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RMRF94X3–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. CLEPSYDROPID^. 105 groups found in the Galesauridce. Vertebrae notochordal, with in- tercentra, and frequently with an extraordinary development of the neural spines (fig. 24); no zygosphenes, and the pre- and post- zygapophyses widely separated from one another, with oblique articular surfaces. Humerus typically with the shaft much con- stricted, the distal expansion wider than the proximal, and the proximal articular surface at right angles
RMRF284K–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. CLEPSYDROPID^. 105 groups found in the Galesauridce. Vertebrae notochordal, with in- tercentra, and frequently with an extraordinary development of the neural spines (fig. 24); no zygosphenes, and the pre- and post- zygapophyses widely separated from one another, with oblique articular surfaces. Humerus typically with the shaft much con- stricted, the distal expansion wider than the proximal, and the proximal articular surface at right angles
RMRGH64R–. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. Fisheries; Fish culture. SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OF THE KING SALMON. 55 cular divisions of the erector dorsalis are separated from those of the depressor by very thin connective tissue septa. But the whole group of muscle slips is encased in a much thicker and tougher sheath. When the muscles are uncovered by removing the lateral muscles the connective tissue sheath is more evident. This is seen to be intimately attached along the line where the neural spines and interneurals are interlocked and embedded in the median longitudinal septum. This sheath, the me
RMRGFKAP–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Plotyrhinops BroillE. Platyrhinops Cacops Mordex Fig. 29. Eryopsoids: dissorophids and Mordex. Platyrhinops, Mordex after Steen; Broilidlus, Cacops after Williston. a connected series of transverse growths capping the neural spines, lying superficially in the dermis (as indicated by sculpture), and underlain by an expansion of the spine itself. Such beginnings of a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of
RMRDGF45–. Elementary text-book of zoology. .Metapophysis. Post. Zygapophysis, Prezygapophysis. Anapophysis. ^ Transverse Process. / Articular Facet. Metapophysis. /. The lumbar vertebrce. are seven in number They have large transverse processes which slope forwards and down- wards. The neural' spines are smaller than in the dorsal and there is a mid-ventral process or hypapophysis.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. M
RMRDH6GT–. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 60 AIJATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. main with those in the Python. In Istiurus the cervical hypa- popliyses are compressed, distinct, and articulated to the inter- sjjace between their own vertebra and the one in advance. The caudal vertebraj are remarkable for the great length of their neural spines. In the Chameleon the ribs commence at the fourth vertebra, and those of the sixth are articulated by semiossified cartilages to the sternum, as are the tlu^ee following pairs ; in the next eight or ten jiairs the long and slender c
RMRGF04H–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Figure 6. Therioherpeton cargnini. Part of the presacral vertebral column showing broad neural arches, posterodorsally directed neural spines, and ribs without overlapping processes.. B 5 mm. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass. : The Museum
RMRHDKN4–. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 129 gopophyses. The prezygopophysis is located anteriorly to the neural arch, and decreases in size posteriorly, though the prezygopophysis on vertebra 5 is smaller than that on ver- tebra 6. The postzygopophysis is located at the posterior margin of the neural arch and articulates with the prezygopophysis of the next vertebra. The postzygopophysis is smal- ler than the prezygopophysis of the same vertebra; it is posteriorly directed, and slightly increasing in size posteriorly. The neural spines placed ventrally to the dorsal pterygio- phores are sh
RMRGF059–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Advanced Triassic Cynodonts from Brazil • Bonaparte and Barberena 65. Figure 6. Therioherpeton cargnini. Part of the presacral vertebral column showing broad neural arches, posterodorsally directed neural spines, and ribs without overlapping processes.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoolog
RMRH56PC–. Breviora. 1963 MIOCENE TOAD overall measurement of the seven presacral vertebrae is 42.5 mm. The atlantal cotyles are separated by a shallow notch. The neural spines are flattened and capped with dermal bone that has a slightly pitted texture. None of the broken transverse processes are long enough to give positive information about their true length or orientation, though they seem to have been oriented as in Recent Biifo. The zygapophyses are robust, as are the centra.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readabilit
RMRFRMGJ–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Fig. 25.—Restoration of Ophiacodon minis Marsh. About one-seventh natural size. limbs. The neural spines of the dorsal vertebras are somewhat elongated, indicating the presence of a not very pronounced dorsal crest, as is suggested in the restoration. The caudal vertebrae were without high spines or long chevrons, indicating that the tail was cylindrical in form, and not of much use in swimming. Probably the animal was more terrestrial than its relatives in Texas. The total length of the single well-preserved skeleton is, as mounted in the Univ
RMRF94XA–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. DIADECTID^. 101 longer diameter; alveoli not separated. Teeth on the vomer. No secondary posterior nares. YertebraB notochordal, with intercentra ; neural spines of moderate height, zygosphenal (hyposphenal) articu- lations present, and the pre- and postzygapophyses approximated to one another, with horizontal articular surfaces. A tusk may or may not be present, and there may be either one or two rows of cheek- teeth. This family has been re
RMRGD52J–. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. 20 A.C. GILL AND A.J. EDWARDS = total. Caudal vertebrae are defined as those with a haemal spine, and include the terminal urostylar complex (which was counted as a single vertebra). The pattern of insertion of supraneural (predorsal) bones and anterior dorsal-fin pterygiophores within interneural spaces is given as an 'anterior dorsal-fin pterygiophore formula' modified from the 'predorsal formula' of Ahlstrom et al. (1976). Each supraneural is represented by an 'S,' neural spines are repres- ented by slashes, and pterygiophores are represente
RMRJ5KAP–. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. between the cervicals and the 2 sacrals bear ribs. Since the thoracic and lumbar series are not distinct, these vertebrae collectively are called dorsals. About 6 dorsals have ribs con- nected with the sternum. Behind these complete ribs, the ribs shorten in a graduated series until the last presacral (the 24th or 25th vertebra), which has only a nubbin, is reached. The complete ribs, and those behind them, are distinctly single-headed, and lack an uncinate process. All of the dorsal (thoraco-lumbar) vertebrae have wide neural spines, and
RMRF94Y8–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. ANGFIDiE. 279 Genus PLACOSAURUS, Gervais1. Syn. Palceovaranus, Filhol2. Teeth conical and pointed. The vertebrae appear intermediate between those of Ophisaurus and Diploglossus, having the tall and broad neural spines of the latter and the extremely flattened centra of the former. The limbs were fully developed. Placosaurus margariticeps (Gervais 3). Syn. Varanus (?) margariticeps, Gervais4. Palceovaranus cayluxi, Filhol5. About once and a h
RMRMKY52–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 172 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM iguanodonts and some non-ornithopods {Stegosaurus, Centrosaurus) which have high and relatively narrow neural spines. The sacral vertebrae of H. tucki are virtually unknown since they are buried in matrix between the ilia. The caudal vertebrae resemble those of Hypsilophodon, Thescelosaurus and Fabrosaurus. In Camptosaurus, the anterior caudals are considerably shorter but the posterior caudals much more like those of H. tucki. The caudals of H. tucki do not hav
RMRGCYF1–. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Fisheries -- United States; Fish-culture -- United States. SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OF THE KING SALMON. 55 cular divisions of the erector dorsalis are separated from those of the depressor by very thin connective tissue septa. But the whole group of muscle slips is encased in a much thicker and tougher sheath. When the muscles are uncovered by removing the lateral muscles the connective tissue sheath is more evident. This is seen to be intimately attached along the line where the neural spines and interneurals are interlocked and embedded in the med
RMRJE9JT–. The Ceratopsia. Ceratopsia. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 53 E? -e sacrals. The transverse processes of the eighth and ninth sacrals are in contact, though not coossified at their extremities, and inclose a large and elongate foramen. The transverse process of the seventh sacral is expanded at its extremity, but it is widely separated from the transverse processes of the preceding ^ and succeeding sacrals. Seen from the side the sacrum is strongly arched upward with the neural spines of the true sacrals coossified and forming a strong bony plate. Begin- ning with the second sacral and con- tinuing t
RMRF284Y–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. DIADECTID^. 101 longer diameter; alveoli not separated. Teeth on the vomer. No secondary posterior nares. YertebraB notochordal, with intercentra ; neural spines of moderate height, zygosphenal (hyposphenal) articu- lations present, and the pre- and postzygapophyses approximated to one another, with horizontal articular surfaces. A tusk may or may not be present, and there may be either one or two rows of cheek- teeth. This family has been re
![. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. VERTEBRAL COLUMX 37 mentary neural (dorsal) arches, which, liowever, do not meet above the spinal cord. These cartilages, of which there are two pairs to each muscular segment or myotome, correspond to the " intercalary pieces" of Elasmobranchs (p. 38); they serve in the first instance for the origin and insertion of the muscles, and at the same time form a protection for the spinal cord. Neural spines also occur in the middle of the axis, and in the caudal region hcernal (ventral) arches enclosing the caudal Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDFY4A/elements-of-the-comparative-anatomy-of-vertebrates-anatomy-comparative-vertebral-columx-37-mentary-neural-dorsal-arches-which-liowever-do-not-meet-above-the-spinal-cord-these-cartilages-of-which-there-are-two-pairs-to-each-muscular-segment-or-myotome-correspond-to-the-quot-intercalary-piecesquot-of-elasmobranchs-p-38-they-serve-in-the-first-instance-for-the-origin-and-insertion-of-the-muscles-and-at-the-same-time-form-a-protection-for-the-spinal-cord-neural-spines-also-occur-in-the-middle-of-the-axis-and-in-the-caudal-region-hcernal-ventral-arches-enclosing-the-caudal-RDFY4A.jpg ". Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. VERTEBRAL COLUMX 37 mentary neural (dorsal) arches, which, liowever, do not meet above the spinal cord. These cartilages, of which there are two pairs to each muscular segment or myotome, correspond to the " intercalary pieces" of Elasmobranchs (p. 38); they serve in the first instance for the origin and insertion of the muscles, and at the same time form a protection for the spinal cord. Neural spines also occur in the middle of the axis, and in the caudal region hcernal (ventral) arches enclosing the caudal Stock Photo")
RMRDFY4A–. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. VERTEBRAL COLUMX 37 mentary neural (dorsal) arches, which, liowever, do not meet above the spinal cord. These cartilages, of which there are two pairs to each muscular segment or myotome, correspond to the " intercalary pieces" of Elasmobranchs (p. 38); they serve in the first instance for the origin and insertion of the muscles, and at the same time form a protection for the spinal cord. Neural spines also occur in the middle of the axis, and in the caudal region hcernal (ventral) arches enclosing the caudal
RMRGJ9TG–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. . Brr mm Fig. 50 Caturus sp. from the Lower Kimmeridgian of Bavaria, P44900. Left and right serrated appendages, branchiostegais and ventral parts of mandible and cleithrum, as preserved. this specialization indicative of relationship between these two groups; it also occurs in their fossil relatives. Median neural spines also occur in Dapedium, Tetragonolepis and pycnodonts (Patterson 1973)and in the palaeoniscoids Australosomus and Birgeria (Nielsen 1949). The presence of paired neural spines in the Macrosemiidae provides a strong
RMRMKM19–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. CRANIAL AND CERVICAL MUSCLES OF TYPHLOSAURUS AURANTIACUS AURANTIACUS 181 coinciding with the position of the prezygapophyses on the vertebrae following the axis. The neural spine resembles the blade of an axe and extends the full length of the neural arch. Midventrally on the centra of each of the seven vertebrae following the axis a hypapophysis is present. The neural spines, posterodorsally situated on the neural arches, extend obliquely caudally. The vertebrae articulate by. 1mm Fig. 8. Lateral vi
RMRDP5TM–. Outlines of zoology. Zoology. SIMIID&. 733 crest. There are prominent supra-orbital ridges. The can- ines of the males are very large. The cervical vertebrae bear very high neural spines, on which are inserted the muscles which support the heavy skull. There are thir- teen ribs, and seventeen dorso- lumbar vertebrae. There is no os centrale in the carpus. There are no ischial callosities. They live in families in the forest, and feed on fruits. As regards size, the gorillas are most like man. The males are much larger than the females. The Chimpanzees {Anthro- popithecus) live in Western
RMRJ4K0W–. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. The neural arches of the anterior 20 to 25 vertebrae of the salmon have double neural spines. Those of the perch fuse at the tip. The neural arches of the posterior dorsals and caudals of the salmon have the two halves fused. In the salmon, the anterior neural arches (first 20 to 25 vertebrae) are separate from the bodies, whereas, in the perch, only that of the first vertebra is separate. In the salmon, these free arches have their bases fitted into sockets. In the same regions, there are calcified supradorsals between pairs of arch compo
RMRJE9KB–. The Ceratopsia. Ceratopsia. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. 51 as in the preceding dorsals. The transverse processes, which with the first dorsal began to increase in length and to pass from the nearly horizontal position they occupy in the cervicals to the more elevated positions which they assume in the median and posterior dorsals, are now inclined upward at an angle of about 45° from the neural spines and rise nearly on a level with the summits of the latter. DORSALS 4 TO 14. The structure of the succeeding dorsals is so similar that they may best be described together by calling attention to thos
RMRF2861–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. ANGFIDiE. 279 Genus PLACOSAURUS, Gervais1. Syn. Palceovaranus, Filhol2. Teeth conical and pointed. The vertebrae appear intermediate between those of Ophisaurus and Diploglossus, having the tall and broad neural spines of the latter and the extremely flattened centra of the former. The limbs were fully developed. Placosaurus margariticeps (Gervais 3). Syn. Varanus (?) margariticeps, Gervais4. Palceovaranus cayluxi, Filhol5. About once and a h
RMRF94X2–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. 106 ANOMODONTIA. Genus NAOSAURUS, Cope The neural spines of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae enormously elongated, with paired horizontal processes at intervals. Transverse processes of dorsals large and prominent, no distinct capitular facet on centrum, although all the ribs have double heads. In Dimetroclon, Cope2, the horizontal processes of the neural spines of the vertebras are absent. Naosaurus cruciger, Cope 3. The type species. The d
RMRF284J–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. 106 ANOMODONTIA. Genus NAOSAURUS, Cope The neural spines of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae enormously elongated, with paired horizontal processes at intervals. Transverse processes of dorsals large and prominent, no distinct capitular facet on centrum, although all the ribs have double heads. In Dimetroclon, Cope2, the horizontal processes of the neural spines of the vertebras are absent. Naosaurus cruciger, Cope 3. The type species. The d
RMRMKRMF–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Pareiasaurian Studies.—Part XI. Genus Pareiasuchus. 65 There are 5 cervicals, but only 14 dorsals, 4 sacrals, and an unknown number of caudals. The dorsals are smaller than in Bradysaurus (i), but larger than in Propappus parvus. The spines are tall and not very massive; the articulatory face on the transverse process is fairly short. Genus Pareiasaurus. The vertebrae are large but not so massive as in Bradysaurus. The neural spines are massive and fairly low and are subquadrate in section. The artic
RMRDKDX8–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 72; TELEOSTEI II. Gymnodontes.—Supraclavicle oblique or nearly horizontal; lower three jjterygials enlarged and immovably united to the coraco-scapular cartilage; anterior vertebrae with bifid divergent neural spines; pelvis absent. Beak with a median suture ; interoperculum not connected with suboper- culum ; caudal fin present ; body inflatable . 1. Tetrodontidae. Beak without median suture ; interoperculum attached posteriorly to sub- operculum ; caudal fin 23resent; body inflatable. 2. Diodontidae. Beak without median suture ; interoperculum attach
RMRHK6NT–. The biology of the amphibia. Amphibians. 508 THE BIOLOGY OF THE AMPHIBIA Atelopus. Brachycephalus agrees with Atelopus in its firmis- ternous pectoral girdle, but its digits are more reduced (Fig. 165, C) and it carries a great calcareous plate on its back often ankylosed to the neural spines. Brachycephalus is a very small load known only from eastern Brazil. Family 4. Hylidae.—The true tree frogs, or Hylidae, may be described as bufonids with intercalary cartilages and usually with claw-shaped phalanges (Fig. 166). They are procoelous, usually with dilated sacral diapophyses. Most, but not
RMRFRR45–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. OSTEOLOGY. originally the costals and the neurals were distinct from the ribs and neural spines. Outside of the costals, extending on each side of the body from the nuchal to the pygal, is a series of n bones, the peripherals, often called the marginals (i, 2, etc., on the left side of fig. i). Fig. 2 represents the plastron of the same shell. It consists of a median bone, the entoplastron (ent) and four pairs of bones, the epiplastra (epi); the hyoplastra (hyo); the hypo piastra (hypo); and the xiphiplastra (xiph). On each side, between the fo
RMRGCR89–. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Zoology. ANATOMY OF THE MELANONIDAE 27 first to the tenth. In batrachoidiiforms it is usually between the third and fourth neural spines and in lophiiforms the eighth and ninth or more posterior neural spines. Supraneurals, preceding the first dorsal fin are rarely present in gadiforms (Patterson & Rosen, 1989). Baudelot's ligament (Figs 13A,B) stems from the lateral cavity of the first vertebra to connect with the supracleithrum. The retractor dorsalis muscle originates from the fourth through sixth vertebrae; on the sixth it is attached to the lea
RMRJ5KB6–. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. G ALLIGATOR E TUPINAMBIS F VARANUS Figure 6-5. Anterior vertebrae of reptiles and birds showing their nnodifications for articulation. with the skull. The caudal vertebrae are like the lumbars, but with more slender processes. Neural arches are present along with neural spines on each vertebra right to the tip of the tail. The first two caudals are without intercentra, the third has a small intercentrum in the form of a hemal arch and spine. The fourth has a large hemal arch and spine, while succeeding vertebrae, nearly to the tip of the t
RMRH16JD–. Bulletin. Natural history; Natuurlijke historie. 42 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 30 divergent zygapophyses and long, stout neural spines. The zygapophyseal facets are relatively very large and not planar, but display a distinct warp or fold near the medial margin. None of the centra are keeled and all are proportion- ately quite short (less than twice the centrum height). The third through seventh, at least, are strongly angled, with the anterior face of the centrum occurring well above the level of the posterior face. All centra are marked by elongate and deep lateral pleurocoels. c m. Please no
RMRDH6GH–. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. (i3 ginal scutes,' suiiported by the marginal plates, and crossing their sutures. In the Trianijcida the exterior surfiice of the carapace and plastron is remarkable ibr its rougli vermicular or piuictate sculptiu'ing. The median bony pieces of the carapace, fig. 52, ch, s i to .s ii, have been regarded as lateral expansions of the summits of the neural spines ; the medio-lateral pieces, ib. pi i to pi 8, as similar devclopemcnts of the ril^s ; and the marginal pieces ib. m i to m 13, as the homol
RMRDMB8B–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 356 FISHES. («) Stridulation.â Stridulation as a method of sound-produc- tion has been recorded in many Teleosts, and one of the most interesting examples occurs in the singular Indian Siluroid, (Callomystax gagata)} In this Fish (Fig. 205) the first five vertebrae are rigidly connected with one another and with the skull, mainly through the union of the neural spines of the third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae, and their articulation with the supra- occipital bone. The united spines together form a high, laterally- compressed lamina of bone, the hinder
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. GAD us. 337 and the cerato-branchials of the fifth arch form the inferior pharyngeal bones. The vertebral colunni consists of a large number of aniphi-ccelotis verteh-a. The anterior are termed abdominal and the posterior are caudal. All the vertebrae have complete neural arches and neural spines. Most of the abdominal have also transverse processes, which bear a pair of ribs and a pair of more dorsally placed so-called inter- muscular bones. In the caudal vertebrae the transverse processes meet below and form a complete hcetnal Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJN9MR/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-gad-us-337-and-the-cerato-branchials-of-the-fifth-arch-form-the-inferior-pharyngeal-bones-the-vertebral-colunni-consists-of-a-large-number-of-aniphi-ccelotis-verteh-a-the-anterior-are-termed-abdominal-and-the-posterior-are-caudal-all-the-vertebrae-have-complete-neural-arches-and-neural-spines-most-of-the-abdominal-have-also-transverse-processes-which-bear-a-pair-of-ribs-and-a-pair-of-more-dorsally-placed-so-called-inter-muscular-bones-in-the-caudal-vertebrae-the-transverse-processes-meet-below-and-form-a-complete-hcetnal-RJN9MR.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. GAD us. 337 and the cerato-branchials of the fifth arch form the inferior pharyngeal bones. The vertebral colunni consists of a large number of aniphi-ccelotis verteh-a. The anterior are termed abdominal and the posterior are caudal. All the vertebrae have complete neural arches and neural spines. Most of the abdominal have also transverse processes, which bear a pair of ribs and a pair of more dorsally placed so-called inter- muscular bones. In the caudal vertebrae the transverse processes meet below and form a complete hcetnal Stock Photo")
RMRJN9MR–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. GAD us. 337 and the cerato-branchials of the fifth arch form the inferior pharyngeal bones. The vertebral colunni consists of a large number of aniphi-ccelotis verteh-a. The anterior are termed abdominal and the posterior are caudal. All the vertebrae have complete neural arches and neural spines. Most of the abdominal have also transverse processes, which bear a pair of ribs and a pair of more dorsally placed so-called inter- muscular bones. In the caudal vertebrae the transverse processes meet below and form a complete hcetnal
RMRF285R–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. VARANID^. 283 42681. Five vertebrae, of which three are dorsal, one sacral, and one caudal; from the Pleistocene cave-deposits of the Wellington Valley, New South Wales. Presented by the Trustees of the Australian Museum, 1870. Group B.—The dorsal vertebra? short and wide, with narrow neural spines. Both species of large size. (Megalania, Owen.) Varanus sivalensis, Falconer l. Of large size ; the estimated length being about 3,660 (12 feet).
RMRG8YXX–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. OSTEOLOGY OF THE ARMORED DINOSAURIA. 59 The anterior caudals are the largest in the whole vertebral column, and have exceptionally high, backwardly directed neural spines, the summits of which terminate in heavy, transversely expanded, rugose heads, as shown in figures 25 and 26. On the anterior third of the tail these processes rapidly decrease in height posteriorly. In spechnen No. 4934 the sixteenth is only a little more than half the height of the first caudal. Posteriorly the spinous processes continue to decrease in height and disappea
RMRGW794–. Bulletin - American Museum of Natural History. Natural history; Science. Fig. 4. Front view of cervical of Agri- och oerus guyot ianus. Two-fifths natural size. Fig. 5. Side view of cervical of Agri- ocheerusguyotia /ins. Two-fifths natural size. the odontoid is almost as highly developed as in any of the living genera. The remaining cervicals are very much like those of Oreodon; they are provided with prominent hypopophyses and moderately developed neural spines, which increase rapidly in length from before backwards. The dorsals resemble those of Oreodon very closely, so far as can be dete
RMRG8X1C–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. A NEW WHALEBONE WHALE 35 The neural spine presumably was rather short, judging from its posterior location on the roof of the neural arch. This condition may be taken as an indication of the rapid diminution of the neural spines of the anterior caudals. The height (32 mm.) exceeds slightly twice the width (15 mm.) of the neural canal anteriorly. The massive centrum (pi. 14, fig. 8), which measures 162 mm. anteroposteriorly, is noticeably depressed or hollowed out above and below the transverse processes. The anterior boarder and extremity of
RMRG864W–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. 42 BULLETIN 110, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The neural spines are large and robust. They gradually increase in height from front to back, reaching their maximum development in the last dorsal (fig, 27). There is also an increase in the fore and aft diameter of the spines. Viewed from the side, the spines are narrower at the top than at the bottom: The basal width is brought about by the development of thin marginal lamina-like extensions of the spine. The posterior laminae turn backward and merge into the surface above the posterior zyga
RMRF94Y3–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. VARANID^. 283 42681. Five vertebrae, of which three are dorsal, one sacral, and one caudal; from the Pleistocene cave-deposits of the Wellington Valley, New South Wales. Presented by the Trustees of the Australian Museum, 1870. Group B.—The dorsal vertebra? short and wide, with narrow neural spines. Both species of large size. (Megalania, Owen.) Varanus sivalensis, Falconer l. Of large size ; the estimated length being about 3,660 (12 feet).
RMRDH6A5–. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 104 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. The term ' cranium' might well be applied to the four neural arches collectively, figs. 76, 83 ; but would exclude some bones called ' cranial,' and include some called ' facial,' in Human Anatomy. In a side view of the naturally connected bones of those arches, such as is shown in the Carjj, fig. 83, the ujiper part of the cranium is formed by the neural spines called sujoer- occipital 3, parietal 7, frontal ii, and nasal 15; the lower part by the centrums called basioccipital i, basisphenoid
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 500 CHORD ATA. OX are usually flatter and broader. In both types the front dorsal vertebrae bear very long neural spines to which is attached the elastic ligament {ligametitum nuchce) which runs forward along the cervical vertebrae to the skull and supports the weight of the head. The difference in the number of dorso-lumbar vertebrae is probably due to the shifting of the pelvis further forward in the ox than in the horse, in its turn connected with the greater proportionate "pushing" power of the ox. Fig. 308.—The Ri Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJN7KB/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-500-chord-ata-ox-are-usually-flatter-and-broader-in-both-types-the-front-dorsal-vertebrae-bear-very-long-neural-spines-to-which-is-attached-the-elastic-ligament-ligametitum-nuchce-which-runs-forward-along-the-cervical-vertebrae-to-the-skull-and-supports-the-weight-of-the-head-the-difference-in-the-number-of-dorso-lumbar-vertebrae-is-probably-due-to-the-shifting-of-the-pelvis-further-forward-in-the-ox-than-in-the-horse-in-its-turn-connected-with-the-greater-proportionate-quotpushingquot-power-of-the-ox-fig-308the-ri-RJN7KB.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 500 CHORD ATA. OX are usually flatter and broader. In both types the front dorsal vertebrae bear very long neural spines to which is attached the elastic ligament {ligametitum nuchce) which runs forward along the cervical vertebrae to the skull and supports the weight of the head. The difference in the number of dorso-lumbar vertebrae is probably due to the shifting of the pelvis further forward in the ox than in the horse, in its turn connected with the greater proportionate "pushing" power of the ox. Fig. 308.—The Ri Stock Photo")
RMRJN7KB–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. 500 CHORD ATA. OX are usually flatter and broader. In both types the front dorsal vertebrae bear very long neural spines to which is attached the elastic ligament {ligametitum nuchce) which runs forward along the cervical vertebrae to the skull and supports the weight of the head. The difference in the number of dorso-lumbar vertebrae is probably due to the shifting of the pelvis further forward in the ox than in the horse, in its turn connected with the greater proportionate "pushing" power of the ox. Fig. 308.—The Ri
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. MAMMALIA, The cervical vertebrae are nine in number, an exception to the very general rule of seven in mammals. On the other hand, the two two-toed species have seven and six respectively. This anomaly may be probably connected with the low type of the Edentata. The same variation is seen in the dorso-lumbar vertebrae. Our species has usually nineteen to twenty, with fifteen to seventeen pairs of ribs, but the two-toed species may have twenty-seven, with twenty-four pairs of ribs. The neural spines all slope back- wards, and are Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJN7BG/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-mammalia-the-cervical-vertebrae-are-nine-in-number-an-exception-to-the-very-general-rule-of-seven-in-mammals-on-the-other-hand-the-two-two-toed-species-have-seven-and-six-respectively-this-anomaly-may-be-probably-connected-with-the-low-type-of-the-edentata-the-same-variation-is-seen-in-the-dorso-lumbar-vertebrae-our-species-has-usually-nineteen-to-twenty-with-fifteen-to-seventeen-pairs-of-ribs-but-the-two-toed-species-may-have-twenty-seven-with-twenty-four-pairs-of-ribs-the-neural-spines-all-slope-back-wards-and-are-RJN7BG.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. MAMMALIA, The cervical vertebrae are nine in number, an exception to the very general rule of seven in mammals. On the other hand, the two two-toed species have seven and six respectively. This anomaly may be probably connected with the low type of the Edentata. The same variation is seen in the dorso-lumbar vertebrae. Our species has usually nineteen to twenty, with fifteen to seventeen pairs of ribs, but the two-toed species may have twenty-seven, with twenty-four pairs of ribs. The neural spines all slope back- wards, and are Stock Photo")
RMRJN7BG–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. MAMMALIA, The cervical vertebrae are nine in number, an exception to the very general rule of seven in mammals. On the other hand, the two two-toed species have seven and six respectively. This anomaly may be probably connected with the low type of the Edentata. The same variation is seen in the dorso-lumbar vertebrae. Our species has usually nineteen to twenty, with fifteen to seventeen pairs of ribs, but the two-toed species may have twenty-seven, with twenty-four pairs of ribs. The neural spines all slope back- wards, and are
RMRFRP6P–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Fig. 20.—Diasparactiis zenos Case. Lateral view of the ninth to tlie twenty-third cau- 3- From this point back the character of the vertebrae changes regularly and very slightly. The last trace of a rib is seen on the eleventh or twelfth. The sixteenth and seventeenth still have well-formed netiral arches located on the anterior half of the centrum; the posterior zygapophyses are elongated. From this point back to the twenty-third, the last preserved, the neural spines are low, almost rudi- mentary, and the zygapophyses are elongated, interlock
RMRGW79E–. Bulletin - American Museum of Natural History. Natural history; Science. Fig. 4. Front view of cervical of Agri- och oerus guyot ianus. Two-fifths natural size. Fig. 5. Side view of cervical of Agri- ocheerusguyotia /ins. Two-fifths natural size. the odontoid is almost as highly developed as in any of the living genera. The remaining cervicals are very much like those of Oreodon; they are provided with prominent hypopophyses and moderately developed neural spines, which increase rapidly in length from before backwards. The dorsals resemble those of Oreodon very closely, so far as can be dete
RMRDBRDP–. The anatomy of the domestic fowl . Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine; Poultry. 38 ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL is longer than that of the preceding. The articulations of each vertebra with adjoining vertebrae are effected by means of di- arthrodial facets, convex in one direction and concave in the other. Between the bodies of the vertebrae are pads of fibrous cartilage. Above these bodies and inferior to the neural spines extends through-. FiG. 10.—A. Diagram of three first dorsal vertebrae and scapular arch-side view. B. Diagram of section through the hemal arch. A. I, First dorsal seg
RMRE08T9–. An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinct. Mammals. CHIROPTERA 643 frugivorous Pteropodida', the vertebrae, from the third cervical back- wards, are devoid of neural spines. From the first dorsal to the last lumbar vertebra the spinal column forms a single curve back- wards, which is most pronounced in the lumbar region. The centra of the vertebrEe are but slightly movable upon each other, and in old individuals appear to become partially ankylosed together. The caudal vertebrae are simple cylindrical bones mthout processes; their number and length being extremely variable e
RMRDH64B–. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. 228 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. process of the mandil)le. From fascia attached to the neural spines of some of the anterior vertebraj there extends a flattened muscle, neuro-viandihularis, fig. 145, ^, which unites with a smaller strip from fascia connected with the ribs of those vertebras, costo-mandihulurk, figs. 145, 147, m, to be inserted into the lower border of the mandible. These muscles depress and retract the lower jaw. A powerful muscle, ectupterycjoideus, fig. 146, h, which in its mandibular relations resembles th
![. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. fibro-aiiliroso CMual neural canal gclatlniius chorda c=a( inner l-iyei" I'f niiruUH capsule as hyaline cartilage. ncurapopnysis internenral cartilage plcurapopliysis j>arainipliysis iiiterliLeraal cartiiag hanial canal Abjonlina! vertebra, Sturgemi Fore part ef skeleton. Lamprey trdwmiizon) and neural spines. The part of the neurapophysis Ijounding the true neural canal is usually distinct from that l^ounding the fat- filled fissure aljove. The parapophyses are united by a con- tinuous phvtc of cartilage forming Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDH6K7/on-the-anatomy-of-vertebrates-vertebrates-anatomy-comparative-1866-fibro-aiiliroso-cmual-neural-canal-gclatlniius-chorda-c=a-inner-l-iyeiquot-if-niiruuh-capsule-as-hyaline-cartilage-ncurapopnysis-internenral-cartilage-plcurapopliysis-jgtarainipliysis-iiiterlileraal-cartiiag-hanial-canal-abjonlina!-vertebra-sturgemi-fore-part-ef-skeleton-lamprey-trdwmiizon-and-neural-spines-the-part-of-the-neurapophysis-ijounding-the-true-neural-canal-is-usually-distinct-from-that-lounding-the-fat-filled-fissure-aljove-the-parapophyses-are-united-by-a-con-tinuous-phvtc-of-cartilage-forming-RDH6K7.jpg ". On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. fibro-aiiliroso CMual neural canal gclatlniius chorda c=a( inner l-iyei" I'f niiruUH capsule as hyaline cartilage. ncurapopnysis internenral cartilage plcurapopliysis j>arainipliysis iiiterliLeraal cartiiag hanial canal Abjonlina! vertebra, Sturgemi Fore part ef skeleton. Lamprey trdwmiizon) and neural spines. The part of the neurapophysis Ijounding the true neural canal is usually distinct from that l^ounding the fat- filled fissure aljove. The parapophyses are united by a con- tinuous phvtc of cartilage forming Stock Photo")
RMRDH6K7–. On the anatomy of vertebrates. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative; 1866. fibro-aiiliroso CMual neural canal gclatlniius chorda c=a( inner l-iyei" I'f niiruUH capsule as hyaline cartilage. ncurapopnysis internenral cartilage plcurapopliysis j>arainipliysis iiiterliLeraal cartiiag hanial canal Abjonlina! vertebra, Sturgemi Fore part ef skeleton. Lamprey trdwmiizon) and neural spines. The part of the neurapophysis Ijounding the true neural canal is usually distinct from that l^ounding the fat- filled fissure aljove. The parapophyses are united by a con- tinuous phvtc of cartilage forming
RMRDFY3Y–. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 25.âPortion op the Veetelrax Columx of Protopterus. C, notochord ; DF, neural spine ; FT, interspinous bone ; FS, fin-ray. case of the dorsal arches are often spoken of as interneural plates. In Elasmobranchs the neural arch may be made up of several more or less distinct piecesâthe neural processes arising from the centrum, the neural and interneural plates, and the neural spines. In the Elasmobranchii, the skeletogenous cells invade the notochordal sheath, as in the Holocepliali and Dipnoi; but the sheath then b
RMRG8681–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. 36 BULLETIN 110, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The neural canal is relatively small tlu'oughout the cervical series. Tlie pre- and post-zygapophyses are wide apart and have large, flattened articular surfaces. The pre- and post-zygapophyses gradually draw nearer to one another antero- posteriorly. In other words, the zygapophyses of the ninth cervical, though a much larger vertebra than the third, are as near together antero-posteriorly as in the latter. The neural spines of the anterior cervicals are high, quadrangular, plate-like processe
![. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. Fisheries; Fish culture. SKELETAI, MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vertebrae of the peduncle are also sharply modi Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGH678/bulletin-of-the-bureau-of-fisheries-fisheries-fish-culture-skeletai-musculature-op-the-king-salmon-43-lying-on-the-dorsal-surface-of-the-three-centra-of-the-caudal-group-and-extending-out-over-the-bases-of-the-neural-spines-is-an-irregularly-fan-shaped-bony-plate-the-deck-knochen-der-chorda-of-von-kollikerquot-this-plate-is-coalesced-into-the-dorsal-surface-of-the-second-and-usually-the-third-centrum-it-has-a-caudally-projecting-spine-extend-ing-in-the-direction-of-the-axis-of-the-third-centrum-the-hemal-spines-of-the-last-three-vertebrae-of-the-peduncle-are-also-sharply-modi-RGH678.jpg ". Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. Fisheries; Fish culture. SKELETAI, MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vertebrae of the peduncle are also sharply modi Stock Photo")
RMRGH678–. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. Fisheries; Fish culture. SKELETAI, MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vertebrae of the peduncle are also sharply modi
RMRPEPRN–. The American diceratheres. Rhinoceroses, Fossil; Paleontology. Fig. 23. Fie, 24. Fig. 23. Diceratherium cooki Peterson. No. 2499, Coll. Carnegie Museum. Lateral and posterior views of tenth dorsal. X j. Fig. 24. Diceratherium cooki Peterson. No. 2470a, Coll. Carnegie Museum. Lateral and posterior views of eighteenth dorsal. X h In the neighborhood of the eighth, ninth, and tenth dorsals there is usually a fora- men formed at this notch, which is characteristic of all posterior dorsals except the last. (See Figs. 23-24.) The fourteenth and fifteenth dorsals have the neural spines broader and
RMRDHJCX–. Elementary text-book of zoology. 534 CHORD AT A. The cervical vertebrae are nine in number, an exception to the very general rule of seven in mammals. On the other hand, the two two-toed species have seven and six respectively. This anomaly may be probably connected with the low organisation of the Edentata. The same varia- tion is seen in the dorso-lumbar vertebrae. Our species has usually nineteen to twenty, with fifteen to seventeen pairs of ribs, but the two-toed species may have twenty-seven, with twenty-four pairs of ribs. The neural spines all slope back- wards and are not arranged
![. Outlines of zoology. Zoology. PALJLOSPONDYLUS GUNNI. 419 springing from the neural and hzemal arches, are dichotomised (at least the neural ones), as are the corresponding rods in the lamprey." Just behind the head lie two small oblong plates (x., Fig. 202), «/â «⢠closely apposed to the commence- ment of the vertebral column, one on each side. The notochordal sheath is calcified in the form of ring-shaped or hollow vertebral centra with neural arches. Towards the tail the aiches are produced into slender neural spines, opposite htemal ones. which are shorter Between Cyclostomata and Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDP6MC/outlines-of-zoology-zoology-paljlospondylus-gunni-419-springing-from-the-neural-and-hzemal-arches-are-dichotomised-at-least-the-neural-ones-as-are-the-corresponding-rods-in-the-lampreyquot-just-behind-the-head-lie-two-small-oblong-plates-x-fig-202-closely-apposed-to-the-commence-ment-of-the-vertebral-column-one-on-each-side-the-notochordal-sheath-is-calcified-in-the-form-of-ring-shaped-or-hollow-vertebral-centra-with-neural-arches-towards-the-tail-the-aiches-are-produced-into-slender-neural-spines-opposite-htemal-ones-which-are-shorter-between-cyclostomata-and-RDP6MC.jpg ". Outlines of zoology. Zoology. PALJLOSPONDYLUS GUNNI. 419 springing from the neural and hzemal arches, are dichotomised (at least the neural ones), as are the corresponding rods in the lamprey." Just behind the head lie two small oblong plates (x., Fig. 202), «/â «⢠closely apposed to the commence- ment of the vertebral column, one on each side. The notochordal sheath is calcified in the form of ring-shaped or hollow vertebral centra with neural arches. Towards the tail the aiches are produced into slender neural spines, opposite htemal ones. which are shorter Between Cyclostomata and Stock Photo")
RMRDP6MC–. Outlines of zoology. Zoology. PALJLOSPONDYLUS GUNNI. 419 springing from the neural and hzemal arches, are dichotomised (at least the neural ones), as are the corresponding rods in the lamprey." Just behind the head lie two small oblong plates (x., Fig. 202), «/â «⢠closely apposed to the commence- ment of the vertebral column, one on each side. The notochordal sheath is calcified in the form of ring-shaped or hollow vertebral centra with neural arches. Towards the tail the aiches are produced into slender neural spines, opposite htemal ones. which are shorter Between Cyclostomata and
![. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. MORPHOLOGICAL REVISION "3 Genus ZATRACHYS Cope (page 47). Characteristic specimens: Nos. 4586, 4587, 4589 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Cope Coll. The genus is known only from the skull, and but a single species, Z. serratus, is identifiable. Cope, in 1884 (I, 18), remarked of this genus: "Rugosities project in the form of teeth along the external alveolar border. Individuals with sculptured neural spines and dermal bones are referred here." This is right with regard to the serrated edges of the skull, but there is no warrant for associati Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RFT6EA/carnegie-institution-of-washington-publication-morphological-revision-quot3-genus-zatrachys-cope-page-47-characteristic-specimens-nos-4586-4587-4589-am-mus-nat-hist-cope-coll-the-genus-is-known-only-from-the-skull-and-but-a-single-species-z-serratus-is-identifiable-cope-in-1884-i-18-remarked-of-this-genus-quotrugosities-project-in-the-form-of-teeth-along-the-external-alveolar-border-individuals-with-sculptured-neural-spines-and-dermal-bones-are-referred-herequot-this-is-right-with-regard-to-the-serrated-edges-of-the-skull-but-there-is-no-warrant-for-associati-RFT6EA.jpg ". Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. MORPHOLOGICAL REVISION "3 Genus ZATRACHYS Cope (page 47). Characteristic specimens: Nos. 4586, 4587, 4589 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Cope Coll. The genus is known only from the skull, and but a single species, Z. serratus, is identifiable. Cope, in 1884 (I, 18), remarked of this genus: "Rugosities project in the form of teeth along the external alveolar border. Individuals with sculptured neural spines and dermal bones are referred here." This is right with regard to the serrated edges of the skull, but there is no warrant for associati Stock Photo")
RMRFT6EA–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. MORPHOLOGICAL REVISION "3 Genus ZATRACHYS Cope (page 47). Characteristic specimens: Nos. 4586, 4587, 4589 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Cope Coll. The genus is known only from the skull, and but a single species, Z. serratus, is identifiable. Cope, in 1884 (I, 18), remarked of this genus: "Rugosities project in the form of teeth along the external alveolar border. Individuals with sculptured neural spines and dermal bones are referred here." This is right with regard to the serrated edges of the skull, but there is no warrant for associati
RMRGEP22–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. asc pro. soc Fig. 13. Dissorophus angustus. MCZ 1695. Skull. A, Dorsal view; B, Lateral view; C, Palatal view; D, Posterior view; E, Sagittal section of braiiiease. X 1- similar to, although smaller than, the neural spines behind it. There are small projections extending anteriorly and i)osteriorly just above the neural canal that aid in articulating the atlas. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these
RMRG85JF–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. OSTEOLOGY OF CAKNIVOROUS DINOSAURS. 99 longer than high, whereas in the upper Cretaceous genera mentioned above the anterior centra are as high as long. In passing backward from the sacrum there is a gradual shortening of the centra, and they become more and more cylindrical in form, though all except the terminal ones have flattened sides. The vertebral centra are deeply concave on both sides and below, the anterior ones being shallowly grooved longitudinally on the ventral side as shown in figure 2, plate 22. The neural spines are unusuall
![. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Fisheries -- United States; Fish-culture -- United States. SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vert Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGCYJF/bulletin-of-the-united-states-fish-commission-fisheries-united-states-fish-culture-united-states-skeletal-musculature-op-the-king-salmon-43-lying-on-the-dorsal-surface-of-the-three-centra-of-the-caudal-group-and-extending-out-over-the-bases-of-the-neural-spines-is-an-irregularly-fan-shaped-bony-plate-the-deck-knochen-der-chorda-of-von-kollikerquot-this-plate-is-coalesced-into-the-dorsal-surface-of-the-second-and-usually-the-third-centrum-it-has-a-caudally-projecting-spine-extend-ing-in-the-direction-of-the-axis-of-the-third-centrum-the-hemal-spines-of-the-last-three-vert-RGCYJF.jpg ". Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Fisheries -- United States; Fish-culture -- United States. SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vert Stock Photo")
RMRGCYJF–. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Fisheries -- United States; Fish-culture -- United States. SKELETAL MUSCULATURE OP THE KING SALMON. 43 Lying on the dorsal surface of the three centra of the caudal group, and extending out over the bases of the neural spines is an irregularly fan-shaped bony plate, the Deck- knochen der Chorda of von Kolliker." This plate is coalesced into the dorsal surface of the second, and usually the third, centrum. It has a caudally projecting spine extend- ing in the direction of the axis of the third centrum. The hemal spines of the last three vert
RMRHE1RW–. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 87 The distribution of the character states at the outgroup basal nodes indicates that a 1:1 ratio is the unequivocal plesiomorphic condition at the ingroup/outgroup basal node (7:0 consensus). Within the ingroup, Basiliscus shows a 2:1 ratio (apomorphic condition, whereas Cory- tophanes and Laemanctus show the widespread plesiomorphic 1:1 ratio. In contrast to the aforementioned, the next character is not restricted to any region of the vertebral column. Character 44: neural spine height (Fig. 35). Three conditions of the neural spines can be identi
![. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. SYSTEMATIC REVISION 65 far out from the sides of the intercentrum for two or three millimeters. The skull resembles that of Trimerorhachis, so far as it is preserved. The animal was about 30 centimeters long." Revised description: 1. Expanded neural spines more nearly flat; the apices of adjacent spines closely united, so that the connection is indistinct. 2. Intercentra with low median keel, the lateral processes prom- inent. Aspidosaurus apicalis Cope. Cope, Zatrackys apicalis, Am. Nat., vol. 15, 1881, p. 1020; Am. Nat., vol. 18, 1884, p Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RFT6RE/carnegie-institution-of-washington-publication-systematic-revision-65-far-out-from-the-sides-of-the-intercentrum-for-two-or-three-millimeters-the-skull-resembles-that-of-trimerorhachis-so-far-as-it-is-preserved-the-animal-was-about-30-centimeters-longquot-revised-description-1-expanded-neural-spines-more-nearly-flat-the-apices-of-adjacent-spines-closely-united-so-that-the-connection-is-indistinct-2-intercentra-with-low-median-keel-the-lateral-processes-prom-inent-aspidosaurus-apicalis-cope-cope-zatrackys-apicalis-am-nat-vol-15-1881-p-1020-am-nat-vol-18-1884-p-RFT6RE.jpg ". Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. SYSTEMATIC REVISION 65 far out from the sides of the intercentrum for two or three millimeters. The skull resembles that of Trimerorhachis, so far as it is preserved. The animal was about 30 centimeters long." Revised description: 1. Expanded neural spines more nearly flat; the apices of adjacent spines closely united, so that the connection is indistinct. 2. Intercentra with low median keel, the lateral processes prom- inent. Aspidosaurus apicalis Cope. Cope, Zatrackys apicalis, Am. Nat., vol. 15, 1881, p. 1020; Am. Nat., vol. 18, 1884, p Stock Photo")
RMRFT6RE–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. SYSTEMATIC REVISION 65 far out from the sides of the intercentrum for two or three millimeters. The skull resembles that of Trimerorhachis, so far as it is preserved. The animal was about 30 centimeters long." Revised description: 1. Expanded neural spines more nearly flat; the apices of adjacent spines closely united, so that the connection is indistinct. 2. Intercentra with low median keel, the lateral processes prom- inent. Aspidosaurus apicalis Cope. Cope, Zatrackys apicalis, Am. Nat., vol. 15, 1881, p. 1020; Am. Nat., vol. 18, 1884, p
RMRGJGK5–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. . 1mm . B Fig. 22. a, Teeth of Saurichthys sp. b, Teeth of Saurorhynchus acntus (Agassiz) to show variation in striation. much expanded, both bearing spines. In the caudal region the short slender neural spines become elongated to be symmetrical with the haemals. In no specimen is there satisfactory indication of intramuscular bones. Squamation. The body appears to have been covered with only four rows of bony scutes, one dorsal, one ventral and one lateral on either side (supporting the lateral line). Systematic position. The genus
RMRD8EG3–. The elasmobranch fishes. Chondrichthyes. THE ELASMOBRANCH FISHES 83 may be further segmented {Gin(jliimostoma) or they may be absent (Squatina, fig. 89b) ; or, finally, all the basal segments may fuse into a single basal plate (Heptanchus, Heterodontus, fig. 88). In certain forms the basals may come in contact with the column. Such a condition occurs in Squatina (fig. 89b), Rhinobatis, and Pristis, in which numerous segments in front of the fin may be present joining the neural spines.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced
RMRMJA82–. Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Investigations in South African Fossil Bcptilia and Amphibia. 81 more concave than the ventral surface. The transverse processes are large, pointing slightly upwards, thicker distally than proximally. The neural spines are high and flattened laterally. The following table gives the measurements of three of the vertebrae, the 1st, 3rd, and 5th of the series :— 1st Vertebra. 3rd Vertebra. 5th Vertebra. Length of centrum 30 mm. Height of centrum 28 ,, Total height 88 ,, Width across transverse processes
RMREEXJ0–. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative; Vertebrates. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 49 calcified rings arc also developed in the sheath : these are con- siderably more numerous than the arches. The latter remain cartilaginous in the Cartilaginous Ganoids and Holocephali, but become densely ossified in the Dipnoi (Fig. 37). The upper arches may be completed above by neural spines. In the caudal region the hcemal arches usually enclose the caudal aorta and vein com- pletely ; further forwards the cartilages do not meet in the middle line below, thus only surrounding the coelome to a slight
RMRD93BN–. A dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania and neighboring states named in the reports and catalogues of the survey ... Paleontology. dominal rods, and some of the fan-like neural spines of the backbone. It is of the size of P. pectinatus^ and perhaps be- longs to that species. Coal measures. XIIL Ptyonius ? Side view of the head of one of these coal measure reptiles found at Linton, O. Pal. Ohio, Vol. 2, plate 44, fig. 3, natural size. Another cranium is shown on plate 35, fig. 4, also natural size. None of these reptiles have been recognized as yet in Pennsylvania, but there is every reas
RMRGDAMC–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 82 Miiscinii oj Coinpaidlivc '/jx^loiiy. Vol. 134, No. 3 [v atlas is bridged oncr in all iiiodcni pcris- sodactyls and may simply relloct expansion of trans'erse processes to provide greater area for muscle attaclinient. The more lat- erallv-facing post/Agapopln ses of the first thoracic ertebra restrict lateral movement but strengthen articulation between it and th(^ following vertebra. The trend from cra- nial to caudal inclination of lumbar neural spines is correlated with decreasing impor- tance of the longiss
RMRG55H1–. California fish and game. Fisheries -- California; Game and game-birds -- California; Fishes -- California; Animal Population Groups; Pêches; Gibier; Poissons. The '^uentral surface of the centrurn is re/aiiuely conuex in sheep and qoats. The concauity of the L/entral profile is not useful for identification FIGURE 8. Sacrum, shown in dorsal, right lateral, and cross-sectionol views. animals. This articulation has i'lisfd in all deer old enough to have a closed suture between the second and third sacral vertebrae. Neural spines are also more coalesced in deer than in the other ani- mals. If
RMRMMHYC–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 4. The tooth crown (third most posterior tooth) of NMQR 3189. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Medial view. AXIAL SKELETON Approximately 20 vertebrae are present in the block. None is closely articu- lated to its neighbours, and neural arches and centra are frequently dis- associated. Neural spines are low. The vertebrae are very similar to those described by Kemp (1986) in a regisaurid baurioid.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall
RMRD7HN7–. The elasmobranch fishes. Chondrichthyes. 48 THE ELASMOBRANCH FISHES intercalary piece (id.). Both of these cartilages are more or less triangular in shape, the former having its base on the centrum, the latter with apex pointing toward the centrum. Above the dorsal plate there may be pieces segmented off (s.hd.) to form the so-called neural spines, and in the most anterior part of the column two such pieces may be present one above the other (fig. 47). Each dorsal plate in the anterior region is further perforated by a ventral root (f.v.) of the spinal nerve, and each dorsal intercalary by t
RMRH5323–. Breviora. 16 BREVIORA No. 474. Figure 10. H. elcobriensis, MCZ 3150. Lateral vieu of right scapulocoracoid fragment. Scale equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: g, glenoid; trie cor, process for the coracoid head of the M. triceps. The first caudal vertebra is distorted and thus appears wider than the more posterior caudals. The neural spines of the caudal verte- brae are smaller than those of the sacral or presacral vertebrae and appear almost triangular in lateral aspect. All of the five articulated caudals display excavated neural arches. Appendicular Skeleton: Fragmentary right and left scapulocor
RMRGDND7–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 408 BuUcfin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 142, No. 4. Figure 12. Cerafosfefhus bicorn/s. Laferal view of shoulder girdle, urohyal, and priapial skeleton of dextrol male; ctenot tinio abducted. bladder fitting snugly against posterior wall of abdominal cavity, without posterior pro- jection into haemal arches). Intermuscular bones absent. First four vertebrae with distal ends of neural spines longitudinally expanded. Supraneurals absent. Priapium (Fig. 12). The priapial skeleton of Ceratosteihus is very similar t
RMRF28AK–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. Morosaurus grandis, Marsh.—Tooth ; from the Upper Jurassic of North America, f. or less rounded ; sacral vertebrae mostly solid, and only the posterior ones bearing their own arch; caudals without postzygapophyses, the prezygapophyses forming indents on sides of neural spines ; chevrons Fig. 21.. Morosaunis grandis.—Left side of pelvis. y,r. a, acetabulum ; //, ilium is, ischium ; p,p', pubis. (From the ' Amcr. Journ.*). Please note that thes
RMRH477A–. Breviora. 1971 BRAZILIAN CHARACIN FISH 21 upper procurrent rays epurals uroneural 2 hypural I hypural 2 uroneural I neural spines. haemal spines upper principal rays hypural centrum hypural 7 lower principal rays lower procurrent rays' Figure 15. Caudal skeleton of Micromischodus sugillatiis (lateral view).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass.
RMRMPDKB–. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Carnegie Museum; Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Natural history. 172 Annals of the Carnegie Museum. In the paratype, No. 1081, the third, fourth, and fifth dorsals are represented only by the neural spines. The latter when found were lying in their relative position, while the centra and neural arches were. Fig. 14. Lateral views of anterior dorsal vertebrae of Promerycochariis carrikeri. ^ nat. size, i, fourth dorsal. No. 1047; 2, outline of centrum and neural arch of the fifth dorsal vertebra, No. 1081; 3, sixth dorsal vertebra, No. 1081. weathered away.
![. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. myoseptum v' sensory ganglion. â /y"^]âperichordol tube notochord bosiventrol ' / ,' segmental artery mterventral I Figure 6-27. Early stage (25 mm) of vertebral formation in the sal- mon showing cartilaginous neural and central elements. Amia In Amia, the vertebrae are short, amphicoelous spools, with the exception of the first, which is opisthocoelous (Figure 6-28). The neural and hemal arches remain sepa- rate from, and are not rooted in, the body. The first few (5 to 7) neural arches have detached neural spines, and the first few Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ4JX2/chordate-morphology-morphology-animals-chordata-myoseptum-v-sensory-ganglion-yquot-perichordol-tube-notochord-bosiventrol-segmental-artery-mterventral-i-figure-6-27-early-stage-25-mm-of-vertebral-formation-in-the-sal-mon-showing-cartilaginous-neural-and-central-elements-amia-in-amia-the-vertebrae-are-short-amphicoelous-spools-with-the-exception-of-the-first-which-is-opisthocoelous-figure-6-28-the-neural-and-hemal-arches-remain-sepa-rate-from-and-are-not-rooted-in-the-body-the-first-few-5-to-7-neural-arches-have-detached-neural-spines-and-the-first-few-RJ4JX2.jpg ". Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. myoseptum v' sensory ganglion. â /y"^]âperichordol tube notochord bosiventrol ' / ,' segmental artery mterventral I Figure 6-27. Early stage (25 mm) of vertebral formation in the sal- mon showing cartilaginous neural and central elements. Amia In Amia, the vertebrae are short, amphicoelous spools, with the exception of the first, which is opisthocoelous (Figure 6-28). The neural and hemal arches remain sepa- rate from, and are not rooted in, the body. The first few (5 to 7) neural arches have detached neural spines, and the first few Stock Photo")
RMRJ4JX2–. Chordate morphology. Morphology (Animals); Chordata. myoseptum v' sensory ganglion. â /y"^]âperichordol tube notochord bosiventrol ' / ,' segmental artery mterventral I Figure 6-27. Early stage (25 mm) of vertebral formation in the sal- mon showing cartilaginous neural and central elements. Amia In Amia, the vertebrae are short, amphicoelous spools, with the exception of the first, which is opisthocoelous (Figure 6-28). The neural and hemal arches remain sepa- rate from, and are not rooted in, the body. The first few (5 to 7) neural arches have detached neural spines, and the first few
![. The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals. Cats; Anatomy, Comparative. CHAP, v.] THE CATS MUSCLES. Other miiiov divisions of the erector spinoj bear tlic names â ir/iii- spina/is, mu/f(fidt(S spiiue, roUdores spince, intcr-spinaks, and liitcr- tratm-crsales, and have their fibres directed as follows : at first, from the transverse processes to the neural spines ; the second, from mctapophyses (or the parts which serially correspond Aith the met-. A.âISTERXAL ASPIXT OF StICRXLM AND CoSTAl. CaRTILAOESâMuSCLES OF LiaX SID!' Br.IN> ALMOST ALL RKMOVED. Xo. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJDN5R/the-cat-an-introduction-to-the-study-of-backboned-animals-especially-mammals-cats-anatomy-comparative-chap-v-the-cats-muscles-other-miiiov-divisions-of-the-erector-spinoj-bear-tlic-names-iriii-spinais-muffidts-spiiue-roudores-spince-intcr-spinaks-and-liitcr-tratm-crsales-and-have-their-fibres-directed-as-follows-at-first-from-the-transverse-processes-to-the-neural-spines-the-second-from-mctapophyses-or-the-parts-which-serially-correspond-aith-the-met-aisterxal-aspixt-of-sticrxlm-and-costal-cartilaoesmuscles-of-liax-sid!-bringt-almost-all-rkmoved-xo-RJDN5R.jpg ". The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals. Cats; Anatomy, Comparative. CHAP, v.] THE CATS MUSCLES. Other miiiov divisions of the erector spinoj bear tlic names â ir/iii- spina/is, mu/f(fidt(S spiiue, roUdores spince, intcr-spinaks, and liitcr- tratm-crsales, and have their fibres directed as follows : at first, from the transverse processes to the neural spines ; the second, from mctapophyses (or the parts which serially correspond Aith the met-. A.âISTERXAL ASPIXT OF StICRXLM AND CoSTAl. CaRTILAOESâMuSCLES OF LiaX SID!' Br.IN> ALMOST ALL RKMOVED. Xo. Stock Photo")
RMRJDN5R–. The cat; an introduction to the study of backboned animals, especially mammals. Cats; Anatomy, Comparative. CHAP, v.] THE CATS MUSCLES. Other miiiov divisions of the erector spinoj bear tlic names â ir/iii- spina/is, mu/f(fidt(S spiiue, roUdores spince, intcr-spinaks, and liitcr- tratm-crsales, and have their fibres directed as follows : at first, from the transverse processes to the neural spines ; the second, from mctapophyses (or the parts which serially correspond Aith the met-. A.âISTERXAL ASPIXT OF StICRXLM AND CoSTAl. CaRTILAOESâMuSCLES OF LiaX SID!' Br.IN> ALMOST ALL RKMOVED. Xo.
RMRDKEPX–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. 594 TELEOSTEI to Eeinhardt ^ the allied Stego2Jliilus insidiosus, a small colour- less Fish, 30 to 40 mm. long, from Brazil and Argentine, lives parasitically in the gill-cavity of large Cat-Fishes {Platystoma). Dr. F. Silvestri has noticed that it sucks the blood in the gills of Platystoma coruscans, a Silurid growing to a length of 6 feet. Fam. 5. Loricariidae.—Distinguished from the preceding by the sessile ribs and the absence of the transverse processes in the praecaudal vertebrae, which have bifid neural spines. The air- bladder is always much re
RMRFRP70–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS VERTEBRATES FROM NEW MEXICO. 33. Fig. 20.—Diasparactiis zenos Case. Lateral view of the ninth to tlie twenty-third cau- 3- From this point back the character of the vertebrae changes regularly and very slightly. The last trace of a rib is seen on the eleventh or twelfth. The sixteenth and seventeenth still have well-formed netiral arches located on the anterior half of the centrum; the posterior zygapophyses are elongated. From this point back to the twenty-third, the last preserved, the neural spines are low, almost rudi- m
RMRF953N–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. Morosaurus grandis, Marsh.—Tooth ; from the Upper Jurassic of North America, f. or less rounded ; sacral vertebrae mostly solid, and only the posterior ones bearing their own arch; caudals without postzygapophyses, the prezygapophyses forming indents on sides of neural spines ; chevrons Fig. 21.. Morosaunis grandis.—Left side of pelvis. y,r. a, acetabulum ; //, ilium is, ischium ; p,p', pubis. (From the ' Amcr. Journ.*). Please note that thes
RMRDGF4P–. Elementary text-book of zoology. 396 CHORD AT A. small centrum and two hollow facets for the occipital condyles of the skull. The second or axis has a peg-like odontoid process which belongs by origin to the atlas. The other five have low neural spines and short centra. All the cervical vertebrae have vertebrarterial canals, produced by fusion of cervical ribs, as in the pigeon. The thoracic veriebrce are twelve. All have long neural spines. The rib has in each case a capitulum articulating between the centra of o. tIJIac^^-V^k™^^ o^^lBBn.. two vertebra, and. a (Adnat.) tuoerculum articulatm
RMRHE1KF–. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. 127 85° 80° 75° 70°. Fig. 47: Distribution of Basiliscus b. basiliscus and B. b. barbouri. Symbols represent localities of examined specimens. being shorter than the posterior ones. The greatest height is approximately the same size as the body. Seventeen or eighteen neural spines support the dorsal crest. The cau- dal crest is supported by 23 neural spines and originates in the sacral region just poste- rior to the dorsal crest. The caudal crest is short at first and becomes longer towards the middle of the tail to become shorter again. The two cres
RMRMPD91–. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Carnegie Museum; Carnegie Museum of Natural History; Natural history. Peterson: The Osteology of Promi<:rycochcerus. 177 neural spines arc lower, but with a greater antero-posterior diameter, and greater forward inclination than in Merycoidodon. The Sacrum {Cf. Figs. 28, 29, 30).—In the type-specimen. No. 1080, and also in its companion skeleton No. 1079 the sacra have seven coossified vertebrae; specimen No. 1081, also one of the three originals, has eight (see Fig. 28); on the other hand in Merycoidodon culbertsoni there are usually but four. The sacrum of
RMRGEPMK–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. NS2 Figure 1. Caudal Skeleton: A. Maurolicus muelleri; B. Argyropelecus affinis; C. Polyipnus asteroides; D. Sternoptyx pseudobscura. Abbreviations: EP r; epural; HS i^ haemal spine; HYP =: hypurals; NS z^ neural spines; and UN =: uroneurol. hypurals 1-2 and 3-4 are always fused. In some cases, there is complete (Sternoptyx) or almost complete {ValencienneUtis) fusion of hypural elements. The following are the important evo- lutionary features. The caudal skeleton of Maurolicus appears primitive and is similar to the
RMRF94Y5–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. 282 SQTJAMATA. Group A.—The dorsal vertebrae elongated, with broad neural spines. All the species of moderate size. Varanus bengalengfe (Daudin1). Syn. Tupinambis bengalensis, Daudin 2. Monitor draccena, Gray 3. Varanus draccsna, Giinther 4. Of small size, the total length being 1,710. Hab. India. Fig. 64.. Varanus bengalensis.—Eight maxilla (A), and a dorsal vertebra from the anterior (B) and posterior (0) aspects; from the Pleistocene of Ma
RMRGHJRR–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology Supplement. . Fig. 33. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet). Diagram to illustrate variations in caudal osteology. Neural arches stippled, neural spines black. The only other significant cranial difference between the two genera concerns the length of the maxilla. The maxilla of Tarpon extends well behind the level of the eye. That of Megalops nearly always terminates at a level beneath the posterior eye border. In two specimens out of a total of 24 examined (ranging in S.L. from 48 mm to 365 mm) the maxilla protruded very slightly beyond
RMRFRPY4–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. 56 A REVISION OF THE COTYLOSAURIA OF NORTH AMERICA Genus PHANEROSAURUS H. v. Meyer. Phanerosaurus naumanni, Paleontographica, i860, Bd. VII, pp. 248-252, Taf. xxvn H. v. Meyer described a specimen consisting of four pos- terior dorsals, the first sacral, and a fragment of the second sacral, from the Rothliegende near Zwickau. The vertebra; figured by v. Meyer are typically Cotylo- saurian. The neural arch is low and broad, with swollen sides and short, stout neural spines. The centrum is much less in width than the neural arches; a keel on the
RMRFT6RW–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. SYSTEMATIC REVISION 63 Cacops aspidephorus Williston. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 21, 1901, p. 253. Type: The same as that of the genus. Original description: This is contained in the summary of the genus on page 62, and in the morphological description, page 119. Revised description: Contained in that of the genus. Family ASPIDOSAURID/E fam. nov. 1. Small. 2. Occipital condyles separate. 3. Otic notch present, small. 4. Unknown. 5. Unknow^n. 6. Apices of neural spines expanded into overlapping, rugose plates, forming an imperfect dorsal armor.
![. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. CARROLL: niSSOROlMIII) KVOLTTIOX •217 ASIMDOSALRI'S S]). Fimii'c IS ami Plate 1 The earliest dissorophicl aniior known from Texas consists of three neural spines with fused plates from the Moran Forma- tion (MCZ 2740). These were collected by L. I. Price in 1935, one mile northwest of Padgett, northeast part, Wm. Tryndale survey, Young (,'ounty, Texas. They resemble in a general way the armor associated with the tyi)e skull of Aspidosanrus chiton from the Arroyo (Broili, 1904). One piece has a longitudinally. Please n Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGENTE/bulletin-of-the-museum-of-comparative-zoology-at-harvard-college-zoology-carroll-nissorolmiii-kvolttiox-217-asimdosalris-s-fimiic-is-ami-plate-1-the-earliest-dissorophicl-aniior-known-from-texas-consists-of-three-neural-spines-with-fused-plates-from-the-moran-forma-tion-mcz-2740-these-were-collected-by-l-i-price-in-1935-one-mile-northwest-of-padgett-northeast-part-wm-tryndale-survey-young-ounty-texas-they-resemble-in-a-general-way-the-armor-associated-with-the-tyie-skull-of-aspidosanrus-chiton-from-the-arroyo-broili-1904-one-piece-has-a-longitudinally-please-n-RGENTE.jpg ". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. CARROLL: niSSOROlMIII) KVOLTTIOX •217 ASIMDOSALRI'S S]). Fimii'c IS ami Plate 1 The earliest dissorophicl aniior known from Texas consists of three neural spines with fused plates from the Moran Forma- tion (MCZ 2740). These were collected by L. I. Price in 1935, one mile northwest of Padgett, northeast part, Wm. Tryndale survey, Young (,'ounty, Texas. They resemble in a general way the armor associated with the tyi)e skull of Aspidosanrus chiton from the Arroyo (Broili, 1904). One piece has a longitudinally. Please n Stock Photo")
RMRGENTE–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. CARROLL: niSSOROlMIII) KVOLTTIOX •217 ASIMDOSALRI'S S]). Fimii'c IS ami Plate 1 The earliest dissorophicl aniior known from Texas consists of three neural spines with fused plates from the Moran Forma- tion (MCZ 2740). These were collected by L. I. Price in 1935, one mile northwest of Padgett, northeast part, Wm. Tryndale survey, Young (,'ounty, Texas. They resemble in a general way the armor associated with the tyi)e skull of Aspidosanrus chiton from the Arroyo (Broili, 1904). One piece has a longitudinally. Please n
![. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). OSTEOLOGY OF THE DENTICI PI TI D AE 251. Fig. 27. Transition between abdominal and caudal vertebrae, showing the last pleural rib, its parapophysis-like process (P), and the two " floating " ribs (FR); left lateral view. the fifth to the first preural, the shelf is absent and consequently there is only one aperture between the centrum and the neural spine. Preural vertebrae 3 to 5 have a longer haemal arch base than do the preceding elements, and a foramen is present in it. The neural spines of preural vertebrae 2-5 are expanded ant Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RGK992/bulletin-of-the-british-museum-natural-history-osteology-of-the-dentici-pi-ti-d-ae-251-fig-27-transition-between-abdominal-and-caudal-vertebrae-showing-the-last-pleural-rib-its-parapophysis-like-process-p-and-the-two-quot-floating-quot-ribs-fr-left-lateral-view-the-fifth-to-the-first-preural-the-shelf-is-absent-and-consequently-there-is-only-one-aperture-between-the-centrum-and-the-neural-spine-preural-vertebrae-3-to-5-have-a-longer-haemal-arch-base-than-do-the-preceding-elements-and-a-foramen-is-present-in-it-the-neural-spines-of-preural-vertebrae-2-5-are-expanded-ant-RGK992.jpg ". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). OSTEOLOGY OF THE DENTICI PI TI D AE 251. Fig. 27. Transition between abdominal and caudal vertebrae, showing the last pleural rib, its parapophysis-like process (P), and the two " floating " ribs (FR); left lateral view. the fifth to the first preural, the shelf is absent and consequently there is only one aperture between the centrum and the neural spine. Preural vertebrae 3 to 5 have a longer haemal arch base than do the preceding elements, and a foramen is present in it. The neural spines of preural vertebrae 2-5 are expanded ant Stock Photo")
RMRGK992–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). OSTEOLOGY OF THE DENTICI PI TI D AE 251. Fig. 27. Transition between abdominal and caudal vertebrae, showing the last pleural rib, its parapophysis-like process (P), and the two " floating " ribs (FR); left lateral view. the fifth to the first preural, the shelf is absent and consequently there is only one aperture between the centrum and the neural spine. Preural vertebrae 3 to 5 have a longer haemal arch base than do the preceding elements, and a foramen is present in it. The neural spines of preural vertebrae 2-5 are expanded ant
RMRN5JC9–. Animal biology. Biology; Zoology; Physiology. THE VERTEBRATE BODY 149 Cranium Internal nares Nostrils Mouth Pharynx Larynx Trachea Esophagus Sternum Lungs Heart Thoracic cavity-^ Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Liver Stomach Mm ft Large intestine-^ Kidney Small intestine Ureter Vermiform appendix Urinary bladder. Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Spinal cord Neural spines Centrum of vertebra Vertebral canal Coccyx Pubis Urethra Anus Fig. 109. — Diagrammatic median section of the human body.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for r
RMRMJHJJ–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 300 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 7. Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton. Arti- culated mid-caudal vertebrae, SAM-2731f. A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. Note the longitudinally grooved neural spines and sub- pentagonal centra. Bar scale = 25 mm.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Tow
RMREFKKM–. Commissioners' report.. Game and game-birds; Game protection; Fisheries; Fishes. 434 The vertebral column is formed of vertebrae, each of which has a rounded body hollowed out on both faces (amphicoelous), from which there projects an upper arch protecting the spinal cord and terminating above in an upper or neural spinous process (fig. 6). Between the neural spines are inter-spinous bones which. Fig. 6.—Caudal Vertebra and Caudal end of Vebtebral Column in the Catfish. Ns, neural spine ; c, vertebral centre ; hs, haemal spine; nsh, bony sheath of the notochord ; cr, caudal rays. carry the f
RMRF285W–. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) ... By Richard Lydekker ... Reptiles, Fossil; Amphibians, Fossil. 282 SQTJAMATA. Group A.—The dorsal vertebrae elongated, with broad neural spines. All the species of moderate size. Varanus bengalengfe (Daudin1). Syn. Tupinambis bengalensis, Daudin 2. Monitor draccena, Gray 3. Varanus draccsna, Giinther 4. Of small size, the total length being 1,710. Hab. India. Fig. 64.. Varanus bengalensis.—Eight maxilla (A), and a dorsal vertebra from the anterior (B) and posterior (0) aspects; from the Pleistocene of Ma
RMRGD7AG–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. 454 Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 146, No. 9 epurals 1-3 uroneurals 1-2 urostyle modified neural process neural spines. complex ural centrum hemal spines parhypural 5 mm Figure 38. Argonectes longiceps, 198 mm. Caudal skeleton (lateral view). epurals 1-3 urostyle modified neural process neural spines. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the
RMRGHTYB–. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. FISHES From the Lebanon 273 has two epurals, not one as shown), and there are independent second and third uroneurals (un2, un3), as in Humbertia. There is a urodermal in Osmerns (Patterson ig68a : 230 ; Fig. 42) and Hypomesus (Fig. 43), but caudal scutes are absent (Weitz- man 1967b : 532). The neural spine of PU2 is short, as in Gaudryella and Humbertia, in all published illustrations of osmeroid tails (Gosline's individual of Hypomesus is abnormal in having two neural spines, one long and one short, on PU2 ; cf. Fig. 43). In Osmen
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