


10 Department of Botany, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile 

11 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany 

The resolution of the phylogenetic relationships within the order Teloschistales (Lecanoromycetidae, 

Ascomycota), currently with nearly 2,000 known species and an outstanding phenotypic diversity, has been 

hindered by the limitation in the resolving power that a single-locus or two-locus phylogenetic studies have provided 

up do date. In this context, an extensive taxon sampling within the Teloschistales with more loci (especially 

nuclear protein-coding genes) were needed to confront the current taxonomic delimitations and to improve our 

understanding of evolutionary trends within this order. The present study assessed this issue using maximum 

likelihood and Bayesian analyses with complementary bootstrap support values and posterior probabilities based 

on seven loci using a supermatrix approach, and including protein-coding genes RPB1 and RPB2 apart from 

nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal loci. Although the progressive addition of taxa with missing data did not 

dramatically affect the loss of support and resolution, the monophyly of the Teloschistales in the current sense was 

inconsistent, depending on the loci-taxa combination analyzed. Based on these results we propose a new, but 

provisional, classification for the re-circumscribed orders Caliciales and Teloschistales. We report here that the 

family Brigantiaeaceae and Sipmaniella are members of the Teloschistales in a strict sense. The position of CIoplaca 

and Josefpoeltia within the Teloschistaceae is confirmed by molecular phylogenetics. Within the Teloschistales, 

one lineage led to the diversification of the mostly epiphytic crustose Brigantiaeaceae and Letrouitiaceae, with a 

circumpacific center of diversity and found mostly in the tropics. The other main lineage led to another epiphytic 

crustose family, mostly tropical, and with an Australasian center of diversity – the Megalosporaceae – which is 

sister to the mainly rock-inhabiting, cosmopolitan, and species rich Teloschistaceae, with a diversity of growth 

habits ranging from crustose to fruticose. Additionally, we are presenting a comprehensive phylogeny for the 

family Teloschistaceae with new loci selected from AFToL2, and a first exploration of the evolution of phenotypic 

traits and an in-depth characterization for a major taxonomic redelimitation of genera within this family. 

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PHYLOGENY AND TAXONOMY OF THE TELOSCHISTACEAE (ASCOMYCOTA): 

IMPORTANCE OF MONOPHYLETIC GROUPS 

Kondratyuk S. Y. 1 , Kärnefelt I. 2 , Elix J. A. 3 , Hur J. 4 , Thell A. 2 

1 Lichenology and Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine 

2 Lund University, The Biological Museums, Lund, Sweden 

3 Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 


The molecular phylogeny of the Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Caliciaceae and other families of lichenforming 

fungi is based on polyphasic approach using up to six or seven different genes of nuclear and mitochondrial 

DNA. As a consequence the taxonomy of these families is now built upon correlation analysis of molecular 

data with morphological, anatomical, and chemical characters of robust monophyletic groups of species as well 

as on revision of species composition, ecological and geographical features of such monophyletic groups. Unfortunately, 

monophyletic groups of the Teloschistaceae are hitherto neglected. Their analysis is rather limited. 

So, the majority of phylogenetic analyses of the Teloschistaceae deal with small species groups (especially of 

Caloplaca) and based only on ITS1/ITS2 sequences of nuclear DNA as the main molecular tool. There are few 

reports of polyphasic molecular data having been used in such phylogenetic analyses. Such investigations have 

indicated that the currently accepted genera Caloplaca, Fulgensia, Xanthoria, and Teloschistes are polyphyletic 

and the delineation of Caloplaca and Xanthoria and of Caloplaca and Fulgensia is problematic. The main purpose 

of the present study was the comparative analysis of molecular data with morphological, anatomical, and 

chemical characters of selected monophyletic groups of the Teloschistaceae. Well defined monophyletic groups 

within species groups like those of Caloplaca cerina, C. saxicola, C. regalis, C. ferruginea, C. variabilis and Fulgensia 

fulgens [some of which are type species of different genera proposed in ‘premolecular time’] are found to 

be distributed among other monophyletic branches of the xanthorioid lichens following analysis of nuclear and 

mitochondrial molecular data. As a consequence generic names proposed for the above species groups can 

be used together with Caloplaca s.str., Teloschistes, Seirophora and Fulgensia. However, following molecular 

analysis such groups/genera as Blastenia, Pyrenodesmia and the Caloplaca saxicola- group include far fewer 

species than was proposed from morphological segregation in the ‘premolecular’ period. Alternatively, molecular 

data confirms that the morphological defined groups (i.e. Blastenia, Pyrenodesmia, Thamnonoma etc.) are just 

as polyphyletic as the genera Teloschistes, Seirophora and Fulgensia. 

68



TOWARDS A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Arup U. 1 , Søchting U. 2 , Frödén P. 1 



The family Teloschistaceae is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, probably comprising 

more than 1,000 species. The traditional taxonomy of genera within this family has been based on morphology, 

anatomy and chemistry. However, for at least twenty years this taxonomy has been known to be unnatural and 

with genetic data at hand this has been shown several times. However, a new delimitation of natural groups has 

not yet been presented for the family as a whole, but some smaller groups have been split of during the last 

years. We present here a first approach towards a new delimitation of genera in the family based on analyses of 

three loci. Some genera or groups are still not clearly delimited and problems remain in various groups, but for 

a large part of the family new genera can be defined. 


METABOLITE EVOLUTION IN THE LICHEN FAMILY TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Søchting U. 1 , Arup U. 2 , Frödén P. 2 



The emerging phylogenetic structure of the large family Teloschistaceae based on DNA-data has permitted 

tracking the evolution of secondary metabolites across evolutionary clades. Some large clades have a 

very conserved set of chemical syndromes, while a number of smaller clades are characterized by synapomorphic 

specialized metabolite characters. New metabolites are regularly discovered in Teloschistaceae, and 

the structure of many compounds is yet to be clarified. At the same time several cases of metabolic losses at 

different levels are disclosed. The taxonomic significance of the secondary metabolites in Teloschistaceae is 

discussed. 


DISENTANGLING THE SPECIES DIVERSITY OF CALOPLACA TH. FR. IN CHILE 

Vargas R. 1 , Beck A. 2 

1 Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile 

2 Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany 

The lichen genus Caloplaca is cosmopolitan and includes a high number of species worldwide, with 

more than 1,000 published names. In Chile, the genus has been sparsely studied, and its total number of species 

along the country is not completely clear. Considering morphological, chemical and molecular data, we 

studied the Caloplaca species present in the northern and central areas of Chile between 20° to 39°S. More than 

1,000 specimens, both from intensive field work and herbarium material from 15 different herbaria, were studied. 

We registered 35 Caloplaca species in the study area, with the inclusion of several new species. Results from 

phylogenetic analysis including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on ITS 

sequences of Chilean and non-Chilean species reveal the presence of a monophyletic clade with high support 

in the Caloplaca phylogeny that includes most of the species present in Chile. 

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PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON SOME GROUPS WITHIN TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Vondrak J. 1 , Šoun J. 2 , Řiha P. 3 

1 Department of Taxonomy, Institut of Botany, Prùhonice, Czech Republic 

2 Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 

3 Department of Zoology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic 

Investigations of four groups of Teloschistaceae provided various surprising results. (1) Within the Caloplaca 

aurantia, C. flavescens complex, four species were formerly recognized; two calcicolous and two coastal, 

from siliceous cliffs. Our data, however, indicate that they form just one phylogenetic species. Caloplaca aurantia 

and C. flavescens are well known and easily recognizable taxa, but they probably represent only phenotypes 

of a single species. These usually occur together, but marginal populations may be formed by either one of the 

phenotypes. (2) The species-rich group around Caloplaca xerica contains some species that have both sorediate 

and non-sorediate populations. Although both populations of one species may grow together, they have independent 

ecologies and distributions. In general, vegetatively reproducing populations are more abundant and more 

widely distributed. (3) The Caloplaca aractina, C. haematites complex contains two formerly recognized species; 

one corticolous, the other saxicolous. Our data show that, although the whole group is monophyletic, the corticolous 

and saxicolous populations do not represent homogeneous groups, but form several intermixed lineages. 

(4) Caloplaca communis, described from the eastern Mediterranean, and C. maritima, described from the Atlantic 

coast of Europe, together form a single “ring species” distributed continuously along European coasts. Distant 

populations differ genotypically, but populations from intermediate localities contain “intermediate genotypes”. 

70


4B: Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology 


ON TIME OR ‘FASHIONABLY’ LATE ? THE COMPARATIVE DATING OF LICHEN-ASSOCIATED 

EUKARYOTIC ALGAE AND THEIR FUNGAL SYMBIONTS 

Nelsen M. P. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Andrew C. J. 2 , Ree R. 2 

1 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chicago, Field Museum, 

Chicago, Illinois, United States 


How do symbiotic associations originate and evolve? Determining when associations originated, both 

in time and relative to the diversification of their interacting lineages, can inform about whether certain earth history 

events are associated with the initiation of these associations and also if transitions were contemporaneous 

with the evolution of an interacting lineage. Furthermore, it can shed light on the role (if any) a lineage plays 

in the diversification of its interacting lineage. Previous models have been put forward suggest that in contemporaneous 

or near contemporaneous originations, the diversification of one lineage is expected to have some 

impact on the evolution of its interacting lineage; contrastingly, in symbioses with largely asynchronous origins 

of interacting lineages, the factors driving the diversification of these interacting lineages are expected to be 

unrelated. Here we focus on providing a timeline for the diversification of lichen-associated eukaryotic algae, by 

assembling a dataset consisting of 18S and rbcL sequence data and employing a relaxed molecular clock approach, 

utilizing several fossil calibration points. Stem and crown ages for a number of algal lineages associating 

with lichen-forming fungi were obtained, and this is related to the evolution of their fungal partners. 

(4B – O2) Submission ID: IAL0112-00001 

PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF DICTYOCHLOROPSIS RETICULATA 

ASSOCIATED WITH LOBARIA PULMONARIA, L. IMMIXTA AND L. MACARONESICA 

IN MACARONESIA. 

Cheenacharoen S. 1 , Dal Grande F. 1 , Werth S. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 


Macaronesia is a group of archipelagos in the North-East Atlantic Ocean near Europe and North Africa, 

which currently represents the largest laurel forests (laurisilva). These forests host a high diversity of habitats 

and species, many of which are endemic. Two laurisilva-associated lichens, Lobaria immixta and L. macaronesica, 

and the widely distributed L. pulmonaria share the same habitats and depend on the same photobiont 

species, Dictyochloropsis reticulata. We examined almost four thousand thalli from 12 islands on the archipelagos 

of Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira, using 13 alga-specific highly variable microsatellite loci. Discriminant 

analysis of principal component (DAPC), measures of genetic differentiation (DEST, FST), and Bayesian 

analyses detected two well differentiated groups, namely populations from Azores vs. populations from Canary 

Islands and Madeira. Spatial autocorrelation and other evidence indicated the absence of gene flow between 

the groups. These two regions were also comparably rich in geographically restricted alleles, representing a 

worldwide hot spot for the genetic diversity of D. reticulata. We also found that there was no partitioning of algal 

genetic structure related to the fungal host. This study provides new insights on the level of diversification of 

symbiotic green algae, as result of a radiation-like diversification on oceanic islands. Our findings support the 

hypothesis of a functional green algal-mediated guild, for which the Lobariacean fungi of the studied ecosystem 

are horizontally linked through sharing of photobiont genotypes. 

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PHOTOBIONT DIVERSITY AND RICHNESS IN LECIDEOID ANTARCTIC LICHENS FROM 

AN ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW 

Ruprecht U. 1 , Brunauer G. 1 , Printzen C. 2 

1 Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria 

2 Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt, Germany 

As part of a comprehensive study on lecideoid lichens in Antarctica, we also investigated the photobiont 

diversity and abundance in our sample set. A phylogeny of these photobiont ITS sequences in combination with 

samples from Arctic, Alpine and other temperate regions reveals the presence of five, possibly even six major 

Trebouxia clades in Antarctic lecideoid lichens. Two clades are formed by members of the T. jamesii and T. impressa 

aggregates but for all other clades no close match of any known Trebouxia species could be found in the 

sequence databases. One genetically uniform and well supported Trebouxia clade was only found in the climatically 

unique cold desert regions of the Antarctica (preliminarily named Trebouxia sp. URa1). Trebouxia sp. URa2 

and URa3 are widely distributed and abundant in the investigated areas. None of the analysed mycobionts is 

restricted to a particular Trebouxia species. Trebouxia sp. URa1 is preferably associated with the highly adapted 

Antarctic endemic lichen L. cancriformis. Our analysis revealed differences in the species composition of locally 

available photobiont pools which is clearly influenced by habitat ecology. Trebouxia sp. URa1 may represent an 

endemic photobiont species since it seems to be restricted to the Antarctic cold deserts, a habitat that has no 

ecological counterpart elsewhere in the world. 

(4B-O4) Submission ID: IAL0097- 00001 

HOW DO CHANGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AFFECT POLAR AND TEMPERATE 

HAPLOTYPES OF CETRARIA ACULEATA? 

Domaschke S. 1 , Vivas M. 2 , Sancho L. 2 , Printzen C. 1 

1 Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany 

2 Biología Vegetal II, Fac. de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 

Lichens are highly specialized symbiotic organisms which are able to colonize habitats with extreme environmental 

conditions. Our model organism Cetraria aculeata is common in the maritime Antarctic and throughout 

the Arctic. At the same time, it grows in places where competition from vascular plants is low and it can be 

found in arid grassland areas, maritime dunes or woodlands in temperate regions. This distribution makes it a 

suitable object to study ecophysiological adaptation mechanisms on an intraspecific level. Previous studies have 

shown that polar and temperate photobionts of Cetraria aculeata belong to two different genetical haplotype 

groups (Fernández-Mendoza et al., 2011). Here we aim at assessing the ecophysiological differences between 

polar and temperate populations of C. aculeata and to check whether they are correlated with different photobiont 

haplotype groups within the species. We performed gas exchange measurements at different temperatures and 

photon flux densities with samples collected from Antarctica, Spitsbergen, Germany and Spain. Furthermore, 

we transplanted thalli from these populations to Spain and Norway. By comparing photosynthetic performance, 

weight increase, chlorophyll content and the number of photobiont cells before and after transplantation we were 

able to observe physiological reactions of different genetic haplotypes to changing environmental situations. 

72


(4B-O5) Submission ID: IAL0137- 00001 

ASSESSMENT OF THE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF UMBILICARIA DECUSSATA ACROSS 

ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH SEVEN POPULATIONS WORLDWIDE. 

Vivas M. 1 , Pérez-Ortega S. 2 , Pintado A. 3 , Näsholm T. 4 , Sancho L. 3 


2 MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

3 Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain 

4 Forest Ecology and Management, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Umeå, Sweden 

Umbilicaria decussata (Umbilicariaceae, Lecanorales) has a bipolar (arctic-alpine) distribution, 

appearing in many of the highest mountains in tropical and temperate regions, as well as in polar regions. 

This wide distribution has led us to try to understand its adaptive strategy studying its photosynthetic capacity 

and trying to relate it, by means of statistical modelling, with other measured parameters such as chlorophyll, 

ergosterol, chitin, amino acids and sugar contents, total carbon and nitrogen concentrations, as well as some 

climatic parameters. Umbilicaria decussata specimens were then collected on Mount Kilimanjaro (4,400 m.a.s.l., 

Tanzania), Iztaccihuatl volcano (4,300 m.a.s.l., Mexico), two localities in Chilean Andes (2,000 and 2,700 m.a.s.l.), 

Mount Kosciuszko (2,050 m.a.s.l., Australia), and two localities in Spain (Pyrenees, 2,600 m.a.s.l. and Sistema 

Central, 2,400 m.a.s.l.). Photosynthetic performance was assessed by gas exchange measurements, using an 

open flow system at temperatures between 0 and 25ºC and light intensities ranging from 0 to 1,200 μmol m -2 s -1 . 

Chlorophyll was quantified by spectrophotometry according, and ergosterol, chitin, amino acids and sugars 

were quantified by different chromatographic methods. C and N were also measured. The most remarkable 

difference between populations was found in Mexican samples, which showed maximal photosynthetic yield in a 

dry weight basis, as well as highest ergosterol, amino acid, sugar and N content and lowest chitin to ergosterol 

ratio, fraction of arginine in the amino acid pool, ribitol to mannitol ratio and carbon to nitrogen ratio, revealing 

a more active metabolism. When all data were analysed together, C to N ratio and average temperature of the 

coldest month were found to be highly influential on photosynthetic potential activity, showing the importance of 

both metabolic and climatic variables. 

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DESICCATION TOLERANCE IN THE HYGROPHILOUS LICHEN PARMOTREMA PERLATUM 

AND IN ITS ISOLATED TREBOUXIA PHOTOBIONT 

Candotto Carniel F. 1 , Bertuzzi S. 1 , Francini A. 2 , Pellegrini E. 2 , Tretiach M. 1 

1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 

2 Dipartimento di Coltivazione e Difesa delle Specie Legnose Giovanni Scaramuzzi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 

Desiccation is one of the most important sources of oxidative stress because it gives rise to the production 

of a variety of Reactive Oxygen Species. ROS are highly reactive, damaging molecules like DNA, lipids 

and proteins. In poikilohydrous autophototrophic organisms the production of ROS is further enhanced by light, 

because chlorophylls, although partially protected by structural changes at cortical and photosystem level, extinguish 

excitation energy not only through heat emission, but also through the direct transfer of electrons to the 

triplet oxygen, giving rise to the highly reactive singlet oxygen. In this study the role of light during a protracted 

desiccation period on the ROS production and antioxidant response was investigated. Lobes of the lichen Parmotrema 

perlatum and axenic cultures of the photobiont (a species of Trebouxia, putatively T. crenulata) were 

treated at different light intensities (0, 40, 120 μmol photons m -2 s -1 ) for two weeks in a desiccated state. Concentrations 

of H 2 O 2 , SOD, GSH and GSSG were measured spectrophotometrically, and a series of confocal laser 

scanning microscope (CLSM) acquisitions were taken, using diclorofluorescein as a marker of the presence of 

H 2 O 2 . After the light treatments the lobes and the cultures were kept fully hydrated at 20 μmol photons m -2 s -1 

for three days to verify whether they were able to fully scavenge the accumulated ROS and to reconstitute their 

original pool of antioxidants. The biochemical assays showed that concentrations of H 2 O 2 changed according 

to the light treatments in both lobes and axenic cultures and CLSM acquisitions revealed a similar pattern. Accumulation 

of ROS was mostly citoplasmatic and was particularly intense at photobiont and cortical level. The 

comparison between lichenized and isolated Trebouxia based on chlorophyll a fluorescence emission revealed 

that the former tolerates better the desiccation stress. 


PHOTOSYNTHESIS, N FIXATION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN THREE SPECIES 

OF PLACOPSIS FROM A SUBANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT 

Raggio Quilez J. 1 , Crittenden P. D. 2 , Green T. 1 , Pintado A. 1 , Vivas M. 1 , Sancho L. 1 

1 Biología Vegetal II, Complutense University, Madrid, Madrid, Spain 


Placopsis is a genus of tripartite crustose lichens and has its main distribution in the Southern Hemisphere. 

A common feature of all the species in the genus is the presence of cyanobacteria arranged in specialized 

structures called cephalodia, in which nitrogen can be fixed from atmosphere. It has been suggested that 

this nitrogen fixing capacity allows the genus to colonize barren nutrient poor habitats such as terrain recently 

exposed following glacial retreat. Some of species of Placopsis have been used for dating exposed surfaces 

using the technique of lichenometry. However, there are few physiological data for Placopsis sp., and little is 

known about their growth dynamics. We have studied three species in the genus (the soil/mud inhabiting P. 

pycnotheca, and the epilithic P. perrugosa and P. stenophylla) growing in the proximity of Pia Glacier, Beagle 

Channel, Tierra del Fuego, Southern Chile. We report the results of novel investigations in Placopsis into the 

relationships between CO 2 exchange, nitrogen fixation and total nitrogen and phosphorus content and show how 

these parameters are related to individual species performance. Our laboratory results suggest: (i) a strong relationship 

between the gas exchange data obtained and the two different ecologies of the species in the field and 

(ii) positive correlations between CO 2 exchange, nitrogen fixation and nutrient content. These results improve 

understanding of physiological interactions between the partners of tripartite lichens. 

74



LICHEN COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO NITROGEN (N) DEPOSITION CAN IN PART BE 

EXPLAINED BY THE LICHENS’ SYMBIONT RESPONSES TO BOTH N AND P 

Palmqvist K. 1 , Johansson O. 1 

1 Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for lichens involved in many processes in both photobiont and 

mycobiont, but can also be excessive with many lichens disappearing as a result of anthropogenic deposition. In 

2005, we initiated a long-term experiment to investigate the processes that lead to die-back of epiphytic lichen 

communities with increased N. We combined daily fertilization of spruce trees in an old growth boreal forest harbouring 

a rich lichen flora with yearly monitoring of “species” abundance, and measurements of their N-uptake, 

N and phosphorous (P) concentrations at five N deposition levels. In a parallel and more short-term study both 

N and P supply was manipulated for two of the more abundant lichens at the site, Alectoria sarmentosa and 

Platismatia glauca, to examine their N to P stoichiometry and their respective biont responses to both N and P. 

After four years, A. sarmentosa had decreased in abundance with increasing N, while P. glauca had increased 

at all N levels. Thallus N concentration had increased in both A. sarmentosa and P. glauca with increasing N 

load, and their N uptake rates were similar. Photobiont concentration had increased linearly with increased N in 

both species, saturating in A. sarmentosa in the third year at the highest N loads (25 and 50 kg ha -1 yr -1 ). However, 

the simulated N deposition had decreased the phosphorous (P) concentration in A. sarmentosa, but not in 

P. glauca. The short-term N and P manipulations showed that the photobiont growth was N-limited in both species. 

The mycobiont was P-limited in A. sarmentosa which may in part explain the decreased abundance of this 

species at the highest N loads. Mycobiont responses were more complex since fungal growth is also dependent 

on the carbon export from the photobiont, as seen in P. glauca where the mycobiont decreased when N additions 

exceeded 50 kg ha -1 yr -1 . Our results emphasize that lichen responses to increased N loads will be dependent 

on the responses of its particular photo- and mycobiont to both N and P, and their relative access to P since P 

might mitigate the negative effects of excess N. 

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POSTER SESSION 

1I-P 

1I: Exploring the lichen microbiome and its multifaceted interactions 

(1I-P1) Submission ID: IAL0018-00002 

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF A PHYSCIETUM ADSCENDENTIS-ASSOCIATED 

MICROBIAL COMMUNITY 

Beck A. 1 , Peršoh D. 2 , Rambold G. 2 

1 Lichenology Dept., Botanische Staatssammlung, München, Bavaria, Germany 

2 Abteilung Mykologie, Universitaet Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany 

The factors driving the diversity and structure of corticolous lichen communities have been intensely 

studied, but the ecology of the non-lichenized organisms in these communities remains largely unknown. For the 

present study, thalli of Xanthoria parietina and Physconia distorta living on a maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus), 

where they were part of the Physcietum adscendentis association were sampled along with bark in spring and 

autumn at two expositions (WSW and SSE). The fungal community living in the lichens and on the bark was 

assessed by direct PCR, cloning, and screening for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RFLP 

genotypes detected in the clones revealed a considerably high diversity of lichen-associated fungi, along with the 

primary lichen symbionts and the phorophyte. The associated fungal flora was slightly more diverse in P. distorta 

than in X. parietina, and the two communities differed in composition. The fungi associated with X. parietina appeared 

to be more specialized perhaps because of the high anthraquinone content of the latter species. 

76



TOWARDS A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF LICHENICOLOUS DACAMPIACEAE 


Döring H. 1 , Atienza V. 2 

1 Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom 

2 Departamento de Botanica, Universitat de Valencia, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain 

The family Dacampiaceae comprises about 15 genera. Eight genera (Clypeococcum, Dacampia, Kalaalia, 

Polycoccum, Pseudonitschkia, Pseudopyrenidium, Pyrenidium, Weddellomyces) include mainly or exclusively 

lichenicolous species. The family is currently classified within Pleosporales in the Dothideomycetes. 

However, no molecular data exist to test the phylogenetic placement of any of the lichenicolous taxa. We aim to 

generate a hypothesis of the phylogenetic position of lichenicolous Dacampiaceae and to test the monophyly of 

the group. Recent material of such inconspicuous fungi is usually not readily available for laboratory work, cultures 

cannot easily be obtained from obligate parasites, and it is likely that any extraction from an infected lichen 

specimen contains a mixture of DNAs of at least two ascomycetes. For DNA extractions we used minute portions 

of the samples that have been carefully prepared and cleaned under a dissecting microscope to contain as much 

material of the lichenicolous fungi as possible. Different PCR primer combinations for the nuclear ribosomal DNA 

genes were tested, and where possible directly sequenced. In many cases, as expected, mixed PCR products 

required sequencing via DNA cloning. It proved difficult to generate DNA sequence data of sufficient quality and 

quantity. We are going to report on the diversity of fungal sequences obtained from samples of lichenicolous 

Dacampiaceae. Our study highlights the elaborate process of obtaining reliable DNA sequence data for a larger 

amount of such species. The routine inclusion of sequence data in the taxonomic description for new species, as 

currently discussed, appears to be an extremely difficult task for these fungi. In some cases a single sequence 

clustering within Dothideomycetes was obtained straight away. However, despite careful preparation from some 

DNA extractions only sequences belonging to the host lichen could be retrieved, and in other cases cloning was 

necessary to separate different fungal sequences. Some sequences originated from obviously unrelated fungi, 

but from some extractions multiple sequences with affinity to Dothideomycetes were gathered. Therefore, multiple 

samples are needed to confirm the identity of a specific DNA sequence as belonging to the Dacampiaceae 

species in question. The phylogenetic position of some lichenicolous Dacampiaceae species will be shown. 

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LINKING FUNCTION WITH BIOTECHNOLOGY: THE POTENTIAL OF LICHEN-ASSOCIATED 

BACTERIA TO CONTROL PHYTOPATHOGENS 

Berg G. 1 , Zachow C. 1 , Grube M. 2 

1 Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Technology, Graz, Austria 

2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria 

Lichens are mini-ecosystems, which harbour highly abundant and diverse bacterial communities [1]. 

These communities are not only an important structural component of the lichen thallus; also important functions 

were identified [2]. One of these is pathogen defense [2]. Due to their long life, lichens have to defend themselves 

against a long list of ubiquitous or specifically adapted parasites. Our idea was to use this potential and to 

analyze the antagonistic activity of lichen-associated bacteria against Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora 

infestans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The bacteria were isolated from different lichen species (Cladonia 

arbuscula, Lecanora polytropa, Lobaria immixta, L. pulmonaria, L. virens, Peltigera canina, Pseudocyphellaria 

aurata and Umbilicaria cylindrica) from alpine environments. An impressive spectrum of antagonistic strains 

was selected [3]. The highest antagonistic potential was found against the ascomycetous air-borne pathogen B. 

cinerea (34.4%). The lichen with the highest overall antagonistic capacity was Pseudocyphellaria aurata; up to 

100% of the screened bacterial isolates showed antifungal activity towards P. infestans. In a novel, promising 

approach, the bacterial strains were not directly isolated; they were caught from the bacterial community via bait 

plants. Using this approach it is possible to enrich plant-competent bacteria and enhance the number of bioactive 

isolates. 

[1] Grube & Berg (2009) Fungal Biology Reviews 23:72–85 

[2] Grube et al. (2009) The ISME J., 3:1105-1115 

[3] Berg et al. (2011) IOBC/wprs BULLETIN, in press. 


FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION AND CONFOCAL LASER SCANNING 

MICROSCOPY APPROACH TO ANALYSE ALPINE SOIL CRUST LICHENS 

Muggia L. 1 , Klug B. 1 , Berg G. 2 , Grube M. 1 

1 Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

2 Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Technical University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

Biological soil crusts (BSC) are microbially dominated communities inhabiting the uppermost strata of 

the soil. Lichens, as distinct and colourful soil crust components of high elevations and subpolar regions, create 

niches for other microorganisms. In this contribution we present analyses of the structure of lichen soil crusts by 

using microscopic techniques (DNA-FISH and CLSM) and 3D image reconstruction. Lichen thalli were sampled 

above the tree-line in open habitats of the Alps, both on siliceous and calcareous substrates. We selected 

six squamulose and crustose lichen species for our study: Arthrorhaphis citrinella, Baeomyces placophyllus, 

Diploschistes muscorum, Icmadophila ericetorum, Psora decipiens and Trapeliopsis granulosa. We studied the 

presence and the distribution of main bacterial groups in lichen thalli and attached soil particles in the hypothallosphere. 

Results show that lichen species correlate with patterns of colonisation, suggesting that thalli of lichen 

species determine the microbial structure and that lichen soil crust communities are highly complex microbial 

metacommunities. Biological soil crusts substantially reduce erosion potential in sensitive habitats and thereby 

also contribute to higher quality of water supply. 

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SYMBIOTIC CYANOBACTERIA PRODUCE A SERIES OF HEPATOTOXINS IN LICHENS 

Kaasalainen U. 1 , Fewer D.P. 2 , Jokela J. 2 , Wahlsten M. 2 , Sivonen K. 2 , Rikkinen J. 1 


2 Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

Approximately ten percent of lichens have cyanobacteria as symbiotic partners. The most common 

cyanobacterial genus in lichens is Nostoc, and recent work has shown that some symbiotic Nostoc strains can 

produce microcystins in lichen symbiosis. Microcystins and nodularins are hepatotoxic peptides produced mainly 

in aquatic environments by several lineages of cyanobacteria and they have been responsible for poisonings 

of both humans and livestock. We have screened nearly 800 cyanolichen specimens from five continents for 

microcystins and nodularins both by amplifying a part of the gene cluster encoding the enzyme complex responsible 

for microcystin production (mcyE) and by detecting the toxins directly from lichen specimens with LC-MS. 

98 out of the 797 specimens contained microcystin synthetase genes and/or microcystins, and over 50 chemical 

variants of microcystins were detected. We also found nodularins in several lichens this being evidence of 

nodularin production in Nostoc. Variation in toxin production between different geographical locations and lichen 

species and genera was considerable, but the presence of mcyE gene and toxins clearly depended more on the 

identity of the fungal partner than the geographic origins of lichen specimens. Interestingly, the mcyE genes of 

lichen symbiotic Nostoc were highly diverse and the phylogenetic trees compiled from cyanobacterial mcyE and 

16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from the same lichen samples were partly incongruent. As a whole, our 

results demonstrate that microcystins in lichens are not a rare phenomenon, but occur in many different lichen 

species all over the world. 


CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF SPAIN 

Fernández-Brime, S. 1 , Llop, E. 1 , Gaya, E. 2 , Navarro-Rosinés, P. 1 & Llimona, X. 1 

1 Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 

2 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338, USA. 

As part of a broader study on the lichen flora of the Cap de Creus Natural Park (covering an area of 10,780 

hectares in the eastern part of the Pyrenees in north-east Spain), a survey was made of the diversity of the 

lichenicolous fungal flora. Thirty two species of lichenicolous fungi belonging to 13 genera were identified, 

including four species that were new to science: Cercidospora sp., growing on Caloplaca irrubescens (distinguished 

from Cercidospora caudata s.s. by the number of spores per ascus and the host lichen species); 

Lichenostigma sp., growing on Pertusaria monogona, (similar to L. rupicolae, but with different hyphal strands 

structures, ascospores, and host lichen); Llimoniela sp. growing on Trapeliopsis wallrothii; and Zwackhiomyces 

sp. growing on Endocarpon pusillum. In addition, several other lichenicolous species were reported for the first 

time on the Iberian Peninsula: Endococcus buelliae, Polycoccum rinodinae, and P. teresum. 34 lichen taxa were 

found to host lichenicolous fungi, with the genera Aspicila, Caloplaca, and Lecanora harboring the largest number 

of lichenicolous species. A list for these lichen hosts is provided, with descriptions of novel associations with 

lichenicolous species. By adding to our knowledge of the diversity of lichenicolous fungi, this study illustrates the 

continuing need to investigate this little known group. 

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DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEMENTARY MOLECULAR MARKERS SEEMS CRUCIAL TO 

DETECT THE COEXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT TREBOUXIA TAXA 

IN A SINGLE LICHEN THALLUS 

Català García S. 1 , Del Campo E.M. 2 , Barreno E. 1 , García- Breijo F.J. 3 , Reig- Armiñana J. 1 , Casano L.M. 2 

1 Botany, University of Valencia, Inst. Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Burjassot, Spain 

2 Dept. Plant Biology, University of Alcala, Alcala De Henares, Spain 

3 Agroforestry Ecosystems Dept, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain 

Most lichens are associated with Trebouxia phycobionts and some of them simultaneously include 

genetically different algal lineages. Recently, on the basis of anatomical and molecular analyses, it was demonstrated 

that in Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. two species of Trebouxia were always coexisting in a single thallus, 

even in geographically distant localities. In this work we investigate if Ramalina fraxinea populations may be representative 

of an unknown complex model of lichen symbiosis in which more than two different Trebouxia phycobionts 

can coexist as primary producers in each individual thallus. To reach this goal we made both molecular 

and TEM analyses. Molecular analyses based on three different molecular markers- nrITS, psbA and 23S rDNA- 

allowed to detect the co-existence of at least two phycobionts per thallus. One or them could be included within a 

Trebouxia decolorans complex whereas the other seemed to be very similar to one of the two coexisting phycobionts 

in R. farinacea referred as Trebouxia TR1 (T. jamesii-like) in previous works. Phylogenetic analyses based 

on these markers indicated a high and unexpected cryptic speciation within the Trebouxia decolorans complex. 

At least, five haplotypes and morphotypes were recognized among T. decolorans-like phycobionts in contrast 

to the very low genetic variability of the other coexisting phycobionts. Some of these haplotypes seemed to be 

related to the colonization of specific phorophytes. The design of an additional marker based on sequences of 

the psbA gene including group I introns was crucial to improve taxa recognition within the Trebouxia decolorans 

complex in combination with others. From these results we conclude that the development of complementary 

molecular markers may improve the recognition of different Trebouxia taxa within a single thallus when revising 

lichen symbioses models. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429-C02-01/02), AECID (PCI_A_l024755/09) and Generalitat 

Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 


GENETIC VARIABILITY OF CYANOBIONTS IN SOME PELTIGERA SPECIES 

Resl P. 1 , Grube M. 1 

1 Inst. of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

In this study the variation of Nostoc cyanobionts was studied in members of the lichen genus Peltigera. 

Fragments of the 16S rRNA gene were analysed, as well as fragments of the NifH gene, belonging to the nitrogenfixiation 

gene cluster. Using DNA fingerprinting technique SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) we 

found the presence of multiple bands, indicating the non-uniformity of Nostoc cyanobionts incorporated in single 

thalli. By sequencing of SSCP bands we further characterized the multiple cyanobacterial genotypes. We are 

attempting to find correlating parameters for association with particular Nostoc strains and for their combined 

presence. Photobiont association in Peltigera seems to be more flexible than previously thought. 

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1A: Lichen conservation: Concepts and action 

(1A-P1) Submission ID: IAL0011-00001 

APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES FOR THE TRANSPLANTATION OF LICHEN VEGETATIVE 

DIASPORES IN TROPICAL FORESTS IN THAILAND 

Pangpet M. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Huamark, Bankrapi, 10240, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

Isidia and soredia are good sources for the vegetative propagation of lichens because they are produced 

in large quantities and propagation can thus be accomplished while using the least amount of lichen 

material. The aim of this study was to find appropriate techniques in increasing the biomass production of 

lichens in the tropics. Transplantation was done through spreading Parmotrema tinctorum isidia and P. praesorediosum 

soredia on double-sided adhesive tape (DSAT) and thereupon fixing the lichen materials on the bark 

of tree trunks in different types of tropical forest at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The survival rate of the 

transplanted isidia and soredia was only 9% and 8% with those transplanted to secondary forest (SF) growing 

into large thalli. Alternately, transplantation using P. sulphuratum isidia with the same materials, but fixing the 

DSAT on nylon nets installed at 0°, 45° and 90° inclinations was executed in SF. The highest germination rate 

for isidia was as much as 50% which was found on a substrate at 45° inclination two years after transplantation. 

Transplantation in a shaded microhabitat using P. sancti-angelii soredia and P. tinctorum isidia to a substrate at 

45° inclination was performed. After three years as much as 90% of the soredia and 70% of the isidia survived 

and developed into young thalli. In conclusion, appropriate techniques were achieved for transplanting lichens 

in the tropics utilizing the least amount of lichen material. They are essential for conservation and sustainable 

utilization of lichens in a changing world. 


ADDITIONS TO LICHEN BIOTA OF IRAN 

Haji Moniri M. 1 , Sipman H. J. 2 

1 Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran 

2 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany 

The greatly increased taxonomic understanding of Iran’s lichens in the past decade is primarily due to 

the combined effort of both Iranian and non-Iranian scientists. As a result more than 285 lichen species have 

so far been recorded from northeastern Iran. As a continuation of this work further investigations were made in 

two reserves in Khorasan provinces (NE Iran). Eighty specimens were collected from 10 localities in Darkesh 

(Ala Dagh Mt.) and Tandoureh (Kopet Dagh Mt.) influenced by Euro-Siberian and Irano-Touranian phytocoria, 

respectively. First hand observations of these, combined with a critical literature survey, indicate four new species 

not previously found in Iran. 

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FIRST STEPS TO REVEAL THE DIVERSITY OF LECANORA IN BOLIVIA 

Sliwa L. 1 , Wilk K. 1 , Rodriguez Saavedra P. 2 , Flakus A. 1 

1 Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 

2 Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Forschunginstitut und Naturmuseum, 

Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 

Although Bolivia is thought to have one of the largest biodiversity worldwide, knowledge of its lichen 

biota is underexplored. Since several of its natural ecosystems are undoubtedly rich in lichen diversity, these 

soon may become endangered as in neighbouring countries. Therefore, studies aimed at establishing an inventory 

of this diversity are fundamental to lichen conservation in this part of South America. The present survey is 

focused on the genus Lecanora that is extremely poorly recognized in the area. Fourteen species are recorded 

from Bolivia (http://botan.botany.pl/lichens-bolivia), as compared with, for example, 124 from the comprehensively 

investigated Greater Sonoran Desert Region in North America. The present study, based on material collected 

recently from various biogeographic regions in Bolivia, has revealed many noteworthy species, many new 

to Bolivia (e.g. L. cavicola, L. flowersiana, L. laxa, L. semipallida, L. stenotropa, L. subaurea) and several newly 

reported from South America. Two species are undescribed: one closely related to L. polytropa, but distinguished 

by its anatomy and chemistry, and the other representing the L. dispersa group, being reminiscent of L. semipallida, 

but differing in the ITS sequence and some morphological details. Research supported by NCBiR in Poland 

under the LIDER Program; project no. 92/L-1/09. 


PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A TAXONOMICAL REVISION OF NON-SAXICOLOUS 

LECIDEOID LICHENS IN SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 

Rodriguez- Saavedra P. 1 , Printzen C. 1 

1 Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Forschunginstitut und Naturmuseum, 


Lecidea sensu lato is one of the most species-rich and widespread crustose lichen groups worldwide, 

which is widely represented especially in extra-tropical areas. According to Zahlbruckner’s catalogue 99 species 

of non-saxicolous Lecidea s. lato are known from the study area (including Argentina, Chile and Uruguay). To date 

taxonomy and phylogenetic studies on non-saxicolous species are largely lacking. Many specific and infraspecific 

names need better understanding, and the generic position of many species requires revision. Therefore, 

we start with a systematic revision of the poorly known group in southern South America. The taxonomic study is 

based on both historical and fresh collections, and considers anatomy, morphology and secondary metabolites. 

We show preliminary results of our work, including anatomical and morphological characters important for the 

taxonomy of the group, descriptions of selected species, taxonomical comments, and preliminary ecological and 

distributional data. 

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EFFECTS OF WATER TREATMENT AND ASPECT ORIENTATION ON THE SURVIVAL OF 

PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM TRANSPLANTED TO ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES IN THAILAND 

Santanoo S. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


The lichen Parmotrema tinctorum has potential to be utilized in various ways. As such, increased production 

is essential to meeting future demand for this lichen. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to find 

appropriate techniques and microhabitats which would enhance the in situ biomass production of this lichen by 

means of transplantation to artificial substrates. The study was carried out by transplanting nine hundred and 

sixty thallus fragments of Parmotrema tinctorum at Khao Yai National Park. The transplanted thalli were fixed on 

nylon nets placed above the surface of the earth at an approximate inclination of 40°. These substrates faced 

the four cardinal directions in addition to those which were oriented horizontally. Three water treatments were 

applied to the transplanted thalli consisted of no extra water, evaporation from wet soil and spraying water over 

the thalli. Thirty two months after transplantation, thallus fragments which received moisture from evaporation 

of wet soil had higher proportion of survived thalli than those without extra water and those received spraying 

water over thalli accounting for 39%, 33% and 28% respectively. The transplanted thalli receiving evaporated 

water from the soil exhibited the highest survival rate for those on substrates facing the east at 23%, whereas 

those facing the south, the west, oriented horizontally, and the north exhibited respective survival rates at 19%, 

21%, 19% and 18%. The thalli facing the east received more light than those facing the other cardinal directions 

and those oriented horizontally. The cool season showed the lowest death rate for thalli in contrast to the rainy 

season which showed the highest death rate caused by the accumulation of water in the nylon net substrates. 

In the second year of transplantation, a higher proportion of dead thalli were found comparing to the first year 

because numerous isidia produced by the transplanted thalli had been broken off by heavy rain. Some of them 

germinated and became juvenile lobules located near the original transplanted thalli. These observations are 

underway to facilitate optimal conditions for propagating lichens such that conservation and sustainable utilization 

could be implemented. 

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ON STUDY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ESFAHAN PROVINCE (IRAN) 

Kondratyuk S. Y. 1 , Zarei-Darki B. 2 

1 Lichenology and Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute Of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine 

2 Falavarian Branch, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran 

There are hitherto only data on twenty one lichen species of the genera Acarospora, Aspicilia, Caloplaca, 

Candelariella, Collema, Glypholecia, Lecidea, Lobothallia, Physcia, Polysporina, Rhizoplaca, Rusavskia, Sarcogyne, 

Toninia, and Verrucaria, found in the Esfahan Province of Iran (Seaward et al. 2004; Sohrabi 2009-2010 

http://www.myco-lich.com). During 2010 special collections of lichens were done by B. Zarei-Darki in Mooteh 

and Karkas protected areas of the Esfahan Province, Iran. In total, more than 500 field envelops of lichens were 

collected. Mooteh Wildlife refuge, with a total area a. 205,302 ha, was created in 1990 while it was as protected 

area since 1964. Karkas hunting-prohibited Region, with a total area a. 92,100 ha, is the protected area since 

1980. Preliminary identifications of our collections show the high species diversity of both lichen-forming and 

lichenicolous fungi in areas mentioned. So a number of lichen taxa, i.e. Arthonia epiphyscia, A. cf. hawksworthii, 

Caloplaca intrudens, C. scrobiculata, Opegrapha romsae, Protoparmeliopsis laatokkaensis, Xanthoparmelia 

loxodes and Zwackhiomyces coepulonus are for the first time recorded for the whole Iran. The following lichenforming 

and lichenicolous fungi as Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca decipiens, C. mogoltanica, C. trachyphylla, C. 

xantholyta, Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii, P. muralis, Muellerella pygmaea are for the first time recorded for the 

Esfahan Province. The new hosts are for the first time recorded for such lichenicolous fungi as Arthonia molendoi 

and Zwackhiomyces coepulonus. A number of critical taxa of lichen-forming fungi of the Protoparmeliopsis 

muralis-, Caloplaca persica- and C. scrobiculata-, Lecania ochronigra-, and Rusavskia elegans- groups, as well 

as some representatives of the genera Acarospora, Aspicilia, Lecanora, and lichenicolous fungi of the genera 

Zwackhiomyces, Cercidospora, Phoma, and Lichenostigma are under special revision at the moment. 


CONSERVATION BIOLOGY OF CLADONIA TRAPEZUNTICA J. STEINER 

Senkardesler A. 1 , Cansaran Duman D. 2 

1 Department of Biology, EGE University, Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey 

2 Ilac Kozm. Aras. Mud., Refik Saydam Hifzissihha Merk. Bask, Ankara, Turkey 

Cladonia trapezuntica J. Steiner (lichenized fungi, Ascomycetes) rediscovered recently, was first described 

from North Turkey in 1909 and was never reported after. This species was collected by Handel-Mazzetti 

on mosses from Eseli village, which was evacuated several decades ago; today, this village is neither known 

from current maps nor by the local population. Cladonia trapezuntica is similar to Pycnothelia papillaria (Ehrh.) 

L.M. Dufour, but it differs 1) in its cushion-like growing form of the thallus, 2) by its rather temporary primary 

thallus (usually it is continuous in P. papillaria), and 3) in its growth on metal rich soil, which is rich in iron oxide 

followed by calcium phosphate hydroxide hydrate, calcium carbonate and barium aluminium silicate. Despite of 

more than 430 papers published about lichens collected from Turkey, P. papillaria is not known from the country. 

From this reason, ecology, distribution (rarity) and taxonomy of C. trapezuntica were studied for conservational 

purposes. This study was supported by The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Project number 

10051505. 

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(1A – P8) Submission ID: IAL0125-00002 

WHERE ARE THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF ÖDÖN SZATALA REALLY DEPOSITED? 

Senkardesler A. 1 , Lökös L. 2 , Molnar K. 3 , Farkas E. 3 

1 Department of Biology, EGE University Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey 

2 Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary 

3 Laboratory for Botany and Phytochemistry, Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 

Vacratot, Hungary 

Taxonomic studies based on type material are difficult if the deposition of types are not known correctly. 

In the case of Ödön Szatala’s type specimens, several mistakes on their typification were made, since 

deposition of many type specimens were unknown. Ödön Szatala was usually thought to be working in his whole 

scientific life in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (BP). Despite of this, he was working in BP only during 

his last five years before his death in 1958. More than 80% of his papers were published before his time at the 

museum. Prior to this, he was working as an internationally respected expert on seed testing in the Royal Hungarian 

Experimental Institute for Seed Testing and in various stations of the same company situated in several 

cities. Most of 72 new lichen species, 26 new varieties and 71 new forms, described by him based on different 

collections, were introduced to lichenology during this period. The main problems are caused by those taxa, 

because the protologues do not provide any internal evidence concerning on the deposition of type materials. In 

this poster, we would like to present Ödön Szatala’s career and share our results on his type specimens deposition. 

These specimens were mainly deposited in BP and W, however, other herbaria (e.g. B, CL, GB, GZU, LBL, 

M) could also keep some of these original materials, while no types has been seen in WU (except the isotypes 

in exsiccate Lichenotheca parva). A total of 49 critical taxa described by O. Szatala will be discussed here. This 

study was supported by SYNTHESYS AT-TAF-3435& HU-TAF-1103 and OTKA K81232. 

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ARID LICHENS FROM THE RED DATA BOOK OF UKRAINE - ASSESSMENT, 

CONSERVATION AND PERSPECTIVES 

Nadyeina O. V. 1 , Khodosovtsev O. Y. 2 , Nazarchuk Y. S. 3 , Dymytrova L. V. 1 

1 Lichenology & Bryology,M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kyiv, Ukraine 


3 Botany, I. I. Mechnykov Odessa National University, Odessa, Ukraine 

A project supported by Rufford SGF was carried out in Ukraine during 2009-2011 and combined lichen 

floristics and community ecology. Our focus was on arid terricolous lichens in steppes because these ecosystems 

occupy an important part of the Ukrainian territory. However, steppe ecosystems are amongst the most 

disturbed areas, affected by built-up areas, mines, industries, crop farming and overgrazing. The main aim of this 

study was to disseminate knowledge about steppe lichens and their conservation biology to the local population, 

governmental and regional administrations, staff of protected areas, etc. Our activity included monitoring of terricolous 

lichen communities and species distribution in Ukrainian steppes. We have prepared and distributed a 

brochure “What do you know about steppe lichens–minute world under your foot” to school associations of young 

biologists and ecologists, biological faculties of universities from the main regions, administration of protected 

areas and Ministry of Natural Protection. Eight months later we have already received lichen specimens from 

schools and social organizations; also some local children`s and historic-cultural journals were interested in our 

project. From a scientific point of view we have collected data about historic and modern localities of terricolous 

lichens with relations to the steppe zone of Ukraine, including 11 species from the present edition of Red Data 

Book of Ukraine (2009): Agrestia hispida, Aspicilia fruticulosa, A. vagans, Cetraria steppae, Fulgensia desertorum, 

Leptogium schraderi, Seirophora lacunosa, Squamarina lentigera, Xanthoparmelia camtschadalis, X. ryssolea. 

We documented localities for 10 redlisted species, some as new, others to reconfirm records from the 19 th 

century. In this project we described associations of terricolous lichens and clarified some taxonomically difficult 

species, as Cetraria steppae and Xanthoparmelia ryssolea. Our field trips and collaborations with other organizations 

and colleagues stimulated the establishment of new protected areas in the south of Ukraine, notably in 

Kherson, Donetsk, Luhansk, Odessa regions and Crimea. We assume that popularization of the lichen conservation 

issue will also influence the acceptance of local and regional administrations for lichen conservation. 

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CAUCASUS BIOSPHERE RESERVE (WESTERN CAUCASUS, RUSSIA) AS A POTENTIAL 

VALUABLE HOTSPOT OF LICHEN DIVERSITY IN CAUCASUS AND RUSSIA 

Urbanavichyus G. P. 1 , Urbanavichene I. 2 

1 Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of The Industrial Ecology Problems of the North, Russian Academy 

of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia 

2 Laboratory of Lichenology and Bryology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 

Saint-Petersburg, Russia 

The Caucasus Mountains are one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots as well as one of the richest 

regions of Russia in this aspect. However, the Caucasus is not recognized yet as a hotspot of lichen species 

diversity, because the lichen flora of the Caucasus is still incompletely known. There are 1,119 species mentioned 

for the Northern Caucasus in the Russian lichen checklist (2010), which comprise 33% of total lichen 

flora of Russia. UNESCO-MAB Caucasus Biosphere Reserve (Kavkazskiy Zapovednik) is situated in the western 

Caucasus, which is the core of the Western Caucasus World Heritage Site. The area of the Reserve covers 

about 2,800 sq km of various natural ecosystems, which are about 80% of whole Great Caucasus ecosystem 

types. There are distinct ecological and altitudinal belts–from subtropics on the eastern Black Sea coast (30 m 

alt.) up to glacial and nival habitats (3,300-3,360 m alt.), with unique temperate broadleaf and mixed rainforests 

with annual precipitation over 2,500 mm in the most of western part of the Caucasus. High level of species endemism 

is character for the whole Caucasus region. Our study report 745 species of lichens and lichenicolous 

fungi for the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve (more than 100 are additions to the Northern Caucasus list). However 

our investigations covered only small part of the Reserve. Anyway we state the Caucasus Reserve has 

one of the richest lichen flora Reserves in Russia as compared to Pechoro-Ilych Reserve (889 sp.); Baikalskiy 

(719 sp.) and Laplandskiy (612 sp.). More then 130 lichens from the Caucasian Reserve are not known in other 

Russian Reserves and 430 species are not known in other Reserve areas of Caucasus. Nevertheless, we suppose 

that the actual number of species is much higher: about 1,200 lichen species could be registrated in the 

reserve and over 2,500 species for the whole lichen flora of the Caucasus. Therefore the Caucasus Reserve 

is of critical value for the total Caucasian lichen diversity conservation. The rich lichen diversity in a mountainforested 

area clearly justifies a more detailed lichen exploration in the region. 

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FIRST ACTIONS ON A PRELIMINARY RED LIST OF VENEZUELAN LICHENS 

Hernandez J. E. 1 

1 Research & Development, Fundacion Instituto Botanico de Venezuela, Caracas, DC, Venezuela 

Until know, no country in Latin-American has included fungi and lichenized fungi in there red lists. Efforts 

in fungi conservation and first attempts to create red lists have been done in Cuba, Argentina and Colombia. 

The conservation of lichens is strongly related to the threat upon the existing vegetation where they exist. Unfortunately 

in Venezuela a great extent of the natural habitats have been subject to fragmentation processes and 

general destruction by man. Deforestation is the main factor in the destruction of extensive natural areas with a 

great variety of habitats for lichens. Tropical forests are continually invaded for urban expansion and agriculture 

uses. In Venezuela the fragmentation and destruction of ecosystems has reached concerning levels and in some 

cases has reached points of no return to the original conditions. The destruction of habitats produce fragmentation 

of the area of distribution which affects the reproduction decreasing the capacity of perpetuation of the 

species in lichens and other groups. Little is known of the lichen collections in Venezuela. The project objectives 

include elaborating an inventory of all the existing herbaria in Venezuela outside of the country. All this information 

was to be introduced in a single database. The red list will be elaborated analyzing the ecological data from 

the database and the existing information from catalogs and checklists from Venezuela. 17 herbaria in Venezuela 

have lichen collections. 80% has been introduced in the database. Information from six foreign herbaria was 

also included. The database has nearly 50 thousand entries. An endemic species lists has been started, plus 

a preliminary red list for lichens. Threats to natural populations of lichens from Venezuela are being measured 

on the basis of particularities of geographical distribution, habitat quality and, especially, the possibilities of land 

transformation and in some cases of missing of large surfaces of land in natural regions of Venezuela. In the 

process to assigning a degree of threat the methodological approach from IUCN was followed. 

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TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF THE LICHEN GENUS TONINIA 

(LECIDEACEAE, ASCOMYCETES) IN ISFAHAN PROVINCE, IRAN 

Dahmardeh F. 1 , Balali G. 1 , Sohrabi M. 2 

1 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 


The lichen genus Toninia (Lecideaceae, Ascomycetes) seems one of the well-studied genera of lichenized 

fungi in the world which is widely distributed especially in the temperate region, but also is presented in 

the arctic and subtropical regions of the world. The genus was monographed (by Timdal 1991) and so far 48 

species and 9 subspecies were reported worldwide. At present, c. 13 species are known from Iran (see online 

checklist at www.myco-lich.com) i.e., Toninia aromatica (Sm.) A. Massal., T. athallina (Hepp) Timdal, T. candida 

(Weber) Th. Fr., T. cinereovirens (Schaerer) A. Massal., T. diffracta (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., T. lutosa (Ach.) Timdal, 

T. opuntioides (Vill.) Timdal, T. physaroides (Opiz) Zahlbr., T. ruginosa (Tuck.) Herre, T. sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal, 

T. squalida (Ach.) A. Massal., T. taurica (Szatala) Oxner, T. tristis (Th. Fr.) Th. Fr. and T. weberi Timdal. Some 

of these species seem to be broadly distributed in the world. Toninia weberi is known from few localities in Iran 

(mainly Kerman, Semnan and Tehran provinces). However, it was also reported from N. America (Colorado). 

Some species are widely distributed in Iran. For instance T. candida and T. sedifolia are reported from several 

provinces in Iran. To date taxonomic studies on the genus Toninia in Iran are lacking. Therefore, we start with 

a systematic revision of the genus Toninia in Esfahan province in the central part of Iran. The taxonomic study 

is based mainly on fresh material and compared with some well identified specimens from other regions of 

Iran. We show preliminary results of our work, including anatomical and morphological characters which are 

important for the taxonomy of the newly discovered species in the region. We also provide short descriptions, 

taxonomical notes, and preliminary ecological information and distribution maps for each species. The distribution 

maps and photographs of the species and their habitat will be appearing at the MYCO-LICH website (www. 

myco-lich.com). 


HERBARIUM OF YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY: LICHEN COLLECTION 

Nanagulyan S. 1 , Shahazizyan I. 1 , Gasparyan A. 1 , Stepanyan A. 1 

1 Botany, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia 

The Herbarium of Yerevan State University (YSU) has been established in 1923 by the famous Russian 

botanist A. Shelkovnikov. Nowadays, the herbarium consists of collections of fungi (more than 30,000 specimens 

of 4,500 species) and higher plants (13,000 specimens of 2,700 species). In comparison with plants and 

fungi, the lichen flora of Armenia is poorly studied yet. The main outstanding contributors to lichens investigation 

in Armenia were V. Nikoghosyan, S. Barchalov and A. Abrahamyan, whose studies are the basis for understanding 

lichen diversity of the country. According to First National Report “Biodiversity of Armenia” (1999) around 

300 species (among them 190 species from adjacent areas of Sevan Lake) of lichens have been reported for 

Armenia. The purpose of this study was to catalogize and to evaluate lichen species preserved in the herbarium 

of YSU. In the lichen collection of the herbarium of Yerevan State University are deposited specimens collected 

from 1920 by A. Shelkovnikov, A. Grossgeim (1923), N. Troitsky (1929) etc. In 1960’s large contribution to the 

herbarium has been done by M. Meliksetyan. The lichen collection contains 415 specimens from research areas 

of Armenia (Alaverdi, Stepanavan, Sevan, Aragats) and different countries (Russia, Georgia etc.). The lichen 

collection now includes 150 species belonging to 44 genera. As a result of our study, all specimens were catalogized 

in an electronic database (with photos). The lichen collection of the herbarium could be the basis for evaluating 

the lichen diversity, conservation status and listing of threatened species in the Red Book of Armenia. 

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LICHEN FLORA OF THE ISLAND OF LASTOVO (CROATIA, EUROPE) 

Maslać M. 1 , Partl A. 2 , Miličević T. 1 , Žilić I. 1 , Počanić P. 1 , Derežanin L. 1 

1 Division of Biology, Biology Students Association BIUS, Faculty of Science, Zagreb, Croatia 

2 State Institute for Nature Protection, State Institute for Nature Protection, Zagreb, Croatia 

Lastovo Archipelago (Croatia, Europe) is one of the most remote groups of islands in the Adriatic Sea, 

with around 30 km distance from the nearest mainland. Its isolated position together with the fact that it was 

a military outpost during the wars of the last century, had an exceptional influence on the preservation of the 

unique natural characteristics of the island. Due to the extreme beauty and large biodiversity of the islands and 

the surrounding marine habitats, in 2006 it was proclaimed as a Croatian Nature Park. As a part of a biodiversity 

project, in 2007, the Lichenology group from the Biology Students Association conducted research in the newly 

established park. We found 40 species on the island Lastovo, the main island of the Lastovo Archipelago; out 

of which, 33 species were found within the area of the Park. One of the determined lichen species Teloschistes 

chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr. is listed as Near Threatened (NT) category according to IUCN categorization in the 

Red List of lichens of Croatia. Previous records of the lichen flora for Lastovo island date from 1938, and list a total 

of 55 species. We can hypothesize that some of the species previously recorded, but not found in this survey, 

could either be found in an inaccessible part of the island, became extinct due to the environmental changes, or 

were misrecorded by the previous survey. In order to enable the comparison the lichen flora with the flora with 

other Adriatic islands and to determine how the environmental changes influence the comparative species composition, 

more fieldwork and research using precise methods for assessing lichen biodiversity are needed. 

90


1B: Genomic approaches to studying the lichen symbiosis 

(1B-P1) Submission ID: IAL0100-00001 

GENE EXPRESSION IN DRY AND WET THALLI OF USNEA BISMOLLIUSCULA 

Kono M. 1 , Ohmura Y. 2 , Satta Y. 1 

1 Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies [Sokendai], 

Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan 


Symbiosis is drawing increasing attention due to its importance in the ecosystem and evolution. 

Among a number of symbioses in nature, the lichen is considered as one of the most successful organisms for 

having expanded distribution to extreme environments. The ecological success of the lichen is attributed partly 

to its ability to switch metabolism on and off according to the water content of thalli. In this study, we focused on 

metabolic differences between dry and wet thalli of Usnea bismolliuscula from the view point of gene expression. 

For the dry state, thalli kept in a natural dry condition were used, and thalli rehydrated by distilled water were 

used for the wet state. The thalli in the both states were exposed to white fluorescent lamp (4.3 μmol m -2 s -1 ) 

for 1 hour. Total RNAs were extracted from the thalli of each state and differentially expressed genes between 

the two states were isolated by subtractive hybridization. BLASTX searches of the sequences obtained from 

the experiment were carried out. Possible homologs to fungal genes were detected at amino acid levels such 

as 6-phosphofructokinase (60% identity to Mycosphaerella graminicola) and heat shock protein (96% identity 

to Alternaria alternata). The results implied a shift in carbon metabolic pathway of the fungus corresponding to 

the water content of thalli and an induction of stress response against the low water content. The quantitative 

analysis of the results will be performed by RT-PCR. Alternating wetting and drying cycles are considered to be 

prerequisites for functioning symbioses of lichens. Therefore, examining gene expression in dry and wet thalli 

will shed light on the molecular basis of lichen symbioses. 


ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS OF LICHEN MYCOBIONT ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM 

Wang Y. 1 , Zhou Q. 1 , Cao S. 1 , Wei X. 1 , Wei J. 1 

1 Key Lab of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 

People’s Republic of China 

The first full-length cDNA library for lichenized fungi was constructed from cultured mycobiont of the 

arid desert lichen Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig. Based on small-scale sequencing results, 111 genes of the 

lichenized fungi were identified for the first time. Real-time PCR showed that the size of the mycobiont genome 

is 39.13 Mb and the copy number of ribosomal RNA gene repeat units is 43. Genome sequencing showed 

that the genome is about 38.4 Mb, almost identical to the size detected by RT-PCR. 12,100 genes have been 

detected by large-scale identification of functional genes on before- and after-drought stress transcriptome’s 

differential expression of E. pusillum, among which 5,880 genes have obvious change in sequencing signal, 

accounting for 48.6% of the total number of genes. Comparing to the before-drought stress transcriptome, there 

are 2,225 genes with up-regulation signal and 3,655 genes with down-regulation signal in after-drought stress 

transcriptome, accounting for 18.4% and 30.2% of the total number of genes, respectively. Up to now, 1,880 

of the variational 5,880 genes have been identified as function-known genes, and 4,000 are function-unknown 

genes. In the following work, desiccation tolerance-related genes will be expressed in Escherichia coli system, 

and the corresponding functional proteins will be further analyzed. 

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ANNOTATING BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTERS IN THE CLADONIA GRAYI GENOME 

Dal Grande F. 1 , Bode H. B. 2 , Armaleo D. 3 , Slot J. C. 4 , Schmitt I. 1 


2 Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 


4 Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, United States 

We screened the genome sequence of Cladonia grayi for conserved protein domains of biosynthetic 

genes coding secondary metabolites. Here, we report the number and organization of polyketide synthase and 

nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters. 


TISSUE- SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION AND DNA CYTOSINE METHYLATION 

IN THE LICHEN PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA 

Manoharan S. S. 1 , Snæbjarnarson V. 1 , Miao V. 2 , Jonsson Z. O. 1 , Andrésson O. 1 



DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) plays an essential role in the normal development of mammals and 

plants and is associated with various biological processes, such as silencing of transposons, regulation of gene 

expression during development and cell differentiation. In fungi, DNA methylation has been viewed as primarily a 

mechanism of genome defense (e.g in Neurospora crassa), but has also been proposed to modulate transcriptional 

activity (e.g Candida albicans). We explored the role of methylation in development of the mycobiont of the 

lichen, Peltigera membranacea, by identifying genes involved in methylation in a genome sequence assembly, 

by analysing llumina-sequencing data from bisulfite-treated total metagenomic DNA of apothecia (non-symbiotic 

tissue) and thalli including both mycobiont and symbiotic photobionts, and correlating the results with transcriptomic 

data obtained by llumina RNA-Seq. Putative homologs to most N. crassa genes involved in DNA methylation 

were found, including hpo, dim-2, and the members encoding a DCDC complex (dim-5, dim-7, dim-9, as 

well as cul4, ddb1 and their presumptive associated factors). Genes of the DMM complex that prevent spreading 

of methylation from transposons to nearby genes were also identified. Single-base resolution mapping in P. 

membranacea revealed some of the same distributional features as N. crassa, such as the occurrence of 5mC 

in all sequence contexts, and heavy methylation of transposons and repeat elements. However, a substantial 

fraction of the genes are also methylated in the transcribed regions (body) as in C. albicans, and in short regions 

that are depleted of G on one strand. Analysis of the RNA–Seq reads using Cufflink software revealed gene 

expression levels and splicing isoforms. A large number of genes showed tissue-specific gene expression and 

were not methylated, e.g. one of two ammonium transporter genes was strongly expressed in thalli, the other 

only in apothecia. lec1, encoding a lectin possibly involved in mycobiont-photobiont interaction was more highly 

expressed in thalli than in non-symbiotic tissues. The observation to date suggests that while one role of methylation 

in P. membranacea may be to silence transposons, additional functions, particularly with relation to gene 

body methylation, will be elucidated. 

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A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE GENES IN 

PELTIGERA MEMBRANACEA MYCOBIONTS 

Gagunashvili A. 1 , Andresson O. 1 


Polyketides are a group of secondary metabolites produced by a wide range of living organisms. These 

compounds exhibit remarkable diversity both in terms of their structure and their biological activity. Polyketides 

are of great commercial interest for drug discovery since many of these compounds have desirable pharmaceutical 

properties and they are a source of novel antibiotics, anti-tumor and anti-cancer agents, as well as 

cholesterol-lowering drugs. The biosynthesis of polyketides is catalyzed by large multifunctional enzymes called 

polyketide synthases (PKSs) that assemble core polyketide molecules from simple starter carboxylic acid 

precursors and several malonyl-CoA units in a manner similar to fatty acid synthesis. Genome sequencing projects 

on filamentous fungi have revealed an unexpectedly large number of PKS gene clusters in their genomes, 

very often exceeding the number of known polyketide metabolites for a certain species. Thus, the products 

of many sequenced PKS clusters remain to be elucidated. Here we present a survey and analysis of PKS 

genes in a recently sequenced metagenome of the foliose lichen Peltigera membranacea, along with analysis of 

corresponding gene clusters, methylation and expression (RNA-Seq) data. We have identified 11 full-length 

PKS genes, coding for 2 non-reducing and 9 reducing PKS enzymes, including one PKS-NRPS with a truncated 

NRPS module. Not all deduced splice sites have been confirmed with RNA-Seq data, and some introns appear 

not to be spliced at all or exhibit alternative splicing. 

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2I: Adaptation and morphological evolution 


EVOLUTION OF VAGRANCY IN THE “MANNA LICHENS” 

Sohrabi M. 1 


The vagrant growth form of lichenized fungi has evolved in several distantly related fungal lineages, 

including Lecanoraceae (Rhizoplaca), Megasporaceae (Circinaria), Parmeliaceae (Cetraria, Masonhalea and 

Xanthoparmelia) and Verrucariaceae (Dermatocarpon). This research is focused on the evolution of vagrancy 

among the ‘manna lichens’ as the most famous exemplar of the vagrant growth form. ‘Manna lichens’ comprise 

c. 17 accepted species previously treated under the genus Aspicilia but recently the group was entirely moved to 

the newly resurrected genus Circinaria. Therefore, no vagrant member was left in the genus Aspicilia (Megasporaceae) 

in its traditional sense. With current circumscription, the genus Circinaria is found to be heteromorphic, 

with numerous strictly saxicolous, and some true vagrant or semivagrant species. Within the ‘manna lichens’ 

some species are obligatorily unattached (truly vagrant), growing and reproducing without proper attachment to 

a substrate. Some other species are “erratic”, i.e., facultatively unattached (vagrant-crustose or semivagrant); 

these taxa often persist in two different growth forms, initially attached to soil or rocks and later developing a 

vagrant growth form. In this study, a comprehensive sampling of the genus Circinaria was made (c. 100 specimens), 

including both truly crustose and truly vagrant or semivagrant taxa. The nuITS, nuLSU and mtSSU rDNA 

were used as molecular markers. The datasets were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Some 

conclusions could be made about the relationships between truly crustose and vagrant taxa in the genus Circinaria. 

The occurrence of the vagrant growth form in several apparently unrelated lineages in the genus Circinaria 

shows interesting patterns of convergent evolution and ecological adaptation. Despite these insights, the reasons 

behind the high plasticity in external morphology of vagrant species still remain largely unknown. 


ARE LONG-LIVING LICHEN THALLI AN ARENA FOR PHOTOBIONT VARIATION? 

Muggia L. 1 , Vancourova L. 2 , škaloud P. 2 , Peksa O. 2 , Wedin M. 3 , Grube M. 1 


2 Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic 


Previous studies of symbiont selectivity in lichens often relied on the uniformity of the algal partner in 

individual thalli. Fingerprinting analyses of whole thallus DNA extractions, however, reveal presence of multiple 

Trebouxia strains within individuals of different species. A mixture of algal genotypes may be an adaptive advantage, 

because their different physiological performances can mediate tolerance to varying environmental 

conditions. We studied intrathalline variation of Trebouxia photobionts the cosmopolitan crustose lichen Protoparmeliopsis 

muralis, which has a broad ecological tolerance. We hypothesize that the lichen thallus could be 

an arena for combinations of the mycobiont with several algal strains, in order to promote longevity, robustness 

and fertility of this lichenized fungal species. We compared the photobiont diversity of marginal lobes and regenerative 

central outgrowths in two ecologically different localities. The single strand conformation polymorphism 

analysis (SSCP) and the haplotype analyses reveal the presence of different Trebouxia strains in the thalli. The 

majority of them were identified as T. incrustata and as “uncultured” Trebouxia strains, which is present as two 

different taxa in Czech Republic and Austria. 

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A TALE OF TWO MYCOBIONTS: EXPLORING CONVERGENT EVOLUTION AND 

PHOTOBIONT SWITCHING IN THE LICHEN GENUS POLYCHIDIUM 

Muggia L. 1 , Spribille T. 2 


2 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States 

The cyanolichen genus Polychidium (Ach.) Gray is generally considered to consist of four species, 

one being muscicolous, the others epiphytes. The four species share strikingly similar gross morphology but 

consort with different photobiont genera, namely Nostoc and Scytonema. In the past, thallus architecture has 

been a powerful guide in classification of lichen genera such as Polychidium and has often been taken to trump 

photobiont association and ascocarp type, but the reliability of these characters to predict phylogenetic affinity 

has seldom been tested. We tested the monophyly of Polychidium with a multilocus phylogeny based on nuclear 

and mitochondrial sequence data from all known Peltigeralean families, and reconstructed ancestral states for 

specific thallus architecture and ascoma ontogeny types relative to Polychidium and other clades. Our working 

hypothesis was that if Polychidium were found to be monophyletic, it would suggest photobiont switching 

among closely related species. If however species were found to arise in different lineages, this would suggest 

convergent body plan and ascoma type evolution. We found that Polychidium consists of two species groups 

that arose independently in different suborders within the Peltigerales, associated with Nostoc and Scytonema 

photobionts, respectively. We infer from ancestral character state reconstruction that dendroid thallus architecture 

evolved independently in these two lineages. The independent development of similar dendroid thallus architecture 

in different fungal suborders with different photobionts represents one of the most extreme examples 

of convergent evolution documented to date in symbiotic organisms. 


ON THE SPECIATION PROCESS IN MORPHOSPECIES: 

THE EXAMPLE OF PARMELINA PASTILLIFERA 

Nuñez J. 1 , Divakar P. K. 1 , Cubas P. 1 , Crespo A. 1 

1 Biología Vegetal II, Univ. Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

The independence of the morphospecies Parmelina pastillifera is not questioned currently although it 

had been debated by authors which considered this taxon either as a synonymous with P. tiliacea, or as a variety 

of that species or as a different species. Parmelina pastillifera presents morphological characteristic button-like 

stalked isidia and grows in relatively humid oceanic regions in Europe whereas P. tiliacea has cylindrical isidia 

and grows in drier areas and shows a wider geographic distribution in Eurasia, Macaronesia and North Africa. 

Previous molecular phylogenetic studies have shown both taxa as sister species, although few individuals have 

been studied so far. The finding of individuals with intermediate morphology poses some doubts on the relationship 

between these taxa and their taxonomic status. Analyses with three molecular markers (nuITS, mtLSU and 

Elongation Factor 1), on an extensive population sampling from different localities in Western Europe, show that 

both species are genetically close. However the relationships between P. pastillifera and P. tiliacea cannot be 

directly established concatenating the three molecular markers, due to incongruence in the phylogenetic signals 

and the sharing of common haplotypes in the three markers. We here present an attempt to reconcile the set of 

gene trees with a shared species tree, using a coalescent model in order to gain a deep insight into their genetic 

relationships and their taxonomic status in the perspective of a speciation process. 

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GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SPECIMENS AND THEIR CULTURED MYCOBIONTS 

OF CLADONIA VULCANI 

Yoshitani A. 1 , Fujiwara T. 1 , Hara K. 1 , Komine M. 1 , Yamamoto Y. 1 

1 Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan 

Lichen mycobionts can be isolated by two culture methods of their ascospores or tissues (thallus fragments). 

The tissue culture method was described as follows. It used one or a few thallus fragments. After washing 

and homogenizing they were divided into segments having the size from 150 to 500 µm. The segments 

were placed on agar plates of malt-yeast extract (MY) medium at 18°C. After 8 months they were harvested. We 

previously found that cultured mycobionts obtained from podetia of Cladonia spp. by the tissue culture method 

showed the wide variety of colors and forms. Therefore, we investigated the genetic diversity distributed in specimens 

and their cultured mycobionts of Cladonia vulcani collected at four sites in the same area in Akita, Japan. 

We analyzed sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer in each four podetia collected at four 

sites and decided their genotypes. It was proved that the composition of genotypes is different between each 

collecting site and there were a few genotypes in the same site. Consequently, we confirmed that C. vulcani in 

tested area had seven haplotypes. Besides, we divided two half parts of up- and down-sides of each four podetia 

collected at the same site and subjected to the DNA analysis. We found the up-side half parts and the down-side 

half parts were same genotype from same one podetium. Cut podetia in half lengthwise collected at four sites. 

The half lengthwise parts were subjected to the DNA analysis. Other parts were done to the tissue culture and 

were subjected to the DNA analysis. We found same genotypes between podetium and tissue culture from same 

one podetium. Cultured mycobionts we obtained showed three colors, violet-blue, flesh-color and brown. We 

supposed that the colors of cultured mycobionts were not dependent from their genotypes. 


THE YEAST-TO MYCELIAL-PHASE TRANSITIONS OF A LICHEN-FORMING 

FUNGUS UMBILICARIA MUEHLENBERGII 

Luo H. 1 , Qiu Z. 2 , Hur J. 3 

1 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China 

2 College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, jinan, People’s Republic of China 

3 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Korea 

Umbilicaria muehlenbergii is the first discovered lichenized fungus with. It exists as mycelium at the 

symbiotic state, and as yeast at the free living state. Among the hundreds of cultures of the yeast on petri-dish in 

our lab, one yeast colony transited to mycelial-form on one plate. However, whether this transition is accidental 

or inevitable, and what are the factors to induce this transition are still unclear. In order to find out some clues, 

the present study was designed. The yeast form fungus was cultured under different conditions, including different 

temperatures, illuminations, with or without algae for one month. The results indicated that, the alternative 

temperature had a remarkable effect on the growth of the yeast and the transition to mycelial phase. Yeast grows 

quickly under 15°C, while did not grow at 25°C. However all yeast transited to mycelium under the alternative 

temperature (15°C 12 h/25°C 12 h). Under the alternative temperature, high density of illumination inhibited the 

growth of mycelium; 1 min of UV exposure increased the growth of mycelium. Co-culture with photobiont algae 

improved the growth of both bionts and induced the transition from yeast to mycelium. The results suggested 

that, the yeast-to mycelial-phase transition of lichen-forming fungus U. muehlenbergii is inevitable under some 

certain conditions such as the alternative temperature and the co-culture with photobiont. These feathers are 

relatively similar with those of some animal or plant pathogenic fungi, suggesting a close relationship or a common 

basis to the development of the two morphologies between lichenized fungi and pathogenic fungi. 

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CHARACTER STATE EVOLUTION IN THE LICHEN-FORMING LINEAGE TRYPETHELIALES 


Nelsen M. P. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Aptroot A. 3 , Andrew C. J. 2 , Lumbsch H.T. 2 , Ree R. 2 

1 Committee on Evolutionary Biology / Department of Botany, University of Chicago, 

Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States 


3 Lichenology, ABL Herbarium, Soest, Netherlands 

We present a detailed phylogeny (mtSSU, nuLSU, RPB2) of the fungal order Trypetheliales. While 

some genera and species groups, such as Aptrootia, Architrypethelium and the Trypethelium eluteriae group 

are each recovered as monophyletic, the monophyly of a large number of genera in their current sense, such as 

Trypethelium, Astrothelium and Bathelium is rejected, forcing a re-evaluation of generic concepts in this group. 

As previous classification schemes were based on the evolutionary conservation of a number of morphological 

characters, such as ascospore septation and color, ostiole orientation and perithecial arrangement, we re-evaluated 

the evolution of these characters in light of phylogeny. Additionally, we examined whether morphological 

diversification through time was correlated with taxonomic diversification (cladogenesis), and allowed us to identify 

if morphological diversity is disproportionately partitioned among or within subclades within Trypetheliales. 


CRYPTIC DIVERSITY OF LECIDEOID LICHEN SPECIES (LECANORACEAE & LECIDEACEAE) 

IN CONTINENTAL ANTARCTICA (ROSS SEA REGION) 

Ruprecht U. 1 , Brunauer G. 1 , Green T. A. 2 , Türk R. 1 


2 Biological Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand 

The diversity of mainly saxicolous crustose lichens with lecideine apothecia in continental Antarctica is 

poorly known. Although lecideoid lichens are a diverse mixture of quite distantly related groups, they all share 

a similar morphology due to the ecological niche they are living in. This inconspicuous appearance not only 

complicates species identification but also genetic analysis because most of the biomass is growing in tight 

connection with rock surfaces. The limited availability of fresh samples from Antarctica in combination with the 

difficulties in genetic analysis is the reason why almost no reference sequences were found in public databases 

before the present study started. To overcome difficulties with the morphology-based species delimitations 

in these groups, molecular data were employed to test boundaries of the sampled species within the family 

Lecanoraceae (Carbonea, Lecanora, Lecidella, Rhizoplaca) and the genus Lecidea. Sampling was done along 

a north to south transect at five different areas in the Ross Sea region - continental Antarctica with more than 

250 lecideoid specimens from 13 localities. The study also includes specimens from other regions in Antarctica 

and non - Antarctic areas. Phylogenetic analyses divide the samples from continental Antarctica into more 

groups than described before. Higher species diversity, higher endemism as previously thought and a more 

obvious classification of variable species were the results of this study. The phylogenetic estimate revealed the 

existence of several previously undescribed clades. Based on this phylogenetic estimate, we restudied the micromorphology 

and secondary chemistry of these previously unrecognized groups to evaluate the use of these 

characters as phylogenetic discriminators. Seven clades within the family Lecanoraceae were identified as the 

following species: Carbonea vorticosa, a previously unnamed clade of uncertain status, referred to as Carbonea 

sp. (URm1), Lecanora fuscobrunnea, Lecanora physciella, a novel species Lecidella greenii Ruprecht & Türk, 

Lecidella siplei and Rhizoplaca macleanii. Four clades were identified in the genus Lecidea as Lecidea andersonii, 

L. cancriformis as well as the novel species L. polypycnidophora Ruprecht & Türk sp. nov. and a second 

clade of uncertain status, referred to as Lecidea sp. (UCR1). 

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UMBILICARIA DECUSSATA - A PLEOMORPHIC LICHEN 

Davydov E. A. 1 

1 South Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia 

Several species pairs can be found in the Umbilicariaceae, and one taxon of a pair may produce high 

numbers of mitospores (“anamorphic stage”), while the other taxon exclusively develops apothecia (“teleomorphic 

stage”). The existence of such paired taxa may have at least three interpretations: the “taxa” represent different 

phenotypes of a single taxon; taxa share a close common ancestor but are now more or less reproductively 

isolated; taxa have attained their similarity through convergent evolution (Hestmark 1991). Morphological and 

molecular investigations were made to interpret the current status of the species pair Umbilicaria decussata – U. 

polaris. Molecular phylogeny seems to be the most appropriate tool to test the monophyly of taxa, which may 

be interpreted in terms of evolutionary relationships. Three data sets (nrITS, mtLSU, and nrITS+mtLSU) were 

analyzed using MP and ML algorithms to test the hypothesis of monophyly for the species pair. In all analyses, 

sequences of all U. decussata and U. polaris accessions were combined into a cluster which is well supported 

statistically. However, neither of the two species appeared monophyletic. According to the resulting cladograms, 

it is most plausible that mentioned taxa actually represent two morphotypes of one biological species, individuals 

of which are switched on earlier stages of ontogenesis to anamorph or teleomorph. Divergence by alternation 

of the reproduction mode, as shown for several species pairs (Poelt 1977; Hestmark 1991), may therefore be a 

result of fixing this shift in the phylogenesis and subsequent isolation of anamorph or teleomorph populations. 

According to this work, U. polaris is the teleomorph of U. decussata. Despite U. decussata and U. polaris being 

well separated morphologically, they should be treated as one species represented by two morphotypes according 

to the principal (anamorph or teleomorph) reproductive stage. Such a situation is well known for non-lichenized 

ascomycetes. Different morphs of a pleomorphic fungus may occur in different conditions (e.g. on different 

hosts or at different seasons). For U. decussata, such ecological factors as temperature and humidity may play 

an important role in anamorph / teleomorph switching. The investigation was supported by Russian Foundation 

of Basic Research (grant no. 11-04-90704). 


ARTHONIALEAN CHALLENGE 

Frisch A. 1 , Grube M. 2 , Ertz D. 3 , Thor G. 4 

1 Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan 

2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria 

3 Lichenology, National Botanical Garden, Meise, Belgium 

4 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

Arthoniomycetes with the single order Arthoniales (c. 1,500 species) is the largest group of mainly lichenised 

fungi beside Lecanoromycetes and might represent an independent case of lichenisation in Ascomycota. 

Most species are associated with algae of the Trentepohliales, but there are also species which form thalli with 

coccal green algae. Moreover, many species are non-lichenised and living either as saprobes on wood or as 

inhabitants (commensals to parasites) of other lichens, with different degree of host-specificity. The interrelationships 

of crustose species, especially of tropical taxa, are still rather unclear. There is a tremendous variation in 

ascomatal characters, which are otherwise used to distinguish genera or even families. We have started to explore 

the phylogeny of crustose Arthoniales using phylogenetic methods in more detail. The initial results reveal 

the non-monophyly of many genera and show also unexpected relationships. For example, Chrysotrichaceae 

can no longer by characterized by characters of pigmentation. Our analysis of the yet understudied Arthoniomycetes 

gives new insights in phenotypic and lifestyle evolution and help to refine the concept of genera. 

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2A - 1: Graphidaceae: progress in understanding the evolution and diversity 

of the largest family of tropical crustose lichens 

(2A-1-P1) Submission ID: IAL0015-00001 

ATM - ASSEMBLING A TAXONOMIC MONOGRAPH: THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

Lumbsch T. 1 , Lücking R. 1 


Cataloging the diversity of life is an enormous task. Of the 30 million species inhabiting this planet, 

only two million have been described. With a decreasing number of taxonomists, the researchers who discover 

and describe species, traditional approaches are not sufficient for this task. This project implements a novel approach 

to monographic work, cataloging all species of Graphidaceae, the largest family of lichenized fungi in the 

tropics, with close to 2,000 species. The ATM concept, Assembling a Taxonomic Monograph, brings together a 

large group of researchers from all continents, with over 50 collaborators. The goal is a series of monographs 

covering the entire family on a global scale. The project combines traditional methods of morphological taxonomy 

with the latest advances in phylogenetic research and includes a strong training and outreach component 

that feeds into the Encyclopedia of Life. By integration of a large group of researchers around the globe, the 

project works towards unified concepts that will receive broad acceptance among the scientific community and 

beyond. Modern electronic tools and web dissemination make the data broadly accessible and their incorporation 

into the Encyclopedia of Life addresses the increased public interest in biodiversity research. 


THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE IN THE PHILIPPINES 

Parnmen S. 1 , Rivas Plata E. 2 , Lucking R. 1 , Bawingan P. A. 3 , Lisangan-tabaquero A. 3 , 

Kalb K. J. 4 , Sipman H. J. 5 , Lumbsch T. 1 


2 Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States 

3 College of Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University, Baguio, Philippines 

4 Institute for Botany, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 

5 Botany, Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin, Germany 

Preliminary results are presented towards a monograph of the lichen family Graphidaceae in the Philippines, 

focusing on subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae. Starting with Vainio’s pioneering work in the 

early 20 th century, we revised the type material of taxa described from the Philippines. We also included material 

collected by Kalb and Sipman and undertook two field trips in 2007 and 2009. In addition, a local student, A. 

Tabaquero, is working on a Ph.D thesis project supervised by P. Bawingan. We present a list of species thus far 

identified from the Philippines, using a modern classification emerging from molecular studies. The composition 

of taxa is compared to those found on the Asian continent (India, Thailand) and in tropical Australia, and preliminary 

biogeographical conclusions are drawn. 

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PREDICTING SPECIES RICHNESS IN TROPICAL GRAPHIDACEAE BASED 

ON PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION AND CHARACTER CORRELATION 

Lücking R. 1 , Rivas Plata E. 2 



A numerical approach is presented to quantitatively predict the number of potentially undiscovered species 

within genera of Graphidaceae. The method uses a character correlation index (CCI) based on observed 

versus expected frequencies of pairwise character state combinations in known species of a group to estimate 

the degree of positive and negative evolutionary constraints in the co-occurrence of character states. These 

are then used to detect ‘gaps’ in the taxonomic record, i.e. character combinations that have not been detected 

in known species but are likely to occur in undiscovered ones. The method can be applied to organisms that 

display a modular combination of characters, that is, they are comparatively poor in characters and species are 

delimited by more or less free combinations of character states. This phenomenon is particularly common in 

Fungi, including lichenized taxa, and is here used to predict species richness in the lichen genera Chroodiscus, 

Clandestinotrema, Graphis, and Stegobolus, representing four distinct clades within the family. As one example, 

the Graphis scripta group was studied. A total of 42 species is known in this group and, out of a total of 240 possible 

character state combinations, a further 48 were found likely to represent undiscovered species, suggesting 

that the real species number in this group is close to 90 or about twice the number currently known. This agrees 

well with previous estimates for undiscovered diversity of tropical lichen species. The proposed method gives a 

taxonomic prediction of how such ‘missing’ species might look like. 

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PHENOTYPE-BASED PHYLOGENETIC BINNING - A QUICK TUTORIAL 

Lücking R. 1 , Berger S. 2 , Stamatakis A. 2 , Rivas Plata E. 3 , Caceres M. E. 4 


2 The Exelixis Lab, Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany 


4 Departamento de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana, Brazil 

Despite the potential shortcomings of phenotype (morphological) data for phylogenetic inference, there 

are scenarios where only morphological data is available for systematic classification, such as phylogenetic 

placement of fossils or analysis of large taxonomic groups in which only a subset of species has been sequenced. 

Because of the frequently incongruent phylogenetic signal between morphological and molecular 

data, computational methods are required to (1) determine morphological site patterns that are congruent with 

the molecular tree (which represents the reference tree relative to any topology inferred from morphological data 

alone) and to (2) downweight incongruent sites, in order to improve accuracy of the phylogenetic classification 

of taxa for which only morphological data exist. A quick tutorial is presented here regarding a novel method 

called “phylogenetic binning”. We used molecular site weight calibration as implemented in the software RAxML 

to weight morphological characters based on their distribution on a maximum likelihood tree inferred from molecular 

data. We subsequently assigned morphologically defined taxa that lack molecular data to branches of 

the molecular reference tree, based on the morphology of the taxa included in the reference tree by means of 

molecular evidence. Bootstrapping was conducted to estimate support for the placement of individual taxa. We 

demonstrate this methodology using the lichen genera Graphis s.lat. and Stegobolus s.lat. (Ascomycota: Ostropales: 

Graphidaceae), which were recently shown to represent two separate, distantly related lineages each. As 

an example, of the 313 species of Graphis s.lat. included, 16 were represented by molecular and morphological 

data and 297 by morphology only. Using maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony site weight calibration 

and morphology-based phylogenetic binning, 290 of the 297 species represented by morphological data only 

were assigned to either Graphis s.str. or the segregate genus Allographa, with strong support (90–100%). Our 

results showed that assignment of taxa to clades based on morphological data substantially improved with molecular 

site weight calibration. Both molecular site weight calibration and branch assignment to the molecular 

reference tree are implemented in the RAxML 7.2.6 Windows executable and the RAxML 7.2.8 open-source 

code available at http://www.exelixis-lab.org/software.html 

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A MEGAPHYLOGENY OF THE LICHEN FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

Rivas Plata E. 1 , Parnmen S. 2 , Staiger B. 3 , Mangold A. 4 , Frisch A. 5 , Weerakoon G.S. 6 , Hernandez J.E. 7 , 

Caceres M.E. 8 , Kalb K.J. 9 , Harrie S. 10 , Lücking R. 2 , Lumbsch T. 2 



3 Botany, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 

4 Botany, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany 

5 Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 

6 Botany, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 

7 Plantas No Vasculares, Fundacion Instituto Botanico de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela 

8 Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana, Brazil 

9 Botany, Lichenologisches Institut, Neumarkt, Germany 

10 Botany, Botanischer Garten & Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin, Germany 

We present an updated phylogeny of the lichen family Graphidaceae including more than 700 

operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and up to three genes per OTU (mtSSU, nuLSU, RPB2). The combined 

dataset was analyzed under a maximum likelihood approach using RAxML, including recoding of ambiguously 

aligned regions with the method PICS-Ord and applying a mixed GTR and MULTIGAMMA model in RAxML. The 

results were used to test the current classification within the family, from subfamily to subgeneric level, and to 

show how well the molecular data resolve currently accepted species. The tree topology was also used to study 

the evolution of selected phenotypic characters that are being used in classifications within the family, such as 

excipulum carbonization, presence of a columella or periphysoids, ascospore types, and secondary chemistry. 

One of the results is that secondary chemistry is relatively uniform within larger clades and also usually constant 

within a species. The degree of carbonization of excipulum and columella is also species-specific, to a higher 

degree than previously thought. Common species such as Ocellularia papillata and O. perforata were shown to 

each represent several distinct species, in part not even closely related. 


A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR THE FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE 

(ASCOMYCOTA: LECANOROMYCETES: OSTROPALES) 

Rivas Plata E. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Lumbsch T. 2 



A revised classification for the emended family Graphidaceae is proposed, based on recent 

phylogenetic studies, including the finding that three previously separated families (Asterothyriaceae, Gomphillaceae, 

Thelotremataceae) are nested within Graphidaceae and in part polyphyletic. The family comprises three 

major clades which are here delimited as subfamilies Fissurinoideae, Gomphilloideae, and Graphidoideae. The 

latter is composed of three major clades which are formally delimited as tribes Graphideae, Ocellularieae, and 

Thelotremateae. In addition, three new genera are described to accommodate the Ocellularia clandestina (Clandestinotrema) 

group, the Ocellularia cruentata group (Cruentotrema) and Myriotrema pycno-porellum (Pycnotrema). 

Keys are provided for the species placed in the new genera. 

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REVISION OF THE FAMILY GRAPHIDACEAE S.L. FOR VENEZUELA, PRELIMINARY RESULTS 

Hernandez J. E. 1 , Lücking R. 2 

1 Research & Development, Fundacion Instituto Botanico de Venezuela, Caracas, DC, Venezuela 


The lichen family Graphidaceae, generally called “graphids” are all crustose lichens, commonly 

occurring in the tropical regions. The fruiting bodies are mostly linear ascomata with two parallel lines of white 

or black, sometimes branching, called “lirelliform”. There are generally found on barks and very occasionally on 

leaves. In Venezuela previous to this study only 6 genera and 22 species were known. For this project collections 

were done in the 9 main bioregions of Venezuela. Additionally, material from 13 separate field trips were 

included in the identification. Specimens from 14 herbaria in Venezuela where lichen collections are found are 

still being analyzed. Up to know 18 genera (Acanthothecis, Anomomorpha, Carbacanthographis, Diorygma, 

Dyplolabia, Fissurina, Glyphis, Graphis, Hemithecium, Kalbographa, Leiorreuma, Pallidogramme, Phaeographis, 

Platygramme, Platythecium, Sarcographa, Schistophoron and Thalloloma) and 177 species have been 

found. Within these 14 are possible new species. 133 species are officially new reports for Venezuela. 

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2A - 2: Parmeliaceae: improving our understanding of taxonomy, 

classification and biogeography 


THE PHYLOGENY OF USNEA (PARMELIACEAE) REVISITED 

Truong C. 1 , Divakar P. K. 2 , Yahr R. 3 , Crespo A. 2 , Clerc P. 1 


2 Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain 

3 Lichen Biodiversity & Conservation, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 

Usnea is a large, cosmopolitan genus, with an estimated 500 species. Numerous species exhibit 

exceptional morphological plasticity, which complicate the delimitation of species. Previous studies assessing 

the phylogeny of the genus Usnea were based mainly on temperate taxa and showed a lack of support among 

several of the clades studied. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Usnea species based on ITS, 

nuLSU, RPB1 and MCM7 data, from 246 new sequences and 149 sequences downloaded from Genbank. The 

whole dataset comprises 87 species from across the genus, with the inclusion of several tropical and newly 

described species. Individual and combined datasets were analyzed using maximum likelihood and a Bayesian 

inference. ITS being the most complete dataset available, a comparative reconstruction of phylogenies from 

a strict alignment (all ambiguous sites removed), a relaxed alignment (obtained from the software G-Block), 

a mixed alignment of DNA and codes for ambiguous sites (calculated with PICS-Ord) and without an a-priori 

alignment (using BAli-phy) will be presented. The combined analysis of ITS-nuLSU-MCM7-RPB1 significantly 

improved the support of several clades within the phylogeny. The ITS phylogeny reconstructed with BAli-phy is 

concordant with the combined analysis, suggesting that ambiguous sites within ITS contain a phylogenetic signal 

that need to be suitably analysed. 


TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF NEOTROPICAL USNEA SPECIES (PARMELIACEAE) 

Truong C. 1 , Clerc P. 1 


Usnea is a highly diverse genus, with an estimated 500 species from polar, temperate and tropical 

regions worldwide. Species are mainly corticolous and are associated with cold and humid habitats, often in 

correlation with the presence of fog. Numerous species exhibit exceptional morphological plasticity, which 

complicate the delimitation of species. Modern taxonomic revisions of the genus Usnea have been realized in 

the Northern hemisphere but very little is known about neotropical taxa. A taxonomic study of Usnea species, 

based on morphological, anatomical and chemical characters, was realized in the neotropical Andes and the 

Galapagos Islands. More than 50 species were delimited so far, which we estimate to represent about half of the 

diversity of species from this region. Several new species were discovered and the diversity of species integrates 

elements from North America, tropical Africa, Macaronesia and even Asia. This emphasizes the importance of 

examining large geographic areas to better understand global distribution patterns in this cosmopolitan genus. 

104



VARIABILITY IN EURASIAN VAGRANT LICHENS OF THE XANTHOPARMELIA PULLA GROUP 

Vondráková O. 1 

1 Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Steppe, Orenburg, Russia 

With grant support (Visegrad scholarship 61-51000067) we have studied and revised more than 

400 specimens from Europe, southern territories of Russia and Central Asia. Our appraisals have shown that 

vagrant fruticose phenotypes from the Xanthoparmelia pulla complex differ from saxicolous foliose specimens 

of X. pulla s.str. by absence of apothecia and some cortex and medullar characters. These phenotypes used to 

be classified as subspecies of X. pulla, but more recently, several species have been recognized among them. 

Nevertheless, we have observed intermediate individuals between various phenotypes. TLC and HPLC chromatographies 

were used for analyses of secondary metabolites. Majority of samples, including nomenclatural 

types of vagrant Xanthoparmelia pokornyi (Körb.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch, X. ryssolea 

ryssolea (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch and X. taurica (Mereschk.) S.Y. Kondr. 

contains the stenosporic acid as the main compound; this agrees with known data from literature. However, 

minority of terricolous vagrant specimens have absence of stenosporic acid and posses only the gyrophoric acid 

and one always present unknown substance. This newly recognized chemotype does not reflect morphological 

characters, but it is geographically well-determined, being restricted to regions around the northern Caspian 

Sea. Our ITS nrDNA sequences generated from samples of various phenotypes of Xanthoparmelia pulla s. lat. 

show extremely little variability most of them are identical and others only differ in one or two substitutions. It 

may be interpreted as (1) the locus is too conservative to recognize phylogenetic species within the group or (2) 

X. pulla s. lat. represents only one polymorphic phylogenetic species. Similar results from six loci provided the 

recent study on American vagrant Xanthoparmelia species by Leavitt et al. (2011). 


GENERA HYPOTRACHYNA AND REMOTOTRACHYNA IN BOLIVIA 

Flakus A. 1 , Rodriguez P. S. 2 , Kukwa M. 3 


2 Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, 


3 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland 

The foliose lichen genera Hypotrachyna and Remototrachyna are currently represented in Bolivia by 

46 and 5 species respectively. During the present study numerous species have been recorded as new to the 

country, including the southern most localities of Hypotrachyna halei and H. partita, the first record of H. primitiva 

for the Southern Hemisphere, and the second world locality of H. neoscytodes. A species of Remototrachyna 

is described as new to science. Based on anatomical and morphological characters, three species of 

Hypotrachyna have been transferred to Remototrachyna, the results suggesting that the latter is more diverse 

in the Neotropics than previously supposed; in view of the wider distribution of the genus, reconstruction of its 

ancestral area (previously thought to be restricted to India) requires re-evaluation. Research supported by 

NCBiR in Poland under the LIDER Program; project no. 92/L-1/09. 

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SPECIES OF GENERA PARMELIA IN RUSSIAN FAR EAST 

Chabanenko S. I. 1 

1 Russian Academy of Science, Sakhalin Botanical Garden, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia 

Genera Parmelia is presented in the south of Russian Far East by 14 species. Preliminary revision 

species in herbariums of the Far East (TIG, BGI, SAKH), and also LE (St.-Petersburg) has revealed a number 

of species which require revision. Morphological variability such species differ: P. fertilis, P. adaugescens. Last 

we will well distinguish only at presence apothecia since has large disputes with a thick cover. P. fertilis at well 

developed and plentiful apothecia always has poorly developed spoors. Thus the size and the form of lobes, 

presence adventives lobules, the size and the form pseudocyphellae vary at different samples. Stables morphological 

signs differ P. omphalodes, P. praesquarrosa, P. saxatilis. P. squarrosa exists in two morphological forms. 

Some samples have well developed marginal and laminal isidia, pseudocephellae form more less developed 

network. Other samples differ more extended, linear lobes, with poorly developed laminal pseoducyphellae (they 

are only for tops of lobes). Lobes plane to slightly concave. The tendency for isidia to be concentrated along the 

lobe margins. Isidia cylindrical to coralloid and longer, than at the form 1. Samples P. laevior also it is presented 

by 2 forms. There is a classical form linear lobe to 3 mm in width more often. On an island of Shikotan (Sakhalin 

District) the form with shorter and wide, tiled leaning lobes and thick cortex has been met. Apothecia are plentiful 

at two forms; the size dispute does not differ. Samples P. sulcata in the Far East with squarrosely rhizines and 

with marginal soredia. Laminal soredia thus are absent or are extremely rare. There are samples at whom the 

medulla C+ turns yellow, at others C –. P. marmarisa, P. isidioclada, P. pseudolaevior, P. fraudans – rare lichens 

on south part of Russian Far East; it is necessary more quantity of samples to analyze these species. Thus the 

preliminary data has shown that some species of genera Parmelia from Russian Far East need in analysis using 

molecular, morphological and chemical characters. 


THE SPECIES OF CETRARIA ACULEATA GROUP (PARMELIACEAE) IN UKRAINE: 

IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS 

Nadyeina O. V. 1 , Lutsak T. V. 2 , Grakhov V. P. 3 , Blum O. B. 4 

1 Lichenology & Bryology, M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kyiv, Ukraine 

2 Department of Botany, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine 

3 Center for Collective Use of Equipment Hplc, M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, Kyiv, Ukraine 

4 Chemotaxonomy and Bioindication, M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, Kyiv, Ukraine 

Over 300 specimens of Cetraria aculeata group (C. aculeata, C. muricata, C. steppae) mainly from 

Ukraine and also from Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey were studied 

for morphology, anatomy, chemistry, substrate specifity and geographic distribution. Previously known high 

level of phenotypic plasticity of these species (Kärnefelt, 1986) is confirmed upon the analyses of the specimens. 

Colored spot and microcrystal tests were used for norstictic acid detection in Cetraria specimens, but in this 

case they show inapplicability due to interfering components, while TLC and HPLC seem to be effective. HPLC 

demonstrates high variance of norstictic acid content in the studied thalli: from trace, minor, medium to major 

quantities which are not determined ecologically. The specimens collected from the same populations growing in 

the southern Russia and Ukraine regions and also Hungary may contain different amount of norstictic acid, even 

traces (detected by TLC as absence). Therefore distinguishing of C. steppae and C. aculeata species based on 

the presence/absence of norstictic acid (Kärnefelt, 1986) is considered as foundless. Taxonomic status of these 

southern populations (usually identified as C. steppae) should be investigated using specific molecular markers. 

Possible evolutionary and adaptive role of norstictic acid is of open question. Correct identification of C. steppae 

and C. aculeata species is also significant since C. steppae is included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine as 

vulnerable species. 

106



TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE USNIC ACID CONTAINING XANTHOPARMELIA SPECIES IN 

HUNGARY MORPHOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR INVESTIGATIONS 

Farkas E. 1 , Lokos L. 2 , Molnar K. 1 

1 Laboratory for Botany and Phytochemistry, Institute of Ecology and Botany of 

the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Vacratot, Hungary 

2 Department of Botany, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary 

Xanthoparmelia is one of the major genera of foliose lichens, and its research has long tradition in Hungary 

starting in 1925 with Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik’s taxonomic work on Parmelia. Following Klára Verseghy’s 

Hungarian lichen flora (1994) and Mason E. Hale’s world-monograph on Xanthoparmelia (1990), a modern 

taxonomic revision was carried out. This study consists of detailed morphological, chemical, and molecular 

analyses of all (appr. 500) herbarium specimens (including Gyelnik’s type materials) belonging to Parmelia s.l. 

species producing usnic acid, thus having yellowish-green upper surface (i.e., P. conspersa, P. hypoclysta, P. 

protomatrae, P. pulvinaris, P. subdiffluens, P. taractica, and P. tinctina), in the main Hungarian lichen herbaria 

(BP, EGR, JPU, SAMU, VBI). During this revision the occurrence of seven Xanthoparmelia species was confirmed 

by morphological and chemical analyses so far, namely: X. angustiphylla, X. conspersa, X. protomatrae, 

X. pulvinaris, X. stenophylla, X. subdiffluens, and X. tinctina. Four of them (X. angustiphylla, X. protomatrae, X. 

pulvinaris, and X. subdiffluens) were described from Hungary by Gyelnik in the 1900s, and the main populations 

of X. pulvinaris and X. subdiffluens are found in Hungary. The most important morphological characteristics, e.g., 

the types of lobes, isidia, rhizinae, pycnidia, and the color of the lower surface were considered during the revision. 

Since the secondary lichen compounds are taxonomically important in this group, HPTLC and LC MS were 

applied to determine these substances. The molecular phylogeny of these species is not explored yet, therefore 

the analysis of the sequences of three molecular markers (nuclear ITS and LSU rDNA, as well as mitochondrial 

SSU rDNA) are being processed. Maps of the Hungarian distribution for all species were prepared. Xanthoparmelia 

conspersa and X. stenophylla seem to be the most widely distributed and the most frequent species. X. 

protomatrae is located mostly in the Northern Hungarian Mountain Range, and seems to be missing from most 

of the Transdanubian habitats. X. subdiffluens occurs only in a very limited area in sandy habitats of the Danube- 

Tisza Interfluve. The current research has been supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA 

K81232). 

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PARMELIACEAE IN RUSSIA: DIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY 

Urbanavichyus G. P. 1 

1 Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of The North, 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia 

A total 305 species belonging to 54 genera (except for lichenicolous fungi) of the family Parmeliaceae 

are recorded in Russia. The epiphytic nemoral-boreal and mountain-oceanic lichens are dominant. About 30% 

of the species are widely distributed in the boreal mixed deciduous and light- and coniferous forests from the 

Baltic to the Pacific region. Whereas other more than 30% of the species have restricted distribution in the 

certain regions. The lowest species and genera diversity are character for the Russian Arctic (about 100 sp./30 

g. of saxicolous and terricolous taxa mainly) and steppe zone of the European Russia (about 50 sp./20 g. of 

corticolous and terricolous taxa mainly). The highest diversity of Parmeliaceae (including 210, 177 and 153 species 

respectively) and also specificity (including 58, 14 and 15 species respectively, which are unknown in other 

regions) are typical for three regions of Russia - Far East, Southern Siberia and Caucasus. In general, the highest 

lichen diversity in Russia is character for regions with a suboceanic or monsoonal climate and/or in mountain 

regions. In mountain areas the species diversity is increases from the north to the south, whereas in flat areas 

there is an opposite patterns of relationship. The largest Parmeliaceae genera in Russia are Usnea (34 species), 

Hypogymnia (25 sp.), Bryoria (20 sp.), Parmelia (19 sp.). There are twelve genera which contain only one 

species: Cetreliopsis asahinae, Cornicularia normoerica, Everniastrum cirrhatum, Imshaugia aleurites, Letharia 

vulpina, Lethariella togashii, Masonhalea richardsonii, Oropogon asiaticus, Parmelinopsis afrorevoluta, Pseudevernia 

furfuracea, Remototrachyna koyaensis, Usnocetraria oakesiana. The most widely distributed species are 

cosmopolites Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Vulpicida pinastri, Evernia mesomorpha, Melanohalea 

olivacea, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Cetraria islandica, etc. Only two species considering as endemics to Russia: 

“Catraria” annae (taxonomic position is unclear) is distributed in Southern Siberia (Buryatia Republic, Zabaikalskiy 

krai); Cetraria rassadinae occurs in the Eastern and Southern Siberia. 


DIVERSITY WITHIN THE LICHENIZED GENUS OROPOGON (PARMELIACEAE) 

Leavitt S. 1 , Lumbsch T. 1 , Esslinger T. L. 2 

1 Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

2 Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States 

Molecular sequence data has revolutionized our ability to assess traditional species concepts in lichenforming 

fungi. Within Parmeliaceae studies have repeatedly shown our current interpretation of morphological 

and chemical characters is often inadequate to accurately characterize diversity. Within this family the genus 

Oropogon has received relatively little attention since it was first proposed. However, a detailed morphological 

study, supplemented by chemical data from thin-layer chromatography, resulted in a dramatic, and somewhat 

controversial, increase in number of recognized species in the New World. Our study focuses on eight Central 

American Oropogon species with the aim to assess species diversity, the taxonomic value of putatively diagnostic 

morphological and chemical characters, and evolutionary relationships within this group. We reconstruct the 

phylogeny of this group and estimate divergence dates using molecular sequence data. Our analyses support 

the high degree of species-level diversity within Oropogon, and in contrast to many studies within Parmeliaceae, 

molecular data largely corroborate morphologically/chemically circumscribed taxa. Furthermore, estimated divergence 

dates suggest many lineages are relatively old. We reconstruct the historical demography of each 

species and discuss potential factors driving diversification within this group. 

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PHOTOBIONT ACQUISITION, SPECIFICITY AND COEVOLUTION 

IN THE LICHEN GENUS BRYORIA 

Lindgren H. 1 , Myllys L. 1 , Högnabba F. 1 , Velmala S. 1 , Goward T. 2 , Halonen P. 3 , Holien H. 4 , Laitinen S. 1 


2 Herbarium,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

3 Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland 

4 Faculty of Agriculture and Information Technology, Nord-Trndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway 

Lichen photobionts are assumed to coevolve with lichen mycobionts because of their close relationship. 

Photobionts have an essential role in lichen metabolism as providers of carbohydrates to the mycobiont. 

In the lichen genus Bryoria, the most common known photobionts belong to the coccoid green algal genus 

Trebouxia. In this study the acquisition, specificity and possible coevolution between Bryoria spp. and their photobionts 

were examined by constructing mycobiont and algal phylogenies with parsimony methods using three 

mycobiont loci (nuITS rDNA, GAPDH and mtSSU) and one algal locus (nuITS rDNA). According to the preliminary 

results the mycobionts of Bryoria smithii, B. bicolor, B. tenuis and B. nadvornikiana seem to be selective 

towards their photobionts implying a possible coevolutionary event in the past. All the other species included 

in the analyses seemed to be less selective in their photobiont acquisition. However, some geographical correlation 

was observed in section Implexae (i.e. in the group including B. capillaris, B. fuscescens, B. implexa s. 

lato, B. lanestris and B. subcana) non-sorediate American species being more restricted in their choice of algal 

partners. 


TANGLES IN HORSEHAIR - PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON PENDENT BRYORIA 

Velmala S. 1 , Myllys L. 1 , Goward T. 2 , Holien H. 3 , Halonen P. 4 


2 Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 

3 Department of Resource Sciences, Nord-Trøndelag University College, Steinkjer, Norway 

4 Botanical Museum, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland 

Bryoria Brodo & D. Hawksw. (horsehair lichens) is a widespread lichen genus occurring mainly on 

conifers in boreal forests. The species are recognized by usually dichotomously branched thallus with slender, 

hairlike, gray to blackish branches, sometimes bearing soralia and pseudocyphellae. Bryoria is regarded as 

one of the taxonomically most difficult macrolichen genera due to infraspecific morphological variation, rarity 

of sexual fruiting structures limiting the amount of diagnostic characters, and the occurrence of putative, 

morphologically intermediate specimens. Especially pendent species are highly variable in morphology, giving 

secondary chemistry an essential role in species recognition. According to our recent phylogenetic studies on 

Bryoria, the current taxonomic status of many pendent taxa, notably in the section Implexae (sensu Myllys et al.), 

is questionable. The aim of our study is to examine with more extensive data sampling 1) the monophyly of the 

five taxa placed in section Implexae, i.e., Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., B. fuscescens (Gyeln.) 

Brodo & D. Hawksw., B. implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. (with five chemotypes sensu Holien), B. lanestris 

(Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. and B. subcana (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Brodo & D. Hawksw., and 2) if specimens from 

different geographical areas are genetically isolated. We reconstruct a phylogeny for the group using four DNA 

regions in addition to morphological and chemical characters. Our results indicate that the taxonomic status of 

some species should be re-evaluated. For instance North American and European B. capillaris represent taxonomically 

distinct entities. Furthermore, some of the taxa traditionally regarded as separate species, such as B. 

chalybeiformis and B. fuscescens, fall into a variation range of a single species. In addition, a new undescribed 

North American species will be presented. 

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PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM AND P. PSEUDOTINCTORUM 

(PARMELIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) TWO SUPPORTED SPECIES 

Roca-valiente B. 1 , Divakar P.K. 1 , Ohmura Y. 2 , Crespo A. 1 

1 Biología Vegetal II, UCM, Madrid, Spain 

2 Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science (TNS), Tsukuba, Japan 

Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale has a tropical and sub-tropical distribution. Morphological 

and phylogenetic relationships have been studied in order to clarify whether the specimens from Asia could be 

a different species than specimens from Canarias Island. A total of 104 New sequences have been produced of 

nuclear ITS rDNA region and mitochondrial SSU rDNA from fifty-two specimens of Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. 

ex Nyl.) Hale. We have included also a several related species of the genus as P. endosulphureum (Hillmann) 

Hale, P. andinum (Müll. Arg.) Hale, P. internexum (Nyl.) Hale ex De Priest & B.W. Hale and P. nilgherrense (Nyl.) 

Hale. The samples were collected from 9 worldwide locations: Canary Is., Japan, India, Nepal, Kenya, Mozambique, 

United States, Brazil and Costa Rica. Phylogenetic inference was performed using Maximum Parsimony 

analysis and Bayesian (MC) 3 tree sampling. Morphological features such as isidia, lobe morphology and upper 

surface maculation were studied under optical microscopy. Our results show two main conclusions: (I) All the 

samples from Canary Is., with some specimens from India, formed an independent well-supported monophyletic 

group. In contrast, some samples from India and all samples collected in Africans regions and in Japan formed 

another monophyletic clade with strong statistical support. (II) Two types of isidia are observed in the morphological 

search: a) Isidia thin cylindrical type that is mainly found on corticolous specimens. b) Isidia thick coarse 

type that is present on the specimens growing saxicolous. Samples bearing each type of isidia nested in two 

independent lineages. The samples with coarse isidia type are similar to those recognised by Des Abbayes as 

Parmelia pseudotinctorum that was considered synonym. We resurrect the name for this lineage. Parmotrema 

pseudotinctorum is distributed so far in Canary Is., Ethiopia, Guinea, Tanzania, Ivory Coast and India. The other 

lineage was identified as Parmotrema tinctorum distinctive in having thin cylindrical isidia and mainly growing 

corticolous, is widely distributed in tropical regions. 

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A PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC STUDY OF HYPOGYMNIA (PARMELIACEAE) IN CHINA 

Wei X. 1 , Wei J. 1 

1 Key Lab of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 

Beijing, People’s Republic of China 

The genus Hypogymnia (Lecanorales, Parmeliaceae) mainly distributes in the Northern Hemisphere, 

including about 110 species worldwide according to the latest statistics from Index Fungorum by the authors. 

In China, 43 species have been published up to now, besides, four new species have been found and will be 

published soon. The number of Chinese species of Hypogymnia accounts for about 43% of the total. The usnic 

acid containing species pair H. hypotrypa (Nyl.) Rassad. and H. flavida McCune & Obermayer are endemic to 

China-Himalaya, the former with soredia and the latter with apothecia commonly, to validate whether it really 

includes two separate species, we studied the species pair based on morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biogeography, 

and molecular biology. The results showed that H. hypotrypa and H. flavida should be conspecific, and 

H. flavida should be treated as the synonym of H. hypotrypa. Based on the nrDNA ITS sequences analysis, the 

genus Hypogymnia is confirmed as a separate monophyletic clade, and Cavernularia should be the synonym 

of Hypogymnia. Combining phenotype and genotype analysis of Hypogymnia in China, we think there are three 

additional important characters to delimit species: pruina, dorsal perforation, and conidia. Our study also showed 

that the lichens of Hypogymnia are mainly distributed in Southwest China, constituting over 80% of the total 

number of the species in China. The distribution of Hypogymnia shows that the Southwest region as the most 

abundant biology diversity region is also the diversity center of Hypogymnia. A preliminary geographical analysis 

of Hypogymnia in China showed that they belong to six elements: Cosmopolitan element, Circumpolar element, 

East Asian-North American disjunctive element, East Asian-Oceanian disjunctive element, East Asian element 

and species endemic to China. 

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DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHEN FAMILY PARMELIACEAE IN INDIA 

Nayaka S. 1 , Upreti D.K. 1 


According to the recent classification of phylum Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae emerges as the largest 

family with about 2,500 species in the world. Parmeliaceae is distinctive in having cupulate exciple, Lecanoratype 

ascus, mostly simple, hyaline ascospores, and mainly foliose and fruticose habitat. In India Graphidaceae 

is the largest family with 428 species under 35 genera, while Parmeliaceae turns out to be the second largest, 

but most diverse family represented by 345 species distributed in 45 genera. Within the family Parmeliaceae, 

Parmelioid lichens are most dominant with 203 species followed by Usneoid and Cetrarioid with 74 and 43 species 

respectively. Among the different genera of the family Usnea, Parmotrema and Hypotrachyna are most 

prominent with 60, 51 and 38 species. The family Parmeliaceae has an extensive distribution in India; however 

it is heavily concentrated in north-east India with about 63% species and it is followed by western Himalayas 

and Western Ghats which have about 50% of the species growing in each region. In the north-east India-Sikkim 

(165 spp.), in western Himalayas-Uttarakhand (145 spp.) and in Western Ghats-Tamil Nadu (137 spp.) have 

maximum diversity. The members of Parmeliaceae grow on all substrates, however in India maximum species 

prefer only bark (178 spp.) while about 90 species occur either on bark or rock. Exclusive muscicolous Parmeliaeae 

members are absent in India, while Allocetraria ambigua, Arctoparmelia subcentrifuga, and Hypotrachyna 

crenata grow on moss as well as on bark, soil and rock. About 11% Parmeliaeae taxa (37 spp.) are endemic 

to India and large numbers of them (16 spp.) are found exclusively in Western Ghats region. The Parmotrema 

praesorediosum, P. sancti-angelii, and P. tinctorum found to be most common and widespread species in India. 

The other moderately prevalent species include Bulbothrix isidiza, Canoparmelia aptata, C. texana, Everniastrum 

nepalense, Flavoparmelia caperata, Hypotrachyna infirma, Myelochroa aurulenta, Parmelinella wallichiana, 

Parmotrema andinum, P. cristiferum, P. hababianum, P. mesotropum, P. rampoddense, P. reticulatum, P. saccatilobum, 

and X. congensis. 


HIDDEN DIVERSITY IN NORTH AMERICAN PARMELIA: A WORLD WAITING 

TO BE EXPLORED 

Molina M. C. 1 , Divakar P. K. 2 , Goward T. 3 , Millanes A. M. 4 , Struwe L. 5 , Sanchez E. 4 , Crespo A. M. 2 

1 Biologia Geologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States 


3 Edgewood Blue, Box 131, Enlichend Consulting Ltd, Clearwater, Spain 

4 Biología Geologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Mostoles, Spain 

5 Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States 

Parmelia s. str. comprises around 60 species, of which only 17% have been found in North America. 

Additional American Parmelia species were recently described which were hidden under widely distributed species 

names e. g. Parmelia saxatilis and P. sulcata. P. mayi, is described from the northern Appalachian mountain 

range (Molina et al., in press) and P. barrenoae, initially reported from Iberian Peninsula (Divakar et al. 2005) 

has recently been found in the western North America (Hodkinson et al., 2010). However, significant geographic 

areas remain to be explored on this continent for Parmelia biodiversity. In this study, we collected Parmelia from 

British Columbia (Canada) and Alaska (USA) in order to evaluate cryptic diversity and also assess the morphological 

variability, to determine if it could be explained as phenotypic plasticity or as segregation of new species 

according to operational phylogenetic criteria (Queiroz, 2007). The detailed study of the specimens allowed us 

to describe five different morphotypes, of which at least one should be described as a new species. 

112



NEW APPROACH ON THE PUNCTELIA HYPOLEUCITES (PARMELIACEAE) COMPLEX 

Canez L. 1 , Pinto Marcelli M. 2 

1 Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande-Furg, Rio Grande, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil 

2 Nucleo de Pesquisas Em Micologia, Instituto de Botanica, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 

The lichen genus Punctelia (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) has been object of recent studies. From the 

22 species known at the time of its creation by Krog, now more than 40 species are recognized world-wide. 

The main features used to take species apart are presence or absent of propagules, medullar compounds, 

lower surface color and conidia type and size. However, some species complexes still remain. According to the 

pertinent literature, Punctelia hypoleucites (Nyl.) Krog and P. graminicola (B. de Lesd.) Egan. have brown lower 

surface, lecanoric acid as medullar compound, no propagules production and are supposed different each other 

by their conidia form: unciform in P. graminicola and filiform in P. hypoleucites. But the revision of the types of 

P. graminicola (ASU!), its synonym: P. semansiana (W. Culb. & C. Culb.) Krog (DUKE!, LSU!), and P. hypoleucites 

(H-NYL!) and its synonym Parmelia azulensis B. de Lesd. (US!) revealed that the lectotype of P. hypoleucites 

has unciform conidia instead of filiform as reported before, conspicuous pseudocyphellae and a laciniate 

thallus, while P. graminicola actually has unciform conidia, inconspicuous pseudocyphellae and lobate thallus. 

The holotype and isotypes of P. semansiana, and also those additional specimens studied, share characteristics 

with P. hypoleucites. As a conclusion, P. semansiana, before considered synonym of P. graminicola, proved to 

be a synonym of P. hypoleucites. For those specimens with filiform conidia which previously were treated as 

P. hypoleucites, it is more suitable to use the name Parmelia azulensis, which will be soon formally combined 

in Punctelia. These conclusions were also confirmed by the study of additional specimens from ASU, DUKE, F, 

LSU, O, SP and UCS Acknowledgements: Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP 

and International Association for Plant Taxonomy – IAPT, for research support. 


TYPE STUDIES ON SOREDIATE PARMOTREMA (ASCOMYCOTA, PARMELIACEAE) 

WITH SALAZINIC ACID 

Spielmann A. A. 1 , Marcelli M. P. 2 , Elix J. A. 3 

1 Botany, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil 

2 Nucleo de Pesquisas Em Micologia, Instituto de Botanica, Sao Paulo, Brazil 

3 Department of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 

Parmotrema A. Massal. 1860 is one of the most diverse genus in Parmeliaceae, with about 350 species, 

being specially abundant in South America and other tropical areas of the world. Nevertheless, the species 

concepts are still unclear, and several supposed “widely distributed” species include long lists of synonyms, 

usually without sound justifications for the choices. Important features like the ontogeny of reproductive structures, 

maculation patterns, rhizinal types and conidial data are frequently overlooked. Inside Parmotrema there 

is a group of taxa that share the presence of medullar salazinic acid, and this group was selected to be revised 

through the types of both accepted names and synonyms. Here we discuss the sorediate taxa (27 species). The 

specimens were fully described and chemical substances were identified with spot tests, TLC and HPLC. Several 

synonyms were recognized as good species, the ontogeny of the soredia being a crucial characteristic for 

differentiate close taxa, as well as the conidial type, development of cilia and dimorphic rhizinae, and the maculation 

pattern. Parmotrema reticulatum (Ach.) Hale lose 10 of its 17 accepted synonyms, while to Parmotrema 

subsumptum (Nyl.) Hale the species concept is clarified. New structures were recognized as having taxonomical 

importance: the arbusculae (= “coralloid isidia”), present in P. coralliforme (Hale) Hale and P. ramusculum (Hale) 

Hale, and the botryose structures produced in P. spinibarbe (Kurok.) Hale. Acknowledgments: Fundacao de 

Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo – FAPESP and British Lichen Society. 

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2B: Forest lichens: their ecology and distribution 


STUDIES ON THE LICHENIZED FUNGI OF THE FIJIAN ARCHIPELAGO 

Lumbsch T. 1 , Papong K. 2 , Vonkonrat M. 3 , Naikatini A. 4 

1 The Field Museum, Chicago, United States 

2 Department of Biology and Natural Medicinal Mushroom Museum, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham ,Thailand 


4 Institute of Applied Science, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji 

The Fijian archipelago consists of over 300 oceanic islands and is located in the tropical south-west 

Pacific. Its tropical maritime climate is influenced by the south-east trade winds and together with the rugged 

topography and mountain ranges in the main islands that rise up to 1,300m provide suitable habitats for lichens. 

Habitats on the islands include cloud forests, upland tropical rainforest, lowland tropical rainforest, dry forests, 

mangrove forests and coastal forests. The lichen flora of Fiji is currently poorly known. Since the first paper by 

Krempelhuber in 1873 only a few studies have specifically focused on Fijian lichens. A recently updated checklist 

of Fijian lichens includes 159 species (Elix & McCarthy 2008). Recently we have started a joint project on the 

lichen, bryophyte and fern flora of the Fijian archipelago. After a first field trip in 2008 that resulted in 66 new 

records for Fiji and four new species, an additional field trip in 2011 further increased our understanding in the 

lichen flora of this archipelago and its floristic affinities. In this presentation we will summarize our results and 

compare the Fijian lichen flora to that of other Pacific islands. 


A PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE LICHEN FLORA OF MT. KITANGLAD 

AND MT. MUSUAN, BUKIDNON, PHILIPPINES 

Azuelo A. G. 1 , Magday E. J. 1 , Montecillo R. G. 1 , Pabualan M. P. 1 

1 Professional Education, Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon, Philippines 

An inventory of the lichen flora was carried out in two mountains namely: Mt. Kitanglad and Musuan, 

Bukidnon, Philippines. Specifically, the study aimed to describe the morphology characters of the lichens; compare 

the floristic composition of lichen flora between study sites; and assess the conservation status of the lichen 

flora. Field collections of the lichens were made through alpha taxonomic methods in different vegetation types. 

The Biodiversity Professional was used as the statistical tool to determine the diversity status of the lichens. 

Taxonomic treatments include the growth forms, color, size and presence of fruiting bodies were used to identify 

and classify the lichens. Results of the study showed that the mountains exhibited a unique distribution pattern of 

the lichen species. A total of 114 species belonging to 25 genera and 12 families were observed in Mt. Kitanglad. 

While 39 species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families in Mt. Musuan. Both biogeographical sites revealed 

uniqueness on the morphology characters of the species under study. In Mt. Kitanglad, the family Lobariaceae 

has the most numbered species-rich, followed by Physciaceae, Parmeliaceae, Cladoniaceae, Peltigeraceae, 

Lecanoraceae, Usneaceae, Pertusariaceae, Thelotremataceae, Megalosporaceae, Ramalinaceae and Graphidaceae. 

While the family of Graphidaceae showed the most numbered species-rich, followed by Parmeliaceae, 

Physiaceae, Lecanoraceae, Pyrenalaceae, Lobariaceae and Thelotremataceae in Mt. Musuan. Lobaria sp. and 

Usnea sp. were noted as sensitive species and are extremely thriving in cold and high elevations in Mt. Kitanglad. 

Moreover, the study revealed floristic differences in their classificatory systems, diversity status, species 

composition and their ecology distribution. The overall observations on the lichen status show that the variations 

in morphology characters are attributed to their specific and extreme habitats. 

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DIVERSITY OF LICHENS ALONG THE ELEVATION GRADIENT 

AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND 

Senglek S. 1 , Polyiam W. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


Environmental factors on mountain slopes influence the diversity and distribution of lichens. The aim 

of this study was to observe the influences of environment along a mountain slope, spanning between 100 and 

1,200 m, on the diversity and distribution of lichens at Khao Yai National Park. The investigation was carried 

out by placing 50x10 cm quadrates on all trees with bole diameter at breast height (DBH) 4.5 cm at 130 cm 

above the ground in 4x4 m plots. The elevation, bark pH, the diversity and dominant of host plants, soil pH, 

soil moisture, organic and inorganic matters in the soil were measured at every 100 m in elevation. Observed 

were 141 lichen thalli from 75 species, of which crustose thalli were overwhelmingly dominant. Since most of 

these were sterile, the genera and species could not be ascertained. However, taxa were assigned by reference 

to the prominent characteristics of these lichens. The five highest important value index (IVI) were noted 

from Thelotrema colobicum, Ocellularia sp.2, Sterile soredia 6, Sterile non-propagule 4 and Sterile soredia 1, 

accounted 15.04, 12.13, 11.81, 10.80 and 10.25, respectively. Shannon’s diversity index (SDI) demonstrated 

that the highest and subsequently lower distribution occurred at elevations 700, 1,000 and 1,200 m at the respective 

values of 3.05, 2.99 and 2.48. The ordination of axis 1 and axis 2 exhibited eigenvalues at 0.952 and 

0.844 with a variation of 12.6 percent in the first axis. Lichen diversity was influenced by elevation, canopy cover, 

and the species richness of the host trees. 


SUCCESSION OF LICHENS ON SUBSTRATES IN TROPICAL FORESTS IN THAILAND 

Polyiam W. 1 , Seeiam D. 1 , Phokaeo S. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


It is well recognized lichens are pioneer species on both natural and artificial substrates. The objective 

of this study was to observe the establishment and growth of lichens on artificial substrates in various types of 

tropical forest. The study was conducted by installing four types of substrate shading net, transparent sheets, 

glass bottles and terra-cotta in four different types of tropical forest at Khao Yai National Park. Lichens established 

onto these substrates were subsequently photographed and identified during nine years of observation. 

After three years, eight taxa of the pioneer lichens were recognized. The thalli and reproductive structures of 

these lichens were virtually invisible. After five years, sixteen taxa were recognized, of which few of them had 

apparent reproductive structures. After nine years, many of the lichens produced fruiting bodies allowing for the 

identification of the genera and the species. Forty-two taxa from twenty genera were identified, including the 

foliicolous taxa of Porina spp., Mazosia spp., Byssoloma spp. and Coenogonium spp. The only abundant foliose 

thalli were Bulbothrix isidiza. The number of taxa was highest and sequentially lower on shading net, glass 

bottles, transparent sheets and terra-cotta at 20, 16, 13 and 7 respectively. The lower montane forest supported 

the highest number of taxa, and subsequently lower numbers were observed under tropical rain forest, mixeddeciduous 

forest and secondary forest at 24, 11, 11 and 8 taxa, respectively. This investigation is on-going in 

order to elucidate long-term influence of environmental factors on the succession of lichen in the tropical ecosystems. 

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BIODIVERSITY OF LICHENS IN EASTERN GHATS OF SOUTHERN INDIA 

Ponnusamy P. 1 , Ganesan A. 1 

1 Biotechnology, K.S.R. College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India 

The Eastern Ghats of southern India constitute an important biogeographic area of about 75,000 square 

kilometers through a chain of fragmented and distinct hill ranges. The forests in Eastern Ghats are more affected 

by human influence, since they experience heavy pressure on all sides, compared to Western Ghats and Himalayas. 

Present study deals with the distribution of lichens and environmental factors which are responsible 

for the growth of lichens in Yercaud hills of Eastern Ghats. Lichen distribution was noticed at 20-35 feet away 

from the roadsides and these were very much less at the edges of the Yercaud hills and even absent in urban 

areas. Yercaud hills contain (i) evergreen forest, (ii) semi evergreen forest, (iii) riparian forest and (iv) dry mixed 

deciduous forests at different locations. The results showed that lichens of both fruticose and crustose is very 

widespread and density is also high at moderate attitude areas. On the other hand, foliose species were found 

to be abundant in the higher altitude areas. The prevalence of many species was gradually increased towards 

the center of the Yercaud hills due to increased altitude level with low temperature and high relative humidity 

(RH). A total of 28 species belonging to 4 genera were recorded. Rainfall and maximum RH factors are positively 

correlated to the number of lichens whereas low temperature and maximum sunshine hours are negatively 

correlated. Environmental factors were correlated with lichen growth and development. Further attempts were 

made to correlate the existence of lichens with tree bark samples with reference to pH. The results revealed that 

lichen could survive well in the pH ranging from 4.4 to 5.8. pH is also one of the essential factors responsible for 

existence of lichens on substrata for attachment of mycobionts. Even the toxic gases were tolerated efficiently 

by lichen communities at pH range of 4.0 to 5.5. Existence of lichens on non-living substrata showed the most 

colonies observed on brick wall (36.7) followed by rock (31.3) and least in soil (13.0). 


ASSOCIATION OF ENDOLICHENIC FUNGI WITH SOME MACROLICHENS 

IN CENTRAL WESTERN GHATS OF KARNATAKA, INDIA 

Krishnamurthy Y. 1 

1 Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, India 

There are several studies on endophytic microorganisms of higher plants. Very few studies were carried 

out on the isolation of endolichenic fungi from the lichen thallus. This study examined some lichen species 

for isolation of endolichenic fungi from the internal parts to know association of endolichenic fungi within thalli 

of macrolichens which are commonly occur in central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. A total of eleven lichen 

specimens were collected from trees of different habitats. Apparently healthy looking lichen thalli were collected 

in paper bags, were brought to the laboratory and isolated and identified with standard protocols. A total of 30 

different endolichenic fungal species were recovered from 11 species of lichens. Twenty four species of fungi 

have produced fructifications in culture and have been identified to genus or species level and rest were sterile 

form. Higher colonization rate (59.5%-100%) of endolichenic fungi was observed among eleven lichen species in 

this study. Higher colonization rate was observed in Parmotrema tinctorum and Ramalina pacifica and moderate 

in Cladonia fruticulosa. Among 24 detected species most of them were belonging to Ascomycotina and all other 

isolates categorized as Mycelia sterilia. The present study revealed that the endolichenic fungi like Chaetomium, 

Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Phoma and Xylaria spp. were frequently isolated from lichen thalli. The 

endolichenic fungi assist in lichen formation and growth and act as antagonistically against insect herbivores. 

Some endolichenic fungi can also produce bioactive substance inside lichen thalli. 

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THE LICHENS OF MOUNTAIN-TAIGA DARK CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF THE SOUTHERN 

URAL AND THE SOUTHERN SIBERIA (RUSSIA) 

Urbanavichene I. 1 

1 Laboratory of Lichenology, Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 

Mountain-taiga dark coniferous forests are one of the most endangered ecosystems in Russia. These 

forests host extraordinarily rich lichen flora. The wind exposure of slopes of respective ranges of the Southern 

Ural and Southern Siberia may influence a specific microclimate, e.g. windward slopes have higher air humidity, 

supporting presence of sensitive lichens in the mountain dark coniferous forests. In addition, the lichen diversity 

is closely related to tree composition and age of dark coniferous forests-Abies sibirica, Pinus sibirica and Picea 

obovata. These shade-providing trees create optimal conditions for lichens, with a wide variety of microhabitats 

and substrates. The more xeric larch mountain forests in Southern Siberia have about half the lichen species 

number of the dark coniferous forests. For example, about 380 lichen species are confined to dark coniferous 

forests (with Abies sibirica and Pinus sibirica) of Hamar-Daban mountain range (Southern Baikal). Abies sibirica 

in Southern Baikal area has the greatest epiphytic lichen species richness (169 species from 60 genera) of any 

tree species. These forests provide favorable situation for a significant number of unique ‘oceanic’ lichen species 

in the continental regions of Northern Eurasia. Humid coniferous forests in Western and Eastern Sayan, 

Khamar-Daban (Southern Siberia) are important refuges for old-growth forest indicator macrolichens like Sticta 

fuliginosa, S. limbata, S. wrightii, Usnea longissima and other. Menegazzia terebrata and Pyxine sorediata have 

been recorded for the first time in the Southern Ural Mts (Malyi Uvan) from fir-spruce forest. 


THE LICHENS FROM FAMILIES GYALECTACEAE STIZENB. 

AND COENOGONIACEAE (FR.) STIZENB. IN RUSSIA 

Gagarina L. V. 1 

1 Lichenology and Bryology, Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia 

The lichen families Gyalectaceae and Coenogoniaceae are widespread in the world. They prefer humid 

habitats and old-growth forests and occur on different substrates (bark, rock, soil etc.). At present twenty two 

species are known from Russia. The most of them belong to family Gyalectaceae – twenty species. Gyalectaceae 

have a wide distribution in Russia: from arctic regions on the north to temperate zone and subtropics on the 

south. The most numerous is genus Gyalecta. It is represented in the country by fourteen species: G. derivata 

(Nyl.) H. Olivier, G. flotovii Körb., G. foveolaris (Ach.) Schaer., G. friesii Flot ex Körb., G. geoica (Wahlenb. ex 

Ach.) Ach., G. jenensis (Batsch) Zahlbr., G. kukriensis (Räsänen) Räsänen, G. liguriensis (Vězda) Vězda, G. nigricans 

Vain., G. peziza (Mont.) Anzi, G. subclausa Anzi, G. titovii Gagarina, G. truncigena (Ach.) Hepp, G. ulmi 

(Sw.) Zahlbr. in Engl. et Prantl. Two more genera from Gyalectaceae are known from Russia: Belonia Körb. – B. 

mediterranea Nav.-Ros. & Llimona, B. russula Körb. ex Nyl., B. herculina (Rehm in Lojka) Keissl. in Rabenh., 

and Pachyphiale Lönnr. – P. carneola (Ach.) Arnold, P. fagicola (Hepp in Arnold) Zwackh, P. ophiospora Lettau 

ex Vězda. Coenogoniaceae species occur in the world mainly in tropical areas. In Russia only two species from 

the family have been found. They are Coenogonium pineti (Schrad. ex Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch in Lücking et 

al. and C. luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking. 

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EPIXILIC LICHEN SUCCESSION ON DEADFALL IN MOUNTAIN FORESTS 

Kharpukhaeva T. M. 1 

1 Laboratory of Floristic, IGEB SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Buryatia Republic, Russia 

Epixilic lichen succession was studied in Buryatia Republic (Russia) in conifer forests with Abies sibirica 

Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Larix gmelinii Rupr. and Pinus sylvestris L. on Khamar-Daban and Ikatsky ranges 

on 700 – 2,300 m above sea level. Deadwood was separated by origin: cutting and natural residue. 55 lichens 

species were listed for deadwood on plots. Author found four lichen succession stages corresponding with wood 

decaying stages. I stage of wood decay includes epiphytic (from live trees) fruticose lichens sinusia. Usnea 

fragilescens, Usnea subfloridana, Bryoria furcellata, Tuckermanopsis ciliaris, Hypogymnia physodes, Evernia 

mesomorpha, Evernia esorediosa occurred on bark. When xylotrophic fungi of Aphillophorales order appear, I 

stage fast proceeds to II-III stages of decay. Lichens composition has low change with adding such species as: 

Mycoblastus affinis, Vulpicida pinastri, Imshaugia aleurites, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Japewia tornoensis. II stage 

of decay – bark peeled off, wood partly loses hardness, branches stay (Klimchenko, 2005) attend with epiphytic 

lichens elimination, primary thalli of genus Cladonia species and an admixture of Lecanora saligna, L. symmicta, 

Trapeliopsis granulosa appearing. Calicium species thalli are highly abundant on dry wood (C. denigratum, C. 

trabinellum, C. glaucellum, C. lenticulare). Not all species are in contact; they do not form sinusia, rather are similar 

to new succession. Crustose hygromesophylic species Micarea melaena, M. prasina, Bacidia subincompta, 

and other, typical for moist decaying wood soon replacing competitive fruticose lichens with primary thalloma, 

such as Cladonia digitata, C. macilenta, C. botrytes, C. deformis (III stage). At this point dense epixilic species 

society forming, sinusia proper. In next stage species composition richness increasing as wood decomposition 

finishes. IV stage wood decaying–wood lost structure, gone to dust. In this time on deadwood surface ground 

layer accumulate, deadwood overgrown with mosses and fruticose lichens species, typical for soil appearing: 

Cladonia amaurocraea, C. arbuscula, C. rangiferina, C. stellaris. Thus, epixylic lichens held to overall succession 

pattern with full species replacement and ended with wood decaying. Deadwood, although relating their origin to 

live trees, by substrate characters differ from the live phorophyte. The investigation was supported by Russian 

Fund of Basic Research (grant 10-04-00337-а). 

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A FIRST SURVEY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY IN THE NATIONAL PARK “MESHCHERSKY” 

(RYAZAN’REGION,CENTRAL,RUSSIA). 

Muchnik (moutchnik) E. E. 1 , Konoreva L. A. 2 , Kazakova M. V. 3 

1 Laboratory of Deciduous Forest Ecology, Forest Science Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia 

2 Lichenology, Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Murmansk Reg., Apatity, Russia 

3 Biodiversity Lab., S.A.Yesenin Ryazan State University, Ryazan, Russia 

The National Park “Meshchersky” (further NP), established in 1992 occupies over 100,000 ha in two 

districts of Ryazan region. The NP territory belongs to the south-taiga forest subzone and is flat lowland with 

sandy dune elevations and paludal bottoms; the mean height varies between 80 and 120 meters above sea level. 

The climate is moderately continental, and the average annual temperature is +4 o C with July to be warmest. 

The average annual precipitation is 560 mm. Forests occupy 61,051 ha with dominating pine and birch forest 

(62% and 32% respectively); spruce occupies only 2%, oaks, aspens, black alders, willows account for 1% each. 

Pioneer inventorial studies of NP lichen diversity were carried out in 2009-2010. 119 lichen species (including 

traditionally analyzed fungi) were recorded. The most common are the following 15 species: Chaenotheca ferruginea, 

Cladonia cenotea, C. chlorophaea agr., C. fimbriata, C. rangiferina, Hypocenomyce scalaris, Hypogymnia 

physodes, Lecanora albellula, L. symmicta, Parmelia sulcata, Parmeliopsis ambigua, Physcia aipolia, 

Pycnora sorophora, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, S. sarothamni, Vulpicida pinastri, Xanthoria parietina. All the 

species noted basically inhabit tree bark and wood (except those in the genus Cladonia which grow more often 

on the soil or mosses at trunk bases or decaying brushwood). Among rarely occurring lichen species which may 

serve as indicators of relatively undisturbed old-age forest communities are Calicium trabinellum, Chaenotheca 

stemonea, Cladonia parasitica. To rare or occasionally occurring lichens in the middle belt of European Russia 

belong Baeomyces rufus, Catinaria atropurpurea, Chaenothecopsis pusilla, C. savonica, Lecanora fuscescens, 

Psilolechia lucida, Thelocarpon laureri. Lichenological investigations in the NP remain necessary, as only relatively 

small sample areas of the territory have been surveyed so far. Probably, no more than 75% of the lichen 

biota has been described up to now. 

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DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS IN PRIMEVAL BEECH FORESTS OF THE CARPATHIAN 

BIOSPHERE RESERVE (UKRAINE) 

Dymytrova L. V. 1 , Nadyeina O.V. 1 , Naumovich A. 2 , Postoialkin S. 2 , Scheidegger C. 3 

1 Lichenology & Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kyiv, Ukraine 


3 Biodiversity & Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, 

Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

The species richness and composition of epiphytic lichens were evaluated on trunks of Fagus sylvatica 

in primeval beech forest stands of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Ukraine). A total 327 forest sampling plots 

were investigated. On each sampling plot we observed lichens on different age classes of trees with a special 

focus on veteran trees. The environmental variables such as development stage of forest, canopy closure, 

northing, easting and inclination of the slope and natural and anthropogenic forest stand disturbances, were 

measured on each sampling plot. More than 195 lichen species have been listed so far. Crustose lichen species 

are amongst the most frequent species and include Phlyctis argena (95.1%), Graphis scripta (91.4%), Pyrenula 

nitida (87.2%) and Lepraria lobificans (78.6%). The highest number of lichens was recorded on beech trees, 

which grow near the subalpine timberline in mature or overmature forests. Young forest stands have the lowest 

number of lichens (up to 5). In mature or overmature forests at the bottom of valley or on the lower part of the 

mountain slopes an characteristic lichen richness of 6-14 species was observed while on the upper part of the 

mountain slopes and on mountain ridges 15-25 lichen species were recorded per each plot. We found 12 lichen 

species which are included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (2009) e.g. Belonia herculina, Gyalecta truncigena, 

Heterodermia speciosa, Leptogium saturninum, Lobaria amplissima, L. pulmonaria, Melanohalea elegantula, 

Nephroma parile, N. resupinatum, Pannaria conoplea, Parmeliella triptophylla and Parmotrema perlatum. Primeval 

beech forests were found to shelter a relatively low average species richness but to harbour a high number 

of rare and endangered epiphytic lichen species. 


LICHEN FLORA OF ILAM PROVINCE, SOUTH WEST IRAN AND 

ITS BIOGEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE 

Valadbeigi T. 1 

1 Biology, ILAM University, ILAM, Iran 

Ilam province, part of The Zagros Mountains, contain several ecosystems. Prominent among them 

are the forest area. From the whole 160 lichen species of this area, 114 species are recorded as new to Ilam 

province, and two species, Lecanora sulphurata (Ach.) Nyl. and L. klauskalbii Sipman are new to Iran. It is very 

probable that The Zagros Mountains forest steppe harbour an interesting lichen flora, but so far they have been 

hardly explored. A regional specialty may be the species Pyrenula subelliptica (Tuck. in Lea) R.C. Harris, which is 

mainly known from eastern North America and appears to be restricted in the Old World to the Euxinio-Hyrcanian 

region, as suggested by Some other North American element as Lecanora juniperina and L. percrenata and a 

tropical element as Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) Tibell and the recorded new species of Megaspora rimisorediata 

Valadbeigi & A. Nordin are indications for the lichenological significance of this region. 

120



THE IMPACT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON CHANGES IN COMPOSITION 

OF TERRICOLOUS LICHENS 

Dingová A. 1 , Valachovič M. 1 , Pišút I. 2 , Senko D. 1 , Šibík J. 1 

1 Department of Geobotany, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia 

2 Department of Lower Plants, Institute of Botany, Bratislava, Slovakia 

The study focused on the dry acidophilous Scots pine forests with rich lichen and mosses layer in 

Borská nížina lowland (SW Slovakia) comparing to the Bory Tucholskie (NW Poland). There so-called lichen 

and moss forests Dicrano-Pinion (Libbert 1933) Matuszkiewicz 1962 are present, famous for their biodiversity of 

lower plants flora (cryptogams). Between years 2006 and 2011 each type of vegetation was studied by 1 large 

phytosociological sample (400 m 2 ) and 10 micro-samples (0.25 m 2 ) made on 35 localities. Vegetation types were 

divided based on their decline of management impact. The first type of secondary vegetation called Pleurozio 

schreberii-Pinetum (Slovakia) in managed forests with 140 micro-samples was observed. On the second 

type of secondary vegetation called Cladonio-Pinetum (Slovakia) stands 110 micro-samples were studied in 

protected forests, where forest management was limited. The third type was natural typological Cladonio- 

Pinetum Juraszek 1928 forests in Bory Tucholskie National park (Poland) where 100 micro-samples were used 

for comparison. Using the TWINSPAN, CANOCO (CCA, DCA), JUICE and Ecological values of lichens for 

analysing the data, the results show that forestry has a considerable negative effect on diversity and synusias 

of lichens. Diversity of lichens in different forests was as follows: 15 species in managed, 25 in protected and 

28 in natural forests. The highest number of lichens which are tolerant to anthropogenic impact are in managed 

forests as well as those are able to colonize soil with the higher pH, thicker A0 and humus layers. Thermophilous 

taxa occur mainly in natural and protected forests. There were mostly species which are characteristic for climax 

and stable communities. 

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THE VERTICAL GRADIENT OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS IN CONIFEROUS FOREST CANOPIES 

Marmor L. 1 , Tõrra T. 1 , Randlane T. 1 


The vertical gradient of epiphytic lichens was studied in coniferous forests in Estonia, northern Europe; 

lichens were recorded in height ranges from tree bottom to the top. (1) All lichen species were recorded 

in three spruce (Picea abies) and three pine (Pinus sylvestris) sample plots in a relatively unpolluted area. (2) 

Macrolichen species were recorded in four spruce and four pine plots in different distances from oil shale power 

plants, sources of alkaline dust pollution. Altogether 70 trees were sampled. In unpolluted sample plots, acidophilic 

lichen species dominated in species composition. Several species, e.g. Hypogymnia physodes, Platismatia 

glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea, were frequent across the height ranges, while the occurrence of many 

species changed with height. Some lichens, e.g. Micarea melaena, were recorded mainly in the lower part of tree 

trunks; but for example Cladonia species that are also usually associated with trunk bases grew on decorticated 

branches in pine canopies too. Many species, e.g. several Usnea species growing mainly on spruce branches, 

were added with the height. Upper canopy had a distinct lichen composition with high frequency of Melanohalea 

exasperatula and Scoliciosporum chlorococcum on both tree species. In polluted areas, lichens growing in upper 

canopy were clearly more affected by dust deposition. Lichen species composition changed with both distance 

from the pollution sources and height in the canopy. The proportion of dust indicator species, e.g. Physcia adscendens, 

P. dubia, P. stellaris, Xanthoria parietina and X. polycarpa, was highest in the treetops in the sample 

plot located closest to the pollution sources, whereas there were no dust indicators in the lowest height range. 

The results confirm that the occurrence of many species changes vertically on trees. Therefore, the total lichen 

species richness on trees is significantly underestimated when only the first meters near the ground are studied. 

In addition, upper canopy lichens proved to be more informative dust indicators compared to lower canopy 

lichens in relatively dense coniferous forests. 


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DIVERSITY AND THE COMPOSITION OF 

THE EPIPHYTIC LICHEN COMMUNITIES IN MANAGED FORESTS OF SOUTHERN BELGIUM 

Ertz D. 1 , Van den Broeck D. 1 , Van Rossum F. 2 

1 Bryophytes-Thallophytes, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium 

2 Vascular Plants, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium 

Lichens are widely used as indicators of environmental changes caused by air pollution, climate change 

and forest management. The establishment of a baseline of the lichen vegetation and subsequent monitoring 

is one way to investigate the effects of those changes. The diversity and composition of the epiphytic lichen 

communities in 30 forest plots in ecologically diverse and managed forests of Wallonia (southern Belgium) were 

investigated in relation to 22 environmental variables used to characterize those forest plots: 10 abiotic environmental 

variables, two variables related to tree species and 10 lichen ecological indices based on the lichens. 

ANCOVA and RDA revealed that increasing light, moisture and bark pH have a positive influence on the lichen 

diversity while the key factors affecting the species composition in the different forest types are light, moisture, 

temperature and eutrophication. 

122



WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ARE CONDITIONING LICHEN SPECIES DIVERSITY 

IN PINUS NIGRA FORESTS? 

Merinero S. 1 , Aragon G. 1 , Martinez I. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain 

Forest structure alteration modifies light intensity and water availability. Considering that these are the 

main factors determining lichens growth, we aim to quantify the effect of environmental variables on the diversity 

and floristic composition of epiphytic communities at a regional scale. We sampled 91 patches of Pinus nigra 

subsp. salzmannii forests in two mountain systems in Spain (Meridional Iberian System and Betic Range). 

We recorded presence/absence data in 15 trees per patch. The selected environmental variables were: forest 

structure (canopy cover, and mean DBH), climatic and orographic (area, annual rainfall, summer rainfall, temperatures, 

altitude and slope) and landscape (patch area and type of surrounding matrix). Generalized Linear 

Models (GLMs) were used to determine the effect of the environmental variables on the species richness and 

Caliciales richness. We used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to study how these variables influence 

the distribution of epiphytic lichens. The results showed that species richness mainly depends on factors related 

to the mountain system, forest structure, annual rainfall and altitude, whereas landscape variables did not show 

any significant influence. In the specific case of Caliciales, the richness was only and strongly conditioned by 

forest structure, above all by the presence of mature trees. In these Mediterranean pine forests, epiphytic lichen 

diversity is highly related to the type of historical and current forest management, which leads to a variation in 

habitat quality for these organisms. To preserve these epiphytic communities, we suggest avoiding tree felling 

in the mature and best-preserved forest patches. Nevertheless, we propose the selective logging as a more 

appropriate type of forest management in the less mature forest patches. This study is being funded by Dirección 

del Medio Natural, Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha (POII09-0286-4849), and we thank the 

Ministerio de Educación for a FPU fellowship (Formación de Profesorado Universitario) to the first author of this 

work, Sonia Merinero. 

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ECOLOGY, DIVERSITY AND ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORTICOLOUS LICHENS IN 

MOUNT KENYA TROPICAL MONTANE FOREST 

Kirika P. M. 1 , Mugambi G. K. 1 , Newton L. E. 2 , Ndiritu G. G. 1 , Lumbsch T. H. 3 

1 Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 

2 Department of Plant and Microbial Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 


Documenting the biological diversity is an obligation to all countries that have ratified the Convention 

on Biological Diversity (CBD) with an aim of developing national strategies for its conservation and sustainable 

use. However, for many tropical countries knowledge on the diversity and distribution of many groups of organisms 

is still inadequate. In Kenya, lichens are among the most understudied groups with many regions of the 

country waiting to be surveyed. The majority of undiscovered species are believed to occur in the tropics where 

inventories are either incomplete or lacking for many regions. Kenya is estimated to have between 1,500 and 

2,000 species of lichens. However, to date only about 700 species have been documented; of these 628 are 

macrolichens as documented in the current edition of Macrolichens of East Africa and on an existing online 

checklist. Therefore, more than half of the projected lichen diversity remains undiscovered with the majority of 

the little known being crustose species. These predictions are evident in our preliminary data from the study of 

Mt Kenya forests that aimed at comparing the diversity of lichens among forests types with contrasting moisture 

and altitude gradients. Preliminary results indicate that various forest types in Mt. Kenya are rich in lichens. 

From this study alone, more than 100 species have been added to the current checklist of Kenyan lichens. Ten 

of these species are probably new to science and further work is ongoing to evaluate their identity. Initial analyses 

of ecological data indicate higher diversity in the moist forest types than the drier forests. Conversely lichen 

diversity was higher in mixed forests in lower and higher elevations, but interestingly less in middle elevation 

mixed forests, as well as the bamboo zone. Mt Kenya forests are therefore endowed with diverse and rich lichen 

communities that corroborate with its unique physiographic and environmental gradients. 

124



LICHENS OF PURGATORY AND RIDGES MOUNTAINS: FURTHER EXPLORATIONS IN THE 

UWHARRIE MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA, USA 

Perlmutter G. B. 1 , Rivas Plata E. 2 

1 UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 

2 Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States 

The Uwharrie Mountains is an ancient range of isolated peaks (monadnocks) formed ca. 500 mya from 

the eruptions of a chain of volcanic islands in shallow seas that reach SSW-NNE in the Piedmont ecoregion of 

south central North Carolina, USA. We present the results of a recent survey focused on the lichenized fungi of 

two monadnocks: Purgatory Mountain and Ridges Mountain, in a continuing effort to document the lichen diversity 

of the Piedmont of North Carolina. We sampled three habitats: Basic Oak-Hickory Forest over basic rock, 

Piedmont Monadnock Forest over basic rock (both on Ridges Mountain), and Piedmont Monadnock Forest over 

acidic rock (Purgatory Mountain), using 20×50 m rectangular plots. In each plot we collected representatives 

of every lichen taxon we could find, recording the substrate each found on. Canopy cover was also recorded 

in each plot, using a spherical densiometer, to investigate influence of light exposure on the lichen biotas. The 

Basic Oak-Hickory Forest plot was sampled specifically to compare its lichen biota with that in the same forest 

type studied in Mason Farm Biological Reserve, 80 km east, in 2008, as well as to contrast with the other plots 

of this study. After species determination, we performed a Non-Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) and Cluster 

analyses to evaluate the impact of canopy openings (light availability) and particularly rock pH (using only 

samples collected in rock substrate) in the formation of lichen communities. Our results show that from a total 

of 157 samples collected, 100 lichen species were found in Ridges and Purgatory Mtns combined (~35-53 spp. 

per plot). The combined biota is 56% crustose, 29% foliose and 8% fruticose. We found 28 species new to the 

Uwharrie Mountains, including Xanthoria parietina, reported here as new to North Carolina. Our findings also 

show differences in the lichen community based on canopy opening and substrate type and pH (for those collected 

on rock), as expected. 


LICHENS, LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI AND ALLIED FUNGI OF TURNIPSEED WAKENATURE 

PRESERVE, NORTH CAROLINA, USA 

Perlmutter G. B. 1 

1 UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States 

Turnipseed Preserve in eastern Wake County, North Carolina was surveyed of its lichen diversity in 

2009-2011 as part of an assessment toward its designation as the first WakeNature Preserve in recognition 

of its important ecological resources by the local stakeholder group WakeNature Preserves Partnership. Lichen 

diversity in this Outer Piedmont/Fall Line preserve was sampled in open fields, forests and rock outcrops 

including granitic flatrocks, a globally rare natural community that is dominated by lichens and bryophytes. A 

total of 170 taxa in 75 genera were catalogued, representing 38 families with 12 new state records. Noteworthy 

finds include: 1) the state-listed rare Canoparmelia amabilis, 2) the recently-described Acarospora janae, 

and 3) Lichenotheliaceae, a family newly reported for North Carolina represented by the lichenicolous fungus 

Lichenostigma cosmopolites and the rock-inhabiting fungus Lichenothelia scopularia, the latter newly reported 

for eastern North America. An evaluation of pollution-sensitive and tolerant taxa suggests the area to be somewhat 

compromised by the ambient air pollution with most pollution-tolerant species in more exposed habitats 

and pollution-sensitive ones in shaded forests. 

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IS LICHEN SPECIES RICHNESS LINKED TO LAND COVER PATTERN AT LARGE SCALES IN 

FORESTS ACROSS THE USA? 

Will-Wolf S. 1 , Morin R. S. 2 , Ambrose M. J. 3 , Riitters K. 4 , Jovan S.E. 5 

1 Botany, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin / Madison, Wisconsin, United States 

2 Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Pennsylvania / Newtown Square, United States 

3 Forestry & Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, North Carolina / Raleigh, United States 

4 Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, North Carolina / Raleigh, United States 

5 Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Oregon / Portland, United States 

We studied the response of Lichen S, an index of lichen species richness, to five land cover metrics in 

six large regions of the coterminous USA. We found in an earlier study that climate and pollution explain 20-40% 

of variation in Lichen S in these same regions. Lichen S is number of macrolichen species from timed samples 

of fixed-area forested plots, using data from a national USA forest inventory. Our questions were 1) is land cover 

correlated with Lichen S across large regions, 2) is land cover correlated with climate and air quality, and 3) does 

inclusion of land cover variables improve analyses of Lichen S response? Our analysis tools, correlation and 

linear regression with ranked data, gave robust results comparable across regions, at some cost of lower statistical 

power. In three western USA regions strong correlations between climate and land cover suggest climate is 

more important to explain Lichen S. In three eastern USA regions we found an effect of land cover on Lichen S 

independent from climate and pollution. We found response of Lichen S to land cover was mostly stronger as 

size of area evaluated around a plot increased, with much variability between regions. Percentage of nearby 

area forested was the single most useful land cover metric, though no single land cover variable or response 

model was best in all regions. We found that climate, pollution, and land cover together explain 30-47% of variation 

in Lichen S at least for eastern USA; an improvement from the previous study. Several follow-up studies are 

suggested. 


COMPARISON OF THE DIVERSITY OF GRAPHIS SPECIES IN DIFFERENT VEGETATION 

TYPES IN MEXICO 

Bárcenas A. 1 , Herrera-Campos M. 1 , Miranda González R. 1 , Lücking R. 2 

1 Botanica, Instituto de Biologia Unam, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico 


Patterns and processes leading to the heterogenous distribution of biodiversity can be studied altitudinally, 

latitudinally, in different environments and with different degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, and 

focusing on different taxa. In this study we investigate the ecogeographical distribution of the genus Graphis 

(Graphidaceae). This genus exhibits a wide tropical distribution and high species diversity, with over 300 

accepted species. We compared the species diversity and composition of Graphis in Mexico in two contrasting 

ecosystems: the Tropical Rain Forest in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz and the Tropical deciduous forest in Chamela, 

Jalisco. For each site, the Graphis species, the pH bark and DBH of the colonized phorophytes, and seasonal 

fluctuations in light and evaporation were recorded along ten points each within three 450 m transects, considering 

both the canopy and the understory. Alpha, beta, and gamma diversity were calculated. The structure of Graphis 

communities for each ecosystem was analyzed using X2 and Kruskal Wallis ANOVA, as well as cluster and 

NMS analyses. The highest species diversity was found in the canopy of the tropical rain forest, where constantly 

high values of light and evaporation were recorded during the two seasons. On the other hand, in the Tropical 

deciduous forest, the number of species was lower, and no correlation with environmental parameters was. At 

both sites, a low correlation was found between species diversity and bark pH and DBH of the trees. 

126



DIVERSITY, ECOGEOGRAPHY, AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE LICHEN 

GENUS STICTA IN COLOMBIA 

Moncada Cárdenas B. 1 

1 Licenciatura En Biologia, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Distrito Capital, Colombia 

Sticta is one of the genera of macrolichens most frequently collected in the highlands of the tropics. In 

their 2008 checklist, Sipman and colleagues cited 26 species for Colombia. The present work is a taxonomic 

revision of the genus for this country. As main result, at least 68 species are recognized, which possibly more 

than 30 being new species, along with several new reports and new combinations. One of the most striking 

cases is the segregation of at least ten new species which were traditionally included in the broad concept of S. 

fuliginosa, but morpho-anatomical and molecular analysis demonstrated that they are not only different species 

but also not even closely related. A similar case is the S. weigelii-beauvoisii-carolinensis complex. These species 

are morphologically similar but show subtle differences in their reproductive structures and other characters 

such as the cyphellae. This species complex compares to species from North America, but molecular data 

separate the species in different clades. With respect to the general taxonomy of Sticta, novel characters are 

added to complement the already known features to facilitate the recognition of species groups and species. 

These include a new classification for cyphellae, tomentum, the shape of isidia, phyllidia and lobules, as well as 

the cells at the base of the cyphellae. Our results indicate that the greater diversity of the group is found in the 

Andean regions above 2,000 m, the paramo regions being the richest in diversity. It was found that the proportion 

of species with cyanobionts far exceeded the number of species with chlorobionts, especially in the paramo 

regions. Therefore, quantitative sampling was conducted in the paramo area and it was shown that species with 

cyanobionts may contribute substantially to the nitrogen cycle in paramo ecosystems due to their ability to fix 

atmospheric nitrogen. Many of the species of Sticta found in Colombia are more widely distributed in the Neotropics, 

and therefore the results can be at least partially applied to a region spanning from southern Mexico to 

northern Bolivia and Peru. 

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MICROLICHENS OF COLOMBIA: A FIRST APPROACH INCLUDING NEW RECORDS 

Moncada Cárdenas B. 1 , Ardila I. 1 , Betancourt L. 1 , Coca L. 2 , Gutierrez M. 3 , Mateus N. 4 , Peñaloza G. 1 , 

Ramirez N. 5 , Rincon-Espitia A. 4 , Romero L. 1 , Silano S. 1 , Simijaca D. 6 , Soto E. 7 , Suarez A. 1 , Lücking R. 8 

1 Licenciatura En Biologia, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Distrito Capital, Colombia 

2 Agronomia, Universidad de Caldas, Caldas, Colombia 

3 Ingenieria Ambiental, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia 

4 Maestria En Ciencias-Biologia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia 

5 Biologia, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia 

6 Biologia, Universidad Pedagogica Y Tecnologica de Tunja, Tunja, Colombia 

7 Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia 

8 Botany, The Field Museum , Chicago, 60605, United States 

This is the first joint paper of the Grupo Colombiano de Liquenología (GCOL). We present an updated, 

illustrated list of crustose microlichens for Colombia, mainly based on collections by the first and last authors in 

the “Llanos” and the areas surrounding Bogotá (Cundinamarca), with additional material gathered by participants 

of the second NSF Tropical Lichen Workshop in Tolima in 2010 and specimens studied by several undergraduate 

and graduate thesis students during the course of 2009 to 2011. Due to its geographic situation connecting 

Central with South America, as well as its size and diversity of ecosystems, Colombia is considered one of the 

five countries with the highest lichen diversity in the Neotropics, together with Mexico, Venezuela, Bolivia, and 

Brazil. The microlichens identified in the studied material substantially increase our knowledge of the Colombian 

lichen biota, although much remains to be done to achieve a more complete picture of its diversity. Among the 

many new records for the country are: Gassicurtia coccinea (Fée) Marbach, Laurerea purpurina (Nyl) Zahlbr., 

Ocellularia polydisca (Redinger), O. fumosa (Ach). Müll. Arg., Trypethelium platystomum Mont., Cryptothecia effusa 

((Müll. Arg.) R. Sant., Opegrapha heterospora Vain., Cresponea flava (Vain.) Egea & Torrente., and Phlyctis 

brasiliensis Nyl. Many species are documented with images and their ecosystem and habitat preferences are 

indicated. 


LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI FROM BOLIVIA, MAINLY FROM ANDEAN FORESTS 

Kukwa M. 1 , Flakus A. 2 

1 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland 

2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Krakow, Poland 

The lichenicolous fungi of Bolivia have not been studied in detail and to date only 20 species have been 

reported from there. During several expeditions to Bolivia, the authors obtained a large number of lichenicolous 

fungi, of which 59 species have so far been identified, with five new to science; 47 taxa are recorded for the first 

time from Bolivia, some of which are also new to the Southern Hemisphere or South America. The richest habitats, 

including Yungas and Tucumano-Boliviano montane vegetation, are in the Andean forests. Several additional 

species belonging to critical groups are under study and many more species are expected to be discovered 

in Bolivia. This research received support from the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) in 

Poland under the LIDER Programme for 2010-2013 (no. 92/L-1/09). 

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TOWARDS A MONOGRAPH OF FOLIICOLOUS LICHENIZED FUNGI OF BOLIVIA 

Flakus A. 1 


Bolivia, a landlocked country of South America with an area of 1,098,581 km 2 , has an impressive variety 

of forest vegetation which provides suitable biotopes for foliicolous lichens. Prior to the author’s fieldwork between 

2004 and 2011, the country’s lichen biota had not been investigated comprehensively. As a consequence, 

a large collection of foliicolous lichens of c. 8,000 specimens has formed the basis of a monograph, including 

descriptions of all taxa, identification keys and iconography. To date, almost 300 species have been recognized, 

including several species new to science and numerous records new to Bolivia. Work on the collection is still in 

progress, therefore the number of known species and particular species distribution have yet to be determined 

in order to recognise patterns in the main forest ecosystems in Bolivia. Research supported by NCBiR in Poland 

under the LIDER Program; project no. 92/L-1/09. 


NEW SPECIES AND INTERESTING RECORDS OF TROPICAL FOLIICOLOUS LICHENS 

Farkas E. 1 , Flakus A. 2 

1 Laboratory for Botany and Phytochemistry, Institute of Ecology and Botany of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 

Vacratot, Hungary 

2 Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland 

Though foliicolous lichenised fungi occasionally occur in temperate region among Mediterranean, subtropical 

or even oceanic circumstances, their highest diversity is reached in the tropical regions. Foliicolous 

lichens grow in various types of rainforests. There is a huge variation in species number and composition 

depending on forest types and altitude. For these lichens microclimatic conditions on and near leaves, various 

characters of the substrate leaves are very important, just like macro- or mesoclimatic conditions affecting on 

their surrounding forests. Knowledge on this field increased considerably in the last decades, however some 

groups are still poorly known, even more to do on their lichenicolous fungi. Therefore studying collections from 

Central and South America and East Africa we concentrate on these less investigated taxa. During our study of 

Pilocarpaceae we discovered species new to science which are currently under description (e.g., Calopadia sp., 

Fellhanera spp.), others (belonging to Bacidina, Eugeniella, Fellhanera) represent new records for their distribution. 

Also several new records of noteworthy lichens were found in further taxonomic groups. Among species of 

lichenicolous fungi, Keratosphaera antoniana Flakus, Farkas & Lucking has been described as new recently and 

it is presented with more details here. Our results additionally to its taxonomic value, represent contributions to 

a better knowledge on distribution and supply data for further ecological investigations. Research supported by 

the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; OTKA K81232. 

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LICHENS FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: NEW TAXA AND INTERESTING RECORDS 

Cáceres M. E. 1 , De Jesus L. S. 1 , Vieira T. S. 1 , Andrade A. D. 1 , Goes D. D. 1 , Lücking R. 2 

1 Biociencias, Universidade Federal De Sergipe, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 


Brazil is considered one of the most diverse country in the world, comprising two major tropical forest 

blocks, the Atlantic rainforest and the Amazon. The Caxiuanã National Forest, in the Brazilian Amazon, is situated 

in the municipalities of Melgaço and Portel (1º37’S /51º19’W and 1º54’S/51º58’W) in the micro-region of 

Furos, in the bay of Caxiuanã, between the Xingu and Tocantins rivers, occupying an area of about 300,000 ha. 

The National Forest comprises several vegetation types, including non-flooded (terra firme forest with islands of 

savanna-like and secondary forest) and flooded forest (várzea and igapó), being the terra firme forest the predominant 

type. On the frame of a recent inventory of the lichenized mycota from the Caxiuanã National Forest, at 

the Ferreira Penna Research Station, in the Brazilian Amazon, two new taxa are described as new and four new 

combinations are presented: Ampliotrema megalostoma (Müll. Arg.) Cáceres & Lücking comb. nova, Graphis 

brachylirellata Cáceres & Lücking spec. nova, Malmidea leucogranifera Cáceres & Lücking spec. nova, Ocellularia 

conformalis (Kremp.) Cáceres & Lücking comb. nova, Redingeria microspora (Zahlbr.) Cáceres & Lücking 

comb. nova, Sarcographa megistocarpa (Leight.) Cáceres & Lücking comb. nova. Type material and duplicates 

will be deposited in F and URM Hebaria. 


MANGROVE AND RESTINGA LICHENS FROM NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL 

Cáceres M. E. 1 , Leite A. B. 2 , Menezes A. A. 2 , Otsuka A. Y. 3 , Dos Santos V. M. 1 , Kalb K. J. 4 , Lücking R. 5 

1 Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 

2 Ecologia E Conservacao, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil 

3 Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 

4 Lichenology, Lichenologisches Intitut Neumarkt, Neumarkt, Germany 


Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas, which include estuaries and marine shorelines. 

Brazil contains approximately 26,000 km 2 of mangroves, 15% of the world’s total of 172,000 km 2 . It is possible 

to understand the importance of mangroves from the functions it plays in the environmental balance. It is 

known that, besides protecting the coast, this phytogeographic formation works as a climate regulator and true 

pollutants filters. In the state of Sergipe, the mangroves occur in the estuaries of the major rivers: Real, Sergipe 

and Vasa-Barris. In some cases, we also find Restinga vegetation associated with mangroves areas, as in the 

present study. Studies on the lichen diversity on mangroves are very scarce in Brazil as a whole, and nothing 

has been done until the moment in Mangroves from Northeast Brazil. This study aims to survey the diversity of lichens 

in mangrove areas in the state of Sergipe and also on the surrounding Restinga vegetation. Samples were 

collected in April 2010 and the first area visited is located in Santo Amaro das Brotas (10°46’43’’S/37º03’30 “W), 

a municipality in eastern Sergipe, 13 km from Aracaju, the state capital. Lichens were collected using hammer, 

knife, paper envelopes and GPS. Thallus morphology was examined using a Leica EZ4 dissecting microscope. 

Sections of thalli and ascomata were cut by hand with a razor blade and examined with squash preparations 

in water, KOH and Lugol’s solution. A total of 99 samples have been analyzed so far, and 35 species are here 

reported, of which 18 are new records for the state of Sergipe and two new records for Brazil, namely Gassicurta 

bellardii (Sipman) Marbach and Stirtonia alboverruca Makhija & Patw. 

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LICHENS FROM SERRA DE ITABAIANA NATIONAL PARK, AN ATLANTIC RAINFOREST 

RELICT IN SERGIPE, BRAZIL 

Cáceres M. E. 1 , Mendonca C. O. 1 , Mota D. A. 1 , Dos Santos M. O. 1 , Lücking R. 2 

1 Biociencias, Universidade Federal De Sergipe, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 


The Atlantic rainforest in Sergipe, the smallest Brazilian state with an area of ca. 21,910 Km 2 , is almost 

nonexistent. The devastation of the natural areas has been taking place for a long time and the current vegetation 

cover (only 0,1% of the original area) is restrict to very small forest remnants, like islands surrounded by sugarcane 

plantations and pastures. The Serra de Itabaiana National Park, located 50 km from the coast and the 

state capital, Aracaju, is the most important Atlantic rainfores remnant in Sergipe. Studies on the lichenized fungi 

from Serra de Itabaiana have been incomplete so far. This ongoing research project on the Serra de Itabaiana, 

a very unique vegetation, aims to estimate the lichen diversity present on the area and thus reinforce the current 

conservation policies for this atlantic rainforest relict. The lichens have been collected during five field trips which 

took place in October 2002, then recently in January, April, May, and December 2010, using opportunistic and 

quantitative sampling protocols. Thallus morphology was examined using a Leica EZ4 dissecting microscope. 

Sections of thalli and ascomata were cut by hand with a razor blade and examined with squash preparations 

in water, KOH and Lugol’s solution. A total of 300 samples have been analyzed so far, and ca. 65 species are 

here reported, of which 11 are new records for the state of Sergipe and one a new records for Brazil: Chapsa 

platycarpoides (Tuck.) Breuss & Lücking. 

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3I: New approaches to understanding biosynthesis and ecological roles of 

metabolites in lichens 

(3I - P1) Submission ID: IAL0113-00002 

CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND MOLECULAR STUDIES OF SELECTED CETRARIOID LICHENS 

(PARMELIACEAE) AND THEIR CULTURED MYCOBIONTS 

Hametner C. 1 , Stocker-Wörgötter E. 1 


Lichens produce a great variety of primary (intracellular) and secondary metabolites (extracellular); a 

considerable number of them has not been structurally identified and are still recognized as “unknowns”. In this 

study, three cetrarioid lichens, e.g. Cetraria ericetorum, C. islandica and Flavocetraria nivalis, were chosen for 

molecular and chemical investigations. HPLC and TLC analyses have to be complemented by mass spectroscopic 

methods. In further series of experiments, the fungal symbionts of the selected lichen thalli were isolated 

by means of the modified Yamamoto-method and sub-cultured on different nutrient media. By using electronically 

adjustable culture chambers, a number of environmental conditions were tested to provide best growth reactions 

for the three selected lichen fungi. For identification of the cultured fungal isolates and the three voucher specimens, 

DNA-analyses were performed by using the primers ITS1F and ITS4 for the PCR-reactions to amplify the 

internal transcribed spacer 1 region, 5.8S region, and the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of genomic rDNA. 

The sequencing was accomplished by MWG Biotech AG (Germany) and Macrogen Inc. (Europe). The identities 

of the lichen and fungal sequences were examined via Blastn search of the NCBI GenBank. Consequently, 

the mycobiont of C. islandica was grown aposymbiotically for the first time. Finally, the mycobiont cultures were 

investigated by using similar chemical analyses as mentioned before for the original lichen thalli and differences 

in the metabolite compositions were documented. Regarding C. islandica, which was previously found to contain 

biologically active substances, the chemical constituents of the “crude” lichen extract, could be of high interest 

for future pharmaceutical applications. 

132


(3I – P2) Submission ID: IAL0115-00001 

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PARMELIA SAXATILIS 

ETHANOL EXTRACT 

Stajić M. 1 , Ćilerdžić J. 1 , Vukojević J. 1 

1 Institute of Botany, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of 

Parmelia saxatilis (L) Ach. P. saxatilis originated from Tara Mountain (Serbia) was used for the study. 4.5 g of air 

dried sample was extracted by stirring with 30-fold higher volume of 70% ethanol at 30 º C for 72 hours and filtering 

through Whatman No. 4 filter paper. The obtained ethanol extract was evaporated at 40 º C to dryness, redissolved 

in 96% ethanol (antioxidant test) and 5% DMSO (antimicrobial test), respectively, to a final concentration of 20 

mg/ml. Antioxidant capacity was determined spectrophotometrically by methanol solution of DPPH at 517 nm 

and compared with commercial antioxidant, BHA. The concentrations of phenol and flavonoid compounds in 

the extract were measured spectrophotometrically by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent at 740 nm and ethanol/aluminium 

nitrate/potassium acetate mixture at 415 nm, respectively. Antimicrobial capacity of the extract was evaluated 

on 5 bacterial and 8 fungal species. Tests were carried out by various extract dilutions, in triplicate. Six extract 

concentrations ranged from 10 mg/ml to 0.312 mg/ml, obtained by double disolutions, caused decrease of 

DPPH free radical-scavenging in the range from 79.76% to 14.76%. Defined EC 50 value was 1.81 mg/ml. The 

tested extract concentrations had good antioxidant activity compared to BHA one (92.61%). The amount of total 

phenol compounds was ranged from 193.95 µg/ml (10 mg/ml) to 30.10 µg/ml (0.312 mg/ml). The total flavonoid 

content was less, ranged from 134.48 μg/ml (10 mg/ml) to 1.90 μg/ml (0.312 mg/ml). Scavenging effect directly 

correlates with the different phenol content (r 2 = 0.9981) and less with flavonoid content (r 2 = 0.6634). The extract 

showed insignificant antibacterial activity, while antifungal activity was absent. The growth of Escherichia coli, 

Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inhibited by the highest extract concentration (10 mg/ 

ml), while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were more sensitive (1.25 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml, 

respectively). 


ACETYLCHOLINESTRASE INHIBITORY AND NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF 

BIRULOQUINONE, ISOLATED FROM LICHEN-FORMING FUNGUS CLADONIA MACILENTA 

Luo H. 1 , Li C. 2 , Liu Y. 3 , Hur J. 3 

1 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China 

2 College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China 


Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in aging population. At present, acetylcholinestrase 

(AChE) inhibitors are the first group of drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration to 

treat mild to moderate AD. In present study, one AChE inhibitor, biruloquinone, was isolated from the extract of 

lichen-forming fungus Cladonia macilenta, which showed the most potent AChE inhibitory activity in previous 

screening experiment. The IC 50 and inhibitory kinetic assay suggested biruloquinone is a mixed-II inhibitor on 

AChE, with the IC 50 value of 27.1 µg/ml (83.1 µM). The molecular modeling results indicated that biruloquinone 

is supposed to bind AChE through the stable H-bond with two active sites of the protein. The neuroprotective 

effects of biruloquinone on the H 2 O 2 and β-amyloid-induced cell injuries were also evaluated. The results indicated 

that biruloquinone remarkably improved the viability of the injured cells at 1 to 25 µg/ml. The protective 

effects are proposed to be related to the potent antioxidant activities of biruloquinone. These results implied that 

biruloquinone has the potential to be used as multi-functional anti-AD agent. 

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EFFECT OF SUGAR ON SECONDARY METABOLISM IN CULTURED 

LICHEN MYCOBIONT OF CLADONIA RAMULOSA 


3I-P 

Hara K. 1 , Usuniwa Y. 1 , Komine M. 1 , Yamamoto Y. 1 


Lichens produce peculiar secondary metabolites known as lichen substances. However, cultured lichen 

mycobionts tend not to produce lichen substances. To investigate the influence of sugar on the secondary metabolism 

in lichenized fungi, 125 strains of mycobiont were cultured on malt–yeast extract medium (MY, control), 

MY medium with 20% sucrose (S20) and Lilly–Bernett medium (LB). After three or six months, lichen substances 

were produced on S20 medium by four species, while only one species Cladonia ramulosa produced lecanoric 

acid (LA) after one-month culture on LB. Addition of sugar alcohols on LB medium decreased LA levels. The LA 

level was elevated on LB with fructose, suggesting that polyketide biosynthetic pathway was regulated by sugars 

or was involved in sugar metabolisms. Two partial cDNAs of C. ramulosa polyketide synthases (CrPKS1 and 

CrPKS2) were cloned and used for RT-PCR analyses. The levels of CrPKS1 transcript began to accumulate and 

reached a maximum level at 12 days after transferring to LB medium with fructose, prior to LA production at 16 

days. It is hypothesized that CrPKS1 products synthesize lecanoric acids and that fructose plays a key role in 

control of symbiotic/non-symbiotic metabolism in C. ramulosa mycobionts. 

HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION OF POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE GENES 

OF LICHEN CLADONIA METACORALLIFERA 

Kim J. 1 , Yu N. H. 1 , Jeong M. H. 1 , Hur J. 1 


Lichens produce unique polyketide secondary metabolites including depsides, depsidones, dibenzofurans, 

and depsones. The biosynthesis of these compounds is governed by polyketide synthase (PKS), but the 

mechanism via which they are produced has remained unclear until now. Heterologous expression in a surrogate 

host provides an alternative approach for functional analysis of lichen polyketide biosynthesis. Cultured mycobiont 

of Cladonia metacorallifera producing a large amount various polyketide were used to isolate and characterize 

polyketide synthase genes. The CmPKSs showed greatest homology with uncharacterized genes from 

filamentous fungi and composed exclusive clades in reducing and non-reducing PKSs. We construct subclones 

using spliced full length cDNA of CmPKS1 and CmPKS35 for stable expression in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus 

nidulans. There are 10% efficiency of single copy inserted transforments about CmPKS1 and CmPKS35. 

We are expecting the new polyketide product by LC-MS and HPLC analysis. 

134



ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF PSEUDOEVERNIA FURFURACEA EXTRACT 

Ćilerdžić J. 1 , Stajić M. 1 , Vukojević J. 1 

1 Institute of Botany, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia 

Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of ethanol extract of Pseudoevernia furfuraceae (L) Zopf. was 

the aim of this study. P. furfuraceae originated from Tara Mountain (Serbia) was used for the study. 5.5 g of 

air dried sample was extracted by stirring with 30-fold higher volume of 70% ethanol at 30 º C for 72 hours and 

filtering through Whatman No. 4 filter paper. The obtained ethanol extract was evaporated at 40 º C to dryness, 

redissolved in 96% ethanol to a final concentration of 20 mg/ml. Antioxidant capacity was determined spectrophotometrically 

by methanol solution of DPPH at 517 nm. Antioxidant activity of the tested extract concentrations 

were studied in comparison to commercial antioxidant, BHA. The concentrations of phenol and flavonoid compounds 

in the extract were measured spectrophotometrically by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent at 740 nm and ethanol/ 

aluminium nitrate/potassium acetate mixture at 415 nm, respectivelly. Tests were carried out by various extract 

dilutions, in triplicate. Six extract concentrations ranged from 10 mg/ml to 0.312 mg/ml, obtained by double 

disolutions, caused decrease of DPPH free radical-scavenging in the range from 90.04% to 21.39%. Defined 

EC 50 value was 1.85 mg/ml. The tested extract concentrations had strong antioxidant activity compared to BHA 

one (92.61%). The amounts of total phenol compounds were ranged from 61.53 µg/ml (10 mg/ml) to 5.540 µg/ 

ml (1.25 mg/ml), while at lower extract concentrations these compounds were missed. The total flavonoids content 

was significantly higher, ranged from 240.13 μg/ml (10 mg/ml) to 62.97 μg/ml (0.625 mg/ml), while at the 

concentration of 0.312 mg/ml their presence was not noted. Although, antioxidant activity had some value at the 

concentration of 0.312 mg/ml, it could be concluded that other compounds were responsible for it. Scavenging 

effect directly correlates with the different flavonoid content (r 2 = 0.9641) and less with phenol compounds content 

(r 2 = 0.6826). 


ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI FROM CRUDE EXTRACT OF 

USNEA PULVINULATA 

Pengproh R. 1 , Papong K. 1 , Sangdee A. 1 , Chantiratikul P. 2 

1 Biology, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand 

2 Chemistry, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand 

Usnea pulvinulata contains various secondary metabolites such as usnic acid, diffractaic acid, menegazziaic 

acid, norstictic acid, protocetraric acid, salazinic acid and ursoric acid. This study tested the inhibition 

of crude extracts of U. pulvinulata from absolute water, acetone, ethanol and methanol against 6 plants pathogenic 

fungi such as Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (banana anthracnose, cultivated banana anthracnose, chili 

anthracnose, Dendrobium anthracnose and mango anthracnose), Colletotrichum capsici (chili anthracnose and 

papaya anthracnose), Curvularia lunata (dirty panicle disease of rice), Diplodia sp. (leaf blight of Dendrobium), 

Fusarium monilifore (bakanea disease of rice) and Pestalotiopsis guepinii (leaf blight of Guava). The crude extract 

of U. pulvinulata from acetone showed the highest inhibition against all six plants pathogenic fungi. Ethanol 

and methanol crude extracts can be antifungal against plant pathogen fungi. The crude extract from absolute 

water, however, did not inhibit the tested fungi. 

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DIFFERENT STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE Pb-TOLERANCE IN THE TWO TREBOUXIA 

PHYCOBIONTS OF THE LICHEN RAMALINA FARINACEA 

Casano L.M. 1 , Guera A. 1 , Del Campo E. M. 1 , Barreno E. 2 , Garcia-Breijo F. J. 3 , Alvarez R. 1 , Del Hoyo A. 1 , 

Reig-Armiñana J. 4 

1 Plant Biology, University of Alcala, Madrid, Alcala de Henares, Spain 

2 Botany, Icbibe, University of Valencia, Valencia, Burjassot, Spain 

3 Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Valencia, Spain 

4 Botany, Icbibe-jardi Botanic , University of Valencia, Valencia, burjassot, Suriname 

Ramalina farinacea L. (Ach.) has a relatively high tolerance to Pb (Branquinho et al., 1999). On the 

other hand, our group demonstrated that this lichen contains two Trebouxia phycobionts (provisionally named 

TR1 and TR9). TR1 and TR9 showed distinct physiological responses to oxidative stress caused by a strong 

ROS propagator, which produced a more severe decay in photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments and proteins 

in TR1. Antioxidant enzymes were decreased by oxidative stress in TR1, but increased in TR9. Since Pb toxicity 

is caused by enhanced ROS formation, we hypothesized that TR9 phycobiont would be relatively more Pbtolerant 

than TR1. Therefore, in the present study we searched for physiological differences between isolated 

TR1 and TR9 under Pb exposure by analyzing the extracellular and intracellular Pb accumulation, photosynthetic 

pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Additionally, the detoxification response to Pb was estimated 

by several important antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate 

peroxidase (APx) and catalase. As expected, extracellular Pb increased with the augment of Pb in both TR1 

and TR9. However, TR9 immobilized significantly more metal than TR1 at extracellular level. The intracellular 

Pb uptake followed an opposite trend to that observed for the extracellular Pb, being approximately three times 

higher in TR1 than in TR9. However, photosynthetic pigments were not strongly affected by the presence of 

Pb within cells in either TR1 or TR9, since it was not observed any pigment decay higher than 10% (respect to 

controls). Accordingly, photosynthetic electron transport was not affected by the presence of Pb, as evidence by 

absence of PSII photoinhibition and the lack of effect on the ΦPSII in both phycobionts. Control levels of GR, 

SOD and APx were significantly higher in TR1 that in TR9. However, Pb induced the three enzymes in TR9 while 

it had no effect on TR1, so that antioxidant activities were quantitatively similar in both phycobionts under Pb 

treatments. In conclusion, each algal species seem to have acquired similar levels of Pb tolerance through the 

integration of distinct morphological, biochemical and physiological features. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429-C02- 

01/02), AECID (PCI_A_l024755/09) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 

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AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME THERMOPHILIC MYCOBIONTS ISOLATED IN NIGERIA 

Ogunleye A. O. 1 

1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria 

A total of 16 species of fungi were isolated from 3 locations viz:-two refuse-dump sites and palm kernel 

stack in Ibadan, Nigeria. Out of the 16 isolates obtained at 45 ° C incubation temperature, 9 were found to be 

thermotolerant while the other 7 were found to be thermophilic. The thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi were 

separated from the others by incubating at a low temperature of 12 °C at which the thermotolerant fungi grew, 

while the thermophilic did not grow at this temperature. All the fungi (thermophilic and thermotolerant) were 

screened for possible antimicrobial activities using different media sources. However, none of the screened 

organisms showed sign of antimicrobial activity by having no clear zone of inhibition against the test organisms. 

The test organisms used were Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The conditions necessary for the 

production of extracellular amylase enzyme of thermophilic fungi isolated were determined using a stationary 

liquid medium of starch-yeast extract. Amylases were produced by all the thermophilic fungi. The amylase activities 

of all the fungi used were determined at pH 6.9. The peak activities for the enzyme (amylase) were shown 

to be at 45 ° C. The possible use of extracellular enzymes from these fungi for various purposes is discussed. 


PHYCOBIONTS IN SUSPENSION: METHODS OF QUANTIFICATION 

Catala M. 1 , Dominguez N. 1 , Moreno H. 1 , Barreno E. 2 

1 Biology and Geology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, Spain 

2 Inst. Cavanilles of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Botany Dept., Faculty of Biology, 

University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain 

The quantification of phycobiont concentration in suspensions is usually performed under the microscope 

by means of hemocytometric chambers. This method is time consuming and the presence of phycobiont 

clusters increases experimental error. Future advances in phycobiont biology require rapid and precise surrogate 

methods. Optical density (OD) has long been used in microbiology since it is simple and rapid. Chlorophyll 

autofluorescence can be used as a measure of cell number, a widespread method in green algae research. 

Finally, the use of specific stoichiometric fluorescent probes, such as Hoechst, allows precise quantification of 

DNA. Fluorometric methods are extremely sensitive and very low concentrations can be detected. Furthermore, 

the use of microplates and plate-readers can greatly assist in this task, since tens of low volume samples can 

be measured simultaneously. The aim of this work is the study of different surrogate methods for the quantification 

of phycobiont suspensions. Two axenic strains, Asterochloris erici Ahmadjian (SAG 32.85 = UTEX 911), 

and Trebouxia sp.(TR9) isolated from Ramalina farinacea, were studied. Suspensions were grown in 3NBBM 

(16:8 h light:dark) at 20ºC and 15ºC, respectively. A Fuchs-Rosenthal hemocytometric chamber was used for 

cell counts. OD (650 nm) was measured in fresh 100 µl-aliquots with an Anthos 2010 plate-reader. Chlorophyll 

autofluorescence (λexc 485 nm, λem 635 nm) and DNA-bound Hoechst fluorescence (λexc 360, λem 465 nm) 

were measured in a TECAN SPECTRAFluor Plus plate-reader. Frozen 200 µl aliquots were used for fluorometric 

methods. Chlorophyll samples were thawed and directly measured, DNA samples were previously lysed in a 

DNA buffer. The results show that OD gives reproducible, rapid results, using low volumes. However, its sensitivity 

is the lowest. Chlorophyll autofluorescence is rapid and sensitive but requires the availability of a fluorometer, 

as DNA quantification, that also needs a short sample processing. However, both OD and chlorophyll autofluorescence 

may be affected by changes during phycobiont cell cycle (i.e. debris, cluster/cell size, metabolism). We 

conclude that the measurements studied may be used as surrogates of cell number but the limitations of each 

method must always be considered. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429-C02-01/02), AECID (PCI_A_l024755/09) and 

Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 

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4I: Lichenological research in South-East Asia and the Pacific region 


THE LICHENS FAMILY PHYSCIACEAE (LECANORALES, ASCOMYCOTA) 

IN THAILAND 

Meesim S. 1 , Mongkolsuk P. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 , Buaruang K. 1 , Manoch L. 2 , Kalb K. J. 3 


2 Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 

3 Botany, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 

Members of the lichens family Physciaceae were collected from sixteen provinces and eleven forest 

types in Thailand and taxonomically identified in the period between 1995 and 2010. They were classified under 

the rubrics of nineteen genera and one hundred twenty-eight species. Nine taxa of foliose and twenty-six taxa of 

crustose lichens were newly described in Thailand. In addition, nine taxa of foliose and twenty-seven of crustose 

lichens are expected to be identified as new species previously unknown to science. 


IN VITRO ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF LAURERA SPECIES (TRYPETHELIACEAE, 

PYRENULALES) CRUDE EXTRACTS AGAINST FOUR HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES 

Vongshewarat K. 1 , Rodtong S. 2 , Siripong P. 3 

1 Lichen Research Unit, Lichen Research Unit, Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand 

2 Microbiology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand 

3 Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand 

Laurera species is a common genera of crustose lichens in Thailand, which has been reported to 

produce antifungal compounds and photoprotective secondary products. The chemical constituents of several 

lichens have been shown to have biological and pharmaceutical activity including antibacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative 

and cytotoxic activity. The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro antiproliferative activity of Laurera 

species crude extracts with different solvents of increasing polarity. Four crustose lichen species, Laurera benguelensis, 

L. madreporiformis, L. meristospora, and L. subdiscreta, were extracted successively with chloroform 

and methanol using maceration process. The cytotoxic activity of the eight lichen extracts was evaluated in vitro 

using four human cancer cells: KB (human epidermoid carcinoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) 

HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast carcinoma) and a non-cancerous cells, Vero (African 

green monkey kidney cells). The inhibition of cell proliferation by crude extracts was determined by MTT 

colorimetric assay and g/ml. The crude chloroform extract of the four µ30 < active standard value at IC 50 crustose 

lichens showed against four human cancer cells (KB, HepG2, HeLa and g/ml, µMCF-7) at the IC 50 values 

of 0.3-11.0, 0.49-24.0, 0.59-19.0 and 0.9-35.5 respectively, whereas the methanolic extracts had weak activity 

(IC 50 vales of g/ml) but exhibit low toxicity with normal cell than other crude µ14.5-100 g/ml). Therefore, the nonpolar 

lichen compounds µ extracts IC 50 vales of 45-59 showed higher antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity than 

polar lichen compounds. Purification and identification of the bioactive components from these active lichens are 

under investigation. 

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ANZIA MAHAELIYENSIS AND ANZIA FLAVOTENUIS, TWO NEW SPECIES FROM HORTON 

PLAINS SRI LANKA 

Jayalal R. U. 1 , Wolseley P. 2 , Gueidan C. 2 , Aptroot A. 3 , Wijesundara S. 4 , Karunaratne V. 1 

1 Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 

2 Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

3 Department of Botany, ABL Herbarium, Gerrit Van Der Veenstraat, Netherlands 

4 Department of National Botanic Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 

The genus Anzia includes c. 34 accepted species worldwide, occurring mainly in subtropical to tropical 

mountains at altitudes between 1,000 to 4,000 m in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. During a 

study of epiphytic lichens in Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka, the first author collected specimens of two 

taxa of Anzia for further study at the Natural History Museum, London. Morphological and anatomical observations 

and HPTLC analyses of these two specimens suggested that they are new to science and will be validly 

published in a forthcoming paper in the Lichenologist. In order to assess their phylogenetic relationship to each 

other and to other species of Anzia, molecular analysis was undertaken and a phylogenetic tree constructed using 

six published ITS sequences from 5 species of Anzia as well as ITS sequences from other Parmelioid genera 

as outgroups including Pannoparmelia angustata (formerly included in Anzia). The most likely tree shows that 

both new species cluster within the well-supported genus Anzia, and are genetically distinct from each other and 

from other sampled species of Anzia. They form a monophyletic group together with A. hypoleucoides: the first 

one, Anzia flavotenuis sp. nov. is most closely related to A. hypoleucoides and the second one A. mahaeliyensis 

sp. nov. is sister to these two species. Both A. hypoleucoides and A. flavotenuis contain lobaric acid but the 

former lacks the yellow pigment and does not have isidia. The species in the other well-supported group within 

Anzia (A. colpodes, A. colpota, A. formosana and A. opuntiella) contain divaricatic acid except for A. formosana 

which contains anziaic acid, also present in A. mahaeliyensis. Morphologically, A. mahaeliyensis is characterised 

by a white single-layered medulla and pale tipped isidia and A. flavotenuis by a two-layered medulla with 

the upper layer yellow and the lower part white, a central chondroid axis and isidia with brown-black tips. As 

traditionally delimited based on morphology, these two new species would belong to two different subgenera, 

but our molecular results show that they belong to the same lineage and suggest that these two subgenera are 

not monophyletic. 

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OPTIMIZATION FOR SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCTION FROM TROPICAL LICHEN 

MYCOBIONTS 

Sanglarpcharoenkit M. 1 , Chokchaisiri R. 2 , Suksamrarn A. 3 , Whalley A. 4 , Sangvichien E. 1 

1 Department of Biology, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

2 Department of Chemistry, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand 

3 Department of Chemistry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 

4 School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom 

Lichens are resources for novel compounds with many of them having importance in medicine and 

other fields. Intact lichens cannot be cultivated but their mycobionts can be axenically grown in laboratory from 

ascospore discharge or tissue culture techniques. Frequency of spore discharge, germination and colony development 

were varied among tropical lichen species. Mycobiont cultures from stock at The Lichen Research 

Unit, Ramkhamhaeng University (RAMK) were screened for their abilities to produce biological activities. Among 

these four mycobiont species; Graphis sp., Graphina albissima, Ocellularia punctulata and Pyrenula kurzii were 

selected regarding their potential to produce metabolites with antimicrobial activities. From 7 different media for 

stimulation of growth of mycobionts, Malt-Yeast Extract medium was chosen for its superior performance and 

used for further experimentation. The mycobionts were grown on both solid and liquid media and the secondary 

metabolites produced under various conditions were examined. Static and shake liquid cultures with various 

supporting materials were examined for growth of mycobionts, however in these conditions growth rate were 

higher but the metabolites produced were lower in both number and quantities. Another way to culture the mycobionts 

was solid medium and was also considered an easier method and mycobionts were grown for period 

of 27 weeks at room temperature, cells and pieces of agar block were removed at intervals and extracted with 

methanol. Chemical profiles detected by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) indicated that the metabolites produced 

increased gradually during 9-15 weeks of incubation under these conditions. Comparison of pH between 

acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions for growth of these mycobionts showed that the optimize pH for all of them 

was at neutral pH. Some lichen substances absorb ultraviolet light and protect the algae from too intensive irradiation, 

in order to induce metabolite production in mycobionts cultures, both short and long wavelength UV 

light were investigated. The results indicated that the number of spots on TLC plates were decreased, however 

the conditions in this experiment were not entirely suitable. Scale up for high numbers of cell mass and secreted 

metabolites were done and further studied on the chemical structures of new chemical compounds were investigated 

and are discussed. 


LICHEN DIVERSITY «HOT SPOT» IN KRONOTSKY NATURE RESERVE, KAMCHATKA 

Stepanchikova I. S. 1 , Himelbrant D. E. 1 

1 Botany, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 

Primeval old-growth spruce forests in vicinity of Levaya Schapina River (Kronotsky Nature Reserve, 

Eastern Kamchatka) were investigated. The area appeared to be exceptionally rich in lichens, particularly spruce 

epiphytes: more than 130 lichen species were recorded on bark of Picea ajanensis. The most important finding 

is a population of Erioderma pedicellatum. The species was rather abundant on twigs of old spruces, where it 

grew together with Lobaria pulmonaria, L. scrobiculata, Nephroma helveticum, Ramalina thrausta, Sticta limbata 

and other species. At least thirty lichen species found near Schapina are known as indicators of undisturbed 

old-growth forests, among them Arthonia zwackii (new for Russian Far East), Usnea longissima (extremely rare 

in the North of Russian Far East), Pseucyphelaria crocata and Schismatomma pericleum (new for the North of 

Russian Far East). 

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CHEMICAL STUDIES ON TWO LICHENS OF THE GENUS ERIODERMA FROM MALAYSIA 

Samsudin M. B. 1 , Din L. B. 2 , Hamat A. B. 2 , John E. A. 3 

1 Faculty Sciences and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 

2 Faculty of Science & Technology, UKM, Malaysia, Malaysia 

3 Faculty of Science, ANU, Canberra, Australia 

Chemical studies on two lichens, Erioderma phaeorhizum vainio sens. lat. and Erioderma tomentosum 

Hue, collected from Brincang, Cameron Highlands Malaysia were carried out. The structure of the compounds 

isolated from both lichens were elucidated by chromatographic, spectroscopic, microanalysis methods and 

unambiguous synthesis. Two new depsidones, hypophysciosporin [methyl 2-chloro-3,8-dihydroxy-1,4,6,9tetramethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e] 

[1,4] dioxepin-7-carboxylate] and 3-o-methylhypophysciosporin [methyl 

2-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1,4,6,9-tetramethyl-11-oxo-11H-dibenzo[b,e] [1,4] dioxepin-7-carboxylate], have 

been isolated from Erioderma phaeorhizum together with eight known depsidones, vicanicin, isovicanicin, 

norvicanicin, o-methylvicanicin, eriodermin, argopsin, granulatin and physciosporin. In addition the chroman, 

vitamin E acetate , has been isolated from Erioderma tomentosum, the first reported occurrence of this compound 

in a lichen. The other compounds which have been isolated from this lichen were the depsidones, vicanicin , 

norvicanicin and argopsin, and the depside, atranorin . The minor unknown compounds have been isolated from 

Erioderma phaeorhizum. The structure of the first compound is related to 3-o-methylhypophysciosporin while 

the second compound is related to vitamin E. Biosynthesis pathway of these metabolites is proposed. Possibly it 

involves secondary modification of the simplest β-orcinol depsidone, hypoprotocetraric acid, via several stages 

of enzymatic reactions involving oxidation, o-methylation of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, decarboxylation and 

chlorination. 


REDISCOVERY OF A FORGOTTEN LICHEN GENUS WITH UNIQUE CONIDIOMATA FROM 

NEW ZEALAND 

Ludwig L. R. 1 , Lücking R. 2 

1 Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand 

2 Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States 

A peculiar lichen with unique conidiomata from southern New Zealand, Nukaia cupulifera, is described 

as new to science. The conidiomata closely resemble apothecia of a gyalectoid lichen but in section reveal their 

conidiomatal nature, owing close resemblance to the campylidia of the family Pilocarpaceae. The new taxon is 

closely related to and congeneric with a lichen described in 1955 as Ephelidium heardense C.W. Dodge & E.D. 

Rudolph, but differs in certain anatomical and chemical details. Unfortunately, the generic name Ephelidium 

C.W. Dodge & E.D. Rudolph cannot be used, although it was accepted in Species Fungorum and the Checklist 

Of The Lichens Of Australia And Its Island Territories, because it is a later homonym of the unrelated, nonlichenized, 

phytopathogenic ascomycete genus Ephelidium C. Spegazzini from 1921. We therefore introduce 

the replacement name Nukaia for this peculiar taxon. A structure apparently similar to the conidiomata of Nukaia 

was described in 1890 by Müller Argoviensis as “orthidium”; unfortunately, the specific material was not cited 

and was not found in the G herbarium, so we are unable to evaluate whether a similar or congeneric lichen is 

involved. It seems, however, unlikely, since Müller Argoviensis described this structure from a foliicolous lichen 

growing in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. The generic position of Nukaia cupulifera was tested using ITS sequence 

analysis, which places it in Ramalinaceae but not within any of the known genera of that family. 

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MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCOLICHENS 

AT PHU LUANG WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (PLWS), LOEI PROVINCE 

Sriprang V. 1 , Mongkolsuk P. 1 , Manoch L. 2 , Papong K. 3 , Kalb K. J. 4 


2 Department of Plant Pathology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand 

3 Biology, Mahasarakham University, MahaSarakham, Thailand 

4 Lichenologisches, Neumarkt, Germany 

In the period between August 2005 and June 2010 discolichens were collected from tree bark and rocks 

at Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary (PLWS). The specimens were collected in seven types of forest growth, viz., 

coniferous, Dry Dipterocarp and Dry Evergreen Forests in addition to Lower Montane Rain Forest, Lower Montane 

Scrub, Mixed Deciduous Forest, and Tropical Rain Forest. Subsequent to collection, the discolichens were 

identified on the basis of morphological and anatomical characteristics. Characteristically, the members of this 

group of lichens are disc-shaped with colored apothecia. The apothecial margins also contain algae (lecanorine 

apothecium) or algae are absent (lecideine apothecium and biatorine apothecium). In respect to the ascospores 

of the discolichens examined, they were found to be variable in size, shape and type, with the type being from 

simple, transversely septate or muriform. It was also found that chemical characteristics were very important, 

particularly at the family and genus level. In terms of taxonomic identification, they were found to be classifiable 

under the rubrics of eleven families and fifteen genera. The fifteen genera to which they belonged were Bacidia, 

Bellemerea, Brigantiaea, Caloplaca, Catillochroma, Haematomma, Lecanora, Lecidella, Letrouitia, Malmidea, 

Maronina, Megalospora, Micarea, Ramboldia and Vainionor. Finally, a total of fifty species were identified. 

4I-P (4I-P9) Submission ID: IAL0111- 00001 

USNEA IN INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 

Noer I. S. 1 , Maryawatie B. 1 , Maryani L. 1 

1 Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia 

Usnea spp. is one of lichens used as a traditional medicine called Jamu for at least 1,000 years in 

Indonesia. It is grows in the forest at high 800 m above sea levels. Exploitation and destruction of forests have 

caused these lichens to be a rare species. The etnolichenology study have been made for knowing the diversity 

of Usnea and use these species by local people in Priangan. Taxonomic study of beard moss (Usnea spp.) at Priangan 

was carried out by using morphological, anatomical and chemical characters. The survey have found the 

11 (eleven) species in Pine forest at Priangan area. Only 3 species have been used as traditional medicine and 

preservation of nira from Arenga catechu. The 25 formula of jamu have been sold in market was used Usnea. 

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI FROM GENUS TRYPETHELIUM 

Luangsuphabool T. 1 , Piapukiew J. 2 , Sanglarpcharoenkit M. 3 , Sangvichien E. 3 

1 Program in Biotechnology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 

2 Botany, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 


The genus Trypethelium is a widely distributed crustose lichen in tropical areas especially in dry dipterocarp 

forest. Some metabolites produced from this lichen genus exhibited biological activity. Ascospore discharge 

technique was performed for isolation of lichen mycobionts from lichen thalli which were collected from 

various locations in Thailand. Thirty-eight of the selected mycobiont cultures were grown on Malt-Yeast-Extract 

medium at room temperature for 12 weeks. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis 

based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region technique was used to select 18 mycobionts as representative 

for further studies of secondary metabolite production. Cells of these mycobionts were harvested and extracted 

for substances by methanol and concentrated by rotary evaporator subsequently. Primary chemical analysis 

was detected by Thin Layer Chromatography with CH 2 Cl 2 : MeOH (10 : 0.2) as solvent system. The substances 

from mycobiont isolate number KY 418 exhibited 13 spots which represented a higher number than others. 

Furthermore, the potent antimicrobial activities from this isolate were evaluated against represented microorganisms; 

bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, yeast (Candida albicans) and a filamentous fungus 

(Aspergillus niger) by bioautography. Inhibition against E. coli was exhibited from spots at Rf value 0.12 and 0.56 

respectively. In case of S. aureus the result showed that the compound from spot Rf value 0.12 inhibited the test 

microorganism. A clear zone from antifungal activity against C. albicans was recorded from spot Rf value 0.09 

but the inhibition of A. niger spore germination occurred from compounds with long range Rf values. To compare 

chemical substances produced by this mycobiont with lichen substances from thalli of Trypethelium eluteriae, 

another TLC with solvent system A; toluene : dioxane : acetic acid (180 : 45 : 5) was tested for comparison of 

Rf value. The substances produced by the mycobiont displayed 11 spots whilst 10 spots were found from lichen 

thalli. The same Rf value from both were 0.14 which may be siphulin or cryptostitic acid. Rf values of 0.44 and 

0.55 from the mycobiont should be evaluated for secalonic acid and emodin respectively. 

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A FIRST ASSESSMENT OF THE LICHEN BIODIVERSITY IN NEORA VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, 

EASTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA 

Jagadeesh Ram T.A.M. 1 , Sinha G. P. 2 

1 Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India 

2 Central Regional Centre, Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 

Neora Valley National Park is one of the pristine ecosystems of the Eastern Himalayas with its amazing 

biodiversity, and home for many rare and endangered, plants, animals and birds. The national park spreads over 

an area of 88 sq km bordering Sikkim and Bhutan under Kalimpong sub-division of the Darjeeling district of West 

Bengal state. The valley is of great ecological interest and values about 60% of its total area being primeval forest 

making this one of the best preserved biomes of the country. The park provides shelter and protection to various 

species of wildlife included in the Red Data Book. Floristically the park is rich, it shows the occurrence of 812 

species of Angiosperms under 468 genera and 138 families, 4 species of Gymnosperms under 4 genera and 3 

families, and 48 species of Pteridophytes under 26 genera and 18 families. The diverse phorophytes (tropical to 

alpine), both exposed and unexposed rocks along rivers, streams and hilly slopes and the humus rich soil support 

a rich growth of all kinds of lichens in the park. The investigation of over 800 specimens collected between 

2007 and 2010 from the area reveals the occurrence of 160 species under 63 genera and 35 families. This includes 

6 new species, 10 new records for India, 14 new records for Himalaya and 27 new records for the state 

of West Bengal. Of the total 160 taxa, 61 are crustose, 80 foliose and 19 fruticose. Analysis of the data reveal 

family Parmeliaceae shows highest generic as well as species diversity with 13 genera and 41 species followed 

by Graphidaceae with 6 genera and 18 species. Among the genera Hypotrachyna is the largest with 18 species 

followed by Heterodermia (12 species), Lecanora (10 species), Graphis (9 species) and Cladonia (6 species). 

Fourteen families are represented by 1 species each and thirty genera by 1 species each. The undisturbed primary 

forests from Chaudaphery to Rechilla, Mullkharka to Rechilla, Chaudaphery to Doley and Doley to Aloobari 

show rich in lichen diversity unlike to other reserve forests particularly in the low altitudes. 


TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS PORPIDIA (PORPIDIACEAE, ASCOMYCOTA) 

FROM CHINA AND SOUTH KOREA 

Wang X. 1 , Zhang L. 2 , Hur J. 1 

1 Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National Universty, Jeonnan/sunchon, Jellanam, Korea 

2 College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, jinan, People’s Republic of China 

The crustose lichen genus Porpidia Körber is a saxicolous lichen widely distributes in China and South 

Korea, it is a genus segregate from the large classical genus Lecidea. There has no systematic study ever been 

done in these two countries, this is the first revisionary study of the genus in this region. 12 species are confirmed 

in this study, including two new species from China (Porpidia a and b), one new record to South Korea (P. macrocarpa) 

and three new records to China (P. flavicunda, P. soredizodes and P. thomsonii). Brief description of each 

new species and new record is presented with the morphological, anatomical and chemical characters. A key to 

all the known species is also provided. 

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DISTRIBUTION OF HAEMATOMMA SPP. IN JAPAN 

Yamamoto Y. 1 , Hara K. 1 , Komine M. 1 , Kalb K. J. 2 


2 Lichen, Lichenologisches Institut Neumarkt, Neumarkt, Germany 

We collected specimens of Haematomma spp. while investigating the lichen biota in Miyazaki Prefecture 

on the island of Kyushu. Haematomma spp. are attractive because of their reddish apothecia. However, 

there have been a few description related this genus in Japan. Now, seven taxa, H. africanum, H. fauriei, H. persoonii, 

H. puniceum subsp. pacificum, H. puniceum subsp. puniceum, H. puniceum subsp. esoredioatum were 

listed in Japanese species (Harada et al. 2002), based on papers of Sato (1941) and Asahina (1964). Staiger & 

Kalb (1995) reported only three Japanese Haematomma, H. africanum, H. fauriei and H. persoonii. Our and herbarium’s 

specimens were examined by morphological, anatomical and chemical studies. Constituents of thalli 

were identified by HPLC with a photodiode-array detector. H. collatum and H. accolens are here reported for the 

first time from Japan. H. collatum is distributed in islands of Honshu and Kyushu in a warm temperate zone. H. 

accolens is found in only Miyazaki Pref. H. fauriei and H. persoonii were also identified. H. fauriei is distributed in 

a cool temperate zone; on the other hand, H. persoonii is done in a warm temperate zone. H. puniceum subsp. 

pacificum and H. puniceum subsp. puniceum were not recognized. It is supposed that these two species may be 

mistaken with H. collatum. Consequently, we confirmed five species, H. accolens, H. africanum, H. collatum, H. 

fauriei and H. persoonii in Japan. 

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CONCENTRATION OF RADIOISOTOPES IN LICHENS BEFORE AND AFTER 

FUKUSHIMA NPP ACCIDENT IN JAPAN 

Ohmura Y. 1 , Hosaka K. 1 , Kasuya T. 2 , Matsumoto H. 3 , Abe J. P. 2 , Kakishima M. 2 


2 Graduate School of Life And Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 

3 Radioisotope Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan 

After the earthquakes and tsunami, and the following disaster at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant 

(NPP) on March 11, 2011, high concentration of radioisotopes, i.e., radiocesium ( 137 Cs, 134 Cs) and radioiodine 

( 131 I) has been reported from eastern Japan. Most reports came from atmosphere, surface soil, water and vegetables, 

and by far none of such investigations have been devoted to fungi. Fungi, especially lichens and mushrooms 

are known to accumulate radioisotopes from surrounding environment. We therefore investigated the 

concentrations of radioisotopes ( 137 Cs, 134 Cs, 131 I) in lichens and mushrooms collected in Tsukuba city (ca. 170 

km south of the Fukushima NPP) and adjacent area using a low background gamma-ray detector. In order to 

evaluate the values, we also measured those radioisotopes of herbarium lichen specimens which were collected 

before the Fukushima NPP accident. Radioisotope concentrations of lichens within the campus of University of 

Tsukuba were as follows. Phaeophyscia spinellosa growing on horizontal surface of concrete: 137 Cs, 134 Cs, 131 I = 

ND, ND, ND on February 19, 2010; 12641±279, 12413±285, 8436±207 (Bq/kg fresh weight) on April 26, 2011; 

14876±314, 13197±256, ND on June 30, 2011. Dirinaria applanata growing on trunk: 3558±129, 3219±105, 

3438±103 on April 26, 2011. Physcia orientalis growing on trunk: 20553±339, 18049±248, ND on June 30, 2011. 

Lichens tend to accumulate the radioisotopes except 131I as the days go by. The results from mushrooms within 

the campus were variable and generally showed less concentration of radioisotopes than lichens. However, it 

is surprising in that lignicolous mushrooms (e.g. Schizophyllum: 5719±202, 5506±194, 8681±463 on April 26, 

2011) have significantly higher concentration of radioisotopes than ectomycorrhizal mushroom (e.g. Russula: 

ND, 130±30, ND on April 26, 2011). With the herbarium specimens of Parmotrema tinctorum collected around 

Fukushima Prefecture, all values of radioisotopes were ND on September 16, 2008, but 506±90 of 137 Cs was detected 

from the sample collected on December 5, 1964. The latter is probably derived from the fallout of nuclear 

tests. 


TAXONOMIC STUDY ON THE LICHENS OF “LECIDEA GROUP” FROM WESTERN CHINA 

Zhang L. 1 , Wang H. 1 , Zhao Z. 1 

1 College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, People’s Republic Of China 

The genus Lecidea (s. lat., sensu Zahlbruckner 1926) is one of the largest lichen genera and has an 

extraordinary wide circumscription accepting more than 1,350 taxa in the rank of species. However, in the past 

several decades many obviously unnatural units have been excluded based on the structure of the ascomata, 

especially the nature of the hamathecial tissues, ascus apical structures, and exciple. Our work focuses on 

“Lecidea group”, the genera and species which have crustose to squamulose thallus containing protococcoid 

algae, dark to black apothecia without a thalline margin, and 8 simple, colourless spores per ascus. During our 

taxonomic study of “Lecidea group” from Western China, we found 15 new records for the country: Amygdalaria 

continua Brodo & Hertel, Carbonea vorticosa (Flörke) Hertel, Lecidea berengeriana (A. Massal.) Nyl., L. confluens 

(Weber) Ach., L. cyrtidia Tuck., L. diducens Nyl., L. lapicida var. pantherina (DC.) Ach., L. promiscens Nyl., 

L. pseudaglaea Hertel, L. tessellata var. caesia (Anzi) Arnold, Lecidella bullata Korber., L. nashiana Knoph & 

Leuckert, Porpidia flavicunda (Ach.) Gowan, P. soredizodes (Lamy) J.R. Laundon and P. thomsonii Gowan. Brief 

description of each species is presented with the morphological, anatomical and chemical characters. 

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DETERMINATION OF IRON (Fe) AND ZINC (Zn) CONTENTS IN SOME LICHENS 

IN NONGSOUNG DISTRICT, MUKDAHAN PROVINCE, THAILAND 

Keoinpaeng S. 1 , Chantiratikul P. 1 , Papong K. 2 

1 Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Mahasarakham University, Thailand 

2 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Mahasarakham University, Thailand 

This research was to study the concentration of Fe and Zn contents in thallus of Dirinaria picta, Laurera 

benguelensis, Parmotrema tinctorum and Pyxine coccifera from Nongsoung District, Mukdahan Province. Atomic 

Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) technique was used to determine amounts of metals in corticolous lichens. The 

high concentration of Fe were found in Pyxine coccifera and Dirinaria picta; 0.959 mg g -1 and 0.853 mg g -1 , 

respectively. In other hand, Zn concentration was low such as Parmotrema tinctorum 0.293 mg g -1 , Laurera 

benguelensis 0.213 mg g -1 . The trace element absorption in lichens thallus can be used for bio-monitoring of air 

pollution. 


MEASURING NITRATE AND SULFATE DEPOSITION IN LICHENS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION 

TO POLLUTED SITES IN BANGKOK, THAILAND 

Sriviboon C. 1 , Boonpragob K. 2 , Sriviboon T. 1 , Jhumpasri T. 1 , Boonpeng C. 2 

1 Chemistry, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand 


The ion chromatography was performed to measure nitrate and sulfate deposition in lichens transplanted 

to public parks around Bangkok city. The inorganic anions in lichens were separated and quantify by using column 

IonPac AS12A and suppressed conductometric detection with ASRS-300 (4 mm). The eluent was a mixture of 

2.7 mM Na 2 CO 3 and 0.3 mM NaHCO 3 by isocratic elution. The chromatographic conditions were validated in 

terms of detection limit, precision and linearity. It was found that the detection limit of nitrate and sulfate were 

0.014 mg/L and 0.019 mg/L respectively, and precision in seven repetitions (%RSD) of two ions were more than 

2.5% at concentration lower than 1 ppm and less than 0.6 % at concentration higher than 1 ppm. The linearity 

was obtained by correlation coefficient (R 2 ) better than 0.998. The results found that the amounts of nitrates and 

sulfates in transplanted lichens from eleven public parks had increasing tendency with exposure time in Bangkok 

during 19/9/2010 to 5/2/2011. However, the amount of both ions in the last sampling period 20/4/2011, declined 

in all public parks because of rain before samples were collected. Nevertheless these amounts were still higher 

than those at Khao Yai National Park and the control site. No correlations, R 2 below 0.3, were found between 

nitrate and sulfate from CS, KY, BS and SP, whereas the other sites had R 2 higher than 0.5. 

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QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN LICHEN 

PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY 

Thepnuan P. 1 , Khongsatra P. 1 , Sriviboon C. 1 , Rukachaisirikul T. 1 , Boonpragob K. 2 



Lichens produce secondary metabolic products for auto-protection against adverse environment which 

vary among habitats. Precise determination of lichen products is essential to enhance our understanding on 

production and roles of lichen novel products, which have extensive implication on sustainable utilization in 

several aspects. The aim of this work was to quantify orsellinic acid, methyl orsellinate and lecanoric acid in 

lichen Parmotrema tinctorum using HPLC system of HP1100 binary pump. The separations were carried out on 

a Hypersil C18 column (250 millimeters x 4.0 millimeters, 5 micrometers) under gradient elution and UV detection. 

Two mobile phases, methanol and 1% phosphoric acid were employed. The chromatographic method was 

validated, which the result showed that the method was suitable for quantitative analysis. Orsellnic acid, methyl 

orsellinate and lecanoric acid used for making standard calibration curve were prepared in the laboratory by 

solvent extraction and purification were then performed by column chromatography. The lichen samples were 

collected from five forests at Khao Yai National Park, which were Dry dipterocarp forest, Tropical rain forest, Dry 

evergreen forest, Lower montane forest and Secondary forest. These forests situated at different attitude which 

vary in environmental surrounding. Lichen substances were extracted at room temperature with acetone, filtered 

and evaporated to dryness. The residues were then dissolved by methanol in exact volume using benzoic acid 

as an internal standard. The solution samples were filtered through 0.45 micrometers syringe membrane before 

injection to HPLC. The amount of orsellinic acid, methyl orsellinate and lecanoric acid in lichen samples collected 

from five forests were evaluated and compared. 

148



NOTES ON OCCURRENCE OF CYANOLICHENS IN INDIA 

Khare R. 1 , Nayaka S. 1 , Upreti D. K. 1 


Cyanolichens constitutes a separate group of lichenized fungi having cyanophycean algae either alone 

or along with a chlorophycean primary photobiont. Cyanolichens in India are represented by 200 species belonging 

to 28 genera and 10 families, which is about 8.6% of the total lichen flora of the country. Out of the total 

about 10% of them are bipartite and 3 to 4% are tripartite. Leptogium, Collema, Sticta and Lobaria are the most 

common epiphytic cyanolichens which also grow occasionally on rock and soil. Similarly, Peltigera and Stereocaulon 

are the dominant genera growing on soil. Collemetaceae is the most common and widely distributed 

family and it includes 67 species under 3 genera. However, Lichinaceae is the most diverse family as it includes 

13 species within 8 genera. Altitudinal distribution clearly showed that most of the cyanolichens preferred subtropical 

(700–1,500 m) to temperate (1,500–3,500 m) regions while alpine region hosted limited number of 30 

species. Among all lichenogeographic regions western Himalaya exhibits the concentration maximum number 

of cyanolichens wherein a total of 111 species recorded. A wide range of cyanobionts are found in Indian cyanolichens. 

The filamentous forms with heterocyst include Dichothrix, Nostoc, Scytonema, Calothrix and Stigonema 

while the common unicellular forms are Anacystis, Gloeocapsa, Chroococcus, Aphanocapsa and Xanthocapsa. 

The highest diversity of cyanobiont is recorded in the family lichinaceae represented by Chroococcus, 

Gloecapsa, Nostoc, Scytonema and Stigonema. Cyanobiont in the lichen usually determines the consistency 

and growth form of the cyanolichens leading to formation of crustose, squamulose, foliose and dimorphic habits. 

It is now well established that cyanolichens require liquid water for their metabolic activity. Hence, they act as 

an indicator of shady, wet and moist habitats. In India it is observed that cyanolichens prefer to grown in least 

disturbed environments. These qualities of cyanolichens make them excellent biomonitors and can be utilized 

for environmental monitoring in relation to various anthropogenic disturbances and climate change. 


PHYSCIACEAE OF PANAMA 

Van Den Boom P. 1 , Giralt M. 2, Fankhauser J.D. 3 , Moberg R. 4 

1 Privite, Freelance Lichenologist, Son & Breugel, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands 

2 Bioquimica I Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain 

3 250 Biological Sciences Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States 

4 Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 

During a fieldtrip to Panama in February-March 2010 by the first author, lichens were collected from 

all kind of substrata, in lowland, coastal- and upland areas in the provinces of Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Coclé 

and Panama. All material is deposited in the private herbarium of P. van den Boom. Lichen morphology was 

examined by standard techniques using stereo and compound microscopes. Chemical constituents were identified 

by TLC and HPLC. The most recent checklist of lichens of Panama is published online by Feuerer (2008). 

Some groups such as the foliicolous lichens and the lichenicolous fungi (Etayo 1997) and the Thelotremataceae 

(Hale 1978) are rather well known in that country. However, concerning the Physciaceae only a few genera are 

reported and even a few species are known of the wide and widespread genus Buellia s. l. (Marbach 2001). 

An annotated list including c. 45 species of Physciaceae is presented in this study. Among them many are new 

records for Panama or constitute interesting and rare neotropical species (e.g. Cratiria americana, Gassicurtia 

rufofuscescens, Stigmatochroma kryptoviolascens) and some are certainly new species (e.g. Cratiria aff. lauricassiae). 

The best represented genus is the macrolichen Heterodermia with c. 15 species. 

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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY REVEALS OVERLOOKED DIVERSITY WITHIN THE JELLY FUNGI 

GROWING ON BEARD-LICHENS. 

Millanes A. M. 1 , Diederich P. 2 , Wedin M. 3 

1 Biologia Y Geologia, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain 

2 Life Sciences, National Natural History Museum, Luxembourg, Luxembourg 


The genera Usnea and Protousnea (beard lichens) are home to a substantial diversity of lichen-inhabiting 

fungi. Several of these fungi induce the formation of conspicuous galls or deformations on the host-lichen 

thallus and, in particular, galls formed by basidiomycetous taxa exhibit a considerable variation in size, shape 

and colour. Basidiomycetes growing on beard lichens are currently represented by the genera Biatoropsis (1 

species: B. usnearum), Cystobasidium (1 species: C. usneicola) and Tremella (3 species: T. nashii, T. santessonii 

and T. stevensiana). Previous works confirmed the placement of the genus Biatoropsis within the Tremellales, 

but the phylogenetic position of other Tremellales growing on Usnea, and the systematic placement of 

Cystobasidium usneicola (currently in Cystobasidiales) have never been tested by molecular methods. We use 

a taxon sampling covering Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America, and two different data sets 

of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA markers to study the phylogenetic relationships of these taxa in a 

broader scale (nSSU, 5.8S, and nLSU) and to tackle species delimitation aspects (ITS1, 5,8S, ITS2 and mtSSU). 

Possible co-evolution patterns with their Usnea and Protousnea hosts are discussed. 


HOW MANY GENERA ARE HIDDEN WITHIN BUELLIA SENSU LATO? 

Kalb K. J. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Plata E. R. 3 

1 Lichenologisches, Institut Neumarkt, Neumarkt, Germany 



The lichen genus Buellia forms the core of the Buellia clade within the family Physciaceae. This clade 

contains crustose to squamulose and microfoliose forms with apothecia or mazaedia, including the bulk of the 

former Caliciales and the genera Dirinaria and Pyxine. The crustose forms with apothecia have traditionally been 

classified as Buellia sensu lato, but genera such as Amandinea and Hafellia were subsequently segregated and, 

eventually, Marbach in 2000 proposed a new classification recognizing a large number of genera especially for 

tropical epiphytic species, such as Baculifera, Chrismofulvea, Cratiria, Gassicurtia, and Stigmatochroma. We 

tested the proposed classification using a combination of mtSSU, nuLSU, and ITS data. For that purpose, we 

assembled nearly 200 sequences of Physciaceae focusing on Buellia sensu lato, including 70 sequences newly 

generated from tropical epiphytic species. As a result, most of the genera proposed by Marbach are supported, 

but a more through revision is required to accommodate other species currently retained in Buellia sensu lato. 

We discuss the problem of typification of Buellia, since the current typification makes Buellia and Hafellia congeneric 

and the name Buellia s.str. applicable to the group of species currently classified under Hafellia. 

150



A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE UMBILICATE ASPICILIA (MEGASPORACEAE, 

ASCOMYCOTA) BASED ON NU-ITS AND NU-LSU SEQUENCE DATA 

Sohrabi M. 1,2 , Stenroos S. 1 , Högnabba F. 1 


2 Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Plant Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 

The genus Aspicilia is the largest genus in the family Megasporaceae and includes a number of morphologically 

distinct groups of species (e.g., umbilicate, subfruticose, crustose). One of the smallest groups 

consists of the two umbilicate species A. caesiascens Pisút and A. oxneriana O. B. Blum that are characterized 

by the presence of central strands in their thalli, the lack of secondary substances and that they are attached 

to rocks. Currently the phylogenetic relationships of the two umbilicate taxa are poorly understood. Our aim 

was to reconstruct the phylogeny of these two species to test whether certain characters found only in Aspicilia 

(such as umbilical growth form) have evolved repeatedly or only once. We used the nuITS and nuLSU rDNA as 

molecular markers. Convergent evolution of the umbilicate growth form was revealed by molecular data in Megasporaceae. 

Our analysis shows that A. caesiascens with small spores, eight spored asci and a subhymenial 

algal layer form a monophyletic group that is placed in the genus Lobothallia s.lat. Further, A. oxneriana that 

has larger spores, 1-4 (6) spored asci and lacks a subhymenial algal layer form a monophyletic group and nests 

within the genus Circinaria. The variability and taxonomic importance of particular features in both species are 

discussed. Two new combinations in the genera Circinaria and Lobothallia are necessary. A key and distribution 

maps to the species present in Iran and the Central Asia are provided. 


CURRENT STATUS OF THE PHYLOGENY OF THE FAMILY MEGASPORACEAE 

Sohrabi M. 1 , Leavitt S. 2 



The family Megasporaceae (Pertusariales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota), as currently circumscribed, 

includes five genera (Megaspora, Lobothalia, Aspicilia, Sagedia, and Circinaria) and ca. 300 species 

world-wide. Species of the family are lichenized with chlorococcal algae. While the majority of species grow on 

rocks (mainly crustose forms, but include several subfoliose, to umbilicate taxa), others are commonly found on 

soil, including subfruticose (erratic or vagrant) specimens, and a limited number of species grow on bark and 

wood. Representatives from this family are found in diverse habitats, including: maritime habitats, open forests, 

semiarid steppes, and very hot deserts. Earlier studies have shown that the speciose genus Aspicilia sensu lato 

is a polyphyletic. For example, Aspicilia s. str. (A. cinerea group), Sagedia s. str (S. zonata group) and Lobothallia 

s. lat. (including L. farinosa and L. recedens) correspond to well-supported monophyletic lineages within 

Megasporaceae. Many ‘manna lichen’ species have been moved to Circinaria, but our preliminary results shown 

that the genus is composed of two major lineages: a group of strictly saxicolous species, containing aspicilin 

and without pseudocyphellae (C. contorta, C. calcarea, C. cupreogrisea, C. leprosescens, and C. gibbosa) and 

a group including both vagrant and saxicolous taxa, with pseudocyphellae but without aspicilin (so far called 

‘manna lichens’ or sphaerothallioid lichens). In addition, we assessed the relationship of some representatives 

from corticolous and terricolous species, including A. uxoris, A. tibetica, A. cerspiana, and A. mansourii, using a 

combined dataset from two nuclear ribosomal loci (ITS and LSU). Our result shown that A. uxoris group is also 

other generic-level monophyletic group within traditional Aspicilia s. lat., and sister to Lobothallia s. lat. 

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A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF THE ASPICILIA INTERMUTANS COMPLEX 

(MEGASPORACEAE) 

Sohrabi M. 1 , Sipman H. J. 2 , Roux C. 3 , Nordin A. 4 


2 Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität, Berlin, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany 

3 Fr - 84120, Chemin des Vignes-Vieilles, Marseille, France 

4 Museum of Evolution, Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 

The genus Aspicilia A. Massal. was recently redefined and distinguished from the closely related genera 

Circinaria, Lobothallia, Megaspora and Sagedia. Aspicilia s.str. (sensu Nordin et al. 2010) is defined by a set 

of morphological characters such as exclusively crustose, sometimes radiating thallus, 8-spored asci, ellipsoid 

to rarely globose spores, sized 10–30 x 8–20 µm. The conidia length is rather variable (11–40 µm). Aspicilin is 

absent and substictic acid a unique substance in the genus, though present only in few species. Following the 

new generic circumscription the taxonomic position of many species in Aspicilia has to be confirmed. The aim 

of our study is to examine the Aspicilia intermutans complex, basing on extensive sampling in a limited area. 18 

Heteromorphic specimens from two Greek islands were investigated to get an impression of the variation within 

populations, and compared with specimens from NW Iran and southern France. The analysis uses the nuITS 

molecular marker, chemistry and several morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using 

the parsimony method (program TNT). Our results indicate that some morphological characters traditionally 

used to circumscribe Aspicilia species such as chemistry and ascomata and conidiomata structure led to the 

formation of non-monophyletic groups. A minor part of the specimens previously recognized as Aspicilia intermutans 

were found to be distributed across the Aspicilia s.l. tree and seem to represent taxonomically distinct 

entities, most likely including undescribed species. 

152



CORTICIALES ALLIES OF LICHENIZED/LICHENICOLOUS BASIDIOMYCETES: 

PHYLOGENY AND CHARACTER EVOLUTION 

Ghobad-Nejhad M. 1 

1 Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, Department of Mycology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 

Corticiales is a poorly investigated order of basidiomycetes which have been largely neglected in mycological 

inventories due to their inconspicuous fruiting bodies and difficulties in their identification. Predominantly 

consisting of saprotrophic corticioid fungi, the order also harbours a few lichenized/lichenicolous species. While 

Corticiales fungi play various ecological roles in terrestrial ecosystems, yet they have very similar morphological 

characteristics, with little external variation, rendering their taxonomy and generic delimitations problematic. Lichenicolous 

taxa appear as teleomorph or exclusively anamorph members. In this study, we attempted to make 

a comprehensive sampling of the order, with representatives from all ecological guilds and nutritional modes 

present in the Corticiales, including lichenized and lichenicolous taxa. To examine the circumscription of genera 

and the phylogenetic relationships among the species, we analyzed nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data 

with maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods and also studied morphological and ecological characters. 

We believe a well-resolved taxonomic backbone for Corticiales is essential before making evolutionary assessments. 

Our study yields a refined family arrangement for this order and recognition of a number of genera and 

species new to science. All lichen associates (lichenized and lichenicolous species) of Corticiales are shown 

to be accumulated in the newly circumscribed family Corticiaceae s.s., leaving the bulk of saprotrophic species 

in the two corticioid families Punctulariaceae and Vuilleminiaceae. Some conclusions are made about the 

relationships between fertile and anamorph taxa. For instance, the lichenicolous anamorph Marchandiomyces 

corallinus is shown to be a close relative of the teleomorphic corticioid genus Marchandiopsis. We consider the 

justifications towards the occurrence of more than one nutritional guild in a single genus, and its evolution in the 

Corticiales. 

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GENUS AND SPECIES CONCEPTS IN DICTYONEMA S. L. 

Dalforno M. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Bungartz F. 3 , Yanez A. 3 , Lawrey J. 1 

1 Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States 


3 Biodiversity Assessment, Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos, Ecuador 

Dictyonema sensu lato is a large, pantropical genus of basidiolichens that produces crustose to foliose 

thalli lichenized with cyanobacteria and corticioid to stereoid basidiocarps. There are thought to be more than 20 

species in the genus, but species concepts are currently not well established. The most widely used concepts 

are those of Parmasto (1978), who adopted a relatively wide species concept, emphasizing thallus anatomy and 

treating morphological differences largely as phenotypic variation. Consequently, his monograph synonymized 

several different taxa under key names such as Dictyonema pavonia (Cora glabrata) and Dictyonema sericeum. 

Recent investigations in our labs have begun to use DNA sequences obtained from hundreds of Neotropical 

specimens, including extensive collections from the Galápagos Islands, to elucidate relationships of Dictyonema 

species and their close relatives. Molecular phylogenies based on nuLSU and nuITS rDNA sequences have 

resolved five distinct generic lineages within Parmasto’s concept of Dictyonema sensu lato: Cora, Corella, Dictyonema 

s.str., Cyphellostereum and the monospecific Acantholichen pannarioides. The entire group includes 

very different morphotypes and photobiont interactions, although all species form lichenized associations with a 

scytonematoid Rhizonema photobiont. In Dictyonema s.str. and Cyphellostereum, the cyanobacteria maintain 

their filamentous structure, while in Cora, Corella, and Acantholichen, the cyanobacterial cells assume a “chroococcoid” 

shape. Based on our phylogenetic reconstructions, we are now able to recognize important characters 

for delimiting genera and species, including color of the thallus, presence of a hypothallus and/or prothallus, 

growth form, texture of upper and lower surfaces, presence and shape of basidiocarps, and anatomical features 

of the cyanobacteria and fungal sheath cells. Based on these results, we conclude that the collective species 

Dictyonema glabratum, D. sericeum, and D. phyllogenum represent about 25 to 30 different species. 

154



NEW MOLECULAR DATA ON PYRENULACEAE FROM SRI LANKA REVEAL 

TWO WELL-SUPPORTED GROUPS WITHIN THIS FAMILY 

Weerakoon G. S. 1 , Aptroot A. 2 , Lumbsch T. 3 , Wolseley P. 4 , Wijeyaratne S. C. 1 , Gueidan C. 5 

1 Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Colombo, Sri Lanka 

2 Department of Botany, ABL Herbarium, Soest, Gerrit Van Der Veenstraat 107, Netherlands 



5 Department of Molecular Studies, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

The lichen family Pyrenulaceae is an important element of the epiphytic lichen flora in wet tropical forests. 

It mainly comprises crustose and corticolous species associated with the green algal genus Trentepohlia. 

This family belongs to Pyrenulales (Eurotiomycetes), an order characterized by perithecial ascomata of ascohymenial 

origin with fissitunicate asci and septate to muriform ascospores. Pyrenulaceae is a large family with 11 

genera and c. 230 known species. As with many other crustose corticolous tropical groups of lichens, molecular 

data is lacking for most species, mainly due to difficulties in recovering good quality genomic DNA from herbarium 

specimens. The few existing molecular studies including species of Pyrenulaceae have looked at the 

phylogenetic placement of families and genera traditionally classified within the order Pyrenulales, but none so 

far have focused on phylogenetic relationships within Pyrenulaceae. The sampling of fresh specimens from different 

localities in Sri Lanka allows us to assemble a preliminary molecular dataset (ITS, nuLSU and mtSSU) to 

investigate relationships within the family Pyrenulaceae. The taxon sampling includes Anthracothecium nanum, 

Pyrgillus javanicus and 19 taxa of Pyrenula (among which 6 are from Sri Lanka). Preliminary results show with 

strong support that all taxa sampled divide into two major clades. One clade includes Anthracothecium australiense, 

A. prasinum, Pyrenula chlorospila, P. macrospora, P. nitida, P. pseudobufonia, P. quassiaecola and 

P. thelomorpha. The other clade includes all taxa from Sri Lanka, viz. Pyrenula aspistea, P. mamillana, P. massariospora 

and P. finitima (= P. subcongruens) as well as Pyrenula cruenta, P. laevigata, P. subpraelucida and 

Pyrgillus javanicus. Results suggest that the presence or absence of pseudocyphellae is correlated with these 

two clades. 


CRYPTIC DIVERSITY IN TRYPETHELIUM ELUTERIAE IN THAILAND 

Luangsuphabool T. 1 , Sangvichien E. 2, Lumbsch T. 3 , Piapukiew J. 4 

1 Program in Biotechnology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 



4 Botany, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 

The diversity of tropical crustose lichens is poorly known. In a project to better understand the diversity 

of Trypetheliaceae in Thailand, we isolated mycobionts of 38 samples from different locations within the country. 

ITS polymorphism analysis using the ITS-RFLP technique divided the samples into 12 groups. We generated 

ITS and mtSSU rDNA sequences of 1-3 representative of each group. The concatenated data set was analyzed 

using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The phylogenetic estimate suggests that at least nine 

Trypethelium species occur in Thailand. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed the presence of three distinct 

clades within a morphologically-circumscribed Trypethelium eluteriae. This is another indication of the presence 

of cryptic species within crustose tropical lichenized fungi and shows the importance of including molecular 

data in circumscribing species to fully understand the diversity of lichen-forming fungi. Additional studies are 

in progress to identify ITS barcoding gaps among species and to develop a barcoding identification system for 

Trypetheliaceae in Thailand that can be used throughout south-east Asia. Further, studies on morphology of 

mycobiont cultures and growth patterns of mycobionts are shown to provide phylogenetically important information. 

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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LICHENIZED AND NON-LICHENIZED CALICIOID FUNGI 

AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAZAEDIUM WITHIN ASCOMYCOTA 

Prieto M. 1 , Baloch E. 1 , Wedin M. 1 


Calicioid or mazaediate fungi constitute a very heterogeneous assemblage of diverse fungi sharing the 

presence of prototunicate asci and the production of a mazaedium. These mazaediate fungi were once treated 

as an order of Ascomycota (Caliciales) but many are now known to be nested within Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes 

and Lecanoromycetes, thus, confirming the hight polyphyly of the group. In this study we utilize multigene 

phylogenetic analyses (based on nuLSU, ITS, mtSSU, RPB1 and mcm7) of all major mazaediate groups to 

study the evolution of the mazaedium, and we focus particularly on the remaining mazaediate families of unclear 

position within the Ascomycota. 


IDENTITY OF ENDOCARPON PULVINATUM, THE ONLY SUBFRUTICOSE VERRUCARIACEAE 

Heiðmarsson S. 1 , Miadlikowska J. 2 , Lutzoni F. 2 

1 Akureyri Division, Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri, Iceland 

2 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States 

Endocarpon (Verrucariaceae) comprises lichenized species which are characterized by a squamulose 

or subfruticose thallus, muriform ascospores and the presence of hymenial algae. Endocarpon pulvinatum was 

described by T. Fries from Norway in 1861 and is distributed in the northern part of Scandinavia, Central Europe, 

Iceland and on higher altitudes in North America. The species is unique in Verrucariaceae with its subfruticose 

habitus, bearing some resemblance to the rare North American species Endocarpon tortuosum. Phylogeny of 

Verrucariaceae is being scrutinised at present and several new genera have been proposed such as Atla, Hydropunctaria 

and Wahlenbergiella. Phylogenetic analysis have indicated that some of the present genera within 

Verrucariaceae are polyphyletic although there has not been any indications until now that Endocarpon could 

be polyphyletic. Five loci were sequenced (ITS, ncLSU, mtSSU, RPB1 and Mcm7) from few specimens of E. 

pulvinatum collected in Iceland. Phylogenetic analyses where conducted in order to reveal the placement of E. 

pulvinatum within the Verrucariaceae. The results indicate that E. pulvinatum does not belong to Endocarpon 

but should rather be placed in Staurothele, a crustose genus which shares muriform spores and presence of 

hymenial algae with Endocarpon. 

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PHYLOGENY OF MARINE VERRUCARIACEAE BASED ON MULTILOCUS ANALYSES 

Heiðmarsson S. 1 , Gueidan C. 2 , Miadlikowska J. 3 , Thüs H. 2 , Lutzoni F. 3 


2 Botany Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 


Verrucariaceae comprises mainly crustose lichens although some of its members can be squamulose, 

foliose or even subfruticose. Lichenicolous lifestyle is furthermore found in this family. The genus Verrucaria was 

for long suspected to be polyphyletic, which was confirmed with molecular methods by Gueidan et al. (2009). 

Several species of Verrucaria s. lat. do occur on intertidal cliffs and rocks. Some species are also inundated most 

of the time. Two new genera, Hydropunctaria and Wahlenbergiella, include these maritime species. In Iceland 

12 species of Verrucaria s.lat have been reported growing in maritime habitats. Two of those species belong 

to Hydropunctaria (H. amphibia and H. maura) while other two species belong to Wahlenbergiella, (W. mucosa 

and W. striatula). Five loci were sequenced (ITS, ncLSU, mtSSU, RPB1 and Mcm7) from more than 30 maritime 

specimens, mainly collected from the North Atlantic coast of Iceland in order to reveal the generic affinities of 

the maritime species of Verrucaria s.lat. occurring in the North Atlantic. Furthermore several specimens where 

included from coastal habitats of the southern hemisphere (Antarctica, Chile and Tasmania) to determine their 

phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that most of the maritime species belong to Wahlenbergiella, 

Hydropunctaria on the other hand seems to comprise mainly species growing in freshwater habitats 

except for H. amphibia, H. maura and the Mediterranean species H. adriatica. 


DERMATOCARPON ARNOLDIANUM AND D. INTESTINIFORME IN CENTRAL EUROPE 

Heiðmarsson S. 1 , Thüs H. 2 


2 Botany Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom 

Dermatocarpon arnoldianum and D. intestiniforme, which have been proposed to be synonyms of D. 

miniatum, were studied and compared to other specimens of the D. miniatum complex. The synonymization 

were based on material from the Nordic countries and partly from North America while material from Central 

Europe has not been studied earlier concerning the delimitation of the two taxa. Dermatocarpon arnoldianum 

was described from northern Norway by Degelius in 1934 while D. intestiniforme was described by Körber from 

Central Europe in 1859 as Endocarpon intestiniforme. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether the two 

names represent monophyletic taxa that can be recognized by morphological characters. Phylogenetic analysis 

based on four loci viz. ITS, LSU, RPB1 and Mcm7 where conducted. Eight specimens of the two species 

from the Alps were sequenced for the study and compared to 46 other specimens belonging to the D. miniatum 

complex from different locations world-wide. Substantial variation were detected in the sequences, especially in 

the ITS. Morphological study was conducted and comparison made with type material of both taxa. The results 

indicate that D. arnoldianum auct. in the Alps is an undescribed taxon, different from the Norwegian type, while 

the identity of D. intestiniforme is more questionable. 

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DNA BARCODING OF LICHENIZED FUNGI MICAREA AND VERRUCARIA SHOWS 

HIGH IDENTIFICATION SUCCESS 

Launis A. 1 , Myllys L. 1 , Pykälä J. 2 , Jääskeläinen K. 1 


2 Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland 

Our project focuses on DNA barcoding and on taxonomy of approximately 500 deficiently known crustose 

lichens in Finland. In addition, our aim is to clarify the distribution, habitat requirements and threat status of 

these species. We are focusing on the genera Micarea and Verrucaria, but we are also barcoding Arthonia spp., 

Lecania spp. and Lecanora spp. Identification in these groups is often difficult with morphological characters. 

During our project we have created DNA barcodes for approximately 400 specimens and 180 species. Our results 

show that the ITS region is a useful barcode for the identification of these crustose lichens. The taxonomic 

status of some species should be re-evaluated. Several species are recorded as new to Finland. 


TAXONOMIC REVISION OF CLADONIA CARIOSA GROUP (CLADONIACEAE) BASED ON 

PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR DATA 

Pino-bodas R. 1 , Burgaz A. R. 1 , Martin M. P. 2 , Lumbsch T. 3 

1 Biología Vegetal I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

2 Micologia, Real Jardin Botanico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 


The Cladonia cariosa group, which includes C. acuminata (Ach.) Norrl., C. cariosa (Ach.) Spreng and C. 

symphycarpa (Flörke) Fr., is monophyletic (Stenross et al. 2002). The species within the group are characterized 

by having a persistent primary thallus and an ascyphose secondary thallus. Cladonia acuminata differs 

morphologically from C. cariosa and C. symphycarpa in having sorediate podetia, unbranched or dichotomically 

branched near the tips (Ahti, 2000). However, it is difficult to distinguish C. cariosa from C. symphycarpa. 

The characters used to differentiate these taxa from one another are the squamule size and the amount of 

podetium fissures, which are more abundant in C. cariosa. The species delimitation is further complicated by 

frequent lack of podetia in C. symphycarpa which led to use the chemical variation to distinguish C. cariosa from 

C. symphycarpa, but it was found that they share several chemotypes (Harris, 1975; Culberson et al. 1993; 

Piercey-Normore, 2003; Burgaz & Ahti, 2009; Bültmann & Lünterbusch, 2008). The aim of this study is to elucidate 

the species boundaries within C. cariosa group. Three loci were used for species delimitation: ITS rDNA, rpb2 

and ef1α. Maximun likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic reconstruction were employed. Transversal 

sections of the squamules stained vith lactophenol blue solution were made to study the cortex structure, and the 

squamules surfaces were observed by Scanning Electron Mycroscopy. The phylogenetic analyses showed four 

strongly supported monophyletic lineages within C. cariosa group. These lineages are chemically variable, which 

restricts the taxonomic value of the chemical characters. Some micro-morphological differences in the cortical 

surface of the different phylogenetic lineages were found. 

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FOCUS ON THE WORLD CLADONIACEAE 

Stenroos S. 1 , Högnabba F. 1 , Pino-bodas R. 2 , Ahti T. 1 


2 Departamento Biología Vegetal, Unviersidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 

Cladoniaceae, with its c. 550 species and more than 10 genera, is one of the largest and most diverse 

families of lichen-forming fungi. The species comprise a significant component of numerous terrestrial ecosystems 

around the world, such as the boreal forests and the white sands of the Amazonas. Cladonia is the largest 

genus of the family, including approximately 500 species. There has been an enormous effort devoted to 

the Cladoniaceae. The Finnish E.A. Vainio published the first monograph of the family in the late 19 th century. 

His work was followed by numerous regional treatments and revisions by various authors. Currently, a full size 

world monograph of the Cladoniaceae is under preparation by Stenroos & Ahti, and a new phylogeny is about 

to be completed. Our immediate goal is to produce a more accurate classification for the family. We compiled a 

preliminary data set of about 550 taxa representing over 250 species from around the world. At this point, ITS 

rDNA, IGS rDNA, EF1-α, and RPB2 regions were used as molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses using both 

conventional parsimony (program TNT) and direct optimization (POY) were performed. The results enable a 

preliminary outline for classification. Further, we will use the phylogeny, once completed, for clarifying character 

evolution, for instance. We will also attempt to estimate the age and biogeographical origin of the Cladoniaceae. 


STICTA FULIGINOSA (LOBARIACEAE): SPECIES OR MORPHOTYPE? 

Moncada Cardenas B. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Parnmen S. 2 , Lumbsch T. 2 

1 Licenciatura en Biologia, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Distrito Capital, Colombia 


The lichen genus Sticta is one of the largest genera of macrolichens, with possibly well beyond 100 

species. Recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies have indicated that the species concept in the genus is 

generally too broad: what has been recognized as “species”, such as S. damicornis or S. weigelii, comprise 

indeed several, in part unrelated lineages. One of the most striking examples of a morphotype species is S. 

fuliginosa, the most widely distributed and most commonly collected species with a supposedly cosmopolitan 

distribution. In virtually all treatments, any material having broad, rounded lobes with isidia on the surface rather 

than the margin is identified with the name S. fuliginosa. In the course of a revision of the genus Sticta in Colombia, 

we found that this concepts includes very distinctive morphotypes, differing in upper surface structure, 

lobe thickness, and the shape of the tomentum and cyphellae on the underside. Preliminary, we have identified 

roughly ten different species that would fit into a broad concept of S. fuliginosa. Molecular studies do not only 

confirm this revised concept but also show that several of these species are not closely related to S. fuliginosa 

but fall within other groups. Thus, the traditional concept of Sticta fuliginosa is that of a morphotype, rather than 

a group of closely related, cryptic species. This is in accordance with similar findings in other morphotype-based 

species complexes, such as S. damicornis and S. weigelii, which also include several, partially unrelated species 

lineages. 

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DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS LOBARIELLA (LOBARIACEAE) 

Moncada Cardenas B. 1 , Betancourt L. 1 , Lücking R. 2 



The lichen genus Lobariella is characterized within the family Lobariaceae by a white-tomentose underside 

lacking cyphellae, pseudocyphellae, and veins, but instead having pseudocyphellae on the upper surface, 

resembling those of Parmelia. For some time, the genus was considered to include five species: Lobariella 

botryoides (Yoshim. & Arv.) Moncada & Lücking, L. crenulata (Hook. in Kunth) Yoshim. (type species), L. exornata 

(Zahlbr.) Yoshim., L. pallida (Hook. f.) Moncada & Lücking, and L. subexornata (Yoshim.) Yoshim. The latter 

four species have a green photobiont, whereas L. botryoides has cyanobacterial photobiont. In the frame of a 

survey of Lobariaceae in Colombia and adjacent areas, we came across three further, undescribed species of 

this genus: L. sipmanii Moncada, Betancourt & Lücking, with cyanobacterial photobiont and otherwise morphologically 

intermediate between L. crenulata and L. pallida; L. soredians Moncada, Betancourt & Lücking spec. 

nova., similar to L. botryoides but with marginal soredia rather than laminal isidia becoming sorediate, and L. 

flavomedullosa Moncada, Betancourt & Lücking spec. nova, close to L. crenulata but with pale yellow medulla. A 

molecular phylogeny based on nuclear ITS confirms the validity of these species and also suggests that Lobariella 

should be retained at the generic level, along with further division of Lobaria s.lat. into three to four additional 

genera. Lobariella is an exclusively neotropical genus and found at mid to high elevations in rain and cloud forest 

as well as paramo. Lobariella botryoides, L. pallida, L. sipmanii, and L. soredians are more characteristic of upper 

montane cloud forest and paramo vegetation, whereas the other four species, all with green photobiont, are 

more typically found in montane rain and cloud forest. Each of the eight recognized species is illustrated and a 

key to all species is presented. 

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TYPE AND NOMENCLATURAL STUDIES IN NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF 

THE GENUS STICTA (LOBARIACEAE) 

Moncada Cardenas B. 1 , Lücking R. 2 



Sticta is one of the largest, yet least studied macrolichen genera. The available treatments focus on 

extratropical regions including North America, southern South America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. No 

modern revision exists for the Neotropics and most of the type material on which names for neotropical material 

are based has not yet been studied. This applies in particular to names described by Nylander and others based 

on material collected in Colombia and adjacent areas mainly by Lindig, but also by other historic collectors. As 

part of a revision of the genus Sticta in Colombia, we present results from type studies of neotropical taxa, with 

some unexpected conclusions. Among the most intriguing cases are the names Sticta laciniata (Sw.) Ach. and 

S. laciniata var. dilatata Nyl., comprising common green morphotypes. The first was considered illegitimate, as 

its basionym, Lichen laciniatus Sw., is a later homonym of L. laciniatus Huds. Therefore, a separate species, S. 

laciniosa D. J. Galloway., was described for this taxon. However, under ICBN Art. 58.1, Sticta laciniata is to be 

considered a replacement name for Lichen laciniatus and is legitimate, cited correctly as S. laciniata Ach. Sticta 

laciniata var. dilatata is cited in Zahlbruckner’s Catalogus as basionym of both S. boliviana Nyl. and S. granatensis 

Nyl., interpreting the citation of the name S. laciniata var. dilatata in two different publications by Nylander 

in 1861 and 1863 as as referring to two different taxa. However, in 1863, Nylander referred to the name established 

in 1861, for which in 1874 he introduced, cryptically, the new name S. boliviana. This name is legitimate, 

even if it includes the type of S. laciniata var. dilatata and there was no need to establish a replacement name at 

the species level, because priority does not apply to names at different ranks. Therefore, S. dilatata (Nyl.) Vain. 

[raising S. laciniata var. dilatata to species rank], is to be considered a homotypic synonym of S. boliviana. Sticta 

granatensis, on the other hand, and contrary to Zahlbruckner’s interpretation, is not based on S. laciniata var. 

dilata, but was established separately with a different type. 

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THE STICTA WEIGELII COMPLEX (LOBARIACEAE): TROPICAL TAXA ADD ANOTHER LEVEL 

OF COMPLEXITY 

Moncada Cardenas B. 1 , Lücking R. 2 



The correct application of the name weigelii is one of the great mysteries in the lichen genus Sticta. 

Traditionally, most material with a cyanobacterial photobiont, non-pedunculate thalli, and marginal isidia has 

been named Sticta weigelii by a variety of authors. In a molecular phylogenetic study, McDonald and co-authors 

in 2003 restricted the application of the name to specimens with cylindrical isidia and a K+ yellow medulla. This 

was confirmed by Galloway in 2006, after having studied the type material. In the course of a survey of the genus 

Sticta in Colombia and Costa Rica, it was found that material which fitted the concept of S. weigelii belonged to 

a larger number of different morphotypes, separated chiefly by lobe configuration, color of the upper and lower 

side, cyphellae morphology, and type and color of the isidia. In a parallel study, it was also discovered that the 

K-reaction of the medulla depended, in part, on the way material was collected and dried: specimens kept moist 

for a prolonged time or dried in a plant press or with heat tended to have a K+yellow medulla, even if thallus 

portions of the same specimens which had been air-dried exhibited a K-negative medulla. It was therefore clear 

that neither the molecular study performed by McDonald et al. nor the description of the type material provided 

by Galloway was sufficient to elucidate the correct application of the name weigelii, and we restudied the type to 

assess characters such as lobe configuration, coloration, and type of isidia. It was found that the name weigelii 

applies to a clade of tropical specimens that has a much branched thallus with canaliculate, dark brown lobes, 

delicate, cylindrical to coralloid, brown-black isidia, and a dark brown tomentum on the underside throughout. 

162



HOW MANY SPECIES ARE THERE IN RHIZOCARPON GEOGRAPHICUM GROUP? 

A PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF THE COMPLEX 

Roca-valiente B. 1 , Pérez-ortega S. 2 , Sancho L. 1 , Crespo A. 1 

1 Biología Vegetal II, UCM, Madrid, Spain 

2 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

The Rhizocarpon geographicum group described by Runemark (1956) includes currently almost 24 

yellow pigmented species with I+ blue reacting medulla and muriform ascospores. The taxonomy of the group 

has only suffered minor changes during the last 50 years. However, species delimitation within the group is still 

a highly problematic issue. We studied the inter- and intraspecific variation in the R. geographicum group using 

the results from two sets of characters: anatomic-morphological and molecular characters. In a global view, 

we compared the results with a possible eco-geographic pattern. Specimens of 14 species from high altitudes 

in the Iberian Peninsula (100 samples) were studied in detail to clarify the phylogeny of morphological species 

under a molecular framework. More than 20 morphological and chemical characters were statistically studied. 

150 specimens included in the R. geographicum group from 14 locations distributed worldwide (North-Pole, Europe, 

America, Asia, Oceania and South-Pole), as well as other closely related taxa, were investigated in order 

to shed light on the biogeography of the group. Molecular data were obtained from ITS region of nuclear ribosomal 

DNA and mitochondrial LSU for the mycobiont. Phylogenetic inference was performed using Maximum 

Parsimony methods and Bayesian (MC) 3 tree-sampling. Our results showed that: (I) All the specimens studied 

and previously classified as members of the R. geographicum group formed a monophyletic clade, supported 

by high bootstrap and posterior probability. (II) Morphological characters traditionally used in the identification 

of species were proved to be highly plastic and inconsistent, leading to a fuzzy taxonomy within this group. The 

morphological variability observed could be due to the plasticity of the characters and their adaptation to different 

micro-ecological conditions. (III) We suggest that the genus Rhizocarpon needs a thorough review based on a 

combined morphological and molecular data: our results have shown that R. superficiale species is not included 

in the subgenus Rhizocarpon s. str. and is closer to the subgenus Phaeotallus. (IV) The R. geographicum group 

includes several well-supported clades that show a bipolar distribution pattern; many samples are distributed 

in highly distant geographical areas. (V) Molecular data also showed a high genetic diversity within the studied 

populations. 

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PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF THE CRUSTOSE STEREOCAULON SPECIES 

Högnabba F. 1 , Nordin A. 2 , Myllys L. 3 , Stenroos S. 3 

1 Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland 

2 Botany, Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden 

3 Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland 

Species traditionally included in the genus Stereocaulon (lichenized ascomycetes) are characterized by 

a dimorphic thallus that consists of a crustose primary thallus and a fruticose secondary thallus (pseudopodetia). 

However, six crustose species lacking a fruticose secondary thallus are currently included in the genus. Four of 

these have been included in molecular analyses and their inclusion in the genus was supported. Whether the 

crustose growth form is a plesiomorphic or apomorphic feature within Stereocaulon has remained unresolved 

due to contradictory placements of the crustose species in earlier studies. The aim of the present study is to clarify 

the position of the crustose Stereocaulon species by adding molecular data, especially of the crustose species 

not included in earlier analyses, i.e. Stereocaulon nivale and S. plicatile. The inclusion of S. plicatile in the genus 

is particularly interesting as it is the only species in the genus with submuriform to muriform ascospores. Phylogenetic 

relationships were examined using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and β-tubulin sequences in parsimony analyses. The 

results show that the crustose species do not form a monophyletic entity and suggest that the crustose growth 

form is a plesiomorphic feature within Stereocaulon. The inclusion of the newly sequenced S. nivale and S. plicatile 

in Stereocaulon is confirmed as these species are nested in the genus. The nested position of S. plicatile 

indicates an independent gain of the submuriform to muriform spore type within the genus. 


MULTILOCUS-BASED PHYLOGENY AND SPECIES RECOGNITION WITHIN 

THE COSMOPOLITAN PELTIGERA NEOPOLYDACTYLA-DOLICHORHIZA COMPLEX 

Magain N. 1 , Miadlikowska J. 2 , Lutzoni F. 2 , Goffinet B. 3 , Sérusiaux E. 1 

1 Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium 

2 Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States 

3 Ecolgy and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States 

The Peltigera neopolydactyla-dolichorhiza complex is broadly distributed, growing in boreal and temperate 

regions from northern Norway to southern Chile, as well as in tropical mountains. Observed morphotype 

and chemotype variation within this complex suggested the presence of multiple undescribed species. This was 

confirmed based on a preliminary phylogeny using the ITS region, where P. neopolydactyla and P. dolichorhiza 

are not distinct monophyletic species, but rather form a complex assemblage of several species, with some 

well-known species, such as P. hymenina, nested within that species complex. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic 

study and a taxonomic revision of this complex are urgently needed. We first generated single-locus 

and multilocus phylogenies for the entire section Polydactylon (which includes the P. neopolydactyla-dolichorhiza 

complex), using traditional ITS and nucLSU markers, as well as new protein-coding loci from the AFTOL project. 

Using 454 generated sequences spanning the entire genome of two species, we are developing primers to 

amplify and sequence intergenic spacers to enhance species recognition within this complex. We will assess 

species delimitation in the P. neopolydactyla-dolichorhiza complex by applying a pluralistic approach e.g., phylogenetic 

and population genetic methods. A detailed study of morphological and chemical characters is conducted 

to determine their correlation with genetically inferred species. 

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SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR ON SITE IDENTIFICATION OF PYXINE COCOES (Sw.) NYL., 

A FOLIOSE LICHEN, BASED ON GENOSENSOR 

Kosakul T. 1 , Chaumpluk P. 1 , Artchawakom T. 2 

1 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 

2 Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, 

Nakornratchasima Province, Thailand 

A simple technique for an on-site identification of Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., a folliose lichen, based 

on variable sequence domains within the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region had been developed. This 

technique involved an isothermal DNA amplification of 84 nucleotides fragment of target ITS element for DNA 

signals multiplication at 63 ºC for 2 hours and a signal detection via visual fluorescence signals simultaneously 

using DNA binder. Results of the detection can be observed with unaided eye within 2 hours without the need of 

thermocycler and gel electrophoresis. DNA signals were detected only from Pyxine cocoes but not from Chrysothrix 

xanthina Kalb. and Parmotrema tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale. The detection limit was at 50 copies of target DNA 

domains per reaction, equally to 25 cells. This constitutes a basis for a simple and accurate detection of target 

lichen species, suitable for field application. 

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3B - 1: Bioinformatics 

(3B-1-P1) Submission ID: IAL0057-00007 

MYCO-LICH: A NEW TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IRANIAN MYCOLOGY-LICHENOLOGY 

Sohrabi M. 1 , Ghobad-Nejhad M. 1 


The MYCO-LICH (www.myco-lich.com) web application is a new information system, aimed to facilitate 

and promote biodiversity studies in mycology and lichenology in Iran. This website is powered by Google Apps 

and has two main directions: educational and research. MYCO-LICH serves as a repository of modern descriptions, 

distributions maps and illustrations of the lichenized and non-lichenized fungi of Iran. Some important information 

presented in the lichenology part of the website include: history of Iranian lichenology, national, provincial 

and regional level checklists, photo gallery at provincial and regional levels, collection of identification tips and 

keys, information and photos from the expeditions and explorers, information on the Red List of threatened species, 

glossary and information on vernacular names of lichens in Iran and list of proposed vernacular names for 

promoting discussion by the public, list of herbaria where Iranian specimens are deposited, collectors of Iranian 

lichens and maps for their visited spots, and related material and bibliographic resources on Iranian lichens. In 

order to stimulate and accelerate the floristic studies, all records new to Iran are published as e-records and are 

listed under the national checklist. The new e-records are published as RSS feed, readable by all kind of RSS 

or Feed Readers. Moreover, our online catalogue of the lichen family Megasporaceae including ‘manna lichens’ 

of the world is growing, descriptions and distribution maps of some species are now available online. The mycological 

part is under development, and is aimed to host pictorial checklist of Iranian wood-inhabiting fungi, as 

well as online catalogue of wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes of the Caucasus region. MYCO-LICH provides an 

educational section where several useful links and material are accessible. The aim of this section is to visualize 

the methodology in studying lichens and fungi: specimen handling at the herbarium, equipment used in the field 

and laboratory, HPLC, TLC, DNA extraction, spot test, and UV test. There are also several useful cross links to 

some databases and scientific journals with lichenological and mycological contents and courses and Power- 

Point slides provided by lichenologists who voluntarily made them available for public use. 

166



INDEXS - AN ONLINE THESAURUS FOR STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 

ON EXSICCATAE IN BOTANY AND MYCOLOGY 

Triebel D. 1 , Scholz P. 1 , Weibulat T. 1 , Weiss M. 1 

1 Botanische Staatssammlung München, Information Technology Center of the Bavarian Natural History Collections, 

Munich, Germany 

So-called exsiccatae (singular: exsiccata) are series of published, uniform and numbered sets of preserved 

specimens distributed together with printed labels. These series have informative titles and are usually 

accompanied by printed booklets with labels (‘schedae’). The nomenclatural status of these printed matters with 

regard to the effective publication of names is treated by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Art. 

30.4). Over 2,000 plant and fungus exsiccatae have been issued since the end of the 18 th century, with more 

than 20 million specimens distributed in varying numbers of duplicates to institutions worldwide. Typically, exsiccatae 

are devoted to thematic subjects, such as medicinal plants, or material from ‘exotic’ countries, for example 

WIRTGEN, Herb. Deutsch. Arzneipfl. or KALB, Lich. Neotrop., SMITH, Pl. Guatem. Others are restricted to 

particular taxonomic or ecological groups, e.g., LINTON & LINTON, Brit. Willows; SMITH, Diatom. Spec. Typ.; 

LUNDQVIST, Fungi Fimicoli Exs. During the 19 th century, well-known series, such as SCHIMPER, Iter Abyssin., 

were managed and sold by trade companies. Some 1,000+ exsiccatae contain vascular plants, c. 700 fungi and 

lichens, c. 500 bryophytes, and c. 250 algae. More than 50 exsiccatae projects are currently active, usually as 

part of the regular exchange programs of the publishing institutions (e.g., ALLEN & PURSELL, Maine Mosses; 

TRIEBEL, Microf. Exs.). Frequently, the specimens of exsiccatae sent out to herbaria are not preserved in the 

original context, but instead split and inserted in the receiving institution’s main collection. To support the digitalization 

of exsiccata material, the Botanische Staatssammlung München has established an online thesaurus 

database ‘IndExs’. It aims at a complete catalogue of all series worldwide, offering standard abbreviations 

and bibliographic details as well as additional data and images for recognizing exsiccatae and facilitating their 

databasing. With the help of IndExs, data capture during retro-digitalization becomes more efficient because 

exsiccatae specimens can be assigned to known series, with all accompanying information already including 

in IndExs. Since 2001, we have provided search and download options via an internet interface (http://indexs. 

botanischestaatssammlung.de). A SOAP web service is running. IndExs is powered by Diversity Workbench 

(http://www.diversityworkbench.net/Portal/DiversityExsiccatae_Information_Models). 


FLORISTIC DATA AND SPECIES ACCUMULATION CURVES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE 

CATALOG OF ALASKAN LICHENS 

Hampton-Miller C. J. 1 , Spribille T. 2 

1 UA Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States 

2 Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria 

With large databases of specimen identity and locality now available online, it is tempting to use this 

data to infer biodiversity statistics and ecological patterns for lichens. Whether floristic data can be used reliably 

for measures of species diversity, abundance and range is limited due to sampling error. Most data on lichen occurrence 

comes from ad hoc collection schemes, which vary greatly in intensity, collector ability and taxonomic 

focus. These informal collections do not provide accurate measurement of abundance, making most estimates 

of species richness unreliable. However, it may be possible to estimate how many species have gone undetected 

in a given region via species accumulation curves. In this study, species accumulation curves are built 

from a heterogeneous data set, a database of published Alaskan lichen collections. The curves are fitted to three 

different models and the data set is further partitioned by region and macro- and microlichens. The reliability of 

the species curves is compared to species richness estimates of smaller, intensively sampled areas of Alaska. 

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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MATING-TYPE LOCI IN LOBARIA PULMONARIA 

AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION 

Singh G. 1 , Dal Grande F. 1 , Cornejo C. 1 , Werth S. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 

1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland 

A large proportion of lichen-forming ascomycetes are known to reproduce sexually. One key factor governing 

the sexual reproductive mode in ascomycetes is the presence or absence of mating-type (MAT) genes 

represented by two alternative idiomorphs, Mat1-1 and Mat1-2 genes. However, in fungi other than ascomycetes 

more than two idiomorphs may be present. The genes encoded by the MAT locus are putative transcription factors 

thought to control sexual development and to regulate the expression of downstream, mating-type-specific 

genes. Although there is little sequence similarity among MAT genes from different genera, the encoded DNA 

binding proteins have conserved motifs, e.g., the α box in Mat1-1 and the HMG domain in Mat1-2. In spite of 

the high occurrence of sexual reproduction, mating systems of lichens remain poorly understood. However, a 

detailed study of sexual reproductive strategies is required for understanding evolutionary traits and population 

genetics of lichen-forming fungi. The aim of the present study was to determine the organization of the MAT locus 

in the putatively heterothallic species Lobaria pulmonaria L. (Hoffm.) in order to gain insights into the genetic 

basis of its reproductive strategies and sexuality. Targeting conserved motifs of MAT genes with degenerate PCR 

followed by inverse PCR and TAIL-PCR, we identified MAT genes and their flanking regions in L. pulmonaria. Our 

study further included the development of real-time PCR to detect MAT loci in European and Asian L. pulmonaria 

populations. These markers were used to infer the relation between fertility, genetic diversity and the occurrence 

of MAT genes, especially in strongly fragmented and geographically isolated populations where the low numbers 

of ascomata could be due to lack of mating partners. 

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3B - 2: The ecological roles of lichens in diverse ecosystems 


THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN BANGKOK PUBLIC PARKS ON THE 

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE LICHEN PARMOTREMA TINCTORUM (NYL.) HALE 

Boonpeng C. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


The capacity of lichens to absorb and accumulate atmospheric pollutants, and their physiological responses 

has been used to monitor air quality extensively. However, this aspect is less studied in the tropics 

where rain is intense and where industrialization and urbanization are now expanding apace. Accordingly, the 

objectives of this study were to assess air quality in Bangkok public parks by investigating the effects on physiological 

processes by air pollutants absorbed and accumulated in transplanted lichens. The lichen Parmotrema 

tinctorum (Nyl.) Hale was gathered from an unpolluted control site at Khao Yai National Park and transplanted 

into ten public parks in Bangkok. Transplantation was also conducted at the control site and a rural area at Ban 

Sang. The photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and phaeophytin were measured 

before transplantation, and then 45, 140, and 210 days after transplantation. The amounts of the fluoride ion (F- ), 

chloride ion (Cl- - 2- 3- 2- ), nitrate ion (NO ), sulfate ion (SO4 ), phosphate ion (PO4 ) and oxalate ion (C2O ) absorbed 

3 

4 

and accumulated in the thalli of the lichens were analyzed at the aforementioned periods. The results show that 

the photosynthetic capacity of the transplanted lichens at all polluted sites substantially declined, particularly 

after 140 days of transplantation. Correspondingly, the amounts of ionic air pollutants increased in the thalli. 

However, 210 days after transplantation the photosynthetic rates of the lichens obviously recovered, while the 

amounts of ionic substances in the thalli decreased. This was a consequence of the heavy rain that occurred 

during this period. Applications of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient method yielded high positive 

correlations between photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and chlorophyll content. However, negative 

correlations were found to hold between chlorophyll degradation and all air pollutants, with the exception of 

2- C O . The rates of the photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters for the transplanted lichens 

2 4 

exhibited the highest negative correlations with Cl- - - , NO and F which ranged from 0.897 to 0.64. Lower levels of 

3 

negative correlations were shown for SO 4 

2- and PO4 

3- . This study demonstrated diverse air quality at ten Bangkok 

public parks assessed by lichens. 

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LICHENS AND STONE SURFACE DECAY OF THE TOMB OF CYRUS IN PASARGADAE (FARS 

PROVINCE, IRAN) 

Sohrabi M. 1 , Mohammadi P. 2 


2 Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 

The cultural heritage of Iran comprises of a large number of historical stonework, including decorative 

and monumental art, dating back from pre-Islamic to contemporary eras. Many of the ancient monuments are 

exposed to chemical, physical and biological agents, which cause their degradation gradually. One of the most 

important monuments is Pasargadae (a city in ancient Persia) and the tomb of Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC), 

which is the second largest archaeological site in Iran after the imperial palace complex of Persepolis. Today, 

Pasargadae and the Tomb of Cyrus are listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The grave which is built of 

large pieces of calcareous rock is located in an open, sun-exposed area. The exposed rock faces of the tomb are 

colonized by different species of lichenized and non-lichenized fungi, as well as of a few mosses and green algal 

species. In 2005, most of the growing lichens on the grave were photographed and a relatively small number of 

lichen samples (ca. 20) were collected for identification in the laboratory. In this study more than 10 species of 

lichens were found to grow on the grave. The interesting lichenized fungi are Acarospora cervina A. Massal., A. 

laqueata Stizenb., Anaptychia desertorum (Rupr) Poelt, Caloplaca biatorina (A.Massal.) J. Steiner, C. decipiens 

(Arnold) Blomb. & Forssell, C. erodens Tretiach, Pinna & Grube, Candelariella cf. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg., 

Lecanora crenulata Hook, and some other poorly developed thalli of Acarospora sp., Aspicilia sp., Lecanora 

sp., Rinodina sp., and Verrucaria sp. were also detected. The climate of the study area is suitable for xerophilic 

lichens and fungi, therefore the saxicolous lichens with crustose growth forms are dominant on the rock surfaces 

of the tomb. 


LICHENS AROUND THE TANGIVAR STONE INSCRIPTION, KURDISTAN, IRAN 

Sohrabi M. 1 , Abbas Rouhollahi M. 2 


2 Faculty of Art and Architecture, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran 

Lichens play major roles in the biodeterioration of stone substrata, both physically and chemically. Their 

function as biological agents in soil development is indisputable. They are capable of damaging stone inscriptions 

within a relatively short time-scale. Some important ancient rock drawings and stone inscriptions in Iran are 

located in natural environments (often in the mountains). Many of them were colonized by several lichen species 

which are aggressive damaging the monuments. One of the recently observed monuments is the Tangivar stone 

inscription which is located in (Kurdistan, 50 km SE of Sanandaj, 10 km S of Palangan, Tangivar, with altitude 

1,200 m, and GPS information: 35° 0’ 14” North, 46° 37’ 34” East). The Tangivar monument is positioned on a 

high cliff c. 30 m. above the ground surface. To avoid damaging monuments the collecting of lichen specimens 

was prohibited by the local authorities. Therefore, the most common species growing around the monuments 

were observed and c. 20 specimens were collected from rocks surrounding the monuments where it is permitted. 

Our results show that several species that may cause grave damage to the monument, including Acarospora 

interrupta, A. laqueata, A. cervina, A. aspera s.l., Caloplaca decipiens, Lobothallia praeradiosa, Placocarpus 

schaereri, and Polysporina urceolata. Some of the critical specimens that need further study are A. aff. farinosa, 

Aspicilia cf syriaca, Caloplaca cf. biatorina, Candelariella sp., Lecanora gr. muralis, Thallinocarpon sp., and Placidium 

sp. Some color photographs of these species are presented on the MYCO-LICH website (www.myco-lich. 

com). 

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ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF VERRUCARIA S.LAT. (VERRUCARIACEAE) 

Krzewicka B. 1 


Verrucaria s.lat. includes crustose, areolate and placodioid species characterized by immersed or sessile 

perithecia often covered by an involucrellum, with simple and colourless ascospores, without paraphyses 

and with periphyses. Species of Verrucaria s.lat. grow on calcareous or siliceous rocks, or occasionally on soil 

and bark, or parasitically on other lichens; foliicolous species have been discovered in the tropics. They develop 

in terrestrial or aquatic freshwater and maritime habitats. During a critical revision of Verrucaria s.lat. in Poland 

(2006-2011), a total of 57 species were accepted (including newly reported taxa) belonging to seven genera 

currently distinguished within Verrucaria s.lat.: Bagliettoa (4 species), Hydropunctaria (3), Parabagliettoa (3), 

Placopyrenium (3), Verrucaria (38), Verrucula (4) and Verruculopsis (2). These genera have diverse habitat preferences 

and play an important role in a variety of ecosystems. The genus Bagliettoa contains species growing 

on calcareous or mortar substrates sufficiently exposed to the sun, in low to moderate eutrophic environments. 

They are saxicolous, calcicolous, xerophilous, photophilous, and slightly to moderately nitrophilous species. 

The genus Hydropunctaria comprises saxicolous, hydrophilic (aquatic or amphibious), non-calcareous species, 

colonizing either marine or freshwater habitats. Parabagliettoa is composed of species growing on calcareous 

rocks, in both moderately sunny and shady sites. Species of Placopyrenium often grow parasitically, especially 

at young developmental stages, or later parasymbiotically on lichen hosts growing on different substrate types, 

often on both calcareous and siliceous rocks. Verrucaria species occur on various rocks, rarely on bark or soil, 

in terrestrial, maritime or freshwater habitats. Verrucula contains exclusively parasitic species growing on thalli 

or rarely on apothecia of lichens containing anthraquinones. Verruculopsis is another mostly parasitic genus, but 

in Poland only its non-parasitic members have been recorded on vertical to horizontal surfaces of rocks in sunny 

and exposed places. This project was supported by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education in Poland 

(2010-2013), grant no. N N 304 170539. 


PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF LICHEN DIVERSITY ON STONE MONUMENTS IN 

NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE, THAILAND 

Pitakpong A. 1 , Muangsan N. 1 , Suwanwaree P. 1 

1 Suranaree University of Technology, Science, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand 

The objective of this study was to investigate saxicolous lichens on stone monuments in Nakhon Ratchasima 

province, during May to July 2011. The total of 135 specimens were collected from eight sites: Prasat 

Khonburi, Prasat Pha Kho, Prasat Hin Phi Mai, Prasat Hin Phanom Wan, Prang Ku, Prasat Muang Sema, Prasat 

Muang Khak and Prasat Muang Khorat at the elevation 130-200 meters above sea level. Four physical factors 

on lichens were measured; temperature (31-35 °C), humidity of air (46-59%), light intensity (27,333-61,833 lux) 

and pH of substrates (6.1-7.7). The samples were identified into 11 families, 17 genera and 22 species. Seventeen 

genera of lichens were Pyxine, Physcia, Dirinaria, Hyperphyscia, Chrysothrix, Amandinea, Dimelaena, 

Diploschistes, Lecanora, Parmotrema, Peltula, Porina, Bacidia, Lepraria, Leproloma, Caloplaca, and Buellia. 

Pyxine and Caloplaca were commonly found in all eight sites. 

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SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND LICHEN SUBSTANCES IN 

RELICINA ABSTRUSA IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF THAILAND 

Pohjaroen W. 1 , Pangpet M. 1 , Khongsatra P. 2 , Sriviboon C. 2 , Boonpragob K. 1 



Lichens produce secondary metabolic products for protection against adverse environmental conditions. 

As such, there are a variety of potential uses of lichen products. Accordingly, the objectives of this study 

were to investigate seasonal variations in the physiological processes and the quantities of secondary metabolites 

produced in tropical lichens. The current investigation was conducted using the lichen Relicina abstrusa 

whose habitation is in the canopy of the tropical rain forest (TRF) and in the dry evergreen forest (DEF) at Khao 

Yai National Park, Thailand as a model. Photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and quantities of lichen products 

were analyzed during the cool, hot and rainy seasons. The photosynthetic rates of the lichen in DEF were 

higher than those in TRF in all three seasons. However, photosynthetic rates were at their highest during the 

rainy season and comparatively lower in the cool and hot seasons. Values for the photosystem II (PSII) quantum 

yield and the Fv/Fm coincided with carbon assimilation rates. Norstictic and usnic acids which were major products 

of this lichen varied between sites and among seasons. Norstictic acid was produced in larger quantities 

than usnic acid in both TRF and DEF in all three seasons. Both lichen substances were synthesized in the highest 

quantity during the rainy season, and subsequently at lower quantities in the hot and cool seasons in TRF 

and DEF with the exception of norstictic acid in DEF. These results demonstrated that the production of lichen 

secondary metabolites was not always correlated with photosynthetic capacity. R. abtrusa in DEF produced the 

highest amount of norstictic acid in the hot season when photosynthetic capacity was at its lowest. This implies 

that lichens primarily allocate carbohydrates so as to produce lichen substances that are protective against 

adverse environmental conditions even when carbon dioxide assimilation is low. However, it is necessary to 

conduct long term and extensive investigations in order to elucidate how external stimuli affect the synthesis of 

secondary metabolites of other lichens in various kinds of forests in the tropics. 

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VARIATIONS IN THE GROWTH RATES OF LICHENS OVER THE COURSE OF A LONG-TERM 

INVESTIGATION IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND 

Wannalux B. 1 , Polyiam W. 1 , Boonpragob K. 1 


Long term monitoring of the growth of lichens in five types of tropical forests in Thailand was conducted 

between 1999 and 2010 at Khao Yai National Park. The objectives of this study were to observe (1) the longevity 

of lichen thalli in a tropical climate; and (2) variations of the growth rates of lichens in various types of tropical 

forests under different climate. A total of 73 species with 306 thalli were monitored, of which 45 were crustose 

and 28 were foliose species composing of 146 and 160 thalli, respectively. After twelve years only 23% of the 

observed thalli remained intact with 32% of the crustose and 14% of the foliose lichens. The largest proportions 

of intact thalli of both crustose and foliose were observed under dry dipterocarp forest conditions at 58% and 

31%, respectively. The average growth rate for crustose lichens was 2.8 mm/year with a range between 0.29 

and 7.89 mm/year, whereas those of foliose lichens was 6.36 mm/year with a range between 0.11 and 17.43 

mm/year. Lichens in the five forest types differed in average growth rates. The lowest rate was observed under 

dry evergreen forest and with the highest growth rate being noted under tropical rain forest. In contrast, the 

growth rate of foliose lichens varied from 1.24 to 14.53 mm/year with the lowest rate being found under tropical 

rain forest and the highest rate measured under lower montane forest. Average growth rates of the crustose 

lichens measured after two, four, six, eight, ten, and twelve years, respectively, fluctuated at 1.30, 2.46, 2.52, 

2.59, 2.03 and 2.28 mm/year, while those of the foliose thalli were 6.04, 5.58, 4.78, 5.89, 6.24 and 6.36 mm/ 

year. This study demonstrated that lichen thalli in a sunny and dry habitat in the tropics live longer than in shady 

warm-wet places. Variations in the growth rates at differing ecosystems and over the years reflected variability of 

climatic conditions. These results require amplification and must be further addressed for the sake of conserving 

biodiversity under a changing climate. 


LICHENS AS BIOMARKERS FOR DEW AMOUNT AND DURATION IN THE NEGEV DESERT 

Temina M. 1 , Kidron G. J. 2 

1 Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 

2 Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 

We studied the lichen diversity on cobbles at 18 stations located within four aspects of a second order 

drainage basin near Sede Boqer at the Negev Highlands, Israel where dew was found to be the main water 

source for lichens. At each station 10 cobbles were randomly chosen and the lichen composition and structure 

were investigated and compared to the dew amount and duration that characterize each station. The stations 

were grouped into 5 clusters that showed a close link with the dew moisture regime. Lichen distribution pointed 

to species which can serve as biomarkers for dew amount and especially for dew duration. The data implies 

that lichens can provide information regarding the dew regime at meso-habitats where no microclimatic data are 

available. 

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ASSESSING VARIABILITY OF MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR POPULATION STUDIES IN 

MYCOBIONTS AND PHOTOBIONTS: A CASE STUDY USING LASALLIA PUSTULATA 

Sadowska-Des A. 1 , Balint M. 2 , Nunez J. 3 , Otte J. 2 , Pauls S. 2 , Pino-Bodas R. 4 , Schmitt I. 2 

1 Departament of Biodiversity and Plant Cover Protection, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland 


3 Department of Biología Vegetal II, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain 

4 Department of Biología Vegetal I, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain 

In this study we assess the variability of the following markers: Photobiont: ITS rDNA, actin, RBCL, 

COX, PSB; Mycobiont: ITSrDNA, mtSSU, mtLSU, RPB1, RPB2, MCM7, TSR1 and EF1. We report variability 

of these markers within Lasallia pustulata collected from different populations across Europe. Additionally, we 

checked for diversity of fungal ITS rDNA copies using 454 pyrosequencing of ITS amplicons. This study revealed 

a number of different ITS haplotypes within a single specimen. 


PECULIAR BIODIVERSITY OF LICHENS IN THE DAGESTAN REPUBLIC (RUSSIA) 

Urbanavichyus G. P. 1 , Ismailov A. B. 2 

1 Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of The Industrial Ecology Problems of The North, 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia 

2 Laboratory of Introduction, Mountain Botanical Garden, Dagestan Science Centre, 

Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia 

On grounds of lichenofloristic surveys, the Dagestan Republic is one of the least-known parts of Russia 

as well as the Caucasus Mountains. Due to its diverse geomorphology and altitudinal range, it harbors a speciesrich 

mosaic of xerophilous to alpine vegetation; e.g. mountainous dry pine forests, mesophytic deciduous forests, 

steppes and semi-deserts. Vascular plants are rather well-known and comprise c. 3,000 species, including 73 

local endemics. Nevertheless, only 63 lichen species were known before our investigations. Our study increased 

the number of known lichens and lichenicolous fungi to 460. Within 3 years (2009-2011), 415 species of lichens 

and lichenicolous fungi were recorded within 15 square kilometers in the Gunib plateau (42°24′N, 46°55′E, 

1,450-2,335 m) in Intermontane Dagestan. It has higher lichen biodiversity in a relatively small space than 

anywhere else in Russia. More than 100 recorded species were previously not known from Caucasus and 29 

species are new to Russia. More than 80% of the species (345) were present in two vegetation types: (1) pine 

forest with Pinus kochiana and (2) birch forest; both types together occupy only c. 3 square kilometers of the 

territory. Northern slopes with dense deciduous forests have the highest diversity of cyanolichens, 39 species. 

The major epiphytic diversity was observed on bark of Betula in well-preserved forests, 128 species. Terricolous 

species were recorded mainly above 1,900 m. The majority of saxicolous lichens was found on vertical, sunexposed 

limestone rocks, in both xeric and humid conditions in altitudes 1,500-2,335 m. The lichen flora of the 

Gunib plateau has a high proportion of temperate-oceanic and boreal elements amoung epiphytic lichens; but 

montane-continental and arctic-alpine elements prevail among saxicolous and terricolous lichens. Our preliminary 

data show that the lichen flora of Dagestan is related to the floras in Armeno-Iranian and Central Anatolian 

floristic provinces within the Irano-Turanian region. In conclusion, we estimate more than thousand lichen species 

occurring in Dagestan. 

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GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF SYMBIONT DIVERSITY IN THE GENUS NEPHROMA 

Fedrowitz K. 1 , Kaasalainen U. 2 , Rikkinen J. 2 

1 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala, Sweden 


Patterns of symbiont diversity in cyanolichens are important for the deeper understanding of ecological 

processes affecting these species, such as dispersal, establishment, and symbiont selectivity. We studied 

the diversity of Nephroma (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) mycobionts within a global, phylogenetic framework and 

investigated the genetic diversity of their associated Nostoc photobionts. Fungal genotypes were based on the 

Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), while cyanobacterial diversity was based on 

nucleotide differences in the tRNALeu (UAA) intron. The full data set included over 250 mycobiont and over 350 

photobiont sequences, of which over 140 were obtained from the same lichen specimen, respectively. Our sampling 

was focused on the northern hemisphere, but we also included some material from South America and New 

Zealand. The study illustrates the phylogenetic structure for the genus Nephroma in the northern hemisphere 

and shows that several clades are variable and likely consist of several species. Our results provide evidence 

that several lichen-forming fungi of the genus Nephroma associate with sequence identical Nostoc haplotypes 

over a global scale (Europe – Asia, or Europe – North America). All bipartite species share Nostoc genotypes 

with one or more species, while tripartite species are not monophyletic within Nephroma but use entirely different 

photobiotic strains. Geographic mosaic patterns in symbiont selectivity were identified for two species, showing 

relatively higher selectivity locally compared to globally. Such patterns indicate habitat preferences of particular 

symbiont combinations but also a possible founder effect. We conclude that species of the genus Nephroma are 

selective in their association with symbiotic partners. Particular symbiont associations are linked to geographical 

areas, and several lichen-forming fungi of this genus share sequence identical photobionts over a global scale. 

More studies on photobiont sharing in lichen communities are needed to further identify how and where lichen 

species acquire their symbiotic partners. 

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LICHEN COMMUNITIES ON TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA IN COLD RAINFORESTS: 

WHAT DRIVES COMPOSITION AND RICHNESS? 

Taurer S. 1 , Wagner V. 2 , Hauck M. 3 , Spribille T. 4 

1 University of Graz, Institute of Plant Sciences Graz, Graz, Austria 

2 College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States 

3 Abteilung Pflanzenoekologie und Oekosystemforschung, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany 

4 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States 

Epiphytic lichen communities in southeast Alaska are known to be among the richest of any high latitude, 

conifer-dominated region in the world. However, little is known of the local gradients that cause some lichen 

communities to be especially rich and others poor, and what causes local spikes in richness of cyanolichens. 

Understanding species distribution and richness concentration patterns is important since lichens are used for air 

quality and forest health monitoring. Epiphytic crust lichens were studied on 114 branches of Tsuga heterophylla 

trees at 19 different localities in low elevation boreal rainforests in the vicinity of Juneau, Alaska. Branches of 

equal cut-point diameter and controlled for overall collective twig mass were taken from different heights above 

the ground and in different light exposure situations with replication, and substrate element chemistry was determined 

by spectrometric analysis. Species richness was significantly correlated with a nutrient gradient (N 

content and C/N ratio as well as Zn content). A principal components analysis of species composition against 

quantified environmental gradients revealed a gradient between cyanolichen-dominated branches and those 

dominated by chlorolichens. This gradient was likewise primarily explained by the C/N ratio as well as tree and 

branch age and significant gradients in the content of Zn and other metals and cations. The results reinforce the 

importance of nutrient regimes and forest age structure in determining composition but suggest that cation gradients 

(such as Ca, Mg) ascribed importance for local enrichment of cyanolichen communities in inland regions 

may not explain as much variability in cold coastal rainforests. 


MICROLICHEN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS A WAY TO COMPREHEND TROPICAL DRY 

FOREST REGENERATION 

Miranda-González R. 1 , Lücking R. 2 , Mora- Ardila F. 3 , Barcenas-Peña A. 1 , Herrera- Campos M. A. 1 

1 Botany, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico 

2 Botany, Field Museum, Chicago, United States 

3 Botany, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas (CIEco), UNAM, Morelia, Mexico 

The tropical dry forest is the most extensive ecosystem in the neotropics, and at the same time, one of 

the most endangered ones in the world. As a result, some studies aim to understand its regenerating process. 

The objective of this project was to comprehend the importance that lichen communities have in the succession 

process. For this, we analyzed the microlichen species cover in 204 trees at 4 levels of disturbance, ranging from 

6 years after agricultural use to pristine areas, all on the Mexican Pacific coast. We found more than 120 lichen 

species. The best represented families were Arthoniaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Roccellaceae and Graphidaceae. Our 

analysis suggest that the lichen cover and richness recovers faster than expected, been the 18 years old forest 

statistically equal to the pristine areas. Nonetheless, the lichen community structure was completely different. 

Using an ordination analysis (NMS) we were able to distinguish the mature forest from all the levels of disturbance. 

We also found some lichens that can be used as indicators species of disturbance or conserved areas, 

mainly in the genera Pyrenula and Arthonia, as well as several new species. Using multivariate methods we 

analyzed the preference of species groups to some microenvironmental factors such as relative light intensity, 

phorophyte specificity and pH. Lastly we discuss the application of our results in conservation issues. 

176



STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCEROUS ACTIVITY OF RAMALINA LACERA FOR 

BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION 

Ganesan A. 1 , Ponnusamy P. 1 

1 Biotechnology, K.S.R. College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India 

Highly reactive free radicals and oxygen species are present in biological systems from wide variety 

of sources. These free radicals may oxidize nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA and can initiate degenerative 

disease may include chronic diseases like heart and cancer diseases. Antioxidant compounds such as phenolic 

acid, flavonoids and terpenoids in food samples play an important role as a health-protecting factor. Among the 

plant kingdom, lichens are very important in terms of production of bioactive compounds. They are symbiotic 

organism of both fungus and algae. It has the enormous biomedical applications leads to effective drug molecule 

preparation against particular target. Attempts were made to study the anticancerous and antioxidant activities 

using Ramalina lacera, a fruticose lichen. Sequential extraction of 7 g with 100 ml of five different solvents like 

chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water was carried out using a Soxhalet extractor for 12-15 cycles. 

The extractive value recorded was 18.2, 23.8, 10.2, 73.2 and 37.4 mg/g of dry lichen sample, respectively. 

Among the different solvent systems tested, ethyl acetate was found to be best in terms of rapid extraction 

of bioactive substances from lichens which were recorded as 73.2 mg/g of dry lichens. Further, extracts were 

subjected to DPPH antioxidant activity to measure the scavenging abilities against free radicals at different time 

intervals. The results revealed that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts showed the inhibition of radical as 70.4% 

and 84%, respectively, whereas acetone did not show any activity against free radicals. Aqueous and chloroform 

extracts showed least inhibition activity of 15% and 1.74%, respectively. We conclude that bioactive antioxidant 

molecules mainly present in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts. Both these extracts were subjected to study the 

efficacy against MCF-7 and Hela cancer cell lines. Ethanol extracts showed the better IC 50 than ethyl acetate 

extract and it was found to be 40µM against Hela cell lines whereas MCF-7 cell line was 30µM. 


FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL ROLE OF LICHEN BIOTA 

Martin L. 1 , Martin J. L. 1 

1 Environmental Protection, Euroacademy, Tallinn, Estonia 

It is well known that the ecological (systemic) role of lichen biota in communities is determined by the 

symbiotic character of lichens. In ecological communities, lichens perform as one of the first visible components 

of highly complex ecosystems. At least three important processes are initiated by lichens: accumulation of organic 

material as a result of photosynthesis on initially life-free surfaces, chemical (biochemical, biogeochemical) 

transformation of substrate matter, and accumulation and transformation of matter deposited from atmosphere 

(both dry and wet). Four main peculiarities comprise the following: symbiotic photosynthesis, remarkable selfsurface 

of lichen thalli, passive and active accumulation of water and minerals through atmospheric moisture, 

active penetration of hyphae into substrate surface and bounding of airborne dust particles by hyphae. Substrate 

conditions change under the natural weathering (rock surfaces) or ageing (tree bark) processes or under the 

human impact (environment pollution s.l.). A specific group of substrates are man-made materials. In this 

case, some processes initiated by natural agents are the same as in natural substrates. Very often, man-made 

substrates change in different ways, mainly through oxidation, alkalization, or some other chemical or physical 

destructive processes. Lichens as complex organisms (systems) perform several biospheric functions of 

living mater, such as a gas function, two types of concentration functions, an oxidation-reduction function, an 

acidification-alkalization function, and a biochemical function. 

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LICHENS IN HYPERTROPHICATED ENVIRONMENT - FOREST AFFECTED BY 

GREAT CORMORANT COLONY 

Motiejunaite J. 1 , Adamonyte G. 1 , Dagys M. 2 , Matuleviciute D. 1 , Taraskevicius R. 3 

1 Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania 

2 Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania 

3 Institute of Geology and Geography, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania 

Piscivorous birds are an important agent, transferring nutrients from aquatic ecosystems to the terrestrial 

habitats by depositing food scraps, egg shells, feathers, dead bodies of birds and large amounts of nutrientrich 

excrements, thus dramatically influencing soil nutrient balance and changing plant cover. The continental 

subspecies of the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) is an alien bird that spreads in the coastal 

forests of the Baltic region. The largest and oldest cormorant colony in Lithuania was studied for its influence on 

various components of pine forest ecosystem, lichens among them. Epiphytic and epixylic lichens were investigated 

on all available substrate groups in forest parts under varying degree of bird colony influence.Cormorant 

colony activities dramatically changed lichen communities transforming them into species-poor nitrophilic assemblages 

with prevailing two highly nitrotolerant lichens, that often formed monospecific communities on bark 

(Phaeophyscia orbicularis) or vertical wood surfaces (Xanthoria candelaria) in the centre of the colony, not used 

for nesting by now. Total lichen desert and depauperated communities of lichens typical to pines coincided with 

the most active nesting zone and its outer (expansion) edge respectively. Outside the colony, acidophilic and 

neutrophilic lichen communities prevailed. Distribution of lichen community types in the studied area coincided 

with numbers and abundance of eutrophic and alien vascular plant species in lower forest vegetation layers. 

Changes in lichen species numbers, composition, abundance and substrate colonization correlated with significant 

alterations of substrate chemistry. Content of nitrogen in pine bark in the colony centre up to 1.5 times 

exceeded bark N outside the colony, content of phosphorus - up to five times, bark pH in the colony centre 

reached 7.5-8, while outside the colony it was 3.5-6. Lichen desert in the part of the colony with highest concentration 

of nests was apparently related to extremely high pH levels of bark during the nesting period and to colony 

development dynamics: too short time span between die-away of acidophilic and establishment of nitrophilous 

species. The research was funded by the Research Council of Lithuania, grant No. LEK-23/2010. 

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NOCTURNAL HYDRATION INCREASES LICHEN GROWTH RATES 

Bidussi M. 1 , Gauslaa Y. 1 , Solhaug K. 1 

1 Department of Ecology and Nature Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway 

The aim of this experiment was to understand how hydration events during periods of light and darkness 

influenced viability and growth in Lobaria pulmonaria and L. scrobiculata under controlled conditions. The 

study was motivated by a need to develop optimal conditions for lichen growth during short-term experiments. 

In total 400 thalli of each species were grown in growth chambers for 14 days at a 12 hrs photoperiod with 100 

μmol photons m -1 s -2 light intensity at four diurnal temperature regimes: 25°-20°C, 21°-16°C, 13°-8°C, and 6°-1 

°C during which the highest temperature in each regime was given during day, and the lowest during night. The 

samples were given two different treatments: 50% of the thalli were moistened twice a day to keep them continuously 

wet, whereas 50% were moistened only once early. The latter treatment kept the thalli moist during the 

light periods, but dry during all dark periods. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (CaF) was assessed before and after the 

experiment to quantify possible stress due to treatment, and growth rates were quantified in terms of biomass 

(dry weight) and thallus area increments. In general, both species showed higher growth rates (dry mass and 

area) and higher values of photosynthetic efficiency, Fv/Fm when they were permanently moist. This suggests 

that nocturnal respiration may enhance the conversion rate of photosynthates into thallus extension and thus, 

at least in short term, boost lichens growth. Furthermore, the growth chamber temperature strongly influenced 

growth rates for both species. However, L. pulmonaria had a higher optimal temperature for growth (21-16°C) 

than L. scrobiculata (13-8°C). 


LICHENS AS BIO-INDICATORS OF AMMONIA CONCENTRATION IN FLANDERS 

Van Den Broeck D. 1 , Herremans M. 2 , Meremans D. 3 , Van Avermaet P. 3 

1 Bryophyta-Thallophyta, National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium 

2 Studie, Natuurpunt Studie VZW, Mechelen, Belgium 

3 Air, Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij, Antwerp, Belgium 

Monitoring of ammonia through its effects on biodiversity using epiphytic lichens is well established in 

some countries, e.g. the Netherlands. The present study investigated the feasibility of using epiphytic lichens 

for bio-monitoring ammonia concentrations in Flanders (Belgium), with particular focus on the classification of 

concentrations above or below the WHO-norm of 8 µg/m 3 (critical level for vegetation). Secondary aim was 

to find a simple yet sufficiently accurate method that could even be applied by non-specialists of lichens. Air 

concentrations of ammonia were continuously measured for 13 months by passive samplers at 100 points at 

different distances to the northeast of a live stock farm. Lichens were studied on (6-) 10 oaks or poplars at the 

same points. Results indicate that it is possible to develop a bio-monitoring network based on a small selection 

of lichen species, particularly in order to distinguish between minimum ammonia levels below or above the 

WHO-norm. 

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NITROGEN DRIVES LICHEN COMMUNITY CHANGES THROUGH 

THE DIFFERENT SPECIES RESPONSES 

Johansson O. 1 , Palmqvist K. 1 

1 Department of Ecology and Environmental Science ,UMEA University, Umeå, Sweden 

Nitrogen (N) deposition has increased globally over the last 150 years and further increase is predicted 

in the future. N is an important nutrient for lichens, involved in many processes in both the photobiont and mycobiont. 

However, N can also be excessive, with many lichens and lichen communities disappearing with increased 

deposition. We initiated a long-term experiment aiming at understanding the underlying dynamic processes that 

lead to altered structure and die-back of epiphytic lichen communities with increased N load. The aim was to 

study how the N deposition would affect the epiphytic lichen community composition in a naturally N poor boreal 

forest. This was done by daily fertilization (during the growing season) of spruce trees with a rich lichen flora at 

five N levels (0.6, 6, 12.5, 25 and 50 kg N ha -1 year -1 ) during four consecutive growing seasons (2006-2009), 

and yearly monitoring of changes in abundance of crustose, foliose, and pendulous lichens. Change in lichen 

abundance on each branch was recorded each autumn and 2005 before the treatments started. The simulated N 

deposition caused significant changes for Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria spp. and Hypogymnia physodes. A. sarmentosa 

increased over time in the lower two levels of N, remained stable at intermediate levels, and decreased 

at the higher levels. The abundance of Bryoria spp. showed a positive response to 6 kg N, but negative to 12.5 

kg N and higher loads. Hypogymnia spp. decreased over time for all treatments except in 12.5 kg ha -1 , where 

it only decreased during the first treatment year and then increased after 2007. The abundance of Platismatia 

glauca increased over time, independent of treatment. Our results show that four years of simulated N deposition 

caused an alteration of the epiphytic lichen community. As we hypothesized, responses to the treatments 

differed among species, reflecting their different N optima. The results indicated that decreased stability of the 

lichen thalli, due to altered phytobiont:mycobiont ratio or parasitic fungal attacks, might be causing the decline 

of A. sarmentosa, and that competitive interactions were not important for changes in species abundance during 

the first four years. 

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HOW MUCH DOES LICHEN DIVERSITY INDICATE GLOBAL CHANGE? 

ASSESSING THE USE IN BEECH FORESTS 

Llop E. 1 

1 Plant Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 

Mediterranean forests undergo the consequences of global change. The effects are much relied to 

climate drivers (global warming and changes in rain regimes) and human activities (e.g., changes in land use, 

forest management). Despite changes on Mediterranean communities have been documented from a long term, 

current alterations happen faster and more severe. Some communities are dramatically affected, challenging 

their ability to overcome. Beech forests can be included within forests communities menaced by global change 

within Mediterranean areas, which represents their southern boundary range. They thrive under specific climatic 

conditions, characterized by higher rain regime. The convergence of a diminution of precipitation and a rise in 

temperature would restrict suitable areas for Fagus sylvatica; thus limiting the development of well established 

forests. In addition, agricultural activities are also limiting and, sometimes, reducing their former area. Changes 

on forest communities affect all the levels, being more noticeable on the most sensitive components, namely 

lichens. Lichen diversity is being used to assess environmental quality on forests. Several components of lichen 

diversity, mainly referring to biotype, eutrophication, humidity requirements, pH of the substrate, have been 

included to study beech forest quality from the North-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Lichen diversity and functional 

groups will be analysed and related with environmental parameters, including climate and land use change. A 

first group of lichen species is distinguished, composed by crustose biotype, mainly with Trentepohlia as photobiont, 

mesotrophic, and hygrophytic to mesohygrophytic and neutrophilous. This group of species is found in all 

the analysed forest and will represent the climax community on Fagus sylvatica trees. Changes in the conditions 

of forests, such openings or proximity to agricultural areas, determine the irruption of a second group of species 

characterized by foliose biotype, trebouxioid algae as a photobiont, eutrophic, mesohygrophytic to xerophytic 

and basophilous. The future predictions on climate change, reducing the area suitable for Fagus sylvatica in the 

area, will lead to the replacement of beech forests to pine or oak forests, promoting a shift on lichen community 

with an increase of the second group of species. 

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SURVEYING LICHEN BIODIVERSITY ON ROYSTONEA REGIA IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT 

Scharnagl K. 1 

1 Environmental Studies / Biology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States 

Lichen biodiversity is often used to assess air quality and ecosystem health within non-urban environments. 

This project, however, looks at the diversity and abundance of foliose, fruticose, and crustose lichens on 

a particular substrate, Roystonea regia, comparing a university campus versus a botanical garden in the middle 

of a metropolis. The particular substrate was chosen for two main reasons; first, it is distributed throughout the 

study area, being exposed to a variety of levels of impact, and second because it’s large smooth trunks provide 

an ideal location for discovering and identifying discrete lichen species. Roystonea regia is found in Cuba, Florida, 

the Bahamas and the Yucatan Peninsula, and specimens thereof are often imported from and transferred 

between these various locations. It is thus likely that lichen species unique to these other subtropical areas have 

made their way to south Florida on a royal palm tree. Trunks are surveyed from the base of the tree to 1.6m. It is 

acknowledged that not surveying the higher portion of the trunk may have overlooked some lichen species only 

occurring there. Lichens are primarily identified via morphology. Some collecting will be made, if identification 

cannot be easily done with morphology, if the specimen seems to be new to the area [and if there is enough of 

it that a small collection will not hurt its population], or if the particular lichen species is being found in a unique 

circumstance requiring further investigation. Ideally molecular work will be performed on lichen species found, 

however this component of the project will not be complete by January 2012. Lichen diversity is assessed using 

coefficient of community and a set of other similarity indices. It is hypothesized that overall lichen diversity per 

substrate will increase from areas with high impact [foot traffic and automobile traffic] and low moisture, to areas 

with low impact and high moisture [nearby lake or pond]. 


LICHEN FLORA OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA (CROATIA, EUROPE) 

Derežanin L. 1 , Miličević T. 1 , žilić I. 1 , Počanić P. 1 

1 Biology Division, Faculty of Science, Zagreb, Croatia 

River Zrmanja is a representative karst river in northern Dalmatia, characterized by a rich and unique 

flora and fauna. Part of the area belongs to the Nature Park “South Velebit” and along its inflow Krupa with 

numerous waterfalls, cascades and rapids forms habitat of particular importance for endemic species, such as 

Degenia velebitica. Furthermore, river canyon with its sandbanks and sandy dunes is one of the greatest natural 

resources of Croatia. As a part of a student project entitled “Biodiversity research of River Zrmanja 2010” maintained 

by Biology Students Association, Lichenology group carried out the research in the wider area of the River 

Zrmanja and conducted inventory of lichen flora. During our field research 76 species were found and could be 

distributed in 18 families. Among these species there are 3 that are recorded on the Red List of lichens of Republic 

of Croatia. These are Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf and Teloschistes 

chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr. Presence of these species some of which are extremely sensitive to air pollution 

is conceivable evidence of ecological preservation of this region of Croatia. As the last lichenological research 

of this area and the majority of the data gathered, contain imprecisely described locations, age over 50 years, 

therefore lichenological studies are of great importance for this region. We are willing to provide more fieldwork 

and research in order to gather this specific data for assaying lichen biodiversity, also to conduct comparison of 

species of the similar habitats and to determine impact of the environmental changes to the lichen flora. 

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ESTABLISHMENT OF A FREQUENCY-BASED EPIPHYTIC LICHEN BIO-MONITORING 

SCHEME TO EVALUATE ATMOSPHERIC NH 3 POLLUTION IN THE UK 

Lewis J. 1 , Crittenden P. D. 1 , Leith I. D. 2 , Sheppard L. J. 2 , Sutton M. A. 2 , Wolseley P. 3 


2 Bush Estate, Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, United Kingdom 


Following declines in atmospheric SO 2 , concerns have arisen over the impact of atmospheric inorganic 

nitrogen (N) concentrations on ecosystems. Atmospheric N pollution is typically dominated by oxidised forms 

in urban areas and reduced forms in rural ones, with the main source of reduced N being NH 3 from animal byproducts. 

Lichen species associated with the Xanothorion parietinae alliance are typically observed to colonise 

affected areas, and previous studies have shown that epiphytic lichens can be used as effective bio-indicators of 

N pollution. An example of this is the UK-tested Lichen Acidophyte Nitrophyte (LAN) scoring system. However, 

a review of suitable indicator species for use in a UK-based bio-monitoring scheme is required for numerous 

reasons. These include the lower background NH 3 concentrations in the UK, the confounding influence of climate, 

temporal-spatial fragmentation of potential indicators resulting from previous SO 2 perturbation and ease 

of lichen species identification by non-specialists. Lichens were surveyed on trunks and branches at 28 sites 

across the UK, following an established technique. A shortlist of indicator species was produced specific to NH 3 

concentrations in air from an indicator species analysis undertaken in PC-Ord. These species were used to test 

the efficacy of a simple frequency-based version of the LAN scoring system, which reduced levels of subjectivity 

and species bias inherently present in an abundance-based surveying technique. Individual indicator species 

were given no weighting in the Frequency-based LAN (FLAN) to further offset any potential geographical bias 

resulting from the more species-poor regions that were adversely affected by SO 2 pollution in the past. Correlation 

and regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships between the scoring system and potentially 

confounding variables, including other N forms, deposition rates, climate and phorophyte species. The findings 

of the study suggest that the FLAN technique may prove a fast and effective means of epiphytic bio-monitoring 

for atmospheric NH 3 in the UK, by using a limited number of easily identifiable lichens. NO 2 was observed to be 

a confounding factor, but the established similarity in effects of NO 2 and NH 3 on lichen communities suggests 

the technique may be transferable to urban areas. 

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LICHEN FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING THE FIRST EFFECTS 

OF CLIMATE CHANGE: DEVELOPING AN EARLY-WARNING ECOLOGICAL INDICATOR 

Matos P. 1 , Pinho P. 2 , Munzi S. 2 , Llop E. 2 , Branquinho C. 2 

1 Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Aveiro University, Lisbon, Portugal 

2 Centre for Environmental Biology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing conservation and it is predicted that its impact 

will be most significant in the Mediterranean region due to increased temperatures and reduced precipitation. 

There is a need to have tools for monitoring and even anticipate the subtle changes that will occur due to climate 

change. We used lichen functional diversity with the aim of detecting climate change conditions both in space 

and time. This was done in southern Portugal, in a region characterized by a Mediterranean climate but with 

heterogeneous conditions in terms of humidity and precipitation: the coastal areas have higher humidity due to 

the predominant northwest winds that come from the sea, whereas the inner areas of this region is much dryer 

and can be classified as semi-arid. Lichen biodiversity was divided in groups of hygrophyte or xerophytes lichens 

classified on the bases of expert knowledge. They were also divided on the basis of the genus of the alga involved 

in the symbiosis and also according to their growth form. An index of lichen abundance, Lichen Diversity Value 

(LDV) was calculated using a standard methodology. The results have shown that the functional groups related 

to water requirements and growth forms were significantly correlated with macroclimatic changes in space. The 

LDV also showed a response to temperature variance over time, in a 5 year interval. Surprisingly, we found that 

the number of lichen species with photobionts of the genus Trentepohlia has been increasing along time in the 

semi-arid area and this was well related to the increasing levels of relative humidity. Therefore, lichen functional 

diversity showed to be a good candidate for an ecological indicator for the early effects of climate change. 

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4A: Evolution and Systematics in the Teloschistales 


MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND RECENT TAXONOMY OF ASIAN RUSAVSKIA ELEGANS 

COMPLEX AND CLOSELY RELATED GASPARRINIOID LICHENS (TELOSCHISTACEAE, 

LICHEN-FORMING FUNGI) 

Kondratyuk S. Y. 1 , Fedorenko N. M. 1 , Hur J. 2 , Galanina I. 3 , Zarei-Darki B. 4 , Tsurykau A. 5 , Thell A. 6 , Kärnefelt I. 6 

1 Lichenology and Bryology, M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Kiev, Ukraine 


3 Herbarium, The Botanical Garden Institute, Vladivostok, Russia 

4 Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran 

5 Botany Dept,F. Skoriny Gomel State Univesity, Gomel, Belarus 

6 Lund University, Biological Museums, Lund, Sweden 

Xanthoria elegans (Link) Th.Fr., with narrow and convex lobes, in contrast to wide and plane thalline 

lobes of Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th.Fr. was recognized at the end of the 18 th century. The X. elegans group 

including 12 species was segregated from the genus Xanthoria as a separate genus, Rusavskia S. Y. Kondr. 

& Kärnefelt, in 2003 based on morphological and anatomical data (Kondratyuk & Kärnefelt 2003). Later it was 

shown that the Rusavskia elegans group including R. elegans (Link) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, R. sorediata (Vain.) 

S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, R. papillifera (Vain.) S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt and R. digitata (S.Y. Kondr.) S.Y. Kondr. 

& Kärnefelt, forms a robust monophyletic branch in the family Teloschistaceae according to molecular data 

(Fedorenko et al., 2009, 2011). Rusavskia elegans is frequently misidentified, and even gene bank sequences 

ascribed to R. elegans in fact belong to the Caloplaca saxicola group. About ten morphologically similar to R. 

elegans lichen groups shown to form separate robust monophyletic branches in the phylogenetic tree of the 

Teloschistaceae (Kondratyuk et al. in prep.). Among them there are the following: Rusavskia resendei (Poelt) 

S.Y. Kondr. & Kärnefelt, showing also similarity to Xanthoria parietina group, as well as the gasparrinioid (=placodioid) 

species groups Caloplaca saxicola, C. regalis, C. aurantia, C. trachyphylla, C. elegantissima etc. Results 

of phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and new morphological and anatomical 

data, on groups mentioned above will be illustrated. Their taxonomic status will be especially discussed. New 

Asian species of the Rusavskia elegans group and closely related groups of gasparrinioid lichens, i.e. C. trachyphylla 

(Tuck.) Zahlbr., C. mogoltanica S.Y. Kondr. & Kudratov, C. scrobiculata H. Magn.), as well as taxa of C. 

persica (J. Steiner) M. Steiner & Poelt and C. intrudens H. Magn. groups will be presented. Financial support of 

the State Agency on Science, Innovation and Information of Ukraine (417/2011) is appreciated. 

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OBLIGATE AND OTHER LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI ON XANTHORIA PARIETINA 

AS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE TAXONOMY OF THE TELOSCHISTACEAE 

Fleischhacker A. 1 , Hafellner J. 1 

1 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Steiermark, Graz, Austria 

Due to nitrogen pollution Xanthoria parietina is a vastly spreading macrolichen at least in Europe. 

Therefore, the thallus surface area available for infection by lichenicolous fungi is dramatically increased. Based 

mainly on Central European material the diversity of lichenicolous fungi invading either thalli and/or ascomata 

of Xanthoria parietina has been investigated. The aim of the study was to elucidate if a macrolichen becoming 

so common and dominant in epiphytic lichen communities has an influence on the regional diversity and commonness 

of its lichenicolous fungi. So far 27 species are known to be able to live on Xanthoria parietina, placing 

this common macrolichen among the lichen species with an astonishingly rich fungus flora. Fourteen fungi 

are known from their teleomorphic state and can therefore be classified by their phenotypic characters. The 

taxonomic position of the anamorphic fungi is so far only partly resolved. Various fungal orders contribute one 

to several members to the xanthoriicolous fungus diversity (number of affiliated taxa in brackets): Pleosporales 

(5), Hypocreales (4), Arthoniales (3), Capnodiales (3), Verrucariales (2), Lecanorales (1), Dothideales (1), Atheliales 

(1), Liceales (1), Corticiales (1) and further anamorphic fungi (5). Five taxa exhibit a narrow host spectrum 

and appear to be restricted to the Xanthoria parietina group, six species appear to be host-specific at the family 

level. Nine species are obligately lichenicolous fungi with a broad host spectrum, whereas seven taxa are 

facultatively lichenicolous, hence about 60 percent belong to the omnivorous element. Various degrees of host 

specificity of the xanthoriicolous fungi may also be used to support or reject phylogenetic reconstruction models 

of Teloschistales. Whereas some species such as Telogalla olivieri, Xanthoriicola physciae and Pyrenochaeta 

xanthoriae have been present in every richer collection, others, like Hainesia xanthoriae, appear to remain rare 

even in a Xanthoria parietina-dominated landscape. 

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4B: Lichen symbionts and ecophysiology 


A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF BIOCIDE EFFICACY THROUGH THE COLOUR BASED 

IMAGE ANALYSIS OF ALGAL CHLOROPHYLL EPIFLUORESCENCE 

Favero-Longo S. E. 1 , Gazzano C. 1 , Fusconi A. 1 , Piervittori R. 1 

1 Dip. Biología Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy 

Epifluorescence microscope observations are applied in the field of stonework conservation to semiquantitatively 

evaluate the efficacy of biocide treatments on epilithic photoautotrophic organisms, including lichens. 

In the current study, dominant lichen species on the marble and calcschist balustrade of the Savoy Castle 

in Govone (NW-Italy) were investigated for their sensitivity to the common biocide benzalkonium chloride (BZC). 

Five species (Aspicilia contorta, Caloplaca citrina, Candelariella aurella, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Verrucaria 

gr. nigrescens) were assayed with different concentrations (0.5%, 2.5%, 5.0% BZC in isopropanol-water 1:1 

mixture), application methods (brushing, spraying) and number of applications (one or two, spaced one week 

apart). Epifluorescence observations were performed 8 and 16 days after the treatments. Three representative 

images per sample (three samples per species per treatment) were analyzed (a) semi-quantitatively, an expert 

eye defining the algal sensitivity according to a 5-level arbitrary scale, and (b) quantitatively, using colour-based 

image analysis (WinCAM software). For each image, we determined the hue, saturation and intensity co-ordinates 

(colour model HSI) of the epifluorescence of six algal cells arbitrarily chosen using a grid. A high linear 

fit was detected between the semi-quantitative data and the hue measures. Spraying gave better results than 

brushing. Single and double treatments with 2.5% and 5.0% BZC showed similar efficacy, and this latter was 

only slightly higher than that of two applications of 0.5% BZC. A. contorta and P. muralis were highly sensitive 

to all the BZC concentrations, while C. citrina, C. aurella and V. muralis showed some resilience also to 5.0% 

BZC. In conclusion, the image analysis approach allows the quantitative/statistical comparison of the efficacy of 

different treatments avoiding the subjective step of the expert evaluation, suggesting that its application could 

extend to the non-expert personnel involved in restoration programs. A comparison of image analysis results 

with measurements on the functionality of the photosynthetic process (Chl-a F) of the treated thalli could allow, 

in the future, the definition of the range of hue values corresponding to active and inactive algal cells. This step 

may further increase the potency of this diagnostic tool and support a progressive reduction of excessive biocide 

dispersion in the environment. 

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MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF LICHENIZED TRENTEPOHLIALES COLLECTED 

IN DIVERSE HABITATS 

Hametner C. 1 , Stocker-Wörgötter E. 1 


The order Trentepohliales is best known as free-living, sub-aerial algae growing in humid situations and 

on varied substrata. Nevertheless, this algal group is as well associated with many ascomycetous fungi of the humid 

tropics, forming lichens. The present study is dealing with trentepohlioid photobionts of different lichen species 

from various collection sites in Europe, Australia, Central- and South America. Due to the fact of poor understanding 

and deficient knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships within the lichenized order Trentepohliales, 

their taxonomy is currently in urgent need of revision. To achieve molecular data for the phylogenetic relationships 

between the trentepohlioid photobionts from the various collection sites mentioned above, we performed 

DNA analyses with especially and newly designed primers. Therefore, the lichenized algae of selected lichens 

were isolated according to a modified Yamamoto-method using thallus fragments. The isolation or culturing was 

performed on different nutrient media, e.g. Bolds Basal Medium, Woods Hole MBL, and optimal Haematococcus 

Medium. To enhance the biomass production, the culture methods and conditions were altered referring to the 

origin of the lichens, collected in tropical or temperate climatic regions. The DNA of the cultured trentepohlioid 

algae were extracted by using a modified CTAB-method and DNA analyses were accomplished with universal 

primer to amplify the genomic 18S rDNA, the genomic ITS region and the rbcL region of the chloroplast DNA to 

maintain sequences for the primer-design. Accordingly, these special trentepohlioid primers were used for further 

molecular analyses by using the algal DNA of the lichen thalli. The identifications of the obtained sequences 

from the algal cultures and the corresponding lichen thalli were carried out by NCBI BLAST alignment. The maximum 

likelihood trees of the different Trentepohliales-sequences were computed with the programs MrBayes and 

BEAST. Results indicate that the growth of the cultured photobionts is highly polymorphic depending upon the 

composition of the used nutrient media. Moreover the algal cells produce different levels of carotinoid contents 

(e.g. astaxanthin), which are deposited once as ellipsoidal bodies or small spherical droplets. Phylogenetic trees 

representing all investigated species from tropical and temperate habitats are presented. 

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COMPARISON OF FLUORESCENCE ACTIVITY IN POPULATIONS OF 

LASALLIA PUSTULATA AND L. HISPANICA IN THE FIELD AND UNDER LAB 

CONDITIONS ALONG A SEASONAL GRADIENT 

Vivas M. 1 , Pintado A. 2 , Pérez-Ortega S. 3 , Sancho L. 2 


2 Biología Vegetal II, Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain 

3 MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain 

Lasallia pustulata and L. hispanica (Umbilicariaceae, Lecanorales) are the two only species of this 

genus present in Iberian Peninsula. They often share distribution, although L. hispanica can stand harder conditions, 

being able to colonize higher altitudes in Iberian mountains. We have chosen a locality near Madrid, in 

Central Spain, where the two species coexist, to test the consistency of fluorescence field and lab measurements. 

For that purpose, we have measured the evolution of PSII quantum yield once a month during a whole 

year in field conditions, and then we have collected three thalli of each species to repeat these measurements 

after two days of acclimation to lab conditions (namely, 12h 100 µmol m -2 s -1 / 12 h darkness, 10 º C, spraying once 

a day with spring water), trying to minimize the influence of previous climatic episodes in fluorescence performance. 

The comparison between both systems shows a common pattern of evolution along the year. However, 

we could observe differences that reflect the influence of previous days weather in the results, showing a highly 

plastic response of Chl a. 

(4B-P4) Submission ID: IAL0158 - 00002 

PHOTOBIONT SELECTIVITY AND SPECIFICITY IN CALOPLACA SPECIES IN A FOG 

INDUCED LICHEN COMMUNITY IN THE ATACAMA DESERT, NORTHERN CHILE 

Vargas R. 1 , Beck A. 2 

1 Departamento de Botanica, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile 

2 Lichenology and Bryology, Botanische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany 

Little is known about the nature of the association between mycobionts and photobionts in isolated 

communities. Here we studied the photobiont diversity of different Caloplaca Th. Fr. species in a fog induced 

community in the Atacama Desert. We compared nrDNA ITS sequences of both symbionts, photobionts and 

mycobionts, along with morphological characters of the different lichen thalli, to investigate the diversity and to 

assess the degree of selectivity and specificity of photobionts species in a community of Caloplaca species. 

Specimens of 6 species (C. orthoclada Zahlbr., C. fernandeziana Zahlbr. and 4 undescribed species) were 

sampled in an altitudinal gradient in a coastal riff with strong fog presence, 60 km south of Iquique, Chile. The 

photobiont species in this community belonged to two species of the genus Trebouxia, T. arboricola Puymaly s.l. 

and T. gigantea (Hildreth & Ahmadjian) Gaertner. Most of the fungal species were lichenized with photobionts 

belonging to different haplotypes of T. arboricola s.l., although specimens of two species (C. orthoclada and C. 

sp. 1) were related to representatives of T. gigantea as well. These results indicate that members of the genus 

Caloplaca in northern Chile have a moderate selectivity and appear to be selective to members of the Trebouxia 

arboricola group. Also, an altitudinal variation in Trebouxia haplotypes was observed at high altitudes, which had 

higher water availability given a higher fog condensation and precipitation. This may suggest that short-term 

ecological factors, as altitude and water availability could result in local specificity and specialization as a product 

of local adaptation. 

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LICHENIZED FUNGI PROVIDE AN IDEAL OSMOTIC SPACE BY ADJUSTING THEIR 

OWN CELLULAR OSMOLARITY DIFFERENTLY FOR CHLOROBIONTS OR CYANOBIONTS 

Kosugi M. 1 , Shizuma R. 2 , Takeuchi A. 3 , Suzuki Y. 3 , Uesugi K. 3 , Koike H. 4 , Fukunaga Y. 2 , 

Miyazawa A. 2 , Kashino Y. 2 , Satoh K. 2 

1 Biosphere Research Group, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan 

2 Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan 

3 Research & Utilization Division, SPring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo, Japan 

4 Department of Biological Sciences, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan 

Lichens are organisms resulted from symbioses between a fungus and either a green alga or a 

cyanobacterium. They are known to exhibit extreme tolerance of desiccation. Their all metabolic activities are 

stopped in drought condition and rapidly recovered in re-hydration. We investigated the responses of photosystem 

against dehydration using chlorolichens (Ramalina yasudae and Parmotrema tinctorum), cyanolichens 

(Collema subflaccidum and Peltigera degenii), a cephalodium-possessing lichen (Stereocaulon sorediiferum) 

that has a green-algal part and a cyanobacterial part within the same thallus, a green-algal photobiont (Trebouxia 

sp.), an aerial green alga (Trentepolia aurea), and a terrestrial cyanobacterium (Nostoc commune). The response 

of photosystem to dehydration shown by cyanolichen was almost the same as that shown by a terrestrial 

cyanobacterium. The cyanolichen was more sensitive to dehydration than the chlorolichen or the chlorobiont. We 

found that the differences in response to dehydration were closely related to cellular osmolarity; osmolarity was 

comparable between cyanolichen and cyanobacterium and between chlorolichen and green alga. Furthermore, 

in the cephalodium-possessing lichen, the osmolarity of cepharodia and effect of dehydration on cephalodia 

were similar to those of cyanolichen. Responses of its green-algal part within the identical thallus were similar 

to those of chlorolichens. This indicates that photobionts retain their original properties as free-living organisms, 

such as their ability to combat water loss, even after lichenization. More importantly, symbiont fungi adjust their 

osmotic pressures for the sake of their green-algal or cyanobacterial partners; providing suitable osmotic environments 

to combat desiccation. We conclude that the lichen symbiosis involves a mutual partnership rather 

than a commensalism. Inspired by these results, we conducted three-dimensional image analysis by X-ray 

microtomography, and we will also discuss on the morphology related to photosynthetic environments of greenalgal 

and cephalodia parts of a S. sorediiferum. 

190



LICHEN ASSIST THE DROUGHT-INDUCED NPQ OF THEIR PHOTOBIONT BY ARABITOL 

Kosugi M. 1 , Miyake H. 2 , Shibata Y. 3 , Miyazawa A. 4 , Kashino Y. 4 , Satoh K. 4 , Itoh S. 2 

1 Biosphere Research Group, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan 

2 Division of Material Science (physics), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 

3 Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 

4 Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan 

Lichens have remarkable drought tolerance, and such ability enables them to survive in extreme environments 

that frequently fall in desication. We have investigated their highly effective thermal dissipation mechanism 

of excess light energy in photosystem II under drought conditions that is detected as non-photochemical 

quenching (NPQ). Drought-induced non-photochemical quenching (d-NPQ) plays a very important role in photosynthetic 

organisms inhabiting in extreme drought sites, because excess light under drought condition induces 

accumulation of 3chl* and the resulting 3chl* generates relative oxygen species (ROS). ROS causes photoinhibition 

and injures cells leading to cell deaths. Recently, it was reported that the d-NPQ related energy transfer 

from PSII to a fluorescence quencher, F740, and an energy dissipation within 30 fs in dehydrated lichens. However, 

we found that photobiont Trebouxia sp. lost these abilities and became more sensitive against light stress 

once they had been isolated from a lichen body Ramalina yasudae. This phenomenon indicated the presence of 

physico-chemical interaction between the mycobiont and photobiont. We analyzed the water-soluble materials 

obtained during the isolation process of Trebouxia from R. yasudae, and found that a pentane-1, 2, 3, 4, 5-pentol 

(D-Arabitol) was the major component. Therefore, we measured time-resolved fluorescence spectra and analyzed 

decay-associated spectra (DAS) of R. yasudae, isolated Trebouxia and arabitol-treated Trebouxia. As a 

result, isolated Trebouxia didn’t show d-NPQ but arabitol-treated Trebouxia showed d-NPQ and energy transfer 

from PSII to F740 as in lichen. Based on these results, we can conclude that accumulated arabitol in lichen thalli 

accelerate energy dissipation in photobionts under drought conditions leading to the protection of them from 

photoinhibition. 

191 

4B-P


4B-P 


EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPERATE FOLIOSE LICHENS ON COVER SLIPS 

Anstett D. N. 1 , Larsen E. W. 2 

1 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

2 Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

Lichen developmental biology is of special interest because at least two genomes are involved in morphogenesis. 

Yet little is known about this process, in part because lichens grow slowly and are notoriously difficult 

to culture in laboratory conditions. As well, most surfaces used for lichen growth have been difficult to image. 

We attempt to document lichen development by placing soredia from foliose temperate lichens Parmelia sulcata 

and Physcia adscendens onto plastic cover slips and growing them outdoors (in Canada 133 km north-east of 

Toronto) for a period of 15 months. The cover slips allowed non-destructive imaging of live developing lichens 

as well as preparation for light and electron microscopy. Only soredia seeded on cover slips in May (as opposed 

to August or January) successfully developed. These samples were analyzed after 6, 10 and 15 months. Welldeveloped 

attachment hyphae were seen by 6 months (November), while lobules (early lichen thallus) were 

detected after 10 months. In other words they developed between November and March, Ontario, Canada’s 

coldest time of the year. This adds weight to previous inferences that temperate lichens are more developmentally 

competent at cold temperatures. In terms of morphology, the hyphae and lobules varied considerably between 

species, raising the possibility that lichen species or at least genera may be identifiable at an early point in 

the development process. Considering spatial patterns, soredia were often found in clumps. Most development 

occurred on the periphery or outside of the soredial clumps. It was only after 15 months that soredia inside 

clumps began to form more attachment hyphae and lobules with higher frequency. The delayed development 

inside clumps suggests these soredia experience lateral inhibition or a lack of nutrients. Microscopic examination 

suggested that the upper cortex forms after the lower cortex and that it forms in patches. Overall, we have shown 

that foliose temperate lichens can be cultured on cover slips, presenting a method where development may 

be observed in identified lichen species. The cover slip technique may be useful for a variety of culture studies 

including biomonitoring for conditions conducive to lichen development. 

192



EFFECTS OF UVR (A-B) IN CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE OF SEIROPHORA VILLOSA 

AND RAMALINA PUSILLA AND THEIR ISOLATED PHYCOBIONTS 

Salva Hernandez G. 1 , Gasulla F. 1 , Guera A. 2 , Barreno E. 1 

1 Botany, Universitat de Valéncia - ICBIBE, Valéncia, Spain 

2 Plant Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain 

The lichens Seirophora villosa (Ach.) Frödén and Ramalina pusilla Le Prévost grow on twigs of shrubs 

and small trees in coastal dune ecosystems of the Mediterranean area. However, S. villosa grows in microhabitats 

directly exposed to solar radiation, where R. pusilla does not develop, suggesting a better adaptation to ultraviolet 

radiation. These two species may be a good model to understand the acclimation of lichens to different 

types of irradiation. For this reason, we decided to analyze the responses of these lichens and their phycobionts 

both lichenized and in culture. R. pusilla and S. villosa were collected in Es Trenc (Mallorca, Spain) on Juniperus 

turbinata Guss. and Pinus halepensis Miller. Phycobionts were isolated and grown on cellulose-acetate discs on 

agar 3NBBM. The thalli were previously acclimated in growth chambers for 3 days with cycles of 12 h light and 

12 h darkness at 17°C. UVA and UVB fluorescent lamps (Philips) was used and located at a precise distance 

from the samples. The UVA and UVB treatments were done independently. The photosynthetic activity was 

calculated using the fluorometer DualPam (Walz). The chlorophyll a fluorescence (Cla) measurements were 

performed after 7, 14 and 28 days (12/12 day/night cycles at 17°C). Algal discs were exposed to UV during 1 h, 

2 h, 6 h and 24 h. In S. villosa, maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) decline during irradiation time with UVB in 

both thalli and isolated phycobionts. UVA radiation seems to have low effect on the thalli of S. villosa, and damage 

was only observed in cultured phycobionts after 24 h of exposure. The experiments with S. villosa showed 

protection of the algae within the thallus, against UVA and UVB radiation. In R. pusilla a significant effect on Fv/ 

Fm was observed after 7 days UVA exposure in thalli and 6 h in its isolated phycobionts. Our results show that 

the phycobionts of S. pusilla are more sensitive to UV radiation than S. villosa. [MCINN (CGL2009-13429-C02- 

01/02), AECID (PCI_A_l024755/09) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 174/2008 GVA)] 

193 

4B-P


4B-P 


BLUE LIGHT SCREENING REDUCE BLUE LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY 

OF CYANOLICHENS COMPARED WITH CHLOROLICHENS 

Xie L. 1 , Solhaug K. 1 

1 Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway 

Cyanolichens have phycocyanins that mainly absorb light in the green part of the spectrum. Thereby, 

phycocyanins enhance the absorption of light transmitted through a canopy. The combination of phycocyanins 

and chl a may thus improve photosynthesis in shaded forest sites. We compared the chlorolichens Lobaria 

pulmonaria and Peltigera leucophlebia with the cyanolichens L. hallii and P. praetextata by measuring light response 

curves for photosynthetic CO 2 uptake, O 2 evolution, as well as photosystem II efficiency in blue, green 

and red light, respectively. Maximal photosynthetic CO 2 uptake was slightly higher for both cyanolichens than 

for the chlorolichens in green light. In red light there was no difference in maximal CO 2 uptake, whereas both 

cyanolichens had substantially lower photosynthesis in blue light. The same trend occurred for photosynthetic O 2 

evolution. Apparent electron transport rate (ETR) did not differ between red and green light in any of the species. 

For the cyanolichens, ETR showed no sign of light saturation in blue light, indicating that little blue light absorbed 

is used in photosynthesis. Reflectance spectra showed that green light was less reflected in the cyanolichens, 

which may partly explain the slightly higher cyanobacterial photosynthetic CO 2 uptake in green light. However, 

low reflectance of blue light for all lichens cannot explain the reduced photosynthesis in cyanolichens in blue 

light. Transmittance of light through the combined cortex and photobiont layer showed that also the blue light was 

efficiently absorbed. Screening was estimated indirectly by comparing chlorophyll fluorescence ratios between 

chlorophyll fluorescence excited with blue and red light. Much lower blue/red ratios occurred in the cyanolichens 

L. hallii and P. praetextata than in the chlorolichens L. pulmonaria and P. leucophlebia, indicating that screening 

of blue light in the cyanolichens inhibited blue light from reaching the photosynthetic apparatus. The UV and blue 

light absorbing compound scytonemin in cyanobacteria and in some lichens was suggested as a candidate for 

screening. HPLC analyses showed that L. hallii contained some scytonemin that partly may explain the blue light 

screening, whereas P. praetextata contained no scytonemin, Therefore, the mechanism for blue light screening 

and low blue light photosynthesis in cyanolichens remains unknown. 

194

SPONSORS 


Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) 

Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau 

Thailand Research Fund Office of the National Research 

Council of Thailand 

National Center for Genetic Engineering US National Science Foundation 

and Biotechnology 

The Field Museum, Chicago The British Lichen Society 

SUPPORTERS: 

• Aair Lichens Company 

• Becthai Bangkok Equipment & Chemical Co., Ltd. 

• 

Rushmore Pricision Co., Ltd. 

195


196


ABSTRACT 

AUTHOR INDEX 

197


A 

Abbas Rouhollahi M. 3B-2-P3 

Abe J. P. 4I-P14 

Adamonyte G. 5I-P1 

Aguilar G. 1A-O6 

Ahti T. 2A-2-O1, 3A-P16 

Aldecoa R. 1B-O3 

Alfaro M. 3A-O1 

Alvarez R. 3I-P8 

Ambrose M. J. 2B-P20 

Amo de Paz 2A-2-O1 

Andrade A. D. 2B-P27 

Andresson O. 3A-O6, 1B-O5, 1B-P4, 

1B-P5 

Andrew C. J. 4B-O1, 2I-P7, 1I-O6 

Anstett D. N. 4B-P7 

Aptroot A. 2A-1-O2, 2I-P7, 3A-P8, 

4I-P3 

Aragon G. 2B-P16 

Archer D. B. 1B-O2 

Ardila I. 2B-P23 

Arif A 4I-O6 

Armaleo D. 1B-O1, 1B-O6, 1B-P3 

Arnold A. 1I-O2 

Artchawakom T. 3A-P24 

Arup U. 4A-O3, 4A-O4, 4A-O1 

Ascaso C. 2I-O2, 3B-2 - O1 

Asplund J. 3I-O3 

Astete F. 3B-2 - O1 

Atienza V. 1I-P2 

Azuelo A. G. 2B-P2 

B 

Balali G. 1A-P12 

Balint M. 3B-2-P9 

Baloch E. 3A-O3, 3A-P10 

Bárcenas A. 2B-P21 

Barcenas-Peña A. 3B-2-P13 

Barreno E. 1I-O9, 1B-O3, 1I-P7, 

3I-P8, 3I-O6, 3I-P10, 

4B-P8 

Barry K. 1B-O2 

Bawingan P. A. 4I-O5, 2A-1-P2, 2A-1-O4 

Beck A. 1B-O4, 4A-O5, 1I-P1, 

4B-P4 

Belinchon R. 5I-O2 

Benattii M. N. 2A-2-O1, 

Berg G. 1I-P3, 1I-P4, 1I-O4, 

1B-O7 

Berger S. 2A-1-P4 

Bertuzzi S. 5I-O5, 4B-O6,1A-O11 

Betancourt L. 2B-P23, 3A-P18 

Bhattacharya D. 1B-O4 

198 

Bidussi M. 5I-P2 

Bjerke J. 2A-2 - O1, 2A-2 - O3 

Blanc G. 1B-O6 

Blanchon D. 1A-O6 

Blum O. B. 2A-2- P6 

Bode H. B. 1B-P3 

Boonpeng C. 2B-O1, 4I-P17, 3B-2-P1 

Boonpragob K 2A-1-O3, 2I-O6, 2B-O1, 

1A-P5, 4I-P1, 3B-2-P1, 

3B-2-P7, 1A-P1, 2B-P3, 

2B-P4, 4I-P17, 4I-P18, 

3B-2-P6 

Branquinho C. 5I-P9 

Brien H. 1I-O6 

Brodie J. 1I-O6 

Brunauer G. 4B-O3, 2I-P8 

Buaruang K. 2A-2-O1, 4I-P1 

Bungartz F. 3A-P7 

Burgaz A. R. 3A-P15 

Burritt D. J. 4I-O4 

C 

Caceres M. E. 2A-1-P4, 2A-1-P5, 

2B-P27, 2B-P28, 

2B-P29 

Candan M. 2A-2-O1 

Candotto Carniel F. 1A-O11, 5I-O5, 4B-O6 

Caneva G. 1A-O12 

Canez L. 2A-2- P16 

Cannon P. 1A-O12 

Cansaran Duman D. 1A-P7 

Cao S. 1B-P2 

Cardinale M. 1I-O4, 1B-O7 

Carreño F. 3B-1 - O3 

Carter B. E. 2B-O8 

Casano L. M. 1B-O3, 1I-P7, 3I-P8 

Català García S. 1I-P7 

Catala M. 3I-O6, 3I-P10 

Černajová I. 3I-O4 

Chabanenko S. I. 2A-2- P5 

Chantiratikul P. 3I-P7, 4I-P16 

Chatwin W. 2A-2 - O2 

Chaumpluk P. 3A-P24 

Cheenacharoen S. 3B-2 - O4, 4B-O2 

Chokchaisiri R. 4I-P4 

Chun J. 1I-O3 

Ćilerdžić J. 3I-P2, 3I-P6 

Clerc P. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2- P1, 

2A-2- P2 

Coca L. 2B-P23 

Collart F. 1B-O6 

Copeland A. 1B-O2 

Coppins B. 5I-O2 

Cornejo C. 2B-O7, 3A-O4, 3B-1-P4


Crespo A. 2A-2-O1, 2I-O5, 

2A-2- P1, 2I-P4, 

2A-2- P12, 2A-2- P15, 

3A-P21 

Crittenden P. D. 1B-O2, 2I-O1, 4B-O7, 

5I-P8 

Cubas P. 2A-2-O1, 2I-P4 

D 

Dagys M. 5I-P1 

Dahmardeh F. 1A-P12 

Dal Grande F. 4B-O2, 1B-P3, 

3B-1 - P4, 1A-O9 

Dalforno M. 3A-P7 

Dathong W. 3B-2 - O2 

Davies L. 5I-O5, 5I-O6 

Davydov E. A. 2I-P9 

De Jesus L. S. 2B-P27 

De Los Rios A. 2I-O2, 2I-O3, 3B-2 - O1 

Del Campo E. M. 1B-O3, 3I-P8, 1I-P7 

Del Hoyo A. 1B-O3, 3I-P8 

Del-Prado R. 2A-2-O1, 3A-O5 

Derežanin L. 1A-P14, 5I-P7 

Devkota S. 1A-O8 

Diaz-Rodriguez C. 3I-O6 

Diederich P. 1I-O1, 3A-P1 

Din L. B. 4I-P6 

Dingová A. 2B-P13, 1A-O14 

Divakar P. K 1B-O4, 2A-2 - O1, 

2I-P4, 2A-2- P1, 

2A-2- P12, 2A-2- P15, 

2I-O5 

Domaschke S. 1I-O7, 4B-O4 

Dominguez N 3I-P10 

Döring H. 1I-P2 

Dos Santos M. O. 2B-P29 

Dos Santos V. M. 2B-P28 

Duque-Thues R. 1I-O6 

Dyer P. S. 1B-O2 

Dymytrova L. V. 1A-O2, 1A-P9, 2B-P11 

E 

Egan R. S. 2A-2-O1, 

Eggleton P. 1A-O4 

Elix J. A. 2A-2-O1, 3I-O2, 4A-O2, 

2A-2- P17 

Elliott C. 1A-O6 

Ellis C. J. 2I-O1, 5I-O2 

Ennis I. 1A-O6 

Ertz D. 2I-P10, 2B-P15 

Essene A. 3B-1 - O2 

Esslinger T. E. 2A-2 - O2 

Esslinger T. L. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2- P9 

F 

199 

Fankhauser J. D. 3I-O2, 4I-P20 

Farkas E. 1A-P8, 2A-2- P7, 

2B-P26 

Favero - Longo S. E. 1A-O12, 1I-O6, 3I-O5, 

4B-P1 

Fazekas A. 3B-2 - O5 

Fedorenko N. M. 4A-P1 

Fedrowitz K. 3B-2-P11 

Fernandez Mendoza F. 1I-O7, 2A-2 - O4, 2I-O2 

Fernández-Brime S. 4A-O1, 1I-P6 

Feuerer T 4I-O1 

Fewer D.P. 1I-P5 

Fiorentino J. 1A-O12 

Flakus A. 1A-P3, 2A-2- P4, 

2B-P24, 2B-P25, 

2B-P26 

Fleischhacker A. 4A-P2 

Foster B. 1B-O2 

Francini A. 4B-O6, 5I-O5 

Friedl T., Brodie J. 1I-O6 

Frisch A. 2A-1-P5, 2I-P10 

Frödén P. 4A-O4, 4A-O3 

Fujiwara T. 2I-P5 

Fukunaga Y. 4B-P5 

Fusconi A. 4B-P1 

G 

Gagarina L. V. 2B-P8 

Gagunashvili A. 1B-P5 

Galanina I. 4A-P1 

Galbraith M. 1A-O6 

Galvan V. 3B-2 - O1 

Ganesan A. 3B-2-P14, 2B-P5 

García- Breijo F.J. 1I-P7, 3I-P8 

Garcia S. 2A-2 - O2 

Gasparyan A. 1A-P13 

Gasulla F. 4B-P8 

Gauslaa Y. 5I-P2 

Gavilan R. 2A-2-O1 

Gaya E. 1I-P6, 4A-O1 

Gazzano C 4B-P1, 3I-O5 

Ghobad-Nejhad M. 3A-P6, 3B-1 - P1 

Gilbert E. 5I-O7 

Gilbert G. S. 2B-O8 

Giralt M. 4I-P20 

Goes D. D. 2B-P27 

Goffinet B. 3A-P23 

Gómez Bolea A.5 1A-O12 

Gottel N.R. 1I-O5 

Goward T. 2A-2- P10, 2A-2- P11, 

2A-2- P15 

Grakhov V. P. 2A-2- P6


Green T. 4B-O7 

Green T. A. 2I-P8 

Gries C. 5I-O7 

Grigoriev I. 1B-O2 

Grillo M. 1A-O12 

Grube M. 2I-O4, 2I-O6, 2I-O8 

2I-P10, 2I-P2, 2I-P8, 

2A-2-O3, 1I-O4, 1I-P3, 

1I-P4, 1B-O7 

Gueidan C. 1I-O6, 2A-2-O1, 4I-P3, 

3A-P12, 4I-O3, 3A-P8 

Guéra A. 3I-P8, 4B-P8, 1B-O3 

Gutierrez M. 2B-P23 

H 

Hafellner J. 4A-P2 

Hagedorn G. 3B-1 - O5 

Haji Moniri M. 1A-P2 

Halonen P. 2A-2- P10, 2A-2- P11 

Hamat A.B. 4I-P6 

Hametner C. 3I-P1, 4B-P2 

Hampton-Miller C. J. 3B-1 - P3 

Hara K. 2I-P5, 3I-P4, 4I-P13 

Harrie S. 2A-1-P5 

Hauck M. 3B-2-P12 

Hwaksworth D. L. 2A-2-O1 

Hayward G. 1A-O6 

Healy R. A. 3A-O3 

Heiðmarsson S. 3A-P11, 3A-P12, 

3A-P13 

Hernandez J. E. 1A-P11, 2A-1-P5, 

2A-1-P7 

Herremans M. 5I-P3 

Herrera- Campos M. A. 3B-2-P13, 2B-P21 

Hill L. 5I-O6 

Hilton B. 5I-O6 

Himelbrant D. E. 4I-P5 

Hodkinson B.P. 1I-O5 

Högnabba F. 2A-2- P10, 4A-O1, 

3A-P16, 3A-P3, 3A-P22 

Holguín A. 4A-O1 

Holien H. 2A-2- P10, 2A-2- P11 

Hong S 1I-O3 

Hosaka K. 4I-P14 

Huallparimachi G. 3B-2 - O1 

Hur J-S. 2A-2-O1, 4A-O2, 4I-P12, 

2I-P6, 3I-P3, 3I-P5, 

4A-P1 

I 

Ismailov A. B. 3B-2-P10 

Itoh S. 4B-P6 

J 

Jääskeläinen K. 3A-P14 

Jagadeesh Ram T.A.M. 4I-P11 

Jarman J. 2B-O5 

Jayalal R. U. 4I-O7, 4I-P3 

Jeong G. 1I-O3 

Jeong M. H. 3I-P5 

Jhumpasri T. 4I-P17 

Johansson O. 4B-O8, 5I-P4 

John E. A. 4I-P6 

Jokela J. 1I-P5 

Joneson S. 1I-O6 

Jonsson H. 1B-O5 

Jonsson Z. O. 3A-O6, 1B-P4, 1B-O5 

Jovan S. E. 5I-O4, 2B-P20 

Jüriado I. 3B-2 - O3 

K 

Kaasalainen U. 1I-P5, 3B-2-P11 

Kakishima M. 4I-P14 

Kalb K. J. 3B-1 - O2, 2B-P28, 

4I-P1, 2A-1-O3, 

2A-1-P5, 3A-P2, 

2A-1-P2, 4I-P8, 4I-P13 

Kantvilas G. 2A-2-O1, 2B-O5 

Kärnefelt I. 4A-P1, 4A-O2 

Karunaratne V. 4I-O7, 4I-P3 

Kashino Y. 4B-P5, 4B-P6 

Kasuya T. 4I-P14 

Kauff F. 2A-2 - O1, 2I-O5 

Kazakova M. V. 2B-P10 

Keoinpaeng S. 4I-P16 

Khare R. 4I-P19 

Kharpukhaeva T. M. 2B-P9 

Khodosovtsev O. Y. 1A-P9 

Khongsatra P. 3B-2-P6, 4I-P18 

Khramchankova V. 5I-O3 

Kidron G. J. 3B-2-P8 

Kim J. 3I-P5 

Kim K. 1I-O3 

Kirika P. M. 2B-P17 

Klug B. 1I-P4 

Koike H. 4B-P5 

Komine M. 2I-P5, 4I-P13, 3I-P4 

Kondratyuk S. Y. 4A-O2, 1A-P6, 4A-P1 

Kono M. 1B-P1 

Konoreva L. A. 2B-P10 

Kosakul T. 3A-P24 

Kosugi M. 4B-P5, 4B-P6 

Kraichak E. 2B-O8 

Krishnamurthy Y. 2B-P6, 2B-O3 

Kristin K. T. 2A-2-O1 

Krzewicka B. 3B-2-P4 

200


Kukwa M. 2A-2- P4, 2B-P24 M 

Kuo A. 1B-O2 

Magain N. 3A-P23 

L 

Magallon S. 3A-O1 

Magday E. J. 2B-P2 

Laitinen S. 2A-2- P10 

Mangold A. 2A-1-P5 

Lardizaval M. 4I-O5 

Manoch L. 2A-1-O3, 4I-P1, 4I-P8 

Larsen E. W. 4B-P7 

Manoharan S. S. 1B-O5, 1B-P4 

Launis A. 3A-P14 

Marcelli M. P. 2A-2- P17 

Lawrey J. 1I-O1, 3A-P7 

Marín I 1B-O3 

Leavitt S. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2 - O2, Marmor L. 2B-P14 

2A-2- P9, 3A-P4 Mark K. 2A-2 - O5 

Leite A. B. 2B-P28 

Marques J. 1A-O12 

Leith I. D. 5I-P8 

Martin F. 1B-O6 

Leppik E. 3B-2 - O3 

Martin J. L. 3B-2-P15 

Lewis J. 5I-P8 

Martin L. 3B-2-P15 

Li C. 3I-P3 

Martin M. P. 3A-P15 

Lichen Symbiogenesis Team 1I-O9 

Martínez- Alberola F. 1B-O3 

Liira J. 3B-2 - O3 

Martinez I. 1A-O3, 2B-O6, 

Lindgren H. 2A-2- P10 

3B-1 - O3, 2B-P16 

Lisangan-tabaquero A. 2A-1-P2 

Maryani L. 4I-P9 

Liu Y. 3I-P3 

Maryawatie B. 4I-P9 

Llimona X. 1I-P6 

Maslać M. 1A-P14 

Llop E. 1I-P6, 5I-P9, 5I-P5 Mateus N. 2B-P23 

Lõhmus P. 1A-O10 

Matos P. 5I-P9 

Lokos L. 2A-2- P7, 1A-P8 Matsumoto H. , 4I-P14 

Lord J. M. 4I-O4 

Matteucci E. 1A-O12 

Luangsuphabool T. 3A-P9, 4I-P10 

Mattsson J.E. 2A-2-O1 

Lücking R. 3A-O2, 3A-P2, 3A-O3, Matuleviciute D. 5I-P1 

1I-O6, 3B-1 - O2, Mccune B. 2A-2 - O1, 2B-O2 

4B-O1, 2I-P7, 2A-1-P4, Mcdonald T. 3A-O1 

2A-1-P5, 2A-1-P6, Mcmullin R. T. 3B-2 - O5 

3A-P17, 3B-2-P13, Meesim S. 4I-P1 

3A-O7, 2A-1-P1, Mendonca C. O. 2B-P29 

2A-1-P2, 2A-1-P7, Menezes A. A. 2B-P28 

2B-P23, 2B-P27, Merchant S. 1B-O6 

2B-P28, 2B-P29, 3A-P7, Meremans D. 5I-P3 

3A-P19, 3A-P20, Merinero S. 1A-O3, 2B-O6, 2B-P16 

2B-P21, 4I-P7, 3A-P18, Miadlikowska J. 1I-O2, 2A-2-O1, 3A-O1, 

4A-O1, 2A-1-O4 

3A-P11, 3A-P12, 3A-P23 

Ludwig L. R. 4I-O4, 4I-P7 

Miao V. 1B-O5, 3A-O6, 1B-P4, 

Lumbsch H. 3A-O2, 2I-O5, 3I-O2, 

1B-O1 

2I-P7, 2I-O6, 2A-2 - O2, Miranda González R. 2B-P21 

2A-2 - O1, 3A-O3, Miličević T. 5I-P7, 1A-P14 

2A-1-P1, 2A-2- P9, Millanes A. M. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2- P15, 

3A-P9, 2A-1-P2, 

3A-P1 

2A-1-P5, 2A-1-P6, Miranda-González R. 3B-2-P13 

3A-P8, 3A-P15, 3A-P17, Miyake H. 4B-P6 

2B-P1, 2B-P17 

Miyazawa A. 4B-P5, 4B-P6 

Luo H. 2I-P6, 3I-P3 

Moberg R. 4I-P20 

Lutsak T. V. 2A-2- P6 

Modenesi P. 1A-O12 

Lutzoni F. 1I-O2, 1I-O5, 1B-O6, Mohammadi P 3B-2-P2 

4A-O1, 3A-P11, 3A-P23, Molina M. C. 1B-O4, 2A-2-O1, 

1I-O6, 3A-O1, 3A-P12 

2A-2- P15 

Molnar K. 1A-P8, 4A-O1 

201


Moncada Cardenas B. 3A-P17, 3A-P19, 

3A-P18, 3A-P20, 

2B-P22, 2B-P23 

Mongkolsuk P. 2I-O6, 2A-1-O3, 4I-P1, 

4I-P8 

Montecillo R. G. 2B-P2 

Mora- Ardila F. 3B-2-P13 

Moreno H. 3I-P10 

Morin R. S. 2B-P20 

Mota D. A. 2B-P29 

Motiejunaite J. 5I-P1 

Muangsan N. 3B-2-P5 

Muchnik (Moutchnik) E. E. 1A-O13, 2B-P10 

Mueller O. 1B-O6 

Mugambi G. K. 2B-P17 

Muggia L. 1I-O6, 1I-P4, 2I-O4, 

2I-P2, 2I-P3, 

Müller H. 1B-O7 

Munzi S. 5I-P9 

Myles B. C. 2A-2 - O3 

Myllys L. 2A-2- P10, 2A-2- P11, 

3A-P14, 3A-P22 

N 

Nadyeina O. V. 1A-O2, 1A-P9, 

2A-2- P6, 2B-P11 

Naikatini A. 2B-P1 

Nanagulyan S. 1A-P13 

Nash T. H. 5I-O4, 5I-O7 

Näsholm T. 4B-O5 

Naumovich A. 2B-P11 

Naumovych G. O. 1A-O2 

Navarro-Rosinés P. 1I-P6 

Nayaka S. 2A-2- P14 , 4I-O2, 

4I-P19 

Nazarchuk Y. S. 1A-P9 

Ndiritu G. G. 2B-P17 

Nelsen M. P 1I-O6, 2A-2-O1, 2I-P7, 

3A-O2, 4B-O1 

Newmaster S. G. 3B-2 - O5 

Newton L. E. 2B-P17 

Nimis P. 1A-O12 

Noer I. S. 4I-P9 

Nordin A. 3A-P22, 3A-P5 

Nowak M. 3A-O1 

Nunez J. 2A-2-O1, 3B-2-P9, 2I- 

P4 

O 

O’Brien H., 1I-O6 

Ogunleye A. O. 3I-P9 

Ohmura Y. 2A-2-O1, 1B-P1, 

4I-P14, 2A-2- P12 

Otálora M. G. 2B-O6 

Otsuka A. Y. 2B-P28 

Otte J. 3B-2-P9, 3B-2 - O6 

Otte V. 5I-O1 

P 

Pabualan M. P. 2B-P2 

Padgett P. 5I-O4 

Palmqvist K 5I-P4, 4B-O8 

Pangpet M. 2B-O1, 3B-2-P6, 1A-P1 

Papong K. 3A-O3, 2B-P1, 3I-P7, 

4I-P8, 4I-P16 

Park C.H. 1I-O3, 2I-O6, 3A-O3 

Partl A. 1A-P14 

Parnmens S. 2A-1-P2, 2A-1-P5, 

3A-P17, 2I-O6, 3A-O3 

Pauls S. 3B-2-P9 

Peksa O. 2I-P2 

Pellegrini E. 4B-O6 

Peñaloza G. 2B-P23 

Pengproh R. 3I-P7 

Perez-Ortega S 3B-2 - O1, 1I-O6, 2I-O4, 

4B-O5, 3A-P21, 4B-P3, 

2I-O2 

Perlmutter G. B. 2B-P18, 2B-P19 

Peršoh D. 1I-P1 

Phokaeo S. 2B-P4 

Piapukiew J. 4I-P10, 3A-P9 

Piervittori R. 1A-O12, 3I-O5, 4B-P1 

Pinho P. 5I-P9 

Pino-bodas R 3A-P16, 3B-2-P9, 

3A-P15 

Pintado A. 4B-O5, 4B-O7, 4B-P3 

Pinto Marcelli M. 2A-2- P16 

Pišút I. 2B-P13 

Pitakpong A. 3B-2-P5 

Plata E. R. 3A-P2 

Počanić P. 5I-P7, 1A-P14 

Poengsungnoen V. 2A-1-O3 

Pohjaroen W. 2B-O1, 3B-2-P6 

Polyiam W. 2B-O1, 2B-P3, 2B-P4, 

3B-2-P7 

Ponnusamy P. 2B-P5, 3B-2-P14 

Postoialkin S. 2B-P11, 1A-O2 

Power S. 5I-O6 

Price D. 1B-O4 

Prieto M. 3A-P10 

Prieto-Lamas B. 1A-O12 

Printzen C. 1I-O7, 4B-O4, 2I-O2, 

2A-2 - O4, 4B-O3, 

1A-P4 

Pykala J 1A-O5, 3A-P14 

202

Q 

Qiu Z. 2I-P6 

R 


Raggio Quilez J. 2I-O2, 4B-O7 

Rambold G. 3B-1 - O5, 1I-P1 

Ramirez N. 2B-P23 

Ramírez-Mejía M. 4A-O1 

Randlane T. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2 - O5, 

3A-O5, 2B-P14 

Ravera S. 1A-O12 

Ree R. 4B-O1, 3A-O2, 2I-P7 

Reeb V. 3A-O1 

Reig- Armiñana J. 1I-P7, 3I-P8 

Resl P. 1I-P8 

rICO v.j. 2A-2-O1 

Riddell J. 5I-O4 

Riedel K. 1B-O7 

řiha P. 4A-O6 

Riitters K. 2B-P20 

Rikkinen J. 1I-P5, 3B-2-P11 

Rincon-Espitia A. 2B-P23 

Ritz M. S. 5I-O1 

Rivas Plata E. 2A-1-O1, 3A-O3, 

2A-1-P4, 2A-1-P2, 

2A-1-P3, 2A-1-P5, 

2A-1-P6, 2B-P18 

Roca-valiente B. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2- P12, 

3A-P21 

Roccardi A. 1A-O12 

Rodriguez Saavedra P. 1A-P3, 1A-P4, 2A-2- P4 

Rodtong S. 4I-P2 

Romero L. 2B-P23 

Roux C. 3A-P5 

Rubio-S alcedo M. 1A-O3, 3B-1 - O3, 

2B-O6 

Ruibal C. 2A-2-O1 

Rukachaisirikul T. 4I-P18 

Rungsiruji A. 2I-O6 

Ruprecht U. 4B-O3, 2I-P8 

S 

Saag A. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2 - O5, 

3A-O5 

Saag L. 2A-2 - O5, 3A-O5 

Sadowska-des A. 3B-2 - O6, 3B-2-P9 

Saipunkaew W. 3B-2 - O2 

Salva Hernandez G. 4B-P8 

Salvadori O. 1A-O12 

Samsudin M. B. 4I-P6 

Sanchez E. 2A-2- P15 

Sancho L. 4B-O5, 4B-O7, 4B-P3, 

203 

3A-P21, 4B-O4, 2I-O2 

Sanders W. B. 2I-O3 

Sanderson N. 1A-O4 

Sangdee A 3I-P7 

Sanglarpcharoenkit M. 4I-P10, 4I-P4 

Sangvichien E. 3A-P9, 4I-P4, 4I-P10 

Santanoo S. 2B-O1, 1A-P5 

Satoh K 4B-P5, 4B-P6 

Satta Y. 1B-P1 

Schadt C.W. 1I-O5 

Scharnagl K 5I-P6 

Scheidegger C. 1A-O1, 1A-O2, 1A-O8, 

3A-O4, 2B-P11, 1A-O9, 

2B-O7, 3B-2 - O4, 

4B-O2, 3B-1 - P4 

Schmitt I. 2A-2-O1, 3I-O2, 1B-P3, 

3A-O3, 3B-2-O6, 

3B-2-P9 

Scholz P. 3B-1-P2 

Schultz M. 2I-O7 

Seaward M. R. 1A-O12 

Sedayu A. 4I-O6 

Seed L. 5I-O6 

Seeiam D. 2B-P4 

Senglek S. 2B-O1, 2B-P3 

Senkardesler A. 1A-P7, 1A-P8 

Senko D. 2B-P13 

Sérusiaux E. 3A-P23 

Shaffer J. 2B-O8 

Shahazizyan I. 1A-P13 

Sheppard L. J. 5I-P8 

Shibata Y. 4B-P6 

Shizuma R. 4B-P5 

Šibík J. 2B-P13 

Silano S. 2B-P23 

Simijaca D. 2B-P23 

Singh G. 3B-1 - P4 

Sinha G. P. 4I-P11 

Sipman H. J. 2A-2-O1, 4A-O1, 

2A-1-P2, 3A-P5, 1A-P2 

Siripong P. 4I-P2 

Sivonen K. 1I-P5 

Škaloud P. 2I-P2 

Skirina I. 2B-O4 

Sliwa L. 1A-P3 

Slot J. C. 1B-P3 

Snæbjarnarson V. 1B-P4, 1B-O5 

Søchting U. 4A-O3, 4A-O1, 4A-O4 

Sohrabi M. 2A-2-O1, 3A-P3, 3A-P5, 

3B-1 - P1, 3B-2-P2, 

3B-1 - O4, 1A-P12, 

2I-P1, 3A-P4, 3B-2-P3 

Solhaug K. 4B-P9, 5I-P2 

Sork V.L. 1I-O8 

Soto E. 2B-P23


šoun J. 4A-O6 

Sparrius L. 1A-O7, 3B-1 - O1 

Speranza M 3B-2 - O1 

Spielmann A. A. 2A-2- P17 

Spribille T. 2I-O8, 2I-P3, 3B-2-P12, 

2I-O4, 3B-1 - P3 

Sriprang V. 4I-P8 

Sriviboon C. 4I-P17, 4I-P18, 3B-2-P6 

Sriviboon T. 4I-P17 

Stajić M. 3I-P6, 3I-P2 

Staiger B. 2A-1-P5 

Stamatakis A. 2A-1-P4 

Stenroos S. 4A-O1, 3A-P3, 3A-P16, 

3A-P22 

Stepanchikova I. S. 4I-P5 

Stepanyan A. 1A-P13 

Stocker-Wörgötter E. 1A-O12, 3I-O1, 3I-P1, 

4B-P2 

Stofer S 1A-O1 

Struwe L. 2A-2- P15, 1B-O4 

Sturrock C. 2I-O1 

Suarez A. 2B-P23 

Suija A. 3B-2 - O3 

Suksamrarn A 4I-P4 

Summerfield T. C. 4I-O4 

Sutton M. A. 5I-P8 

Suwanwaree P. 3B-2-P5 

Suzuki Y. 4B-P5 

Svoboda D. 3I-O4 

T 

Tabaquero A. L. 2A-1-O4 

Takeuchi A. 4B-P5 

Taraskevicius R. 5I-P1 

Taurer S. 3B-2-P12 

Temina M. 3B-2-P8 

Thanee N. 3B-2 - O2 

Thell A. 2A-2-O1, 4A-O2, 

4A-P1, 2A-2 - O5 

Thepnuan P. 4I-P18 

Thor G. 2I-P10 

Thues H. 1A-O4, 1I-O6 

Thüs H. 3A-P13, 3A-P12 

Tõrra T. 3A-O5, 2B-P14 

Tretiach M. 5I-O5, 1A-O11, 4B-O6 

Triebel D. 3B-1 - O5, 3B-1 - P2 

Tronstad I. K. 2A-2 - O3 

Truong C. 2A-2-O1, 2A-2- P1, 

2A-2- P2 

Tsurykau A. 5I-O3, 4A-P1 

Türk R. 2I-P8 

U 

Uesugi K. 4B-P5 

Upreti D. K. 2A-2-O1, 4I-O2, 4I-P19, 

2A-2- P14 

Urbanavichene I. 1A-P10, 2B-P7 

Urbanavichyus G. P. 1A-P10, 2A-2- P8, 

3B-2-P10 

Uren J. 1I-O2 

Usuniwa Y. 3I-P4 

V 

Valachovič M 1A-O14, 2B-P13 

Valadbeigi T 2B-P12 

Van Avermaet P. 5I-P3 

Van Den Boom P. 4A-O1, 4I-P20 

Van den Broeck D. 2B-P15, 5I-P3 

Van Rossum F. 2B-P15 

Vancourova L. 2I-P2 

Vargas R. 4A-O1, 4A-O5, 4B-P4 

Velikanov A. 2B-O4 

Velmala S 2A-2- P10, 2A-2- P11 

Vieira T. S. 2B-P27 

Vinayaka K. S. 2B-O3 

Vivas M. 4B-O5, 2I-O2, 4B-O4, 

4B-P3, 4B-O7 

Vondrak J. 4A-O6 

Vondráková O. 2A-2- P3 

Vonkonrat M. 2B-P1 

Vongshewarat K. 4I-P2 

Vukojević J. 3I-P6, 3I-P2 

W 

Wagner H. H. 1A-O9 

Wagner V. 3B-2-P12 

Wahlsten M. 1I-P5 

Wang H. 4I-P15 

Wang X. 4I-P12 

Wang Y. 1B-P2 

Wannalux B. 2B-O1, 3B-2-P7 

Wedin M. 2A-2 - O1, 3A-O3, 

3A-P1, 2I-P2, 3A-P10 

Weerakoon G. S. 2B-O2, 2A-1-P5, 3A-P8 

Wei J. 1B-P2, 2A-2- P13 

Wei X. 1B-P2, 2A-2- P13 

Weibulat T. 3B-1 - P2 

Weiss M. 3B-1 - P2 

Werth S. 1I-O8, 3B-2 - O4, 

4B-O2, 3B-1 - P4 

Whalley A. 4I-P4 

Widmer I. 1A-O9 

Wierzchos J. 3B-2 - O1 

Wijesundara S. 4I-O7, 4I-P3 

204

Wijeyaratne S. C. 2B-O2, 3A-P8 

Wilk K. 1A-P3 

Will-Wolf S. 2B-P20 

Wolseley P 4I-O7, 2B-O2, 5I-O6, 

1A-O4, 3A-P8, 5I-P8, 

4I-P3 

X 

Xavier B. B. 3A-O6, 1B-O5 

Xie L. 4B-P9 

Y 

Yahr R. 2A-2- P1, 5I-O2 

Yamamoto Y. 2I-P5, 3I-P4, 4I-P13 

Yanez A. 3A-P7 

Yoshitani A. 2I-P5 

Yu N. H. 3I-P5 

Z 

Zachow C. 1I-P3 

Zarei-Darki B. 4A-P1, 1A-P6 

Zhang L. 4I-P12, 4I-P15 

Zhang N. 1B-O4 

Zhao Z. 4I-P15 

Zhou Q. 1B-P2 

Žilić I. 1A-P14, 5I-P7 

Zulfikar R. 4I-O6 


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