. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 236. Various species of Paussiche. (Wasmann.) A, Pleuroptenis brevi-cornis; B, Paitssus hova; C, Pentaplatartlints natalensis; D, Paussi/s daina; E,Lebioderus goryi; F, Panssns spiniceps. trichodes) which are assiduously licked by the ants, and much has beenmade of these structures by Wasmann, who regards them as the mostcharacteristic organs of symphiles. He has shown that they are borneby the chitinous integument at points or depressions where clusters ofunicellular glands open, and that they have the important function ofrapidly diffus

. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 236. Various species of Paussiche. (Wasmann.) A, Pleuroptenis brevi-cornis; B, Paitssus hova; C, Pentaplatartlints natalensis; D, Paussi/s daina; E,Lebioderus goryi; F, Panssns spiniceps. trichodes) which are assiduously licked by the ants, and much has beenmade of these structures by Wasmann, who regards them as the mostcharacteristic organs of symphiles. He has shown that they are borneby the chitinous integument at points or depressions where clusters ofunicellular glands open, and that they have the important function ofrapidly diffus Stock Photo

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. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 236. Various species of Paussiche. (Wasmann.) A, Pleuroptenis brevi-cornis; B, Paitssus hova; C, Pentaplatartlints natalensis; D, Paussi/s daina; E, Lebioderus goryi; F, Panssns spiniceps. trichodes) which are assiduously licked by the ants, and much has beenmade of these structures by Wasmann, who regards them as the mostcharacteristic organs of symphiles. He has shown that they are borneby the chitinous integument at points or depressions where clusters ofunicellular glands open, and that they have the important function ofrapidly diffusing some aromatic secretion. Glands of a similar type, from which the trichomes may have developed, are present in many 400 AXTS. iionmyrmecophilous in.sccts, c. y., the epinotal glands of the ants them-selves, the dorsal jJan.U of the Blattidae, the scent glands of Lepidop-tera. etc. asmann states that the secretion is not liquid, but volatileor etherial, perhaps a fatty ether. The ants are so inordinately fondof it that he believes that it mus

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RM2AGAJ0K–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. deplete conditiondetermines the volume, and in a measure also the shape of the gasterin the worker. The crop is succeeded by a remarkable structure, the proventriculus.or pumping stomach, which has been carefully studied by Forel ( 1878^ ) ANTS. and Emery ( i888f). who have found it to vary greatly and to affordvaluable characters for the delimitation of genera and even of sub-families. The proventriculus of our common carpenter ants (Cain-ponotns) may be described as a paradigm ( Fig. if),./ . it is a narrowedor constricted portion of the al

RM2AG8C36–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. are imbedded. The cavitiesalmost without exception tenantedforates the septa and thus causes all the internodal cavities tocommunicate with one another, both in the trunk and branches.The ants do not, however, live in the smallest, still actively growingtwigs. The just-fecundated queen enters the branches while the tree. FIG. 175. Hydnophytuui nwntanitinof Siam, showing pseudobulb in sec-tion. (Forel.) Of by older and larger trees areAzteca nmclleri, which per- 21 ANTS.

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RM2AG9E32–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. y other amber Myrmicinae are asexquisitely sculptured as any of our modern species- Propodoniynna(Fig. 93) from the Baltic and Acrostigma from the Sicilian amber arerelated to the paleotropical Podomyrma and Atopomyrmex, but aresimpler and more primitive in their structure. 3. DoHchoderincz.—This subfamily is represented by a number of 7- JNTS. interesting1 forms, many of which Mayr originally assembled in thegenus Hypoclinea. Among these it is now possible to recognize speciesof Dolicliodcnis, Iniioniynnc.v and Bothriomyrmex. I have alreadyca

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RM2AG7A1R–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. s (Fig. 231). I am inclined,therefore, to regard the Cremastocheilias degenerate symphiles. which are nowable to live as indifferently tolerated oreven as persecuted synoeketes, because theirhard armor shields them perfectly fromthe mandibles of the ants. Even the mouth parts and antennae areprotected by the peculiar mentum, and the legs are so tough thatthey cannot be disarticulated by the ants. I was quite unable to ascer-tain the nature of the food of these beetles, some of which lived severalweeks in my nests without eating. According to B

RM2AG87BA–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 183. Workerof Myrmicbcrypta brit-toni of Porto Rico.(Original.) FIG. 184. Worker of Serico-niynue.r opacus of South Amer-ica. (Original.) between ants and some of the lower plants. These ants all belong tothe Myrmicine tribe Attii, which is peculiar to tropical and subtropicalAmerica, and the plants with which they are so intimately associatedare fungi. The association is symbiotic, because the fungi are provided 3-8 THE FUNGUS-GROWING ANTS. 319 with their substratum, or nutriment by the ants, and in turn supplythese insects with their on

RM2AGA8F6–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. The latter isformed by a tubular invagination of the ectoderm similar to that which FIG. 41. Larva of Ponera forms the OeSOphagUS. Owing to the pennsylvanica. (Original.) a, Larva closure between the chylific stomachand the hind-gut, all the undigestedportions of the larval food enclosed in the series of successively sloughed peritrophic membranes, accumulatein the cavity of the stomach and form a black, elliptical mass, the me-coninm, which often shows through the translucent body walls of thelarva. The hind-gut,is differentiated into two reg

RM2AGAPFP–. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. glands, but these will bedescribed in connection with the glands of the internal organs. The Head.—After this very general review of the segmentation andintegument we may take up the different parts of the body in somewhatgreater detail. The head varies enormously in shape. It may be cir-cular, elliptical, rectangular or triangular, and all its parts may show anextraordinary diversity of adaptive characters (Fig. 3). It consistsof the cranium proper, which is very much constricted behind at its FIG. 2. Ammocha?t?e of desert ants. (Ori-ginal.)

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