Saprophytic Black & White Stock Photos
RM2AJBKPK–The diseases and pests of the rubber tree . Fig. 7.—UstuUna zonata ; mycelium between the wood and the bark, x J. to the same class as UstuKna form black hnes in wood, andthe majority of them are merely saprophytic. 60 THE RUBBER TREE The fructification of the fungus (Fig. 8) is usuallyproduced in profusion at the base of the stem, generallybefore the tree is dead. The fungUs emerges through thebark as a short, white column, one or two millimetres indiameter, and spreads out in all directions flat on the surfaceof the bark, being attached to the bark only at the point oforigin. It thus forms a
RMPG0PTH–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 75 Solutions. It has been the general experience that the readily culturable parasitic and hemiparasitic fungi have about the same relation to strengths of solu- tions as the saprophytic forms. Ordinarily, therefore, such forms give abundant growth under widely different condi- tions of concentration of the substratum. According to Eschenhagen the concentra- tions at which Botrytis cinerea may grow under ordinary cir- cumstances are as follows : grape sugar, 5
RM2AN5P04–Sweet peas and how to grow them . where mycelium probably passed from saprophytic toparasitic mode of life in Sweet Pea stem; ;, ground level. T, plant killed when only a few inches high: k, top growth ceased; I,blackened stem ; m, roots killed ; n, radicle least affected ; o, remainsof seed-leaves. U, bit of rather fresh stable manure showing: p, mycelium of fungus assaprophyte. V, portion of leaf mould only partially rotted, with q, mycelium of fungus,as a saprophyte. W, vegetative portion of fungus from bit of diseased stem of K : r, septatethreads, which penetrate the tissues of the host p
RMPG3YKW–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 237 In the same way as for the cotton, so also in the case of the cowpea, resistant races have been found. The most resistant of the original varieties tested was the form known as Iron Moun- tain, which has since been considerably crossed, and in various ways improved. The fungus. It has been stated that this fungus is unques- tionably very generally distributed and may live indefinitely in the soil. This is due to the fact that it is easily propagated in a saprophytic
RM2CE4PCH–. Pathogenic microörganisms; a practical manual for students, physicians, and health officers . l marked in young, vigor-ous cultures. Here they have diagnostic value. At least some ofthese granules are nuclear in character. Certain other granules which take up stains readily, and others stillwhich absorb stains with difficulty, are of the nature of starch of fator of other food products. Meyer has described some as being composedof volutin, a protein characterized by insolubility in alcohol and solu-bility in water, acids and alkalis. Certain saprophytic forms havesulphvu, others iron granul
RMPG42JP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph
RM2CE4K93–. Pathogenic microörganisms; a practical manual for students, physicians, and health officers . Fig. 104.—Streptococci from solidifiedserum culture appearing mostly in diplo-cocci. X 1000 diameters.. Fig. 105.—Streptococci in throat exu-date smeared on cover-glass. X lOOUdiameters. Staining.—^They stain readily by aniUne colors and the pyogenicvarieties give a positive reaction by Grams method. Some species,mostly saprophytic, growing in short chains are negative to Gramsstain. Biology.—Streptococci of this type grow readily in various liquid andsolid culture media. The most favorable tempera
RMPG3FM1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav-
RMRE3AXH–. Practical botany. Botany. THE BASIDIUM FUNGI (BASIDIOMYCETES) 255 life processes they are of the greatest importance, since they are instruments of decay and soil enrichment, and bear an im- portant relation to various industries. As producers of diseases of plants, animals, and men, they have great significance. Phycomycetes are sometimes saprophytic and sometimes parasitic. As saprophytes they are instruments of decay, and as parasites they often kill their hosts and then as saprophytes disorganize them. The simpler phycomycetes, as bread mold,. Fig. 213. Nest fungi growing in soil in whic
RMPG3FKP–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati
RMRDYFXT–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 84 MORPHOLOGY teleutospores, the saprophytic promycelium or basidium bearing ba- sidiospores, and the parasitic mycelium bearing aecidiospores), lives upon two unrelated hosts, and produces four (perhaps five) kinds of spores. It is natural that such a polymorphous plant should not have been understood at first, and that the different phases should have received different names. The mycelium bearing uredospores was named Uredo ; that bearing teleutospores, not known at first to be the. Fig. ig6. — Wheal rust: an aecidium (cluster
RMPG456H–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 114 MYCOLOGY authors, are placed in the family Peronosporace^e. Details of the important forms which cause plant diseases will be given in the third part of this book. These fungi will be referred to under each genus following the systematic generic key which is here given. Generic Key of the Family. Peronosporace.* Mycelium of these fungi parasitic or saprophytic in plant tissues; zoosporangia as distinct organs producing biciliate zoospores. Zoospores formed out of, protoplaem which e
RMRDJF8H–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 237 In the same way as for the cotton, so also in the case of the cowpea, resistant races have been found. The most resistant of the original varieties tested was the form known as Iron Moun- tain, which has since been considerably crossed, and in various ways improved. The fungus. It has been stated that this fungus is unques- tionably very generally distributed and may live indefinitely in the soil. This is due to the fact that it is easily propagated in a saprophytic
![. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45NW/fungoid-and-insect-pests-of-the-farm-agricultural-pests-xii-aphides-and-sawfties-161-quothoney-dewquot-which-may-be-found-on-the-leaves-of-trees-it-blocks-up-the-stomata-and-sometimes-becomes-so-dirty-owing-to-the-growth-of-a-saprophytic-fungus-as-to-appear-hke-a-coating-of-soot-if-the-aphides-were-not-checked-by-some-natural-means-it-is-obvious-from-the-rate-at-which-they-reproduce-that-they-would-soon-cover-all-the-plants-on-the-earth-they-have-a-large-number-of-natural-enemies-and-nature-has-given-them-this-capacity-for-reproduction-in-order-to-withstand-these-after-a-bad-PG45NW.jpg ". Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad. Stock Photo")
RMPG45NW–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad.
RMRE1JM8–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES : FUNGI 265 have been so modified by their parasitic and saprophytic habits that they have lost all likeness to the Algae, and their connection with them is very obscure. 178. The plant body,—Discarding certain problematical forms, to be mentioned later, the bodies of all true Fungi are organized upon a uniform general plan, to which they can all be referred (Fig. 232). A set of colorless branching. s^ Fig. 232. A diagrammatic representation of Mucor, showing the profusely branching mycelium, and three vertical hyphae (sporophores),
RMPG2YEK–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 370 PLANT STl'DIKS from the seed. Formerly it was culled either cuullrJe or radicle. In Dicotj'ledons the stem-tip between the coty- ledons often organizes the rudiments of subsequent leaves, forming a little bud which is called the plumule. Embryos differ much as to completeness of their devel- opment within the seed. In some plants, especially those which are jiarasitic or saprophytic, tlie embryo is merely a small mass of cells, without any organization of root, stem, or leaf. In many cases the embryo becomes highly devel- ojicd, the endosperm
RMRDY5TD–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. 458 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT Bacteria, The relation of the Bacteria to the Cyanophyceae is obscure. But they certainly offer many points of analogy in their mode of hfe. They are unicellular or filamentous organisms, Adthout chlorophyll, and they lead a parasitic or saprophytic existence. Their cells may be spherical {Cocais), or rod-shaped [Bacillus), or slightly spiral [Vibrio), or strongly spiral [Spirillum), or straight and slender [Cladothrix), or , grouped in cubical packets [Sarcina). They have a superficial membrane, and protoplasmic body, some-
RMPG40MX–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. FUNGI 383 for growth become unfavorable, mycelia of saprophytic fungi appear to pass into a condition of suspended anima- tion ; when the conditions are right again, they renew their activity. a. Difference between Toadstools and Mushrooms. — These plants belong to the same group of true fungi. The differ- ence between them is simply that mushrooms are edible and toadstools are not. There is no single way by which you always can tell a mushroom from a toad
RMRDJG5R–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 75 Solutions. It has been the general experience that the readily culturable parasitic and hemiparasitic fungi have about the same relation to strengths of solu- tions as the saprophytic forms. Ordinarily, therefore, such forms give abundant growth under widely different condi- tions of concentration of the substratum. According to Eschenhagen the concentra- tions at which Botrytis cinerea may grow under ordinary cir- cumstances are as follows : grape sugar, 5
RMPG16M2–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 18 PSILOTALES [CH. Sw. (fig. 118) and P. complanatum Sw., flourishes in moist tropical regions of both hemispheres, growing either on soil rich in organic substances or as an epiphyte. Both genera are considered to be more or less saprophytic.. Fig. 118. Psilotum triquetrum (J natural size). A. Synangium. B. Sporophyll after removal of the synangium. (M.S.) Psilotum. The common tropical species P. triquetrum (fig. 118) is characterised by an underground rhizome which forms a confused mass of dark brown branches covered with fi
RMRDXT27–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. 252 MANUAL OF POISONOUS PLANTS EXOASCACEAE This small order contains parasitic and saprophytic species. The asci are without perithecium, except in Gymnoascus and Ctenomyces where there is a rudimentary perithecium. The Taphrinae are undoubtedly related to the yeasts and by some are placed in one order known as Gymnoasceae, being represented by Gymnoascus. The Gymnoasceae exclusive of Taphrinae are sometimes placed with the Plectasci
RMPG45F0–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 14 Minnesota Plant Diseases. be made by the plant to produce reproductive bodies and then one grand effort is made. A single mushroom may produce mil- lions of spores and shed them all in a single day. Not all para- sites, however, are small; but in some cases, as in the wound parasites, they may produce large shelf-like fruiting bodies. These plants are often saprophytic at first, becoming parasitic later. Storage organs. Most fungi use the food materials which have been absorbed from their various sources, for the immedi- ate production of fruiting
RMRDYBXG–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 176 BOTANY. habits of the one and the aerial and parasitic or saprophytic habits of the other. 317. In the Powdery Mildews, which are all para- sitic, the jointed filaments closely cover the leaves and other tender parts of their hosts, and draw nourishment from them by means of suckers, which project as irregular outgrowths from the side next to the epidermis (Fig. 96). These suckers apply themselves closely to the epidermal cells, and, in some cases, appear to penetrate them. 318. The crossing and branching filaments soon send up many vertical branches, in
RMPG4F54–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 242 Minnesota Plant Diseases. Partridge wood rot {Stereum frustulosum Fr.). This is a very characteristic rot of woods and is not uncommon in Min- nesota. It attacks chiefly oak and may live either as a wound parasite or in a saprophytic manner on felled timber. The fruiting bodies are hard and crust-like, light-brown to greyish. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Fre
RMRDWB1T–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALL( )PHYT£S : FL'N(41 49 have been so modified by their parasitic and saprophytic habits that they hare lost all likeness to the Algae, and their connection with them is very obscure. 37. The plant body,—Discarding certain problematical forms, to be mentioned later, the bodies of all true Fungi are organized upon a uniform general plan, to which they can all be referred (Fig. 33). A set of colorless branching. Fig. S2 a diagrammatic representation of M'icor. showing the profusely branching mycelium, and three vertical hyphse (sporophores), sporangia
RMPG4EW8–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 296 Minnesota Plant Diseases. saprophytic stage, beginning with the germination of the spore and ending with the formation of an infection tube by the sec- ondary and tertiary spores. The secondary and tertiary spores, produced by the smut spore, are capable of living in a nutrient solution or in fresh manure, where they may form a saprophytic mycelium or may continue to bud off more spores in a yeast-like fashion. They may live thus for years, and when finally brought into contact with the seedling plant, they may still cause infection.. Fig. 147.—S
RMRDXM1M–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. PROTOZOA AND THE CANCER PROBLEM 213 able medium for growth in the degenerating masses accompanying cancer, cannot be regarded as the causes of the disease, and as such saprophytic organisms we must include the ameba Leydenia gemmi- para of Schaudinn ('96), which was found by E. von Leyden ('96) in the peritoneal fluids of ascitic dropsy and associated with cancer. This organism is a definite ameboid rhizopod measuring about 25 /x in diameter. It moves rapidly in body temperatures, by forming flat and lamellose pseudopodia. Structurally it differ
RMPG45M9–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 562 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Key to Genera of Melflnconiaceae-Scolecospora Conidia aUantoid 1. Naemospora. Conidia bacillar to filiform Conidia fasciculate at the apex of the conidiophores 2. Tiichodytes. Conidia solitary Masses white or pale, f oliicolous; conidia filiform 3. Cylindrosporium,p. 562. Masses gray or dark, usually rami cole; conidia falcate 4. Cryptosporium, p. 564. Masses bright-colored, saprophytic; conidia falcate 5. Libertella, p. 564. Cylindrosporium Unger Acervuli subepidermal, white or pallid, disci
RMRE0MH9–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. PLANT STUDIES the food which they manufacture. The less chlorophyll is used the less is it developed, and a green plant which is obtaining the larger amount of its food in a saprophytic or parasitic way is on the way to losing all of its chlorophyll and becoming a com- plete saprophyte or parasite. Certain of the low- er Algse are in the habit of living in the body cavities of high- er plants, finding in such situations the moisture and protec- tion which they need. They may thus have brought within their reach some of the organic products of the
![. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3PDT/a-text-book-of-agricultural-zoology-zoology-economic-eelworms-71-for-a-curious-disease-in-the-hop-known-as-quot-nettle-head-quot-they-are-there-not-as-parasites-but-as-sap-rophytes-fermentations-are-also-produced-by-some-anguillulidae-such-as-by-the-vinegar-and-paste-worms-by-far-the-greater-number-live-free-in-damp-earth-and-in-water-eelworms-are-very-min-ute-worms-with-very-thia-skins-and-lay-only-a-few-comparatively-large-eggs-which-undergo-rapid-de-velopment-parasitic-and-saprophytic-forms-can-be-told-by-the-presence-of-a-curious-mouth-spine-this-structure-fou-PG3PDT.jpg ". A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou Stock Photo")
RMPG3PDT–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou
RMRE39KF–. Introduction to botany. Botany. THE BACTERIA 205 preceding section the relation of decay to soils was suggested. Although the relation of plants and soils is more fully dis- cussed in a later chapter, it is advisable at this point to discuss briefly the relation of bacteria to soils. Their methods of living bear peculiar relations to the nitro- gen supply of the soil. There are at least four groups of soil bacteria which are of interest ui this connection. First, there are saprophytic forms which in their processes of nutrition make a com- pound of nitrogen and hydrogen which is known as amm
RMPG4GT4–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 125 these prized as table delicacies, and the Laboulbeniales, an order rich in species which are all parasitic upon insects. Protodiscales (p. 123) The 4-8 to many-spored asci form a flat palisade-like hymenium which arises directly from the mycelium; paraphyses none; spores, one-celled, elliptical or round. Key to Families of Protodiscales Parasitic 1. Exoascaceas, p. 125. Saprophytic 2. Ascocorticiaces. Of these families the second contains only one genus and two species found in bark. The firs
RMRDC269–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph
![. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3FM3/a-textbook-of-botany-for-colleges-and-universities-botany-saprophytism-and-symbiosis-755-milk-and-the-bacteria-of-hay-infusions-figs-14-17-among-the-com-moner-saprophytic-fungi-are-the-molds-eg-penicillium-and-mucor-fig-1078-the-yeasts-figs-168-173-a-d-quotost-fleshy-fungi-figs-197-198-saprophytic-fungi-and-bacteria-occur-wherever-there-is-dead-organic-matter-particularly-in-humus-the-processes-of-decay-being-associated-with-these-organisms-the-vegetative-body-of-fungi-the-mycelium-is-composed-of-delicate-threads-the-hyphae-fig-1078-which-penetrate-the-PG3FM3.jpg ". A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo")
RMPG3FM3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the
RMRDYRM7–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. The Animal Kingdom - 625 THE PROTOZOA1 ANIMALS) (LITERALLY, FIRST This fairly large (about 20,000 species) phylum includes all one-celled animal or- ganisms. Most of the species are of solitary habit; but there are a number of colonial forms. Typically the nutrition is holozoic; but one group, the Sporozoa, is entirely para- sitic; and there are some saprophytic species. Four main subgroups (here designated as classes) have been evolved: Class 1. The Sarcodina (Fig. 32-1). Pro- tozoa with pseudopodia. Class 2. The Mastigophora (Fig. 32-2). Protozoa with
![. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PFXCPK/timber-and-some-of-its-diseases-timber-trees-ix-healing-of-wounds-by-occlusion-221-trees-all-its-tissues-dry-up-and-its-cortex-cambium-ampc-are-rapidly-destroyed-by-saprophytic-fungi-and-in-a-short-time-we-find-only-a-hard-dry-branched-stick-projecting-from-the-tree-at-the-extreme-base-fig-33base-of-a-strong-branch-which-had-perished-naturally-twenty-four-years-previously-to-the-stage-figured-the-branch-decayed-and-the-base-was-gradually-occluded-by-the-thickening-layers-of-the-stem-the-fall-of-the-rotting-branch-did-not-occur-till-six-years-ago-however-and-can-be-PFXCPK.jpg ". Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be Stock Photo")
RMPFXCPK–. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be
RMRDYFY3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. THALLOPHYTES 83 results in a filament of four cells, each of which gives rise to a slender branch bearing a spore (fig. 194). This saprophytic filament has been called the promycelium, and its spores sporidia; but it represents a four-celled basidium bearing basidiospores, and is the structure that determines the position of rusts among Basidiomycetes. Aecidium.—The basidiospores that fall upon young barberry leaves germinate, and an extensive mycelium is developed among the tissues of the new host. This mycelium develops very ev
RMPG3DPJ–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 158 in.ANT RTrniER tliG food wliioli they mamifacturt'. The less chlorophyll is used the less is it developed, and a green plant which is obtaining the larger amount of its food in a saprophytic or parasitic way is on the way to losing all of its chlorophyll and becoming a com- plete saprophyte or parasite. Certain of the low- er Algffi are in the luibit of living in the l)ody cavities of high- er jilants, finding in suidi situations the moisture and protec- tion which they need. They may thus have brought within their reach some of the organic pr
RMRDHK3B–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati
RMPG26FM–. Beginners' botany. Botany. io8 BEGINNERS' BOTANY example. Lay a piece of moist bread on a plate and invert a tumbler over it. In a few days it will be moldy. The spores were in the air, or perhaps they had already fallen on the bread but had not had opportunity to grow. Most green plants are unable to make any direct use of the humus or vegetable mold in the soil, for they are not saprophytic. The shelf- fungi (Fig. 134) are sap- rophytes. They are com- mon on logs and trees. Some of them are perhaps partially parasitic, extend- ing the mycelium into the wood of the living tree and causing i
RMRE00ND–. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PLANTS 151 the bread to sugar and the proteid to a soluble form which will pass by osmosis into the hyphse. Thus the plant is enabled to absorb the material. This food is then used to supply energy and make protoplasm. This seems to be the usual method by which saprophytes assimilate the materials on which they live. Other Saprophytic Fungi. — The mushroom resembles a tiny umbrella. The upper part is known to botanists as the cap; the cap is held up by a stalk or stipe. The under surface of the cap discloses a number
RMPG408Y–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. 204 DIPTEEA OE TRUE FLIES. sometimes occurs in hop-cones in swarms. The larvee of the Bibionidse (fig. 97, b) are cylindrical or fusciform maggots which live in earth, decay- ing stems of plants, and amongst roots of plants. They are mostly, if not all, saprophytic. Closely related to these are the Simulidoe or Sand- flies (fig. 98), which swarm in damp places. The females attack man and animals, drawing out the blood. They are one of the forms of mosquitoes.^ The larvsB live on the stems of water-plants.. Pig. 98.—A Sand-fly (Simulmm r
RMRDHK3F–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav-
RMPG45DB–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 4° Minnesota Plant Diseases. Wood-dwelling habit. A great host of saprophytic fungi grow upon wood—on sawed timber, fallen logs and on the ex- posed heart wood of living trees. They constitute the great timber diseases—the chief agents of the rot of wood. Railroad ties, mine timbers, house foundation timbers, in fact, wood, wherever it is placed in continuously moist, dark places, quickly undergoes a rotting which is caused by these fungi. The wood of all our trees is subject to the attack of some of these fungi, but one kind of fungus is often confi
RMRDX21P–. The fern allies of North America north of Mexico. Pteridophyta; Botany. 74 THE LYCOPODIACE/E. their food as other plants do, and so have set up a part- nership with a fungus which is always present and aids in the work. The prothallia of certain exotic species liv- ing on trees are slender, much-branched structures and are saprophytic, that is, they live, like the mushrooms, upon the decayed vegetable matter in their vicinity. ' Be- cause of this asso- ciated fungus it is a difficult matter t o grow the prothallia of the Lycopodiaceae, and that of many species has never been seen. Further ob
RMPG0PRC–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. SCHIZOMYCETES. BACTERIA 109 t are affected they may be killed. Any affected plants are prey to saprophytic organisms, and an offensive soft rot is then likely to result. Whether in the leaves or in the stem, the course of the. Fig. 24. A Cabbage Leaf with Black Rot developing from Water Pore Infections. (Photograph by F. C. Stewart and H. A. Harding) disease may usually be traced by a darkening of the fibrovascular bundles. Fig. 23 shows a healthy and a diseased plant, the latter a
RMRE3Y71–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. CHAPTER XXVIII RHIZOPODA Amoeba Proteus.—This large saprophytic ameba may be considered as an example of the numerous species of free-living amebse, the classification and identification of which is still in hopeless confusion. The organism is widely distributed in stag- nant water and is easily cultivated in the laboratory in not too foul infusions containing bacteria and algae. The cell is 50 to. Fig. 180.—A, Amoeba proteus
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4GPX/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-rhizinacese-p-131-key-to-genera-of-rhizinacese-spores-elliptic-or-spindle-shapedquot-without-rhizoid-like-structures-1-psilopezia-with-rhizoid-like-structures-2-rhizina-p-132-spores-globose-3-sphserosoma-only-one-genus-rhizina-causes-disease-rhizina-fries-with-some-eight-species-is-recognized-by-its-crust-formed-sessile-flat-ascophore-with-root-like-outgrowths-from-the-lower-side-fig-90-asci-cylindrical-8-spored-opening-by-a-lid-spores-one-celled-hyaline-paraphyses-many-it-is-often-purely-saprophytic-PG4GPX.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic, Stock Photo")
RMPG4GPX–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic,
RMRE3B3M–. Practical botany. Botany. 224 PRACTICAL BOTANY which fall from the parent plant before the spores that de- velop within them are set free. A careful review of type plants used in the study of green algae and phycomycetes will show striking similarity in reproductive processes. The saprophytic and parasitic habits of living of this group give them very great economic significance. Agriculture, hor- ticulture, gardening, fish industries, and water supplies are seriously affected by members of the group. 217. The groups of fungi. The classification of dependent plants into saprophytes, parasite
RMPG41GK–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 248 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY After from three to six hours examine a drop from the surface of the liquid with m.p. After about twenty-four hours examine another portion of the mold from the surface of the liquid. Note : (c) The beginning of for- mation of hyphse and their con- tinued development. Draw. In a prepared slide study the conjugation of mold hy- phse and the formation of zygospores (Fig. 173). 321. Discussion.âThe bread-mold is a typical saprophytic fungus. In its structure, consisting of a much-branched and extremely large continu- ous protoplast
RMRDXY64–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 178 - The Cell salts may be formed. Other elementary con- stituents (S, P, etc.) are also finally converted to inorganic form (chiefly —S04, —P04, etc.). The processes of decay are very important in the general economy of life. Without decay including putrefaction, significant quan- tities of the inorganic substances necessary for the growth of green plants would not be returned to the soil and air. Man also makes use of a number of saprophytic bacteria: in tanning leather, curing tobacco, making cheese, and disposing of sewage. All in all, the benefits
RMPG4191–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fia. 78. Fis. 79. OS, apiece of a vesetative hypha, m, m, Upon a fragment of tte epidermis of the leaf of the grape, and to wliioh it is fas- tened by the suckers, A; o, hypha, with the suckers, h, seen in side view. Mag Pig. 78.- Grape-blight (Erysiphe). ': of thf nifled 370 times. Fia. 79.—Grrass-blight (Erysiphe communis), a, vegetative filaments, with a few suckers; 6, branches bearing conidia; c, separated conidia. Magnified 135 times. of the one and the aerial and parasitic or saprophytic habits of the other. 325. In the Blights, which are all parasiti
RMRE1YXH–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. 6i6 Bacillus Coli Bacillus Coli Communis (Escherich) General Characteristics.—A motile, flagellated, non-sporogenous, aerobic aad optionally anaerobic, non-chromogenic, non-liquefying, aerogenic, saprophytic, occasionally pathogenic bacillus, staining by the ordinary methods, butnot by Gram's method. It produces indol, coagulates milk, and produces acids and gases from dextrose, lactose, and sucrose. This micro-organism was first isolated from human fece
RMPG0RFN–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 436 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE It occurs on oak and maple '° as a wound parasite, destroying bark and cambium. This and related species are usually saprophytic. F. pinicola (Fr.) Cke.«^ Pileus corky to woody, ungulate, 8-15 x 12-40 x 6-10 cm.; surface glabrous, sulcate, reddish-b^o^vn to gray or black, often resinous; margin at first acute to tumid, palUd, becoming yellowish or reddish-chestnut: context woody, pallid, 0.5-1 cm. thick; tubes distinctly stratified, 3-5 mm. long each season, white to isabelline,. Fig. 310.—Fo
RMRDY8E9–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. IRREGULAR NUTRITION 195 In these respects Fungi are better equipped than ordinary green Plants, and it is this which makes a coahtion with tliem a pliysiological advantage. Mycorhiza may even lead indirectly to a state of saprophytic nutrition. Two different types of this coaJition are recognised. In the first the fungus lives out- side the tissues of the plant with which it is related ; this is described as ectotrophic, and it occurs in the Beech, Horn- beam, Oak, and Scots Pine; also in Monotropa, and Sarcodes (Fig. 147). In the second the fungus penetra
RMRE1J06–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 370 PLANT STUDIES from the seed. Formerly it was called either caulicle or radicle. In Dicotyledons the stem-tip between the coty- ledons often organizes the rudiments of subsequent leaves, forming a little bud which is called the plumule. Embryos differ much as to completeness of their devel- opment within the seed. In some plants, especially those which are parasitic or saprophytic, the embryo is merely a small mass of cells, without any organization of root, stem, or leaf. In many cases the embryo becomes highly devel- oped, the endosperm being
RMRDWC67–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BLACK MOLDS 189 and thereupon the egg secretes a thick double wall, and becomes a resting spore. 280. The resting spores remain in the tissues of the host until the latter decay, which is generally in the spring. Germination then takes place, in some species by the production of a tube (either germ-tube, or co- nidiophore), in others by the division of the protoplasm into zoospores whose subsequent development is like that described above in case of the conidia. 281. The Black Molds (Mucoraceae) are saprophytic and sometimes parasitic plants; they are compos
RMRDXY68–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. Fig. 10-2. Yeast cells, budding. The light spots are fat droplets and cell-sap vacuoles; the nuclei are not visi- ble in living, unstained cells. SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION The saprophytic mode of nutrition is dis- played by most of the yeasts, molds, and bacteria. Saprophytic organisms, like ani- mals, require at least a minimum of pre- formed organic food; but lacking a digestive cavity, saprophytes must absorb their organic nutrients directly from the environment. Therefore the localities favorable for the growth of saprophytes are very limited. Such form
RMRDY63P–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. 438 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT The fruit-bodies are very complex in some of tlie larger saprophytic Ascomycetes. An extreme case is seen hi the edible Morel [Morchella esculentd), in which the external hyraenial surface is convoluted so as to accommodate a vast number of asci. It is possible to refer this to an elaboration of the Discomycetous type, as it is seen m Peziza (hig. 370). But in the Truffle {Tuber) the equally numerous asci are borne internally, hi the large underground tuberous fruit (Fig. 371). ASCO-LICHENES There is a series of Ascomycetous
![. Microbes & toxins. Bacteriology; Toxins; Antitoxins. FORM AND STRUCTURE OF MICROBES 55 Bacteria—The term "microbes" in current language most frequently signifies bacteria. The bacteria belong to the lower plants, are unicellular, contain no chlorophyll, and are almost all incapable of taking up carbon from the carbonic acid of the air. They are incapable of life except in the presence of ready made organic matter, and are in consequence confined either to a saprophytic existence (moulds on a fruit) or to a parasitic (as in the case of the typhoid bacillus in the intestine). Sca Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHA5B/microbes-amp-toxins-bacteriology-toxins-antitoxins-form-and-structure-of-microbes-55-bacteriathe-term-quotmicrobesquot-in-current-language-most-frequently-signifies-bacteria-the-bacteria-belong-to-the-lower-plants-are-unicellular-contain-no-chlorophyll-and-are-almost-all-incapable-of-taking-up-carbon-from-the-carbonic-acid-of-the-air-they-are-incapable-of-life-except-in-the-presence-of-ready-made-organic-matter-and-are-in-consequence-confined-either-to-a-saprophytic-existence-moulds-on-a-fruit-or-to-a-parasitic-as-in-the-case-of-the-typhoid-bacillus-in-the-intestine-sca-RDHA5B.jpg ". Microbes & toxins. Bacteriology; Toxins; Antitoxins. FORM AND STRUCTURE OF MICROBES 55 Bacteria—The term "microbes" in current language most frequently signifies bacteria. The bacteria belong to the lower plants, are unicellular, contain no chlorophyll, and are almost all incapable of taking up carbon from the carbonic acid of the air. They are incapable of life except in the presence of ready made organic matter, and are in consequence confined either to a saprophytic existence (moulds on a fruit) or to a parasitic (as in the case of the typhoid bacillus in the intestine). Sca Stock Photo")
RMRDHA5B–. Microbes & toxins. Bacteriology; Toxins; Antitoxins. FORM AND STRUCTURE OF MICROBES 55 Bacteria—The term "microbes" in current language most frequently signifies bacteria. The bacteria belong to the lower plants, are unicellular, contain no chlorophyll, and are almost all incapable of taking up carbon from the carbonic acid of the air. They are incapable of life except in the presence of ready made organic matter, and are in consequence confined either to a saprophytic existence (moulds on a fruit) or to a parasitic (as in the case of the typhoid bacillus in the intestine). Sca
RMRDHEHP–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. FUNGI 383 for growth become unfavorable, mycelia of saprophytic fungi appear to pass into a condition of suspended anima- tion ; when the conditions are right again, they renew their activity. a. Difference between Toadstools and Mushrooms. — These plants belong to the same group of true fungi. The differ- ence between them is simply that mushrooms are edible and toadstools are not. There is no single way by which you always can tell a mushroom from a toad
RMRDTWER–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 86 PLANT STEUCTUEES the food which they manufacture. The less chlorophyll is used the less is it developed, and a green plant which is obtaining the larger amount of its food in a saprophytic or parasitic way is on the way to losing all of its chlorophyll and becoming a com- plete saprophyte or parasite. Certain of the low- er Algffi are in the habit of living in the body cavities of high- er plants, finding in such situations the moisture and protec- tion which they need. They may thus have brought within their reach some of the organic products of the
RMRDEFTP–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 114 MYCOLOGY authors, are placed in the family Peronosporace^e. Details of the important forms which cause plant diseases will be given in the third part of this book. These fungi will be referred to under each genus following the systematic generic key which is here given. Generic Key of the Family. Peronosporace.* Mycelium of these fungi parasitic or saprophytic in plant tissues; zoosporangia as distinct organs producing biciliate zoospores. Zoospores formed out of, protoplaem which e
RMRDYRRW–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 604 - Heredity and Evolution potatoes are both caused by parasitic slime molds. The evolutionary relationships of the slime molds represent a puzzling problem. It does seem clear, however, that the Myxo- mycophyta separated off from all other groups at a fairly early time (Fig. 29-11). The Eumyeophytes (True Fungi). This very large phylum consists of more than 75,(100 widely varying species. Most of these higher fungi are saprophytic, although there are quite a few parasitic species. A great major- ity are multicellular and in most cases the cellular or
![. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE57T/fungoid-and-insect-pests-of-the-farm-agricultural-pests-xii-aphides-and-sawfties-161-quothoney-dewquot-which-may-be-found-on-the-leaves-of-trees-it-blocks-up-the-stomata-and-sometimes-becomes-so-dirty-owing-to-the-growth-of-a-saprophytic-fungus-as-to-appear-hke-a-coating-of-soot-if-the-aphides-were-not-checked-by-some-natural-means-it-is-obvious-from-the-rate-at-which-they-reproduce-that-they-would-soon-cover-all-the-plants-on-the-earth-they-have-a-large-number-of-natural-enemies-and-nature-has-given-them-this-capacity-for-reproduction-in-order-to-withstand-these-after-a-bad-RDE57T.jpg ". Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad. Stock Photo")
RMRDE57T–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. XII] Aphides and Sawfties 161 "honey dew," which may be found on the leaves of trees. It blocks up the stomata and sometimes becomes so dirty, owing to the growth of a saprophytic fungus, as to appear hke a coating of soot. If the aphides were not checked by some natural means it is obvious from the rate at which they reproduce that they would soon cover all the plants on the earth. They have a large number of natural enemies, and nature has given them this capacity for reproduction in order to withstand these. After a bad.
RMRDG55H–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 370 PLANT STl'DIKS from the seed. Formerly it was culled either cuullrJe or radicle. In Dicotj'ledons the stem-tip between the coty- ledons often organizes the rudiments of subsequent leaves, forming a little bud which is called the plumule. Embryos differ much as to completeness of their devel- opment within the seed. In some plants, especially those which are jiarasitic or saprophytic, tlie embryo is merely a small mass of cells, without any organization of root, stem, or leaf. In many cases the embryo becomes highly devel- ojicd, the endosperm
RMRE39H4–. Introduction to botany. Botany. rUNGI AND FUNGOUS DISEASES OE PLANTS 235 undergrowth one may find large numbers of these saprophytic plants growing upon decaying organic matter. By breaking open an old log or branch of wood (fig. 183) upon which fungi are growmg, or by upturning rich soil, one often finds the extensively interwoven, mold-like saprophytic growth. This mternal growth gathers nourish- ing material for the whole depend- ent plant, and at the same time helps to bring about the decay of the material upon which it lives. 221. The algae-fungi. There are many different groups of fung
RMRDXG4G–. The origin of a land flora, a theory based upon the facts of alternation. Plant morphology. 342 LYCOPODIALES that the general plan of construction of the prothallus is the same as in the L, cernuum-typt) but modified in accordance with the saprophytic method of nutrition.. A = old prothallus of Lycofiodium annotinum, L., with young plant projecting: beyond the earth-surface (p). Natural size. /> = median section through a young prothallus of Lycopodirau tlavatuui, L. x about 30. C=part of this from the middle region of the upper surface, with antheridia in different stages, x 52. Z) = par
![. A manual of botany. Botany. Fiif. 188. Pitcher of a species of Pitcher-plant {^^epe7>t/^f•s distillatot-ia). p. Pitcher coverecl by the lid, 1. /"iV/.'lSg, Pitcher of the Side-sadrlle-plant (Sarraceniu purpurea). Fuj. 19U. Pitchers of Heliamplwra. thin membranous coatings to tunicated bulbs and corms. The i3eshy leaves which form the bulk of tunicated or scaly bulbs may be included here. They do not contain chlorophyll, and are consequently never green in colour. In some parasitic and saprophytic plants, such as the Broom-rapes, and certain orchids, fleshy scales replace the ordinary Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE1KMN/a-manual-of-botany-botany-fiif-188-pitcher-of-a-species-of-pitcher-plant-epe7gttfs-distillatot-ia-p-pitcher-coverecl-by-the-lid-1-quotivlsg-pitcher-of-the-side-sadrlle-plant-sarraceniu-purpurea-fuj-19u-pitchers-of-heliamplwra-thin-membranous-coatings-to-tunicated-bulbs-and-corms-the-i3eshy-leaves-which-form-the-bulk-of-tunicated-or-scaly-bulbs-may-be-included-here-they-do-not-contain-chlorophyll-and-are-consequently-never-green-in-colour-in-some-parasitic-and-saprophytic-plants-such-as-the-broom-rapes-and-certain-orchids-fleshy-scales-replace-the-ordinary-RE1KMN.jpg ". A manual of botany. Botany. Fiif. 188. Pitcher of a species of Pitcher-plant {^^epe7>t/^f•s distillatot-ia). p. Pitcher coverecl by the lid, 1. /"iV/.'lSg, Pitcher of the Side-sadrlle-plant (Sarraceniu purpurea). Fuj. 19U. Pitchers of Heliamplwra. thin membranous coatings to tunicated bulbs and corms. The i3eshy leaves which form the bulk of tunicated or scaly bulbs may be included here. They do not contain chlorophyll, and are consequently never green in colour. In some parasitic and saprophytic plants, such as the Broom-rapes, and certain orchids, fleshy scales replace the ordinary Stock Photo")
RMRE1KMN–. A manual of botany. Botany. Fiif. 188. Pitcher of a species of Pitcher-plant {^^epe7>t/^f•s distillatot-ia). p. Pitcher coverecl by the lid, 1. /"iV/.'lSg, Pitcher of the Side-sadrlle-plant (Sarraceniu purpurea). Fuj. 19U. Pitchers of Heliamplwra. thin membranous coatings to tunicated bulbs and corms. The i3eshy leaves which form the bulk of tunicated or scaly bulbs may be included here. They do not contain chlorophyll, and are consequently never green in colour. In some parasitic and saprophytic plants, such as the Broom-rapes, and certain orchids, fleshy scales replace the ordinary
RMRDE4TC–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 14 Minnesota Plant Diseases. be made by the plant to produce reproductive bodies and then one grand effort is made. A single mushroom may produce mil- lions of spores and shed them all in a single day. Not all para- sites, however, are small; but in some cases, as in the wound parasites, they may produce large shelf-like fruiting bodies. These plants are often saprophytic at first, becoming parasitic later. Storage organs. Most fungi use the food materials which have been absorbed from their various sources, for the immedi- ate production of fruiting
RMRDWFMA–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 248 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY After from three to six hours examine a drop from the surface of the liquid with m.p. After about twenty-four hours examine another portion of the mold from the surface of the liquid. Note : (c) The beginning of for- mation of hyphse and their con- tinued development. Draw. In a prepared slide study the conjugation of mold hy- phse and the formation of zygospores (Fig. 173). 321. Discussion.—The bread-mold is a typical saprophytic fungus. In its structure, consisting of a much-branched and extremely large continu- ous protoplast
![. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHDA7/a-text-book-of-agricultural-zoology-zoology-economic-eelworms-71-for-a-curious-disease-in-the-hop-known-as-quot-nettle-head-quot-they-are-there-not-as-parasites-but-as-sap-rophytes-fermentations-are-also-produced-by-some-anguillulidae-such-as-by-the-vinegar-and-paste-worms-by-far-the-greater-number-live-free-in-damp-earth-and-in-water-eelworms-are-very-min-ute-worms-with-very-thia-skins-and-lay-only-a-few-comparatively-large-eggs-which-undergo-rapid-de-velopment-parasitic-and-saprophytic-forms-can-be-told-by-the-presence-of-a-curious-mouth-spine-this-structure-fou-RDHDA7.jpg ". A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou Stock Photo")
RMRDHDA7–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidae, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damp earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thia skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - spine. This structure, fou
RMRDBCG3–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 18 PSILOTALES [CH. Sw. (fig. 118) and P. complanatum Sw., flourishes in moist tropical regions of both hemispheres, growing either on soil rich in organic substances or as an epiphyte. Both genera are considered to be more or less saprophytic.. Fig. 118. Psilotum triquetrum (J natural size). A. Synangium. B. Sporophyll after removal of the synangium. (M.S.) Psilotum. The common tropical species P. triquetrum (fig. 118) is characterised by an underground rhizome which forms a confused mass of dark brown branches covered with fi
![. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidse, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damji earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thin skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - sp Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE06PM/a-text-book-of-agricultural-zoology-zoology-agricultural-zoology-economic-eelworms-71-for-a-curious-disease-in-the-hop-known-as-quot-nettle-head-quot-they-are-there-not-as-parasites-but-as-sap-rophytes-fermentations-are-also-produced-by-some-anguillulidse-such-as-by-the-vinegar-and-paste-worms-by-far-the-greater-number-live-free-in-damji-earth-and-in-water-eelworms-are-very-min-ute-worms-with-very-thin-skins-and-lay-only-a-few-comparatively-large-eggs-which-undergo-rapid-de-velopment-parasitic-and-saprophytic-forms-can-be-told-by-the-presence-of-a-curious-mouth-sp-RE06PM.jpg ". A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidse, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damji earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thin skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - sp Stock Photo")
RMRE06PM–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. EELWORMS. 71 for a curious disease in the hop known as " nettle- head " : they are there not as parasites but as sap- rophytes. Fermentations are also produced by some Anguillulidse, such as by the Vinegar- and Paste- worms. By far the greater number live free in damji earth and in water. Eelworms are very min- ute worms, with very thin skins, and lay only a few comparatively large eggs, which undergo rapid de- velopment. Parasitic and saprophytic forms can be told by the presence of a curious mouth - sp
RMRDE3DH–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 296 Minnesota Plant Diseases. saprophytic stage, beginning with the germination of the spore and ending with the formation of an infection tube by the sec- ondary and tertiary spores. The secondary and tertiary spores, produced by the smut spore, are capable of living in a nutrient solution or in fresh manure, where they may form a saprophytic mycelium or may continue to bud off more spores in a yeast-like fashion. They may live thus for years, and when finally brought into contact with the seedling plant, they may still cause infection.. Fig. 147.—S
RMRDGEF1–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 158 in.ANT RTrniER tliG food wliioli they mamifacturt'. The less chlorophyll is used the less is it developed, and a green plant which is obtaining the larger amount of its food in a saprophytic or parasitic way is on the way to losing all of its chlorophyll and becoming a com- plete saprophyte or parasite. Certain of the low- er Algffi are in the luibit of living in the l)ody cavities of high- er jilants, finding in suidi situations the moisture and protec- tion which they need. They may thus have brought within their reach some of the organic pr
![. Textbook of botany. Botany. A MUSHROOM 8S of most of the mushrooms, bears four spores. The fmiting body of Fomes hves and grows from year to year, forming new spores each year. But the fruiting bodies of some other bracket fimgi, such as the sulphur mushroom, a large, vellow, quickly growing form that is soft and edible when young, die after bearing one crop of spores. The branching threads that make up the vegetative body of a bracket fungus Hve in the tissues of the trees upon which the fruiting body appears. ]Iany species of bracket fungi live on dead trees; they are saprophytic. But oth Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDPRD7/textbook-of-botany-botany-a-mushroom-8s-of-most-of-the-mushrooms-bears-four-spores-the-fmiting-body-of-fomes-hves-and-grows-from-year-to-year-forming-new-spores-each-year-but-the-fruiting-bodies-of-some-other-bracket-fimgi-such-as-the-sulphur-mushroom-a-large-vellow-quickly-growing-form-that-is-soft-and-edible-when-young-die-after-bearing-one-crop-of-spores-the-branching-threads-that-make-up-the-vegetative-body-of-a-bracket-fungus-hve-in-the-tissues-of-the-trees-upon-which-the-fruiting-body-appears-iany-species-of-bracket-fungi-live-on-dead-trees-they-are-saprophytic-but-oth-RDPRD7.jpg ". Textbook of botany. Botany. A MUSHROOM 8S of most of the mushrooms, bears four spores. The fmiting body of Fomes hves and grows from year to year, forming new spores each year. But the fruiting bodies of some other bracket fimgi, such as the sulphur mushroom, a large, vellow, quickly growing form that is soft and edible when young, die after bearing one crop of spores. The branching threads that make up the vegetative body of a bracket fungus Hve in the tissues of the trees upon which the fruiting body appears. ]Iany species of bracket fungi live on dead trees; they are saprophytic. But oth Stock Photo")
RMRDPRD7–. Textbook of botany. Botany. A MUSHROOM 8S of most of the mushrooms, bears four spores. The fmiting body of Fomes hves and grows from year to year, forming new spores each year. But the fruiting bodies of some other bracket fimgi, such as the sulphur mushroom, a large, vellow, quickly growing form that is soft and edible when young, die after bearing one crop of spores. The branching threads that make up the vegetative body of a bracket fungus Hve in the tissues of the trees upon which the fruiting body appears. ]Iany species of bracket fungi live on dead trees; they are saprophytic. But oth
RMRDAMK5–. Beginners' botany. Botany. io8 BEGINNERS' BOTANY example. Lay a piece of moist bread on a plate and invert a tumbler over it. In a few days it will be moldy. The spores were in the air, or perhaps they had already fallen on the bread but had not had opportunity to grow. Most green plants are unable to make any direct use of the humus or vegetable mold in the soil, for they are not saprophytic. The shelf- fungi (Fig. 134) are sap- rophytes. They are com- mon on logs and trees. Some of them are perhaps partially parasitic, extend- ing the mycelium into the wood of the living tree and causing i
RMRDE6M1–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 125 these prized as table delicacies, and the Laboulbeniales, an order rich in species which are all parasitic upon insects. Protodiscales (p. 123) The 4-8 to many-spored asci form a flat palisade-like hymenium which arises directly from the mycelium; paraphyses none; spores, one-celled, elliptical or round. Key to Families of Protodiscales Parasitic 1. Exoascaceas, p. 125. Saprophytic 2. Ascocorticiaces. Of these families the second contains only one genus and two species found in bark. The firs
![. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHK3P/a-textbook-of-botany-for-colleges-and-universities-botany-saprophytism-and-symbiosis-755-milk-and-the-bacteria-of-hay-infusions-figs-14-17-among-the-com-moner-saprophytic-fungi-are-the-molds-eg-penicillium-and-mucor-fig-1078-the-yeasts-figs-168-173-a-d-quotost-fleshy-fungi-figs-197-198-saprophytic-fungi-and-bacteria-occur-wherever-there-is-dead-organic-matter-particularly-in-humus-the-processes-of-decay-being-associated-with-these-organisms-the-vegetative-body-of-fungi-the-mycelium-is-composed-of-delicate-threads-the-hyphae-fig-1078-which-penetrate-the-RDHK3P.jpg ". A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the Stock Photo")
RMRDHK3P–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the
RMRE3AAN–. Introduction to botany. Botany. 122 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY means of roads helps to keep small fires from spreading, but in warm dry weather a coniferous-forest fire under full head- way makes such leaps that it is seldom stopped until it reaches extensive clearings or rivers or other large bodies of water.. Flu. 99. Oak trees growing In the opt'ii White oak at the left and red oak at the right 5. Parasitic fungi and the saprophytic kinds which cause the decay of fallen trunks and branches or felled trees (figs. 182 and 199) should be burned, when this is not too expensive and when it can be
RMRDE55A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 562 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Key to Genera of Melflnconiaceae-Scolecospora Conidia aUantoid 1. Naemospora. Conidia bacillar to filiform Conidia fasciculate at the apex of the conidiophores 2. Tiichodytes. Conidia solitary Masses white or pale, f oliicolous; conidia filiform 3. Cylindrosporium,p. 562. Masses gray or dark, usually rami cole; conidia falcate 4. Cryptosporium, p. 564. Masses bright-colored, saprophytic; conidia falcate 5. Libertella, p. 564. Cylindrosporium Unger Acervuli subepidermal, white or pallid, disci
![. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD8FPT/timber-and-some-of-its-diseases-timber-trees-ix-healing-of-wounds-by-occlusion-221-trees-all-its-tissues-dry-up-and-its-cortex-cambium-ampc-are-rapidly-destroyed-by-saprophytic-fungi-and-in-a-short-time-we-find-only-a-hard-dry-branched-stick-projecting-from-the-tree-at-the-extreme-base-fig-33base-of-a-strong-branch-which-had-perished-naturally-twenty-four-years-previously-to-the-stage-figured-the-branch-decayed-and-the-base-was-gradually-occluded-by-the-thickening-layers-of-the-stem-the-fall-of-the-rotting-branch-did-not-occur-till-six-years-ago-however-and-can-be-RD8FPT.jpg ". Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be Stock Photo")
RMRD8FPT–. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. IX.] HEALING OF WOUNDS BY OCCLUSION. 221 trees. All its tissues dry up, and its cortex, cambium, &c., are rapidly destroyed by saprophytic fungi, and in a short time we find only a hard, dry, branched stick projecting from the tree. At the extreme base,. Fig. 33—Base of a strong branch which had perished naturally twenty-four years previously to the stage figured. The branch decayed, and the base was gradually occluded by the thickening layers of the stem : the fall of the rotting branch did not occur till six years ago, however, and can be
RMRE1RWM–. A manual of Indian botany. Botany. MORPHOLOGY Saprophytes are rare among higher plants. Some of the Orchidaceae and several forest trees are wholly or partially restricted to a saprophytic mode of nutri- tion ; but the Fungi amongst the Thallophyta afford some common examples of saprophytes, such as banger-chhata or Toadstool (fig. 5), which grows on dunghills, rotten timber, and straw; and common chhata or Mould {Mucor), which clothes the surface of stale curds, stale bread, wet shoes, dung-cakes, &c. Symbiotic and in- sectivorous plants will be referred to in a subsequent sec- tion. We
![. The Protozoa. Protozoa. ..../ ... Fig. 64.—A. Gymnodlnlum ovum Schiitt. B. Peridtnium dwergens Ehr. ft transverse furrow with (A) flagellum. [Schutt.] sometimes covered by a shell of paramylum, which apparently differs from starch only in its reaction to iodine. The paramylum granules are round, rod-like, or ring-form bodies. Pure starch is also recorded as a product of non-colored, saprophytic forms (Chilomonas, Poly- toma, etc.). In many of the Mastigophora, especially in those holding chromatophores, there may be an intense red coloring matter, in the form of fine drops, scattered through Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE09B4/the-protozoa-protozoa-fig-64a-gymnodlnlum-ovum-schiitt-b-peridtnium-dwergens-ehr-ft-transverse-furrow-with-a-flagellum-schutt-sometimes-covered-by-a-shell-of-paramylum-which-apparently-differs-from-starch-only-in-its-reaction-to-iodine-the-paramylum-granules-are-round-rod-like-or-ring-form-bodies-pure-starch-is-also-recorded-as-a-product-of-non-colored-saprophytic-forms-chilomonas-poly-toma-etc-in-many-of-the-mastigophora-especially-in-those-holding-chromatophores-there-may-be-an-intense-red-coloring-matter-in-the-form-of-fine-drops-scattered-through-RE09B4.jpg ". The Protozoa. Protozoa. ..../ ... Fig. 64.—A. Gymnodlnlum ovum Schiitt. B. Peridtnium dwergens Ehr. ft transverse furrow with (A) flagellum. [Schutt.] sometimes covered by a shell of paramylum, which apparently differs from starch only in its reaction to iodine. The paramylum granules are round, rod-like, or ring-form bodies. Pure starch is also recorded as a product of non-colored, saprophytic forms (Chilomonas, Poly- toma, etc.). In many of the Mastigophora, especially in those holding chromatophores, there may be an intense red coloring matter, in the form of fine drops, scattered through Stock Photo")
RMRE09B4–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. ..../ ... Fig. 64.—A. Gymnodlnlum ovum Schiitt. B. Peridtnium dwergens Ehr. ft transverse furrow with (A) flagellum. [Schutt.] sometimes covered by a shell of paramylum, which apparently differs from starch only in its reaction to iodine. The paramylum granules are round, rod-like, or ring-form bodies. Pure starch is also recorded as a product of non-colored, saprophytic forms (Chilomonas, Poly- toma, etc.). In many of the Mastigophora, especially in those holding chromatophores, there may be an intense red coloring matter, in the form of fine drops, scattered through
RMRE47CY–. Bacteriology in medicine and surgery. A practical manual for physicians, health officers, and students. Bacteriology. 552 BAOTEBIOLOGY. reaction be not decidedly acid, which arrests develop- ment. It grows in cow-dung and in more or less contaminated earth. It is also capable of leading a saprophytic existence. The bacillus is non-motile. Growth in Gelatin. In gelatin plate cultures, at the end of twenty-four to thirty-six hours at 24° C, small, white, opaque colonies are developed, which Fig. 73.. Colonies of bacillus anthiacls upon gelatin plates, o, at the end of twenty- four hours; 6, at
RMRDY35B–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. 204 DIPTEEA OE TRUE FLIES, sometimes occurs in hop-cones in swarms. The larvae of the Bibionidse (fig. 97, b) are cylindrical or fusciform maggots which live in earth, decay- ing stems of plants, and amongst roots of plants. They are mostly, if not aU, saprophytic. Closely related to these are the Siinulidce or Sand- flies (fig. 98), which swarm in damp places. The females attack man and animals, drawing out the blood. They are one of the forms of mosquitoes.'^ The larvEe live on the stems of water-plants.. Fig. 9
RMRDJG38–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. SCHIZOMYCETES. BACTERIA 109 t are affected they may be killed. Any affected plants are prey to saprophytic organisms, and an offensive soft rot is then likely to result. Whether in the leaves or in the stem, the course of the. Fig. 24. A Cabbage Leaf with Black Rot developing from Water Pore Infections. (Photograph by F. C. Stewart and H. A. Harding) disease may usually be traced by a darkening of the fibrovascular bundles. Fig. 23 shows a healthy and a diseased plant, the latter a
RMRDJ6XP–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. 204 DIPTEEA OE TRUE FLIES. sometimes occurs in hop-cones in swarms. The larvee of the Bibionidse (fig. 97, b) are cylindrical or fusciform maggots which live in earth, decay- ing stems of plants, and amongst roots of plants. They are mostly, if not all, saprophytic. Closely related to these are the Simulidoe or Sand- flies (fig. 98), which swarm in damp places. The females attack man and animals, drawing out the blood. They are one of the forms of mosquitoes.^ The larvsB live on the stems of water-plants.. Pig. 98.—A Sand-fly (Simulmm r
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE6JE/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-rhizinacese-p-131-key-to-genera-of-rhizinacese-spores-elliptic-or-spindle-shapedquot-without-rhizoid-like-structures-1-psilopezia-with-rhizoid-like-structures-2-rhizina-p-132-spores-globose-3-sphserosoma-only-one-genus-rhizina-causes-disease-rhizina-fries-with-some-eight-species-is-recognized-by-its-crust-formed-sessile-flat-ascophore-with-root-like-outgrowths-from-the-lower-side-fig-90-asci-cylindrical-8-spored-opening-by-a-lid-spores-one-celled-hyaline-paraphyses-many-it-is-often-purely-saprophytic-RDE6JE.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic, Stock Photo")
RMRDE6JE–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-shaped" Without rhizoid-like structures 1. Psilopezia. With rhizoid-like structures 2. Rhizina, p. 132. Spores globose 3. Sphserosoma. Only one genus, Rhizina, causes disease. Rhizina Fries with some eight species is recognized by its- crust- formed, sessile, flat ascophore with root-like outgrowths from the lower side. Fig. 90. Asci cylindrical, 8- spored, opening by a lid; spores one- celled, hyaline; paraphyses many. It is often purely saprophytic,
RMRDG558–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 248 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY After from three to six hours examine a drop from the surface of the liquid with m.p. After about twenty-four hours examine another portion of the mold from the surface of the liquid. Note : (c) The beginning of for- mation of hyphse and their con- tinued development. Draw. In a prepared slide study the conjugation of mold hy- phse and the formation of zygospores (Fig. 173). 321. Discussion.âThe bread-mold is a typical saprophytic fungus. In its structure, consisting of a much-branched and extremely large continu- ous protoplast
RMRDDAJH–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 4° Minnesota Plant Diseases. Wood-dwelling habit. A great host of saprophytic fungi grow upon wood—on sawed timber, fallen logs and on the ex- posed heart wood of living trees. They constitute the great timber diseases—the chief agents of the rot of wood. Railroad ties, mine timbers, house foundation timbers, in fact, wood, wherever it is placed in continuously moist, dark places, quickly undergoes a rotting which is caused by these fungi. The wood of all our trees is subject to the attack of some of these fungi, but one kind of fungus is often confi
![. Flowers of the field and forest [microform]. Fleurs sauvages; Botany; Botanique; Wild flowers. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. Cape Rrelon to We«tern OnUi Hpecially among balsams, spruces and bi .lea. Us nmnll, fragrant flowers, wtiich vary Irom while to tawny or bright red, are grouped in clow clusters. Soft hairs radiate from the ^tylc. barring the way lu the nectary ngainst ahort-tongued injects, but allowing bees to enter freely, Liko the Indian-pipe, it is saprophytic in ha' .t and degenerate in form, an illuptration vi the possibility of passing downward instead of upward in the proc Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RENA5P/flowers-of-the-field-and-forest-microform-fleurs-sauvages-botany-botanique-wild-flowers-flowers-of-the-field-and-forest-cape-rrelon-to-wetern-onui-hpecially-among-balsams-spruces-and-bi-lea-us-nmnll-fragrant-flowers-wtiich-vary-irom-while-to-tawny-or-bright-red-are-grouped-in-clow-clusters-soft-hairs-radiate-from-the-tylc-barring-the-way-lu-the-nectary-ngainst-ahort-tongued-injects-but-allowing-bees-to-enter-freely-liko-the-indian-pipe-it-is-saprophytic-in-ha-t-and-degenerate-in-form-an-illuptration-vi-the-possibility-of-passing-downward-instead-of-upward-in-the-proc-RENA5P.jpg ". Flowers of the field and forest [microform]. Fleurs sauvages; Botany; Botanique; Wild flowers. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. Cape Rrelon to We«tern OnUi Hpecially among balsams, spruces and bi .lea. Us nmnll, fragrant flowers, wtiich vary Irom while to tawny or bright red, are grouped in clow clusters. Soft hairs radiate from the ^tylc. barring the way lu the nectary ngainst ahort-tongued injects, but allowing bees to enter freely, Liko the Indian-pipe, it is saprophytic in ha' .t and degenerate in form, an illuptration vi the possibility of passing downward instead of upward in the proc Stock Photo")
RMRENA5P–. Flowers of the field and forest [microform]. Fleurs sauvages; Botany; Botanique; Wild flowers. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD AND FOREST. Cape Rrelon to We«tern OnUi Hpecially among balsams, spruces and bi .lea. Us nmnll, fragrant flowers, wtiich vary Irom while to tawny or bright red, are grouped in clow clusters. Soft hairs radiate from the ^tylc. barring the way lu the nectary ngainst ahort-tongued injects, but allowing bees to enter freely, Liko the Indian-pipe, it is saprophytic in ha' .t and degenerate in form, an illuptration vi the possibility of passing downward instead of upward in the proc
RMRDXG5A–. The origin of a land flora, a theory based upon the facts of alternation. Plant morphology. EMBRYOLOGY 34i exposed freely above ground, and is of a green colour: in L. cernuum and inundahcm it bears numerous irregular leaf-like lobes, though in L. salakense the lobes are rudimentary or absent (Fig. 178). The pro- thallus is evidently in the main a self-nourishing body, though an endo- phytic fungus is almost constantly present, indicating a second but subsidiary line of saprophytic nutrition. As the prothallus grows a merismatic zone is localised surrounding the upper part of the cylindrical
RMRE1M35–. A manual of botany. Botany. BRTOPHYTA-MUSCI 113 Class V.—MUSCI (MOSSES). In the group of the true mosses a still further advance, espe- cially in the direction of anatomical differentiation, is seen. The gametophyte is always foliose, and bears rhizoids instead of simple root hairs. The sporogonium escapes from the calyptra before the spores are mature; it never contains elaters, and always possesses a well-defined columella. The plants are of small size, and grow upon the earth, rocks, trees, or old walls; some are saprophytic, growing on decaying wood, &c. A few are aquatic. Fig. 871..
RMRDXY6C–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 174 - The Cell mycelium displays a syncytial organization; in others it consists of distinct cells, indi- vidually separated by transverse cell walls (Fig. 10-3).. Fig. 10-2. Yeast cells, budding. The light spots are fat droplets and cell-sap vacuoles; the nuclei are not visi- ble in living, unstained cells. SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION The saprophytic mode of nutrition is dis- played by most of the yeasts, molds, and bacteria. Saprophytic organisms, like ani- mals, require at least a minimum of pre- formed organic food; but lacking a digestive cavity, saproph
RMRE2CJR–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. 2251. A saprophytic plant- Mushroom. longer concave middle lobe. n Tin y I I I ti ni ei} little SARRACENIA has fiowered well with greenhouse treatment at height of 4 ft. It is suitable for outdoor planting only in tropi- cal regions. Procurable from southern Florida. F. W. Barclay. SARCANTHUS (name from (in.'c
RMRE3AY5–. Practical botany. Botany. Fig. 209. A tree-destroying fungus (Polyporus sulphureus) growing at tlie base of a red-oak tree About one sixth natural size. Fig. 210. A coral-lilte toadstool (Clavaria) One half natural size common mushroom, has its spores produced upon spines. In deep, moist woods, upon old logs, a species of the Hydnum sometimes produces an immense (twenty to twenty-five pounds) edible, coral- like, reproductive body. A coral- like toadstool is Clavaria (Fig. 210). The toadstools and mushrooms, both saprophytic and parasitic, are widely distributed. Forest and or- chard trees a
RMRDJH0K–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fia. 78. Fis. 79. OS, apiece of a vesetative hypha, m, m, Upon a fragment of tte epidermis of the leaf of the grape, and to wliioh it is fas- tened by the suckers, A; o, hypha, with the suckers, h, seen in side view. Mag Pig. 78.- Grape-blight (Erysiphe). ': of thf nifled 370 times. Fia. 79.—Grrass-blight (Erysiphe communis), a, vegetative filaments, with a few suckers; 6, branches bearing conidia; c, separated conidia. Magnified 135 times. of the one and the aerial and parasitic or saprophytic habits of the other. 325. In the Blights, which are all parasiti
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